Lighting Journal June 2021 by The ILP

Professional best practice from the Institution of Lighting Professionals

June 2021

LEGAL HIGHS The challenges of lighting a law firm’s high-rise London offices YORKSHIRE MORE How a tuneable circadian lighting system has transformed Leeds City Station UNLOCKING THE CITY Turning the ‘Ki.’ on Bradford’s smart city experiment

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Contents

06 LEGAL HIGHS

Designing and installing the new lighting scheme for the high-rise offices of legal firm Freshfields at 100 Bishopsgate in London created an array of logistical challenges – and that was even before the sudden arrival of Covid-19 restrictions, as Christopher Knowlton explains

SPACE FOR RECOVERY

Mark Cooper makes the case that, if lighting wants to be at the forefront of the ‘connected place’ (as we might be better off calling ‘smart cities’), it needs to get serious about adding intelligent controls as standard to LED upgrades as well as more savvy about recognising the opportunities that may come from post-pandemic recovery strategies

ADAPTING TO 18 THE FUTURE

Suffolk County Council has been piloting radar-based traffic-dependent dynamic streetlight dimming on arterial routes across Ipswich, as part of a wider research project into how carbon emissions associated with public lighting can be reduced. It is also potentially an important step on the council’s smart city ‘journey’

UNLOCKING 26 THE CITY

City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council’s ‘Smart Street Lighting Project’ is on track to reduce street lighting power consumption by 65% and carbon emissions by more than 6,000 tonnes per year, all of which will help the city become carbon neutral by 2038. As Allum Preece writes, it has also led to the development of a range of innovative sensor-led city improvement projects

06 IN THE 40AHEAD CLOUD

Cloud-based applications are increasingly underpinning the infrastructure now driving digitalisation. In time, argues Jon Lewis, it could even be such Cloud-based solutions that finally give local authorities the confidence they need to embrace future-proofed connected solutions

It is vital lighting professionals fully understand the regulatory and legal requirements that apply to the collection, storage and, crucially, disposal of waste electricals. These can be complex, and can differ between the different nations, as this update by Nigel Harvey illustrates

The European U n io n ’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) may not feel like it has much to do with lighting. In fact, as Peter Thorns explains, it is something all lighting professionals need to have a handle on, especially given lighting’s growing role as a collector, hub and conduit for data

58 IRON AND STEEL

60 PARLIAMENTARY PURPOSE

From being a tired and somewhat dated space, Leeds City Station has been transformed through the installation of a new tuneable circadian lighting system, believed to be the first of its kind for a major transportation space. Mike Kimmitt reports

50 DATA DRIVERS

The next phase of the Illuminated River public art project has now been completed, meaning that nine bridges across the Thames have now been lit up

YORKSHIRE MORE

REGULATION 46 APPROACH

Liz Peck, past president of the Society of Light and Lighting, sadly passed away earlier this year at the tooyoung age of just 46. Bob Bohannon and Mike Simpson look back on her contribution to lighting design and her passion for the industry

30 THAMES REACH

In the first of a new occasional column going behind the scenes on lighting issues at Westminster, Liberal Democrat Peer Chris Rennard outlines how the ILP is engaging with the work of two new lighting-related all-party parliamentary groups

34 p COVER PICTURE

The new lighting scheme for the law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLP at 100 Bishopsgate, London, as designed by 18 Degrees Below. Turn to page six to find out the story behind the project and the considerable challenges it posed. Photograph by Tom Lee

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Editor’s letter Volume 86 No 6 June 2021 President Anthony Smith IEng FILP Chief Executive Tracey White Editor Nic Paton BA (Hons) MA Email: nic@cormorantmedia.co.uk

Lighting Journal’s content is chosen and evaluated by volunteers on our reader panel, peer review group and a small representative group which holds focus meetings responsible for the strategic direction of the publication. If you would like to volunteer to be involved, please contact the editor. We also welcome reader letters to the editor. Design Tolu Akinyemi B.Tech MSc Email: tolu@matrixprint.com

Advertising Manager Andy Etherton Email: andy@matrixprint.com Published by Matrix Print Consultants Ltd on behalf of Institution of Lighting Professionals Regent House, Regent Place, Rugby CV21 2PN Telephone: 01788 576492 E-mail: info@theilp.org.uk Website: www.theilp.org.uk Produced by Matrix Print Consultants Ltd Unit C,Northfield Point, Cunliffe Drive, Kettering, Northants NN16 9QJ Tel: 01536 527297 Email: gary@matrixprint.com Website: www.matrixprint.com

