Adalsteinsson M.Arch Thesis 2016

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WATERSCAPE

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WATERSCAPE

Davíð Hildiberg Aðalsteinsson, MArch Student Darren Petrucci, Faculty Chair

CONTENTS

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Contents

Introduction Urban Planning: Large Scale Swimming Facility: Medium Scale Swimming Facility: Small Scale Project Statement Project Goals Global History Of Water Urban Case Studies 1968: Mexico City 1976: Montreal 1992: Barcelona 2000: Sydney 2004: Athens 2008: Beijing 2012: London Grand Prix De Monaco Pool Case Studies Athens Aquatic Center London Aquatic Center Myrtha Pools

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Water Cube Laugardalslaug Sundlaug Hofs贸s Vancouver Olympic Center 2010 Structure Case Studies Sliding House Chase Field 4 Escenarios Deportivos Water And Community 30 Facts About Water Central Park Millennium Park Crown Fountain Adana Center Tempe Town Lake Water Square Benthemplein Mohenjo Daro Roman Baths Ganges River Rain Dance

88 92 96 98 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 132 134

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136 137 138 140 144 146 150 154 158 158 164 176 192 202 216 250 250 253 254 258

Night Render Pathway Render Hotel Render Diving Render Competition Render Site Model Building Model Review Day Student Exhibition Appendix Project Profile Other Projects Special Thanks Photo Credit Selected Bibliography Acknowledgements

262 264 266 268 270 272 276 284 288 290 292 293 294 298 300 310

CONTENTS

Baptism Rango Meetings Bob Bowman, Oct 12, 2015 Ray Anderson, Oct 19, 2015 Sigur冒ur Valgeirsson, Dec 19, 2015 Steind贸r Gunnarsson, Jan 11, 2016 Bob Bowman, Jan 28, 2016 Michael Rosso, Jan 28, 2016 Ken Paulson, Jan 28, 2016 Facility Regulations Survey Analysis ASU & Tempe The Shift Design Iterations Waterscape: Sun Devil Canyon Sections Site Plan Program Diagrams

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June

July

August

September October

INVESTIGATION

November

December

January

February

March

April

May

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PRECONCEPTION

EXECUTION

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INTRODUCTION

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Introduction

INTRODUCTION

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Photo | Showing the disctinction between the three scales. ©Davíð Hildiberg

This project started years ago when I first became a competitive swimmer.

Being an athlete that risked everything for success in swimming, I expected the same ambition from the architecture of the swimming pools I raced in. Most competitive facilities, while designed for a high level of performance, fail to live up to the expectations and desires of the swimmers. The facilities’ issues can be traced to three different design scales; object, building, and urban scale. At the object scale, issues include starting platforms, slippery pads, and lane ropes.

At the building scale, examples include ventilation, spaciousness, structural systems, and racing atmosphere. At the community scale, the swimming facility fails to integrate with the urban context of the city, creating an unsuccessful venue legacy. Natatoriums (swimming facilities) need to have lasting benefits which are achieved by incorporating the venue and the surrounding community.

Unfortunately, competitive swimming

pools in the United States are usually designed with a blind eye to the community and strive only to serve the swimmers.

scale component and the Object scale aspect will be explored in various ways to benefit the speed of the swimming pool.

This project is organized in two sections that analyze the three different design scales:

Project Approach By gathering and categorizing all relevant information related to designing a successful swimming facility and integrating it well with the urban context, I will combine it into one document and design a swimming pool for the new sports district at Arizona State University.

1. The Urban Planning component investigates the urban design of the surrounding context and the integration of the community with a goal of understanding the symbiotic relationship between the community and pool. This section will serve as the Urban scale exploration of the project.

2. The Swimming Facility deals with the architectural and technical design of the swimming facility by designing a community friendly and a highperforming swimming pool at Arizona State University. The building and its programmatic design are the Building

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Urban Planning: Large Scale Community

life expectancy = Good legacy

INTRODUCTION

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Long facility

Sports facilities are typically placed in isolation from the surrounding community. This project’s aim is to design the urban landscape so that the natatorium and community will flourish symbiotically. This is solved by discovering existing latent conditions of the chosen site and squeezing every drop of potential out of those conditions.

Athletic projects are successful when they are designed to integrate the building into the urban condition.

The 2004 Olympics in Athens, Greece had the best facilities of any recent games, but now the Olympic village is dilapidated and decaying. There are many factors that influence this negative post Games use, but the decentralization and lack of urban planning are prime suspects. This is also happening in Beijing, with some facilities not being used by the community. For example the Bird’s Nest and Water Cube are underused and are becoming tourist

attractions instead of active sports facilities and community hubs. If facilities can keep the spark alive after hosting major events, the urban planning needs to incorporate the community. Barcelona is a city known for its beautiful beaches and a rich heritage of architecture and art, but prior to the Olympics in 1992, Barcelona was ruled under dictatorship and industry. The Olympics completely regenerated the city and transformed it into the beautiful Barcelona which we know today. Using case studies like the Olympics will help me observe valuable patterns of facilities with a successful afterlife and apply them to the new swimming pool at Arizona State University.

Planning The planning procedure is something that Olympic hosting cities need to consider before every Olympic Games.

Coming up with a strategic plan is fundamental to a successful urban

landscape. We can learn from the success of Barcelona in 1992 and also from the mistakes of Athens 2004 and Montreal in 1976. Learning from these examples does not guarantee success for another project, because each site is unique and has its own circumstances to worry about. However, there are many forces that can mold a successful plan, such as politics, economy, climate, culture, etc. While every site is different it is crucial that we learn and understand as much as possible from previous works.

Infrastructure The most important aspect of a successful event is the existing infrastructure where the event takes place. Cities are often defined by their infrastructure because that is what facilitates them. A great example is Vancouver with the construction of the Canada Line in 2009, a rail rapid transit system that connects downtown

Urban

Integration is fundemental 19

Proximity The users of a swimming facility do not want to travel long distances to get from A to B. When it comes to racing, team directors will choose hotels that are close to the pool. A typical swim meet will have preliminaries in the morning and finals at night, with a 4 to 6 hour break in between sessions. The break is intended for preparation for finals and resting and a long travel time between the pool and hotels is unwanted. For racing, the pool facility needs to develop an urban plan with essential programs close by. The pool should also be in

close proximity of a community so it can function as a multi-purpose facility. A general rule of thumb is that centralized facilities are more likely to be used.

Sustainability Before Sydney, most Olympic cities only focused on the physical construction when revamping a city for the Games. In Sydney, the environmental sustainability aspect was introduced and has been applied to every Games since. Adding a “green� component to a project is an extra cost, but it adds value. Today the implementation of landscape urbanism is key when developing a sport’s district, or moreover, any land.

INTRODUCTION

Vancouver and the International Airport.

This 19 kilometer (12 mile) system has seventeen stations which are starting to develop communities around the different nodes. Needless to say, infrastructure is a huge component in the development of an effective urban space that is used by both the community and competitive athletes.

Swimming Facility: Medium Scale People

INTRODUCTION

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Fast races are money generators

Public Use For the swimming facility to be truly successful, it needs to have a purpose after a major event as well. This facility will be designed to fulfill the extremely specific needs of a swimming competition and also adapt and serve a long-term purpose of integrating with the surrounding community to maximize its potential.

Having this swimming pool affiliated with a university is helpful. Studies such as exercise science, athletic training, and coaching classes could take part there. Athletic trainers have a direct relationship with athletes and their students and the athletes can train in an environment where medical attention can be reached immediately if an injury occurs.

There needs to be an opportunity for the public to access the pool for recreational purposes and swim lessons.

Lastly, the ability to have rehabilitation

occur in a facility of this sort could be a major financial generator. Health clinics, massage therapy, and a spa could help balance the facility’s financial requirements.

The Racing Spectacle Every competitive athlete in the world thinks about when his or her maximum potential has been reached. The idea that humans can always improve in sports seems impossible, however it is currently unseen as to whether the time will come when improvements end. In 1922, Johnny Weissmuller was the first swimmer to break one minute in the 100 meter freestyle. This achievement was previously thought to be unrealistic.

In 2009, ninety-three years and fortyeight new world records later, César Cielo of Brazil goes the distance in a shocking 46.91 seconds. These extreme improvements are because of more knowledge in human anatomy, developments in swimming technique,

advancements in swimsuit design, substance use, and pool design. Fast races create excitement and generate more interest in swimming. A possible area to continue the search for maximal potential is that of pool design, which can contribute tremendously to improve the sport of swimming.

“Is it a fast pool?” The question that every swimmer asks upon swimming in a new facility for a meet. The coach usually responds with “all you need is a pool to swim fast.” An example are the Olympics, in Athens 2004, the swimming pool was in an outdoor pool which can decrease the speed in backstroke because the swimmer cannot see and therefore cannot swim in a straight line.

The results from the 2008 and 2012 Olympics were over two seconds faster in the 100-meter Backstroke because the swimming pool had a roof. Also, the sun will drain the energy out of you after eight days.

extreme improvements

...These are because of more knowledge in human anatomy, swimming technique, swimsuit design, substance use, and pool design...

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The Coach For the swimmer to perform well, they need their most trustworthy mentor besides them. The coach knows everything that is best for the swimmer.

Therefore, the swimming pool needs to provide a setting that allows the coach to perform his job effectively during both competition and training. The most successful coaches do not only give sets for swimming laps up and down a pool, they study the sport of swimming to the finest details and produce workouts that are based on their swimmer’s unique physiology. This most often requires an environment with a creative setup.

The Spectator Something that gets your heart beating during a competition as a swimmer is a big crowd of spectators, they serve as adrenaline generators. They want to experience fast swimming and excitement while in an electrifying environment. Therefore, the facility

needs to design a swimming pool that is well accessible, comfortable and engaging to the spectators.

INTRODUCTION

The Swimmer During a big competition, the main users of aquatic facilities are the swimmers, coaches and spectators. These people have different requests when it comes to the big day. Most important (during a competition) is the swimmer. They are in the spotlight and want to perform well for their coaches and spectators. For the swimmer, the pool quality needs to be state of the art. If the goal is to host swim meets with high-class swimmers racing at a professional level, the swimming pool also needs to fulfill highclass requirements. Examples include a vast amount of space around the pool and in the pool, water depth, and good air quality. The most important thing to success in racing is the uniqueness of a swimming pool that produces a “WOW effect,” which will leave a lasting experience in everyone’s memory.

Swimming Facility: Small Scale Technical Innovations

details can ruin a race completely

INTRODUCTION

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The

Photos | A coach analyzing a swimmer’s technique.

Arizona State University, 1993. © Sun Devil Athletics

Technical innovations are extremely beneficial and should be considered when designing a new pool. A competitive swimmer does not value the architecture of a swimming pool unless the details function well. Sometimes the smallest things can ruin a race completely. For example, a slippery block can result in a weak dive and ruin a race, especially for shorter events.

Technical innovations are improving the speed of swimmers in both training and competing. This aspect should be considered even further to enhance performance and generate excitement without crossing the line, like was done in 2008-2009 with the shiny suits.

Object design has played a big role in swimming. In 2008, new swimming suits were released. Most of these suits were made out of 100% polyurethane, which improved buoyancy. FINA decided to ban these “super suits” taking effect January 1, 2010. This was because world records were not only being

broken, but shattered. For the two years these suits were legal, nearly 200 world records were broken. With the peak of these suits, at the World Championships in Rome in 2009, forty-three world records were broken at a single meeting.

The excitement from seeing a world record broken had disappeared and it was considered strange when there was not a new world record. These suits were not fair because they impacted certain body types better and cost $550, even though only being used 2-3 times by the advanced swimmer. How can Architecture provide equitable benefits to the swimmers on race day without corrupting the integrity of swimming?

Adrenaline Generation Swim meets can get dull at times, with countless heats of the same event, sometimes lasting 60-90 minutes.

This affects the spectators and worst of all, the swimmers about to race. A swimmer that dives for a race without

feeling excitement or tension usually touches the wall with an unsatisfying result. This can be solved in many ways like having a swimming venue with a sound focusing element, directing excitement to the people that need it, or a lighting design that will create a thrilling atmosphere. Lighting design and sound focusing are two major aspects of competitive atmosphere that make the difference of a high energy and low energy competition. FINA (Fédération internationale de natation) has only vague regulations about lighting and sound. These two aspects cannot fulfill the need for people hearing the message of the announcer and seeing the competition but can certainly amplify the level of excitement.

Equipment Development Blocks and touch pads are objects that every swimmer worries about. Hosts constantly fail to provide adequate equipment at swim meets. For example,

the Weyerhauser King County Aquatic Center in Federal Way, Washington that hosts the Pacific-12 Championship, offers the worst starting condition a backstroker could think of. The Omega pads are old and extremely slippery, and after countless races ruined and lost points, many swimmers are desperate and have started using sticky materials that contains resin from trees in order to gain a better hold. Despite this act, big meets keep getting hosted in Federal Way. Air quality has been a major issue at big meets, especially with indoor pools, because of the fumes produced by the chlorine in the pool. Chloramine is a gas that stays at the surface of the water because it is heavier than air. When swimmers are in the water, they breathe in the chloramine, which results in breathing problems. Swimming facilities, especially indoor swimming pools have a high rate of asthma attacks.

With technical innovations, this can be resolved.

Do You Have a Genetic Breathing Problem or Can it be Attributed to Pool Air Quality?

47.5 %

5.1 % 47.5 %

Participants: 99

No breathing problem

Air Quality

Genetic

Although technical innovations are important, designers need to have in mind that a fair pool is more important than a fast pool. At the 2013 World Championships in Barcelona there was a current in the pool, making swimmers at the outer lanes swim fast or slow

every other lap. This was an advantage for half of the swimmers, especially in the 50m events because it is only one lap. Athletes should not need to worry about anything except their racing strategies. Architecture can address that issue as well as find purposes for the facility during and after events so it serves the community.

Creating a Fast Aura Some pools are just simply fast, and the reason cannot be explained. There is something special about them that makes them unique, which is usually the space around the pool but not the pool itself. This can often be related to psychology, materials, uniqueness, mood, etc. Researching the best psychological setting of a swimmer can be measured and in the end get the most out of a swimmer’s performance. Although the swimming pool is just a standard box there is a special relationship between the swimmer and pool.

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Photo | Brainstorming. ©Davíð Hildiberg

Project Statement

Antithesis

My proposal attempts to integrate the necessity for a highperformance competitive swimming pool with the desire for a multivalent facility that promotes community interaction.

Synthesis The project manifests itself as a new civic waterscape that synthesizes public & private with specificity & adaptability through 21st century water rituals.

PROJECT STATEMENT

Thesis

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Facilities for aquatic competition are engineered to provide a highly controlled environment optimized to do one thing, increase performance of swimmers. This singular objective typically inhibits the facility from assimilating into its local community.

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Hofs贸s Community Pool | Iceland

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U.S. Olympic Trials | Myrta Pools

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Sun Devil Canyon | ASU Sports District

Hamad A.C.

London 2012

Beijing 2008

IUPUI

OHIO STATE

USC

Georgia Tech

Weyerhauser

Stanford

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Sydney 2000

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Myrtha Pools

MINNESOTA

D’Coque

Mare Nostrum Barcelona 1992

UNLV

Athens 2004 Mona Plummer Tasmajdan Pool

UTAH

CAL

ARIZONA

Schwimmbad Mühleholz

Athens 2014

Neighborhood

Hotel Pools

Beijing 2015

Ásvallalaug

Hillcrest

Waterparks

Laugardalur

Vatnaveröld

Blue Lagoon

Hofsós Pool

PROJECT GOALS

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Project Goals

During the early stages of the project, goals were established to have a clear direction. These goals served as a guide to what had to be done and how. Without goals, projects tend to go off topic and become too broad without effective solutions. Goals one and two explain the thinking process of the project. Goals three to ten deal with the project itself, starting with the big scale urban context all the way to the design of small objects that affect the swimmer.

1. Tackle the Project Analytically Find the existing issues, take a position, and make an architectural manifestation of those positions. This goal will help guide the project into built conclusion.

2. Why vs. What Instead of expressing what was done for the project, explain why it was done. In order to provide clarification and solutions, the reason why the decisions were made is more important than what was done.

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4. The Legacy of the Pool is Essential The pool is designed to produce benefits for the surrounding community. This means that the planning procedures need to be specific to the culture of the site.

5. Learn from Others Using examples of other sport’s facilities and urban conditions is essential in learning what to do and what not to do.

6. Design a Universal Pool This swimming pool ought to be competent for multiple events, swim related and non-swim related. This will

increase the demand of a natatorium in today’s society.

7. For Competition, Design According to the Needs of the Swimmer, Coach and Spectator.

These users create the event and they have different requirements for a successful swimming competition. Those needs are the overruling components when it comes to the architecture of the racing pool.

8. A Fair Pool is More Important than a Fast Pool The swimming pool needs to provide an even playing field for all competitors during a swim meet.

9. Design an Ideal Training Facility To succeed in the racing setting of the sport, a swimmer needs to train in a swimming pool that provides an optimal training condition. The biggest contributor to fast races is good training.

10. Concentrate on the Racing Details Swimming is a sport that deals with fractions of time. Therefore, small objects need to be addressed that directly influence the speed of a swimmer to maximize their potential on a race day.

PROJECT GOALS

3. Context Guides the Design Every location is different with its own social, economic, and political situation.

Therefore, the project needs to be integrated into the existing condition to provide the most effective design of a modern aquatic facility.

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GLOBAL HISTORY OF WATER

Origin of Water 4.6 Billion Years Ago‌

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There are many theories describing how water arrived to planet earth. The most common theory is that our planet was completely dry when it formed from multiple impacts with other objects in the galaxy.

Water was added to the planet when comets and asteroids filled with ice collided with the Earth. New theories claim that water came much earlier, close to the formation of earth. Although the origin has not been scientifically confirmed, one thing is known, water is the foundation for all life.1

Palace at Knossos Crete, Greece. 1700-1375 BC.

HISTORY

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Cave of Swimmers New Valley Governorate, Egypt. 10,000 BC The cave in Egypt has rock paintings that demonstrate people swimming.

These paintings that are ca. 10,000 BC depict daily life in this area before water disappeared due to climate change.

The Minoans in Crete were a religious and lively people known for their large feasts. After a big earthquake in 1700 BC, Knossos was rebuilt with new additions that were complex for the time. The palace consisted of residences, kitchens, storage rooms, bathrooms, ceremonial rooms, workshops, and sanctuaries. In addition to these, they built infrastructural installations such as ventilation systems and groundwater conduits.

These projects show the importance of water because the palace had bathing rooms.3

Mohenjo-Daro Sindh, Pakistan. 2600-1900 BC This extensive culture which consisted of 1000 cities and towns originated in the Himalayas.

Mohenjo-Daro was the dominant city of this culture which received very little rain, but learned how to manage water. The water did not come from rain, instead the huge flash floods from the Himalayas. The city was raised on a platform to prevent damages from the flood while successfully harvesting the water with bricks that dispersed the floodwater through a series of culverts. One way that the inhabitants used water was the “Great Bath,� a 12 by 7 meter and 3 meters deep pit in the city which held water and acted as a social center of the city indicating dominance of water and bathing.2

Small Baths and Shops

Baths of Nero Rome. 64 CE

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Baths of Sura Rome. 100 CE

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Library

Library

Public Park

Library

Stadium

Library

2-Story Reservoir Aqueduct

Parts of the Roman Bath Baths of Agrippa Rome. 25 CE An imperial bathhouse that measured about 90 by 120 meters. This was a large swimming pool open to the sky.

Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa was close to Augustus who paid for the building. The Baths were destroyed by fire in 80 CE but restored by Emperor Hadrian.

1. Apodyterium: Dressing room/locker room 2. Caldarium: Main hot room 3. Frigidarium: Main cold-water hall, often containing Baths of Titus several unheated pools Rome. 80 CE 4. Natatio: Large unheated swimming pool 5. Palaestra: Exercise yard Quickly built by Emperor Titus, for a dedication of the 6. Sudatorium: Sweat chamber Colosseum and opened with 7. Tepidarium: Warm room and bath, often a type of “heat lock� between the caldarium and frigidarium the glorious Games.

HISTORY

Built by Lucius Licinius Sura, who was a Roman senator and a friend to Emperor Trajan.

These baths are believed to be more private, and was smaller and more elegant than the Baths in Caracalla.

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Located close to the famous Pantheon in Campus Martius.

The baths of Nero introduced a new style, with a symmetrical plan which later became a characteristic of the great 2nd century imperial baths. This 190 by 120 meter facility got its water from Aqua Alexandrina, an aqueduct connected with the Aqua Virgo.4

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This was a city with a long history of ritual sacrifices. There were two roads going through the site, one going east-west and the other going north-south which was called the Avenue of the Dead. This corridor used for rituals had a channel under it which gathered rainwater from other buildings and drained it into the Rio San Juan River. The Aztecs were experts of water systems, a much needed skill for a culture that admired fire and water rituals.5

HISTORY

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Teotihuacรกn Mexico, 200 CE

Baths of Caracalla Rome. 212-216 CE These baths are recognized as the best developed example of the Roman public bath. They were not only used for bathing, but also a place for social interaction and sports. The enclosure contained cisterns, running tracks, gardens, libraries and shops. The swimming pool had no roof, but had tall towering walls that provided the guests with shade. The main pool was the natation, or a swimming pool.

The Caldarium, which is the main hot room, was a warm space where heat was supplied by hypocaust ducts from below.6

Baths of Decius Rome. 250 CE

Baths of Diocletian Rome. 298-306 CE

Old drawings and other documents of these baths describe a typical Roman Bath, which was considered very large.

The Baths were built by Emperor Decius.

Sometimes these baths are considered the most impressive baths ever built in ancient Rome.

They covered over 13 hectares of land (32 acres), and could accommodate 3,000 visitors at the same time. This was not only a swimming pool but also a fitness center, library, and more.7

Vrah Vishnulok (Angkor Wat) Near Siem Reap, Cambodia. 1120 CE. Patron: king Suryavarman II.

Beowulf and Breca Scandinavia. 700-1000 CE

Emperor Constantine built the last Roman Bath during his reign. This structure differed a little from the basic Roman Bath, because of altering, adding, or removing some major parts. There are multiple reasons why this was done, the dominant one being better water heating.

This story comes from an old English poem that is thought to be one of the most important pieces of English literature. Beowulf who is a hero engages in a swimming competition with his friend Breca. They swim in the open sea while wearing an armor and carrying their weapons.8

HISTORY

Baths of Constantine Rome. 320 CE

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A religious temple since its founding, starting as a Hindu temple and later Buddhist. The reason why they flourished was a so-called baray system, which is a large shallow water tank that was used for a controlled release of water for irrigation. This system increased rice production considerably. This was not the only purpose for water, the temple had a 23 meter deep well at its center, where offerings could be thrown. Wells symbolize a connection to the water-based authority of the Kehmer rulers but also an inverted mirror of the cosmic mountain symbolized by the tower. These wells are found in most Khmer temples.9

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Lifebelt by Leonardo Da Vinci 1490 CE HISTORY

Before people learned how to swim, they used animal skins or sealed gourds to cross rivers safely. Da Vinci sketched a lifebelt that would shield people from the dangers of the sea.11

Emperor Go-Yozei 1603 The Emperor organized the first ever swimming organization in 1603.

Before doing that, he declared that all school children ought to learn how to swim. Later the purpose of swimming became a military art instead of competition purposes.13

Venice Italy. 1400 CE

Nicolas Wynman 1538

Venice, a city where all transportation is on water, was Europe’s economic hub beginning in the 14th century and continued for many years. During this time, the city had warehouses and shipyards and all goods travelling to Sicily, England, and Germany had to go through the Bride of the sea.10

German professor of languages and writer of the first book about swimming, called Colymbetes. He did not necessarily want people to start swimming for exercise, but reduce drowning rates.12

The Watershed Event 1844

MelchisĂŠdech ThĂŠvenot 1696

Captain Matthew Webb 1875

Indoor Swimming Pools 18th Century

John Arthur Trudgen England, United Kingdom. 1873

The indoor natatorium era began in Victorian England in an attempt to find a solution for the terrible living conditions of the newly urbanized working classes. These pools were open to the public and considered a need but not a place for relaxation.15

He reintroduced the crawl to the English. He learned the stroke after watching Native Americans swim and called the stroke Trudgen. Later the stroke became known as the freestyle.

J.H. Thayers England, United Kingdom. 1895 Swam a shocking 1:02.50 in the 100 yard sidestroke.

HISTORY

First man to swim the English Channel which is between England and France.

He used the breaststroke and swam a total of 34.21 kilometers (21.26 miles) and did it in 21 hours and 34 minutes.17

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He wrote The Art of Swimming, which describes the breaststroke stroke similar to the modern breaststroke.14

The event was a competition that was held in London where the British and some Native Americans competed. While the British only swam Breaststroke the guests swam a variation of the crawl, which later became known as freestyle.

