"PROCESS"

process “ “

rachael mackay

obscura

Obscura from Camera Obscura - The Camera Obscura is believed to be the first camera in history. Rather than taking photographs, it focuses light through a pinhole lens and projects the image onto a screen. The device is a predecessor of cameras for both still and moving images.

Obscura from Obscure - meaning “not discovered or known about”, much like the hidden tunnel and cinema which are part of this proposal.

When designing this space, I had several key considerations. The first was the buildings themselves.

The Rotundas were built between 1890-95, providing shelter to the lift shafts and stairways which led down to the base of the tunnel. Originally, the buildings had no ground floor, with the external doors leading straight down to the tunnel. Over time, the buildings have been through several regenerations, including a restaurant and casino at the North and an ice cream parlour and theatre space at the South.

To get a better sense of how the Rotundas were designed in the past, I viewed old plans at the Mitchell Library. Here, I also found information on the Harbour Tunnel, alongside original drawings from 1888, before the tunnel was built. The visit allowed me to better understand the history of the Rotundas and Tunnel, and how their interiors were designed to make best use of the round buildings.

Technical drawings from the Mitchell Library

I made several visits to the Rotundas themselves, and was able to get a behind-the-scenes tour of the North Rotunda. This helped me gain insight into how the building had changed over time, and how effective the interior design was in creating a welcoming space which is also respectful to the original building structure.

I also located plans for both the North and South Rotundas, which provided me with the key dimensions of the buildings, and detailed how the South Rotunda is currently designed. The plans and site visits did not explain where the entrance to the tunnel is located, however from old photographs and a section marked ‘Scottish Water Plant Access’ on the South Rotunda plan, I was able to estimate that the tunnel is accessed only from the South Rotunda.

I chose to fully redesign the buildings and tunnel access, removing all existing floor levels and interior walls. This allowed me to design the interiors to best suit the spaces involved, and meant that I could make the best use of the Rotundas external structure to highlight the history of the buildings and bring natural light into the space.

Read more about the history of the buildings and my site visits in the Research Journal.

Existing section drawing of the South Rotunda

Images from my site visit

The next key consideration I had was the entry and exit points of the buildings.

The North Rotunda is currently open all day, situated in an entertainment-focused area which is busiest during evenings and weekends. It has the easiest access to and from the city centre, with nearby train station, bus stops and adjoining car park. The South Rotunda is an office, and the building and it’s surrounding areas are busiest during weekdays, often less busy than the north side of the river. It is for these reasons that I have chosen the North Rotunda as the central entry and exit point for my proposal.

It is also important to note that some visitors may not want to navigate through the tunnel to the cinema and back, therefore the South Rotunda includes a smaller, discreet entry and exit point.

The second central consideration was how the hidden aspect of the proposal could manifest in the design.

The proposal includes an element of secrecy, which I aimed to create through splitting the design into hidden and public areas. Through speaking to others about the Rotundas and Tunnel, I found that many people knew of the North Rotunda, but that few were aware of the South Rotunda and the tunnel connecting the two buildings. For this reason, alongside the fact that the North Rotunda was to be the entry and exit point for the proposal, I chose to keep the North Rotunda’s film museum and cafe-bar open and known to the public, and the tunnel experience and South Rotunda’s cinema and film space hidden, accessible only to those who are aware of their existance. This means that the tunnel and cinema are discoverable within the North Rotunda, with hidden clues leading visitors to unearth the secret. Signage surrounding the South Rotunda is discreet, and it’s interior remains a mystery until visiting.

This also comes with the awareness that, over time, the cinema and tunnel will become more widely-known, through social media and wordof-mouth. However, the experience will change with every visit, and the feeling of secrecy and discovery will remain.

A third key consideration when beginning the design process was for the spaces to feel inclusive and welcoming to all.

I aimed for the space to be as inclusive as possible, showing films which represent the diversity of the world in which we live. The space should feel welcoming and comfortable, allowing everyone the chance to explore their place both in the space and in the world of film.

Part of keeping the space inclusive is ensuring that it is accessible by both stairs and lift, and that spaces are easy to navigate and inhabit by all.

Tickets, food and drink should be fairly priced to accommodate those with lower budgets, without compromising the experience. This would be maintained through higher ticket sales of less expensive tickets and the use of lower-cost materials during construction.