et’s be honest, the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is not the most riveting read. Its terminology is complex and it is difficult to get your head round. In fact, I recall times back in 2018, the year firms needed to become compliant, of sitting at my desk trying to write yet another GDPR ‘how to’ article and thinking ‘shoot me now’. Nevertheless, just because something is difficult doesn’t mean it’s not important. As Peter Thorns explains in this edition from page 50, the GDPR definitely is worth trying to understand. Building on a recent ILP webinar he presented, Peter provides what I feel is one of the most accessible and easyto-follow overviews of the regulation I have come across, and so I really would recommend taking the time to give it a read. But what has the GDPR got to do with lighting, I hear you ask? As Peter emphasises, and in fact as our focus on smart cities and connected infrastructure this month also makes abundantly clear, it actually has a heck of a lot, especially as the LED digitalisation revolution accelerates. Yes of course, at one level, smart/connected lighting is all about cutting-edge lighting technologies and innovative solutions. Yet there is a far broader, and arguably more important, conversation running underneath: lighting’s evolving role in this brave new connected world as a data conduit. This, in turn, leads to questions about the collection, storage, processing, security and, crucially, ownership of all this data now flying around our cities. That, again in turn, generates further conversation around all the accompanying legal responsibilities that go with this, and are themselves becoming increasingly blurred and complex. The GDPR, as the EU’s attempt (even if a somewhat clunky one), to provide a legal framework for the management and protection of personal data in this fast-changing environment, is at the heart of all this. Therefore, even if lighting professionals don’t need to become total GDPR geeks, the regulation is something lighting as an industry needs to have a handle on at the very least, and Peter’s article is a great starting point. Sticking briefly with the smart/connected city agenda, Mark Cooper’s article, from page 12, is another I’d suggest not to miss this edition. Mark makes the thoughtful point that the post-pandemic recovery agenda (especially the fact we may all need to be outside or in well-ventilated spaces much more post Covid) potentially provides an important opening for discussions around the role and value of smart/connected lighting solutions. Combine this with the government’s ‘levelling up agenda’, even if the detail here is as yet somewhat scant, and there is, feasibly, a real opportunity to be grasped for lighting. Personally, too, I’m quite taken with the idea by Susan Claris of Arup, and referenced by Mark, of ‘ReCharge Parklets’, or hybrid connected urban spaces with USB and wireless charging points, in-seating solar energy panels and free public Wi Fi. Bring them on! Finally, this month on page 60 we bring you the first of an occasional new column, ‘Light on Westminster’, written by Liberal Democrat peer Chris Rennard. Chris will be regularly going behind the scenes on lighting-related issues and discussions at Westminster and what it all means for the industry. Given what I have just said about the possible links between post-pandemic recovery, ‘levelling up’ and connected lighting, it is critical lighting as an industry has an insight into the thinking and priorities of national politicians as well as local government. Hopefully Chris will be able to shine that light. Nic Paton Editor

The views or statements expressed in these pages do not necessarily accord with those of The Institution of Lighting Professionals or the Lighting Journal’s editor. Photocopying of Lighting Journal items for private use is permitted, but not for commercial purposes or economic gain. Reprints of material published in these pages is available for a fee, on application to the editor.

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LEGAL HIGHS Designing and installing the new lighting scheme for the high-rise offices of legal firm Freshfields at 100 Bishopsgate in London created an array of logistical challenges – and that was even before the sudden arrival of Covid-19 restrictions By Christopher Knowlton

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Architectural lighting

Main image: the illuminated spiral staircase at the new Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer offices in London. Above: one of the team-meet points. All photographs by Tom Lee

reshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLP, better known simply as Freshfields, is one of the world’s leading legal services firms. Founded in the eighteenth century, it is a member of the prestigious ‘Magic Circle’ of top London-based law firms. Having previously been headquartered on Fleet Street for some 30 years, the firm has now moved to the prestigious 100 Bishopsgate and we at 18 Degrees were asked to develop a new lighting scheme for the office space, working in close collaboration with the interior architect ID:SR. The project, which began about four years ago, is all part of a wider drive by the law firm to modernise and bring the business into line with its guiding principles, which are very much focused around energy and sustainability. As a business, it also needs to be sure it keeps on attracting and retaining the best staff, both graduates and at more senior levels. So our brief was very much about creating a space that is enjoyable to be in, healthy but also collaborative and multi-functional. It also needed to be a space where the firm could bring its clients to hold meetings. This can bring its own complications, for example if there are people coming to same space who can’t meet each other for legal reasons. So, again, it was about having and creating spaces that worked through the day and into the night. 100 Bishopsgate, developed by Brookfield Properties, consists of two mixed-use buildings, situated right on the eastern

edge of the City, one 40 storeys high and the other over 32 floors. Because they are such tall buildings, and right in the Square Mile, organising the fit-out was quite challenging, because there were so many lifts, something that, as we shall see, became a bit of an issue as the project progressed and Covid-19 appeared.

EXTENSIVE GLASS FAÇADES

When you walk around the building the first thing that strikes you is the most incredible, panoramic, views. You can look out and see right across the Houses of Parliament or right down to the bridges around London. That was a blessing and a curse, in that it was both an amazing space but also very distracting! On top of this, with the extensive glass façades, a huge amount of daylight comes into the space every day. Daylight is wonderful of course – until it is a bright sunny day and it is hitting you right where you are trying to work and focus. Having said that, the floorplate is not ridiculously deep, so you get excellent daylight availability most of the day. To help with daylight glare there are solar blinds in all of the offices. However, being such a tall building and surrounded by so many other tall buildings, you also get sunlight shafting in from other buildings, too. As the sun moves and hits the building opposite, suddenly you have got direct light on a north elevation, which is strange, but is just the way the buildings are. In the client spaces, or spaces where they needed

even more control, there are blackouts and solar binds, and in some cases sheer blinds too, helping to vary and filter the amount of natural light.

ADAPTIVE EQUALITY

When it came to the lighting, it was about creating different spaces that could be adaptive. We did a lot of engagement with the partners and staff, and what became very clear was that some people liked to work in an almost candlelit room while others like to sit directly under the sun. And those people all need to work in a similar sort of space. So, it was about trying to find a way of dealing with that. Another impact aspect for Freshfields was equality. Its partnership with Stonewall and other equalities and civil rights groups flows into its everyday practice. They wanted to ensure that, while this is a prestigious space it is also a very equal space. For example, if you go to the print room, it actually has some of the best views in the entire building. It was important that every person in the business was treated equally right down to the type of light everyone has. People in support functions are treated the same way as those in a fee-earning position. This was something we strongly supported, as great lighting should be for everyone. For the office spaces, we used a core palette of luminaires including the Erco Compar and iGuzzini Laser (round and blade). The majority of the staff work in two-person cellular offices. The system is designed to only provide lighting when www.theilp.org.uk

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Architectural lighting

Two views of the bespoke spiral staircase. A custom linear LED has been fitted to the timber handrail. With the spiral curving in two directions, this was a challenging piece of engineering to get right

you ask for it. So, if you go into your office, the lighting doesn’t come on unless you ask for it and then it will detect if you are not there and switch it off. Because of the amount of daylight in the space, most people won’t need the lighting on in the day and that helps with the building operation; it doesn’t really matter who comes in when, the system is regulating what light is where. This helps to reduce the energy consumption. We chose the Erco Compar light fixture because it could be used both as an uplight or downlight and could be

controlled independently by the staff member. For those who therefore like it brighter, they can have it all on and for those who just like candlelight they can have a little uplighting.