It was no until 1873 that the crawl gained more popularity over the breaststroke.16

HISTORY

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Swimming at the 1896 Olympics Athens, Greece Swimming was one of the initial sports at the first modern Olympics. However, the competition was held in open water of the Mediterranean instead of a swimming pool.18 This competition was for men only, and they competed in the 100, 500 and 1200m freestyle and also the 100m for sailors. The first gold medal was won by Hungarian Alfred Hajos who swam the 100m freestyle in 1:22.20.

Swimming at the 1904 Olympics St. Louis, Missouri, United State The freestyle race was swum in 100 yards instead of 100 meters which was considered usual. United States have not changed their swimming pool traditions and keep swimming in pools measured in yards.19 The events offered were 50, 100, 220, 440, 880 yards and the mile of freestyle, 100 yard backstroke, 440 yards breaststroke, and the 4x50 yard freestyle relay.

Another event was introduced which entailed jumping in the pool, and the distance was measured to determine the winner.

Swimming at the 1900 Olympics Paris, France

FINA 1908

The events offered at the Olympics in 1900 featured the 200, 1000 and 4000m freestyle, 200m backstroke, and a special 200m team race (relay).

There were two other events that are strange to modern swimmers, an obstacle course race and an underwater race.

The international Swimming Federation (FĂŠdĂŠration internationale de natation) was founded.

Swimming at the 1908 Olympics London, England, United Kingdom The competition was held in a 100m pool which was embedded into the track and field stadium.20

David Armbruster University of Iowa. 1928.

Johnny Weissmuller United States. 1922.

The competition which was held in the Stockholm Harbor is considered the beginning of electronic timing.21 Women were allowed to compete for the first time.

Swimming at the 1924 Olympics Chamonix, France First swimming competition to use the standard 50 meter pool with marked lanes. Today, all international swim meets are swum mostly in 50 meter swimming pools (long course), and sometimes in 25 meter swimming pools (short course).23 For the first time, lane lines and bottom lane markings (T’s) were used.

Swimming at the 1936 Olympics Berlin, Germany Diving blocks were added to the competition, giving swimmers more momentum at the start of their race.25

HISTORY

Swimming at the 1912 Olympics Stockholm, Sweden

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This swimming legend was the first person to go under 60 seconds in the 100 meter freestyle. He won five Olympic gold medals and set 67 world records before becoming a famous actor, taking the role of Tarzan.22

Gold medals are won with specialized details. David Armbuster knew this. He started studying swimming scientifically at the University of Iowa where he was a coach. He filmed swimmers underwater and discovered how swimmers could reduce drag. In 1934 Armbuster found that breaststroke swimmers slowed down when bringing their hands forward underwater, so he invented the “butterfly� variation.

You were allowed to swim breaststroke with butterfly arms. This stroke was much harder, but faster and at the Olympics in Berlin, almost all swimmers used the butterfly stroke at some point in their race. Later the butterfly became a separate stroke for obvious reasons.24

Berkoff Blastoff Seoul, South Korea. 1988

HISTORY

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Swimsuits United States. 1943 The U.S. ordered that the fabric used in swimsuits would be decreased by 10% because of wartime shortage. This led to the invention of the Bikini by the French.

Daichi Suzuki from Japan and David Berkoff from the U.S. manipulated the underwater swimming in backstroke and proved to the world that swimming with a dolphin kick under the surface is faster than swimming on top.

In the 100m Backstroke Berkoff swam 33 meters of the first lap completely underwater, breaking the surface well ahead of the other competitors. In the end, Daichi Suzuki won the race. Swimming so far underwater got banned quickly after the Olympics by FINA, limiting the underwater distance to 10 meters. However, the mark got expanded to 15 meters in 1991 and that rule still stands today.

Mark Spitz Munich, Germany. 1972 This swimming phenomenon won 7 gold medals at a single meet, more than any other athlete.

Shiny Suits 2008-2009 In 2008, new swimming suits were released. Most of these suits were made out of 100% polyurethane, which improved buoyancy. FINA decided to ban these “super suits� taking effect January 1, 2010.

This was because world records were not only being broken, but shattered. For the two years these suits were legal, nearly 200 world records were broken. With the peak of these suits, at the World Championships in Rome in 2009, forty-three world records were broken at a single meeting. The excitement from seeing a world record broken had disappeared and it was considered strange when there was not a new world record. These suits were not fair because they impacted certain body types better and cost $550, even though only being used 2-3 times by the advanced swimmer.

Michael Phelps Beijing, China. 2008 Phelps, broke the unbreakable record of Mark Spitz from 1972 by winning 8 gold medals at a single Olympic meeting. Phelps came close to losing the 100m butterfly, but finished 1/100 ahead of Serbian Milorad Čavić because of the details. What he accomplished in Beijing and at other competitions is impressive and inspiring to all swimmers.

Child Drownings 2011 Child drownings in Arizona have been rising over the past few years despite warnings. Firefighters claim that they are frustrated when they see houses with private pools that have no fences or locks for children safety.26 Child drowning is the result of private pools in residential neighborhoods, which are not being supervised by lifeguards like public pools.

HISTORY

Phelps broke another record at the London Olympics, where he won 4 gold medals that gives him at a total 18 Olympic gold medals.

43

Michael Phelps London, United kingdom. 2012

URBAN CASE STUDIES

Mexico 1968 Summer Olympics

dezentralized athletic facilities

46

Think twice before designing

The Games in Mexico City were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in Latin America. How did Mexico manage to win the bid for the world’s biggest event, when it was obvious that the foundation was not as strong as the countries applying? One of the major critique that they got following the victory to host the Games, was their ability to stage an organized event. Other candidates who seemed more qualified were Buenis Aires, Detroit, and Lyon. In fact, Detroit had been applying to stage the Olympics for several years at this point, but again, failed to win. By many they were favored to win because of their ambition to host the Games.27 Avery Brundage, the fifth president of the IOC (International Olympic Committee) claimed that the only reason why they won is because of the benefits for the Olympic movement were numerous. Brundage said “What helped Mexico was that it is one of the smaller-scale countries, and some members felt they could do more for

the Olympic movement on the whole by giving encouragement to such a country.

Such encouragement, in this case, amounted to the Olympic Games.”28 Mexico City was applying for the Olympics to improve the living conditions with modernizing the nation, and despite people’s concerns, their plan to do so was strategically executed.

Decentralized Olympic Village The big idea when laying down the Olympic facilities was decentralizing them trying to “turn the city into a temporary festival ground.”29 This was supposed to show Mexico City as a new modern city. They did this by spreading the facilities all over Mexico City, trying to fit them within the city.

According to Gold, their philosophy was expansionist.30 Mexico City being a developing country had a hard time providing an efficient infrastructure because the Olympic facilities were so decentralized. Transportation became

a big issue because of how large a distance there was between the facilities. When the Olympics started in 1968, some of the infrastructure had not been completed, which was a big issue because that aspect of the Games has proven to be a key part of every Olympics.31 After the Olympics, the legacy of the Olympic village was not as popular as they had planned for. The hundreds of apartments built where intended for private use, but the decentralization of these apartments did not interest the people. After the Games, the Village was empty, the main reason was the city center being 15 kilometers (9 miles) away.32 Later the community became a gated community and the village that was once owned by the government became a successful privately run property.

Competing in Altitude When applying to be the host of the Olympics, Mexico City got a lot of

Club de Yates, Acapulco Bay, Sailing, 376 km.

Estadio Cuauht茅moc, Puebla, Soccer, 145 km.

Estadio Jalisco, Guadalajara, Soccer, 538 km.

Estadio Nou Camp, Le贸n, Soccer, 388 km.

47

MEXICO 1968 SUMMER OLYMPICS

48

7,000 feet causes a slow swim meet

objections because it is roughly 7,000 feet above sea-level. It is known that many swimmers like to train at high altitude and compete in low altitude.

When the human body is exposed to high altitude, it “produces a hormone called erythropoietin (EPO) which stimulates the production of red blood cells which carry oxygen to the muscles.”

So the basic idea being your body adapts to the low level of oxygen and when you return back low altitude the body improves the delivery of oxygen to the muscles which should improve your performance during a competition.33 An athlete competing at high altitude the oxygen uptake will be seriously impaired.

For the purpose of swimming facilities, they should not be in high altitude unless for training purposes because athletes that require an aerobic component will perform badly in high altitude.34 However there are some sports that excel in the thin atmosphere because of the reduced air density. A known athlete is Bob

Beamon who broke the world record in long jump. His world record stood for twenty-five years and his Olympic record still stands. He broke the world record by almost two feet which proved that “men truly can fly.” It comes to no surprise that this World Record was set at the Olympic Games in Mexico.35 Although new scientific findings have come to the surface today about the effects of competing in altitude, Mexico went through a lot of trouble persuading that the altitude was not an issue.

Although Brundage voted for Detroit, he announced that “The Olympic Games belong to all the world, not the part of it at sea level.”36 Conclusion Despite the bad rumors about Mexico’s planning abilities, infrastructural complications, delays or the altitude issues, the Summer Olympics in 1968 were considered a success even though some elements could have gone better.

For the Mexican people the games uplifted the city and gave it a new face for the world to see. They gave 14,000 people jobs during the planning and construction phase. Profit from tourism increased by 15.5% and the GNP increased by 7.1%.37

49 Mexico 1968 Summer Olympics

Montreal 1976 Summer Olympics

plan

50

This is why we

The Montreal Games are without a doubt one of the worst Olympics Games that have been held. Murphy’s Law states that anything that can go wrong, will go wrong. This can be said about the event in Montreal the summer of 1976. Like mentioned in the Barcelona 1992 chapter, that city has become a model for Olympic Games and other cities that are in the process of major regenerations. Although Montreal did not have Barcelona’s planning strategy as an example to follow, they failed entirely to have a plan. The city would have proposals that were not adequate and get rejected constantly by the IOC. For example, the proposal for the Olympic Village got rejected first when they wanted to build it as a temporary village, the second proposal entailed students at the University of Montreal proposing to build five different villages around the main stadium, which got full support from Jean Drapeau, mayor of Montreal, later that proposal also got

rejected. After a lot of judgement from the IOC, the city was forced into building a village that was permanent and close to the major sites. This village did not get selected from any architectural competitions or any planning, it was simply forced upon by the Mayor. These were the Montreal Pyramids, that cost too much mainly because the lack of planning. The village went from its initial cost of $22 million to a striking number of $43 million only five months later, and the construction cost kept climbing and only a month later the overall cost was estimated at $80 million. The reason why, is most likely construction workers having to work around the clock. The village got finished three weeks before the opening ceremony and only eight days before the first flock of athletes were welcomed into the village.

Although the Village was popular during the Games because of its proximity to the sports stadium, this meant that the athletes could walk to their events,

which is a huge bonus to every major competition. Of course like every Olympic Games, the government had to think about what would happen to the village after the Games were over and this was a topic of concern during that time. Later, Drapeau came with the idea of turning the pyramids into a retirement home, which was strange because it was located in an open condition with harsh Canadian winters. His wish did not come true and the apartments were later transformed into a private residence.

The Montreal Games were a disaster, where no crucial actions, fundamental to hosting Olympic Game seemed to have happened. The urban redevelopment was minimal, the economy was badly affected, and the facilities were not used well. The Montreal Summer Olympics will be remembered as the Games of poor planning.38

Lansdowne Park, Ottawa, Soccer, 202 km.

Sherbrooke Stadium, Sherbrooke, Soccer, 163 km.

Varsity Stadium, Toronto, Soccer, 548 km.

Universite Laval, Quebec City, Handball, 241 km Sherbrooke Sports Palace, Sherbrooke, Handball, 163 km.

Olympic Archery Field, Joliette, Archery, 63 km.

Olympic Equestrian Centre, Bromont, Equestrian, 94 km.

Portsmouth Olympic Harbour, Kingston, Sailing, 377 km

51

Olympic Shooting Range, L’Acadie, Shooting, 46 km.

Barcelona 1992 Summer Olympics

grey & fascist to beachy & social

52

From

Barcelona is without a doubt the best example of an Olympic hosting city when it comes to city planning and regeneration. The transformation that Barcelona went through and what they are known for today can be traced back to the plans done for the 1992 Olympics. The amount of work that happened in the city during the six years would normally have taken decades, but the planning capability allowed the Spanish to pull it off.39 Pasqual Maragall who was the mayor of Barcelona during the planning phase and Olympics saw the importance of improving public spaces in trying to solve the social and economic issues after thirty-six years under the dictator Francisco Franco.40 These years, often known as the Francoist years were extremely bad in terms of town-planning.41 In 1930 the city had approximately one million citizens, but with industrialization population sky-rocketed to four million and became known as “Grey

Barcelona.”42 When the Socialist party got elected in 1979 they informed the citizens that they were going to “give the city back to the citizens.”43 This is when the Barcelona urban regeneration started, and the Olympics were in fact just a chapter and acted as a closing ceremony of their urban achievements.

Barcelona did not witness immediate economic growth post Games, with unemployment rate and taxes rising but it stayed clear that the Olympics were going to benefit Barcelona. Many of the former Olympic hosts, would put efforts into the short-term profit of hosting the Olympics, while Barcelona put emphasis on the strategic long-term benefits. This way of thinking has resulted in multiple awards and has been heavily studied by architects and urban planners.

Tourism For the people in Barcelona, the Olympic Games were a lot more than a sporting event, they were about bringing

an urban transformation and a more qualitative living condition within the city. This method of planning was also done to improve the numbers of tourists coming to the country. Barcelona who was known for art and architecture, wanted its image to represent that instead of industrial Barcelona that it had become.44 Barcelona wanted to “stamp Barcelona’s image on the map.” They did this by building cultural facilities all over the city.45 Their tourism strategies showed success because a total of 6.3 million people visited in 1995 in contrast with 4.1 million in 1991.46 The director of ‘Turisme de Barcelona’ said that the Olympic Games “provided the impulse for Barcelona to become a leader in many respects, but especially in tourism.”47 Lastly, the major project in Barcelona was the seafront, or often called “marine façade” which entailed transforming the “industrial beach” which was covered in shanty towns, into a sunny beach.48 Because

53

Photo | left: Diving with the city as its background at the Olympic Games. ©Diving Barcelona

BARCELONA 1992 SUMMER OLYMPICS

54

right: Seaside Area. ©cpcmollet

of deindustrialization in Barcelona, they were able to recover more than 100 hectares if industrial land and transform it into a residential and a public facility space.49 This seafront has become extremely popular amongst tourists, being able to lay out on the beach or go for a swim in the ocean.

Urban Planning Barcelona did not try to come up with their brilliant urban planning without using the work of two of the most successful city experts. Connection can be seen between Barcelona and “Collage City” by Colin Rowe, because city planners concentrated on four key areas around the city instead of redeveloping the entire city. Instead of a utopian vision, a more fragmented way of thinking was applied.50 Barcelona was also influenced by an Italian architect named Aldo Rossi whose work tried to find connections between urban analysis and architectural design.51

Oriol Bohigas who was an architect and the town-planner for Barcelona in the years of 1980-1984 and the designer of the Olympic village, showed clear signs that he was using the work of Rowe and Rossi as his inspiration.52 He claimed that the reconstruction had to respect the architecture around it, and at the same time, the public spaces, the squares and streets would be recovered.53 Bohigas had a clear plan for the Olympic village, which was key to success which entailed, firstly, placing four main Olympic areas that would serve as activation spaces for the problematic areas around them, and secondly, ensure that all the facilities had a purpose after the Games.54 Planners located new buildings on land where they could regenerate the areas around it, so it was not only about the building, but instead about the space and events that the building would activate once installed. Also, instead of enormous shopping centers, they

created a widespread network of small shops around the city that would all reactivate the spaces around them.55 Facility Planning Their bid promised that 88% of the facilities needed for the Olympics were already built and that minimal amount of the total fund would go towards them. This was quite similar to Athens in 2004, but they failed to mention that the stadiums needed extreme renovations and they also made big changes to their original plans.56 Barcelona saw the importance of the facilities legacy and therefore did not want to pack all of the sporting facilities into one single place.

That strategy they believed to have extremely little social value and were worried that it might become an isolated place.57 Although all these facilities were not located right next to each other they were all in a circle with approximately five kilometer radius (3.1 miles) and the transportation would not exceed twenty

minutes when traveling by wheel. Ease of access was of great importance, making the distances between facilities manageable. This was done to avoid any transportation problems that often occur during big events in cities.58 Comparing this with Doha, Qatar, where the 2014 FINA World Championships was held, depending on traffic, it could take anywhere between 15-75 minutes to travel 13.8 kilometers (8.6 miles) from the hotels to the swimming pool. This is a major issue that Doha needs to resolve before the 2022 FIFA World.

Seaside City The beach consisted of “industries, depots, and various facilities connected with the commercial port. The railway line separated part of the city from the sea and many beaches were occupied by shantytowns”59 The Riverside Plan was devised in 1966 where the main purpose was to repurpose the waterfront and twenty years later

Antonio Bonet Castellana designed the Olympic Village in the seaside area.60 In conclusion, placing the village there was done to regenerate the whole coastline.

There were thoughts about placing the Olympic village in the suburbs of Vallés which would have been much cheaper61.

In the long run, Barcelona would have benefitted a lot more with the chosen site, because after too many years of industrial use the city could be opened up to the Mediterranean sea with its beautiful beaches.62 Despite concerns from Rem Koolhaas about the city turning generic by “oversimplifying its identity,” the existing socialistic condition is much better than during the years of Francoist Spain.63 The ugly industrial beaches became a place for relaxation and tourists that is still flourishing today.

Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics

failed to remember the long-term benefits

56

Sydney

In 1993 Sydney, a city known for its Olympic history, got the nomination for hosting the millennium games against competition from Beijing, Manchester, Berlin and Istanbul. What is thought to have brought the Olympics to the city are the promises to have the sporting venues in one central park and claiming that the Olympics would provide sustainable features, something that had not been implemented by other Olympic hosting cities.64 Sydney looked at the benefits from the Olympics in 1992 and believed that what the urban regeneration did for Barcelona is what ecological architecture would do for the city of Sydney.65 Sydney did extremely well during the Games, bringing in a shocking $316 million in ticket revenue, which is $130 million more than what was made four years later in Athens.66 Also, they broke the television broadcasting views ever with 3.7 billion viewers.67 The president of the IOC at that time, Juan Antonio Samaranch

claimed that these Olympics were the best Olympics ever. The question remain, how is the success of Olympic Games measured? Samaranch might have been blinded by these positive numbers, but the Post-Games were not as successful as people thought.

Olympic Facilities The main stadium and other facilities were not being used like intended, and later it unraveled that the true financial risks were kept away from the general public, because of unwanted critique.

This is an example of having the city serve the Olympics instead of vice versa.

Sydney was too focused on producing a good event, but not finding solutions for resolving existing issues in the city.

The moment the stadium was handed to Sydney for other purposes, the Telstra stadium experienced immediate loss. Sydney, generally known as an athletically active city, had multiple facilities that could have hosted the

Olympic events.68 Today the Olympic Village has been sold to private use and is a home to 6,000 people, with the Sydney stadium being used for many sports like rugby. The swimming pool is heavily used and hosts many big swim meets every year. Although the notion of a white elephant is evident in Sydney, it was not nearly as bad as in Athens 2004. Overall, in terms of the facility legacy, it can be considered successful, but the potential was not maximized.

Culture Pierre de Coubertin, who is often considered the father of the modern Olympic Games, intended the event not only to be a sporting event, but also a presentation of existing religion and art in the hosting city. Sydney was interested in these early ideas, and wanted to show the world what Australian culture is. This was done by activating the streets with art festivals.

Few Sydneysiders could experience the

57

SYDNEY 2000 SUMMER OLYMPICS

58

Photo | Homebush Bay Olympic Park. ©Simon Clancy

positive environmental transformation that were taking part at Homebush Olympic Park, but they could experience the renovations of the streets, where Sydney gained its new nickname, the “Friendly Games.” This was done to expand tourism in Sydney, but the goal entailed too much, where the festivals tried do everything for everyone. To maximize cultural participation, the Sydney Opera house was used as a venue for representing art, but that experience turned into a Guggenheim effect where the main artifact, was the opera house as an architectural icon, but not the art presented in the building.69

59

Athens 2004 Summer Olympics

white elephants, disastrous legacies and broken promises

60

Athens delivered

The first modern Olympics were hosted

by Athens in 1896, and that is why the Greek government decided on the slogan “There is no place like home” which was used in their advertising campaign because of the association with their identity and history. The Olympics trace back to the Greek athletic competitions that were initiation rites and ritual funeral contests. For example, when Achilles honored his friend, Patroklos after dying in the Trojan War. However, the first real evidence of the Olympics is a document that shows all the winners of a race that started at the altar of Zeus and the winner would receive a torch and get the honor of lighting up the sacrificed animals.

This document is the second oldest in Greece and was the inspiration of the torch relay that takes place during every modern Olympic Games.70 Although it seemed like a great idea to bring back Olympic Games to Athens, because of its rich history associated with the

games, the legacy of the 2004 Games have not been considered in a positive way. This is obvious when looking at the Olympic Village, which in theory is supposed to provide lasting benefits, but ironically, now stands as a rusted ghost town and the facilities have become white elephants.71 The bad economy is a factor, but also the people of Greece have little interest in these sports and therefore no need for the permanent structures. The plans for the new Athens looked hopeful but the city did not pull it off, and in most aspects, were not even close.

Transportation Infrastructure Like all Olympic cities, Greece sought to display Athens to the world while modernizing their transportation means and leave a legacy of a newly regenerated city.72 Two metro lines were planned in 1991, a whole thirteen years before the beginning of the Games, but delays came across in Athens because

of politics, geological difficulties and archeological excavations. The line leading up to the Airport, which was a crucial means of transportation, were far from finished before the Games so a suburban rail line had to be used to transport visitors during the event.73 Athens’s Regeneration It was stated in the beginning that Athens would use Barcelona as their city to follow when it came to regenerating the city. Like mentioned before, Barcelona was very successful in improving the city’s image to the whole world and improved living conditions by far, therefore it is not surprising that cities want to follow their process and ideas. However, the approach used for Athens lacked coherent focus in developing their urban strategy,74 in fact, it has been brought up that the Olympics in 2004 should be a model on how not to plan Olympic Games. Headlines in newspapers after the Games gave harsh

61

Photos | Athens Olympic Park in 2014. ©Telegraph

NOT to host Olympic Games

ATHENS 2004 SUMMER OLYMPICS

62

Athens: How

critiques such as “Abandoned, derelict, covered in graffiti and rubbish: what is left of the Athens’ 9 billion pound Olympic glory” by the Daily Mail.

Tourism Athens is an attractive city providing beautiful sceneries on its islands and beaches and also historically rich. The city attracts many tourists to Greece each year, but the city failed to advance tourism even more, which would increase money going into the Greek economy. Although there are signs that tourism has increased after the Games, there is much that could have gone better. The Organizing committee decided that it was important to plan on improving tourism after the games instead of prior. George Drakopolos, Managing Director of the Greek Association of Tourism Enterprises implied that “we have forsaken the chance to make the Olympic theme the linchpin of our tourist publicity drive

prior to the Games.”75 Drakopolos’s observation was evident when the Organizing Committee suggested that visitors would stay in tourist attractions instead of downtown Athens and come experience the city only when they would go see the events which they had bought tickets for. These unorganized tourism arrangements led to few tourists visiting during the Games and the demand for tickets was so low that the ticket price had to be lowered.

Another unsuccessful aspect of the future tourism in Athens is that the decentralized Olympic village did not get a chance to show off its gorgeous new buildings or monuments because if its detachment with the city.76 However, the city renovated parts of central Athens, the biggest project being the restoration of the Acropolis and the construction of the New Acropolis Museum designed by famous architect Bernard Tschumi.

Despite the efforts, the museum did not finish due to archeological discoveries,

later these findings were incorporated into the design of the building stunningly.

