Zeekracht

This document has been prepared by the Office for Metropolitan Architecture in collaboration with the client, Natuur en Milieu.

In this document, OMA presents a strategy for masterplanning in the North Sea, using the Netherlands and offshore industrial development as its case study.

ZEEKRACHT

Rotterdam

A STRATEGY FOR MASTERPLANNING THE NORTH SEA

OMA

Š OMA 2008 NATUUR en MILIEU

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ZEEKRACHT A STRATEGY FOR MASTERPLANNING THE NORTH SEA

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4

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“[...] Therefore the sea can in no way become the private property of any one, because nature not only allows but enjoins its common use. Neither can the shore become the private property of any one. The following qualification, however, must be made. If any part of these things is by nature susceptible of occupation, it may become the property of the one who occupies it only so far as such occupation does not affect its common use.�

- Hugo Grotius Mare Liberum (The Free Seas) 1609

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FOREWORD

When we learned that Rem Koolhaas and his Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) had accepted our request to design a masterplan for the development of wind power on the North Sea, we were very excited and a bit nervous. Would it work, would it give the inspiration and the knowledge that we sought?

It did!

This book shows that it is possible to make a masterplan for wind power on the North Sea that inspires and looks to the future. Not a rigid blueprint, but it is a strategic and flexible roadmap. It combines rather than differentiates the interests of generating renewable energy and improving the ecological richness of the sea.

It is unique in its fusion of current scientific knowledge and a strong vision for the future. The masterplan is an

energizing story of possibilities rather than restraints.

Much more then just a set of beautiful maps, the masterplan shows the potency of Dutch ingenuity in the heart of the North Sea, and the potential of the North Sea as a battery for Europe.

Global, regional, national and local developments are depicted, and while this masterplan focuses on the Dutch Sea, it looks well beyond the national boundaries.

The masterplan clearly elucidates the necessary changes for a sustainable future:

•

from centralised land-based energy production to collective participation of local populations in offshore energy developments – like our own ’Zeekracht’ cooperation, working collectively to generate and benefit from new offshore wind energy supplies

6

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• •

from small short term funding to large long term investments offering both financial and ecological returns as well as increased energy independence from a marginal localized industry towards a rich, diverse and profitable one – supported by the Netherlands’ centres of excellence in wind and water research, and generating new opportunities for energy trade and export.

We would like to thank all of the team from OMA – Rem Koolhaas, Art Zaaijer, Mark Veldman, Talia Dorsey, Terri Chiao, Christopher Parlato, Franziska Singer - for the excellent work they have done for us! We expect your work will help us in realising a breakthrough in producing the clean and renewable energy of the future in the Netherlands.

And for you, the reader: we hope that you are just as impressed and inspired as we are. And we invite you to help us in realising a proud future for the Netherlands and the North Sea in our Zeekracht campaign. We are free to build our future, for “Liberty is the power that we have over ourselves” (Hugo Grotius).

Mirjam de Rijk Please also visit: www.zeekracht.nl

Stichting Natuur en Milieu The Netherlands Society for Nature and Environment

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD ..................................................... 6 AMBITIONS AND APPROACH ........................ 11 Building for Change ........................................... 11 Bridging the Divides ........................................... 14 Tapping the Potential ......................................... 17

THE NORTH SEA ............................................. 21 The North Sea Masterplan ................................. 22 The North Sea in Time ....................................... 32

THE DUTCH SEA ............................................. 47 The Dutch Sea Masterplan ................................ 48 The Local Sea, the System at Work ................... 70

ATLAS .............................................................. 77 The North Sea .................................................... 78 The Changing Energy Landscape ..................... 88

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AMBITIONS AND APPROACH

BUILDING FOR CHANGE To begin planning the North Sea, we must extend our vision to a scale that matches the magnitude of its territory and the magnitude of its potentials - we must think big.

In a time of such rapidly changing landscapes - economic, social, environmental, technological, etc. - the present is an inappropriate limit for a project of this magnitude. It is imperative to use our intelligence and our imagination to build for a future world, and at every step, to realize and proactively determine our participation in its evolution.

A masterplan for the North Sea cannot be a fixed prescription. Rather, it must be a strategic roadmap founded on agility, flexibility, and possibility. Only in this way, can it be constantly adapted and optimized for the changing parameters at the root of its development, and the maximization of its potential.

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“The North Sea has passed its peak of oil and gas supply, but will now embark on a new transformation into the global centre of the offshore wind industry,” -Gordon Brown announcing Great Britain’s “green energy” plan (June 26, 2008)

GOING BEYOND EXPECTATIONS

MARRYING THE OBSOLETE AND INNOVATIVE

We propose a mode of planning that matches ambition with potential. From exceeding targets, to envisioning new potentials for development, we should not simply be meeting expectations, but exceeding them.

Planning for renewable energy should promote the innovation of cleaner, more efficient forms of energy production. This mandate, to be upheld at all levels of development, must also demand innovative reuse of obsolete infrastructures and maximization of latent potentials.

Cumulative Capacity (Netherlands)

World oil and gas production vs. world wind capacity (Gboe = billion barrel oil equivalent)

12.000

ZEEKRACHT = 8.000MW

10.000

NATIONAL AMBITION = 6.000MW

8.000

Gboe

MW

60 55 50 45 40

6.000

G

AS

35

&

O

IL

30 25

4.000

20

ND

15

WI

2.000

10

1.500 1.000

5 Gboe

5 0,204 Gboe

ZEEKRACHT UNDER CONSTRUCTION 2008 NORTH SEA NEAR SHORE ON SHORE

2018

2020

2016

2014

2012

2010

2008

2006

2004

2002

2000

1998

1996

1994

1992

1990

0

1988

500

2 Gboe

0 1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

2060

2008

12

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SEEING PAST THE STATUS QUO A North Sea plan must be driven by the urgencies of the present, but be based on the potentials of the future. We must question current limitations and move intelligently beyond the status quo.

Current Restrictions

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Future Restrictions

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BRIDGING THE DIVIDES Today there are a number of divisions perceived and real - that if bridged, could greatly enhance and redefine the potentials of the North Sea... and beyond.

As such, a masterplan for the North Sea must be conceived not only in terms of its spatial demands and development, but also in terms of its societal, political, industrial, and environmental implications and potentials.

The North Sea masterplan could act as a significant catalyst, and infrastructure for growth, through the practices and strategies it incorporates.

14

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BOTTOM UP, TOP DOWN A masterplan for the North Sea must be understood as a reciprocal system—fed and reinforced from the top down in terms of technologies, industrial development, and enlightened policy; and from the bottom up in terms of local decision-making, popular involvement and support.

MARRYING ECO AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTIVITY Often considered antagonistic opposites, we propose a redefinition of the relationship between industrial and ecological productivity. By their considered integration, we suggest their future could be one of complicity and cooperation.

INDUSTRIAL

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ECOLOGICAL

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RETHINKING LAND AND SEA Though the Netherlands has had an epic relationship with the sea, in recent decades this ‘wilderness’ has become a remote reality. A masterplan for the North Sea could be integral in developing natural connections and renewed local perceptions of the ‘Dutch territory’, thereby further ensuring its popular support.

DUTCH LAND

DUTCH WATER

DUTCH LAND + 12 MILE TERRITORIAL WATERS

DUTCH LAND + 12 MILE TERRITORIAL WATERS + EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE

DUTCH WATER SEA RISE

DUTCH FLOODING

16

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TAPPING THE POTENTIAL The North Sea represents a massive shared resource, ripe with potentials. However, in order to realize the full benefits, orchestrated and deliberate action must be intelligently undertaken.

Rather than reinforcing limitations, a more positive approach to planning must be instilled. Echoing the ethos of renewable energy, potentials should drive development, and furthermore they should be recognized and utilized as sources of continual productivity.

By instilling this methodology at the root of a masterplanning endeavor, optimized exploitation of the North Sea becomes realizable, and the negative connotations of such action eclipsed by a renewed aura of positive sustainability and enrichment.