BRINGING DIVERSITY TO THE SPACE

A lot of the work outside of meetings or going to court is of course screen-based; people spend a lot of their working day at their computer and looking at screens. It was important therefore within the functionality of the office space to create spaces where there aren’t any screens and where the lighting can be very

different, less task-based and more enabling of interaction and collaboration. For these more collaborative spaces, we chose luminaires such as Lumino’s linear range, Radiant Lighting Centura 40, Viabizzuno custom fixtures and decorative lights from Marset, Grok and Roll & Hill. We were throughout very much trying to bring diversity to the spaces; so it is not just lots of tiles everywhere and feels flat. The team-meet points feel very different, for example, they feel much more like a hospitality space. The front-of-house spaces, too, feel much more like a hospitality space, and that helps to give it a bit of variety, so it’s not just ‘oh I’m in the office all day’. The Freshfields tenancy is powered from 100% renewable energy and the LED system and associated controls helped the project achieve a BREEAM ‘excellent’ sustainability rating and SKA ‘gold’ rating. In fact, the new fitout has resulted in a 30% energy saving compared to their previous accommodation.

BESPOKE SPIRAL STAIRCASE

One particularly challenging area was the spiral staircase. With the handrail, which is where the lighting is, we didn’t want to put any electrics up through the steelwork because it is sheet steel that makes the balustrade. So, the whole staircase was made in the Netherlands and then cut up, brought to site, taken up in the lifts, and then fitted back together again. The Light Lab worked with the stair manufacturer, EE Stairs, to develop a custom linear LED that was fitted to the timber handrail, which itself was fabricated

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Architectural lighting

Freshfields wanted spaces that felt inclusive and welcoming as well as functional. It was important every person in the business was treated equally, right down to the type of light everyone has

on a a six-axis CNC machine. With the spiral curving the handrail in two directions; that was a really challenging piece of engineering to get right. Light Lab worked with EE Stairs to share models and work out exactly how it was all going to be put together on site once it had been rewelded together.

COVID COMPLICATIONS

The other massively challenging element, at least logistically, was the small matter of the sudden arrival of a worldwide pandemic. The building was completed in sections, going downwards, just because of trying to get stuff in and out of the lifts. We were due to complete in October last year and so, when Covid hit in March 2020, we were right in the thick of it. There was an average of 600 people a day on site when it hit; so it was then a very challenging process of how to manage everything. It was often seemingly stupid things, like you work in a tall building and normally you can get eight people into a lift. To go from the loading dock to the 21st floor, which is where the site office was, took 60 seconds. But suddenly we could only do one person per lift car. So just getting the right number of people on site each day was a logistical nightmare. There was a point where we had to say to people they could only take an elevator www.theilp.org.uk

up and then had to walk down. For the contractors it was really difficult; no one at the time knew what Covid was or how long this was going to go on for. We also knew that you can’t fit a glass partition with people standing 2m away; that’s not possible or safe. In fairness to ISG, which was the fit-out contractor, they really took it on board and you were greeted; there were videos on how to get in, masks, glasses, the works. But it was very challenging conditions. For me, apart from Covid – which was a seriously steep learning curve in itself – the main learning point from this project was that, when you’re working with a hugely tall building, the logistics can be phenomenally complicated. A lot of the things you can often get away with on other projects in terms of fixing you just can’t in a tall building. For example, the tolerance on the floor plates is actually quite high. As the building goes up, obviously, it gets heavier, and therefore you get a greater level of deflection as the building rises. Even just things like being able to go in and get a laser survey and then use Revit to work out where there are or aren’t clashes. All that pre-planning process right through to how do you co-ordinate everything – there are some 1,200 lights per floor across 13 floors, for example

– even just in terms of managing that it is hard. How do you document something in a way that is manageable and work it out? I also realised that a cellular office space is harder to illuminate than an open-plan office because you lose the efficiency of doubling up your lights. Lawyers read a lot of papers and books and so you end up having to go for a higher light level because they do so much fine detailed work. So, you have these conflicting requirements; you need the lowest possible power density and usage but you also want a really high level of light. Getting things like power density right was quite challenging, because you don’t some of the efficiencies you would normally have in an open-plan office.

Christopher Knowlton MSc, BA(Hons), IALD, MSLL, AILP is director at 18 Degrees Below

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SPACE FOR RECOVERY

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Smart cities

If lighting wants to be at the forefront of the ‘connected place’ (as we might be better off calling ‘smart cities’), it needs to get serious about adding intelligent controls as standard to LED upgrades as well as more savvy about recognising the opportunities that may come from post-pandemic recovery strategies

By Mark Cooper

s most lighting professionals will well know, the concept of ‘smart cities’ has been with us for some time now. Yet there is still some hesitancy in deploying the technology, either because of lack of funding, unclear strategy, failed leadership and unclear vision, or just down to not knowing when and where to start. In this article, therefore, I will try to help you to overcome some of those barriers, including how and where to start, what technology choices should be made and how to recognise that you are on the path to a smart city, as we are not going to complete this journey in a single article or a single project! So, let’s make a start. First of all, can we agree that there is a lot of hype around smart cities and most people can’t even agree on what constitutes a smart city?!