Increasing Importance

Hierarchy of Areas Within the Space

A final consideration for the project was the idea of a journey, both literal and metaphorical.

Similar to character journeys shown in film, visitors travel through the space from entry to exit, both on a physical and emotional journey. How film and spatial design combine these literal and metaphorical journeys adds to the visitors’ and audience’s experience of the story.

Films set on modes of transportation allow the temporality of the journey to dictate the plot and emotional experience of the film.

The journey on a train can be likened to the journey of the characters, with a beginning and end, and a set journey duration. The journey of a character within a changing world is comparable to the journey of a train through a changing landscape.

This led to the design of train interiors and subway stations informing my own design, especially for the tunnel and the film booths in the South Rotunda.

I also began to look at the space as a film, with a beginning, middle and end.

My poster design advertising the space

This was created near the beginning of the design process to help communicate three key elements of my project:

Hidden - the drama and mystery of the space, emphasised using bold silhouettes and abstracted shapes.

Cinema - the film-focus of the space, emphasised by creating a film-like poster inspired by Saul Bass posters for Hitchcock films, and using 3D effect showing a movie projector and the project title.

Connection - the social aspect of the space, emphasised by the two people conversing as they travel through a tunnel to the film space.

2 zoning

2.1 site models

Creating and using a site model to get a better understanding of the scale of the buildings

2 zoning

2.1 site models

The model has a scale of 1:100

2 zoning

By positioning scale figures in the model, I found I gained a better understanding of the scale of the buildings. This helped me to zone the two Rotundas across several floors.

2.1 site models

2 zoning

2.1 site models

This model is based on the North Rotunda. Though the North and South Rotundas are almost identical, there are some differences. The South Rotunda sits on an incline, resulting in part of the ground floor being underground. Extra roof windows have also been added in the recent renovation of the South Rotunda.

2.1 site models

Original model of both Rotundas and Tunnel

Using measurements from plans and site visits, I recreated the buildings and tunnel in Vectorworks.

2 zoning

This model became the base for the later models I made. Using VR, I was able to ‘visit’ the buildings to get a better sense of scale before and after zoning the spaces.

2.1 site models

WCs Film Library Film Museum

Cafe-bar

Entrance

Snack Bar

Main Screening

Space Film Booths

WCs

12am 3am

2.2 zoning diagrams

Plotting user journeys within the space over one day

The Explorer

The Thinker

The Artist

The Writer

The Talker

The Actor

Plotting the user journeys allowed me to gain a better understanding of the hierarchy of the spaces, and of which spaces should be easily accessed from one another.

The core user journey is shown in black ink, alongside the emotional experience of each transition between spaces, shown in grey. Staff spaces are shown in blue.

2 zoning

Diagrams mapping key elements of each space

2 zoning

Original zoning plans marking proportions for each area

Entrance

Cafe-bar

Exhibition Space

Film Library

Open Area/Snack Bar

Main Auditorium

Smaller Auditorium

WCs

2.2 zoning diagrams

Rough sketch marking balance of levels for each area

Entrance

Cafe-Bar

Film Museum

Film Library

WCs

Tunnel

Snack Bar

2.2 zoning diagrams

Exploring connections from user journeys between areas

Each line represents a journey shown on the chart of user journeys over time. Clear connections can be seen from the entrance to cafe-bar, cafe-bar to tunnel, and tunnel to screening space and snack bar. Within my design, the most strongly connected areas should be in close proximity or easily navigable from one to the other.

Original zoning plans for ground and first floors of both Rotundas

Black lines show an example of a journey throughout the space. Striped areas are visitor-focused, whereas dotted spaces are staff-focused.

These sketches helped to inform the basic layout of the two buildings.

Original vertical zoning for both Rotundas and Tunnel

2.3 zoning plans

Zoning plans on tracing paper

2 zoning

2.3 zoning plans

Developing zoning plans for the North Rotunda

Due to the large scale of the buildings, the zoning plans had many iterations. I aimed to keep the buildings open and accessible, with central lift shafts and stairways. Another key aim was to make the best use of the existing windows and doors of both Rotundas.

