Dorsey 2005 utopian 1 research

4HE 3TATE OF 0OSSIBILITY 6OLUME 2ESEARCHCH

0ROTOSHOP ! (ISTORY OF THE ,ENIN -USEUMS TOLD THROUGH SMEARING ARCHITECTURE IMAGE AND SKIN

%NHANCED 5RBANISM 4HE -OSCOW /LYMPICS

(OUSING 4HE #OMMUNIST 5TOPIAN (OUSING !GENDA

MMMM -ETABOLISM -ODERNITY -ODULES -EGAFORMS

4HE !RCHITECT S ,IFE )NTERVIEWS

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4HIS IS THE STATE OF THE -OSCOW RESEARCH PROJECT ON -AY ST 7E HAVE NOTICED TWO TRENDS EMERGING WITHIN OUR RESEARCH 4HE FIRST IS THAT EACH OF OUR CASE STUDIES IS CHALLENGING A SPECIFIC NEGATIVE PRECONCEPTION TOWARDS LATE 3OVIET ARCHITECTURE 4HE SECOND IS THAT THE CASE STUDIES ARE BEGINNING TO OVERLAP AND REINFORCE ONE ANOTHER 4HIS IS MOST PRONOUNCED IN OUR RESEARCH INTO URBANISM AND HOUSING WHERE THE SCIENCE OF CREATING THE 3OVIET CITY WAS INTIMATELY TIED TO THE QUESTION OF HOUSING

0ROTOSHOP SMEARING ARCHITECTURE IMAGE SKIN

OOZING )N THE SPAN OF TWO GENERATIONS THE 3OVIET ARCHITECT HAD BEEN IN TURNS CONSTRUCTIVE SOCIAL

UTOPIAN REALIST FROZEN THAWED AND FROZEN AGAIN )N THE TIME OF MIXED INDICATORS IN THE LATE S THE EXTREME IDEOLOGICAL PRESSURES THAT HAD BEEN PLACED ON ARCHITECTS EASED AND FORMAL DICTUMS WERE DE CLARIFIED )N RESPONSE ARCHITECTURE OOZED SEARCHING FOR CONTENT

IMAGERY AND FORM ARCHITECTS DELVED INTO THE PAST THE FUTURE THE RELIGIOUS THE LOCAL AND THE IMAGINARY !RCHITECTS TO EXPERIMENT WITH BOTH DEEP SPATIAL EFFECTS AND SHALLOW SURFACE MODULATIONS 4HESE EXPLORATIONS YIELDED AN UNPRECEDENTED ARCHITECTURAL RICHNESS AS THEY NEGOTIATED DIALECTICS OF LOCAL VS 3OVIET IDENTITY STATE PROPAGANDA VS HISTORICAL IMAGERY

TECTONIC VS ORNAMENTAL FORM

4HE ,ENIN -USEUM )N THIS CONTEXT THE ,ENIN -USEUM BECOMES AN INTERESTING TOPIC OF STUDY 4HE ,ENIN -USEUM CAN NOT MERELY BE CONSIDERED MERELY ONE WITHIN A COLLECTION OF UNIQUE 3OVIET PROGRAMS IT IS 4(% 3OVIET CULTURAL INSTITUTION )N NO OTHER BUILDING TYPE WERE THE IDEOLOGICAL EXEGESES OF THE 3OVIET STATE IMPRINTED SO EMPHATICALLY 4O PROJECT A ,ENIN -USEUM WAS TO EXPRESS THE STATE OF THE 3TATE EXPLICITLY THROUGH ARCHITECTURE

AN EPISTEMOLOGY

4HE HISTORY OF THE ,ENIN -USEUM CAN BE TOLD IN FOUR CHAPTERS

THE &ETISH THE #LASSICAL THE -ODERN UNTITLED

4HE &ETISH -AUSOLEUMS AND A LIFE ENSHRINED

{{4HE #LASSICAL ,ANDMARKS RE APPROPRIATED FORMAL LANGUAGES REVIVED

4HE -ODERN THE MUSEUM THAWED OPEN

UNTITLED A SYNTHESIS OF MONUMANTAL FORM

5LLANOVSK

4ASHKENT

+IEV

&RUNZE

4HE !BSTRACT AND THE %MBELLISHED n 7HILE 3TATE IDEOLOGY DICTATED THE MONUMENTAL UNDERPINNINGS OF THESE MUSEUMSx

xVARIATIONS PLAYED OUT AT THE LEVEL OF THE SURFACE )N THE LATE S SURFACE ARTICULATION AND ADORNMENT BECOME ACTIVATED AS AGENTS OF ABSTRACT COMMUNICATION WITHIN 3OVIET ARCHITECTURE

4ASHKENT 5LLA

+IEV

&RUNZE

THE RECONSTRUCTION OF 4ASHKENT 4ASHKENT S ,ENIN -USEUM WAS COMPLETED AS PART OF A COMPLETE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CITY S CENTER IN THE WAKE OF A DEVASTATING EARTHQUAKE 4HE STORY OF THE RECONSTRUCTION OF 4ASHKENT IS A POINT OF INFLECTION 3OVIET ARCHITECTURE S SWING FROM THE PREFABRICATED AND PRAGMATIC S TO EXPRESSIVE AND ECLECTIC S

TABULA RASA )N 4ASHKENT WAS RAZED BY AN EARTHQUAKE 4HIS GRAND TRAGEDY GAVE 3OVIET PLANNERS A MANDATED THEY HAVE ONLY BEEN ABLE TO DREAM ABOUT BUILD A BRAND NEW REPUBLIC CAPITAL HOUSE

AND DO IT FAST

AMBITION

4HE RECONSTRUCTION WOULD NOT ONLY BE A TESTIMONY TO THE SPEED AND EFFICACY OF THE 3OVIET PRE CAST CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY BUT IT WOULD ALSO BRING ATTENTION TO ITS AESTHETIC POSSIBILITIES 4HE STANDARD 3OVIET CONCRETE MOULDS WERE RE TOOLED TO INCORPORATE LOCAL )SLAMIC MOTIFS

SWING 4HE PROJECT WAS A SUCCESS $ISPLACE INHABITANTS WERE MOVING INTO NEW APARTMENTS AS EARLY AS A YEAR LATER -ORE SIGNIFICANTLY THE CONSTELLATIONS OF CRESCENT MOONS AND FLORAL MOTIFS THAT BLOOMED ACROSS THESE FACADES USHERED IN A NEW ERA FOR 3OVIET ARCHITECTURE (AVING MASTERED THE PREFABRICATED EFFICIENT AND COLLECTIVE ARCHITECTS COULD NOW TO THEIR ATTENTION TO THE SYMBOLIC AND EXPRESSIVE POTENTIAL OF THE BUILDING SKIN

THE -OSCOW ,ENIN MUSEUM COMPETITION )N AN OPEN COMPETITION WAS HELD TO DESIGN A NEW ,ENIN -USEUM FOR -OSCOW 4HE ENTRIES ARE STRIKING IN THEIR LIBERAL INTERPRETATION OF THE MONUMENTAL FORM 4HESE ENTRIES CAN BE READ AS HARBINGERS OF A BROADER

EXCITED AESTHETIC AGENDA THAT WAS SIMMERING WITHIN THE STATE S ARCHITECTURE ATELIERS

SIMMERING

4HESE ENTRIES FORM A STRIKING CONTRAST TO THE CANNON OF ,ENIN MUSEUMS 4HEY INDICATE A WILL WITHIN THE ARCHITECTURE STUDIOS TO PUSH MONUMENTAL EXPRESSION BEYOND RIGID ABSTRACT CLASSICAL STRUCTURES 'IVEN THAT NOT ONE OF THESE ENTRIES WAS EVER COMPLETED ONE HAS TO ASSUME THAT IN THE MID S THE STATE WAS NOT READY TO PUSH THEIR IDEOLOGICAL EXPRESSION TO SUCH EXTREMES

FORMALISM AND STRUCTURALISM 4HE SPIRIT OF THE /OOZE BEGAN TO PREDOMINATE 3OVIET ARCHITECTURAL DISCOURCE BY THE S 0ART OF THIS PROJECT WAS A A RECONSIDERATION OF ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY AND THE 3OVIET 5NION S PLACE WITHIN IT $ISCUSSIONS ABOUT ORNAMENT AND LANGUAGE BEGAN TO FILL THE VERY JOURNALS THAT HAD HAD BEEN FIRMLY COMMITED TO QUESTIONS OF PRAGMATISM AND COLLECTIVITY PREVIOUSLY AND STYLES THAT HAD PREVIOUSLY BEEN DEEMED INCOMPADIBLE BEGAN TO SEARCH FOR COMMON GROUND

