Keyword Journal by The Examcraft Group

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Why is reading

so important? Reading is not just something you do because a teacher assigned you something to read. Reading can surprise you. Reading can take you to places that you might not have a chance to visit. Don’t limit your reading to only what you are asked to read. Read anything that interests you. We read every day, all day long, and not just in school and for school.

The more that you read, the better reader you become. Good readers make good writers.

It takes practice to be a good reader.

To become a good reader you must read every day and read different kinds of books, magazines, newspapers, etc.

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What kind of things can I read? »

Choose a book about things you are interested in or visit a website with articles on the same topic.

Read about things you want to learn more about.

Read things your friends recommend to you.

Choose to read a book a friend, teacher, or family member thinks you would like.

Find and join a book club.

Fiction and non-fiction are to two main kinds of books.

• • • • • • •

Romance Adventure Thriller Suspense Historical Science Fiction Fantasy

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Fiction may or may not be based on real events or people. The story is made up, not real. There are many kinds of fiction. They include the following categories:

There are many different kinds of works of fiction available, just waiting for someone like you to discover them.

Fiction Non-Fiction Unlike fiction, non-fiction recounts real events, real people’s lives, and provide accurate information about the topic. Non-fiction includes the following: • • • • •

Biography Autobiography How-to Self-help History

There are lots of different kinds of non-fiction books to satisfy almost everyone’s curiosity about a person, place, an event or idea.

What Do

Good Readers Do? Good readers are able to analyse, organise, and store the information they read. People who read a lot and read a variety of literature are able to do certain things without even thinking about or realising that they are doing them. Here are some things that good readers do: Understand the important ideas in what they read.

•

Want to accomplish something by reading.

•

Ask questions, predict the answers, and revise their answers as they read.

•

Use what they already know about the topic to help understand what they read.

•

Understand that different kinds of reading material require different reading strategies. Some require you to make notes!

•

Create pictures of what they are reading in their minds as they read. Your imagination is a powerful tool that will help you remember information. All you have to do is picture what you are reading in your mind.

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•

Active Reading People read for different purposes at different times. When you read, you want to accomplish something by reading. You might read to learn how to do something or be entertained for a little while. When you have a reason to read - that is called active reading. There are many strategies that you can use to help you get better at reading and finding information.

SQ3R

Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review SQ3R is a way to organise information in books with headings, words in bold print, diagrams, graphs, etc. SQ3R stands for Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review. This method works particularly well with textbooks or anything that has headings and/or words in bold print. Let’s take a look at how you use SQ3R.

Survey

Survey the chapter. Look at the first page of the chapter. Look for pictures, graphs, charts, diagrams, a list of vocabulary words. Look for review questions at the end of the chapter.

Question

Create questions. Write these questions down. Writing things down helps you to remember them.

Read • •

• • •

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• • • •

Read the chapter. Look for the answers to the questions that you have created. Underline or highlight the answers that you find.

Recite • •

In your own words, recite the answers to the questions that you have found as you read the chapter. Write the answers.

Review • • •

You can make flashcards to review your answers. Organise the information from SQ3R. Consider using a two-column notes format.

twocolumn

notes

Key Concept

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Put key concepts in one column and their definition or main points in the column next to it. Two column notes work especially well with SQ3R. You can combine two-column notes with SQ3R to study vocabulary, different time periods in history, different works of literature, etc. Let us pretend we are reading a chapter in a science textbook about plants. Here is an example of what twocolumn notes would look like for that chapter.

»» The full explanation goes in the other column next to the keyword, question, or summary of information.

You can use two-column to take notes about what you read or about what your teacher says in class.

»» Two-column notes look like this. »» A keyword, question, or summary of information goes in this column beside the full explanation.

Definition/Description/Answer

Key Concept

The main parts of a plant. What does the stem do? What are the stamen for? What is the food a plant needs?

Definition/Description/Answer

mpare &

ntrast

»» To compare two things, discuss, list, write about the similarities—the things that are alike. »» To contrast two things, discuss, list, write about the differences between two things. »» To compare and contrast means that you are going to talk about the similarities (comparisons) and differences (contrasts) between two items.