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INNOVATING INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH

TAKING THE INITIATIVE With its history, its ingenuity, its collective spirit, and its optimal geography, the Netherlands is poised to play a leading role in the development of the North Sea. Through policy and action, it could demonstrate the potential of individuals and nations to build towards a highly productive, cooperative and sustainable future.

While the potential of the North Sea is vast, its maximization depends on the concerted efforts of its controlling parties. A North Sea masterplan could serve as the catalyst for a politically united effort to pool resources, scientific advances and economies of scale towards maxiumum efficiency and profit.

NO

DK

UK NL L

DE

BE

FR

18

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“[The North Sea could turn] into the equivalent for wind power of what the Gulf of Arabia is for the oil industry”.

- Gordon Brown announcing Great Britain’s “green energy” plan (June 26, 2008)

REDEFINING GLOBAL ENERGY TRADE Due to unlimited high windspeeds, shallow waters and a dense population and knowledge industry, the North Sea is arguably the most suitable area for big scale windfarming in the world. The magnitude of potential for renewable energy in the North Sea approaches that of fossil fuels in the Persian Gulf states.

In the changing landscape of 21st century energy perception and demand, the North Sea could become a major player in global production and trade driven by the renewable energy source wind.

13.400TWh

Theoretic Production Capacity (See Atlas p.95)

4TWh

2008 North Sea Production

1.300TWh

2020 ECN projection

11.300TWh 2008 Gulf Production

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“The European Commission has identified Europe’s largest untapped energy resources and understands offshore wind power’s importance as a clean, inexhaustible and above all indigenous source in a carbon and energy constrained future.”

- Christian Kjaer EWEA Chief Executive November 2008

20

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ZEEKRACHT MASTERPLAN

NORTH SEA

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THE NORTH SEA

MASTERPLAN The North Sea masterplan is envisioned as the natural result of international cooperative offshore development.

Rather than a fixed spatial plan, it proposes a system of catalytic elements that if envisioned in the present, could optimize the use of the Sea in the future.

It is designed to support and guide, but

minimally impact national decision-making, while providing an international framework for maximizing the collective economic, industrial and environmental benefits, as development of the North Sea evolves.

Primairy components of the North Sea Masterplan include:

THE ENERGY SUPER-RING

THE PRODUCTION BELT

A shared energy ‘super-highway’ optimized for local and collective efficiency

A growing infrastructure of research institutions and manufacturers dedicated to offshore renewable energy

THE REEFS

THE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE

New and extended ecological zones generated through wind farm developments

A research centre dedicated to renewable energy and offshore development

extending ecological zones connecting extisting ecological zones

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“With its decision to develop a Blueprint for a North Sea offshore grid, the European Commission is addressing the key barrier to unlocking its massive potential�

- Christian Kjaer EWEA Chief Executive November 2008

The Energy Super-Ring

500km

Optimally positioned to meet national and international development needs, its offshore location provides: - efficient and collective energy routing - a territory around which to position new wind-farm development (maximizing future efficiency) - an iconic form that will become increasingly legible as international collaboration and renewable energy developments become realized

0

The Energy Super-Ring provides the primary infrastructure for energy supply, sharing, distribution and eventual extended trade.

24

Int. Ocean Energy Research Station Existing Marine Ecological Zone Artificial Reef/ Marine Remediation Zone Super-Ring Offshore High Voltage Loop Onshore High Voltage Power Line Superring Energy Export Cables Wind Farm Wind Turbine Manufacturing/ R&D Center Converted Oil/Gas Production Center Shipping Port

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EQUILIBRATION OF WIND SUPPLY VARIABILITY

OPTIMIZATION OF ENERGY DISTRIBUTION

DEMAND DEMAND

trade point

SURPLUS

trade point

SURPLUS

Regional variability of wind force

A central issue for wind energy production is the variability of supply.

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Equalization through linked production

The Super-Ring provides an efficient infrastructure for trade and sharing, thus normalizing and distributing the collective energy harvest.

Distribution through existing network

Currently, supplying offshore energy to remote sites of demand inolves circuitous routing and multiple exchange points.

Instantaneous flow

The Super-Ring allows efficient flow from supply to demand, and further optimizes and expands the potential of the North Sea national energy grids.

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“new artificial habitats are expected to have positive effects on fish populations, both with regard to the number of species and the quantity of fish, once the artificial reef is fully developed.”

- Steen Hartvig Jacobsen, Journalist (on the results of the Danish Environmental Monitoring Programme) 27 November 2008

The Reefs

500km

Building windfarms at sea has an impact on sea ecology. However research and precedents now show that wind turbine foundations in combination with artificial reef seeding, can stimulate new marine ecologies and increase bio-diversity.

By taking this into consideration at the national level -in terms of wind farm placement vis-à-vis existing ecological zones- the collective marine ecologies (and fish populations) of the North Sea can be strengthened and extended in the long term by continued industrial development.

Shetland Bergen North

East Scotland

Norwegian Trench

Offshore Stavanger

Greater Doggerbank

Greater Wadden Sea

extending ecological zones connecting extisting ecological zones

Super-Ring Offshore High Voltage Loop Offshore High Voltage Power Line Superring Energy Export Cables Onshore High Voltage Power Line Planned Offshore Wind Farm

0

Existing Offshore Wind Farm

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26

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ECOLOGICAL GROWTH AROUND WIND FARMS

Photos courtesy of: Francis Bunker, MarineSeen, Pembroke, SA71 5RN. Review of reef effects of offshore wind farm structures and potential for enhancement and mitigation, January 2008 UK Dept of Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR)

Studies have shown that porous concrete structures (such as wind turbine foundations), when extended by boulders, ‘reef balls’ and/or artifical sea grass ‘mats’ stimulate new marine habitat development, as well as significantly decrease seabed erosion. Over time, these artificial reefs can expand and eventually bridge currently isolated fish and wildlife communities.

images: (from left to right) ‘seeding’ of artifical reefs with boulders; marine habitats surrounding artificial ‘reef balls’; dense settlement of mussels at turbine base; young whiting population at turbine base;

Initial marine ecological development around wind farms

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Continued development, interfacing with coastal environment

Continued growth and merging of artificial reefs

Continuous ecological zone, connecting with coastal and offshore habitats

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“Wind energy is a provider of sustainable economic growth, high quality jobs, European technology, research leadership, and global competitiveness.�

- EWEA Prioritizing Wind Energy Research Report July 2005

500km

The Production Belt One of the limiting factors for large scale wind energy developments today is manufacturing capacity. Thus, in order for wind energy to develop, so too must a rich production network to support it.

Within the North Sea countries there are a number of existing research institutions, manufacturing centres, ports and (future) obsolete industrial infrastructures whose targeted development and networking could create a production belt surrounding the North Sea - creating jobs, reusing obsolete infrastructures, and stimulating scientific research and technological development (for both local use and eventual export).

Existing Marine Ecological Zone

0

Artificial Reef/ Marine Remediation Zone

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28

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DIRECT EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY SECTOR*

Developers 16%

ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE OF WINDFARM DEVELOPMENT*

Installation/Repair/O&M 11% IPP/Utility 9% Consultancy/Engineering 3% R&D/University 1%

Component manufacturers 22%

Financial Insurance 0,3%

Manufacturers 37%

=

21

turbine manufacturers

62,4 GW*

187.000 manufacturing jobs

500.000 supply chain jobs

“Despite confirming strong future growth, [there is] an overall gap between what is achievable under existing circumstances (under a ‘business as usual’ policy scenario) and the RAB central estimate scenario target of 7.6GW. This gap mainly arises from slower than expected progress in offshore wind where major supply chain, infrastructure and market issues must be faced.” * EWEA survey, 2008

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BERR Douglas-Westwood Supply Chain Constraints on the Deployment of Renewable Electricity Technologies June 2008

* Total planned capacity 2020

by North Sea countries, see page 36. = 1 turbine manufacturer

7.800

operation&maintenance jobs

= 1.000 jobs

BERR Douglas-Westwood, Supply Chain Constraints on the Deployment of Renewable Electricity Technologies, June 2008

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“To ensure that wind energy technology and the market develop efficiently, it is crucial that research resources across Europe are mobilised. This huge challenge will require investment to be coordinated at European and national level. It will also be necessary to coordinate public and industry resources.”