100% Green Energy According to initial plans the Games were going to use 100% green energy and all the projects were supposed to use environmentally friendly technologies and materials.77 The bid claimed that Athens would provide housing with solar energy, water management systems, planting of indigenous species and landscaping to create an ecological park.78 These plans fell apart and there was little work put into making these games environmentally friendly. When the Olympics went over-budget the priority changed from using 100% green energy into decreasing construction costs. This decision quickly turned into construction workers working all day trying to finish the projects and the idea of “green” Olympic Games was dropped

from the equation. Greenpeace shared its disappointment by announcing that in construction of the Olympic village, nearly all the sustainable plans were ignored. For example only 9,000 trees were planted around the stadium instead of the intended 17,000.79 Additionally, The World Wildlife Fund evaluated the environmental performance indicators in Athens right before the beginning of the Olympic Games in 2004. The final score they received was a 0.77 out of possible 4 points in eleven categories.80 Olympic Facilities The issue that follows after major events held is what will become of the sporting arenas that are built for that particular event. Cities struggle with finding alternative intentions for vacant facilities. For Athens, there were plans for using facilities for different purposes, where some were clever but others were not remotely analogous to its previous purpose. For example, the beach

volleyball center had plans on becoming an open-air theater which seemed like a good idea, but on the contrary there were plans on transforming the handball and taekwondo venue into a convention center because of its proximity of hotels and the table tennis and rhythmic gymnastics venue into a shopping mall.81 Additionally, even though there were plans for the after use of these facilities, few of them have fulfilled these plans. Athens was interested in creating structures that would have meaningful purposes after the Games with 95% of them being permanent structures,82 but sadly failed in doing so. The initial master plan had goals to keep the events for the Games in a minimal amount of locations during the big event. The city wanted to use existing sports infrastructure and claimed that 75% of their competition facilities and 92% of their training facilities were already available (but failed in mentioning that vigorous

renovations for some facilities were required). Doing this is popular amongst host cities because more energy can go towards the improvements of the city itself and therefore improve the quality of life within that city. This plan looked like it might work, however, most often the planning process in Athens was not followed, with new strategies coming up to the surface, a new masterplan differed greatly from the initial plan which was the idea of an Olympic park that got Athens the Olympic Games to begin with. Instead of being located in a “multi-nucleus urban village,�83 it was now a scattered village, positioning the required programs at multiple locations, usually outside of the center of Athens. There are many reasons why these radical changes were made, some include the government owning the majority of the site which meant a reduction for the need of compulsory purchase84 and also, many archeological discoveries made during

64 ATHENS 2004 SUMMER OLYMPICS

construction led to the moving of the village. Although these reasons seemed logical this was a chaotic situation where a strict timeframe was involved.

These expensive interruptions got the IOC concerned, in fact, in 2000 the president of the IOC threatened to take the Olympic Games from Greece if no actions were taken to fix this situation.85

his buildings, the lack of planning on the Olympic Organizing Committee’s part resulted in Calatrava’s ideas becoming a ruin only a few years after the Games.

This proves that designers cannot implement successful design strategies from other cities. Good urban design depends on the existing conditions within a city.

Athens did a great job with the architecture of the venues with most of them designed by world famous designer, Santiago Calatrava, but the city failed miserably by incorporating them in the design process late or by not giving the architects and urban designers a leading role.86 Calatrava helped with the Architecture in Barcelona before the 1992 Games, designing the Telecommunications Tower that became a resembling image of Barcelona.87 Despite his potential in producing beautiful architecture by using the forms of the human body as the inspiration for

Conclusion The Olympic Games in Athens cannot be considered a success. Although the Games brought many failures, they did get a praise for improving the accessibility for the disabled, which is extremely important for sport facilities nowadays. The games did not get much critique during the event although it was clear that corners were cut in the planning process which was evident after the games. Athens was not up for the challenge and did not follow in the footsteps of Barcelona like intended. It is also noticeable that there was little

teamwork within the government, and neither of the two political parties in control during the time of the Games wanted to take the blame and pointed fingers at each other.88 In Athens’s offense, they had to spend an vast amount of money on unplanned security cost that followed the 2004 Games because of mistrust, from both left and nationalist right of the political spectrum.

These are the most expensive games in terms of security, costing the Greek government $1.5 billion dollars, which evens out to $142,857 spent per athlete.89

Photo | right: Opening ceremony. ©Technogym The Wellness Company top: Model showing the athletic village. © Heinrich Helfenstein

65 Athens 2004 Summer Olympics

Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics

ANYTHING! to host the most glorious games EVER

66

We will do anything, yes

After having been to Beijing and observed the Olympic Park and its athletic facilities with my studio in 2015, it was clear that Beijing went all the way in producing a good show for the world. Everything from the opening ceremony to the closing of the Games was magnificent and it was clear that London was about to have a hard time beating their performance. Beijing placed a bid for the Olympics in 2000, but did not win, and wanted to prove to the world in 2008, that they are more than capable of hosting an event like this. Beijing showed that they are willing to do whatever is necessary to host big events such as the Olympics. Their power has overwhelmed democratic cities that get little support from the community to host such big events.90 This happened with Boston’s bid for the Games in 2024, where the people of the city refused to host the games. Beijing’s will to do whatever it takes can be seen in the exploitation of construction

workers, child labor and the demolition and relocating communities to build facilities and improved infrastructure for the Games.91 It is thought that the total cost of the two week show in Beijing was $42 billion, which exceeds other Olympics by much (until the Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia).92 In conclusion, Beijing was a huge success, and managed to present a city with an enhanced international profile. The city is the first one ever to host both summer and Winter Olympics. Although the 2008 Games might be considered an example of a city serving the Games instead of the opposite, it will be interesting to see the benefits the Games had on Beijing in the future.

Improving Grey Beijing Beijing is one of the most polluted cities in the world, being a city with many industrial factories that make the air quality extremely poor. If Beijing wanted to host the Games, they

needed to provide a safe environment for its visitors. Some of the measures taken for the Olympics was $12.2 billion expenditure on protection and enhancement of the ecological environment, construction of wastewater treatment plants, 240 square kilometers of trees and grass, industrial transformations, and an improved subway system.93 It was announced by the United Nations Environment Program that Beijing had raised the bar in terms of its environmental transformations, but although much was done to improve the existing conditions, the city was so far behind to begin with that these acts were not voluntary but necessary. Oregon State University and Peking University did studies on the particulate pollution during Olympic Games, and found out that although the condition in Beijing had improved, they were still twice as bad as Athens, three times worse than Atlanta and 3.5 times worse than Sydney.94 The

67

...seems like the real purpose was to show an

image of China to the world...

BEIJING 2008 SUMMER OLYMPICS

68

improved

Athlete’s Village was designed as a zero emissions zone, only using electric or fuel cell automobiles and buildings designed according to maximum green standards.95 Some sporting venues were also designed to the highest environmental standards. The aquatic facility or the “Water Cube,” offered adjustability for natural light and efficient energy conservation.

The infrastructure in Beijing was one of the most revolutionary aspects of the Games, having a clear after-game purpose. The city spent over $10 billion on improving the system, and from a personal experience, the system is easy to handle and reliable. Having such a developed system urged the government to put car restrictions by banning a portion to use the roads during certain days of the week. This supposedly reduced emission by 10%, but the main generator for pollution in Beijing’s is not the heavy use of cars,

but the emission from industrial factories that a production country has.96 Facility Legacy There were multiple facilities built for the Games, and many of them have become an icon for Beijing such as the Bird’s Nest or the Water cube. Although the park seems to be used well today, with running tracks, family picnics or New Year’s activities, the hyper specific athletic facilities are not. Today the main stadium and swimming pool are declining tourist attractions. For a total of $17 dollars you can experience the unused stadium and green swimming pool. These are becoming white elephants because there is no need for stadiums of this size. London learned from this and only designed stadiums that could be scaled down or disappear entirely.97 Many ideas have risen about the use of the birds nest, such as redesign it as a shopping center or function as the home field of the biggest

football club in Beijing. The idea of adapting it to football standards seems reasonable, however, the support for the team would not be adequate for maintaining such a stadium. Part of the swimming pool has been transformed into a water park, where the warm up pool was located, but the actual competition pool in not being used for anything, already being stripped of its equipment for racing such as starting platforms. However, the pool might become a venue for aquatic sports.98 Conclusion The intentions for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games were the opposite of other cities like London, Barcelona or Vancouver, who all tried to use the Olympics as a tool for cultivating the city.

It seems like the real purpose was to show an improved image of China to the world. Although the 2008 Games were contreversial, good things did come out of them, like improved infrastructure.

69 Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics

The environmental issue is also a factor, but the smog reappeared when the Games were over, another indication that this was just for show. The facilities are a matter of concern, not having a clear afterlife, and a chance of following in the footsteps of Athens’s facilities.

Photos | above: Beijing Olympic Green. ©Chinaarchitect, left: Opening ceremony. ©Tim Hipps

London 2012 Summer Olympics

Regeneration, Renaissance & Renewal

70

Three R’s of the London Games:

The true benefits of the 2012 Olympic Games in London cannot be determined so shortly after they take place, but it is evident that the Olympic Legacy was emphasized in terms of city regeneration.99 London never expected to win the bid for the Games, and the city had plan A and B for city regeneration, where one was including the Olympics, and the other was not, showing that major renovations were going to take place in London no matter the outcome of the Olympic proposal.

The inspirations for this event came from Sydney and Barcelona. Sydney inspired London to have a long cultural program just fourteen days after the closing ceremony of the Paralympic Games in Beijing, and would last a total of four years.100 In addition, the millennium games motivated them to produce an environmental friendly games. Overall the London Games can be determined as a success, even though economic crisis influenced the original plans, with

budget calculated during the time of consumption.

City Regeneration London followed the Barcelona Model when regenerating their city, with the majority being spent on the city instead of the athletic event, demonstrating a good example of the Games serving the city instead of the city serving the Games. One of the major goals at hosting the Games was to reconnect east and west of London. This was done by placing the Olympic village on the east side of London where the poorest neighborhoods in England are located.

There were three main visions when coming up with strategies for revamping London. Those were: Regeneration: Long-term improvements to local quality of life, economics, social and environmental needs.

Renaissance: Making towns, cities and

other areas livable and rediscovering city pride.

Renewal: Improvement of the most disadvantaged places and their communities, including the quality of service they receive.101 Green Games Ever since the Olympics in Sydney, the environmental aspect has been a key component in hosting the biggest event on the planet. Jonathan Porritt who is the chair of the government’s sustainable development commission wants the London Games to help the planet instead of the opposite.

One of the key things, was to locate the village on a brownfield site, repurposing an old industrial land, which has been done effectively in other hosting cities like Barcelona and Vancouver. After the Games in Sydney, the notion of “the green Games” was sometimes unseen because of the Bondi Beach being badly treated for

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economic crash and construction costs multiplied...

LONDON 2012 SUMMER OLYMPICS

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...planned during the economic boom. Actual construction started right after

beach volleyball and Homebush Bay (the location of the Olympic village) was not decontaminated. Also, Athens who promised sustainable Games, failed miserably by ignoring that factor because of delays in construction, spending all time on finishing venues for the Olympics. London learned from their mistakes and tried to achieve the “the greenest games in history.”102 Funding the Games The bid for the London Games was planned during the economic boom, but when the actual construction started, the economy crashed and construction costs multiplied, with gorgeous buildings, designed by famous architects going way over budget. The aquatic center, designed by Zaha Hadid, is a good example, originally having an estimate of ‎£75 million, quickly rising up to ‎£242 million, despite design changes made to reduce cost on the magnificent roof.103 After doing the math, the overall budget

for the Games had raised to ‎£9.2 billion which is ‎£5.3 billion higher than originally intended, and these numbers are excluding the event staging costs..

However, these extreme numbers did not negatively influence the people of London, because according to studies, 74% are happy with the outcome and would welcome the Olympics back to London.104 An interesting fundraising method that London used was a special Olympic lottery.105 This method got the community involved and managed to raise a big amount of money for staging the Games Legacy The site plan clearly shows that the London Olympic park is small, and the contrast between Beijing and London is extreme. They compressed the events into a smaller site, creating a denser event space. Much energy was dedicated to the afterlife of athletic facilities. The Games will create an

economic legacy, where the biggest impact is with the Westfield mall, and biggest mall in Europe. The Olympic Village is estimated to create 8,500 jobs that will greatly impact the poor surrounding neighborhoods.106 The realistic future use was evaluated and good examples is the main sports stadium and the aquatic center. The stadium just came out with plans to transform it into a multi-purpose venue.

The stadium will provide retractable seating on all four sides, which allows the spectators to come closer to the field during action. The roof will be expanded to provide shade as well as improved acoustics for concerts. The stadium will also be the new home for West Ham United, they just signed a 99 year lease starting in August 2016.

The stadium will also provide community benefits, such as running tracks, hospitality services and many jobs.107 Although more thoroughly covered in the swimming pool case study, the

73 London 2012 Summer Olympics

aquatic center downsized its seating from 17,500 during Olympic mode to 2,500 for legacy mode. The facility has a multi-purpose function serving both the community and the world of racing.

In fact, the European Championships in 2016 will be held in that swimming pool, which will be one of the main qualifying

swim meets for the Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. London is trying to deliver a legacy that began with the Games, and their plans seem beneficial, and it will be noteworthy to see the results in the next few years.

Photo | Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. ŠDavid Goddard/ Getty Images

Grand Prix De Monaco Formula 1

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Photo | Can you find the F1 car in this picture? ŠDaimler

In May of every year, the famous formula one takes over the well-known Monte Carlo in the small state of Monaco.

The tiny nation, of only 2 km2 gets transformed into a racing track. The racing track is the most unique in the world, offering very narrow roads, with tight corners and elevation changes with racing cars that can reach a total of 375 km/h (233 mph) with their 750 horsepower engines. The race started in 1929, and has proved to be very popular ever since. But in a crowded country like Monaco, why would these drastic transformation be worth it?108 Monaco has been a destination for the rich since the late 19th century. The reason why are their casinos, lack of capital gains, income and inheritance taxes. The importance for this event is so significant that it is the only one that does not have to pay for hosting the race. Because of the money and people this event brings to the country every year, the whole nation becomes

the epicenter of financial activities for the rich. This is not just a race, but also a huge attraction for model companies, making the surrounding environment a big “runway� to advertise their new clothing lines.109 Normally it takes about 50 engineers a total of six weeks to turn the two mile long road into a professional formula 1 racing track. In the process 1,100 tons of

grandstands, 900 tons of pit garages are assembled.110 This is a good example of how a permanent structure can be transformed into something else to produce a social event in a city.

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POOL CASE STUDIES

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Athens 2004 Aquatic Center

Sunny and 93 degrees gives

skin disease

78

you

Architect Santiago Calatrava - Renovations Location Maroussi, Athens, Greece Year 2004 Cost DNF Area DNF Client DNF

Photos | left: Aquatic Center ten years after the Olympic Games in Athens, 2004. © The Guardian right: Aquatic Center during Games.

The swimming competition at the Olympic Games in Athens 2004, was not successful compared with other Olympics. Having an outdoor pool for an eight-day competition, where the average high is 34°C (93°F) is unacceptable for the Olympic Games.

Outdoor pools drain the energy out of you and there is no certainty the weather will stay the way you want it. At first there were plans to build a roof over the main swimming pool and seating, but the Greek’s lack of planning abilities resulted in the pool staying outdoors, causing a lot of controversy in the swimming world. The issue of dehydration and increased body temperature can effect performance immensely, especially on swimmers that swim many events at a single meet.

Also, the backstroke swimmers are influenced by the glare from the sun when swimming on their back, which

brings us back to the issue of swimming in a straight line. I did a comparison between the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens and the World Championships in Melbourne Australia using the 2004 FINA points calculator. The calculator compares different events using point values. I decided to use the 2004 version because the base times are according to the rankings during that time. The base times is the average time of the top 10 performances of the given event. World class performances are typically 1000 or more and fewer points for slower performances. After comparing the results from the Athens Olympics with the World Championships in Melbourne, it is clear that the outdoor pool affected the results significantly.

During this time there had been little development in suit and equipment design.

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Athens 2004 | Men

Melbourne 2007 | Men

Athens 2004 | Women

Melbourne 2007 | Women

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London 2012 Aquatic Center

extremely fast because the architecture was so unique...”

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“...the swimming pool was

Architect Zaha Hadid Architects Location Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, London, United Kingdom Year 2011 Cost £242 million/ $373 million Olympic Footprint Area 21,897 m2/ 236,000 ft2 Legacy Footprint Area 15,950 m2/ 172,000 ft2 Client Olympic Delivery Authority Main Contractor Balfour Beatty

Photo | London Aquatic Centre. ©Hufton+Crow

The focus for this project was producing a good pool for the Olympics and a successful Legacy. Placing the pool right on the Stratford City Bridge was a good move, because it is the primary entrance to the Olympic Park. Architect, Zaha Hadid stated that “the overall strategy is to frame the base of the pool hall as a podium connected to the Stratford Bridge.” When designing the aquatic center for the 2012 Olympics, Zaha Hadid was inspired by water and wanted its architecture to represent water in motion, this is noticeable with a roof looking like a soft wave.111 There were some concerns about the curving roof, resulting in backstroke swimmers having issues with swimming straight. The curving ceiling was lined with 866,000 ceramic tiles and done so in a straight line so the backstroker’s performance would not be effected.112 The architecture of the pool is beautiful and the results from the Olympics were positive, with multiple Olympic and World records. The main features that

made this pool so successful for racing was its spaciousness, lighting, up-todate equipment and of course the fact that it is intended for the marvelous Olympic Games.

Richárd Bohus, member of the Hungarian National Team for the London Olympics, stated that the swimming pool was extremely fast because the architecture was so unique which raised excitement. Of course there were other factors that made this pool successful, like the extra 10lane 50m training pool right next the competition pool and then additional three temporary 10-lane 50m pools intended for swimmers that did not have a race on a particular day. This was extremely good because swimmers had their own space and could think about their race, instead of fighting with other swimmers during warm-up for the chance of getting some pace work done.

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Photos | left: Construction of the 12,000m2 roof made out of steel and concrete. © Hélène Binet

LONDON 2012 AQUATIC CENTER

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right: Swimming competition during the Olympics. ©Árni Már Árnason

The aquatic center was designed to be successful in two modes, Olympic and Legacy mode. The thirty lane temporary pools, were of course, removed after the Games. The seating was decreased from 17,500 for the Olympics, to 2,500 by taking the temporary spectator seating that was installed on both sides of the pool. This allowed natural lighting to enter the building from its heavily glazed façade. The facility was supposed to offer a public place where family and friends could go to for leisure and exercise.

Hadid’s swimming facility did however go way over the initial budget of £75 million ($115 million), to a shocking £242 million ($373 million), even though changes were made initial roof design to decrease cost.113 This extreme add on, can undeniably be blamed on the economic crisis during the years of preparation for the London Games.

The swimming pool was not only technically innovative, but also had an environmental aspect. The center was placed on a former salvage yard and during the construction of the structure, construction workers removed 160,000 tons of contaminated soil, withholding substances like petrol, tar, arsenic and lead.114 Using damaged land for Olympic venues has become increasingly popular, and has been used in Olympic cities such as Barcelona and Vancouver.

Longitudinal Section: Legacy Mode. © Zaha Hadid Architects

85 LONDON 2012 AQUATIC CENTER

Cross Section: Legacy Mode. ©Zaha Hadid Architects

Myrtha Pools

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Assemble, swim, disassemble

Designer Myrtha Pools Location Varies Year N/A Cost 940 million yuan/ $140 million Area N/A Clients N/A Main Contractor N/A Awards N/A

Photo | Myrtha Pool in Omaha, being used for U.S. Olympic Trials. ©OLA VISTA photography

Myrtha Pools is a company that specializes in swimming pools.

They have researched how to make swimming pools the most effective for different usages. In this book, I have discussed how pools can be beneficial after the big competition such as Olympic Games, World Championships and Olympic Trials. Some hosting nations simply do not have the option or community interest in sustaining a swimming pool, so getting rid of it is the desirable option. Myrtha Pools have created a system that allows a host to build a temporary swimming pool inside other sport’s stadiums. After the event, the pool is disassembled, packed and shipped to a new location, and the stadium goes back to its initial form, such as being a basketball stadium.

The demand for tickets at the U.S. Olympic Trials exceeds other swimming competitions in the United States by far, therefore building a permanent indoor swimming facility for 20,000 people is

economically wasteful. The CenturyLink Center in Omaha, Nebraska is an arena and convention center that offers 17,000 seats when in swimming mode.

Swimming in a temporary pool does not mean it is a bad pool, and most times, swimmers prefer the temporary pools because they offer all the state-of-the art equipment for fast swims. Whenever there is a technological improvement, those parts simply get replaced in the Myrtha system, features that are not possible at permanent facilities.

The questions remains, why aren’t all competition swimming pools temporary today if they are so successful? Temporary swimming pools have been used at multiple international swim meets such as European Championships and World Championships, and the hosting cities do not need to deal with fulfilling its legacy potential.

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National Aquatic Center

Photo | The Water Cube in Olympic mode. ©Martin Eckert

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ETFE good for Technology

Architect PTW Architects, ARUP, CCDI Group Location Beijing, China Year 2008 Cost 940 million yuan/ $140 million Area 16,200 m2/ 174,000 ft2 Clients People’s Government of Beijing Municipality Main Contractor China Construction Fist Division Construction & Developing Awards 2009 - China’s Most Successful Design Awards 2009 - IOC/IAKS Award for Exemplary Sports and Leisure Facilities 2009 - RIBA International Award 2008 - Chicago Athenaeum Museum of Architecture and Design, International Architecture Award 2008 - Jørn Utzon Award for International Architecture 2008 - Architecture of the Year Award 2008 - International Designer of the Year Award 2007 - LEAF Award for Public Building of the Year 2006 - Best of What’s New grand award 2004 - Most Accomplished Work in “Atmosphere”

The National Aquatic Center in Beijing, China or the “Water Cube” like usually known for, has become an architectural icon. The organizing committee in Beijing did not only want these Olympics to be the best ever but also for the facilities to become iconic structures for China. When Beijing got the Olympics in 2001, their goal was to make these Games the “people’s, high-tech, and green” Games and the Water Cube is a building that represents all three. The facility had 17,000 seats during the Games which later was decreased to 5,000 seats, which gave the opportunity of transforming the warm up and warm down pool into a waterpark.

ETFE The bubble-like structure is designed to act as a giant greenhouse, making the building extremely sustainable.

The unique appearance of the Water Cube is because of its main material called ETFE which stands for Ethylene Tetra Fluoro Ethylene. This Ultra

Violet resistant transparent plastic is responsible for its economic design as well as the beautiful aesthetics. The material has gotten the nickname “King of Plastics” for its better properties in tractability, compression, fire and heat resistance.115 It was calculated by Arup, that the greenhouse effect that the ETFE pillows create would reduce energy costs by circa 30%, which is substantial in a building that requires a heap of energy to run. The building collects 20% of the solar energy and uses that to heat the swimming pool which is equivalent to covering the water cube with continuous solar panels. Also, there has been a special silver dot pattern implemented onto the ETFE material where the pillows have its own density that allow for the ideal amount of heat and light into the space behind. When the pillows are exposed to sunlight, these silver dots turn grey, acting as a shield from the unwanted sunlight. Another reason

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NATIONAL AQUATICS CENTER

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Longitudinal Section. © PTW Architects

why ETFE was chosen is because of its structural strength. Arup designed a custom computer software to determine the size of all the modules. It had to have the perfect balance of robustness and lightness to counter the forces created by earthquakes and wind. The entire bubble allows for flexibility at an amazing 44,000 different points, creating a true moving building. Tests were also done on the snow load capacity, and through testing, it was proven that the roof could withstand 17 times more weight than normal Beijing snow load. The structure of the roof and walls is lightweight and resists seismic activity stunningly.

Structure is based on the form of multiple soap bubbles that are attached together, forming a three dimensional structural system. ETFE weighs 100x lighter than glass, at about 100 kilos (220 pounds) per square meter. ETFE is also a much better insulator than glass when formed like pillows.

The ETFE pillows are also acoustically

and visually genius. The structure lets sound pass through the material instead of bouncing sound waves back and forth, eliminating difficulties to hear the announcer during meets, which is a known issue during swim meets. The pillows are lit up using light emitting diodes and they can be programmed into 16 million different colors, creating a façade that has multiple identities. Bob Bowman, who went to the Olympics in 2008 as a coach with the U.S. national team, said that these lights were crucial for the swimming competition. Prelims were swum at night and finals in the morning for TV broadcasting reasons.

This is unusual for swim meets because you are considered to be faster at night.

Bowman claimed that the lighting effect created with these lit up pillows made the athletes unconscious of what time of day it was. Also, these lighting effects were heavily used during the Games because of the importance of television broadcasting, but the natural lighting is

Technical Details. ©PTW Architects

91 NATIONAL AQUATICS CENTER

Concept. ©PTW Architects

more than enough during normal activities.116 The aquatic stadium is located next to the famous Bird’s Nest, creating a beautiful contrast between the two. In traditional Chinese culture the square implies a female tenderness while the oval represents the male’s virility.

These two produce a symbolic relationship, and in reality, they are rarely mentioned without one another.117 Although the swimming facility is state of the art, it is not fulfilling its potential today as a high class swimming pool. Seven years after the Games, the swimming pool is green because it not being used for anything except for tourists wanting to experience the Olympics. This is a facility that most swim teams would love to train at, but it has become a missed opportunity.