Venn Diagram

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A Venn diagram is another tool for comparison and contrast. As you can see, the Venn diagram does the same thing as a comparison table.

Whales

Give birth to live off-spring. Breathe air, have lungs.

Fish Lay eggs.

Breathe water, have gills. Most are cold-blooded.

Are warm-blooded mammals.

Live in water. Use muscles and fins to swim.

Comparison Table »» A comparison table is a quick way to organise information to show the ways that two things are similar and different. Write the similarities in the centre column. »» Write the way each item shows or exhibits the similarity in the appropriate column. What is Different (Contrasts)

What is the Same (Comparisons)

What is Different (Contrasts)

Give birth to live off-spring.

Live in water.

Lay eggs.

Breathe air, have lungs.

Use muscles and fins to swim.

Breathe water, have gills.

Are warm-blooded mammals.

Most are cold-blooded.

Story

Maps

Story maps help you track all the characters, their development, and key events in the plot of a story. Story maps are particularly useful when reading a novel, where there are many events and many characters to remember.

Problem

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Action

Characters

Outcome

Title & Author

Setting

Character

Maps

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1. Write character’s name in centre. 2. Then moving outwards list adjectives or qualities that describe that character. 3. Write in examples from the text that support the adjectives or qualities.

Example

Character maps show the relationships between characters and/or the qualities and personality traits that characters demonstrate throughout the novel.

Quality

Example

Character’s Name

Quality

Example

Quality

Example 9

Why is writing

so important? Do you text on your phone? Do you send e-mails to friends and family? Do you update your status on FaceBook? Do you chat with your friends online? I bet you answered “yes” to at least one of these questions. Whenever you text, send e-mails, post on sites like FaceBook, chat online, etc. You are writing. Writing is a form of communication, and like reading, we do it every day.

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You can use writing to communicate with friends and family through texting, e-mailing, posting, and chatting. That is called informal writing. An essay you write in school is called formal writing.

Txt or Text

What Does a Good Essay Have?

Purpose

The essay does what it is supposed to do. (It tells a story, it persuades, it forms an opinion)

Coherence

The essay is organised in an orderly manner.

Language

The essay uses language appropriate to the task.

Mechanics The essay has correct spelling, grammar and syntax.

Grammar M

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The mechanics of writing

Grammar is the structure of the language. Therefore, it is very important to not only understand grammar, but to use and follow the rules of grammar and usage.

Nouns Common Nouns

A common noun is a person, place of thing. Animals cat goose cow

Proper Nouns

Places airport market cave

Things bag kite box

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People actor lawyer aunt

Names of particular people, places, and things. Names of countries and their people. Names of towns, cities, buildings, and landmarks. Names of the days of the week and months of the year. Names of mountains, seas, rivers, and lakes. Names of festivals, some special events, and holidays.

Collin Farrell is Irish, he was born in Dublin. He is an actor.

Countries & People Ireland Irish France the French

Places & Landmarks London the Grand Canyon New York the Leaning Tower of Pisa

People Ali Baba Florence Nightingale Lady Gaga Colin Farrell

Proper nouns always start with a capital letter.

Singular Nouns

Use ‘an’ before a singular noun that begins with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u), including heir, honour, and hour. Use ‘a’ before nouns that begins with a consonant (every other letter except a, e, I, o, u), including uniform and university. a letter an hour a car 12

Pronouns A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a common or proper noun.

You

are awesome.

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns are words that replace a noun. Singular: I, you, he, she, it

Plural: we, you, they

Objective Pronouns Singular: me, you, him her, it

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Objective pronouns are also personal pronouns that replace nouns, people, place, animals, and things. Plural: us, you, them

Reflexive Pronouns Singular: Plural:

Reflexive pronouns refer to the person or animal that is the subject of the sentence. The subject of the sentence is the word that does the action of the verb. myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself ourselves, yourselves, themselves

Who

is she talking about?

Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are words that are used to ask a question. who (subject) which whom (object)

what whose

Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns are showing words. They point to a specific noun (animal, person, thing, or place) Singular: this, that

Plural: these, those 13

Adjectives

Adjectives are describing words. Adjectives give you more information about a noun (person, place, animal, thing) Adjectives usually appear before the noun it gives more information about. Ending in -ive an active child an attractive hat talkative students

Ending in -ly a costly diamond ring an elderly woman lively kittens

Ending In -y a dirty street a noisy room a sleepy passenger

Ending in -ing a caring nurse an interesting book loving parents

Ending in -able, -al, -en, -ible, -ish, and -ous childish behaviour a national costume a comfortable chair

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Ending in -ful and -less a beautiful dress a careless driver a faithful dog

Adjectives that describe the qualities of nouns a sad story a wicked man a fair queen

a kind lady a new car an old house

is an honest man.

a beautiful rainbow a clever monkey happy children

Adjectives that tell where a noun comes from Australian apples the English language the German flag

an Italian car a Scottish kilt Thai boxing

Adjectives that describe the colour, size, and number of things five hats broad shoulders a high mountain two ships a long bridge 14

a low ceiling a narrow path seven cats tiny insects a wide street

Hi. We are tiny insects.

Verbs & Present Tense Action Verbs

Most verbs are action words that tell what people, animals, or things are doing. pull buy run close shout

cook sing cross sit fall

slide fly stand go start

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act jump bake move bend

Verb Tense

I fly everywhere, it’s cheaper than the bus.

simple past past progressive past perfect

simple present present progressive present perfect

The tense of the verb tells the time or when the action or verb was completed. Here is a list of verb tenses: future future progressive future perfect

Simple Present Tense

Use the simple present tense to tell a general truth or talk about something that is done regularly. Mary enjoys singing. Cows eat grass. Peter sometimes lends me his bike. Tom collects stamps.

Yes, Mary enjoys singing but Simon Cowel judges bad singers harshly.

Use the simple present tense to talk about things that are planned for the future. Sue starts school today. The train departs in an hour. Grandad retires in a week. 15

Adverbs • • • •

An adverb is a word that describes a verb. An adverb tells you something about the verbs action. Many adverbs end in –ly Many adverbs are made by adding –ly to adjectives.

Adjective beautiful bright happy loud

Adverb beautifully brightly happily loudly

Adjective brave fierce heavy peaceful

Adverb bravely fiercely heavily peacefully Today I am shining brightly, but not in Ireland.

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The dog is barking fiercely. Alice skated beautifully. It is raining heavily. The sun is shining brightly. The old man walked slowly. They laughed loudly.

• • • •

Comparing Adverbs

Like adjectives, adverbs can be comparative or superlative. Use the comparative form to compare two people, places, things, or animals. Use the superlative form to compare three or more people, places, things or animals Most adverbs will use “more” and “most” to form the comparative and superlative. Adverb Skillfully Playfully Closely Clearly

Comparitve More skillfully More playfully More closely More clearly I ran quickly.

Superlative most skillfully most playfully most closely most clearly I ran quicker!

I ran the quickest of all! I’m actually really fast.

Prepositions A preposition is a word that connects one thing with another, showing how they are related. A preposition is usually followed by a noun, a person, place, animal or thing. Dad keeps his wallet in the drawer. There is a long mirror on the wall. The school is near the park. There is an old castle on the hill. The horse jumped over the hurdle.

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I jump over it while she sits on my back.

Prepositions of Time

Some prepositions tell the time something happens.

We get up in the morning. We go to bed at night. It’s always hot in summer. Autumn begins in September. They were married in 1990. Joe arrived after me.

You go to bed at night. I go to bed in the morning.

List of Common Prepositions along down of under along with due to off underneath among

during on unlike around except onto until as except for

on top of up aside from excepting out upon at for out of

up to because of from outside with before in over within

behind in addition to past below inside regarding beneath inside of round

Sentences A sentence is a group of words that contain a subject (noun or pronoun) and a verb. I am A sentence expresses a complete thought. binning my gum.