- Henning Kruser TPWind Chairman Strategic Research Agenda July 2008

500km

International Research Centre for Offshore Renewable Energy The North Sea countries are uniquely positioned to pursue, promote and benefit from research and development of offshore renewable energies - from wind, to wave, to tidal, to biomass. By pooling resources and intelligence, the North Sea countries can advance these technologies far beyond today’s standards. The formation of an International Research Centre in the North Sea, would serve as a central and ‘in situ’ site for world-leading research - promoting innovation, accelerating the growth and global penetration of the industries and further positioning the North Sea as the global epicentre of offshore renewable energy development.

SINTEF

IFE

The University of Edinburgh

RISØ DTU

NaREC

DEWI

Frauenhofer CWMT

ECN TU Delft Ghent University

Paris Tech

Wind Turbine Manufacturing/ R&D Center Converted Oil/Gas Production Center

0

Shipping Port

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30

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R&D pooled for North Sea countries

THE POTENTIAL OF COLLECTIVE EFFORT

600 GW

THE BENEFITS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

500 GW

“Wind power is a prime example of how an ambitious European research effort can give Europe a very strong leadership.”

“The European Commission Advisory Group on Energy (AGE), the Strategic Working Group (SWOG), has recently released a report [...] recognizing the need for a dedicated wind energy research programme.”

- EWEA Prioritizing Wind Energy Research Report July 2005

400 GW

maintain current R&D 300 GW

- EWEA Prioritizing Wind Energy Research Report July 2005

Much like the International Space Station, which is assembled and maintained by different nations but functions as a research hub for all space endeavors, a North Sea International Ocean Energy Research Station will provide a site for cooperative investigations into the potential of offshore wind, tidal, and wave energy.

200 GW

$250 mil

pooled R&D 100 GW

$125 mil

image courtesy of: http://spaceodyssey.dmns.org/

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

Wind Power R&D Expenditures of International Energy Agency Nations Global installed capacity (GW)

source: International Energy Agency (IEA) 2004 Final Report

AN OVERVIEW OF OFFSHORE RENEWABLE ENERGY

The International Research Centre would be devoted to innovation in the field of offshore renewable energy production. While wind energy is currently the most developed and market-ready, wave and tidal power represent high future potentials for renewable energy harvesting on the North Sea. The Centre would thus function to support, accelerate and consolidate expertise around the research and development of such pioneering technologies. This in turn, would further enhance the production potential of the Sea, and further secure the position of the North Sea countries as global leaders in the market sector.

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WAVE DRAGON is an offshore floating platform with an overtoppingtype energy converter. Platforms generate between 4 MW and 11 MW and are placed in 25m to 40 m deep. image courtesy of: http://www.wavedragon.net

PELAMIS is a semi-submerged, articulated structure composed of cylindrical sections linked by hinged joints. http://www.pelamiswave.com

MARINE CURRENT TURBINE uses currents to produce electricity. Turbines are placed 1,5m below tide water and one turbines generates 35 kW. image courtesy of: (Bottom) Marin (Bottom) http://www.hie.co.uk

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500km Planned Int. Ocean Energy Research Station

0

Wind Turbine Manufacturing/ R&D Center

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THE NORTH SEA IN TIME

2008

2015

2020

The Current Situation

Building Towards the Future

Fulfilling National Needs

32

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2025

2030

2040

Building towards Int’l Cooperation

Sharing Power

The New Economics of Energy

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2008 The Current Situation - National wind farms situated close to shore and in water depths < 30m (1,23 GW total capacity) - onshore electricity grid and point-to-point offshore grid connections - wind turbine production network - network of marine ecosystem zones (proposed ecological remediation and protection sites)

NO

DK

UK NL

DE

BE existing wind farm (2007) wind farm (under construction) planned wind farm (>1000 MW) planned wind farm (<1000 MW)

FR 26.420 MW 7 MW

DE 22.240 MW 398 MW

UK 6.000 MW 248 MW

NL 3.850 MW 45 MW

BE DK NO FR

1.580 MW 424 MW 1.290 MW 1.000 MW 110 MW

Total planned capacity in North Sea 2020 = 62,4 GW (Comparisment of existing and planned capacity)

SOURCES: Greenpeace Electricity Grid [r]evolution Report, Windenergy Statistics http://home.planet.nl/~windsh/statistiek.html

34

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500km Onshore High Voltage Power Line Planned Offshore Wind Farms Existing Offshore Wind Farms Wind Turbine Manufacturing/ R&D Center

0

Shipping Port

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2015 Building Towards the Future - National wind farm developments expand to planned SuperRing position - SuperRing serves as road map to guide wind farm construction - Wind energy production sites and R&D grows - Wind farms start to stimulate ecological growth through artificial reefs

36

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500km Existing Marine Ecological Zone Artificial Reef/ Marine Remediation Zone Planned Superring Offshore High Voltage Ring Planned Super-Ring Offshore High Voltage Loop Onshore High Voltage Power Line Wind Farm Existing Offshore Wind Farm Wind Turbine Manufacturing/ R&D Centers Converted Oil/Gas Production Center

0

Shipping Port

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2020 FulďŹ lling National Needs - National wind farm developments expand and densify to meet National electricity demand - SuperRing in final planning stages - Wind energy production belt grows, appropriating obsolete physical and labour infrastructures of fossil fuel production - The Netherlands takes pioneering approach to wind farm placement optimizing for multi- dimensional potential (see Dutch Sea plan) - Wind farms in or near marine reserves protect, extend and stimulate ecological growth through artificial reefs

38

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500km Existing Marine Ecological Zone Artificial Reef/ Marine Remediation Zone Planned Superring Offshore High Voltage Ring Planned Super-Ring Offshore High Voltage Loop Onshore High Voltage Power Line Wind Farm Existing Offshore Wind Farm Wind Turbine Manufacturing/ R&D Centers Converted Oil/Gas Production Center

0

Shipping Port

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2025 Building towards International Cooperation - Offshore electricity networks develop along wind farm clusters - Neigboring countries begin energy sharing (ensuring greater security of supply) - International R&D Centre is founded, boosting innovation, growth and global penetration of the industry - New ecological developments begin bridging existing zones, stimulating biological enrichment

40

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500km Int. Ocean Energy Research Station Existing Marine Ecological Zone Artificial Reef/ Marine Remediation Zone Super-Ring Offshore High Voltage Loop Offshore High Voltage Power Line Onshore High Voltage Power Line Wind Farm Existing Offshore Wind Farm Wind Turbine Manufacturing/ R&D Centers Converted Oil/Gas Production Center

0

Shipping Port

081218_FinalBooklet_printer.indd 41

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2030 Sharing Power - Wind farm developments continue to be built in close proximity to SuperRing, adding to collective supply and eliminating redundancies by using primary existing conduits to shore - North Sea SuperRing connects energy production and supply between North Sea countries, creating greater reliability of supply, efficiency of trade and export to shared pool of neighboring countries - Export infrastructure for related IP and technology develops - Marine reserves protected and enhanced, fishing industry rejuvenated and new ecozones opened as vast Sea Parks for recreational and public use

42

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500km Int. Ocean Energy Research Station Existing Marine Ecological Zone Artificial Reef/ Marine Remediation Zone Super-Ring Offshore High Voltage Loop Onshore High Voltage Power Line Superring Energy Export Cables Wind Farm Wind Turbine Manufacturing/ R&D Center Converted Oil/Gas Production Center

0

Shipping Port

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2040 Tapping the New Economics of Energy - North Sea renewable energy productivity exceeds the needs of North Sea countries and their immediate neigbors - Global Renewable Energy trade network established to export along â&#x20AC;&#x153;super linesâ&#x20AC;? to Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Russia and Asia - North Sea renewable energy exported along SuperLines to Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Russia and Asia - Regional economy and identity strengthened on the global stage

44

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500km Int. Ocean Energy Research Station Existing Marine Ecological Zone Artificial Reef/ Marine Remediation Zone Super-Ring Offshore High Voltage Loop Onshore High Voltage Power Line Superring Energy Export Cables Wind Farm Wind Turbine Manufacturing/ R&D Center Converted Oil/Gas Production Center

0

Shipping Port

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46

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ZEEKRACHT MASTERPLAN

DUTCH SEA

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THE DUTCH SEA THE DUTCH SEA

MASTERPLAN The Zeekracht Masterplan proposes strategic national planning methods to secure the collective potentials of the Sea and its use as it moves into the future. Different from current ‘technocratic’ planning methods (based generally on least-conflict spatial use), the Zeekracht masterplan suggests a proactive and multi-dimensional approach based on possibility. It promotes an operative development strategy for immediate national application that takes into account long term development and coordination of national and supra-national interests.