Plan. ©PTW Architects

Laugardalslaug

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Zig Zag, cannot swim back

Architect Konsept ehf/ Ari Már Lúðvíksson Location Reykjavík, Iceland Year 2005 Cost ISK 1.0 billion/ $12.0 million Area 15,000 m2/ 161,500 ft2

Photo | Laugardalslaug. ©Davíð Hildiberg

Before this pool was built, competitive swimmers of Iceland used to race in a four lane 25 meter pool. Swim meets used to take hours, and sometimes the swimmers would come home around 9 PM. When it was approved to build a new ten lane 50m pool in Laugardalur, Reykjavík, everyone got excited because of the opportunities it would give. The majority of the swimmers had never raced or trained in a 50 meter pool, which is strange because Iceland sends competitors to the Olympic Games, World Championships and European Championships every year, all meets swum in 50 meter pools. One thing was certain: Iceland needed an advanced indoor 50m swimming pool.

After its opening the first open meet in 2005 was Reykjavik International.

After much anticipation, the problems arose, because the architect of the new pool obviously had no experience with competitive swimming. He had designed the pool unparalleled to the

structural trusses used to support the roof. Backstroke swimmers were having issues swimming straight because of this mistake and paid the price with slow times and insecure swims. The sole reason why there are lane markings at the bottom of pools is for swimmers to swim straight in butterfly, breaststroke and freestyle, why are there not rules for this in backstroke also? Obviously the structural system of the pool was not going to be transformed to fulfill the need of backstrokers, but a cheaper solution was undertaken. Special ceiling markings were added, which were parallel to the pool, giving swimmers back their confidence for backstroke.

When comparing results, it is obvious that this major problem effected swimmers negatively, and architects need to design with the swimmer’s needs in mind. Speed is not the only concern, but also the risk of broken fingers.

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Results From Icelandic Championships in the 50 Meter Backstroke, Before and After Ceiling Markings were added.

January

LAUGARDALSLAUG

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2005

January

2006

Photo | above: Plan of Laugardalslaug showing the structural trusses in red. ©Konsept ehf/ Ari Már Lúðvíksson left: Infographic showing the effects of a bad roof design. Black line represents personal records and red line shows the individual performace at the meet. ©Davíð Hildiberg

Sundlaug Hofsós

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...Relaxation, liberation, destination...

Architect Basalt Arkitektar Location Hofsós, Iceland Year 2010 Area 400 m2/ 4,300 ft2 Clients Steinunn Jónsdóttir, Lilja Pálmadóttir Main Contractor SS Verktakar Awards 2011 - Concrete award 2011 - Architecture prize of DV newspaper 2010 - Mies van der Rohe award – nomination

Photos | top: The retaining wall protects visitors from strong northern winds and disturbance from the road and the town. © Rafn Sigurbjörnsson bottom: View from the pool ©Valdís Halfdánardóttir

In Arizona, leisure pools are usually in people´s backyard and are isolated from the community. For exercise, there are community pools that are only meant for swimming laps and nothing more.

In Iceland people go to swimming pools for a complete different reason than in the United States. It is a place for exercise, but most importantly for relaxation and social interaction. Iceland is known for a certain swimming pool culture that people in the United States simply don´t understand. This is a place where parents take their kids, and while the adults swim laps, relax in hot tubs and interact with other pool guests, the children play in the children´s pool or a water slide. No matter the weather or time of day the Icelandic community swimming pool is always occupied by someone; this is the epicenter of Icelandic culture.

The swimming pool in Hofsós, Iceland, is a great example of a successful

public place. This is a small town of 161 people (2015) that has been in declination after its fishing industry got shut down. After the donation from Steinunn Jónsdóttir and Lilja Pálmadóttir, famous entrepreneurs in Iceland, the pool has enhanced tourism to the town. It provides for a main 25m swimming pool and two hot tubs for relaxation. This pool borrows the landscape around it, creating a very unique and beautiful view from the hot tub after a refreshing swim. Examples of what can be seen from the beautifully integrated swimming pool is the ocean, Drangey Island which used to be a volcano, the midnight sun and the aurora lights during winter time.118 This pool is an example of a beautiful design and how to use the existing context to boost the success of a modern aquatic facility and city. The swimming pool in Hofsós has become the center of the local community and

brings hundreds of people every year for a visit. Swimming pools are not only meant for swimming laps, they should deliver multiple purposes so it can become center of attraction in a community.

Vancouver Olympic/Paralympic Center 2010 The Community Center at Hillcrest

Photos | Outside and inside the facility. ©Hughes Condon Marler Architects

space, where people come for social interaction 98

The pool is considered a civic

Architect HCMA Architecture + Design Location Vancouver, BC Year 2008/2010 Cost $85 Million (CAN)/ $64 Million (US) Area 13,450 m2/ 144,775 ft2 Client Vancouver Organizing Committee (VANOC) Main Contractor Stuart Olson Contractors Awards 2011/2012 - Athletic Business Facility of Merit Award 2009 - Globe Foundation / World Green Building Council Award 2010 - Good Wood Award 2010 - British Columbia Wood First Champion 2010 - Consulting Engineers og BC Award of Merit for Mechanical and Electrical Design 2012 - Masonry Award 2012 - Greater Vancouver Real Estate Board Commerical Building Award 2011 - North American Wood Design Award 2011 - BC Woodworks Wood Design Award

Canada’s sport’s community centers can be related to those in Iceland.

Both these countries provide facilities for health activities that are thought to be civic spaces, where people come for social interaction. In the United States, people pay a fortune for memberships that do not match public local gym’s and pools in Iceland and Canada. The rainy and snowy climate in Vancouver overrules the possibility for an outdoor pool, however, they make sure to place the pools where they take full advantage of the environment by borrowing views and light. The Vancouver Olympic/ Paralympic Center for the 2010 Winter Olympics got transformed into a community center. Hughes Condon Marler Architects designed this center, having had designed multiple swimming pools – mostly leisure – in Canada.

The architect associates this project to the famous transformers because the building was built for a specific Olympic

purpose and then transformed into a community center. The Olympic center hosted all curling events for the Games but then got converted into NHL sized ice arena. Although swimming pools have no connection with the Winter Olympics, it was decided to incorporate it in the design, because there was interest in replacing the modest 25 meter Percy Norman pool that was close by. In addition to the ice arena and swimming pools, the community center withholds many other programs such as a dive tank, sauna, steam room, eight lane curling rink, daycare center, community arts and youth program spaces, district offices, gymnasium, fitness rooms, branch library, aerobic and dance studios. Rather than having many different buildings that withhold different purposes the center was designed to create a sense of synergy, having many functions in one community center. Although this idea is great, placing so many programs into

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100 VANCOUVER OLYMPIC/PARALYMPIC CENTER

one center is a challenge because they all have different operational needs such as structure, opening hours, security, payment, environmental and lastly, what is so exceptional about this project, the heating and cooling system.

and the irrigation of surrounding landscaped areas.

• Low emitting building materials were used where possible.

• Recycling 75% of construction waste.119

This community center was designed with energy reduction in mind, and the managed to reduce energy by approximately 40% (compared to Canada Model National Energy Code for Buildings Standards). One of the most innovative is the energy transfer between the swimming pool and ice arena. The unwanted heat from the ice rink is transferred to the pools. Other sustainable features include: • Carbon Dioxide monitoring system, which automatically adjusts ratios of fresh air intake as needed.

• Potable water has been decreased by over 40% by pumping water from foundation de-watering and rain collection used for flushing toilets

Much can be learned from this swimming complex when starting the analysis for the new pool at Arizona State University. Its relevance to ASU is threefold: 1. Designs for public use, creating a place for social interaction and exercise.

2. It was transformed from a specific purpose of the Olympics, and adapted to site specific desires and needs.

3. Uses other programs for its benefit, forming a cooperative relationship.

Photos | Technical Drawings. ©Hughes Condon Marler Architects

101 VANCOUVER OLYMPIC/PARALYMPIC CENTER

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STRUCTURE CASE STUDIES

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Sliding House

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© Dmitriy Kruglyak

Architect dRMM Location Suffolk, East Anglia, Great Britain Year 2009 Area 200 m2/ 2,152 ft2 Client Ross & Sally Russell Main Contractor Self-Build With Local And Specialist Contractors Awards 2009 - RIBA East Award 2009 - Grand Designs Awards ‘Best New-Build’ And ‘Home Of The Year’ 2009 - Highly Commended World Architecture Festival Awards ‘House’ Category

This house which is located in the landscape of Suffolk, Great Britain introduces a completely transformative building. The overall house is 28 meters long which is divided into a garage, an annex and the main building.

The building is made up of a timberframe with larch timber boarding and also one side made out of glass and aluminum construction. This whole structure then gets another layer of envelope that can be moved to fulfill the owner’s wants and needs. There are multiple spatial situations that can be arranged, anywhere between a summer shading structure to a winter coat or passive heat generation. The movable

envelope is a twenty ton system, made out of steel and insulated and moisture proofed with timber infill. An important element was implementing a 1-by-1 meter structural grid so that the mullions of the windows and doors would line up. The envelope is powered by four 24V electric motors that slide the wall back and forth on a 33 meter railway on 14 steel wheels. This system uses photovoltaic solar cells to harvest energy. It only takes 6 minutes to go from A to B.120

Photo | Sliding House transformations. ©Danijel Zorec

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22. Nylon brush air seal 23. Double glazed conservatory formed of 1 curtain walling system 24. 150 x 75 mm (6 x 3 inch) rolled steel 2 channel 25. Two 12 volt DC batteries 3 26. Electric motor and gearbox 27. Chain driven steel wheel 28. Concealed gutters 29. Aluminum box section with bottom

transom of curtain wall consealed in floor 4 6 30. Quartzite paved flooring on mortar bed 31. Zone of underground heating 32. 50 mm (2 inch) diameter duct drain 7 leading to perforated pipe land drain 33. Concrete slab 8 34. 300 mm (12 inch) CP Cordek Cellcore 35. Concrete pile 36. Grassed area

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1. Primary portal frames welded together 2. Portal frame steel connector 3. Timber frame to aperture 4. Membrance to reveal of sliding wall window apertures 5. Inward opening tilt-and-turn double glazed window 6. Larch rainscreen cladding 7. Aluminum trim to membrance 8. Portal frame steel connector 9. Double glazed unit 10. Waterproof membrance 11. Oriented strand board sheathing 12. Full-fill insulation between timber studs 13. Tongue and groove internal cladding 14. 185 x 50 mm (7 1/4 x 2 inch) timber stud frame 15. Glasshouse fixed back to steel section within timber floor zone 16. Mezzanine floor level 17. Oak flooring on battens 18. 200 x 100 mm (8 x 4 inch) rectangular hollow section to

receive glass fixing bracket 19. 200 x 60 mm (8 x 2 3/8 inch) timber joist 20. two lqyers of 12.5 mm (1/2 inch) plasterboard 21. Oak floor as edging

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Source: Encyclopedia of Detail in Contemporary Residential Architecture. Virginia McLeod

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Chase Field

Sunny or rainy skies, does not matter,

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the roof glides Architect Ellerbe Becket Location Phoenix, Arizona, USA Year 1998 Area 120,000 m2/ 1,300,000 ft2 Client CORE Construction Main Contractor Schuff Steel Company

Photo | Chase Field. ŠAndrew Torres

Sports stadiums are often hard to maintain in perfect conditions all year long because of the environment they are located in. The Chase Field (previously known as Bank One Ballpark) was first of its kind to be both an indoor and outdoor athletic facility of this caliber. The city wanted a facility that would allow for an indoor stadium while still having natural grass. William Johnson, a principal and design director at Ellerbe Becket came up with a structure that would successfully do both. Although having specialized in the field of athletic stadiums for thirty years, this was the first time anyone had designed a stadium with a transformable roof structure. The facility was designed to accommodate for different sun angles in Arizona. The structure stands at 70 meters high, topped by a prominent barrel-vaulted roof. Telescoping steel panels are mounted on wheels that are pulled along a 167 meter long track.

Ellerbe Becket got help from Hatch Associates who have experience in designing equipment for shipyards.

The transformation is depended on the weather and time at a given day. During games the roof is closed couple hours before, and the ventilation is turned on and only directed at the spectator zones, to save energy costs. On hot summer days the roof is open early in the day to provide enough sun for the grass to stay healthy, but closes later on to shield it.

The managers of the stadium have been using sun studies for years to determine the best times to cover the field and when to open it up. Indoor facilities in Arizona need to be highly developed in order to function economically and sustainably.121

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4 Escenarios Deportivos 4 sports sceneries

The roof is designed to control both

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sunlight and shadow Architect PLAN:B Location Medellín, Colombia Year 2009 Cost US$ 800 per square meter Area 30.694 m2/ 330,000 ft2 Client INDER

Photos | left: bird’s eye view. ©Iwan Baan right: Interior view. ©Iwan Baan

This project, designed by Felipe Mesa and his firm PLAN:B required them design a stadium for the Pan American Games which had four sports units all in close proximity to each other. The firm “understood the group of buildings as a single one, like a built continent that could take part in the same technical and spatial strategies and adapt to the timeframe of the construction program.”

PLAN:B claims that the position depends on the sun and wind direction which goes north-south. The north and south façades are open and let wind go through the building. The east and west side of the building are parallel to the solar path.

The roofing system is geometrical with parallel strips that are aligned with the sun’s path. The strips can be stretched in the west-east direction and added to in the north-south direction, having the possibility of future expansion.

The strips are basically seven metallic

trusses with variations in their geometry which corresponds to the city’s mountains. The roofing system is supported by a metallic column system and acts as rain gutters which funnels the water to a drainage system. With these technical details, they plan on solving bioclimatic, spatial and relational aspects.122

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30 Facts About Water

1. Water is vital for all life forms on earth.

2. The adult human being is made up of roughly 70 percent water and at birth, an infant is made up of 80 percent water.

3. A person can drink up to three gallons per day of water.

4. Too much water consumption can be hazardous. This water intoxication is often found in athletes during intense workouts.

5. Native Americans used to perform “rain dances’ that were supposed to invoke rain in dry climates.

6. Pure water has a pH level of 7 which means it is neither an acid nor a base.

11. Only 0.3 percent of freshwater can be found in lakes, rivers, streams, ponds, swamps.

7. Water is crucial for humans because it dissolves more substances than any other liquid, carrying minerals, nutrients and chemicals along the way.

12. The water that exists on earth today, is the same water that existed here millions of years ago. This is because earth lets little matter in or out of its system.

8. About 71 % of the earth’s surface is covered with water.

9. Only 3% of the water on earth is freshwater.

10. Most of the freshwater is in a frozen stage. Freshwater also exists in rivers, lakes, soil, aquifers and even in the air as water vapor.

13. 326 million cubic miles of water exist on earth in different stages.

14. United States uses roughly 350,000 million gallons of freshwater daily.

15. An average American uses 80-100 gallons of water daily.

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16. An average European citizen uses 50 gallons of water daily.

17. A sub-Saharan African citizen uses 2-5 gallons of water daily.

18. Most freshwater on earth is used for agriculture.

19. Most water is used in flushing the toilet by a person.

20. The United States uses most water for thermoelectric power and irrigation.

21. Only fifteen percent of Americans get their water from wells or private sources. The remainder receives water from

public water facilities.

sanitation facility.

22. When you feel thirsty, your body has lost only one percent of your total water amount.

27. 1.8 billion people drink water that has been contaminated by feces.124

23. Weight loss immediately after training, is water weight, not fat.123

28. The most arid states in the United States are experiencing the most population growth.

24. Pipelines and aqueducts in the United States and Canada could circle earth forty times.

29. Most water is used in the driest states in the United States.

25. About 750 million people on the planet cannot access an improved source of drinking water.

26. Two and a half billion people cannot access an improved

30. In the United States there are more water companies then there are schools.125

Central Park

to the urban chaos

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Central park, the counterweight

Architects Frederick Law Olmsted Calvert Vaux Location Manhattan, New York Year 1857 Area 843 acres Visitors Annually 37.5 million

Photos | left: Bird´s eye view of Central Park. ©Sarah Cedar Miller right: Master plan. ©Galt and Hoy

The urban park in Manhattan is considered America’s first theme park and its theme is nature. This park is the most visited park in the United States, with roughly forty million visitors every year. Many people assume that this park is the last remaining land in New York City that has not been developed, but that is not true. When it was decided to turn the land into a park, around 1,600 people lived in the broken landscape. Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux planned, planted and placed structures according to their professional beliefs in how a park should be. Therefore, the park is completely engineered to be human friendly and allows people to escape from the city.126 The park allows people to enter a public place in a city where most buildings are private, creating a necessary tension between the city noise and rural calmness, city square and urban park. Central Park is often considered the most important project

of the nineteenth century, especially in art, being used by artists in a vast number of famous work.

The name Central Park means “celebration of democracy, technology, nature, and popular culture” and the meaning is clearly visible in the park itself. After the invention of Central Park, it became a model for other cities.127 When Central Park was opened it was extremely popular. It was if people were tired of a political gridlock and were waiting for a place for imagination. Olmsted and Vaux thought about the importance of making the landscape different than typical urban New York.128 The Park offers a lot of activities such as an ice skating rink, biking paths, running paths, walkways, lake where you can fish and sail your motor boat, dining, etc. Although parks today are designed with other values than Central

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Park, it is a great example of how a city, packed with business skyscrapers, allows people to escape from the stress of such a big city.

Millennium Park

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“...Millennium Park is a designed answer to the needs of people in a postindustrial age...”

Location Chicago, Illinois, USA Year 2004 Area 24.5 Acres Visitors Annually 4.0 Million

Photo | Millennium Park. ©Linda Oyama Bryan

This park in downtown Chicago is a true public park. When it was in the design process, planners wanted to redefine what a park can be in the 21st century.

What is special about it, is the fact that it is as much a museum, performance hall, and a public square as it is a park. The piece of land used to be an open pit of rails and parking, a place that attracted nobody, later attracted everybody. The park would not be as successful if it weren’t for its rich context of culturally known structures. The Millennium Park is a neighbor to the Chicago Symphony, Art Institute of Chicago, Cultural Center, Spertus Institute of Jewish Studies, and multiple high-rises, some built by famous architects such as Louis Sullivan. The park was not built according to the original master plan, in fact, had the plan been proposed with all the elements presented today, the park would most likely had been denied because of high costs. The idea of the park began with contributions from donors, and

every time the planners pulled it off, the donors and planners got excited to do more. Donors paid for everything represented in the park except for the infrastructure needed. Companies and Individuals gave about $235 million, a true gift to the city and people. This park is a gift to the public that represents art that can be seen without cost.

“Millennium Park celebrates the qualities city dwellers prize about their home: the access it provides to art, music, theater, and culture in general.” Millennium Park is successful because it draws people all over the world, anywhere from the suburbs in Chicago to Australia.

The people come to observe art and architecture, social mingling, observe human behavior, etc.129

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Crown Fountain

“...water is an elemental part of everything...”

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-Jaume Plensa

Artist Jaume Plensa Architect Krueck & Sexton Location Millennium Park, Chicagi, Illinois , USA Year 2004 Cost $17 Million

Photos | above: Crown Fountain in action. © James Steinkamp bottom: Panoramic view of Crown Fountain. ©Chris Smith

One of the most popular piece of art at the millennium park is the Crown Fountain. The piece is not only for show, it invites people to interact with it. The piece offers two enormous fifty foot towers made out of glass blocks. The two towers are placed on two opposite sides of a 230 foot long plaza and they have faces of people projected on it. On a sunny day, the plaza is filled with kids playing in front of each tower because the faces projected spontaneously spout water where the kids have located themselves. This has resulted in a popular piece of art that brings joy and laughter.

Jaume Plensa, the artist looked at the history of fountains, meeting places, and why water is meaningful at public places.

One of his inspirations was the Fountain of the Four Rivers in the Piazza Navona in Rome by Gian Lorenzzo Bernini.

The fountain features massive human figures that represent four known

rivers, Ganges, Nile, Danube, and the Plate Rivers. Although Plensa thought about the significance of water in public places, he also urged the importance of it becoming a gathering space.

Plensa said that “The body was the physical part of the fountain and the soul was the face,” and he wanted this art piece to represent the city, making it a mosaic of real people from Chicago. 1050 Chicagoans were filmed representing every ethnicity and religion in the city. Original plans claimed the water ought to be only 1/8 of an inch deep so people could walk over the plaza without ruining their shoes, but it was impossible to construct such an even surface, so the water had to be deeper, attracting thrilled kids to play. The children’s overtaking of the fountain surprised the city and the artist, making the piece a vital part of the community.130

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Adana Center

Architect JDS Location Adana, Turkey Year 2015 Area 212,000 m2/ 2,300,000 ft2 Client WingField Group

Photo | Bird’s-eye view. © JDS

JDS (Julien De Smedt Architects has offices in Denmark, Belgium and China. They do work from furniture to large scale planning. This project, definitely large scale, is about designing program around a newly built stadium in Adana turkey. The firm is a believer that sports can revolutionize its architectural representations. The stadium will become much more than just a sport’s stadium by making it a part of the community. The goal is to make this neighborhood the identity of Adana, a city with approximately 1.7 million people. JDS tried to do this by making it a multi-functional area with residential buildings, office towers, shops, basketball stadium, walks and recreational areas and an Olympic swimming pool. The most attractive part is a hotel that has roof gardens overlooking the stadium.131

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Tempe Town Lake

Location Tempe, Arizona Year of Concept 1966 by ASU Design Students Year Built 1997 Area 225 Acres Client City of Tempe Visitors Annually 2.7 Million

Photos | left: Sunrise view of Tempe town lake looking south. ©Davíð Hildiberg above: Cross-Section of Tempe Town Lake ©City of Tempe bottom: Early stage master plan of Tempe Town Lake. ©City of Tempe

One of Tempe’s identities is the Tempe Town Lake. The goals with this project was to transform the dry Salt River bed into an urban lake that would become a recreational haven for metropolitan Phoenix, and also provide economic opportunities for Tempe, the home city for Arizona State University. The lake hosts many popular events such as an Ironman, Fantasy of Lights Boat Parade, open water races and an Independence Day Celebration, which is the biggest in the state of Arizona. The project also serves as protection against flooding, job creation and stimulates investment in Tempe. It is estimated that more than 2.7 million people spend time at Town Lake each year and that the economic impact it creates is roughly $500 million, and with the expansion happening there at this moment, this number will likely grow. It is also notable that around 5,000 people work around the businesses that surround the lake area.132

Although the idea of an urban lake was popular, the feasibility of sustaining such a big body of water was an issue. The lake needs to meet two principal demands. The first is extreme evaporation losses due to the climate the lake is located in. Secondly, seepage losses which is the infiltration through the sides and bottom of the lake. During the winter it was estimated that 0.8 million gallons per day and 1.8 million gallons per day in summer time. Despite these extreme numbers showing how a urban lake might not be rational, it has proven to be extremely popular amongst the people of Tempe and Phoenix and has added value to the site.133

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Water Square Benthemplein

Architect De Urbanisten Location Rotterdam, Netherlands Year 2013 Initial Cost £242 million/$263 million Client Rotterdam Climate Initiative, City of Rotterdam supported by the Waterboard Schieland & Krimpenerwaard

Photos | left: Rain mode. ©De Urbanisten right-top: overview of public space. ©C40 bottom: Diagrams. ©De Urbanisten

De Urbaniesten, the Architect of this project, is a firm in Rotterdam, Netherlands. They specialize in urban research and design in an innovative way. The Water Square Benthemplein is extremely innovative because it combines both water storage and an urban public space. This project represents two main strategies. First, a public space where mostly young people can play, linger and socialize.

Second, it has three basins that all collect water. Two basins receive water whenever it rains and a deeper basin collects water when it rains consistently.

Rainwater that falls down is collected into stainless steel gutters that lead to these basins. It was extremely important that this park would be multi-purpose, so these steel gutters are also designed for skaters. Also, a “water wall’ and a “rain wall” bring storm water gushing to the basins. They also collect water from the adjacent building and funnel it into the square. These elements create

a rhythm of waterfalls in relation to the water falling from the sky. When the skies are clear again the water that was collected flows into an infiltration device that is placed underground which eventually seeps into ground water.

The square gets handed back to the youth to partake in activities. The three basins are divided up into different activity spaces. The first one meant for people on wheels and their audience, the second offers an island for activities such as dancing, and the third is a sport’s pit for soccer, basketball and volleyball. The color scheme picked was blue for the paths that can potentially by flooded with water, showing the clear intentions of the Water Square Benthemplein.134

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Mohenjo-Daro

Location Sindh, Pakistan Years 2600-1900 BC Population 40,000

This extensive culture which consisted of 1000 cities and towns originated in the Himalayas. Mohenjo-Daro was the dominant city of this culture which received very little rain, but learned how to manage water. The majority of the people lived in the city, which was placed in the river valley, but a little further up, there was a citadel that is thought to have been for food storage.