Social spaces including the cafe-bar and snack bar require the most light, whereas spaces for watching films need to be able to be darkened. As the film museum includes exhibits alongside projections it requires a better flexibility, so this is split across the ground floor and basement of the North Rotunda.

2.3 zoning plans

Sketches exploring where a central lift shaft and stairwell might serve each floor of the North Rotunda Sketch showing floor levels and central stairs in both Rotundas

2 zoning

After creating initial zoning plans for the buildings, I decided to remove some secondary spaces from the design, including the film library and a second cinema auditorium. This allowed me to focus on the primary areas and create a more cohesive concept.

2 zoning

Mapping the journey through the buildings against a classic story structure and the plot of Amélie

This helped create a cohesive user journey, with a more fulfilling emotional experience.

2 zoning

Storyboarding a journey through the space

The storyboard helped me gain a better understanding of how the spaces relate to one another, and how they might look. I stopped the storyboard here to focus on each space individually.

3 North rotunda

Upon considering interiors in film and film’s place in my own life, I came to the realisation that an important aspect of film is the idea of home. This informed the design of the North Rotunda, as I aimed to create a welcoming space which people would enjoy spending lots of time in.

Home - in this case meaning the feeling of being at home, in a space either physically or mentally in which people feel safe and able to be themselves - is something which I believe can make any film, including those with challenging subjects or themes, apporachable from a foundation that is comfortable and often nostalgic.

This made me question what makes both the characters and audience feel at home within a film.

Considering the concept of “home” in some of my favourite films, I formed a better understanding of how the feeling of being at home can be created within a physical space. I aimed to use this inspiration to create a more welcoming, comfortable design.

https://pin.it/3ZVxJcr

Scan the QR code to visit my pinterest board of inspiration.

3 North rotunda

Proposed Plan for the Ground Floor of the North Rotunda

3.2

entrance

3 North rotunda

I aimed to create an inviting, intriguing entranceway into the space. The darker walls and passageway curving out of sight give the space a more mysterious atmosphere, whilst the bright gold doorway welcomes visitors towards the cafe-bar in the centre.

The rectangular doorway contrasts with the curving wall of the reception desk and emphasises that this is a new and exciting space. It juts out from the wall, welcoming visitors to the core of the building.

The water-ripple lighting was inspired by the production design and cinematography of Blade Runner 2049.

3 North rotunda

The bar design was inspired by the form of the Rotunda’s exterior. The tiles are reminiscent of the rectangular windows and the brass pole gantry is influenced by the cast iron columns and steel girders.

Sketches for the Ground Floor Cafe-Bar

I chose to use environmentally conscious materials including wood terrazzo tiles and cork tile flooring.

3 North rotunda

Sketches of a lighting installation idea for the cafe-bar

Light shining through film reels spells out ‘obscura’ on the wall, and the film moving through the reels is also projected onto the central core of the building. I chose not to show this in my final design as I wanted the design focus to be on the cafe-bar.

This was also inspired by an exhibit on the influence of Avant-Garde in film.

3 North rotunda

Proposed Plan for the First Floor of the North Rotunda

Proposed Plan for the Second Floor of the North Rotunda

3 North rotunda

Sketches exploring ideas for seating booths in the cafe-bar

I wanted the upstairs cafe-bar to feel more relaxed than the ground floor, where visitors can feel comfortable and welcome for long periods of time

Original stair detail for feature stair

The final seating booths, day and night

3 North rotunda

Initial sketches for the entrance and ground floor level of the film museum

I wanted the museum to be directly accessible from the cafe-bar, with wide entrance doors welcoming visitors to the space. I chose to split the space across the ground floor and basement as this allowed better lighting options for exhibits.

3 North rotunda

The materials throughout the North Rotunda were inspired by details including the red velvet seats and brass box offices of classic cinemas.

Sketches for the film museum entrance

Final plan for the Basement of the North Rotunda

3 North rotunda

3.4 film museum

I wanted the separate museum rooms with the coloured curtain doors to create a sense of excitement and encourage visitors to explore on their own route.

Sketches and notes exploring ideas for the film museum

4 south rotunda

The South Rotunda was inspired by the futuristic worlds depicted in films of the past, especially Blade Runner (pictured below). I found the contrast between old-fashioned and futuristic objects and environments interesting, and wanted to evoke that contrast in the design.