4ATLIN AND -ICHELANGELO SEARCH FOR A COMMON GROUND

COLLAPSE THE &ETISH THE #LASSICAL THE -ODERN UNTITLED

% 2OSANOV S ,ENIN -USEUM

]

WAS COMPLETED IN &ORMALLY IT WAS THE MOST COMPLEX ITERATION OF THE TYPOLOGY IN THE LATE 3OVIET ERA )TS FORMAL RICHNESS RIVALS ITS PROGRAMMATIC AMBITIOUSNESS (ERE THE ENTIRE HISTORY OF THE ,ENIN MUSEUM WAS COLLAPSED ONTO ONE SITE

h!RCHITECTURE HERE CAME DOWN OFF A PEDESTAL BECAME HUMAN AND UNITED WITH THE LIFE OF THE CITY AROUND IT WITH PEOPLE AND NATURE v % 2OZANOV LEAD ARCHITECT OF THE MUSEUM DISCUSSES ITS URBAN SITUATION

UNRBAN CONlGURATION

DEPARTURES

THE MARKER AND THE DEFORMATION

DEEP SKIN 4HE DEEP SKIN EMERGES AS A METHOD TO RECONCILE THE BROAD AMBITIONS OF THE ARCHITECTS OF THE 3OVIET @ S )N THE DEEP SKIN THE TECTONIC AND MATERIAL ARE SUPPRESSED IN FAVOR OF THE GRAPHIC AND THE TEXTUAL 4HE SKIN OF THE BUILDING BECOMES THE SITE FOR LIBERAL JUXTAPOSITION BLENDING AND SMEARING MUCH LIKE THE 0HOTOSHOP DESKTOPS OF CONTEMPORARY DESIGNERS

SMEAR 3IMILARLY THE LIGHT TECTONICS OF THE MUSEUM S INTERIOR PROVED TO BE A FERTILE GROUND FOR EVEN FURTHER EXPLORATIONS INTO THE SMEAR (ERE THE CONSTRUCTIVE BLENDS INTO THE CLASSICAL THE MODERN INTO THE FANTASTICAL IN A SPIRALLING NARRATIVE

FREEZE OR THAW 4HIS PROJECT ASKS UP TO EXAMINE THE BROADER ARTISTIC CLIMATE IN THE 5 3 3 2 AT THE TIME $ESPITE EFFORTS TO SHUT DOWN EXTRA REGIME CREATIVE PRACTICES MOST FAMOUSLY THE BULLDOZER EXHIBIT OF BY THE EARLY S A SPACE FOR CREATIVE EXPERIMENTATION HAD OPENED WITHIN SOVIET SOCIETY !ND DESPITE THE 3TATE S PROCLAMATIONS TO THE CONTRARY IT CAN BE ARGUED THAT SUCH SPACES WERE INHERENT WITHIN THE STRUCTURE OF LATE 3OVIET COMMUNISM #ONCURRENTLY THE BRAVERY OF THE ARTISTS AND YOUNG PEOPLE OF THE TIME WHO FOUGHT TO GROW AND DEVELOP THESE SPACES OF RESISTANCE AND CREATIVITY CANNOT BE UNDERSTATED

"Y THE S NON CONFORMIST ARTISTS SUCH AS +ABABOV +OMAR AND -ELAMID HAD BEGUN TO RECEIVE INTERNATIONAL ATTENTION 4HEY WERE

BY FAR NOT THE ONLY ARTIST PRACTICING IN THE 5332 OUTSIDE OF THE 3TATE S

LIMITS

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UNOFFICIAL PERMISSIVENESS "Y THE EARLY S CREATIVE ENTERPRISES OF ALL SORTS WERE ACTIVE OUTSIDE OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE 3TATE 3OVIET SOCIETY HAD BECOME VERSED AND PROFICIENT IN MODES OF VISUALLY THAT WERE BEYOND THE ARTISTIC AND ARCHITECTURAL SCOPE OF THE 3TATE )S THE ,ENIN -USEUM OF +UIBYSHEV EVIDENCE THAT THESE MODES OF VISUALLY BEGAN TO SEEP BACK INTO THE REALM OF OFFICIAL PRODUCTION

AN INSIDE JOB 4HE ALMOST FANTASTICAL JUXTAPOSITION OF IMAGES AND STYLES THAT ONE SEES IN THE INTERIOR RENDERINGS OF 2OSANOV S MUSEUM SHARE A SPIRIT WITH THE 3OVIET h0APER !RCHITECTSv OF THE S 7HEN ONE BEGINS TO CONSIDER THIS YOUNGER GENERATION S RELATIONSHIP TO THE PROFESSION THE PARALLEL PROVES TO BE UNCOINCIDENTAL 3IMPLY PUT THE PAPER ARCHITECTS WERE ALL MEMBERS OF THE 3TATE S ARCHITECTURAL STUDIO BY DAY "Y NIGHT THEY WOULD RETREAT TO COMPETE IN INTERNATIONAL DESIGN COMPETITIONS 4HESE TWILIGHT CREATIONS WERE CONSCIOUSLY FANTASTICAL AND SPUN NARRATIVES THAT MOVED BETWEEN THE PAST AND THE FUTURE -ORE IMPORTANTLY THEY WERE SUCCESSFUL FREQUENTLY WINNING COMPETITIONS AND BEING PUBLISHED IN MAGAZINES SUCH AS *! 4HEIR SUCCESS DIDN T GO UNNOTICED BY THEIR SUPERIORS WHO EVENTUALLY AND WITH A MEASURE OF AMBIVALENCE EMBRACED THE CREATIVITY OF THE YOUNGER GENERATIONS BY THE MID S "UT ONE CAN SPECULATE THAT LONG BEFORE THIS GENERATION RECEIVED OFFICIAL RECOGNITION FOR THEIR WORK THEY HAD DEVISED A WAY TO HAVE THEIR VOICES HEARD WITHIN THE STATE SPONSORED PROFESSION 0ERHAPS THEY WERE MOTIVATORS OF THE OOZE AND SMEAR FROM THE INSIDE

3ASHA "RODSKY IN !RKHITECTURA 3332

%NHANCED 5RBANISM 4HE #ASE OF THE -OSCOW /LYMPICS

5RBAN $OPE

7INNING DESIGN BY 'EORGI )VANOV AND !LEXANDER 3MIRNOV FROM THE #ENTRAL 4RAINING AND %XPERIMENTAL $ESIGN 3TUDIO OF THE 5332 !RTISTS 5NION FOR ,UZHNIKI -OSCOW S DOWNTOWN FOR THE /LYMPICS &ROM

3OVIET ,IFE *ULY

3IMILAR TO 3OVIET SCIENTIFIC EFFORTS TO CREATE hSUPER ATHLETES v -OSCOW SOUGHT TO ENHANCE ITS URBANISM BY ANY MEANS NECESSARY 7ITH THE MEGA EVENT OF THE /LYMPICS -OSCOW UNDERTOOK A PROGRAM OF PERFORMING URBANISM )N A MASSIVE 0OTEMKIN LIKE ACT IT RECONFIGURED ITS SPATIAL NARRATIVE BY EMPLOYING SURFACE VIEW AND PEOPLE 4HE CITY BECAME RENDERE D IN GRANDIOSE AND RIGID PATTERNS #HOREOGRAPHED DISPLAYS SIGNIFIED THE UNITY OF POLITY OF THE 3OVIET STATE 4HE /LYMPICS WERE THE IDEAL VENUE FOR SHOWING OFF THE IDEOLOGICAL AIMS OF THE COMMUNIST STATE AND THE MODEL CITY OF -OSCOW WAS THE IDEAL RECEPTACLE FOR ARTIFICIAL ENHANCEMENT OF THE 3OVIET CITY AND PEOPLE

!THLETIC 0ROWESS AND )DEOLOGICAL 6IRTUE &OR THE 3OVIET hSUPER ATHLETE v IDEOLOGICAL VIRTUE AND ATHLETIC PROWESS WERE EQUALLY EMPHASIZED !S A SLOGAN FROM -OSCOW /LYMPICS DECLARED h/H SPORT YOU ARE PEACE AND THE FUTURE OR THE -OTHERLAND v 3CIENTISTS DEDICATED CONSIDERABLE ENERGY TO DESIGNING PROGRAMS OF SPORTS TRAINING TO OPTIMIZE ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE INCLUDING DIET REGIMENS AND ARTIFICIAL PERFORMANCE ENHANCERS )NDEED SPORT RESEARCH GEARED TOWARD SUCCESS IN /LYMPIC EVENTS TOOK PRECEDENCE OVER PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMS

7HEN THE GOING GETS TOUGH OUR SPORTSMEN REMEMBER THE -OTHERLAND WHICH GIVES THEM STRONG WINGS FOR AN EAGLE S FLIGHT ˆA EDITORIAL IN 3OVETSKIY 3PORT

A TRAVELLING 3OVIET PERFORMANCE TROUPE IN .EW 9ORK IN THE SUMMER OF 9URIK 6ARDANYAN /LYMPIC CHAMPION AND WORLD RECORD HOLDER IN THE LIGHT HEAVYWEIGHT DIVISION UP TO KG IMAGES FROM A PROPAGANDA BOOK PUBLISHED BY THE THE 3OVIET 5NION IN

5RBAN 0ERFORMANCE 4HE 3OVIET 5NION HAD TO BE MEASURED NOT JUST BY HOW IT FUNCTIONED BUT BY HOW IT PLAYEDˆTHE IMAGES IT PROJECTED TO THE WORLD AT LARGE 4HE -OSCOW /LYMPICS STRIKINGLY SHORT BUT EXCEEDINGLY IMAGEABLE WERE THE IDEAL STAGE FOR THE IDEAL CITY 3URFACE

ORCHESTRATED VIEWS AND PEOPLE WERE EMPLOYED IN EQUAL MEASURE TO HELP -OSCOW PERFORM )NDEED SURFACE VIEW AND PEOPLE COULD BE CONSIDERED METHODS OF URBAN DOPINGˆARTIFICIAL MEANS OF ENHANCING URBAN PERFORMANCE

0ROCESSION ROUTES IN DOWNTOWN -OSCOW DISTRIBUTION OF /LYMPIC FACILITIES IN RELATION TO RAYONS /LYMPIC SITES IN -OSCOW AND MAJOR ARTERIES !LL IMAGES FROM !RKHITEKTURA 3332

*ULY

SURFACE !NY AVAILABLE SURFACE

PERMANENT

BECAME A POSSIBLE SITE OF DECORATION 4HIS CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN

PURE FLATNESS

DOPE IS INEXPENSIVE READILY AVAILABLE AND FAST ACTING VISUAL DEPTH

ACTUAL DEPTH

PIXELIZED

EPHEMERAL

AN /LYMPIC MURAL DEPICTING THE LOGOS OF THE MANY ENTITIES INVOLVED IN THE /LYMPIC PLANNING COVERS THE FACADE OF THIS ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDING NEAR -OSCOW

VIEW 4HIS METHOD OF URBAN DOPING EMPLOYS THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT PROCESSION

AND SOMETIMES SURFACE TO CREATE EFFECTS &OR EXAMPLE

A FIVE STORY APARTMENT HOUSE ALONG /LIMPIISKII 0ROSPEKT IN NORTH CENTRAL -OSCOW WAS DEMOLISHED BECAUSE IT BROKE THE VIEW CORRIDOR

DIAGRAMS CONCERNING THE CONSTRUCTION OF VIEWS &ROM !RKHITEKTURA 3332 *ULY *ULY

$ECEMBER AND *ULY

PEOPLE 4HE USE OF PEOPLE AND PERFORMANCE CAN BE UNDERSTOOD AS A SPECIFICALLY 3OVIET WAY OF ENHANCING URBANISM )T HAS HISTORICAL PRECEDENT BUT IN ITS URBAN SCALE THE /LYMPICS SOUGHT TO SURPASS ALL OTHER DISPLAYS 0ERHAPS THE ONLY COMPARABLE URBAN PERFORMANCE WAS THE

&OR THE /LYMPICS SIXTEEN

LATE TH CENTURY 0OTEMKIN

IN THE OPENING CEREMONY 4HE RATIO

CORRIDOR

PREPARATIONS TO /LYMPIC ATHLETES

THOUSANDS PERFORMERS APPEARED OF -OSCOVITES INVOLVED IN /LYMPIC WAS 4HE /YMPICS WERE PERHAPS THE FINAL GRAND ACT OF THIS

TYPE OF 3OVIET URBANISM

! "RIEF (ISTORY OF 0ERFORMED 5RBANISM

! DRIVE THROUGH -OSCOW 3URFACE VIEW AND PEOPLE

/LYMPIC 3PORTS #OMPLEX

ONLY BECAME ENACTED

.OVOSTI 0RESS !GENCY "UILDING

THROUGH MOVEMENT

2ED 3QUARE

0ROCESSION ROUTES FOR THE

,UZHNIKI

/LYMPICS WERE CAREFULLY MARKED 2OUTES WERE CHOREOGRAPHED IN FILMIC SEQUENCES

MAP OF /LYMPIC SITES IN -OSCOW PROCESSION ROUTES IN DOWNTOWN -OSCOW

/LYMPIC 3PORTS #OMPLEX 4HE ROUNDED FORMS PRIVILEGE NO SINGLE VIEW BUT RATHER CREATE DIFFERING EXPERIENCES AROUND THE BUILDINGS 4HE MAIN /LYMPIC 3PORTS #OMPLEX WAS THE SITE OF MANY MAJOR ATHLETICS EVENTS INCLUDING SWIMMING DIVING AND WEIGHT LIFTING

.OVOSTI 0RESS !GENCY "UILDING 3TRIKINGLY SIMILAR TO +ALLMAN -C+INNELL 7OODS "OSTON #ITY (ALL THE PRESS AGENCY WAS THE HEADQUARTERS FOR ALL FOREIGN PRESS DURING THE /LYMPICS 4HE .0! BUILDING MADE USE OF PREFABRICATION

BUT CERTAIN PARTSnTHE AUDITORIUM AND CENTRAL HALLnARE BRICK CONSTRUCTION

'ROUND mOOR PLAN EXTERIOR PHOTO FROM :OBOVSKY "OULEVARD

&ROM 0ROCESS !RCHITECTURE

2 O A W P S # A E T D O M

SURFACE VIEW PEOPLE 7ITH EFFORTS TO ENHANCE URBANISM MOTIFS WERE REPEATEDLY APPLIED AT VARIOUS SCALES -OVEMENT WAS RENDERED IN RIGID PATTERNS

AND MURALS MATERIALIZED

3TREET IN LEADING FROM ,UHZNIKI

DOWNTOWN -OSCOW TO AIRPORT 0ARK FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

-OSCOW /LYMPIC OPENING CEREMONY

SURFACE

VIEW

PERFORMANCE

mOWER VERSION OF 3OVIET SYMBOL 3OVIET ATHLETES AT OPENING CEREMONY WITH SICKLE AND HAMMER PLAQUE MURAL WITH 3OVIET mAG PARADE OUTSIDE +REMLIN WITH PERFORMERS AND AUDIENCE DRESSED ALIKE

PEOPLE

4HE #OMMUNIST 5TOPIAN (OUSING !GENDA COLLECTIVIZED LIVING IN THE S AND S STATE SPONSORED UTOPIAN HOUSING (OUSE FOR A .EW 7AY OF ,IFE 0ARTY 0ARAMETERS ENABLING FORCES 3EVERNOYE #HERTANOVO

A TAXONOMY OF #/,,%#4)6% HOUSING 4HE SPECTRUM OF EXPERIMENTS IN 2533)!. COLLECTIVIZED HOUSING

6%24)#!, MICRORAYON STACKING THE MICRORAYON

(/2):/.4!, -ICRORAYON

.EW ,IVING THE .ARKOMlN 0ROJECT

CONSTRUCTIVIST

STANDARDIZED

HORIZONTALLY COMPACTED COLLECTIVIZED DWELLINGS

!,'/2)4(-)# -54!4)/.3 MICRORAYON PERMUTATIONS

(OUSE FOR A .EW 7AY OF ,IFE THE MICRORAYON GOVERNMENT ENDORSED MODEL COMMUNIST CITY

3EVERNOYE #HERTANOVO

THE MICRO RAYON GOVERNMENT ENDORSED MODEL COMMUNIST CITY

(OUSE FOR A .EW 7AY OF ,IFE hSCIENTIFIC FANTASYv

.ATAN /STERMAN S

0ARTY 0ARAMETERS .ATAN /STERMAN A CARD CARRYING CONSTRUCTIVIST RE INVENTED HIS COLLECTIVIST HOUSING PROGRAM WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE #OMMUNIST 0ARADIGM (E WAS ABLE TO EXPLOIT THE SUPPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT TO JUSTIFY HIS OWN WORK 7ITHIN THE PUBLIC STATE AGENCY DESIGN INSTITUTE -)4%0 -OSCOW 2ESEARCH )NSTITUTE OF %XPERIMENTAL HE PUSHES HIS UTOPIAN AGENDA