What follows is an illustration of the Masterplan’s application in the specific case of the Netherlands’ North Sea Exclusive Economic Zone—the Dutch Sea. Comprised of wind farms that perform on multiple levels and the creation of new ‘destinations’ at sea, the Masterplan maximizes the industrial and eco productivity of the area, while activating the nation’s historical connection, constructive participation and curiosity for its wilderness.

Super-Ring Offshore High Voltage Loop Offshore High Voltage Power Line Onshore High Voltage Power Line Artificial Reef/ Marine Remediation Zone New Recreational Parks Reprogrammed Oil/Gas Platforms Eco- and Energy-Tourism Routes Tourism Departure Ports Wind Farms + Potential Adjacency to Superring Gas Well Storage Hybrid Wind-Gas

The masterplan promotes a method for development rather than an end goal.

Shipping Power Station Artificial Reef

48

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Planning at Sea

Basic Parameters The most basic criteria driving wind farm placement are wind speed, sea depth, and proximity to onshore electricity grids.

0

100km

According to these parameters, the optimal sites for wind farm development in the Dutch Sea include the central band beyond the Dutch coastal sea as well as the area above the Doggersbank at the northern tip of the Dutch EEZ.

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PRIMARY PARAMETERS FOR WINDFARM LOCATION ON THE DUTCH SEA

<10 m (most desireable depth)

Dutchh EEZ

lowest cable costs

11 - 11,2 m/s

highest cable costs

9,8 - 10m/s (still suitable)

12nm zone >50 m (most unsuitable depth)

SEA DEPTH

12nm ZONE

DISTANCE TO ONSHORE ELECTRICAL GRID

WIND SPEED

Current construction methods limit offshore wind turbines to sea depths of 30m or less. Development of technology and production infrastructures will facilitate construction in deeper watersâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;through for instance, floating substructures and enhanced construction systems.

To limit their impact on coastal communities and recreation zones, wind farms are sited far enough from shore as to be invisible to the naked eyeâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;a distance of roughly 12nm. However as perceptions of offshore energy evolve, so too might the aesthetic considerations underlying this parameter.

Cable distance to the onshore high voltage grid is a major factor determining the siting and cost of offshore wind farms. There are currently four potential grid connection points on the coast: Borssele, Maasvlakte, Velsen, and Eemshaven.

Wind speeds are generally higher further from the Dutch coast, averaging 9.8 meters per second nearshore and over 11.4 m/s at the Northernmost point of the EEZ (at a height of 120m above sea level). The higher the wind speed, the greater the potential energy harvest.

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Planning at Sea

The Claims Masterplanning for the Dutch Sea must also necessarily take into account the primary activities and uses of the sea. Current spatial planning is largely premised upon a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;least-conflictâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; approach to these claimed territories (generally defined by the status quo).

100km

Over the next half century however, sea industries and the perception of the sea will change. Changing climates, new trade routes, shifting social values, and technological developments will dramatically affect the ways in which we define and use this territory. Though this future is bright, we must begin planning for it now. As the sustainable use of the sea becomes a growing priority, intelligently integrated spatial planning will be imperative.

A Dutch Sea Plan must thus account for projected changes in Sea use and industries, and be premised upon the potentials for their integration.

0

As a first step, we propose a redefined map of the Dutch Sea claimsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;determined by the anticipated conditions to which the plan must respond (see foldout for further details).

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FUTURE CLAIMS OF THE DUTCH SEA

The current ‘least-conflict’ method (defined only by present use) denies the changing parameters and long-term maximization of the North Sea’s use. The Zeekracht Masterplan thus proposes a revised basemap of considerations—defined by projections of current and future use.

EXPANDED SHIPPING

- Port accessibility zones enlarge - Shipping lanes expand for high volume trade - New Arctic Shipping Route is implemented

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SHRINKING GAS AND OIL

REDEFINED ENVIRONMENTAL

NETWORK

ZONES

- Fossil fuel industry on the North Sea continues its decline - Infrastructure beomes increasingly obsolete and decommissioned

- Environmental impact studies find offshore wind farms largely benign, redefining their relationoship to ecological zones - Ecological benefits of wind farms (artificial reefs, exclusion of harmful uses) is popularized

OPENED MILITARY ZONES

FLEXIBLE EXTRACTION AREAS

12nm TERRITORIAL SEA (no change)

- In response to the driving potentials of offshore wind production, military zones are flexibly relocated.

- Extraction areas (transitory by nature) are phased to accomodate offshore renewable energy production

- New wind farms remain outside the 12nm coastal zone, preserving the skyline of the Dutch Sea as seen from shore.

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Planning at Sea

The Potentials Beyond simply considering the basic parameters and offshore claims, we propose a planning approach that identifies and taps the potentials at sea.

The productivity of offshore windfarms can be profitably enhanced if considered in relation to existing infrastructures.

Conversely, other industries and developments stand to benefit from the physical and infrastructural presence of offshore windfarms.

100km

The Masterplan advocates the investigation of current and projected infrastructures of the sea to discover new potentials for highly integrated, multi-functional wind farm developments.

Space available for wind farms Partially open to wind farms

0

Claimed space not open to wind farms

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UNCOVERING THE POTENTIALS TOWARDS INTEGRATED PLANNING

As a basis for integrated planning, possible interrelationships between North Sea infrastructures, industries and ecologies must be identified and projected.

Through considering these layers of potential in addition to the limiting parameters, a more nuanced map for site optimization can be generated.

ADJACENCY TO SUPER-RING

SHIPPING POWER

ECOLOGICAL STIMULUS

ENERGY STORAGE

HYBRID GAS-WIND ENERGY

GAS/OIL PLATFORM REPROGRAMMING

The North Sea Super-Ring will ultimately provide the cheapest and most efficient means to reap the harvests of offshore wind farms.

Anticipating this, while conversely determining the Super-Ring’s precise location in the Dutch territory, windfarms adjacent to this future potential will serve both immediate and future demands.

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Much like the current revolution in the automotive industry, the shipping industry is poised to take advantage of electric power in the near future.

This suggests new opportunities to marry direct energy production with direct consumption through sea vessel power stations along shipping routes.

Wind farms create and reinforce existing environmental protection zones by excluding practices such as drilling, mineral extraction and commercial fishing. Artificial reefs can also be ‘seeded’ along turbine foundations, extending and generating marine ecologies, and preventing seabed erosion.

As the oil and gas industries of the North Sea decline, depleted gas fields provide important potential for energy storage. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) technology utilizes depleted gas reservoirs to store surplus energy from wind farms in the form of compressed air. The stored air can then be released and converted to electricity to ensure a steady supply.

Hybrid gas-wind farms can convert natural gas to electricity offshore, complementing wind power during calm days. Hybrid farms are ideally sited near “leftover” gas deposits too small for industrial production.

Decommissioned oil and gas platforms can become nodes for recreation and educational programs within wind farm sectors—as ecotourism sites in proximity to ecological zones; as learning centres in central wind farm location; as viewing decks for recreational sporting, etc.

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Defining the Development

Identifying the Site By combining the basic parameters, unclaimed territories and new potentials for wind farm site optimization, we target the site(s) of highest efficiency for integrated planning.