The water did not come from rain, instead the huge flash floods from the Himalayas. The city was raised on a platform to prevent damages from the flood while successfully harvesting the water with bricks that dispersed the floodwater through a series of culverts.

Photo | left: Mohenjo-Daro today. ŠGetty Images

One way that the inhabitants used water was the “Great Bath,� a 12 by 7 meter and 3 meters deep pit in the city which held water and acted as a social center of the city indicating dominance of water and bathing. The structure

was extremely well built, and evidence show that it was watertight. Additional speculations claim that the bath was not meant for practical hygiene, but ritual traditions, an honorific place above normal daily life.135 These claims are entirely based on speculations because no records have been found that tell us how they saw the world and how they functioned, but water was definitely an important element of their daily lives, and this is one of the first cultures on the planet to manage water successfully.

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Roman Baths

Location Rome Years Agrippa 25 CE Nero 64 CE Titus 80 CE Sura 100 CE Caracalla 212-216 CE Decius 250 CE Diocletian 298-306 CE Constantine 320

Photo | Baths of Caracalla. ©Sanda Bocan

The empire of Rome is often considered the culture that invented baths as a social place. Multiple baths were constructed throughout the Roman Empire, a place where the community could go for many activities such as relaxation, bathing, and athleticism and to socialize. Community swimming pools today have not changed much since then.

Baths of Caracalla Emperor Caracalla was a brutal emperor, for example he had his brother murdered so he would not have to share the empire with him. He had the Great Baths of Caracalla built, and if it wasn’t for that structure, he would most likely not be remembered today. These successful baths are one of Rome’s most visited sites today, even though they are now in ruins. Roman emperors throughout time built these baths to allow ordinary people to feel like they were part the privileged elite.136

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ROMAN BATHS

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Roman Baths

These baths are recognized as the best developed example of the Roman public bath. They were not only used for bathing, but also a place for social interaction and sports. The enclosure contained cisterns, running tracks, gardens, libraries and shops. The swimming pool had no roof, but had tall towering walls that provided the guests with shade. The main pool was the natation, or a swimming pool.

The Caldarium, which is the main hot room, was a warm space where heat was supplied by hypocaust ducts from below.137

Baths of Nero Located close to the famous Pantheon in Campus Martius. The baths of Nero introduced a new style, with a symmetrical plan which later became a characteristic of the great 2nd century imperial baths. This 190 by 120 meter facility got its water from Aqua Alexandrina, which is an aqueduct connected with the Aqua Virgo.138

Baths of Agrippa An imperial bathhouse that measured about 90 by 120 meters. This was a large swimming pool open to the sky.

Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa was close to Augustus who paid for the building. The Baths were destroyed by fire in 80 CE but restored by Emperor Hadrian.

Baths of Sura Built by Lucius Licinius Sura, who was a Roman senator and a friend to Emperor Trajan. These baths are believed to be more private, and were smaller and more elegant than the Baths in Caracalla.

Baths of Titus Quickly built by Emperor Titus, for a dedication of the Colosseum and opened with glorious Games.

Baths of Decius Old drawings and other documents of

these baths describe a typical Roman Bath, which was considered very large.

The Baths were built by Emperor Decius.

Baths of Diocletian Sometimes these baths are considered the most impressive baths ever built in ancient Rome. They covered over 13 hectares of land (32 acres), and could accommodate 3,000 at the same time.

This was not only a swimming pool but also a fitness center, library, and more.139 Baths of Constantine Emperor Constantine built the last Roman Bath during his reign. This structure differed a little from the basic Roman Bath, by altering, adding or removing some major parts. There are multiple reasons why this was done, the dominant one being better water heating.

Parts of the Roman Bath

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5

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6

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5

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ROMAN BATHS

1. Apodyterium: Dressing room/locker room 2. Caldarium: Main hot room 3. Frigidarium: Main cold-water hall, often containing several unheated pools 4. Natatio: Large unheated swimming pool 5. Palaestra: Exercise yard 6. Sudatorium: Sweat chamber 7. Tepidarium: Warm room and bath, often a type of “heat lock� between the caldarium and frigidarium

Ganges River

ritual bathing allows one to cross the ocean of life and transcend his mortal existence”

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“...For the Hindu the

For the Hindus, the Ganges River (or Ganga River like Indians call it) has had a unique importance in their lives. Hindus have been going to the river for centuries for many reasons.

The water in the Ganges River has thousands of names, for example “Mother of the World” and “Protector of the Sick and Suffering Who Come for Refugee.” First, the river has a geological significance, originating from an ice cave in the Himalayas, from there it goes on a journey through mountain valleys, follows a fifteen hundred mile ride through the Bay of Bengals and goes through some of the hottest plains in the world. Second, the river is a major attraction of people, especially Hindus, with about a third of India’s total population living in the Gangetic plains.

The river is unpredictable and known for sudden changes in the riverbed and is constantly eroding the land. The river also has big floods that sometimes last

up to forty days straight. Despite this harsh conditions people live right by the river because of its extraordinary water properties.

The Ganga River often gets affected by broken drains that pollute the water with sewage, which carries cholera vibrio which causes severe illness. Despite these conditions the Hindu use the river for ritual bathing and the immersion of bones and ashes of the dead.

Nevertheless, the people consider the river to be quite pure, claiming that the holy river kills most bacteria in a matter of hours and even the bones from the dead dissolve in approximately three days. In addition, there are examples of sailors preferring the water from the river for long voyages because it was thought to be special because of its special properties.

Hindu pilgrims used to, and many still do, wash in the water, cook with it and drink

it. If a Hindu bathes in one of the ancient sacred places of the Ganga River during a Mela (Hindu festival), he is granted a more certain salvation than if he would have started prayer from infancy to death. For the Hindu the ritual bathing allows one to cross the ocean of life and transcend his mortal existence.140

Photos | Images from the Ganga River ©Phyllis Rose

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Rain Dance

water, Ho wondrous water...

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Ho wondrous

In many parts of the world, people take part in “rain dances” that are supposed to evoke rain. This is a ritual mainly done in dry climates. In the southwest in the United States, where many Native Americans live, they have been partaking in the ritual for decades. The Pueblos, a Native American tribe believe that without water, life as they know it will come to an end. Men and women would gather for a ceremony, and were supposed to think about rain while they dance. Prayers were sung on these occasions: Ho wondrous water Ho wondrous water Giving new life to the drinker Giving new life to the drinker Behold southeast clouds bringing rain!

Behold southeast clouds bringing rain!

Bringing life to the one who drinks.

Ho, wondrous water Ho, wondrous water Giving life to the people.

The Pueblos that lived along the Rio Grande were pretty sure of getting enough water for their fields, but the people that were located more inland, along the river branches had to rely entirely on rainfall for almost half the moisture they needed. To the pueblos water was the foundation for life.

The Hopi villages which are located where there is not a single water supply, turned into the finest dry farmers. They used clever methods to grow corn in in innovative way. When a young Pueblo is becoming an adult he is told that: “Corn is our mother, the giver of life to our people – and it is the Cloud People who are the only ones to nourish it and to make it grow…”

They took advantages of the spring runoffs and also flash floods, and channeled them into irrigation ditches that were designed to be deep and

narrow, preventing too much evaporation in the hot climate. Planting is a sacred process, where women throw water on the men before they go out to plant.

This is supposed to make rain fall on the plants. Another ritual by the Zuñi people is to take six perfect ears of corn, hold them in a basket while singing to them.

This ritual is called “dancing the corn” and is done to let corn know that the people have not forgotten about them.

One example of a prayer by the Zuñi people goes like: “Mother, Father, amongst the great beings, you out of the storm clouds, help me! Help me putting down the yellow corn, and likewise the blue corn, the red and the white corn. Today, now, I am going to plant. Ease my labor. Make it not too heavy to bear. Soften the earth.”

Many cultures in the world do not have an easy access to water. Hundreds of rituals exist in the world, asking for rain

“Mother, Father, amongst the great beings, you out of the

clouds, help me!” to pour down. This example of Native Americans living in the same climate as we do have felt the importance of water, and have had to work for it all their lives to survive.141

Photo | Rain dance performed at Zuñi in 1899.

storm

Baptism

...believe in Him who was coming after him, that is, in Jesus.” When they heard this, they were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus...

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(Acts 19:5)

The word baptism means immersion. It is a tradition that people need to pass through to become a Christian. Baptism symbolizes the death, burial and the resurrection of Christ himself.142 By this watery sign, baptism welcomes people symbolically into the church. The simple action simply involves a person to go under water in the name of Jesus.143 But the meaning of water in the process has been questioned by many. According to specialists, the immersion into water purifies and washes away. Moreover, the water represents your burial with Christ, and with his emergence follows also his resurrection. Being buried with Christ means your sins are forgiven, and the emergence of the burial represents the “walking in the Spirit.”

From the Bible (Acts 19:5) “Paul said, “John baptized with the baptism of repentance, telling the people to believe in Him who was coming after him, that is, in Jesus.” When they heard

this, they were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus. And when Paul had laid his hands upon them, the Holy Spirit came on them, and they began speaking with tongues and prophesying.”

Photo | Typical Christian baptism. ©Andrea Albertino

Rango

This movie, directed by Gore Verbinski, is about the chameleon Rango who is a pet in the process of moving with his owner. As they are driving in the Mojave Desert, the car takes a sharp turn to save an Armadillo named Roadkill. This action causes the spoiled chameleon to fall out of the car and realize how life without water is. In the process he ends up in Dirt, a western town where all water has vanished. The town needs a leader and a hero that will guide them to water, and Rango takes on the task with his brilliant acting abilities. The people of Dirt are in the midst of dropping dead during their search, and do almost anything to have a chance of water, such as gathering in front of a faucet and performing rituals. In his journey, Rango manages to defeat Dirt’s enemy, the Hawk, Rattlesnake Jake, the Mayor himself and in the end he turns the whole town into a beach becoming Dirt’s hero and legend.

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MEETINGS

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Meeting With Bob Bowman, ASU Head Coach, 2016 U.S. Olympic Team Head Coach October 12, 2015

“There are plans for relocating our swimming pool to the new Sport’s District. The project won’t happen until approximately five years from now”

“Tempe should become the swimming capital of the United States”

“We want to host the Pac12 Championships, NCAA Championships, US Nationals and Olympic Trials. To do this we need to build two 50m swimming pools, where at least one of them is indoors”

Question My thesis is about designing an innovative aquatic facility that functions as a high tech racing/training pool and a community friendly structure. I want you and the Arizona State University swim team to help so it can be helpful for the swim team. Are you interested in helping me?

Response One of the reasons why I took the coaching job at ASU was because there are plans for relocating our swimming pool to the new Sport’s District. The project won’t happen until approximately five years from now. I think that your project might help push it to happen sooner.

Comment Good to hear, having Coach Bowman as a guide will be extremely helpful because of his experience with the sport of swimming. He has been to multiple pools with the best swimmers in the world, including Olympic Games, World Championships and Pan American Games.

Question Can you explain how the transformations from the existing swimming pool to the new one will occur?

Response The Karsten Golf Course will be taken over by developers and they will build a sports district that will also have other mixed-use buildings. The existing swimming pool will be sold for another purpose because it is located on valuable land. The money gained from selling the pool will go towards building the new natatorium.

Comment Good idea, but important to think about the future purpose of the land where Mona Plummer is located on. How will this transformation influence swimming and other sports in facilities around it?

Question At this stage of my thesis preparation, I am researching other swimming pools and how they are designed into the urban fabric. Do you have any good or bad examples of swimming pools that I could use for my case studies?

Comment Valuable information as I keep collecting data. I have been researching some of these pools and have personally been to the pool at University of Tennessee and the Water Cube in Beijing.

141 INTERVIEWS

Response The swimming pool in Sydney for the Olympics in 2000 is my favorite and probably the best multi-purpose swimming pool I have been to. The Water Cube in Beijing was also good, because it had lighting features that could deceive your mind what time of day it was, an important element because finals were swum during the morning. Although the Water Cube was good, the pool showed clear signs of bad craftsmanship, like the deck collecting puddles. The Aquatic Facility in London for the 2012 Olympics was good and portrayed beautiful architecture by Zaha Hadid.

The swimming pool in Athens for the Olympics was not good, mainly because it was an outdoor pool. Swimming pools in the United States that are good include the pool at University of Texas because of its gutter system design. Also, the pools at Indianapolis, Tennessee and Ohio State.

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Question What do you want from the new swimming facility at the sport’s district if the pool gets moved?

Response I expect the Tempe to become the swimming capital of the United States, having the possibility to host the Pac-12 Championships, NCAA Championships, US Nationals and Olympic Trials. To do this we need to build two 50m swimming pools, where at least one of them is indoors. Today, the closest qualified indoor swimming pool for racing in the Pac-12 is in Federal Way, Washington.

Comment Tempe has almost everything to be a good hosting city. We have a good airport that is only minutes away, good hotels, stable weather condition, etc.

Being able to host these events would contribute much to the swimming culture for Arizona State University.

Question How do you feel about incorporating the community with the new swimming facility?

Response I do not have a problem with that. Involving the community is how we sell the idea to Ray Anderson, the Vice President for University Athletics and Athletic Director. Having open space for activities would be good, but during swimming events, the pool should have the possibility to be closed from the public.

Comment This complies with my ideas for the swimming pool by being a hyper specific pool during competitions and practices, and have the chance to adapt to its surrounding community for other purposes.

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Meeting With Ray Anderson, ASU Athletic Director October 19, 2015

“The Karsten Golf Course will be developed and transformed into an urban hub”

“Every site needs to be multipurpose for the community to take advantage of it”

Question My thesis is about designing an innovative and technological aquatic facility that has a symbiotic relationship with the community. I heard that there are plans for making a new sports district at Arizona State University. What are your priorities with building the sports district?

Response Building a community friendly environment is exactly what we are looking for. The Karsten Golf Course will be developed and transformed into an urban hub. This new community will withhold new facilities that will be nothing but elite. Like in Colorado Springs, the district should become the United States Olympic Training Center for summer sports. In addition to that, we want to host big competitions such as conference championships, NCAA Championships and Nationals. This will become the main attraction for world class swimmers for both racing and training. Also, the facilities will be designed for people with disabilities.

“Like in Colorado Springs, the district should become the United States Olympic Training Center for summer sports”

Comment His reply to this questions shows that I have support for building a state of the art swimming pool. Coach Bowman and Mr. Anderson both have a big vision for this project which can be easily associated with my ideas.

Response Yes, the site will be filled with mixed use structures. It is my opinion that every site needs to be multi-purpose for the community to take advantage of it. We are doing this with the Football Stadium, adding programs in it so other events could take place there like concerts, art shows, studio spaces, weddings, sorority events, etc. The buildings on that land will pay athletic property taxes instead of property taxes which will fund the development.

Comment This is a creative way. I think this will help with community involvement.

When I start designing the pool, I need to explore mixed use architecture and urban planning.

Question When construction begins, what will happen to the old swimming pool?

Response No Idea, Mona Plummer will most likely be developed into a mixed use building like most of the development on College Avenue.

Comment This urges me to develop a plan for additional purposes for the old site.

Mona Plummer is located on a very valuable land, which would generate more money with other programs.

Question Has there a timeline for this development been established?

Response This is long-term at the moment. Our take on the matter is that people like where the existing aquatic facility is located right now, so we would like to keep it there for the time being. The facility is in close proximity to major attractions at ASU. We recently spent money on renovating the lobby of the swimming pool, and have more renovations coming soon. Most likely the first steps for the new pool will happen in the next 6-10 years.

Comment The swimming pool won’t get built anytime soon based on his reply.

Swimming pools are expensive to build so I have to make a case for why a new pool should be built in the new sport’s district in the near future.

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Question Will there be any other development at the sport’s district?

INTERVIEWS

Meeting With Sigurður Valgeirsson, Vatnaveröld Lifeguard December 19, 2015

“Where there is water, there is danger. Toddlers can drown in extremely shallow water, and their reactions to drowning are close to none”

“When the community is welcomed to a swimming facility, more surveillance is necessary”

“Elderly people moving from the hot steam bath and Jacuzzis to the colder pools, sometime go into shock because of the speedy temperature transformation the body experiences”

Question Which people are in the greatest danger when visiting Vatnaveröld in Keflavík City?

Response During morning hours we get a lot of old visitors that have health issues which can be easily triggered by staying too long in hot tubs. When children come, they are usually under parental guidance, therefore we rarely need to interact with their behavior. Same goes for educational swim lessons, the students are under the guidance of their instructors. It is crucial that lifeguards have a good relationship with them.

Comment As soon as the pool becomes open to the public, the lifeguards have more responsibilities because of different types of people visiting. Pools meant for competition and training requires less monitoring, because the users come to the pool only for the activity of swimming, diving or water polo, and they are under surveillance by coaches and athletic trainers.

Question Does the staff at Vatnaveröld use cameras to better serve pool visitors?

Response We use cameras both in our outdoor and indoor pool, which has been very helpful.

We can see more into the hot tubs because the cameras are placed above them. This view we do not get from the lifeguard surveillance tower. We also have cameras in the swimming pool which gives us extra eyes on the visitors.

Comment Swimming pools should be designed so lifeguards can see all the activities happening at any given time. Sometime you need cameras to do that, depending on the design of the facility. Competitive swimming pools are extremely simple in form, so monitoring those is easy, but when the leisure component is added, you need more eyes to see everything that happens.

Question Do you sometimes find it hard to monitor pool visitors at the swimming pool?

Response Yes there are places in the facility where we cannot see everyone, so when there are many people in the pool, we walk along the pool deck to make sure everybody is okay. In the summer, when the pool is packed, we have more people monitoring people´s safety. Also, the indoor pool is surrounded by windows, and when the sun is out, we cannot see anything of what goes on in lanes 4-6 because of reflection. This is considered bad design according to lifeguards.

Comment Glare from the sun can be blinding, especially in outdoor pools.

Photo | Vatnaveröld outdoor pool. ©Davíð Hildiberg

Meeting With Sigurður Valgeirsson, Vatnaveröld Lifeguard December 19, 2015

Response Where there is water, there is danger.

Toddlers can drown in extremely shallow water, and their reactions to drowning are close to none. Teenagers are usually safe, but of course they have behavioral issues that we often need to address.

Too much running on the pool deck scan lead to injuries. As it gets cooler outside, the deck freezes and people slip and fall, this happened a lot when we had tiled floors, but that got replaced with high friction concrete material with built in heating. Also, old people moving from the hot steam bath and Jacuzzis to the colder pools, sometime go into shock because of the speedy temperature transformation the body experiences.

Comment Iceland has close to no incidents of child drowning, because most pools in Iceland offer free floaties for children´s safety.

Swimming pools in hot climates tend to have a higher rate of child drowning because people have their own personal pools. It is clear that when the community is welcomed to a swimming facility, more surveillance is necessary.

Question How is the cooperation between the lifeguards and competitive swimmers at Vatnaveröld?

Response We do not need to interact that much with the swimmers because they are under the leadership of their coach. We interact with them if someone gets hurt or if they do not follow the facility rules.

We mainly interact with them because of their cleanliness. Swimmers tend to not shower before they get in the pool.

Comment It is known that swimmers never shower before entering the pool and even urinate in it. This is unhealthy because of a gas called chloramine that is produced when chlorine mixes with nitrogen.

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Question When and where are you most likely to be in danger at the swimming facility?

Question Do you have anything else that you would like to mention in terms of being a lifeguard at swimming facilities?

Response I would like to have an employee that is permanently at the facility. This person needs to be able to make big decisions on what to do at such a big facility.

Comment People at swim facilities often have different opinions on how to deal with difficult situations. Having a determined supervisor that knows every situation can be helpful.

Photo | Vatnaveröld indoor pool, showing reflection on the water. ©Davíð Hildiberg

Meeting With Steindór Gunnarsson, ÍRB Head Coach, Former National Head Coach January 11, 2016

“We could become a successful camp location for swimmers worldwide because we have everything people need, great pool, hotels, and only 10 minutes away from the airport”

Question What design changes would you like to see at Vatnaveröld?

“The community does not hinder our performance”

Response First, the columns that support the roof are placed in between the spectator area and the pool, taking certain views away from the audience. You can never see the entire race, without moving in the spectator area, this gets even worse when the meet is held in the long course pool. Second, we have a bulkhead (bridge) that can transform the pool into either one 50m pool or one 25m pool and one 23.5m pool. It would be best if the bridge could be split in two separate parts, so we could have some lanes in 50 meters and other lanes in 25/23.5 meters. Third, call rooms are missing entirely, sometimes creating chaos at swim meets. This was all done to save money, causing so many crucial ideas being ignored.

“The team is missing fundamental in-house amenities, such as a gym and a team area”

Comment When the first meet was held in Vatnaveröld, the issue of the columns rose up to the surface. The architect placed them at the worst location for the spectators. The reason why is probably to save some bucks, but I think a more creative design solution would have fixed the issue entirely. In terms of the bulkhead having the option to be split into two is an idea that is used in many pools worldwide. This is extremely important especially during training, when you have swimmers preparing for different swim meets.

Question Is there anything you wish to use the pool for to generate extra money for your club?

INTERVIEWS

Comment Swim clubs, college teams and national teams are all known to do training trips internationally. These teams are seeking something that they cannot get at their home swimming pool, such as altitude training, pool quality, proximity to an upcoming meet. Most Icelandic pools are highly developed and offer the best training environment. Getting a meal in is crucial for swimmers, and the sooner you do it after a workout, the more you get out of the workout. In house kitchens at swimming facilities, would benefit the swimmers immensely.

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Photo | Vatnaveröld indoor pool. Picture taken from the spectator area ©Davíð Hildiberg

Response I would like for the team to hire a manager because currently, I oversee too many managerial roles while also coaching. This manager could be in charge of raising money for the club, and I think we could make a lot of money by advertising our pool for training camps for clubs abroad. If the city would help us, we could become a successful camp location for swimmers worldwide because we have everything people need, great pool, hotels, 10 minutes from the airport, no distractions, etc. Also, if we could get a space at the pool for a restaurant that was run by the swim club, we would raise money. Both the public and my swimmers would use it.

Meeting With Steindór Gunnarsson, ÍRB Head Coach, Former National Head Coach January 11, 2016

Response First, we are missing the newest technological innovations in swimming such as the new blocks and the backstroke ledge. Second, we need our own private gym for lifting, dryland, yoga, etc. and a team area. The swimmers need to travel 500 meters in freezing weather to our gym, and most of them do not have a driver’s license.

Comment Swimming technology is always being developed, and updating the system costs thousands of dollars. Vatnaveröld swimming pool was built in 2006, and six years later all the equipment was outdated. All the amenities that a club uses should be in the same facility.

Having to travel to do your strength training, yoga, ice bath or protein fueling takes time and is a hassle. This often results in the tired athletes skipping out on it.

Question You are a coach at a successful community/competition/training swimming facility. How is it coaching at a multi-functional pool?

Response We have an outdoor community pool and an indoor training/competition pool. The public almost never visits the indoor pool, so we pretty much have it to ourselves. However, next to the indoor 50m pool there is a pool for toddlers, and when I am coaching, there is often too much disturbance from them. The toddler pool is also much warmer than the lap pool, so the evaporation heats up the entire facility, making it unbearable to coach at. Despite these specific issues, having the public involved does not bother me.

Comment My belief is that the public will always prefer outdoor pools for their activities in a natatorium while in most cases competitive swimmers prefer indoor pools. Of course there are many things that influence this, climate being an important factor. Indoor pools produce a ton of evaporation because of heat difference, this is the cause for dehydration in indoor pool users.

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Question What do you think is missing from your swimming facility?

Question Do you ever feel like the community pool hinders the performance of your club, either at workouts or competitions?

Comment I used to swim under Steindor, and I remember the five years I trained under him in the outdoor pool. People got mad that we would always take their lanes, which I can understand because the club had workouts from 6-8 AM and then again from 3-8.30 PM. When we moved into the indoor facility, our training methods improved considerably and Icelandic swimming became much better. Although a complete separation from the public can be harmful to a swimming facility a moderate separation is crucial.

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Photo | Vatnaveröld outdoor community pool. ©Davíð Hildiberg

Response Not anymore, before the indoor pool got built in 2006, we trained in the outdoor community pool, and that effected our performance because the public thought we took too many lanes from them. We had to train in 3 lanes with 6-8 people per lane in a 25m pool. When we host meets, the facility closes the indoor pool for us, and we can borrow 1-2 lanes outside for people to warm up and down.