/STERMAN PUSHES HIS UTOPIAN AGENDA WHILE TOWING THE OFFICIAL 0ARTY LINE AND RESPONDS TO STATE RATIONALIZATION OF SERVICE DELIVERY

3EVERNOYE #HERTANOVO

3ERVERNOYE #HERTANOVO WAS AN IDEAL RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENT DESIGNED BY PLANNERS UNDER THE HEADING OF -OSCOW S #HIEF !RCHITECT -IKHAIL 0OSOKHIN 'OVERNMENT REGULATION ENABLED UTOPIAN MICRO RAYONS TO BE REALISED BUT NOT ALL ASPECTS OF THE MASTER PLANS WERE REALIZED 3EVERNOYE #HERTONOVO WAS SCHEDULED TO OPEN SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH THE /LYMPICS BUT WAS DELAYED

'OVERNMENT %NDORSED 5TOPIA h)F -OSCOW IN ITS DEVELOPMENT IS CALLED UPON TO BE AN EXAMPLE FOR THE ENTIRE COUNTRY THEN 3EVERNOYE #HERTANOVO SHOULD BE AN EXAMPLE FOR THE WHOLE CAPITAL v ˆ,EONID "REZHNEV

LIFE IN THE MICRO RAYON DISTRIC

CT

'OVERNMENT %NDORSED 5TOPIA h)F -OSCOW IN ITS DEVELOPMENT IS CALLED UPON TO BE AN EXAMPLE FOR THE ENTIRE COUNTRY THEN 3EVERNOYE #HERTANOVO SHOULD BE AN EXAMPLE FOR THE WHOLE CAPITALv "REZHNEV

3EVERNOYE #HERTANOVO

3CIENTIFICISM IN (OUSING +RUSCHEVIAN REFORM THAW RESPONDS TO THE HOUSING CRISIS BY PROVIDING SHELTER TO THE MASSES EMPLOYING RATIONALIST 4AYLORIST SCIENTIFICISM

SCIENTIFICISM IN HOUSING MUTATES UNDER "REZHNEV IN THE S INTO A WHOLISTIC AND SCALELESS ALGORITHM FOR LIVING THAT IS DEPLOYED UNIFORMLY FROM DIAGRAM TO HOUSING TO MICRORAYON TO CITY TO NATION

/STERMAN S $IGRAMS 4HE 0ARTY (OUSE FOR A .EW 7AY OF ,IFE

STRUCTURE OF .EW 7AY OF ,IFE (OUSING -ANAGEMENT DERIVATIVE OF MODEL FOR

#OMMUNIST 0ARTY

/STERMAN S $IGRAMS 4IME "UDGETTING $IAGRAM FOR THE -ODEL 3OVIET STRUCTURE OF HOUR DAY SLEEPING WOKRING

DOMESTIC LEISURE

ATTENDING 0ARTY LECTURES

STATE SPONSORED UTOPIAN HOUSING THE #OMMUNIST 0ARADIGM

"Y THE END OF THREE

COLLECTIVE IDEALS AS UTOPIAN HOUSING DEVICES

DISTINCT BODIESˆTHE 4WENTIETH #OMMUNIST 0ARTY #ONGREE

THE 0ARTY S #ENTRAL #OMMITTEE

AND THE !LL 5NION #OUNCIL OF -INISTERSˆHAD ISSUED PROCLAMATIONS ANNOUNCING A HOUSING PROGRAM INTENDED TO PROVIDE EACH AND EVERY 3OVIET FAMILITY WITH ITS OWN APARTMENT OVER THE COURSE OF THE NEXT THREE &IVE 9EAR 0LANS

,)&% 3#)%.#% THE SCIENCE OF LIVING GREW IN GIR TH AND BREADTH THROUGH THE S ABSORBING NOW SOCIAL

ECOLOGICAL ECONOMIC

HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL FORCES AS THE DIAGRAMS PROLIFERATED

SO TOO DID THEIR MANIFEST EXPERIMENTS SCALELESS PRESCRIPTIONS WOVE THEIR WAY FROM THE SOCIAL UNIT TO THE NATIONAL UNIT LIFESTYLING BECAME THE NATIONAL PROJECT

THE hCAPSULEv

THE hSUSPENDED MICRORAYON CITYv

MMM METABOLISM MODULES MEGAFORMS

LEFT JENCKSIAN POLEMICS OF THE S RIGHT GLOBAL ARRAY OF POLEMICS

JAPAN IS THE ONLY COUNTRY OUTSIDE OF THE !TLANTIC ALLIANCE NATIONS TO lGURE PROMINENTLY IN THE INTERNATIONAL DIS COURSE DURING THE S

(OPKINS

*%.#+3 'RIMSHAW

/-!

!RUPS ()'( 4%#( .ORBURG 3CHULZ

3EMIOLOGY (/,,%).

DOUBLE CODING (UNDERTWASSER 0EICHL 0OMPIDOU 2OSSI 3CARPA 0ORTOGHESI

(/+ !SIAN -IRACLE

+UROKAWA 4ANGE ()'( 4%#( )3/:!+) 3HINOHARA .IKKEN 3EKI )SHII

3UPER 3PRAWL %DGE #)TIES -ALLIFICATION 53!

!LEXANDER ,OS !NGELES '%(29

"ANHAM

3TERN

2OWE (EJDUK *OHNSON 3CULLY %)3%.-!. #OMPLEXITY #ONTRADICTION 0EI 'WATHMY +ALLMAN ,ANGUAGE OF 0OSTMODERNISM -EIER -OORE 2OCHE 0OST -ODERNISM 3)4%

',/"!,):!4)/.

0RINCE

3EASIDE

h*APAN WAS NOT %AST IT WAS REALLY FAR 7EST v

! SAMPLING OF REPORTAGE ON *APANESE ARCHI TECTURAL PRODUCTION AS FOUND IN 3OVIET PUBLICA TIONS IN THE PERIOD OF

'UERGOI /RLOV WOULD IN THE EARLY S BECOME PRESIDENT OF THE 5)!

AN INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ARCHITECTS BASED IN 0ARIS

4HE .%2 GROUP PUB LICIZED IN !$ BY 0ETER #OOK AND LATER EXHIB ITED IN THE -ILAN 4RIENNALE

"OTH *APAN AND 5332 WERE ENGAGED IN THE MAS SIVE EFFORT OF RECONSTRUCTION OF NOTIONS OF NATION HOOD DURING THE POSTWAR PERIOD 4HE 3OVIETS

THROUGH THE SELF INFLICTED WOUND OF THE "OLSHEVIK 2EVOLUTION IN ERASED THEIR HISTORY STREET NAMES AND RELIGION AND ENGAGED IN THE PRODUC TION OF THE NEW 3OVIET IDENTITY 4HE #OLD 7AR PRO VIDED A FOIL FOR THE TASK BUT COULD NOT DEFINE IT 4HE PROJECT WAS STILL UNDER WAY AT ITS DISSOLUTION IN 4HE *APANESE AS A RESULT OF THEIR DOOMED ENTRANCE INTO 77)) WATCHED AS THEIR NATION WAS

ISSUED A NEW CONSTITUTION BY 'ENERAL -AC!RTHUR

AND ON *ANUARY ST OF LISTENED ON THE RA DIO TO %MPEROR (IROHITO INFORM THEM THAT HE WAS

AFTER ALL hNOT A GOD v !S A RESULT BOTH NATIONS ENGAGED IN A REBUILDING OF THEIR SENSE OF SELF IN THE SHADOW OF THE ECONOMICALLY DOMINANT 7EST ERN POWERS THAT EVOLVED FROM THE !LLIED FORCES OF 77)) SANS THE 5332 INTO WHAT BECAME .!4/ )N A SENSE IN THE COLD WAR CULTURE WARS OF THE S

THE *APANESE AND THE 3OVIETS FOUGHT ON THE SAME TEAM

5332 4OTAL ,AND !REA

SQKM 4OTAL 0OPULATION

!VG 0OP $ENSITY P SQKM

*!0!.