UNDERSTANDING ‘THE CONNECTED PLACE’

This is maybe because it means so many different things to so many people. In fact, do we want it forever linked to ‘a city’? Personally, I am tending to move away from the term smart city; it is too big a concept to describe what most of us are trying to achieve. I prefer the term ‘connected place’. I define a ‘connected place’ as an area that is commonly used in terms of human and social interactions and indicates somewhere with an ambiguous boundary. Connecting people, things and places can do several things: • • •

Improve services (for people) Reduce impacts (on the environment, on society, on people) Reduce the cost of delivery (for taxpayers, for customers, for society)

In short, connecting people improves the outcome; it improves the quality of life; and it pays back in spades! By creating a series of connected places, be these a village square, a park, a road or highway, buildings or campus, we will eventually have a large enough volume to have created, yes, a smart city. Critically, it is important from the outset to have a clear vision of what we want our outcomes to be for each connected place and what, in turn, the big-picture vision might therefore be for the authority as a whole. Once we have joined these projects together, then we can identify the goals, departmental interactions and how to judge the success of each project and how they connect as a whole. This, in turn, enables a business case to be developed for each project, whilst at the same time maintaining the overall vision for the authority, where it is going and what it is trying to achieve. Up to now, most projects we have seen developed for smart city applications can be grouped into one strategic area of ‘smart highways’. These projects are usually easier to quantify in terms of return on investment (ROI) and have a shorter-term payback period. These applications include (but are not limited to) smart: • Street lighting • Bins • Gullies • Parking • Air quality/environmental monitoring • Traffic/people counting

BARRIERS TO GROWTH AND EFFICIENCY

So, it makes sense that, if we can keep all of the data displayed in one system and connect all the sensors to one network, then that’s what we need to do – right? Wrong! Why? Because it is almost impossible, and certainly not efficient, to have all sensors on one network. There is no one single network for a smart city or connected place; whatever you’re putting in place, you’re going to dealing with and navigating a blend of different networks for the right applications. Therefore, trying to make a sensor fit on to a network that’s not optimised for the application it is monitoring is setting the project up to fail before it has even started. Each of the above applications, for example, has very distinct needs based upon the amount of data, speed of response and network transmission capabilities required. It is the same for the data that is generated by these sensors; having smart parking data and air quality information displayed in your street lighting CMS system is, in my humble opinion, pointless! In 2006, the mathematician and entrepreneur Clive Humby coined the phrase: ‘Data is the new oil.’ Many people took this to mean that, to generate wealth, all you need to do is control and collect data. However, to my mind, that’s only half the picture. Data has no value unless you do something with it. You need to be able to visualise it, analyse it and, crucially, generate actions from it. For example, every street lighting CMS system I have seen is little more than an asset management system. Don’t get me wrong, it can display your asset data in nice graphs but it is far from the machine learning and artificial intelligence systems needed to collect www.theilp.org.uk

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Smart cities

An illustration of a ‘ReCharge Parklet’, as envisioned by Susan Claris of Arup. See overleaf for Mark Cooper’s discussion of how these might work for smart cities

data from multiple sensors on various networks and combine this with historic records held by the authority and then add in other open-source data sets from national agencies. Yet it is this combination that provide a complete picture and actual valuable data-driven insights for the authority. The good news is that, not only do these systems already exist, they can output the data in many various forms and to many different places. These could be a series of live dashboards for the highways office, a website for public consumption, or a complex set of tables or charts for the management team. It could even be generated as tailored and individualised sets of data and dashboards for each user, be they lighting engineers, energy managers, traffic engineers or planners. So, having looked at some of the pitfalls that stop connected places from becoming a smart city and driving the maximum value from your investments, let’s now look at how we might maximise those investments. I’d suggest two key solutions. 1) Don’t get hung up on the technology or the network that’s going to be used. As already highlighted, different technologies and networks will all have to come together at some point. I would, however, www.theilp.org.uk

recommend that, when it does come to networks, you specify the use of standardised and open-protocol systems and avoid proprietary technology; both these will minimise vendor lock-in. 2) Use a specialised smart city consultant to help develop the technology solution and guide the development of applications and overall strategy for the authority. Don’t rely on manufacturers solely to shape your project. Manufacturers, of course, can bring a lot of expertise to bear, but they can and will only provide information from their point of view. So, seek some independent information and advice.

CREATING THE CONNECTED PLACE

Let’s now look at some simple solutions that can be implemented quickly to help you develop your connected place project: adding intelligent controls to LED upgrades as standard, and maximising the opportunities that may come for regrowth, renewal and regeneration post pandemic. We are all familiar with the benefits that moving to LED street lighting can do for an authority, with 50% energy savings and the ability to introduce part-night dimming lighting levels through programmable drivers. If you add intelligent lighting controls to