+

BASIC PARAMETERS

+

UNCLAIMED TERRITORIES

NEW POTENTIALS

56

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Defining the Development

Zoning for Optimal Performance Through studying the high-potential zones, wind farms can be sited, programmed and phased according to their needs and stage within the larger development. For instance: optimized for hybrid energy production in early stages; sited near ecological zones and decommissioned platforms for eco-tourism development; adjacent to the Super-Ring for high-yield production, etc.

Adjacency to Super-Ring

0

100km

Site of greatest potential

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Shipping Power

Ecological Stimulus

Energy storage

Hybrid GasWind Energy

Gas/oil Platform Reprogramming

58

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DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE INTERESTS OVER TIME

MW G

AS

15,000

&

O

IL

PL

AT F

O

RM

S

10,000

S

IST

R TOU

8,000

IT

Y

MED GRAM REPRO FORMS PLAT

CA PA C

Shipping Power Station

5,000

ST AL LE D

Gas Well Storage

IN

Hybrid Gas-Wind

Adjacency to Superring

2,000 Artificial Reef

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2030

2029

2028

2027

2026

2025

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

0

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Defining the Development

Giving Form By creating circular plots for wind farm developments, the homogeneity of the typical grid formation is transformed into a series of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;sitesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; - offering a sense of boundary and identity to both the farms and the open spaces they enclose.

Furthermore, the system of plots adaptable in size, orientation, location and density - creates maximal flexibility for response to technological, environmental and industrial developments over time.

Individual Farm

Wind Farm Clusters

Wind Farm Voids

60

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WIND FARM PLOTS Flexibility in Ownership and Yield

COOPERATION FARMS < 10 TURBINES <50 MW CAPACITY

COMMUNITY FARMS 10-50 TURBINES 50-250 MW CAPACITY

REGIONAL FARMS 50-200 TURBINES 250-1000 MW CAPACITY

INDUSTRIAL FARMS > 200 TURBINES > 1000 MW CAPACITY

NATUUR EN MILIEU 30.000 Households 6 5-MW Turbines

APELDOORN 60.000 Households 12 5-MW Turbines

Amsterdam 326.000 Housholds 65 5-MW Turbines

ENECO 2.000.000 Households 400 5-MW Turbines

= 100 MW = 10.000 households

SPATIAL ORGANIZATION POSSIBILITIES 20km

Flexibility of Spatial Quality and Use

CHANNEL

POCKETS

HARBOUR

0

COVE

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Defining the Development

Developing the Plan Within the targeted site of highest mixed use potential, we size and program the wind farms for multi-dimensional efficiency and useâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;marrying ecological and industrial interests.

Hybrid gas-wind Artificial reef Hybrid gas-wind Adjacency to superring Artificial reef Shipping power station Shipping power station Gas well storage Adjacency to superring Artificial reef

Shipping power station Adjacency to superring

Gas well storage Artificial reef

0

100km

Gas well storage Adjacency to superring

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Super-Ring Offshore High Voltage Loop

Onshore High Voltage Power Line Artificial Reef/ Marine Remediation Zone

20km

Offshore High Voltage Power Line

New Recreational Parks Reprogrammed Oil/Gas Platforms Eco- and Energy-Tourism Routes Tourism Departure Ports Wind Farms + Potential Adjacency to Superring Gas Well Storage Hybrid Wind-Gas Shipping Power Station

0

Artificial Reef

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The Development

Industrial Productivity Tethering Industries

0

100km

At a mature stage of offshore development, wind farms are clustered along the length of the Super-Ring, supplying and tapping the supranational supply efficiently and profitably. Locally the windfarms perform a series of hybrid functions according to their location and phasingâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;depleted subsea natural gas reservoirs are used for energy storage, untapped gas fields for hybrid energy production, while farms adjacent to shipping lanes act as offshore power stations.

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Hybrid gas-wind

Reprogrammed platform

Shipping power station

Int. Ocean Energy Research Station Super-Ring Offshore High Voltage Loop

20km

Gas well storage

Offshore High Voltage Power Line

Adjacency to superring

Onshore High Voltage Power Line Reprogrammed Platforms Eco- and Energy-Tourism Routes Wind Farms + Industrial Potential Adjacency to Superring Gas Well Storage Hybrid Wind-Gas

0

Shipping Power Station

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The Development

Ecological Productivity Growing New Ecologies of Nature and Leisure

100km

Farms develop along ecological zones and around existing decommissioned platforms, creating marine remediation areas, new recreational parks, and recreational sea routes.

0

Growth of the National Ecological Network

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Creation of a New National Parks

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Existing ecological zone

Recreation area

Wind farm information center

Artificial reef

Artificial Reef/ Marine Remediation Zone

20km

Existing ecological zone Existing Marine Ecological Zone

New Recreational Parks Reprogrammed Oil/Gas Platforms Eco- and Energy-Tourism Routes

Eco tourism navigation route

Tourism Departure Ports Wind Farms + Ecological Potential

0

Artificial Reef

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Measuring the Development

Meeting and Exceeding National Needs Wind farms develop in service of immediate national needs and in anticipation of supranational cooperation. Driven initially by national interests, their optimal location provides sustained profitability as the North Sea Masterplan develops.

The siting and programming of early phase projects serve to further develop support and interest at the national level. This in turn, bolsters the growing potential of the North Sea Masterplan and its effective application.

Phase 1 Meet 25% of National Renewable Energy Target 2,000 MW Installed Capacity

5% National Electricity Demand

Phase 2 Meet National Renewable Energy Target 8,000 MW Installed Capacity

20% National Electricity Demand

Phase 3 Meet National Electricity Demand 34,000 MW Installed Capacity

100km

100% National Electricity Demand

Phase 4 Electricity Production for National Demand & Export 77,000 MW Installed Capacity

0

>200% National Electricity Demand

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Int. Ocean Energy Research Station Super-Ring Offshore High Voltage Loop Offshore High Voltage Power Line Onshore High Voltage Power Line

Artificial Reef/ Marine Remediation Zone New Recreational Parks

20km

Existing Marine Ecological Zone

Reprogrammed Oil/Gas Platforms Eco- and Energy-Tourism Routes Tourism Departure Ports Potential Phasing 2.000 MW Capacity 8.000 MW Capacity 20% National Electricity Demand 34.000 MW Capacity 100% National Electricity Demand

0

77.000 MW Capacity International Electricity Export

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THE LOCAL SEA, THE SYSTEM AT WORK

0

100km

The Zeekracht Masterplan proposes an integrated system connecting the local user to international policy through common interests and shared goals. The system is designed as a framework that can operate in its most basic form, but that can also be continually enriched and enhanced through participation and support at all levels. In this way, the Zeekracht Masterplan is an open invitation for all to have a place and role in the North Seaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s development.

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Hubs and Service Islands

Grounds

15 New Recreational Parks Shipping Power Station

within Eco-Energy Reserves

9 New Biotopes 1 5 MW Wind Turbine Eco- and Energy-Tourism Ferry Routes

Hybrid Gas-Wind Platform

Stimulated by New and Decommissioned Energy Infrastructure

10

12

8

3 Small Gas Field 11 rge- and Small-Scale Aquaculture Industry

2 Underground Air Storage Frisian Waddenzee

National Electricity Line

13

5,000 Dutch Households Powered by a Single 5 MW Turbine on the North Sea

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Alternative Renewable Energies Pilot Projects

6 International Center for Energy Innovation and Development

Doggerbank

14 Existing Ecologically Diverse Areas and Environmental Protection Zones Ecotourism Route through Ecological Zones to International Energy Center