4OTAL ,AND !REA SQKM 4OTAL 0OPULATION

!VG 0OP $ENSITY P SQKM

-ETABOLISM

)T CAN BE SAID THAT *APANESE -ETABO LISM ALONG WITH THE RELATED STRAINS OF A NEW HETEROGENEOUS UTOPIANISM

COULD BE CONSIDERED TO BE AT hTHE HINGE OF A CRISIS IN ARCHITECTURAL THINK ING THAT MAY ALSO PROVE TO HAVE BEEN THE TERMINAL CRISIS OF @-ODERN ARCHI TECTURE AS WE HAVE KNOWN IT v

4HE UNIVERSALIZING HAND OF THE ARCHITECT PLANNER SO CLEARLY EX PRESSED IN ,UCIO #OSTA S PLAN FOR "RASILIA OF WAS CENTRAL TO THIS CRISIS )N THE 7EST AND *APAN IT HAD BECOME CLEAR THAT THE -ODERNIST ASPIRATION FOR THE @DESIGN OF THE WHOLE HUMAN ENVI RONMENT WAS A ROAD TO HOMOGENEITY AND DEATH BY PERFECTION

+ENZO 4ANGE S 4OKYO "AY PLAN OF WOULD BECOME A LANDMARK OF PLANNING WITHIN A NEW SCHOOL OF THINKING ON SPONTANEOUS UR BANISM mEXIBILITY AND OPEN ENDED URBANISM )T IS CHARACTERIZED

BY THE ABILITY TO GROW IN AN ORGANIC AD HOC FASHION WHILE PROVID ING AN OVERALL SUPERSTRUCTURE FOR THE CITIES ELEMENTS /LD USES COULD FALL LIKE LEAVES FROM A TREE

!T THE SCALE OF BUILDING THE SAME SUPERSTRUCTURE AND OPEN END ED MODULAR SYSTEM PERVADED THE WORK 4HIS IS A DIRECT RESPONSE TO THE HOMOGENEITY DETERMINACY AND LOSS OF THE INDIVIDUAL THAT WAS FOUND TO BE PROBLEMATIC IN -ODERNISM

)N THE LATE THE WORK OF THE .%2 'ROUP .EW %LEMENT 5RBAN %NVIRONMENT GAINED PROMINENCE INTERNATIONALLY FOR THEIR PER CEIVED ENGAGEMENT WITH THE SAME ZEITGEIST WHICH WAS PRODUC ING -ETABOLISM !RCHIGRAM 5RBANISME 3PATIALE ETC 0ETER #OOK WENT AS FAR AS TO hWELCOME THE .%2 BOYS AND GIRLS TO THE FOLDv

BY INVITING THEM TO PARTICIPATE IN THE -ILAN 4RIENNALE OF !ND INDEED THE DRAWING AT LEFT A SECTION THROUGH .%2 S PROPOSED SETTLEMENT PATTERNS FOR THE EXPANDING 3OVIET STATE DEMONSTRATE MANY OF THE TROPES OF THAT ZEITGEIST ! FRAME ORGANIZATION TRAYS SUPPORTING EVOLVING PROGRAMS AND FORMS DIAGONAL CIRCULATION CORES ETC

9ET THE PLAN SHOCKINGLY TAKES THE FROM OF A CIRCLE AND CONSTRAINS ITSELF INTO A CLOSED FORM QUITE THE OPPOSITE OF THE OPEN ENDED UR BANISM OF 4ANGE OR EVEN OF THE SECTION THROUGH THE SAME PLAN

4HE PLAN IS IN FACT ANOTHER MICRORAYON SCHEME FOR COLONIZING THE 3OVIET TERRITORIES

3OMEHOW THE INHERENT CRITICISM OF -ODERNISM IS NOT TO BE FOUND IN THE WORK OF THE .%2 IN SPITE OF ITS MEGA STRUCTURAL BLUSTER

)T IS AS IF -ODERNISM HAD NEVER REACHED THE POINT OF CRISIS WITHIN THE CONlNES OF THE 5332 THAT DUE TO ITS STULTIlCATION AT THE HANDS OF 3TALINISM OR PERHAPS DUE TO THE ABSOLUTE FERVOR THROUGH WHICH THE -ODERNIST UTOPIA WAS BE ING CARRIED OUT IT WAS NEVER PUT INTO QUESTION

)N A WAY THE PERCEIVED mAWS OF THE 3OVIET BUILT ENVIRONMENT ARE ONE AND THE SAME AS WHAT WAS IDENTIlED IN THE WEST IN THE S

BUT ONLY THE 3OVIETS PERSEVERED TO BUILD THE TRUE MODERNIST UTOPIA

-ODULES

h) INTENDED MY CAPSULE SPACES TO BE A DECLARATION OF WAR IN SUPPORT OF THE RESTORATION OF THE ORIENTAL INDIVIDUUM

WHICH HAS BEEN LOST IN THE PROCESS OF MODERNIZATION v +ISHO +UROKAWA

4HE h#APSULEv RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES THAT EMERGED IN *APAN IN THE EARLY S AS A MANIFESTATION OF THE -ETABOLIST MOVEMENT ARE OVERTLY CONCERNED WITH INDIVIDUATION OF THE MODULE ORGANIC GROWTH OF THE WHOLE AND AN EXPRESSION OF THE INDIVIDUAL

-ANY 3OVIET PAPER PROJECT OF THE PERIOD IMBUE THE MODERNIZED hCAPSULEv CONSTRUC TION TECHNIQUES WITH A SIMILAR SET OF IDEOLOGIES

)N GENERAL THE STATE SUPPORTED RESEARCH IN HOUSING CONSTRUCTION TO A DEGREE NOT SEEN ELSEWHERE AT THE TIME 3OVIET ARCHITECTS WERE GIVEN AMPLE RESOURCES TO INVESTIGATE THE POSSIBILITIES OF PREFABRICATED MODULAR HOUSING TECHNOLOGIES

9ET THE RESULTS AS IMPLEMENTED ARE IMBUED ONLY WITH THE IDEOLOGIES OF EXPEDIENCY 4HE EXPRESSION OF INDI VIDUALITY IS SUBSUMED INTO THE A READING OF THE BUILD ING MASS AS A MONOLITHIC ENTITY AND THE INDIVIDUAL IS ABSORBED INTO THE MASSES

-EGAFORMS

h3YMBOLS ARE CRYSTALLIZATIONS OF IMAGES OF HISTORICAL PERIODS IN THE EVOLUTION OF CIVILIZATIONS 4HIS MEANS THAT SYMBOLS TODAY MUST BE CONCENTRATED REmECTIONS OF THE SOCIAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CONTEMPORARY TIMES v +ENZO 4ANGE

-IKHAIL 0OSOKHIN THE CHIEF ARCHITECT OF THE STATE ARCHITECTURE SYSTEM IN THE 5332 WAS ENGAGED IN A QUEST TO DElNE THE SYM BOLIC LANGUAGE FOR THE NATION !S WITH MANY FACETS OF 3OVIET SOCI ETY HE TURNED TO THE OUTSIDE WORLD FOR GUIDANCE IN HIS TASK 4HIS LED HIM TO THE ISLAND OF *APAN WHERE HE FOUND A DECADE LONG PREOCCUPATION WITH THEY SYMBOLIC OPTIMISM OF +ENZO 4ANGE

%XPO #LEANING HOUSE OF OLD IDEAS %XPOS HAVE THROUGHOUT THE 3OVIET PERIOD PROVIDED THE MOST PROMINENT INTERNATIONAL PLATFORM FOR PROJECTING THE STATE IDEOL OGY IN BUILT FORM )N AND INTERNAL COMPETITION WAS STAGED WITHIN THE -OSPROEKT SYSTEM TO DETERMINE WHAT WOULD BE BUILT IN THE ALLOTTED SITE WITHIN 4ANGE S MASTER PLAN FOR THE %XPO 4HE SPECTRUM OF PROPOSALS EXHIBITS ALMOST IN FULL THE DOMINANT GENRES OF SYMBOLISM IN PLAY IN THE 5332 AT THE TIME 3OME ARE UNFAILINGLY 3OVIET AND MANY EXHIBIT THE INTERNATIONAL INmUENCES IN FASHION AT THE TIME 9ET IN THE END IN SPITE OF THE VOLUME OF PRODUCTION 0OSOKHIN AS CHIEF ARCHITECT WINS

490% ) ,ENIN 0ROTOTYPE 4HIS GROUP WAS PRIMARILY INTERESTED IN THE PROMULGATION OF THE 3OVIET GENRE OF MONUMENT MAKING GENERALLY EXPRESSED IN THE ,ENIN -USEUM TYPE 4HE PROJECTS ARE TYPIlED BY A GEOMETRICALLY REGULAR VOLUME OFTEN ELEVATED AND USUALLY EMBELLISHED WITH AR CHITECTURAL GRAPHICS OF THE STATE