this set-up there is a possibility not only to be able to refine those lighting levels to provide a potential of an extra 15% savings but also to reduce maintenance operations and the carbon footprint through reduced patrolling, and maintenance operations. To me, it seems a no-brainer to do this; the business case is proven and the payback period when these controls are implemented at the same time as replacing the lantern is greatly reduced. Did you know, according to the latest UK Roads Liaison Group State of the nation report, in the UK we have replaced nearly half of our lighting stock with LED lanterns, but only 50% of those new LED units have had intelligent street lighting controls added to them [1]? What this illustrates is that, despite the progress that has been made, we are missing out on the potential of extra energy savings, the increased efficiency of the operational service and, if chosen correctly, the ability to create a network that could support the deployment of other smart applications using Internet of Things (IoT) sensors. With the development of more sophisticated integrated connection and control systems in street lighting, devices such as the ZHAGA book 18 socket and D4i drivers, we can add even more intelligent control options. Innovations such as radarbased dynamic lighting sensors can provide an additional 25% energy saving above and beyond those of just swapping to LED lighting by providing full lighting output as and when it is needed. Or take dimming to 20% output when there is no pedestrian or vehicular activity detected. These units don’t even need connected lighting controls to work; they can be complete standalone systems and will still provide that additional 25% energy saving, reduced light pollution and increased safety of full lighting output when needed. Here I want to add a note of caution, however. Although I applaud the development of the Zhaga book 18 socket and the dedicated control units for outdoor lighting, it does not make the connection of IoT sensors any easier or simpler to deploy. The voltage restriction on the D4i driver (24v dc) means there are a limited number of outdoor sensors for this system. Ultimately, this system will make connected street lighting system cheaper to deploy, but it does nothing to aid a smart city deployment. Indeed, you can even argue it could actually hinder the ease of deployment by rendering one of the most valuable assets an authority owns (a street lighting column) more expensive because of the extra cost required to utilise and maintain it if that authority wishes to pursue a smart city plan.

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Smart cities BUILDING BACK BETTER?

Let us move on to our second simple connected place project solution: piggy-backing on, but also driving forward, the government’s post-pandemic recovery agenda. In March this year, the government published an infrastructure policy paper entitled Build Back Better: our plan for growth [2]. This aimed to establish growth funds and frameworks to help the UK bounce back after the Covid-19 pandemic. Several areas directly relate back to our struggling high streets and communities and how investment in these areas can have a very real impact on people and places. For example, the paper states that: ‘High quality infrastructure is crucial for economic growth, boosting productivity and competitiveness. More than this, it is at the centre of our communities.’ Critically, it adds: ‘Infrastructure helps connect people to each other, people to businesses, and businesses to markets, forming a foundation for economic activity and community prosperity.’ Digital connectivity – as we have all discovered over the past year – is unlocking new and previously unimaginable ways of working and is now essential to facilitate public services, including healthcare and education. Alongside this, the rise in publicly provided Wi Fi for access to these services and opportunities is something that every authority, from a town council to a county authority, should have included in its vision for a connected place. Indeed, the government in the same Build Back Better report has recognised this and plans to stimulate short-term economic activity and drive long-term productivity improvements via record investment in broadband, roads, rail and cities, all as part of capital spending plans worth £100bn next year. There are funding options within this to aid authorities to meet this challenge, to boost infrastructure investment in all parts of the country, help people connect to opportunity across the UK and assist areas in levelling up. The aim/hope is that people will see tangible improvements in their local area; feel pride once more in their communities. Indeed, four funds – Levelling Up, Shared Prosperity, Towns, and Future High Streets – have been created precisely to invest in local areas and local infrastructure [3]. One way to meet these challenges has grown from the necessity of meeting the social distancing challenges of the Covid 19

pandemic: ‘parklets’. These are parking space-sized gardens or seating areas in cities and town centres that could have furniture, such as seating, plants (including a herb garden), bike parking or anything else you can fit into a car parking space or two. One way to take this innovation further, and bring in an opportunity for lighting professionals, has been mooted by Susan Claris, associate director in Arup’s Transport Consulting Group. This is the idea of ‘ReCharge Parklet’, where USB charging for things like e-bikes and e-scooters is incorporated into these spaces [4]. Susan’s original idea was born of frustration at electric vehicle charging posts going in, in the middle of, the footway. There are now systems available that can utilise free solar energy from panels integrated into benches and street furniture. These provide USB and wireless charging points for phones and tablets whilst you sit and relax drinking your coffee and taking advantage of the free public Wi Fi provided by this connected place.

If you add an e-bike or e-scooter charging system, you suddenly have a sustainable urban mobility hub that can provide a combination of connectivity and a place to rest whilst enjoying the beverage purchased from the adjacent high street outlet. In other words, you very much have a hybrid connected place. Importantly, these connected places meet all the objectives of the Build Back Better policy and ambition. They provide many of the features that are most likely to help the high street recover from the pandemic. Crucially, they can provide a crucial stepping stone, and enabler, for a local authority to meet its vision for a smart and connected future.

Mark Cooper IEng MILP is director and founder of consultancy Smart City Products

[1] ‘State of the nation: 2020 street lighting report’, UK Roads Liaison Group, Chartered Institute of Highways and Transportation, UK Lighting & Technology Board, Streetlighting Advisory Services, January 2021. Available online at: https://ukrlg.ciht. org.uk/media/12713/sotn-report.pdf [2] ‘Build Back Better: our plan for growth’, The Treasury, March 2021, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/build-back-better-our-plan-for-growth [3] ‘Levelling Up’ fund, https://www.gov.uk/ government/publications/levelling-up-fund-prospectus; ‘Shared Prosperity’ fund, https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8527/; ‘Towns’ fund, https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cdp-2020-0176/; ‘Future High Streets’ fund, https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/future-high-streets-fund [4] ‘Five fantastic parklet designs and why we need more of them’, High Streets Taskforce, January 2021, https://www.highstreetstaskforce.org.uk/resources/ details/?id=438cc9f4-4698-4d31-bdd5-13cb27c2fb98

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ADAPTING TO THE FUTURE Suffolk County Council has been piloting radar-based traffic-dependent dynamic streetlight dimming on arterial routes across Ipswich, as part of a wider research project into how carbon emissions associated with public lighting can be reduced. It is also potentially an important step on the council’s smart city ‘journey’