Dutch North Sea

7 Decommissioned Rigs

Cleaver Bank

Utilized as New Cultural Hubs and Service Islands

Central Oyster Grounds

15 New Recreational Parks Shipping Power Station

within Eco-Energy Reserves

9 New Biotopes 1 5 MW Wind Turbine Eco- and Energy-Tourism Ferry Routes

Hybrid Gas-Wind Platform

Stimulated by New and Decommissioned Energy Infrastructure

10

12

8

4 North Sea Energy Ring

an

3 Small Gas Field 11 16 Enriched Large- and Small-Scale

2 Underground Air Storage

Fishing and Aquaculture Industry

Frisian Front Waddenzee

National Electricity Line

13

5,000 Dutch Households Powered by a Single 5 MW Turbine on the North Sea

5

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1

6

15

10

High-Power 5-MW Wind Turbine Supplies Energy to 5,000 Households

International Center for Ocean Energy Innovation and Development

New Recreational Parks Within Eco-Energy Reserves

Wind Park as Ecological Preserve Protecting Fragile Biotopes 9

2

Artificial Reefs Constructed to Combat Wind Park Erosion and Stimulate Undersea Growth

Depleted Gas Cavern Used for Energy Storage in the form of Pressurized Air

72

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16

Enriched Fishing and Aquaculture

5

7

Decommissioned Oil Rig Adapted as New Cultural Hubs and Service Islands

14

Dutch Town, Powered by Offshore Wind Energy

Marine Recreation

Ecotourists Visiting Decommissioned Rigs

12

11

13

Wind Farm Sight Seers

8

4

North Sea Energy Super-Ring Undersea High Voltage Cable

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Divers and Wildlife Watchers

3

Historic Shipwreck accessible from Offshore Cultural Centers

Small, Unexploited Gas Cavern Burned Offshore to Supplement Adjacent Wind Farm Production

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74

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The North Sea

081218_FinalBooklet_printer.indd 75

1

High-power wind turbine

2

Energy storage cavern

3

Small gas cavern (wind energy supplement)

4

Energy Super-Ring

5

Dutch town

6

International Center for Ocean Energy

7

Decommissioned oil rig

8

Shipwreck

9

Artificial reefs

10

Ecological preserve

11

Divers

12

Ecotourists

13

Wind farm sight seers

14

Marine recreation

15

New recreational parks

16

Fishing and aquaculture

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76

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ZEEKRACHT MASTERPLAN

ATLAS Understanding the North Sea North Sea - Global North Sea - EU North Sea - NL

The Changing Energy Landscape Global Energy in Perspective Fossil Fuels Industry Renewable Energy Industry Wind Industry

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The North Sea: Densely Populated And Heavily Used

(Top) The Earth at Night SOURCE: NOAA/NGDC, DMSP Digital Archive (Bottom) A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems SOURCE: National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis

The North Sea is located within one of the most heavily populated areas in the world with high demands for electricity. It is also one of the marine ecologies most impacted by human use due to the shipping, fishing, and fossil fuel extraction industries.

78

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Understanding the North Sea

The North Sea: Windy And Shallow

(Top) Global Wind Speeds SOURCE: http://www.windatlas.dk/Europe/oceanmap.html (Bottom) Topography of the North Atlantic SOURCE: The Royal Society

Wind speeds over the North Sea are among the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s highest, providing a vast resource for renewable energy production. The shallow depth of the North Sea is also ideal for the construction of offshore wind turbines.

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The North Sea: Political Territories

NO

DK

UK NL

DE

BE

FR

The North Sea

North Sea Countries: United Kingdom, France, Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, and Norway

80

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Understanding the North Sea

NO DK UK NL

DE

BE

FR

Exclusive Economic Zone: NL has total control over exploration and use of resources (except fishing) and legal jurisdiction over activities occuring within

Territorial Waters: NL has full military authority (12 nautical miles from coast) Local Governance Zone: Local authorities have administrative authority (1 kilometer from coast)

Exclusive Economic Zones of the North Sea

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Territorial Zones within the Dutch North Sea

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The North Sea: Basic Parameters Of Wind Farm Placement

Sea Depth

Visibility from Shore

(optimally <50m)

(optimally (for non-visibility) >12 nm)

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Understanding the North Sea

>10 m/s ~ 2,5 x power

>10 m/s

8,5-10 m/s

8,5-10 m/s

CABLE COSTS (245,000 euro/km) 0-6 million euro 6-12 million euro 12-18 million euro 18-24 million euro 24-30 million euro > 30 million euro

Distance to Onshore Energy Grid

Wind Speed

(optimally as close as possible)

(average wind speed for wind turbines: 8m/s; 2x the wind speed= 8x wind energy content)

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The Dutch North Sea: Industrial And Ecological Claims

The largest industrial claims on the Dutch North Sea include shipping channels, gas and oil infrastructures, and military zones. Existing and proposed environmental protection zones claim over one-third of Dutch sea space.

84

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The Dutch North Sea: Natural Systems

Wildlife migration routes include those of porpoises, seals, and birds. Shallower areas tend to have a higher fishing yield and higher biodiversity.

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The Dutch North Sea: Human Activity

The Dutch sector of the North Sea is located under one of the busiest airspaces in the world as well as in the midst of one of the busiest waterways.

86

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The Current Dutch Sea Plan For Wind Turbines And Other Industries

Understanding the North Sea

Current Dutch Sea Plan, 2007 SOURCE: Rijkswaterstaat; Dutch Ministry of Transport and Water Management

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Fossil Fuel In Perspective

-8000

-7000

-6000

-5000

-4000

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

12000

50 45 40

Gboe

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

(Top) The Fossil Fuel Era: A Brief Era in History SOURCE: www.airtricity.com/ireland/media_center/documents_forms/corporate_documents/Supergrid%20V1.4%20(printed).pdf (Bottom) Projected Oil and Gas Production, 1930-2050 SOURCE: http://www.aspo-ireland.org/contentFiles/newsletterPDFs/newsletter95_200811.pdf

The earth is estimated to be 4.5 billion years old. We will deplete its fossil fuel reserves in 1/22,000,000th of that time. Although new gas and oil deposits are still being discovered, we have reached a turning point at which oil and gas production is

declining and will continue to shrink in the coming decades.

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The Changing Energy Landscape

Renewable Energy In Perspective

(Top) Trends in the Revolution of Energy Supplies by Source, in the 21st Century SOURCE: http://www.globalresearch.ca/ (Bottom) Global Renewable Energy Consumption (Percentage of Total Energy Consumption) SOURCE: www.yale.edu/epi

Following current energy trends, the production of alternative energies will become more important than the production of fossil fuels by 2079, as fossil fuel production slows and alternative energy production grows.

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At present, Austria and Sweden are the only EU countries meeting total energy consumption with at least 20% renewable energy.

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Eu Energy Goals: 20% Renewables By 2020

EU Country

2005 Consumption

2020 Targets

Belgium Bulgaria The Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta The Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia The Slovak Republic Finland Sweden United Kingdom

2.2% 9.4% 6.1% 17.0% 5.8% 18.0% 3.1% 6.9% 8.7% 10.3% 5.2% 2.9% 34.9% 15.0% 0.9% 4.3% 0.0% 2.4% 23.3% 7.2% 20.5% 17.8% 16.0% 6.7% 28.5% 39.8% 1.3%

13% 16% 13% 30% 18% 25% 16% 18% 20% 23% 17% 13% 42% 23% 11% 13% 10% 14% 34% 15% 31% 24% 25% 14% 38% 49% 15%

EU 2020 Target Shares for Energy Consumption from Renewable Sources http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/index_en.htm

In January 2008, the European Commission set an overall goal of achieving 20% renewable energy consumption by the year 2020. The Commission plans to focus on electricity, heating and cooling, and biofuels.

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The Changing Energy Landscape

North Sea Countries Consumption By Type And Energy Dependency

Energy Dependency Imports in Metric Tons Oil Equivalent (Mtoe)

NORTH SEA IMPORTS Russia 33% oil Norway

40% gas 16% oil 23% gas

-27.1% 5.7

NO

-36.8% 7.7

DK

38% 30.6 21.3%

48.8 UK

NL

77.9% 61.3% 213.9 47

BE

DE

51.4% 140.4 FR

SOURCE: Renewable Energy Market & Policy Trends in IEA Countries, IEA, 2004

Energy consumption in the North Sea region consists largely of natural gas, oil, nuclear, and coal. With the exception of Norway, renewable energy consumption in most North Sea Countries is between 2-6% of all energy consumed.