490% )) 3TRUCTURAL 'EOMETRIES 5NDER THE INmUENCE OF INTERNATIONAL LUMINARIES SUCH AS "UCKMIN STER &ULLER SEVERAL EXAMPLES WERE PRODUCED WHICH USE REGULAR IZED TRIANGULAR OR POLYGONAL GEOMETRIES TO PRODUCE FREE STAND ING STRUCTURALLY INTEGRAL SCHEMES

490% ))) 3PACE &ETISH -ANY OF THE SCHEMES INVOKE 3OVIET SPACE EXPLORATION IN A BID FOR SUPERIORITY 4HESE PROJECTS USE ROCKET AND mYING SAUCER MOTIFS

ODDLY OUT OF STEP WITH THE CONTEMPORARY SPACE FETISH SEEN IN AR CHITECTURE ABROAD WHICH HAD MOVED AWAY FROM THE ROCKET SHIP MOTIFS AND TOWARDS THE SATELLITE SYSTEMS OF LIGHTWEIGHT FRAME STRUCTURES WITH AGGLOMERATED FUNCTIONAL MODULES 4HE *APANESE EXHIBITED SEVERAL BUILDING OF THE SATELLITE TYPE AT THE %XPO

490% )6 3WEEPING /PTIMISM 3PIRALS 3WOOPS AND 3WEEPS EMBODY THE CONTEMPORARY 3OVIET IDEAL OF THE NATION ARCING UPWARDS TO PROSPERITY 4HESE PROJECTS ALSO MOST DIRECTLY REFERENCE THE FUTURIST AESTHETIC SENSIBILITY OF THE *APANESE ARCHITECTURAL PRODUCTION OF THE LATE S WITH CA BLE STAYED ROOFS OR CURVES WHICH MANIFEST THREE DIMENSIONALLY IN PLAN AND SECTION 4HAT THIS IS ALREADY AN ESTABLISHED MODEL OF ARCHITECTURAL MYTH MAKING IS CLEAR FROM THE 0OSOKHIN S PAVILION AT THE PREVIOUS INTERNATIONAL EVENT %XPO IN -ONTREAL LEFT 4HIS PROJECT HOWEVER STILL CLINGS TO CLASSIC MODERNIST PREJUDICES OF THE GLASS BOX

4HE *APANESE PRODUCTION OF THE -ETABOLIST ERA WENT MUCH FUR THER WITH THE SYMBOLISM OF SWEEPING OPTIMISM DEPARTING FULLY FROM MODERNISM AND UTILIZING NEW TECHNOLOGIES AS WELL AS UTO PIAN AMBITIONS TO THREE DIMENSIONALIZE THESE GESTURES 4HESE FORMS IMBUED WITH A FRESH UTOPIAN IDEOLOGY WOULD PROVE IRRE SISTIBLE TO 0OSOKHIN

&OLLOWING ARE SEVERAL EXAMPLES OF 4YPE )6 PAVILIONS SWOOPS AND SPIRALS IN DIFFERING CONlGURATIONS BUT ALL ADHERING TO THE FOR MAL OPTIMISM NECESSARY IN THE 5332 AT THE TIME

!ND lNALLY -IKHAIL 0OSOKHIN S PROPOSAL DESIGNED IN CONJUNCTION WITH 6 3VIRSKII WITHIN THE -OSPROEKT -ASTERSKAYA 7HILE IT IS UNCLEAR WHETHER AND UNLIKELY THAT 0OSOKHIN HAD A HANDS ON DESIGN ROLE ON THIS PROJECT HIS NAME IS CLEARLY ATTACHED TO IT FROM THE OUTSET OF THE PROJECT AND THIS IS THE IMPLEMENTED SCHEME 4HE SCALE OF ITS GESTURE IS UNPRECEDENTED IN %XPO PAVILION DE SIGN PERHAPS EVEN UTOPIAN )T RISES TO A HEIGHT OF METERS

CONTAINS SQUARE METERS OF mOOR AREA AND HAS A CAPACITY OF OVER PERSONS 4HE (AMMER AND 3ICKLE CROWNING THE POINT IS ITSELF STORIES TALL

)T IS TECHNICALLY AMBITIOUS AS WELL ITS STRUCTURE COMPOSED OF NU MEROUS FOLDED STEEL TRIANGULATED PLATES GIVING IT ITS PECULIAR TES SELLATED QUALITY

!ND SO THE hRED BANNER OF THE PROGRESS OF THE SOCIALIST STATEv mIES OVER /SAKA EXPRESSED IN A SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE OSTENSIBLY BORROWED FROM ITS HOST NATION h4ODAY 3OVIET ARCHITECTURE IS RETURNING TO A RESEARCH OF THE EX PRESSIVITY OF THE NAKED FORM OF ARCHITECTURE LIBERATED FROM DECOR AND ORNAMENT AND WHICH EXPRESSES THE INTERNAL CONTENT OF THE BUILDING v !LEXEI 'UTNOV WRITING ON THE /SAKA 0AVILION

4HROUGHOUT THE S MANY PROJECTS EXHIBITED THIS TYPE OF IDE OLOGICAL FORM BORROWING )T WAS AS IF THE *APANESE HAD INVENTED THE NEW VOCABULARY OF 5TOPIA FOR WHICH THE 3OVIETS HAD BEEN SEARCHING

4HE AERIAL URBAN MEGA STRUCTURES OF 4ANGE S 4SU JIKI PROPOSAL OF LEFT EXERT AN EVIDENT INmUENCE ON A ADMINISTRATIVE COMPLEX IN THE 'EORGIAN 332 RIGHT

7HILE THE DE EVOLUTION OF SUCH RADICAL IDEAS AS 9ONA &RIEDMAN S 5RBANISME 3PATIAL UPPER LEFT

FROM !RKHITEKTURA 3332 TO +ENZO 4ANGE S MAIN PLAZA AT %XPO LOWER LEFT FROM !RKHI TEKTURA 3332 TO THE 3OVIET INDUSTRIAL PLANT AT RIGHT IS TO BE EXPECTED

THE RADICAL SYMBOLIC APPROPRIATION OF THE MEGA TRUSSED ROOF IS MIND BOGGLING

-OSCOW ! MULTITUDE OF SCHEMES ARE GENER ATED FOR THE MYRIAD /LYMPIC BUILDING PROJECTS !GAIN A GREAT DIVERSITY OF SCHEMES ARE PRODUCED BUT PERHAPS NONE OF THEM ARE CAPABLE OF CAPTURING THE FORMAL ASPIRATIONS OF THE PERIOD

4OKYO /LYMPIC 3TADIUM

-IKHAIL 0OSOKHIN WAS UNDOUBTEDLY KEENLY AWARE OF +ENZO 4ANGE S /LYMPIC STADIUMS PROJECT IN 4OKYO FOR THE /LYM PIAD 4HIS PROJECT WAS A TURNING POINT FOR 4ANGE IN UNDERSTANDING THE SYMBOLIC POWER OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE FORMAL AND STRUC TURAL LANGUAGE DEVELOPED HERE WOULD BE PROFOUNDLY INmUENTIAL ON THE 3OVIETS

/LYMPIC 6ELODROME +RYLATSKOE

4HIS STADIUM THE mAGSHIP PROJECT OF THE -OSCOW /LYMPIC BUILD ING PROJECT WAS DESIGNED BY 6ORENINA AND /SPENNIKOV AND CLEARLY REFERENCES 4ANGE S 4OKYO PROJECT OF YEARS PREVIOUS 4HE 3OVIETS HAVE NOT FOUND A BETTER UTOPIAN ARCHETYPE STILL

4HE TRANSVERSE SECTIONS OF THESE TWO /LYMPIC FACILITIES DESCRIBE AN ALMOST IDENTICAL LONG SPAN FUNICULAR STRUC TURAL SYSTEM SUSPENDED FROM A CENTRAL TRUSS ELEMENT WITH IDENTICAL SPATIAL IMPLICATIONS THIS DESPITE YEARS OF INTERVENING TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

4HE !RCHITECT S ,IFE I N T E R V I E W S -OSCOW \ !PRIL

3ASHA "RODSKY

!LEKSANDER "RODSKY WAS BORN IN -OSCOW IN AND IS AN ARCHITECT AND AN ARTIST &ROM TO HE STUDIED AT THE -OSCOW !RT 3CHOOL AN AFlLIATE OF THE !CADEMY OF !RTS &ROM TO HE STUDIED AT THE-OSCOW )NSTITUTE OF !RCHITECTURE UNDER - !