By Dr Hannah Steventon, Richard Webster, Andy Alberry and Professor Nicholas Caldwell

uffolk County Council has been a sustainability trailblazer in the management of street lighting carbon emissions, with a decade of partnight lighting, switch off, CMS monitoring and management for faults and metering. These advances support Suffolk’s ‘creating the greenest county’ agenda, and have been recognised with a range of awards across the industry. This environmentally-focused, trials-led approach enabled Suffolk to be selected as one of seven pilot partners (with nine project partners) in the international ‘Smart Lights Concept’ project, as this journal reported last year (‘Future thinking’, Lighting Journal, June 2020, vol 85 no 6). That project, to recap, was set up to test innovative solutions to reducing the carbon emissions associated with public lighting, which can be responsible for about a third of public authority carbon emissions. The Interreg 2 Seas Smart Lights

Concept (SLIC) is a collaborative European Union-funded project between two universities and seven organisations in the UK, Belgium, France and the Netherlands. It has been tasked to develop and test a range of approaches to enable energy efficiency and carbon savings in public lighting. As part of this, Suffolk County Council is investigating the potential for using traffic-dependent dynamic traffic-adaptive lighting to reduce street lighting-related carbon emissions. This is the use of real-time traffic counting to adjust the street lighting levels, enabling dimming at periods of low road usage, whilst being able automatically to raise lighting levels when required for higher volumes of traffic. Traffic-adaptive lighting enables the local authority to adjust the lighting levels of a group of streetlights based on real-time data from traffic counting systems. Suffolk is building on several years of

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Smart cities

research in using these techniques. In 2016, the council collaborated with BT Futures Research in its first trial of dynamic dimming. This proof-of-concept pilot project was installed on a main traffic route in west Suffolk and used vehicle recognition cameras for traffic counting. Street lighting dimming was automatically applied to streetlights on that length of road, dependent on traffic volume. Success in the pilot project enabled expansion in Suffolk’s largest town, supported by a European Regional Development Fund grant with an environmental focus.

DYNAMIC ADAPTIVE LIGHTING IN IPSWICH: HOW DID WE DO IT?

Ipswich was selected as the location for expanding this concept trial into deployment across a town. Ipswich, for those who have not been there, is the largest town in Suffolk, with a population of 180,000, and urban overspill making it the fourth largest

urban area in east England. In this deployment, traffic counting is by Black CAT radar from TagMaster (formerly CA-Traffic) mounted on lighting columns, from which they are powered. Data from these radar systems provides input into realtime adjustment of dimming levels via the PLANet CMS supplied by Telensa, which has developed this capability working closely with the council. This project was briefly highlighted in David Orchard’s article on CMS last month (‘Locally responsive’, May 2021, vol 86 no 5) but, here, is a more in-depth analysis. A total of 25 radar systems have been installed on arterial routes across Ipswich. Routes for this trial were selected on the basis of a combination of factors. Firstly, the lights are lit all night (part-night lighting is not applied on these streetlights), which presents greatest potential for energy savings. Secondly, traffic flow on the routes is expected to be sufficiently variable through www.theilp.org.uk

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Smart cities

The test area in Ipswich. All photographs by Dr Hannah Steventon

the night, so that traffic counting would have an impact. Finally, the streetlights to be controlled by those radar were already fitted with dimmable LED lanterns. Whilst high-pressure sodium lanterns can be dimmable, they are slower to react than LED lanterns. When an increase in traffic flow causes the lighting level to increase, sodium lanterns would brighten too slowly. The radar were located on clear, straight sections of road with good visibility for traffic counting. The locations of each radar also take into account road safety, including the safety of radar from damage in road traffic accidents. The radar sends data in real time via mobile cellular data to TagMaster’s database, which means the only communication www.theilp.org.uk

system required for the traffic data connectivity is a commercial mobile network. This data is then accessed from TagMaster by Telensa’s PLANet CMS via a reliable application programming interface (API). It is also made available via TagMaster’s dashboard within seconds of collection. This allows it to be used for other traffic management and planning purposes within the local authority, so increasing the value of the scheme to the local authority. Each radar is linked to a specified group of streetlights within the PLANet CMS. The streetlights selected for association with each radar have been selected based on local road knowledge, working with the traffic data team. Each radar currently controls around 20

to 35 lights. To date, around 700 lights are controlled via the dynamic adaptive dimming scheme, which is 1% of Suffolk County Council’s controlled streetlights. The CMS enables a custom dimming algorithm to be implemented connecting the lighting levels to the traffic volumes. The dimming profile has been designed using several considerations, and further development is planned. Early traffic-flow data from the radar was reviewed prior to designing the dynamically adaptive dimming profile. Initial review of traffic volumes, peaks and troughs through the night-time period over several weeks indicated that there was a significant reduction in traffic after 9pm. Therefore, for this trial, the original static dimming profile has continued to be applied prior to 9pm, and the dynamic dimming profile applied after. The dynamically adaptive dimming profile is then applied until 6am, when the static dimming profile is applied until daylight switch-off. In summer months, early daylight means the daylight switch-off occurs during the dynamic dimming phase. The algorithm design and dimming process minimise changes, so as to avoid driver distraction. Lighting level changes triggered by the dynamic adaptation are introduced over approximately 30 seconds so they are not visually noticeable, particularly by moving traffic. The adaptation algorithm has been programmed to avoid rapid adjustments so the changes in lighting levels should not be visually distracting to drivers. It also avoids ‘flip-flopping’ lighting levels back and forward between dimming levels when the traffic levels vary across a boundary setting (referred to as hysteresis). Currently for the trial, lighting levels are reduced when traffic counting reveals that fewer than two cars per minute are passing the radar. This dimming profile, and the real-time dynamic rules that are controlled by the traffic counting, are set up in Telensa’s PLANet CMS. The engineers setting the controls are already familiar with this widely used system. Dimming uses a percentage of total light levels and is applied at 50% in static dimming and 30% in adaptive dimming. This does not use standard lighting classes, which were not applicable in a meaningful way for adaptive dimming.