Sentences

Verb

Object

Sarah

is making

a doll.

Molly

is reading

a book.

Grandpa

cooked

spaghetti.

am flying

an airplane.

are eating

our lunch.

The children are swimming. The telephone rang. Everyone sat down. Richard is feeding the hens.

Making Statements

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Subject

Expressing Emotion

I love reading really good horror stories. They give me the chills!

An exclamatory sentence usually ends in an exclamation point. The silly girl! How I make such a silly mistake! What lovely weather! What a wonderful surprise!

Asking Questions Where are the twins? Are you going shopping today? What is your name? What is Richard doing?

Giving Orders Tell me the truth. Speak up! Come back! 18

Are you reading Twilight?

ight Twil

Punctuation!? Punctuation marks are symbols like a full stop (period), comma, exclamation point, question mark, apostrophe, and quotation marks. Punctuation marks make the meaning of the sentence clear.

Full Stop.

Put a full stop at the end of a sentence. Here are some sentences punctuated with a full stop (period)

I’m sick of bread.

Exclamation Point!

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Albert is my good friend. Please don’t be late. I can swim.

Use an exclamation point after a command, an interjection, or a word that shows an emotion like surprise or anger.

Sit down! Oh dear! What a surprise! You are fired! I told you not to do that!

Oh no!

Question Mark?

Use a question mark at the end of a question. What’s your name? How many stamps do you have? Who took my pen? Where are they from? Where are you going?

Is this the last Batman movie?

Semicolon;

Use a semicolon between two very closely related sentences. In an interview, sit up straight; it is important to look alert. Make good eye contact; don’t look down or look way in an interview. Use a semicolon in a list of things that contain commas. I have relatives that live in Devon, England; other relatives who live in Derry, New Hampshire; and more relatives in Freeport, Maine.

Commas Commas

Commas help readers understand sentences and the way they are used can change the meaning. In these examples, pay attention to the location of the comma and how the meaning is changed: After you call Jim I’ll leave for the restaurant. After you call Jim, I’ll leave for the restaurant. After you call, Jim, I’ll leave for the restaurant.

Using Commas Correctly

I am also graceful, elegant, beautiful and delicious.

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Use a comma between nouns and phrases in a list. I bought two apples, three oranges, and some grapes. He enjoys tennis, badminton, skating, and football. At school we study English, math, science, history, and geography.

Use commas between adjectives when you use more than one to describe something. A giraffe is a tall, long-necked, long-legged animal. He is a tall, handsome, smart and ambitious young man.

Use commas around any word or phrase that is an explanation or example. John, my friend, has a new job. The prices are low at the Bargain Barn, a new thrift shop in town. Your request for a raise, on the other hand, has not yet been approved. Use commas around groups of words that start with ‘who’ or ‘which’. The mayor, who was recently elected, was honoured at a luncheon yesterday. The Bargain Barn, which is the newest thrift store in town, has the lowest prices. I have an appointment with Dr. Jeter, who specialises in cleft lip and palate repair, on Monday. Use commas after ‘yes’ and ‘no’ and before ‘please’ in sentences. No, it has stopped. Can you tell me what time it is, please? Yes, it’s a quarter past three, George. Good evening, Sir! Yes, the Use commas before or after the name of giraffe stew is someone you are speaking to. excellent. Good morning, sir! Good evening, Pablo.

Apostrophes Apostrophes are a punctuation mark that shows ownership. Apostrophes can also show that a letter has been left out of a word, these are called contractions. Add ’s to a singular noun to show ownership. Here are some examples: Jack’s car is being painted. Joan got all the information she needed from the company’s website. Carl’s house is a few miles from school.

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If a noun is plural and ends in –s, just add an apostrophe to show ownership. If the noun is plural and does not end in –s, then add ’s. The actors’ costumes were amazing. [more than one actor] The seven boys’ lunches were cold. The children’s coats were too small. How you use the apostrophe changes the meaning of the sentence. Tom missed class yesterday, and he asked the teacher what he missed. The teacher gave him the assignments, but she didn’t tell him when they were due.