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Denmark and Norway are the only North Sea countries that are energy independent, exporting roughly a third of energy produced. The Netherlands imports 38% of its energy.

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Fossil Fuels On The North Sea: A Declining Industry

Dutch Gas and Oil Platforms by Expiration Date SOURCE: http://www.nlog.nl/nl/home/NLOGPortal.html

(Top) North Sea Gas and Oil Platforms by Expiration Date SOURCE: http://www.decomplatform.com/offshore/welcome.html (Bottom) North Sea Gas and Oil Production, 2006 to 2007 SOURCE:

The North Sea is a large producer of oil and natural gas, but most major gas and oil fields on the North Sea have reached maturity and are being decommissioned.

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The Changing Energy Landscape

Wind Power On The North Sea: A Growing Industry

(Top) Global Investment in Sustainable Energy, 2004-2006 SOURCE: New Energy Finance (Bottom) Cost of Wind-Generated Electricity SOURCE: Offshore Design Engineering

Global investment in wind energy increased threefold from 2004 to 2006. At the same time, increasing scale and efficiency of production has driven down the costs of wind energy as the technology matures.

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Projected Spatial Footprint of North Sea Wind Power Energy vs. Electricity Needs Annual Energy Consumption

Annual Electricity Consumption

per nation projected as windfarm surface

per nation projected as windfarm surface

570.000 km2

570.000 km2

TOTAL

[Nation] [TWh] annual ENERGY consumption [GW] eq. windfarm capacity [km2] surface area for windfarms

TOTAL

North Sea Nations Total 13.390 TWh 3.820 GW 238.900 km2

Germany 4.250 TWh 1.213 GW 75.813 km2

France 3.350 TWh 956 GW 59.753 km2

United Kingdom 2.934 TWh 837 GW 52.333 km2

Netherlands 1.243 TWh 355 GW 22.188 km2

Belgium 757 TWh 216 GW 13.500 km2

Norway 613 TWh 175 GW 10.938 km2

Denmark 243 TWh 69 GW 4.331 km2

North Sea Nations Total 1.808,3 TWh 516 GW 32.250 km2

Germany 559 TWH 159,5 GW 9.970 km2

France 478,4 TWH 136,5 GW 8.533 km2

United Kingdom 405,8 TWH 115,8 GW 7.238 km2

Netherlands 116,2 TWH 34 GW 2.125 km2

Belgium 89,9 TWH 25,6 GW 1.600 km2

Norway 122,6 TWH 35 GW 2.188 km2

Denmark 36,4 TWH 10 GW 644 km2

Surface Projection of GW capacity in 4MW windturbines based on a 500m grid.

[Nation] [TWh] annual ELECTRICITY consumption [GW] eq. windfarm capacity [km2] surface area for windfarms

Spatial Footprint of Wind Farms Required to Meet North Sea Energy vs. Electricity Demands SOURCES: http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/tablee1.xls; Greenpeace Electricity Grid [r]evolution Report

If the total current energy needs of all North Sea countries were met by offshore wind, 42% of the surface of the North Sea would be covered by wind farms.

If the total current electricity needs of North Sea countries were met by offshore wind, 6% of the sea would be used for wind farms.

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Potential Production Of Wind Power On The North SEA

The theoretical windfarm capacity in the North Sea has been calculated by substracting the area beyond 50m depth, the 12nm zone along the coastline and a 15% area claim for activities (i.e. shipping).

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The Changing Energy Landscape

This results in a potential area of 193.000km2 or 33,8 % of the total North Sea surface area. Using a standard distribution grid, the potential annual electricity production of wind power on the North Sea would be 13.400 TWh.

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Scale Comparision: Wind Farms

22km

22km

AMSTERDAM

5km 500m

The grid of turbines that would be required to meet all of the Netherlandsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 2020 renewable energy needs would entirely cover the urban area of Amsterdam.

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The Changing Energy Landscape

Scale Comparison: Wind Turbines

200m

185m

163m 150m

120m

126m diameter

100m

80m diameter 70,7m

100m

50m

80m

BOEING 747

2 MW

7.000.000 kWh per year = energy-use of 2.000 households (V80-2.000 - used at Prinses Amaliawindpark)

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5 MW

EUROMAST

15.000.000 kWh per year = energy-use of 5.000 households (prototype Germany REpower)

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The Rapid Growth Of Wind Technology

(Top) Growth of Wind Turbine Size and Capacity from 1980 to 2005 SOURCE: Bunderswerband WindEnergie e.V (Bottom) New Types of Wind Turbines SOURCE: http://nextbigfuture.com/2007_04_01_archive.html

With increasing size and efficiency, the power capacity of a single wind turbine has grown 100-fold in 20 years. With the installation of 5-MW turbines, it will increase another 5-fold. New ways of harvesting wind power are also being developed and could offer even greater potential.

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Anatomy Of A Wind Farm

The Changing Energy Landscape

Offshore Wind Farm System SOURCE: http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2008/09/14/ magazine/14wind.1.ready.html?scp=1&sq=anatomy%20of%20a%20wind%20 farm&st=cse

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Energy Storage Potential: Compressed Air Energy Storage

Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) System SOURCE: European Energy Commission http://ec.europa.eu/ten/energy/studies/doc/cesi/summary_final.pdf

Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is a system that converts wind power to compressed air, which is stored underground in depleted gas caverns. CAES can greatly increase the reliability of wind energy by supplying power reserves during

calm days or during peak demand. Currently three CAES systems are operational in the United States and Germany.

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Hybrid Energy Production: Combined Gas-Wind Systems

The Changing Energy Landscape

The Ormonde Project for Hybrid Gas-Wind Energy Systems SOURCE: http://seapower-generation.co.uk/eis.htm

Hybrid gas-wind systems extract and burn natural gas on calm days when wind power is unavailble or intermittent. They also make use of otherwise untapped gas fields. Hybrid systems can be a viable option during the transition to renewable energy.

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Renewable Power On The North Sea: Wave And Tidal Potential

(Top) Pelamis Wave Snake SOURCE: http://www.pelamiswave.com (Bottom) Wave Dragon SOURCE: http://www.wavedragon.net

(Top) Rance Tidal Power Station, France SOURCE: http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rance_tidal_power_plant (Bottom) Marine Current Turbine SOURCE: http://www.hie.co.uk

While still largely in R&D testing phases, wave and tidal power are two viable potentials for renewable energy production on the North Sea. Wave energy exploits the vertical movement of waves and harvests energy through the flexing of joints (Wave

Snake) or the release of captured wave water through smaller turbines (Wave Dragon). Tidal power exploits the horizontal flow of ocean water associated with tidal shifts and major circulation streams.

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The Changing Energy Landscape

Renewable Power On The North Sea: Planning For A Supergrid

Offshore Grid Topology Proposal with Installed and Planned Wind Capacity (Greenpeace) http://www.greenpeace.nl/raw/content/reports/the-north-seaelectricity-grid-2.pdf

North Sea Supergrid for Renewable and Carbon-Free Fossil Power Sharing (Ecocern) http://www.poseidonenergy.com/NorthSea_3_Europe.htm#

European Offshore Supergrid (Airtricity) http://www.airtricity.com/ireland

EU-MENA Supergrid for Renewable Energy Sharing (DESERTEC) http://www.DESERTEC.org

Various studies have been conducted on the potential for a North Sea Supergrid and global energy grid. These projects have largely been proposed by environmental action groups in conjunction with energy companies.

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REFERENCES

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BERR Douglas -Westwood. Supply Chain Constraints on the Deployment of Renewable Electricity Technologies. June 2008 Belson, Ken. “Air Storage Is Explored for Energy.” The New York Times 26 Aug. 2008: B1.