DYNAMIC ADAPTIVE LIGHTING IN IPSWICH: WHAT DID WE FIND?

Installation of the system was straightforward, as the luminaires were selected to have dimmable LED lanterns installed prior to this project. Installation of radar on lighting columns minimised works required, and

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Smart cities

Two illustrations of some of the ‘raw’ traffic-flow data collected by the radar over, top, a 24-hour period and, bottom, a ten-day period. This data was then reviewed to enable the design of the dimming profile

10 Days operation 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 power enabled power for the radar to be easily gained from the street lighting network. As arterial routes were selected for the trial, lighting columns were all of the appropriate structure for the additional weight and windage of the radar, so there was no structural concern. The radar themselves are low maintenance, sealed units with a guarantee of ten years and anticipated lifetime of longer. Public communication was deliberately minimal, so that any community reaction was driven by public observations rather than concerns from information rather than experience. That there was no community reaction or comments from the public is considered a significant achievement for a scheme of this significance. www.theilp.org.uk

average count

The streetlights remain on during the dimmed period, and so few people are aware of or able to discern the lighting difference when the dimming is applied. As dimming is applied gradually, observed vision can adapt to some extent during the dimming phase. Even when a misunderstood instruction led to lights being dimmed by 80% rather than to 80%, Suffolk County Council did not receive any comments from the public. Whilst dimming to 25% is visually observed by trained engineers, they did not consistently notice dimming to 50%, although light meter measurements indicated the change. Running the scheme since 2018, Suffolk County Council’s lighting systems manager Andy Allberry has observed the streetlight

OFF dimming profile adapt to bring the lighting levels up during events which cause higher levels of late-night traffic (at least prior to Covid-19), such as Christmas markets and evening football matches. Some of these events could be anticipated, but dynamically adaptive dimming means that manual intervention or pre-programming these specific events is not required; the system automatically identifies higher traffic levels and raises the lighting levels accordingly. This meant that the time period of the adaption was exactly as required by the event – whether it went on later, or drew a smaller crowd than anticipated. The adaptive lighting also responded to unpredictable events. For example, a local trunk route with

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Smart cities a long, high bridge is subject to occasional closures due to high-speed wind gusts, which increases the traffic flow through the town. The lighting levels increased automatically with this higher volume of traffic. The data is easily accessible from the data platform supplier’s dashboard, from where it can be of wider use and interest to the local authority, potentially replacing manual traffic surveys. A key part of the SLIC research partnership is to explore ways to reduce public authority carbon emissions by targeting the 35% of public authority carbon emissions that are associated with public lighting. In the case of the Suffolk trial, this showed four tonnes of carbon savings per year, with potential to further increase that. This carbon saving relates to annual electricity savings of more than £12,000, which offset the operational and communications costs of running the traffic-counting platform. Alongside carbon savings, reduced lighting can of course have benefits to wildlife and nature and to wider human wellbeing.

CHALLENGES AND LEARNING POINTS

Like all innovation projects, some unexpected challenges have been encountered. Whilst the closure of the bridge on the trunk route bypassing Ipswich has demonstrated that lighting levels will automatically rise with increased traffic through the town, there have been occasions when this has not happened. Andy Allberry’s investigation of the data associated with this has suggested that very heavy traffic in the town arterial routes can cause congestion such that traffic speeds reduce significantly. As the radar systems count numbers of vehicles per unit of time, queueing traffic during periods of congestion is identified as a low traffic count and therefore does not trigger the lighting level rising. Approaches to address this challenge to the algorithm are currently being considered. The placement of radar is a key element of the success of the scheme. Even with the planning and design described above, as with all street furniture, there are incidents. One radar, for example, has required replacement because of a road traffic accident in the location. Another required moving due to consistently having its line of sight to the road obscured by parked vehicles at night, which was not observed when the radar was installed during the working day.

WHAT’S NEXT?

Richard Webster at Suffolk County Council is considering a range of further developments for the scheme. We consider there to be potential to www.theilp.org.uk

expand the application of the dimming more widely for the installed radar. Increasing the application of the dynamic dimming can include applying it over a wider timeframe during the night period, starting the adaptive period earlier in the evening, or running it later in the morning. Research work is exploring the potential to increase the dimming amount or to associate dimming levels with different road classes. Increasing the number of adjustments per night sent by the CMS control could increase the total dimmed period during nights with variable traffic levels. Data analysis is also exploring increasing the number of lights controlled by each radar, including expanding into adjoining residential streets (which already have part-night lighting). Extension into residential areas may require the combination of more than one radar for confidence on traffic levels in the adjoining areas, and the possibility of including that in the algorithm is being explored. Finally, Suffolk County Council is also running further research trials testing other traffic-counting systems for street lighting control. These vary from adaption of traditional inductive loop systems through to innovative video analytics. Video analytics enables provision of a much wider range of data, including a wide range of vehicle class, identification of bicycles and pedestrians. On the other hand, if using loops for vehicle counting to inform streetlight dimming is feasible, it would reduce the cost of rolling out the scheme more widely both in Suffolk and for other local authorities. Like many local authorities, Suffolk County Council has existing loops traffic counting installed in wider locations across the county. Use of these could be beneficial in wider rollout of dynamic lighting – and enable effective cost sharing. As with all new Internet of Things technologies, as dynamic lighting level adaptation becomes more common, economies of scale will make it increasingly affordable. This will include lower cost of the sensors, as more sensors are designed for the specific purpose. These sensors will increasingly have the data analysed at the roadside, in the sensors themselves. Then only the required data is transmitted from the sensor, via the communications network, to the management system. This is a technique known as edge computing. Communications networks will also become cheaper, and integration directly into the lighting supplier’s system and communications network is in development. Suppliers are working to minimise platform and integration charges. In addition, data gathered will be more easily integrated with

information gathered for other purposes. All these innovations will enable dynamically adaptive lighting to provide a more rapid return on investment. As more experience is built up in different settings, the algorithmic design decisions will become standardised. We are interested to hear from other people how they address profile design.