Meeting With Bob Bowman, ASU Head Coach, 2016 U.S. Olympic Team Head Coach January 28, 2016

“I would like to see the whole facility to be aesthetically pleasing, especially the community pool”

“I love the idea of a sliding roof”

“Bringing in other services such as health clinics or something for retired people would be good, this would generate a lot of money for the facility”

Question I know that an indoor pool is crucial for hosting big swimming competitions, so I have been experimenting with a sliding roof. Is that something that you could work with?

Response I love the idea of a sliding roof. This design eliminates one of the major problems with swimming pools today which are designed with a closed air system, which is probably very efficient with heating and probably cooling it, but that is why you have all these problems with the chloramines because there is no exhaust. They just keep recycling the same air.

Comment The idea of a sliding roof seems a little crazy for a swimming pool, but in such an arid climate it is logical. Having this roof would solve so many mechanical issues.

Question What other programs do you want in your swimming facility?

Response I would love to have a weight room.

That could be under the stands and be self-contained. Also locker rooms that aren’t shitty. I also think that bringing in other services such as health clinics or something for retired people would be good, this would generate a lot of money for the facility.

Comment I think that bringing in other services will be a huge success for the legacy of swimming facilities

Comment Today, most pools in the United States are dull facilities with only the basic necessities. By enriching the design, the place will gain its identity as ASU’s swimming facility.

Question How many spectators do you want for the events that take place at ASU?

Response We want to have a certain number of fixed seating, and before the big meets temporary seats could be added. I prefer having more deck space than spectator space. I think the biggest meet we would want to host are the NCAA Championships, Junior Nationals and Nationals. 3-4 thousand seats would be good and have them on both sides. I do not think we could host the Olympic Trials because we cannot afford to design for such a big event that only gets used once every four years.

Comment Originally I was thinking 17,000 so we would be able to host Olympic Trials, but that does not seem economical for a college swimming pool. Having seating for 3,000 people is a good number for a facility like this.

INTERVIEWS

Response I would like to see the whole facility to be aesthetically pleasing, especially the community pool. Also, the competition pool should have a soul, not just a box with a pool in it. The pool needs to have its own identity, which is only ours, such as the desert. For example, I love the Architecture School at Taliesin West, and its setting in the desert.

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Question I am about to start the designing process, do you have any wishes on what the pool will looks like?

Meeting With Bob Bowman, ASU Head Coach, 2016 U.S. Olympic Team Head Coach January 28, 2016

Response Only when the varsity teams are training it needs to be closed, which is approximately 2 hours in the morning and 2 hours in the afternoon. If we have two pools we can definitely have space for the community at all times.

Maybe the outdoor pool is a community space most of the time, unless there are some events going on. If Ray Anderson wants a community based aspect and a professional aspect, the indoor pool should be for the competition swimmers and the outdoor should be all community based.

Comment Having two pools will be good because the community can access a natatorium at any time of the day. Mona Plummer Aquatic Center only has limited opening hours. It is open Monday through Fridays at 11am to 1pm and 7-9pm. The Student Recreation Center is always open, as long as you are a student.

Question Any other comments?

Response 1. If Ray wants a teaching program for young children, people with disabilities, etc., there ought to be a small indoor pool that is shaded and warm. This could be a 15 by 15m pool.

2. The sides of the pool need to open up to get a good air flow. This could be done with garage doors for example.

Would be like being both inside and outside which is IDEAL.

Comment Adding a teaching component to the facility will attract additional users to the pool that can benefit from its services.

Having the possibility to open and close the sides of a swimming pool is a huge contributor to air quality in swimming pools.

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Question How much privacy do you need from the community?

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Meeting With Michael Rosso, Architect Associate at Architekton And Ken Paulson, Aquatic Consultant at Aqua Design.

January 28, 2016

“Go for a well-spaced equipment room that is removable if it fails. If you go for the minimum requirements you might as well get your saw out”

“It would me more costly to have a sliding roof than to seal it up”

“Engineers have a hard time to recover the mechanical system and push the air and/or humidity inside that building”

Question What are the issues of having a sliding roof in swimming facilities?

Response There are multiple issues with facilities that are open and then closed. The mechanical system has a hard time to circulate air inside of that building when you have the ability to open it up for a period of time. Mechanical engineers have a hard time to recover the system and push the air and/or humidity inside that building. When the structure opens up, all control of the air in the space is lost. This will cause structural damage because of the condensation that builds up. This way is possible, but needs to be designed well. Ultimately this is a cost item.

Comment At first when I heard this I felt bummed, but now I am thinking about having the pool outdoors, and the “roof” becomes a shading element.

Question Would having a sliding roof save money in the long run because of a decrease in ventilation cost?

Response Negative, it would me more costly to have a sliding roof than to seal it up.

Comment Same comment as above.

Comment This is a good point, building such a big facility here, that is also indoors seems like a waste of money because the space around the pool, such as the seating area, is not used most of the time. Why not just build a training pool and let the big arena’s host the big ones?

Question Can you have a diving pool and a swimming pool on the same system?

Response Yes you can, but there would need to be a bulkhead to separate the two. In fact, the NAU pool which is almost finished, has a bulkhead system with a diving pool at the end of it. However, for competition the temperatures need to be so specific.

Also, because of this specificity I would not have the competition and community pool on the same system because swimmers want a temperature that is uncomfortable for other people.

Comment I think that the competition pool needs to have its own system, and perhaps the community pool and diving well could be on another system.

Question Do you know how to improve acoustics in swimming facilities?

Response I am not an acoustics designer but usually you use CMU blocks that have acoustic baffling in them. Also, materials are also used on the walls to dampen the sound on a facility. You also need material that will be able to take humidity.

Comment This is good to know, but I need to talk with an acoustics designer to learn how to design an effective sound focusing structure.

INTERVIEWS

Response There is a lot of indoor pools in our climate. LA fitness has an indoor pool in all of them. The issue that you run into is the size of the pool. For competitions, the dimensions that you need to meet are so specific, having structural framing spanning long distances. You can actually build a temporary swimming pool on a football field for the big swimming competition. You can build it indoors, but it is costly.

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Question How do you make an indoor pool in this climate?

Meeting With Michael Rosso, Architect Associate at Architekton And Ken Paulson, Aquatic Consultant at Aqua Design.

January 28, 2016

Response It depends on the filter system and whether you want to remove any of the filters down the road. Skyline and Phoenix Country Dance School are examples of where we had to fight with the architect in order to get enough room to build a well-spaced equipment room that is removable if it fails. If you go for the minimum requirements like they did at NAU, and then it breaks, you might as well get your saw out. An example is my Oro Valley Olympic Pool, there the equipment was about 30 feet wide and 60 feet long.

Comment I think that adding additional space to the equipment room is crucial. My home pool in KeflavĂ­k, Iceland, just had their entire mechanical system replaced.

The pool had to be closed off for four months because of difficulties.

Question What is a typical square footage of deck space around an Olympic swimming pool?

Response Those are local jurisdictions requirements which all have their own minimums. Typically, you have to have 10 feet of deck around a public swimming pool, or 4 feet of deck around a nonpublic pool. The competition pool could be treated as a private, and therefore only have 4 feet. However, realistically you should have much more than 4 feet. Also, this all depends on the requirements of the pool and what the owner is willing to pay.

Comment My pool needs to have much more than 10 feet of deck space, because spaciousness is one of the major issues at swimming competitions today.

Question Which kind of filtration system did the Oro Valley Olympic Pol have?

Response That pool had sand horizontal filters.

Comment I need to start researching what kind of filters are best for a swimming pool like mine.

INTERVIEWS

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Question Do you have a rule of thumb of how big the mechanical space needs to be for an Olympic swimming pool?

Response These are chloramines, the dirt from your body create that gas when it contacts the chlorine in the swimming pool. There are pieces of equipment that get these chloramines out of the water. What you are doing is oxidizing the water at a specific oxidation level that explodes those chloramines and vaporize them out of the water. We like to provide the owner with a Corona discharge Ozone system which is an oxidizer product that shocks your pool all day. Also, a UV system that basically sterilizes the bacteria in the pool, making it impossible for them to breed. The products that you should consider are an Ozone system, UV sanitizer and low pressure system. There are other products that are in the testing phase right now. I like the shocking process more than the neutering (especially for an indoor pool).

Comment These systems have so much to do with air quality of swimming pools. I have proof that swimmers urinate in the pool all the time, causing an excessive amount of chloramines in pools. Having an effective system is often the deciding factor for successful facilities.

Question What happens to the gas (chloramines)?

Response It is put into a solution in mixing tanks, which is done in the equipment. Later, that gets of gassed to a filtering system. By the time it gets to the pool level again, it is not ozone anymore, but oxygen. The bad thing about chloramines is that it sits right up at the surface of the pool.

Comment This is good to know when I start placing the mechanical system in my building.

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Question The fumes in the swimming pools effect the air quality of swimming pools, what do you guys do to prevent bad air quality?

INTERVIEWS

Meeting With Michael Rosso, Architect Associate at Architekton And Ken Paulson, Aquatic Consultant at Aqua Design.

January 28, 2016

Response It depends on the code and the usage.

The more intense the usage is or the smaller the body of water, the more turnover rates you should have in a day.

An example, health departments require a minimum of 8 hour turnover rates for pools. We find that on Olympic Pools, 7 hour turnover rates are ideal. Having million gallons of water, such as an Olympic Pool, gives you some flexibility if the system crashes. Doing a pool with a smaller body of water and people going in and out of the pool constantly requires a faster turnover rate. However, if you have guys peeing in the pool, you ought to have a faster turnover rate.

Comment During big meets when there are maybe 1,000 swimmers at a swim meet, the turnover rate needs to be much faster than on a normal day.

Question What kind of structure is recommended for a facility like this?

Response We try to put the dollars into the pools so that the users get the biggest bank for their buck. We still do nice things but the experience is most important.

Personally I suggest doing long span joists or girder joists which will probably end up being 6-7 feet deep. Also, look to pre-engineered metal building fabricators and see what they can provide. The walls need to be durable, at least around the base where everyone is touching it. A concrete base or CMU base to a certain height is good and then above that it could be a steel structure.

Comment I think steel will definitely be the main building material.

INTERVIEWS

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Question How many water changes does a pool go through in a day?

Question Who should I look to for the regulations for swimming pools in Tempe?

Response Maricopa County and also online. They help determine the size of the pool depending on the occupancy load of the pool.

Comment Good information.

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FACILITY REGULATIONS

Facility Regulations

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FINA, NCAA and USA Swimming

FINA stands for Fédération Internationale de Natation, which is the world governing body for the six Aquatic Disciplines of swimming, diving, water polo, synchronized swimming, open water swimming and high diving.

USA Swimming is the “national governing body for the sport of swimming in the United States. USA Swimming is a 400,000-member service organization that promotes the culture of swimming by creating opportunities for swimmers and coaches of all backgrounds to participate and advance in the sport through clubs, events and education.”

NCAA is “the National Collegiate Athletic Association is a membershipdriven organization dedicated to safeguarding the well-being of studentathletes and equipping them with the skills to succeed on the playing field, in the classroom and throughout life.”

Attention: Like stated in the FINA document, “The Facilities Rules are intended to provide the best possible environment for competitive use and training. These rules are not intended to govern issues related to the general public. It is the responsibility of the owner or controller of a facility to provide supervision for activities undertaken by the general public.”

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Width Dimensions

Depth

FINA: in 50 or 25 meter pools, a tolerance of plus 0.030 meters in each lane minus 0.000 meters on both end walls at all points from 0.300 meters above to 0.800 meters below the surface of the water is allowed.

Tolerances cannot be exceeded when touch panels are installed.

USA Swimming: Same rules apply.

Although, all championships swimming competition shall be conducted in racing courses of standard length (25 yards, 25 meters or 50 meters).

NCAA: Same rules apply. Although, all championships swimming competition shall be conducted in racing courses of standard length (25 yards, 25 meters or 50 meters).

FINA: 25.0 meters for Olympic Games and World Championships.

USA Swimming: 20.9 -25.9 meters.

Program Operations may waive this requirement for National Championships.

Minimum lane width for competitive swimming shall be 7 feet.

NCAA: 50 meter pools have a width of minimum 25 yards (22.86m). 25 yard pools have a width of minimum 60 feet (18.29 m).

FINA: 2 meters (minimum); 3 meters recommended, when using the pool for multi disciplines.

USA Swimming: 2 meters (6 feet 7 inches) deep throughout the course.

NCAA: A minimum water depth of 7 feet (2.13 m) is desirable for optimal competitive conditions.

FACILITY REGULATIONS

Length Dimensions

168 FACILITY REGULATIONS

Walls

Lighting

Overflow System

FINA: End walls shall be vertical, parallel and form 90 degree right angles to the swimming course and to the surface of the water. They shall be constructed of solid material, with a non-slip surface extending 0.8 meters below the water surface, so as to enable the competitor to touch and push off in turning without hazard.

USA Swimming: Walls enclosing the racing course shall be parallel and vertical. The end walls shall be at a right angle to the water surface and shall be constructed of solid material with nonslip surface that extends no less than 0.8 meters (2 feet 71/2 inches) below the water surface.

NCAA: The end walls of the racing course shall be perpendicular to the racing course and parallel to each other.

They shall be vertical to a water depth of not less than 4 feet (1.22 m) at the starting end and should not be less than 3.5 feet (1.07 m) at the opposite end.

The end walls shall establish the length of the racing course. There shall be no protrusions, light fixtures, underwater windows or inlets in the end walls for a depth of at least 3.5 feet (1.07 m) below the level of the perimeter overflow rim.

The end walls should be finished with a nonslip surface.

FINA: Light intensity over the whole pool shall not be less than 1500 lux.

USA Swimming: A minimum of 100 foot candle illumination level (1076 lux) is required at the water surface over the entire course. Overhead light fixtures shall be located to avoid the casting of shadows by the pool walls over the racing course. At National Championships the same type and level of illumination that will be used for finals must be provided and maintained during the warm-up period and preliminaries.

NCAA: It is important that sufficient overhead lighting be installed with concentration directly over both the turning and finish lines. 100 footcandles (1,076 lux) at water level is recommended. Underwater lights may be installed at the sides and at the ends.

End lights should be located under lane line anchors at a depth of 3.5 feet (1.07 m) with a switch for each light. Buildings housing indoor pools should not have deck-level windows in walls facing pool ends. Deck-level windows on the side walls should be the tinted type, which reduce glare and reflection on the water surface.

FINA: Gutters may be placed on all four walls of the pool. If end wall gutters are installed, they must allow for attachment of touch panels to the required 0.3 meters above the water surface. They must be covered with a suitable grill or screen. Pools for Olympic Games and World Championships must be equipped with flush walls (consistently flat) at both ends.

USA Swimming: The pool water recirculation and overflow system shall maintain water level in line with the overflow rim of the pool gutters without creating appreciable current or water turbulence and shall maintain smooth and calm water surface during competition.

NCAA: The overflow system is a method of conveying water beyond the perimeter overflow rim of the pool. It should guarantee that the level of the water in the pool is not lower than the overflow rim of the pool at all times. It should maintain a smooth, quiet surface in the pool during competition. It should prevent the accumulation or overflow of pool water onto the deck area where meet officials work. It should effectively skim the water surface at all times.

Lane Dimensions

FINA: Should contain at least twelve (12) lines of thirty-two (32) characters, each capable of displaying both letters and numbers. Each character shall have a minimum height of 360 mm. Each line –matrix scoreboard shall be able to scroll up or down, with blink function, and each full matrix scoreboard shall be programmable, and capable of showing animation. The board must have a minimum size of 7.5 m width by 4.5m height.

USA Swimming: An automatic display board visible to all swimmers shall give a digital time read-out to two decimal places, displaying split times, final times, and places for all lanes. In the event of a tie, the place shall be displayed as a tie.

A separate line of display for each lane meeting the above requirements shall be provided for National Championships.

NCAA: This is optional, but if installed the scoreboard of adequate size should be installed in such position that spectators and competitors may follow the progress of the meet.

FINA: 25° - 28° C (77°-82.4° F).

During competition the water in the pool must be kept at a constant level, with no appreciable movement. In order to observe health regulations in force in most countries, inflow and outflow is permissible as long as no appreciable current or turbulence is created. For diving the water temperature shall be not less than 26° C (78.8). For Water Polo the water temperature shall not be less than 26° C (78.8) plus or minus 1° C. For Synchronized Swimming the water temperature shall not be less than 26° C (78.8) plus or minus 1° C. USA Swimming: Water temperature between 25° - 28° C (77°-82.4° F) shall be maintained for competition. Air temperature within 8 feet above deck level in indoor facilities shall be not lower than 76 ° F, with relative humidity maintained at about 60% and air velocity at about 25 feet per minute.

NCAA: The water temperature should be between 79°-81° F (26°-27°C) for competition. When possible, the air temperature at deck level shall not be more than 4 ° F below the water temperature. It is recommended that in separate diving pools the water should be between 82°-86° F (28° and 30°C) for competition. Special consideration also should be given to heating and ventilation for the comfort of spectators and competitors.

FINA: Lanes shall be 2.5 meters wide with 2 spaces 2.5 meters wide outside of lanes 1 – 8. There must be a lane rope separating these spaces from lanes 1 and 8 for Olympic Games and world championships. If 10 lanes, these must be marked from 0 to 9. 8 lanes are required, for World Championships and 10 lanes for Olympic Games.

USA Swimming: Minimum width of 2.5 meters (8 feet 21/2 inches), from center line to center line of the lane dividers, with approximately 0.45 meters (1 foot 6 inches) of additional open water outside lanes 1 and 8 (or 10).

Program Operations may waive this requirement for National Championships.

Minimum lane width for competitive swimming shall be 7 feet.

NCAA: All championships swimming competition shall be conducted in racing courses having a minimum of six, 6-foot (1.83 m) lanes. It is preferred that pools provide for not less than eight, 7-foot (2.13 m) lanes with additional width outside lanes one and eight.

FACILITY REGULATIONS

Temperature

169

Scoreboard

FACILITY REGULATIONS

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Lane Markings FINA: shall be of a dark contrasting color, placed on the floor of the pool in the center of each lane.

Width: minimum 0.2 meters, maximum 0.3 meters. Length: 46.0 meters for 50 meter long pools; 21.0 meters for 25 meter long pools. Each lane line shall end 2.0 meters from the end wall of the pool with a distinctive cross line 1.0 meters long and of the same width as the lane line. Target lines shall be placed on the end walls or on the touch panels, in the center of each lane, of the same width as the lane lines. They shall extend without interruption from the deck edge (curb), to the floor of the pool to a maximum of 3 meters. A cross line 0.5 meter long shall be placed 0.3 meters below the water surface, measured to the center point of the cross line. Cross lines 0.5 meters long shall be placed at the 15 meters mark from each end of the pool. This shall be measured from the end wall to the center point of the cross line.

USA Swimming: Minimum 10-inch (25-centimeter) wide lines of a dark contrasting color (preferably black) shall be provided in the middle of each racing lane on the bottom of the pool. The lines should be uninterrupted the length of the course and shall end with a distinctive cross line 1.0 meters (3 feet 4 inches) long and the same width as the bottom marker. The line, including the cross line, shall terminate 2.00 meters (6 feet 7 inches) from each end wall.

Flush, non-slip targets in a shape of a “T” or a cross and the same width as the lane bottom markers shall be provided in the center of each lane on each end wall of the course and shall extend at least 3 feet 4 inches (1.0 meters) below the level of the water surface. It is recommended that the top edge of the deck be of a contrasting color to provide a visual target above water at the end of the course.

NCAA: Lines should be placed on pool bottoms to serve as guides for each swimmer, and the color of these lines (preferably black) should contrast the general color of the pool. Such lines should be at least 12 inches (30.48 cm) wide and should be placed approximately in the center of each swimming lane.

As these lines approach the end of the pool, it is recommended that distinctive “T” markings be placed on the bottom.

It is recommended that identical target lines 12 inches (30.48 cm) wide be placed on each pool end wall or electronic contact pad, in the approximate middle of each lane, extending from the top to at least 3.5 feet (1.07 m) below the water surface. The top edge of deck-level pools must be marked with a contrasting color to provide a visual target at the end of the pool. A fixed mark shall be placed on any wall adjacent to an outside lane to correctly align the 15-meter buoys for judging underwater starts/turn distances. The mark on the wall will be considered the

default marking for officiating purposes.

The location of unobstructed sight lines, parallel to and 15 meters (49 ft. 2.55 in.) from each end of the racing course, must be clearly designated and visible to both officials and competitors. When lane lines are such that they are used for two different courses (i.e., 25 yards and 50 meters), markings must be of different colors to distinguish between such courses markings.

Lane Ropes

FINA: Each starting block must be distinctly numbered on all four sides, clearly visible. Lane number 0 shall be on the right-hand side when facing the course from the starting end with exception of 50m events, which may start from the opposite end. Touch panels may be numbered on the top part.

USA Swimming: The lanes shall be numbered from right to left as the swimmers stand facing the course. Lane numbers shall clearly identify the lanes to officials stationed on each side of the course.

NCAA: The lane number should be visible from all sides of the platform.

FACILITY REGULATIONS

The floats extending for a distance of 5.0 meters from each end of the pool shall be of RED color. There shall not be more than one lane rope between each lane. The lane ropes shall be firmly stretched. At the 15-metre mark from each end wall of the pool the floats shall be distinct in color from the surrounding floats. In 50 meters pools the floats shall be distinct to mark 25 meters. Lane numbers of soft material may be placed on the lane ropes at the start and turning end of the pool.

USA Swimming: Dividers shall consist of contiguous floats having a minimum diameter of 5 centimeters (2 inches) to a maximum diameter of 15 centimeters (6 inches). The color of the floats extending from the walls the distance of 5

meters for long course and short course meters and 15 feet for short course yards shall be distinct from the rest of the floats. Distinctive colored floats, or markers extending around the full circumference of the floats, shall be placed at 15-meters (49 feet 21/2 inches) from each end wall in both short course and long course pools. Additionally, in long course pools, a distinctive warning line or lane markers may be placed at a distance of 13 meters from each end wall. Damaged or broken floats shall be removed and/or replaced, to the extent possible. A single line of dividers between racing lanes shall be used in long course and short course meters competition. Multiple lines may be installed for short course yards competition, provided the width of water between dividers is not reduced to less than 7 feet. Minimum 11 centimeter diameter floats shall be required for National Championships.

NCAA: Permanent provision should be made to anchor lane lines at the competitive water level in a recessed receptacle. Tightly stretched, easily visible floating lane markers, with floats joining to form a continuous cylinder marking the lateral limits of each lane, should be provided for dual meets and must be available for championships meets.

It is recommended that the last 15 feet (4.57 m) at each end of the lane line be a contrasting color with the remainder of the lane. It also is recommended that a marker be placed at the 15-meter mark.

171

FINA: In an 8 lane pool, lane ropes shall extend the full length of the course, secured at each end wall to anchor brackets recessed into the end walls.

The anchor shall be positioned so that the floats at each end wall of the pool shall be on the surface of the water.

Each lane rope will consist of floats placed end-to-end having a minimum diameter of 0.10 meters to a maximum of 0.15 meters. For The Olympics and World Championships the color of the lane ropes should be as follows: •Two (2) GREEN ropes for lanes 0 and 9 •Six (6) BLUE ropes for lanes 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8 •Three (3) YELLOW ropes for lanes 4, 5

Lane Numbering

FACILITY REGULATIONS

172

Starting Platforms FINA: Starting Platforms shall be firm and give no springing effect. The height of the platform above the water surface shall be from 0.5 meters to 0.75 meters.

The surface area shall be at least 0.5 meters wide X 0.6 meters in length and covered with non-slip material. False start control equipment must be installed and covered with a non-slip material.

Maximum slope shall not be more than 10 degrees. The platform shall be constructed so as to permit the gripping of the platform by the swimmer in the forward start at the front and the sides; it is recommended that, if the thickness of the starting platform exceeds 0.04 meters, grips of at least 0.1 meters width on each side and 0.4 meters width in the front be cut out to 0.03 meters from the surface of the platform. Handgrips for the forward start may be installed on the sides of the starting platforms.

Handgrips for backstroke starts shall be placed within 0.3 meters to 0.6 meters above the water surface both horizontally and vertically. They shall be parallel to the surface of the end wall and must not protrude beyond the end wall. The water depth from a distance of 0.1 meters to 0.6 meters from the end wall must be 1.35 meters where starting platforms are installed. Electronic readout boards may be installed under the blocks. Flashing is not allowed. Figures must not move during a backstroke start.

USA Swimming: Long course and short course meters: The front edge of

the starting platform shall be no less than 0.50 meters (1 foot 8 inches) nor more than 0.75 meters (2 feet 51/2 inches) above the surface of the water.