My neighbour’s twelve cats escaped. [One neighbour has 12 cats.] My neighbours’ twelve cats escaped. [Two or more neighbours, together, have 12 cats.]

my mine your

Do not use apostrophes with possessive pronouns. They already show ownership. To review, here is a list of the possessive pronouns: his her hers

Who’s cat are you? Are you the neighbour’s cat?

its our ours

their theirs

yours whose

I’m your reflection.

Contractions Put an apostrophe in the place of a letter that has been left out of a word to form a contraction. Here are some common contractions: aren’t can’t couldn’t didn’t doesn’t don’t he’d

he’ll he’s I’d I’ll I’m I’ve isn’t

it’s (it is) let’s she’d she’ll she’s there’s there’d

they’ll they’re they’ve who’d who’ll who’s (who is) won’t

wouldn’t you’d you’re (you are) you’ll you’ve

“Mississippi” has four i’s.

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Use ’s to make letters and numbers plural.

In women’s shoes, size 8’s are more common than size 10’s.

Use ’s with nouns that express a length of time. They are treated like they possess or own something.

I gave a two weeks’ notice to my boss.

Last year’s potato crop was a bumper crop.

You didn’t have to pack so much.

Why can’t you ask for directions?

I’m going to buy us some sweets.

I’ll keep these two from bickering.

Commonly Misspelled Words encouragement encouraging environment equipped especially exaggerate excellence exhilarate existence existent experience explanation familiar fascinate February fiery foreign formerly forty fourth frantically generally government grammar grievous height heroes hindrance hoping humorous hypocrite immediately incidentally incredible

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calendar category cemetery changeable changing choose chose coming commission committee comparative compelled conceivable conferred conscience conscientious conscious control controversial controversy definitely definition describe desperate dining disappearance disappoint disastrous discipline dissatisfied effect eligible eliminate embarrass

absence accidentally accommodate accumulate achievement acquaintance acquire acquitted advice advise amateur among analysis analyze annual apartment apparatus apparent appearance arguing argument arithmetic ascend athletic attendance balance beginning belief believe beneficial benefited boundaries Britain business

sincerely specifically specimen statue succeed succession technique temperamental tendency tragedy transferring tries truly tyranny unanimous undoubtedly unnecessary until usually village villain weather weird whether woman women

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possession possibility possible practically precede precedence preference preferred prejudice preparation prevalent principal principle privilege procedure proceed profession prominent pronunciation pursue quizzes receive receiving recommend referring repetition restaurant rhyme rhythm ridiculous sacrifice salary schedule seize sense separate separation sergeant severely shining similar

independence inevitable intellectual intelligence interesting irresistible knowledge laboratory laid led lightning loneliness lose losing maintenance maneuver marriage mathematics maybe mere mischievous mysterious necessary noticeable occasionally occurred occurrence omitted opinion opportunity optimistic parallel paralysis particular pastime perseverance personal personnel perspiration physical picnicking

R.A.V.E.N. Remember, affect is a verb, effect is a noun.

How to Use this Journal

Continual Meaning Example

Fill in keywords for each of your subjects as you encounter them. Remember that keywords can mean different things for different subjects. For example, the keyword ‘Depression’ means something different in History and Geography! There are even some good examples to get your started.

A Good Start

Write an explanation of the keyword in this column.