4URKUS - / "ARSHCH AND " ' "ARKHIN (E THEN WORKED IN COOPERATION WITH )LYA 5TKIN FROM TO 3INCE "RODSKY HAS PARTICIPATED IN NUMEROUS EXHIBITIONS (E HAS TAKEN PART IN MORE THAN GROUP EXHIBITIONS OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE lNE ARTS )N ADDITION HE HAS WON NUMEROUS INTERNATIONAL AND 2USSIAN COMPETITIONS AND ARCHITECTURAL SHOWS )N

"RODSKY RECEIVED THE 'RAND 0RIX AT THE EXHIBITION OF MODERN %UROPEAN ART HELD IN -ILAN

! lGURE OF CULTURAL SIGNIlCANCE FOR THE PROFESSION %VERYTHING THAT HAS COME TO THE SURFACE TODAY IS TO A LARGE EXTENT DUE TO THIS KEY lGURE (IS REAL IZED WORKS FROM THE

!LEXANDER ,ARIN

S INCLUDE ,IBRARY IN 0EROVO 0ROJECT FOR THE (OUSE OF &OLK (ANDICRAFTS $AYCARE CENTER IN .OVOGI

-!2#() 0ROFESSOR GRADUATED IN !RCHITECTURAL 4HEO RIST AND #RITIC 6ICE 0RESIDENT OF THE -OSCOW 5NION OF !RCHITECTS 0RINCIPAL AT !3+ ARCHITECTS #URATOR OF THE 2US SIAN 0AVILION AT THE

%UGENE !SSE

TH 6ENICE "IENNALE OF !RCHITECTURE

-!2#() PROFESSOR &ORMER PAPER ARCHI TECT AND WINNER OF NUMEROUS INTERNATIONAL COM PETITIONS INCLUDING MANY *APANESE COMPETITIONS IN THE

-IKAIL "ELOV

S .OW A PRAC TICING ARCHITECT IN -OSCOW

$ESIGN 0ARTNER AT -/302/*%#4 0APER ARCHITECT WIN NER OF MANY INTERNA TIONAL COMPETITIONS 2EALIZED PROJECTS INCLUDE BUILDINGS IN 2USSIA AND 'ERMANY -OST RECENTLY "USH COMPLETED A SOCCER

$MITRY "USH

STADIUM IN #HERKI ZOVO -OSCOW

)RINA +OROBINA IS THE $IRECTOR OF 4HE #ENTER OF #ONTEM PORARY !RCHITECTURE ##! 4HIS NEW ORGANIZATION S AIM IS THE CREATION OF THE VIVID INFORMATIVE

)RINA +OROBINA

STRUCTURE CONCERNING CONTEMPORARY 2US SIAN ARCHITECTURE AND ITS INTEGRATION INTO THE WORLD ART PROCESSES

0ROVOST OF -!2#()

&ELLOW OF THE 2USSIAN !CADEMY OF !RCHITECTURE #HAIR OF THE $EPARTMENT OF 5RBAN $ESIGN AND $IRECTOR OF 2ESEARCH 0ROGRAMS IN !RCHITECTURE AND 5RBAN $ESIGN 0RINCI

)ILYA ,EZHAVA

PAL AT -!2#() $ESIGN ,ABORATORY &OUNDER OF .%2 GROUP

!RCHITECT PROFESSOR OF -OSCOW !RCHITECTURAL )NSTITUTE LAUREATE OF 3TATE PRIZE IN THE lELD OF ARCHITECTURE

LAUREATE OF h:OLOTOE SECHENIEv h+HRUSTALNY DEDALv

"ORIS 3HABUNIN

.%2 CO FOUNDER AND AND ONE OF -OSCOW S CHIEF 5RBAN 0LANNERS )N 6LADIMIR 9UDINTSEV !RCHITEC TURAL 3TUDIO SURVEYED AND DOCUMENTED KEY STONES OF

6LADIMIR 9UDINTZEV

3OVIET ARCHITECTURAL POLITICS AND OUTLINED THE NEED FOR INDIVIDUAL

9URI 'RIGORIAN

!LEXANDRA 0AVLOVA

0ROJECT -EGANOM

&OUNDED IN 0ROJECT -EGANOM REPRESENTS THE NEW RISING ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE IN -OSCOW 4HEIR PROJECTS HAVE BEEN AWARDED PRIZES AT

AND EDITIONS OF !RCH -OSCOW AND ARE CURRENTLY WORKING ON SEVERAL INTERIOR TO URBAN SCALE PROJECTS

"ORN IN ,ENINGRAD AND GRADUATED FROM "ELARUSIAN 0OLITECHNICAL )NSTITUTE IN 3ENIOR ARCHITECT FOR "ELGOSPROEKT IN -INSK 0ROFESSOR AT THE )!!

0RINCIPAL OF #REATIVE 5NION 2ESERVE

6LADIMIR 0LOTKIN

!RCHITECTS SINCE

!LEXEI -URATOV

"ART 'OLDHORN

02/*%#4 2533)!

0ROJECT 2USSIA WAS FOUNDED IN BY $UTCH ARCHITECT "ART 'OLDHOORN WITH THE AIM TO SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN IN 0OST SOVIET 2USSIA

-OSCOW /LYMPIC )NDEX .UMBER OF TIMES .IXON ASSURED "REZHNEV THAT -OSCOW WOULD BE THE SUMMER /LYMPIC SITE 4IME 3OVIET GOVERNMENT PREPARED /LYMPIC BID FOR )NTERNATIONAL /LYMPIC #OMMITTEE YEARS 4IME THE )/# SPENT VOTING ON THE SITE FOR THE 3UMMER /LYMPIC 'AMES MINUTES 9EARS OF PLANNING AND DESIGN FOR THE /LYMPICS AFTER BEING SELECTED -EMBERS OF THE /LYMPIADE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE .UMBER OF MEETINGS OF /LYMPIADE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE IN 3TATE MINISTRIES AND AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE PLANNING AND DESIGN OF THE /LYMPICS %NTRIES TO AN /LYMPIC POSTER DESIGN COMPETITION .UMBER OF NATIONALITIES REPRESENTED IN THE POSTER DESIGN COMPETITION ENTRIES .UMBER OF PROPOSALS FOR THE OFFICIAL /LYMPIADE MASCOT

3TADIUMS RENOVATED OR CONSTRUCTED FOR THE /LYMPICS

4OWARDS THE NUMBER OF 3OVIET SCIENTISTS SHARPLY INCREASES AS THE PERCENTAGE GROWTH OF WORKERS DECREASES -ORE 3OVIET AGENCIES WERE FOCUSED ON SPORT SCIENCE THAN ON /LYMPIC PLANNING

. U M B E R O F 3 C IE N TIS TS TH O U S A N D S

' R O W T H 2 A T E O F 7 O R K E R S A N D % M P L O Y E E S P E R C E N T

3OVIET MINISTRIES AND AGENCIES DEDICATED TO SPORT SCIENCE RESEARCH 3PORTS SCIENCE FACILITIES AND GYMS RENOVATED OR CONSTRUCTED #OUNTRIES PARTICIPATING IN THE !MERICAN LED BOYCOTT #OUNTRIES PARTICIPATING IN THE /LYMPICS !THLETES PARTICIPATING

.UMBER OF !MERICAN ATHLETES PARTICIPATING ,ETTERS PUBLISHED IN 4HE 4IMES OF ,ONDON CLAIMING THAT 0RESIDENT #ARTER WAS hVIOLATING THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF THOUSANDS OF YOUNG !MERICAN SPORTSMEN TO COMPETE IN THE WORLD S GREATEST ATHLETIC EVENTv 3HRUBS SEPARATING THE /LYMPIC 6ILLAGE FROM THE REST OF -OSCOW

.EW HOTELS BUILT FOR THE /LYMPICS IN -OSCOW 2OOMS IN NEW HOTELS

.UMBER OF OFFICIAL /LYMPIC SOUVENIRS

/LYMPIC SOUVENIRS PRODUCED

h-ISHAv FRISBEES NOT SOLD IN ,OS !NGELES

2OADS IN CENTRAL -OSCOW OPEN ONLY TO AUTHORIZED /LYMPIC TRAFFIC 3TREETS IN -OSCOW NEWLY LINED WITH FLOWERS AND BUSHES /F THE STREETS OPEN ONLY TO AUTHORIZED TRAFFIC THOSE WHICH WERE LINED WITH FLOWERS 3TREETS REPAIRED "UILDINGS ALONG MAJOR THOROUGHFARES PAINTED 0OTHOLES FILLED "UILDINGS ALONG THE LINE OF /LIMPIISKII PROSPEKT TORN DOWN -ERCEDES "ENZ LIMOS BOUGHT WITH CASH BY THE )NTERIOR -INISTRY TO TRANSPORT DIGNITARIES