Short course yards: The front edge of the starting platform shall be not higher than 2 feet 6 inches (0.762 meters) above the surface of the water. The front edge of the starting platform shall be flush with the face of the end walls. The top surface of the starting platform shall be not less than 0.50 by 0.50 meters (1 foot 8 inches square) and shall slope not more than 10 degrees from the horizontal. It may have an adjustable setting back plate. The entire surface of the platform shall be faced with permanent non-slip material. Starting platforms shall be anchored to the deck or bulkhead to remain stable at all times.

Backstroke starting grips: Starting platforms shall be equipped with firm starting grips located between 0.3 meters (12 inches) and 0.6 meters (24 inches) above water surface. The front edge of the grips shall be parallel to and flush with the face of the end wall.

NCAA: Starting platforms are required for championships meets and for dual meets. Starting platforms shall be installed so as to be stable at all times without human aid. The front edge of the starting platform shall not exceed 30 inches (76.20 cm) in height above the surface of the water and shall not extend over the water beyond the end of the racing course. The length of the

starting platform should not be less than 20 inches (50.80 cm) and may not be more than 34 inches (86.36 cm). The width of the platform should not be less than 20 inches (50.80 cm). The top of the platform must be a plane surface, and the maximum slope of that surface toward the water shall not be more than 10 degrees horizontal. The top must be covered with a nonslip material. Firm starting grips for backstroke starts must be provided. These grips shall be located not more than 30 inches (76.20 cm) above the surface of the water.

They shall not extend over the water beyond the end of the racing course.

Track style starting blocks with wedges are permitted. In meets requiring relay judging platforms, such starting blocks must accommodate these platforms.

Backstroke Turn Indicators

FINA: When a bulkhead serves as an end wall, it must extend the full width of the course and present a solid smooth, non-slippery stable vertical surface on which touch pads may be mounted extending not less than 0.8m below and 0.3m above the surface of the water, and must be free of hazardous openings above or below the waterline which may be penetrated by a swimmer’s hands, feet, toes or fingers. A bulkhead must be of a design that provides for the free movement of officials along its length without such movement creating any appreciable current or water turbulence.

USA Swimming: If a continuous recessed hand grip is provided at or near the water surface in a movable bulkhead, the horizontal dimension of the recess perpendicular to the bulkhead should be not less than six inches (.15 meters) and designed in a manner to prevent the swimmer’s fingers from contacting the back surface of the recess.

NCAA: No regulations found.

FINA: A backstroke ledge may be used.

The ledge may be adjustable to 4 cm above or 4 cm below the water level. The ledge is a minimum of 65 cm in length.

The ledge must be 8 cm in height, 2 cm at the width with 10 degrees of slope USA Swimming: The backstroke ledge shall conform to FINA’s specifications when used in competition.

NCAA: The backstroke ledge shall conform to FINA’s specifications when used in competition.

FINA: Flagged ropes shall be suspended across the pool, 1.8 meters above the water surface, from fixed standards placed 5.0 meters from each end wall. Flags must be fixed to the ropes having the following dimensions: 0.20m meters on the rope forming a triangle measuring 0.40 meters on the sides. The distance between each flag must be 0.25 meters.

USA Swimming: For long course and short course meters: 5 meters (16 feet 5 inches) from each end of the course, a minimum of 1.8 meters (5 feet 11 inches) to a maximum of 2.5 meters (8 feet 3 inches) above the water surface.

For short course yards: 15 feet (4.57 meters) from each end of the course, 7 feet (2.13 m) above the water surface.

NCAA: Permanent provision must be made to anchor backstroke flag lines with minimum sag. At least three pennants must be evenly spaced left, right and center in each lane located 5 yards from each end of a 25-yard racing course and approximately 7 feet (2.13 m) above the water surface. These pennants should be 6 to 12 inches (15.24 to 30.48 cm) in width and 12 to 18 inches (30.48 to 45.72 cm) in length.

It is recommended that the pennants contrast the ceiling and the remainder of the pool environment to ensure proper safety to the swimmers in the water.

FACILITY REGULATIONS

Backstroke Ledge

173

Bulkheads

FACILITY REGULATIONS

174

Automatic Touch Panels FINA: The minimum measurement of the touch panels shall be 2.4 meters wide and 0.9 meters high, and their thickness shall be 0.01 meters Âą 0.002 meters. They shall extend 0.3 meters above and 0.6 meters below the surface of the water. The equipment in each lane shall be connected independently, so it may be controlled individually. The surface of the panels shall be of a bright color and shall bear the line markings approved for the end walls. Sensitivity - The sensitivity of the panels shall be such that they cannot be activated by water turbulence, but will be activated by a light hand touch. The panels shall be sensitive on the top edge. Markings - The markings on the panels shall conform with and superimpose on the existing markings of the pool. The perimeter and edges of the panels shall be defined by a 0.025 meter black border.

USA Swimming: Size and thickness: Recommended pad size shall be 6 feet 6 inches (2 meters) wide and not less than 2 feet (0.60 meters) deep.

Minimum width of pads shall be 5 feet (1.52 meters). Thickness shall not exceed 3/8 of an inch (1 centimeter).

Markings: Panel face markings shall conform and superimpose on pool end wall markings as closely as possible.

Perimeter edges of the panel shall have a one-inch wide black border.

Sensitivity: Panels shall stop the timing system instantaneously by a

light hand touch anywhere on the flat surface facing the racing course and the upper edge but shall not be activated by water turbulence. Panels shall be installed and firmly anchored in the center of each lane and shall have no sharp edges, corners, or other protrusions on any exposed surfaces.

At the facilities in which competition to select USA Swimming National Teams for the Olympic Games and World Championships is held, the touch pads need to meet FINA requirements. The Program Operations Vice President may waive this requirement for National Championships.

NCAA: Size: It is recommended that the finish pad be a minimum of 6.5 feet (1.98m) wide by 2 feet (0.61 m) in depth for pools with lanes 7 feet (2.13 m) wide. It is further recommended, but not required, that in pools with lanes other than 7 feet (2.13 m) in width, the pad should be not more than 6 inches (15.24 cm) narrower than the width of the lane.

Tolerance: The thickness of the pad should not exceed one-half inch (1.27 cm), and when installed, the pool length must not be less than 75 feet (22.86 m).

Position: The pad must be located in the center of the lane and be positioned at or below the water level during the progress of the race. The pad must be installed in such a manner as to assure a fixed position for the finish of a race.

Installation: The pad should be installed

so as to be secure when in place, but easily and quickly removable when there is no competition.

Markings: The markings on the pad should conform with and superimpose on the existing markings of the pool. The perimeter and edges of the pad will be designated by a 1-inch (2.54 cm) black border.

Sensitivity: The sensitivity of the pad must be such that it cannot be activated by water turbulence but will be activated by a light hand touch. The pad should be sensitive on both the top edge and front of the touchpad.

Safety: The pad must be safe from the possibility of electrical shock and must have no sharp edges.

Surface: The pad should be finished with a nonslip surface

Automatic Officiating Equipment Notes FINA: New competition equipment (e.g.

Starting blocks, lane-ropes, etc.) must be available by 1st January in the year of the Olympic Games and FINA World Championships.

FINA: If the swimming pool and the diving well are in the same area the minimum distance separating the pools shall be 5.0 meters. For pools constructed from 1 January 2014 the minimum distance separating the pool shall be a minimum of 8 meters however 10 meters is preferred

FACILITY REGULATIONS

automatically starts with the starter’s signaling device and stops when a competitor touches the finish pad. A semiautomatic device automatically starts with the starter’s signaling device or manually, and stops when one or more officials press a button switch.

Both timing and judging systems shall be accurate to one-hundredth of a second. All other data shall be disregarded. Any equipment that is installed must not interfere with the swimmers’ starts or turns, or with the function of the overflow system. The equipment needs to meet acceptable safety standards.

175

FINA: Automatic and Semi-Automatic Officiating Equipment records the elapsed time of each swimmer and determines the relative place in a race.

Judging and timing shall be to 2 decimal places (1/100 of a second). Equipment that is installed shall not interfere with the swimmers’ starts, turns, or the function of the overflow system. The system cannot have any exposed wires on the pool deck, if possible. Also, it must be able to display all recorded information for each lane by place and by lane. The starter shall have a microphone for oral commands. Both the microphone and the transducer shall be connected to loudspeakers at each starting block where both the starter’s commands and the starting signal can be heard equally and simultaneously by each swimmer.

USA Swimming: for Automatic and Semi-Automatic Timing equipment types and performance requirements.

Equipment powered directly from the utility line electrical service shall have the capability to automatically switch to stand-by battery power source in case of line power failure without affecting the continuity and accuracy of the timing system. Equipment shall be installed so that it will not interfere with swimmers’ start, turns, or finish and the normal overflow functions of the pool water recirculation system. All deck-level wiring shall carry no more than 12 volts.

NCAA: An automatic device is one that

SURVEY ANALYSIS

What is Your Age?

Total: 100 Male: 51.0 % Female: 49.0 %

Total: 100 15-18 Years 19-22 Years 23-25 Years 26 And Older

SURVEY ANALYSIS

178

What is Your Gender?

63 %

13 % For How Many Years Have You Been Competing For?

Total: 96 Average: 12.3

20 % 4%

What Is Your Gender?

Having almost an even number of males and females is positive and shows that the sport is popular among both genders. With this data I can analyze how they differ when it comes to pool design.

What Is Your Age? Most people are 19-22 years old and in college. That is perfect because the target group for the new natatorium will be this age group.

For How Many Years Have You Been Competing For? This shows that most swimmers have been swimming for numerous years and have a lot of experience.

Where Are You From?

What Are Your Three Best Events?

48

44

1

179

2

Europe North America

Australia South America

Freestyle Butterfly Backstroke

Breastroke Individual Medley

Have You Been To Any Major Meets?

Where Are You From?

Europe, North America and Australia withhold the strongest swimmers in the world.

Total: 173

What Are Your Three Best Events?

Having a wide range of swimmers will be beneficial because I can analyze the different needs for specific strokes.

Have You Been To Any Major Meets?

Many of the participants have been to the biggest international competitions in the world.

SURVEY ANALYSIS

Total: 274 Total: 96

Do You Think The Quality Of A Swimming Pool Effects the Way You Race?

Have You Ever Had Trouble Breathing During Practice Or Competition?

29.0 % 3.0 %

97.0 %

180

Total: 99 Yes No

Total: 100 Yes No

SURVEY ANALYSIS

71.0 %

Do You Have A Genetic Breathing Problem Or Can It Be Attributed To Pool Air Quality?

47.5 % Total: 99 No breathing problem Air Quality Genetic

5.1 % 47.5 %

Do You Think The Quality Of A Swimming Pool Effects the Way You Race?

There is no surprise that swimmers think about pool quality.

However, sometimes hosts forget that it is extremely important.

Have You Ever Had Trouble Breathing During Practice Or Competition?

These results were shocking for me and I think there is a connection between breathing problems and urine in the swimming pool.

Do You Have A Genetic Breathing Problem Or Can It Be Attributed To Pool Air Quality?

Almost half the swimmers blame the air quality in the swimming facilities. There must be a solution for this problem.

Have You Ever Peed In A Swimming Pool On Purpose?

On Average, How Many Times Per Week Do You Pee In The Swimming Pool?

42.0 %

Liars?

15.7 %

Total: 70 Yes No

Total: 69

21.7 %

84.3 %

How Many Times Per Week Are You Using Aquatic Facilities On Average?

63.3 %

13.0 %

8.7 %

Have You Ever Peed In A Swimming Pool On Purpose?

The ugly truth about swimming. When nitrogen in the urine reacts with chlorine it produces a gas called chloramine, a substance harmful for breathing.

On Average, How Many Times Per Week Do You Pee In The Swimming Pool?

It is obvious that peeing in the pool has become a normal behavior amongst swimmers today.

Total: 98

24.5 %

5.1 %

7.1 %

How Many Times Per Week Are You Using Aquatic Facilities On Average?

Weekly, swimmers spend almost an entire day in the swimming pool.

SURVEY ANALYSIS

urine

49.5 %

181

You’re in

14.5 %

Do You Often Feel Dehydrated At Swimming Facilities?

Have You Ever Needed Medical Attention While Racing Or Training?

50.5 %

33.0 % Total: 100 Yes No

182

Total: 97 Yes No

49.5 %

SURVEY ANALYSIS

67.0 %

Do You Find It Hard To Warm Up At Swim Meets Because Of Little Space In The Pool?

Total: 100 Yes No

11.0 %

Do You Often Feel Dehydrated At Swimming Facilities?

Dehydration is a major issue for swimmers. If they are not hydrated, their performance will be affected.

Have You Ever Needed Medical Attention While Racing Or Training?

It is crucial to have health amenities in house or close by.

89.0 % Do You Find It Hard To Warm Up At Swim Meets Because Of Little Space In The Pool?

This problem often results in bad performance because you cannot warm up effectively before your event. Swimmers often get scratches and head to head collisions which results in frustration and sometimes, concussions.

During Competition, Do You Feel Like Enough Deck Space Is Provided On Average?

Indoor VS. Outdoor Swimming Pools.

Total: 100 What Do You Prefer For Training?

Total: 98 Yes No

25.5 %

Indoor Outdoor

50.0 % 50.0 %

74.5 % 183

Total: 100

Indoor Outdoor

What Other Exercise Do You Do To Improve Your Swimming?

Are these activities offered in your swimming pool facility?

44.1 % 43.6 %

Total: 99 Yes No

Total: 202 Weights Dryland Yoga Other

32.3 %

87.0 %

During Competition, Do You Feel Like Enough Deck Space Is Provided On Average?

How do we design a facility that has enough space when needed?

Indoor Vs. Outdoor Swimming Pools.

It is no surprise that indoor pools are more popular among swimmers. They are faster because they offer consistency.

Weather usually affect swimmers in a negative way.

67.7 %

8.4 % 3.7 %

What Other Exercise Do You Do To Improve Your Swimming?

Swimmers do not only swim, they take advantage of other exercises to attain other strengths beneficial to swimming.

These programs should be included in a natatorium.

SURVEY ANALYSIS

13.0 %

What Do You Prefer For Racing?

Does Your Practice Facility Offer Recovery Amenities?

Do You Consider These Recovery Amenities Important?

96.9 % 87.9 %

40.4 %

79.4 %

Total: 98 Yes No

184

Total: 99 Yes No

SURVEY ANALYSIS

59.6 % 20.6 % 12.1 % 3.1 %

What is Your Ideal Pool Temperature?

Does Your Practice Facility Offer Recovery Amenities?

It is important that recovery amenities are close by, because the faster you use them after a hard workout, the more beneficial they are to your body.

39.4 %

33.0 % 25.3 %

Total: 99 Average 25.9째C | 78.6 째F

27.3 %

6.1 % 1.0 % 1.0 %

Do You Consider These Recovery Amenities Important?

Swimmers value these recovery methods highly and they should be included in all swimming facilities.

What Is Your Ideal Pool Temperature?

Shocking numbers that show majority of swimmers prefer the water to be rather cold. Pool temperature effects swimmers performance greatly and therefore needs to be precise.

Have You Ever Noticed A Current In The Pool When Racing?

Do You Prefer Salt Water Pools Or Chlorine Pools?

25.5 % Total: 98 Yes No

17.2 % Total: 99 Chlorine Salt

82.8 %

185

74.5 %

SURVEY ANALYSIS

Do You Ever Have Problems With Understanding The Announcer?

27.3 % Total: 99 Yes No

Have You Ever Noticed A Current In The Pool When Racing?

When caught in a current your race is often ruined because it will slow you down. This is often caused by bad gutter systems.

Do You Prefer Salt Water Pools Or Chlorine Pools?

It is often believed that swimmers prefer salt water pools because they provide more buoyancy. However, the results prove otherwise.

72.7 % Do You Ever Have Problems With Understanding The Announcer?

I have often wondered why the announcer is at swim meets because nobody can understand him. The sound is not focused correctly meaning he serves no functional purpose.

Pool Materials.

Would You Consider Yourself Strong Mentally When It Comes To Racing?

Total: 98

42.9 %

What is your preferred pool material?

Tiles Smooth Concrete

57.1 % 17.2 %

SURVEY ANALYSIS

186

Total: 99 Yes No Total: 98

59.6 %

82.8 %

40.8 %

Big tiles vs. small tiles Big Small

59.2 %

Which Do You Prefer, The Pool Bottom Being One Level Or Changing Level?

18.4 % Total: 98 One Level Changing Level

81.6 %

Pool Materials.

Sometimes these things affect the swimmer’s psychological needs. Also, tiles often increase the sense of speed because of a moving sensation.

Would You Consider Yourself Strong Mentally When It Comes To Racing?

This was surprising to me. I always had the impression that most swimmers are not strong mentally when they are under pressure.

Which Do You Prefer, The Pool Bottom Being One Level Or Changing Level?

Having different levels is often done when diving is incorporated into the swimming pool. This sometimes messes up the swimmer’s feel for speed.

What Is Your Preference On The Lane Marking At The Bottom Of The Pool?

(The T).

Flow Over VS. Raised Gutters

30.3 % 11.2 %

Total: 98 Solid Broken

69.7 %

187

88.8 %

Total: 99 Flow Over Raised

SURVEY ANALYSIS

Do You Feel Faster In Deep Or Shallow Swimming Pools?

35.4 % Total: 99 Deep Shallow

64.6 %

What Is Your Preference On The Lane Marking At The Bottom Of The Pool? (The T).

Having broken lane markings often messes up the swimmer’s turn and the ability to swim in a straight line.

Flow Over VS. Raised Gutters Gutter systems effect currents in the pool. They also influence turns and backstroke dives.

Do You Feel Faster In Deep Or Shallow Swimming Pools?

Deep pools are usually considered faster because of less water friction. The question is, what is the ideal pool depth?

Do You Prefer The Touch Pad Fully Submerged (U.s. Style) Or Above Water Level (International Style)?

Lighting

Total: 98 Do you prefer natural or artificial lighting at swimming facilities?

31.3 %

Natural Artificial

188

Total: 99 International U.S. Style

53.1 % 46.9 %

74.5 % Total: 99

68.7 %

SURVEY ANALYSIS

Do you prefer a dark or bright space when it comes to racing?

Bright Dark

Do You Find It Easy To Adapt To Different Competitive Environments?

18.2 % Total: 99 Yes No

81.8 %

9.1 % 90.9 %

Do You Prefer The Touch Pad Fully Submerged (U.s.

Style) Or Above Water Level (International Style)?

Mainly backstrokers are worried about this because if the pad is above water level, they get more power out of the dive. The NCAA prohibits the pads to be above water level.

Lighting

Good lighting design can really lively up the mood at swimming competitions. Water and light can produce a beautiful setting.

Do You Find It Easy To Adapt To Different Competitive Environments?

I found this odd, because different environments usually change tremendously and adaption takes time.

Does The Pressure From Major Meets Hinder Or Enhance Your Performance?

How Long Is Your Competition Warm Up In The Pool?

21.4 % Total: 98 Enhance Hinder

Total: 99

189

78.6 %

SURVEY ANALYSIS

How Much Time Should There Be Between The End Of Your Warm Up And The Start Of Your First Race?

Total: 99

Does The Pressure From Major Meets Hinder Or Enhance Your Performance?

Another shocking results, I will find out if this is actually true when I analyze performances at big competitions.

How Long Is Your Competition Warm Up In The Pool?

These results show that most swimmers choose to warm up for a good portion of a typical warm up period at any swim meet.

How Much Time Should There Be Between The End Of Your Warm Up And The Start Of Your First Race?

Most swimmers will choose to warm up at the same time before every event. At peak times, the swimming pool will be filled with stubborn swimmers.

At What Time Would You Like To Start Prelims And Finals?

What Is The Ideal Resting Time Between Prelims And Finals?

26.3 % 50.5 %

20.2 %

18.2 %

Total: 99 3 hours 4 hours 5 hours 6 hours More than 6

190

3.0 %

36.4 %

9.1 % 25.3 %

1.0 % 0.0 %

SURVEY ANALYSIS

9.1 %

1.0 % 0.0 %

At What Time Would You Like To Start Prelims And Finals?

Getting the right amount of rest is crucial for swimmers at competitions. Especially at a meet with multiple days.

29.3 % 54.5 %

15.2 %

Total: 99

Finals Prelims

What Is The Ideal Resting Time Between Prelims And Finals?

To be able to get a good rest between prelims and finals, there needs to be enough space for hundreds of competitors.

With countless heats, the competition needs to run without any delays.

Do You Prefer Thick Or Thin Lane Ropes?

Thick lane ropes absorb the waves that travel into your lane when swimming.

Do You Prefer Thick Or Thin Lane Ropes?

Total: 98 Thick Thin

5.1 % 94.9 % 191 SURVEY ANALYSIS

192

ASU&TEMPE

193

194 ASU & TEMPE

Location Arizona, United States County Maricopa Incorporated 1894 Area 40.2 mi2/102.30 km2 Population 170,000 Mayor Mark Mitchell ASU President Michael Crow ASU Established 1885 Type 83,000

Tempe is the home of Arizona State University, the largest university in the United States. The small city is located next to Phoenix, one of the largest city in North America with 1.5 million people. Although Tempe is close to Phoenix, it still remains as a city with a strong identity. Tempe is known for hosting family-friendly festivals, athletic competitions and other events associated with the university.

The city cares about the community and understands the people’s need for an active lifestyle and a laid-back atmosphere.

It is located in the Sonoran Desert, making this city very hot compared to the rest of the nation. The summers are extremely hot, but during the mild winter months, you will enjoy the sunshine and clear skies. The average temperature is 86°F (30°C) high/ 63°F (17°C) low, which is extremely enjoyable during the winter.

Arizona State University has four locations, the Tempe campus which is the biggest, West campus, Polytechnic Campus, and the Downtown Phoenix campus. ASU also has online program, with roughly 8,000 people enrolled.

ASU was voted the most innovative school in the U.S. News & World Report college rankings for 2016 ahead of Stanford University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Tempe and Arizona State University are expanding and going through a transformation. Michael Crow’s visionary thinking has made the place an attraction for students and other people, looking for an exciting lifestyle. This place is also a paradise for any athlete wanting to elevate their skills in any sport. We have state of the art athletic facilities, and with the construction of the new Sport’s District, this will become an attraction for any athlete and community.

9

195

17 2

13 6

14

7

4

15

3

10 1

5 4

16

8 12

11

1 | ASU Water Polo Team Training

2 | Saturday Evening

3 | Karsten Golf Course

4 | Galvin Playhouse

5 | University Drive

6 | Looking South at Tempe Town Lake

7 | View Towards the Site

8 | Hayden Lawn

9 | Papago Park

10 | Mona Plummer Looking Towards College Avenue

12 | Palm Walk

13 | Good Morning Tempe

11 | Transportation

14 | Top of A-Mountain Looking North West

15 | Mill Avenue

16 | Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium

17 | Tempe Town Lake

202

THE SHIFT

203

204

The New Arizona State University Aquatic Facility

Architect David Adalsteinsson Location Tempe, Arizona Year 2016-2020 Cost TBD Area TBD Client Sun Devil Athletics Main Contractor TBD

The Karsten Golf Course will become the site for the new aquatic facility.

Mona Plummer Aquatic Center, which is the current pool for ASU swimming, will be sold to developers in the years to come, and the valuable piece of land will be re-purposed for other programs. The new natatorium will be built where the Karsten Golf Course is now. The new neighborhood will become a mixed use sports district. Ray Anderson, Athletic Director and Bob Bowman, ASU Swimming Head Coach, want the new aquatic facility to become the swimming capital of the United States. To do that successfully, the pool needs to be hyper specific in a hyper adaptable location.

205

206 Photo | Mona Plummer during a dual meet against University of Wyoming. ©Davíð Hildiberg

207

208

209

Photos | Images show the importance of shade in a swimming facility. Mona Plummer’s spectator seating is situated on the north side of the pool, causing the south sun to fry the visitors.

Sometimes spectators need to take own action to feel comfortable during swim meets. Some swimmer’s took it even further at camped in a parking structure adjacent to the pool. ©Davíð Hildiberg

210

How Much Time Should There Be Between the End of Your Warm Up and the Start Of Your First Race?

Photos | Spaciousness during big swim meets is a huge issue during swim meets. Most swimmers like to take warm up for the same amount of time and start warming up approximately 30 minutes before their race. This creates congestion in the pool. ©Davíð Hildiberg

How Long is Your Competition Warm Up in the Pool?

211

212

213

214

215

216

DESIGN ITERATIONS

217

1

Community space gets nested in between the competition pooland training pool

DESIGN ITERATIONS

218

Roof moves on the long axis to provide shade over either competition pool or community pool

2

Looking at the possibility of having a running course around the facility Looking at the possibility of using a cut and fill technique Roof truss moves on long axis, providing shade for either competition pool or recreational pool.