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Write your keyword here

Pretty easy, isn’t it? Great!

fo sthgir dna sdeen eht retfa skool taht noitasinagro na si .dnalerI ni srellevart

tnemnrevoG-noN snoitasinagrO tnioP eevaP

teg tsum noitcele na ni etadidnac a taht setov fo rebmun eht si .detcele era yeht taht erusne ot

atouQ

fo esuaceb elpoep fo puorg a tsniaga noitanimircsid fo mrof a si .nigiro cinhte ro lanoitan ,ruoloc ,noigiler ,ecar rieht

msicaR

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eht fo trap emos egnahc ot tnaw ew fi dnalerI ni dleh etov a si evah yam taht ytaert ro wal UE na tnemelpmi ot ro noitutitsnoc .noitutitsnoc eht no tcapmi na sa aera rehtona ot eelf ot decrof neeb sah ohw enoemos si ,ecar ,noigiler fo snosaer rof detucesrep gnieb fo raef tluser .cte noitisop lacitilop ,ytilanoitan namuH fo noitaralceD snoitaN detinU eht fo elcitra tsrif ehT ydobyrevE .”lauqe dna eerf nrob si enoyrevE“ taht setats sthgiR eseht tcetrp ot ytilibisnopser a evah ew dna sthgir lauqe sah eht ot edutitta evitisop erom a tpada tsum ew taht snaem labolg ,noitullop ,rettil fo erawa erom emoceb dna tnemnorivne .gnilcycer dna gnimraw

English

nrecnoC dna laoG ,eriacórT sa hcus spuorg yratnulov hsirI era seirtnuoc reroop fo tnempoleved eht ni devlovni era ohw .dlrow eht tuohguorht

mudnerefeR eegufeR & sthgiR seitilibisnopseR pihsdrawetS

ro feihc snaem hcaesioaT .dnalerI citleC morf emoc sdrow htoB etsianáT/hcaesioaT .redael ro feihc ytuped eht snaem etsianáT dna redael

dlroW retfa pu tes saw hcihw noitisinagro lanoitanretni na si tuohguorht ecaep gnipeek fo mia niam eht htiw 5491 ni II raW .dlrow eht

snoitaN detinU )NU(

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Black Death Blitzkrieg

Celts Civil War Communism

is a war between two organised groups within the same state or country with the aim of taking control of that country or state. is a socialist movement which believes in an equal society where everybody works and lives together as part of a greater community. was a rebellion by a group of Irish republicans, led by Patrick Pearse, against English rule in Ireland on Easter Monday in 1916. The event centred around the General Post Office (GPO) in Dublin. is an ideology based on the belief that a country should have a strong ruler or dictator supported by the army. The word comes from the Roman fasces which was symbolised by a bundle of rods. was a social revolution which took place in Britain between 1750 and 1850 as a result of changes in agriculture, industry, transport and migration and made Britain “the workshop of the world”. are handwritten books made during the Middle Ages by monks on vellum (calf skin) and parchment (skeep skin). Examples include the Book of Kells and the Book of Durrow. is the period in history from 800AD to 1500AD in Europe when the King alone owned the land and the population was mainly divided into three groups; knights, monks and serfs. s a belief that a country should be ruled by its own people and not by any other nation. The Act of Union in 1801 united Ireland with Britain, those oposed to this act were called “nationalists”. is where a country does not take part in a war. It shows no favour to any side. During World War II (1939-45) Ireland was a neutral country. was an area which included Dublin and some surrounding lands from Louth, Meath and Wicklow where the people mainly spoke English and followed English customs and laws.

Easter Rising

History

Bronze Age

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Archaeology

comes from the Greek word historia, which means story. It is the study of events that happened in the past right up to today. The word prehistory refers to the period before writing was invented. is the study of the remains left by our ancestors and comes from the Greek words meaning ancient knowledge. Our knowledge of prehistory depends mainly on archaeology. was a bubonic plague which spread across Europe in 1347 which killed one third of Europe’s population. Fleas and rates spread the virus which caused the body to turn black with swelling and fever. was a German military tactic from World War II involving heavy bombing by its air force, the Luftwaffe and fast movement by tanks and soldiers on the ground. was a historical perion in Ireland’s history around 2000 BC when a group of settlers from Europe called the Beaker people introduced bronze making by mixing copper with a small amount of tin. were a warlike and farming people who arrived in Ireland from Europe around 500 BC. They brought the Iron Age to Ireland and divided themselves into many small kingdoms called ‘Tuatha’.