CESI S.p.A.Italy, Instituto de Investigación Tecnológica Spain, Mercados Energeticos Spain, RAMBØLL A/S Denmark (2005). TEN-Energy-Invest: Study on Energy Infrastructure Costs and Investments between 1996 and 2013 (medium-term) and further to 2023 (long-term) on the Trans-European Energy Network and its Connection to Neighbouring Regions. Brussels, 2005. http://ec.europa.eu/ten/energy/studies/ index_en.htm Danish Energy Authority. Copenhagen Strategy on Offshore Wind Power Deployment. European Policy Seminar on Offshore Wind Power. Copenhagen, 2005.

Degnbol, Ditte, Douglas Clyde Wilson. “Spatial planning on the North Sea: A case of cross-scale linkages.” aIFM Innovative Fisheries Management - an Aalborg University Research Centre, The North Sea Centre. Hirtshals, Denmark, 2008.

Douvere, Fanny. “The importance of marine spatial planning in advancing ecosystem-based sea use management.” Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and Man and the Biosphere Programme, UNESCO. Paris, 2008.

Eisma, D., R. Johnston, D. Eisma, J. I. G. Cadogan. The North Sea: An Overview.

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Evans, D. J. and J. M. West. An Appraisal Of Underground Gas Storage Technologies and Incidents, for the Development of Risk Assessment Methodology. British Geological Survey for the Health and Safety Executive. Norwich, 2008.

European Commission. Directorate-General for Energy and Transport B-1049. Motorways of the Sea: Moving Freight off of European Roads. Brussels, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2006.

European Technology Platform for Wind Energy (TPWind). Strategic Research Agenda: Market Deployment Strategy FROM 2008 TO 2030. 2008 European Union Policy Workshop Background Document. Netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairs in cooperation with Concerted Action for Offshore Wind Energy Deployment. Development of Offshore Wind Energy in Europe. Egmond aan Zee, Netherlands, 2004.

European Wind Energy Association (EWEA). NoFuel. Wind. Power Without Fuel. : Europe’s Energy Crisis. The No Fuel Solution. EWEA Briefing February 2006.

European Wind Energy Association (EWEA). Prioritizing Wind Energy Research: Strategic Research Agenda of the Wind Energy Sector. 2005.

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Kent, P. E. “North Sea Exploration: A Case History.” The Geographical Journal 133.3 (1967): 289-301.

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Linley, E. A. S., T. A. Wilding, K. Black, A. J. S. Hawkins and S. Mangi. Review of the reef effects of offshore wind farm structures and their potential for enhancement and mitigation. Report from PML Applications Ltd and the Scottish Association for Marine Science to the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR), Contract No: RFCA/005/0029P, 2007.

Maes, Frank. A Flood of Space: Towards a Spatial Structure Plan for Sustainable Management of the North Sea. Belgian Science Policy, 2005.

Marine Ecotourism for the Atlantic Area (META). Co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). Genuinely Sustainable Marine Ecotourism in the EU Atlantic Area: A blueprint for Responsible Marketing. University of West England, Bristol, 2004.

Miller, N. W. and K. Clark. Hybrid wind and advanced gas turbine farms: firm dispatchable power for weak grids. Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2005.

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Netherlands. Ministry of Agriculture, Nature, and Food Quality. Estimating the Value of Nature and Landscape. Den Haag, 2006.

Netherlands. Ministry of Economic Affairs. Connect 6.000 MW: Eindrapportage.

Den Haag, 2004.

Netherlands. Ministries of Transport and Water Management; Agriculture, Nature, and Food Quality; Public Works and Water Management; and Economic Affairs.

Nota Ruimte: Ruimte voor Ontwikkeling. Den Haag, 2006.

Netherlands. Rijksadviseur voor het Landschap and Atelier Rijksbouwmeester.

Windturbines in het Nederlandse Landschap: Advies, Achtergronden, Visies. Utrecht, 2007.

Netherlands. Rijkswaterstaat, Ministry of Transport and Water Management. Areas with Special Ecological Values on the Dutch Continental Shelf. Den Haag, 2005.

O’Kane, Paddy. “European Offshore SuperGrid—Creating a More Powerful Europe.”

Dublin: Airtricity, 2007. www.airtricity.com/ireland/media_center/documents_forms/corporate_documents/ Supergrid%20V1.4%20(printed).pdf Otto L., J. T. E. Zimmerman et al. “Review Of The Physical Oceanography Of The North Sea.” Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 26.2-4 (1990): 161-238.

Pasqualetti, Martin J. “Morality, Space, and the Power of Wind-Energy Landscapes.”

Geographical Review 90.3, (2000): 381-394.

Patin, Stanislav; translation by Elena Cascio. Decommissioning, abandonment and removal of obsolete offshore installations. http://offshore-environment.com/abandonment.html

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Payoyo, Peter Bautista. Ocean governance: Sustainable Development of the Seas.

United Nations University Press, 1994.

Websites

Pearce, Fred. “GLOBAL POWER — The electric hypergrid.” New Scientist 147.1995 (1995): 388.

Belgian Ministry of Health, Food Chain Safety, and Environment https://portal.health. fgov.be/portal/page?_pageid=56,708657&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL CAES Technology www.electricitystorage.org/tech/technologies_technologies_caes. htm CIA World Factbook www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook Danish Energy Agency http://www.ens.dk/sw42950.asp DENA Grid study by the Project Steering Group, Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH www.dena.de de Noordzee www.noordzee.nl Earth at Night Credit: C. Mayhew & R. Simmon (NASA/GSFC), NOAA/NGDC, DMSP Digital Archive. Posted on: antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap081005.htm Energy Information Administration www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/North_Sea/Full.html International Energy Agency www.iea.org European Commission: European Technology Platform. europa.eu.int/comm/ research/energy European Commission on Energy ec.europa.eu/energy/index_en.htm EU Energy Statistics www.energy.eu/stats/energy-natural-gas-production.html Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/en Global Energy Network Institute www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/national_energy_grid/europe/europeannationalelectricitygrid.shtml Google Maps www.maps.google.com Greenpeace North Sea Protection Area Proposal www.greenpeace.org.uk/oceans/ solutions/marine-reserves-map Marine Information Service (MARIS) http://www.decomplatform.com/offshore/welcome.html NASA [On-line] http://spacelink.nasa.gov/Instructional.Materials/NASA.Educational.

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Pohlmann, Thomas. “A meso-scale model of the central and southern North Sea: Consequences of an improved resolution.” Institute of Oceanography, Centre for Marine and Climate Research. Hamburg: University of Hamburg, 2006.

Pure Power: Wind Energy Scenarios up to 2030. Brussels: European Wind Energy Association, 2008.

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Roberts, Callum M. and Leanne C. Mason. A Case for Marine Reserves in the North Sea, A report for World Wildlife Fund UK. Surrey: University of York, March 2008.

Sea Wind Europe. London: Greenpeace, 2004.

Study of the Costs of Offshore Wind Generation: A Report to the Renewables Advisory Board & DTI. Surrey: Offshore Design Engineering, 2007.

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United Kingdom. Royal Commission On Environmental Pollution. “Turning The Tide: Addressing The Impact Of Fisheries On The Marine Environment.” Presented to Parliament by Command of Her Majesty, December 2004.

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Wilson, Jennifer Claire. “Offshore Wind Farms: Their Impacts and Potential Habitat Gains as Artificial Reefs, in particular, for Fish.” Diss., University of Hull, September 2007.

Wil L. King. “Cross-border offshore grids: Needs and Challenges.” European Policy Workshop on Offshore Wind Power Deployment, Berlin. 22 Feb 2008.

Woyte, Achim, Jan De Decker, Vu Van Thong (Greenpeace Belgium). A North Sea Electricity Grid [r]evolution: Electricity Output of Interconnected Offshore Wind Power, A vision of Offshore Wind Power Integration. Brussels: Greenpeace, 2008.

Young, Richard. “Offshore Claims and Problems in the North Sea.” The American Journal of International Law 59.3, (1965): 505-522.

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ZEEKRACHT MASTERPLAN 2008

OFFICE FOR METROPOLITAN ARCHITECTURE Rem Koolhaas Art Zaaijer Terri Chiao Talia Dorsey Christopher Parlato Franziska Singer Mark Veldman

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DK

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