-ERCEDES "ENZES GIVEN TO PARTY OFFICIALS AFTER THE GAMES &OREIGN VISITORS TO -OSCOW /LYMPICS

&UNDING 3OURCES FOR /LYMPICS

FUNDING FROM INTERNATIONAL SOURCES FUNDING FROM HOST COUNTRY

"ID #ITIES FOR /LYMPICS

-UNICH

-ONTREAL

-OSCOW ,OS !NGELES 3EOUL

"ARCELONA

+'" AND -6$ GUARDS PER FOREIGN VISITOR DURING THE GAMES .UMBER OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS BETWEEN THE AGES OF EIGHT AND TWENTY WHO WERE hENCOURAGEDv TO LEAVE -OSCOW FOR SUMMER CAMP

0EOPLE WHO LIVED OUTSIDE -OSCOW WHO COULD NOT ENTER THE CITY DURING THE /LYMPICS

4OTAL -OSCOW POPULATION

0ERCENTAGE OF -OSCOW POPULATION INVOLVED IN /LYMPIC EFFORT 2ATIO OF -OSCOVITES HELPING IN /LYMPIC PREPARATIONS TO ATHLETES PARTICIPATING %STIMATE BY 4HE .EW 9ORK 4IMES OF 2USSIANS THAT WERE ARRESTED OR OTHERWISE DETAINED PRIOR TO THE GAMES

-OSCOW CITIZENS OFFICIALLY CONFIRMED TO HAVE BEEN ARRESTED IN hPRE /LYMPIC PURGEv 0ERFORMERS IN OPENING CEREMONY

.UMBER OF PICTURES hDRAWNv DURING THE OPENING CEREMONY

,ENGTH OF THE -OSCOW /LYMPIC TORCH COMPARED TO THE -ONTREAL /LYMPIC TORCH CM -INIMUM NUMBER OF TIMES THIS WAS MENTIONED BY "REZHNEV .UMBER OF COSMONAUTS WHO GREETED /LYMPIC VISITORS FROM OUTER SPACE 3TUFFED -ISHA DOLLS LEFT IN OUTER SPACE BY 3OVIET COSMONAUTS 4ELEVISION COVERAGE OF /LYMPICS IN 7EST 'ERMANY MINUTES 4OTAL AMOUNT SPENT IN /LYMPIC CONSTRUCTION

RUBLES ABOUT 53

USING CONVERSION RATES $AYS OF /LYMPICS 4OTAL PER DAY STATE EXPENDITURE ON CONSTRUCTION

RUBLES

%XPO @ COMPETITION ENTRIES

&ROM THE -5!2 COLLECTION

INSTITUTIONAL BODY

MASTERSKAYA VARIANT

ARCHITECTS

CONSTRUCTORS ENGINEERS

-OSPROEKT

MASTERSKAYA

- 0OSOKHIN 6 3VIRSKII

! +ONDRATIEV

#ENTRAL SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION AND PROJECT INSTITUTE FOR MODEL AND EXPERIMENTAL @43.))%0v ENTERTAINMENT BUILDINGS AND SPORT STRUCTURES

MASTERSKAYA

-5!2 COLLECTION

VARIANT ) PENDANT

SUBAUTHORS ARCHITECTS

$ ' /LTARKHEVSKII

) . "ILINKII ' 0 'ORLISHKOV 6 $ 2UDENKO . ! 3HEBALINA

h43.))%0v ENTERTAINMENT BUILDINGS AND SPORT STRUCTURES

MASTERSKAYA

VARIANT )) SQUARE

$ ' /LTARKHEVSKII ) . "ILINKII ' 0 'ORLISHKOV 6 $ 2UDENKO . ! 3HEBALINA

h43.))%0v ENTERTAINMENT BUILDINGS AND SPORT STRUCTURES

MASTERSKAYA

VARIANT )

9 , 3HVARTZBREIM

% 0 ,ESKOV

$ % ,OURE , 6 -ISOJHNIKOV ) . 3TUKHIN

h43.))%0v ENTERTAINMENT BUILDINGS AND SPORT STRUCTURES

MASTERSKAYA

VARIANT )) SPIRAL

9 , 3HVARTZBREIM $ % ,OURE , 6 -ISOJHNIKOV ) . 3TUKHIN

9 ! -OTORIN ! 0 +UDRYAVTZEV

% 0 ,ESKOV

9 ! -OTORIN ! 0 +UDRYAVTZEV

-5!2 COLLECTION

INSTITUTIONAL BODY

MASTERSKAYA VARIANT

ARCHITECTS

h43.))%0v ENTERTAINMENT BUILDINGS AND SPORT STRUCTURES

MASTERSKAYA

9 , 3HVARTZBREIM

VARIANT ) BIRDY

CONSTRUCTORS ENGINEERS % 0 ,ESKOV

$ % ,OURE , 6 -ISOJHNIKOV ) . 3TUKHIN ' ' )SAKOVICH

-OSPROEKT

-OSPROEKT

MASTERSKAYA

MASTERSKAYA 6ARIANT ) PENTAGON

6ARIANT ) , . ,AVLOV HAMMER AND SICKLE , 9 'ONCHAR % 3 +OPEKHLOVICH 6ARIANT ) PENTAGON

, . ,AVLOV

-OSPROEKT

MASTERSKAYA

6ARIANT ) TRIANGLE

, . ,AVLOV ' 6 +OLICHEVA 2 ! +UZNETZOVA

#ENTRAL SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION AND PROJECT INSTITUTE FOR MODEL AND EXPERIMENTAL HOUSING DESIGN @43.))%0v HOUSING

" 2 2UBANENKO

! . "ELOKON

9 ! -OTORIN ! 0 +UDRYAVTZEV

% " 'ARSMAN

6 0 4ROSTIN

% " 'ARSMAN

) 9 9ADROV , + "ELOMITZEVA % . 'YADUKIN 4 ) +OCHERGINA

SUBAUTHORS ARCHITECTS

% " 'ARSMAN

INSTITUTIONAL BODY

MASTERSKAYA VARIANT

ARCHITECTS

-OSPROEKT

-ASTERSKAYA

$ ) "URDIN 6 ! +LIMOV - - !RUCHYAN

,ENINGRAD ZONE SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION AND PROJECT INSTITUTE FOR MODEL AND EXPERIMENTAL HOUSING AND SOCIAL BUILDINGS

,ENPROEKT

-OSPROEKT

-ASTERSKAYA

6ARIANT )

6 6 ,EBEDEV ! $ ,ARIN

-OSPROEKT

-ASTERSKAYA

6ARIANT ))

6 6 ,EBEDEV ! $ ,ARIN

-OSPROEKT

-ASTERSKAYA

6ARIANT ) 3QUARE

6 , 6OSKRESENSKII

-5!2 COLLECTION

CONSTRUCTORS ENGINEERS

SUBAUTHORS ARCHITECTS

6 % 3HVEKHMAN

) ) &OMIN

) ! ,EONOV

6 ) 3ERKHANTOV

) ! ,EONOV

6 ) 3ERKHANTOV

' ' ,EBEDEV ! ) ,EONIDOV ! " 3AMSONOV

-OSPROEKT

-ASTERSKAYA

6ARIANT )) 3TAR

6 , 6OSKRESENSKII ' ' ,EBEDEV ! ) ,EONIDOV ! " 3AMSONOV

INSTITUTIONAL BODY

MASTERSKAYA VARIANT

ARCHITECTS

CONSTRUCTORS ENGINEERS

-OSPROEKT

-ASTERSKAYA

" 6 /SIKIN ! 6 +LIMOCHKIN 9 ! 3VERDLOVSKII ! 6 6EDENEYEV , - 3ULIM 4 + +UMANINA

" - :ARKHI

-OSPROEKT

MASTERSKAYA

- 0OSOKHIN 6 3VIRSKII

! +ONDRATIEV

-OSPROEKT

MASTERSKAYA

- 0OSOKHIN 6 3VIRSKII

h43.))%0v ENTERTAINMENT BUILDINGS AND SPORT STRUCTURES

MASTERSKAYA

" 3 -EZENTZEV

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