History

Fascism

Industrial Revolution

Manuscript Medieval/ Middle Ages Nationalism Neutrality The Pale

Propaganda Rath Reformation Renaissance Round Towers Serfs

Tithe

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Plantation

A person or persons who sponsors another person to carry out a particular task. During the Renaissance patrons paid artists to produce a work of art. is when people from one country are sent to another to take over the land and live there. The first plantation in Ireland by the English was the Laois-Offaly plantation of the 1550’s. involves the use of television, radio, film, internet and the print media to present news and information that shows a political party, person, country etc. in a very favourable light. were Celtic settlement forts surrounded by mounds of clay or circular ditches. Raths were usually built of timber but sometimes stone was used as well. was the division of the Catholic Church during the sixteenth century as a result of the general unhappiness of the people with the church. Martin Luther played an important role. means ‘rebirth’ or ‘reborn’ and refers to a period in history between 1300 and 1650 when people abandoned the old ideas of the Medieval period and tried to create a new civilisation. are normally associated with monasteries. They were tall circular stone buildings up 35 metres high and were divided into several storeys with each one connected by ladders. were people who lived like slaves during the Middle Ages. They had few rights and had to work as their lord demanded. Serfs could not leave or get married without his permission. was a tax that was paid to the church by the ordinary people. This tax was paid by serfs during the Medieval period and by French peasants at the time of the French Revolution. were mainly Protestants whose ancestors came to Ireland during the Plantations. They had a majority in the north east of Ireland. They wanted Ireland to remain in union with Britain.

Patrons

Unionist

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Geogrpahy

Geography is the science that studies the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of the Earth. A literal translation would be “to describe or write about the Earth”.

Acid Rain

is where rainfall contains a large amount of acid which is caused by the burning of fossil fuels.

Aid

is the name that is given to the “help” which the developed world gives to the developing world.

Central Business District Coniferous

Democracy Deciduous

Depression

Desertification Drumlins Earthquake Footloose Industry Greenhouse Effect

Geogrpahy

Contour Line

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Arable

is a high pressure system which is generally associated with good weather. Pressure is highest at the centre of the system. In summer anti-cyclones bring dry sunny weather. is a term used to describe land which is ploughed/tilled to grow crops. Arable farming forms an important part of the Irish agricultural economy. Co. Wexford has extensive arable farming. is the heart of a city. It contains a large number of commercial buildings, offices, shops, cinemas, theatres and government buildings e.g. Dublin City Centre or Manhattan in New York. is a forest area of mainly evergreen cone bearing trees that have sharp needle like leaves e.g. Fir and Pine trees. They are well suited to areas of poor soil and cold weather. is an imaginary line drawn on an Ordnance Survey Map to show places of equal height. Contour lines begin at 0 on the coastline and go up in ten metre intervals. They are very accurate. comes from the Greek words demos (people) and kratia (to rule). In a democracy rules and laws are made by the people for the people. is a type of tree that loses its leaves in the autumn and grows new leaves in the spring e.g. ash, oak or birch trees. They are found generally in low land areas where their deep roots grow in good soil. is a low pressure system which generally brings rain and poor weather conditions. The lowest pressure is at the centre of the depression. refers to the slow spread of deserts into the surrounding hinterland (area) e.g. the Sahel region. Severe droughts along with over-cropping and over-grazing contribute to desertification. are small oval shaped hills composed mainly of boulder clay and were formed by glacial deposition e.g. Cavan and Monaghan drumlins. is a tremor in the earth’s crust. The Focus is the name given to the place deep within the crust where an earthquake begins. Directly above the focus on the surface of the earth is the Epicentre. are industries that are not tied to a particular location. Unlike traditional industries they move about when circumstances change. Eg. Dell is an effect caused by an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which traps heat from the Earth and prevents it from escaping leading to an increase in world temperatures.