As the building sits on a slope, the ground floor is partially underground. This made the floor ideal for the cinema, as the smaller windows could easily be darkened by curtains, and the larger windows could be utilised for the social and circulation spaces instead.

Sketches experimenting with floor levels in South Rotunda

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Proposed Plan for the Ground Floor of the South Rotunda

Sketches exploring ideas for the atrium on the ground floor of the South Rotunda

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Sketches

exploring layout and floor level of cinema

I aimed to make the cinema an exciting space whilst focusing attention on the cinema screen. The seating is located at the curved wall, with angled walls directing the audience’s attention towards the film. The entrance doors open out onto a central seating row, allowing wheelchair users a better view of the screen. The seating, cinema screen and projector are positioned with the audience’s comfort in mind, meeting requirements for field of view and sightline clearance. The angled walls and sloped ceiling also allow better sound absorption.

Vectorworks technical drawing detailing projector, wall and ceiling heights alongside sightlines of the audience on each row.

4 south rotunda

The acoustic wall is inspired by Inception, where the city environment is manipulated and buildings rise out of the ground and sky.

Sketches for the stairs and consistent lighting

4 south rotunda

I aimed for the lighting to be warm and subtle. I chose inset strip lights around the edges of the ceiling, which create highlights and shadows on the acoustic wall, exaggerating its form. Vertical strip lights allow sufficient lighting for the audience to find and take their seats.

As the film begins, these strip lights dim as the curtains close around the windows at the back of the auditorium. The curtains across the screen then open, building up anticipation before the film begins.

4 south rotunda

Proposed Plan for the First Floor of the South Rotunda

Sketches for lighting throughout the South Rotunda

4 south rotunda

Initial sketches of window detail

As the snack bar is an evening-focused space, and the South Rotunda is a hidden part of the proposal, I wanted the windows to be mirrored from the outside, creating mystery and intruige for passers-by.

I wanted the Snack Bar to be the central space in the South Rotunda; an open space where people can socialise in groups of all sizes. The space was inspired by futuristic cityscapes in film, and I intended to create a range of different seating and standing areas evoking streets and alleyways of a city at night.

Sketches for the bar

The bar was inspired by petrol stations lit up at night, and classic cinema signage.

4 south rotunda

The popcorn stand is inspired by city laundromats at night. The contrast between new and old, light and dark, and rough and shiny was interesting to me. I was drawn to the combination of the bright neon glow and the regular pattern of stacked washing machines, and wanted to replicate this in the design. This was also inspired by the laundromat in Everything Everywhere All At Once.

Sketches for the popcorn stand

4.4 snack bar

An Aesop storefront which I found interesting for the contrast between industrial and sleek design

Everything Everywhere All At Once

4 south rotunda

The snack bar is a busy space where people are always moving, where groups to come together before or after a film for drinks and snacks late into the night.

The corridor towards the seating booths, WCs and lift is inspired by the neon signage of large cities at night. I designed an abstract version of this with coloured PVC and spotlights.

Sketch of the snack bar and popcorn stand

process journal

Sketches for the corridor and seating booths

4 south rotunda

Sketches for snack bar booths

Blade Runner 2049

The snack bar booths in the South Rotunda are designed to almost be the opposite of the seating booths in the North Rotunda. These booths are desiged to feel more private than the rest of the snack bar, but still full of energy and life. The window at the back of the booth is inspired by Blade Runner 2049, letting slits of coloured light brighten the stairwell beyond.

4 south rotunda

Proposed Plan for the Second Floor of the South Rotunda

4.5 film booths

Initial sketches for the film booths

2 of the 6 booths are wheelchair accessible with fold-down sofa seating.

4 south rotunda

Sketches for film booths

Spiderman: Into the Spiderverse

The film booths were inspired by the concept of a journey, both physical and metaphorical. The experience of travelling through the space is comparable to both the experience of watching a film and the experience of taking a train through a new place. I took inspiration from Spiderman: Into the Spiderverse and New York subway trains to create a space which feels new and exciting as well as being somewhere enjoyable to sit and watch a film in private.

4 south rotunda

Sketches of the corridor space

Initial render of the corridor

4.5 film booths

Signage inspired by digital train signage

Initial render of the exterior of the film booths

see the final proposal in the portfolio...