3

Cut and fill method further developed Instead of a running track, it becomes a community space Rood moves on the short axis.

Open to the outside, allows for good views to pool Community pier becomes a shade for spectators

219

Solar panels are used for sustainable energy

DESIGN ITERATIONS

4.1

Roof moves on short axis Community swimming pool does not get shaded Pedestrian community space gets shaded Beautiful views into the swimming pool from community level

4.2

Program availabilities on the side of the pool

DESIGN ITERATIONS

220

Need to explore how to close the open side of competition pool

5.1

The “Ribbon� roof is simply a roof of strips that span in the short direction.

The total number of strips is dependant on the indoor facility, having the possibility to shade the entire structure.

Since the program for the community is less then the competition space, it can also be fully shaded.

The strips can be divided up, shading parts of the indoor and outdoor facility.

5.2

This shows the Ribbon roof in spring season mode, shading the indoor and outdoor facilities partially.

When the swimmers finish practice, the roof gets transferred to the community space for full shade.

221 DESIGN ITERATIONS

5.3

This is Pac-12 Championships mode, which is a swim meet that ASU Athletics wants to host in this indoor facility.

The exact time of this arrangement is february/march at 11 AM. During this championship mode the indoor pool is being used for competition and the outdoor pool is used for warm-up and warm-down.

6.1

I named this the “Tetris� roof Able to move north-west and is comprised of 12 different panels

Diagram shows facility being used for community mode

DESIGN ITERATIONS

222

Able to shade spots in multiple different ways

6.2

More developed, using 18 different panels, which is enough to shade either the indoor or community pool entirely.

This is the facility in a complete community mode

6.3

The Tetris roof can be reconfigured into countless different shading modes Here the facility is in community/training mode

223 DESIGN ITERATIONS

6.4

Same view as in 6.3 Guests are able to enjoy the shade on hot summer days in the community space.

7.1

The “Snail” is a roof design which can move north-south and also up and down.

The Snail can be aligned with the sun’s path on any given day.

Solar panels can be added to the panel system.

DESIGN ITERATIONS

224

Can focus wind into the hot swimming facility.

7.2

This image represents the snail in November. Allowing sun to reach into the facility.

Some shade in the training area.

Much shade in the community area.

7.3

Interior view at the same time as in 7.2 The Snail can be transformed into a competition arena by lowering the panels completely.

225 DESIGN ITERATIONS

7.4

The Snail in summer mode.

Community can go to the pool without being harrassed by the powerful sun.

Snail can partially shade the training pool.

8.1

This is a site design dealing with where the building gets placed on the site.

The design has parking underground.

Pools and community space at ground level and a special retractable roof system.

DESIGN ITERATIONS

226

According to the first version of the master plan, the land by the lake is only meant for multi-family and office. I want to challenge that.

8.2

The lake becomes part of the community space of the swimming facility.

This creates beautiful views to the lake.

Guests will have a place to stay to watch the beautiful sunrise and sunset.

This becomes an archtiectural icon for Tempe because it is located right by North Scottsdale Road.

9.1

Parking will need to be addressed for this swimming pool.

Since there needs to be some digging because the diving pool is very deep, parking could be placed underground.

The parking could be part of the public realm.

227 DESIGN ITERATIONS

9.2

Cross-section through the competition pool and its surroundings.

Office/retail space is built around the pool, providing its users with a view into the swimming facility when roof is open to the sky.

Parking at the bottom serves the office space above it.

9.3

Cross-section through the community pool and its surroundings.

DESIGN ITERATIONS

228

Parking structure is built above the ground level and becomes part of the community.

Buildings are located further away from facility’s walls to make room for the civic space.

Views from balconies reach the swimming pool and civic space around it.

10.1

Ray Anderson, Athletic Director said the district should become mixed use and I agree.

I believe the masterplan is not fully integrated and fails to be completely integrated.

I propose placing the pool between the lake and an office/hospitality/ athletics to get as many types of people interacting with the new facilities.

10.2

Plan view showing how high-rises could benefit the pool in a functional and a communal way.

Buildings should become part of the pool, creating a symbiotic relationship between the two.

Same design iteration in section.

Parking underneath the building is installed to accommodate users of the high-rise and pool visitors.

DESIGN ITERATIONS

10.3

229

Buildings help with shading pool from the south sun.

230 DESIGN ITERATIONS

Summer Solstice | 9 AM

Summer Solstice | NOON

Fall Equinox | 9 AM

Fall Equinox | NOON

231

Summer Solstice | 6 PM

Fall Equinox | 3 PM

Fall Equinox | 6 PM

DESIGN ITERATIONS

Summer Solstice | 3 PM

232 DESIGN ITERATIONS

Winter Solstice | 9 AM

Winter Solstice | NOON

Spring Equinox | 9 AM

Spring Equinox | NOON

233

Winter Solstice | 6 PM

Spring Equinox | 3 PM

Spring Equinox | 6 PM

DESIGN ITERATIONS

Winter Solstice | 3 PM

11.1 Rearrangement of Pools Entire competition facility is rotated perpendicular to the lake to provide views for everyone towards the public space.

Diving directed towards public space, demonstrating the diver showing his skills for people inside and outside the stadium.

This allows for stands to be on both sides while still providing a beautiful view to the outdoor space on the north side.

DESIGN ITERATIONS

234

Recreational and community lap pool are pushed closer to the community space on the lake’s edge.

11.2 Creating the Optimum View What if the stands would be rotated slightly and have pivoting chairs on them. This would allow more spectators for the diving events.

Also, increase the view to the Tempe Town Lake.

11.3 Community/Competition Seperation If stands are elevated off the ground, the space underneath could become the required program at a swimming facility, such as locker rooms, last call rooms, officials room, etc.

Moderate seperation from the community space, sometimes crucial for the sport of swimming.

11.4 Connections My design iterations are too square.

Move pools around to better integrate with the public spaces outisde the pool.

The community pools need to be better integrated to serve the people.

Although I have two specific programs, the compeition and diving pool, the other pools do not need to be so rectilinear.

11.6 Lake and Podium as the “Pool�

Water meets water, There needs to be a connection between the pools and the lake.

DESIGN ITERATIONS

The only hyper specific part of the facility is the competition side.

235

11.5 The Podium is Not a Box

12.2 East - West

236

12.1 North - South

DESIGN ITERATIONS

237 DESIGN ITERATIONS

13.1

Architects of swimming facilities often forget that the ceiling needs to be parallel to the pool so backstrokers can swim straight.

This is only necessary above the pool.

DESIGN ITERATIONS

238

I am proposing a truss system that has joints every 2.5m (same as the lane width) and is placed directly over the swimmer.

14.1

The seating on the south side is on the ground level.

Competition pool is dug lower into the ground and the earth is built up on the north side.

This becomes the pedestrian pathway for community and creates additional seating for the pool and lake.

14.2

Perhaps a tunnel through the mound can be designed to provide a connection between the two bodies of water.

Diving pool is 5 meters deep, you can fit necessary program under the building, such as parking, mechanical rooms, locker rooms, boating storage, etc.

HOTEL

OFFICE

DESIGN ITERATIONS

The surrounding building has hospitality on upper floors and office space on lower floors.

239

Skullers sail their boards into a storage room located in the mound.

15.1 Existing Karsten Golf Course is ASU’s main course Tempe Town Lake is the city’s social, civic and communal space

DESIGN ITERATIONS

240

Multiple events take place at the lake every year

15.2 Master Plan Proposal Current Master Plan proposes building high-rises along the river becaues of its valuable location This will consist mostly of high- and mid- rise office space, as well as hospitality All the athletic facilities are located together, further south of the lake

15.3 Pool Location My proposal suggests the pool should be located by the lake Having water by water is beneficial for water sports and other community activities By nesting the pool into the office and hospitality buildings, this development becomes a true mixed-use urban hub like intended

15.4 Forces The forces shaping the design of the building are multiple The Lake Plaza in the west should be extended towards the pool Rural Road runs besides the site. The road is a vital axis Surrounding buildings should have a visual connection to pools and lake The juncture between pools and lake become a delta

Hospitality on the upper floors, high- and mid- rise office on lower levels.

The lake is the “pool” The podium becomes the path between buildings and lake

15.6 Synthesis “Snaill roof” represents water in a moving motion The podium is successfully integrated with the lake and true mixed-use district

DESIGN ITERATIONS

Buildings are divided into vertical program but not horizontal.

241

15.5 My Proposal

Pedestrians are able to walk above community pool

16.1 The Hike

This path becomes a promenade of water, with views to the lake, competition and community pools Steps from community pool to the competitive pool, invites the public to see elite swimmers, divers and water polo player

16.2 The Dam

The lake side becomes an area for scullers. With a boat storage and seating towards the lake Top of boating storage becomes a viewing platform for pedestrians Pedestrians traffic is located between the pools and lake Infinity pool becomes a viewing platform for pool guests Arrangement of buildings frame water from Rio Salado Parkway

Competition pools are rotated perpendicular to the lake

16.3 The Stream

DESIGN ITERATIONS

242

This offers a panorama view of the entire “water park�

This is better for Water Polo because of solar orientation Community lap pool is brought down to the lake and recreational pool is connected to it Pedestrian traffic runs through the competition and community pool Water feeds water

243 DESIGN ITERATIONS

17.1 The Canyon I call this The Canyon because of its appearance This is the first design iteration featuring the pools perpendicular to Tempe Town Lake

DESIGN ITERATIONS

244

This is a design that connects with Arizona landscape and has a strong identity

17.2 View I wanted to connect water with water The buildings around the pools offer views to the pools, lake and landscape By carving the buildings I am also creating balconies that can be populated with people during events out in the lake and swimming pools.

17.3 Zoom Close up view of the Canyon Seating becomes part of the surrounding buildings but not the pool itself Seating on the lake side is added for boating events The competition pool is the highest and it feeds water into the pools beneath it.

245 DESIGN ITERATIONS

17.4 Connections This pool offers connections from multiple directions The “Beach Walk” along the lake gets extended further east By having a void between the buildings, there is a visual connection between Rio Salado Parkway and the “Beach Walk”

17.5 Summer Breeze Arizona is an extremely hot place, especially in the summer

DESIGN ITERATIONS

246

The arrangement of the buildings will create a wind tunnel effect which will cool the pool guests that are on the verge of melting

17.6 Vertical Program Like mentioned before, instead of having program divided horizontally, do it vertically This way you can have more programs take advantage of the pools Right now these are comprised of hospitality, high-rise and mid-rise office

17.7 Hot&Cold This image shows the pool in winter mode at noon.

The building on the south side is just high enough to let sunlight in during the cold months As the sun gets higher the roof (still to be designed) will shade the pools

247

Plan view showing the facilities Trees on the south side block the view to the corporate buildings, giving you a sense of being in the Arizona landscape

DESIGN ITERATIONS

17.8 Sun Devil Canyon

18.1 The Beach Pathway carves through the podium, giving pedestrians the feeling of being in the water

DESIGN ITERATIONS

248

No matter what your purpose is, you feel like you are involved in all events because of the seamless integration

18.2 Competition

18.3 The View The two buildings on each side of the pool include hotels, fitness centers, health clinics, education, office, residential, commercial, etc.

Users of these programs will either have views to the competitive pool, community pool or lake. These bodies of water will create great value for these programs.

249 DESIGN ITERATIONS

THE SUN DEVIL CANYON

252 SECTIONS

1. Locker Rooms 2. Hotel 3. Gym 4. Spectator Entry 5. Stands 6. Storage 7. Restaurant 8. Mechanical 9. Shower Room 10. Spacious Deck 11. ETFE Shading 12. Pool Entry

2

11 2 3

7

4

4 8 1

12

9

8

5

5 6

6 10

9

1

10

0m

10m

25m

50m

A | Cross Section 0’

B | Longitudinal Section

50’

0m 0’

100’

10m

25m 50’

50m 100’

0’

10m 50’

25m 100’

50m B

0m

253

A

B

A

Pool Visitors/ Community

Water Slide/Recreation

Classroom/Library

Food

Gym/Exercise

Lifeguard Office

Mechanical Room

Swimming Pool

Locker Rooms/WC

Dryland

Swimming Pool

Locker Rooms/WC

Gym

Dryland

Students

Swimming Pool

Swimmers Training

Swimmers Competition

Facility Staff

PROGRAM

254

Gym/Exercise

Food

Locker Rooms/WC

Swimming Pool

Bathroom

Locker Rooms/WC

Toilet

Food

Stands

Call Rooms

Ice/Hot Tub

Food

Equipment

Swimming Pool

Ice/Hot Tub

Food

255

Locker Rooms/WC

PROGRAM

Coaches Training

Swimming Pool

Swimming Pool

Stands

Coaches Room

Swimming Pool

Referee Room

Bathroom

Stands

Swimming Pool

Bathroom

Exam Room

Rehab

Lifeguard Office

Coaches Competition

Equipment

Medical Staff

Spectators

Referees

PROGRAM

256

Office

Food

Video Analyzation

Bathroom

Food

Video Analyzation

Bathroom

Food

257

Bathroom

Food

Swimming Pool

PROGRAM

Food

258 DIAGRAMS

Existing

Proposed Low-Mid Rise Office Hospitality Mid-High Rise Office

259 DIAGRAMS

Location

Vertical Program

260 DIAGRAMS

Connecting Water With Water

Circulation

261 DIAGRAMS

Carving For Viewing

ETFE Shading

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

SITE MODEL

272

273 SITE MODEL

SITE MODEL

274

275 SITE MODEL

276

277

MODEL

278

279 MODEL

MODEL

280

281

MODEL

282

283 MODEL

FINAL REVIEW DAY

284

285 FINAL REVIEW DAY

286 FINAL REVIEW DAY

From left | Nathan Leber, Christopher Smart, Darren Petrucci, Davíð Hildiberg Aðalsteinsson and Ron Simmons.

287 STUDENT EXHIBITION

STUDENT EXHIBITION

288

289 STUDENT EXHIBITION

From left | William Heywood, Renata Hejduk, Darren Petrucci, Craig Barton Davíð Hildiberg Aðalsteinsson, Brynhildur Jónsdóttir, Marthe Rowen.

290

APPENDIX

291

PROJECT PROFILE

292

Project Profile

Davíð Hildiberg Aðalsteinsson

Darren Petrucci

Master of Architecture Student and Swimmer.

Ever since I was young I have been a swimming fanatic. I started swimming when I was seven years old in my hometown of Keflavík, Iceland. My real interest in the sport started when I was sixteen, with my first national title in the 100m backstroke. That victory motivated me to pursue the sport even further and by the end of my career I had won over thirty national titles and been to European Junior Championships, European Championships and World Championships while training at Arizona State University.

After participating at hundreds of swimming competitions you develop a strange relationship with swimming pools, which is usually based on your performance. Having been to multiple pools internationally, I had some successes and failures, which can be traced back to either my internal

Professor and Coordinator of Master of Urban Design

attributions or the design of the pool.

When I started architecture school in 2013, while swimming for ASU, an idea started evolving in my head, that the architecture of swimming pools can be far more successful for both the user and community. I was interested in researching what a modern swimming facility should be and with the help of professor Petrucci, design it using the discoveries as a guide.

Architect and professor in The Design School at Arizona State University. He is the founder and principal of A-I-R [Architecture-Infrastructure-Research] Inc., and its mirror company R-I-A [Redefining-Innovation-Agency] Inc. He received both a Master’s Degree in Architecture and a Master’s Degree of Architecture & Urban Design with distinction from Harvard University’s Graduate School of Design. His design thinking work focuses on leading, teaching, and consulting with collaborative transdisciplinary teams that work toward transformative design solutions to complex problems. Through his design work he focuses what he calls “Amenity Infrastructures” that facilitate the integration of pleasure, comfort, and convenience within new forms of public and private infrastructure and architecture.

Other Projects

293

Hayden Library Square | Fall ‘14

Water Square | Fall 15’

Goodyear Master Plan | Fall 15’

Designing Speed | Fall ‘14

Goodyear Beach | Fall ‘15

Fabrica | Spring 15’

OTHER PROJECT

Campus Exhibition | Summer 13’

SPECIAL THANKS

294

Special Thanks

Darren Petrucci

Bob Bowman

Ray Anderson

Professor Petrucci served as my faculty chair throughout the course of this project. Finding a mentor with great knowledge in both architecture and urban planning was extremely valuable for this project. His different way of thinking helped with finding a clear direction of the project and refining the overall concept of natatorium design. His willingness to guide me early on is the main reason for the positive outcome of the project. His design thinking was very beneficial when it came to the complex issues of the project and I hope to have adopted some of his skills in the process. I am extremely grateful for getting the chance to work with him and his knowledge has influenced me as an architect.

Coach Bowman is the most experienced swim coach today having coached multiple Olympic Champions, World Champions, World Record Holders, etc.

He has traveled with the U.S. national team on multiple occasions, witnessing a great amount of world class swimming and swimming pools at an international scale. His knowledge of swimming expanded the project greatly and having his opinions on swimming pool design was essential. His willingness to help me is something that I value and I am extremely thankful to have had that opportunity. Having Coach Bowman at Arizona State is extremely valuable for the swim team, and I look forward to follow the team’s success.

I am extremely thankful to have had the opportunity to get feedback and guidance from Mr. Anderson. His visionary thinking for athletics at Arizona State University has dramatically transformed the performance of its athletes. The swim team is heading into their best season it has had in many years which can be traced back to Anderson’s leadership as the Athletic Director. Having a leader like Mr. Anderson, who is willing to think big and tactically is unique. His goals are first and foremost the success of his athletes. In addition, he is a former athlete, and can therefore relate to them.

During the project preparation, he gave me input that made the project what it is today.

Professor and Coordinator of Master of Urban Design

ASU Head Swimming Coach

Vice President for University Athletics and AD

295

Richard Bohus

I swam under Coach Kesler when I was on the swim team from 2012-2014. He has been with me in this venture from day one and was in fact the first person I talked to when I got the idea of doing this project. Having been both a successful swimmer and coach he knows the importance of a swimming pool design when it comes to racing, training and coaching. The multiple meetings we had during the course of this assignment he has given me brilliant ideas that have all been incorporated into this project. When I asked Dan to help me, he emerged himself into the project. He is a great supporter and under his leadership I have achieved many things, in and out of the swimming pool.

Ricsi is one of the best swimmers on the ASU swim team, having multiple ASU school records. Also, he has been to European Championships (3rd place in 50m Backstroke, 2012) and went to the Olympics in London representing the Hungarian National Team. In addition to his swimming achievements, he has helped me with taking multiple pictures that appear in this book. His great eye for catching special moments in the pool have helped me represent some of the main issues in a visual form. I and Ricsi used to train together and swam the same events, so having a friend that went through the same path has helped putting all of this together.

ASU Assistant Swimming Coach

Swimmer, Olympian, Photographer

SPECIAL THANKS

Daniel Kesler

SPECIAL THANKS

296

Special Thanks

School Faculty Darren Petrucci Renata Hejduk Greg Brickey Tom Hartman Philip Horton Diane Bender Craig Barton Classmates Conor Keilty Scott Morgan Lauren Bucher Spencer Bates Nathan Leber Kevin Kolden Cory Bruce Ron Simmons Pinar Orman Afrida Hoque Ágúst Ingvarsson Athletic Team Eðvarð Þór Eðvarðsson Bob Bowman

Dorsey Tierney-Walked Ágúst Ingvarsson Keenan Robinson Tyler Friedrich Steindór Gunnarsson Dan Kesler Greg Earhart Klaus Jürgen Ohk Ingibjörg Kristín Jónsdóttir Jaimie Lafler Richárd Bohus Herbie Behm Stefan Ioan Gherghel Alex Coci Tadas Duškinas Anna Olasz Zac Dalby Jakob Jóhann Sveinsson Hrafn Traustason Kyle Sockwell Alkistis Benekou Marina Spadoni Juanita Barreto Sigurður Valgeirsson Sarah Schodrof

Todd Clapper Grant smith Ryan Glander Architect Professionals Steve Crocker Ben Nesbeitt Jeff Yarnall James Konves Richard Jensen Rob Gaspard Michael Rosso Ken Paulson Family Brynhildur Jónsdóttir Aðalsteinn Hákon Jónatansson Theodór Kjartansson Michael Ross Maria Ross

297

Special thanks to the Arizona State Swim Team who supported me through my swimming and educational career.

SPECIAL THANKS

PHOTO CREDIT

298

Photo Credit

Richárd Bohus Pages 2, 14, 30, 76, 102, 283, 284, 290 Sun Devil Athletics Pages 4, 6, 8 (from left no. 4&8), 22, 202, 297 Árni Már Árnason Pages 8 (from left no. 2), 85 Hunther Atha Pages 8 (from left no. 5), 110 Valdís Halfdánardóttir Pages 26, 97 OLA VISTA photography Pages 27, 87 Andrea Meiser Page 34 Grjatoi Page 34

Radolfo Araiza Page 36

Larry Jandro Page 43

Charles J Sharp Page 37

Anna & Jorge Page 49

Pedro Szeekely Page 38

Vaidotas Mišeikis Page 50

Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust Page 39

Diving Barcelona Page 54

FINA Page 40

Cpcmollet Page 55

IOC Page 41

Simon Clancy Page 58

Popperfoto Page 41

Telegraph Page 63

Rolling Stone Page 42

Heinrich Helfenstein Page 64

Arena Page 43

Technogym Wellness Company Page 65

Phyllis Rose Page 133

China Architect Page 69

Iwan Baan Pages 108-109

Andrea Albertino Page 136

David Goddard Page 73

Sarah Cedar Miller Page 114

Omega Watches Page 172

Daimler Page 74

Galt & Hoy Page 114

Lauren Bucher Page 282

The Guardian Page 78

Linda Oyama Bryan Page 117

Hufton + Crow Page 83

James Steinkamp Page 119

Hélène Binet Page 84

Chris Smith Page 119

Zaha Hadid Architects Page 85

JDS Page 121

Martin Eckert Page 89

City of Tempe Page 123

PTW Architects Pages 90-91

De Urbanisten Pages 124-125

Rafn Sigurbjörnsson Page 97

C40 Page 125

Hughes Condon Marler Architects Pages 98-101

Getty Images Page 126

Dmitriy Kruglyak Page 104

Sanda Bocan Page 128

PHOTO CREDIT

Andrea Torres Page 106

299

Tim Hipps Page 68

300

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Bob Beamon leaped to fame in the Mexico City Olympics. Retrieved from http://www.foxsports.com/olympics/ story/bob-beamon-1968-olympicsmexico-city-world-record-longjump-021314 36 Guttmann, A. (1984). The Games Must Go On. New York: Columbia University Press, 123.

37 Hofstadter, D. (ed.) (1974).

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Acknowledgements

The development of this book started when I was thinking about retiring from swimming after participating at the 2014 World Championships in Doha, Qatar. At this time, I was in Darren Petrucci studio for my first semester in Architecture. He taught me to think critically about buildings and assess why they are successful. While in Doha, I participated in the fastest swimming competition in the world, but there were still so many things missing. This is when I decided to get out of the pool and start designing them.

One year later, when I decided to do an independent project, I asked professor Petrucci to guide me once again. His knowledge in Architecture and strength in developing a project has helped me tremendously today. Professor Petrucci had a group of six students, Nathan Leber, Chris Smart, Anupa Kulkarni, Ashley Whitesides and Ryan Kiefer, and we all spent a great amount of time to

advance each other’s project in a team setting.

and will hopefully coach the best college team in the new swimming facility.

I had tons of support from the swimming coaching staff, who have years of experience with professional swimmers.

Steindór Gunnarsson, my coach in Iceland from 2001-2010 and the Olympic coach for the national team in 2004. He managed to persuade the city to build our team a new indoor swimming pool, after coaching outdoors for years. He shared his lengthy process with me and how the new facility helped the team become the best in Iceland. Dan Kesler, assistant coach for the Arizona State Swim Team coached me while I swam for ASU, and later helped me define the project during the first stages. He is one of the most passionate coach I have ever met and wants what is best for his athletes. Bob Bowman, is the most successful coach in the world, having him in Tempe was a valuable resource for me. He has transformed the swim team,

Lastly, I want to thank my good friends Aaron, Conor, Scott, Lauren, Spencer, Michael, Afrida & Ron. We are all part of the MArch 2016 group from Arizona State University. You truly learn most from your classmates during semester.

Thank you for your support, encouragement, and for challenging me.

-Davíð Hildiberg Aðalsteinsson

W AT E R S C A P E

Davíð Hildiberg Aðalsteinsson Tempe, Arizona, USA dhildiberg@gmail.com Reykjavík, Iceland dhildiberg@gmail.com