Anti-cyclone

Karst Latitude Longshore Drift Meander Migration Multi National Company (MNC)

Ox-Bow Lakes

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Industrial Inertia

is decayed organic matter found in the soil as a result of vegetation decomposing. Humus aids soil development and helps to nourish grass and plants. is where an industry remains at a specific location because of its excellent repuation and skilled local workers even though it would be more cost effective to move. E.g. Sheffield Steel is another name for a limestone area and takes its name from a large limestone area called the Karst region. The Burren in Co. Clare is an excellent example of a karst limestone region. refers to distance north or south of the equator. Heat at the equator is more concentrated and as you move away to higher latitudes it gets cooler. is the movement of material along the coastline caused by waves which are blown by the wind. The material is carried up the beach by the swash and back down again by the backwash. are large bends found in a river especially during the mature and old age stages of the river. Each of the meanders has an inside and an outside bend. is where people, for different reasons, move from one area to another with the intention of settling in the new area. A person who moves away from their native area is called an emigrant. are very large companies such as Coca Cola who have factories, branches and offices spread throughout the world in different countries. is a common river feature formed through a combination of erosion and deposition. Part of a meander loop on a river becomes separated gradually from the river and becomes a lake. Pastoral farming involves producing animals for food. Dairy farming where cows are milked and beef farming where cattle are raised and slaughtered for the meat industry.

Humus

Pastoral

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is about finding out about what it means to be an active citizen in the community, in the country and in the wider world.

CSPE An Taisce Amnesty International

is an organisation set up in 1948 to protect our Irish heritage. is an organisation that campaigns for human rights throughout the world.

Apartheid

means “separateness”. Apartheid laws meant that black people were separated by law from white people e.g. white’s only beaches and separate toilets.

Bullying

is a very harmful and hurtful action where a person is repeatedly treated with disrespect through physical or verbal abuse. is the “speaker”or independent chairperson of the Dáil who is elected by the TD’s.

Coalition

is when two or more political parties join together to form a government.

Democracy

is a set of laws that governs a country. It describes the powers of the President, the government and the Oireachtas. The constitution also protects the rights of citizens. comes from the Greek words demos (people) and kratia (to rule). In a democracy rules and laws are made by the people for the people.

Constitution (Bunreacht na hÉireann)

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Ceann Comhairle

is where people are not treated fairly or equally in society because they are not seen as equals often due to poverty, race, gender etc.

European Parliament

is one of the main institutions of the European Union. The people of Europe elect members who are called MEP’s.

Fair Trade

is an independent guarantee stating that the goods we are about to purchase such as tea or coffee are produced by companies that provide decent employment conditions for their workers.

Human Dignity

is the concept that every person should have their basic needs met such as the right to water, food and shelter.

Discrimination

Interdependence

Local Government

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Law

is the concept that we all people in the world depend on each other and that our actions, such as what we buy, can have a major impact on individuals who live far away. are passed by governments and these laws are a way of making sure that people’s rights are protected. The Gardaí, Courts and the Army are there to protect peoples rights under the law. is where a local authority or Council looks after local amenities and services. There are four types in Ireland; County, City, Borough and Town Councils.

Non-Government Organisations Pavee Point

are Irish voluntary groups such as Trócaire, Goal and Concern who are involved in the development of poorer countries throughout the world. is an organisation that looks after the needs and rights of travellers in Ireland.

Quota

is the number of votes that a candidate in an election must get to ensure that they are elected.

Racism

is a form of discrimination against a group of people because of their race, religion, colour, national or ethnic origin.

Refugee Rights & Responsibilities Stewardship

is a vote held in Ireland if we want to change some part of the constitution or to implement an EU law or treaty that may have an impact on the constitution. is someone who has been forced to flee to another area as result fear of being persecuted for reasons of religion, race, nationality, political position etc. The first article of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights states that “Everyone is born free and equal”. Everybody has equal rights and we have a responsibility to prtect these means that we must adapt a more positive attitude to the environment and become more aware of litter, pollution, global warming and recycling.

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Referendum

Both words come from Celtic Ireland. Taoiseach means chief or leader and Tánaiste means the deputy chief or leader.

United Nations (UN)

is an international organisition which was set up after World War II in 1945 with the main aim of keeping peace throughout the world.

Taoiseach/Tánaiste

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