CONCLUSIONS

Public lighting provides scope for energy savings for environmental and economic benefit. Suffolk County Council has been at the forefront of streetlighting innovation, and we have been delighted to share our experience in deploying traffic-dependent dynamic dimming across a major town in this article. This project is a building block towards Suffolk’s increasing use of smart technology for public service decision-making: look out for our second article later this year! In sum, we consider that dynamic dimming will become a key partner to static dimming in street lighting management, for environmental and economic stewardship. •

This project has received funding from the Interreg 2 Seas programme 20142020, co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund.

Richard Webster is street lighting manager at Suffolk County Council and director of Smarter Suffolk, a connected places Live Lab Andy Allberry is Suffolk County Council’s street lighting systems manager Dr Hannah Steventon is research associate at the University of Suffolk, working on sensors and data for decision-making in public services. Professor Nicholas Caldwell is professor of information systems engineering and associate dean (business engagement) at the University of Suffolk

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UNLOCKING THE CITY

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Smart cities

City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council’s ‘Smart Street Lighting Project’ is on track to reduce street lighting power consumption by 65% and carbon emissions by more than 6,000 tonnes per year, all of which will help the city become carbon neutral by 2038. It has also led to the development of a range of innovative sensorled city improvement projects

entrepreneurs looking to take advantage of the city’s unique culture and global business links. There is a high level of self-employment and business start-ups. In 2019, the city was declared ‘most improved place to live and work in the UK’ in consultancy PWC’s Good Growth for Cities index [1]. Simultaneously, the council committed to being carbon neutral by 2038. This aspiration, combined with the reality of rising energy costs, obsolete lighting materials, and ageing lighting assets, led to the Bradford Smart Street Lighting Project being born. The project aimed to upgrade approximately 59,000 lanterns controlled via Lucy Zodion photocells and Vizion CMS nodes, along with 17,000 columns, to meet the following objectives:

Moreover, it has enabled the council to see the rapid digitalisation of our societies an opportunity, especially through the ‘humble’ lamppost, something also of course identified in the recent ILP GN12 The smart lighting column [2]. The Ki. platform, moreover, gives City of Bradford MDC the flexibility to expand our existing infrastructure by adding urban city apps to reflect the city’s ever-evolving needs. This has the potential to develop applications such a smart bins, smart parking, and EV charging locations. On top of all this, Ki. gives us the ability to provide specific APIs (application programming interfaces, or in other words technology that allows data, products and processes to work together seamlessly) as well as programmable access to the data.

• Significantly reduce the council’s street lighting carbon emission footprint • Reduce the annual street lighting energy bill • Reduce the street lighting maintenance costs • Incorporate a central management system (CMS) • Provide LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) technology across the district to enable smart Internet of Things (IoT) technologies

RANGE OF USE CASES

‘KI.’ SMART CITY PLATFORM By Allun Preece

hen, at City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council, we embarked on our ‘Smart Street Lighting Project’, we knew we wanted a non-proprietary CMS system to exploit as many new technologies as possible. Top of our list were: actionable insights that would lead to enhanced operations and services; improvements to citizen safety and wellbeing; and, ultimately, improvements that would deliver on the bottom line. Situated in West Yorkshire, Bradford is one of England’s largest cities by population size. It has a young and dynamic workforce and is host to creative

The streetlighting and smart city contract, worth over £35m, was awarded to Amey. In conjunction with the LED upgrade, the Lucy Zodion smart city platform ‘Ki.’ was then selected to manage the new lighting. We plan to deploy a network of LoRaWAN gateways and 59,000 Ki. nodes over four years. LoRaWAN gateways, as many ILP members will already undoubtedly know, allow IoT devices to be installed at locations without Wi Fi and internet connectivity, and so avoid the alternative of having to rely on relatively expensive mobile phone data. A ‘quick to install’ system, Ki. has given us complete control of the city’s street lighting network. It allows us to intelligently control, dim and monitor light levels via a secure Cloud-based IoT platform. Furthermore, the interoperable nature of the platform enables the council to manage a multiple vendor portfolio. The smarter controllability of the lighting system from a central point means we are now looking at ways to provide joined-up support to emergency services, such as ‘light-up’ areas at the site of road accidents or highlighting access roads following night-time large crowd events.

At the outset of the project, districts, departments, and enterprises were asked what data they would like to extrapolate. This was a difficult question to answer in isolation. Once the system was demonstrated, however, ideas began flooding in. The council has therefore now identified a range of use cases, many of them sensor-based, which the Ki. system can support. Here are just a few examples of ways in which the council is using, or now plans to use, its new ‘smart’ network. 1) Adaptive lighting. With the CMS, the council can choose precisely when to switch each streetlight on or off and increase or reduce the light levels according to needs, such as weather conditions, seasonal lighting adjustments, and emergency events. This allows any number of switching or dimming levels, which can provide benefits to residents, pedestrians, and highway users in addition to further opportunities for energy savings and reducing maintenance issues such as fault detection. 2) Air quality. Like many cities, Bradford’s clean air zones are mandated by central government. To tackle the causes of air pollution effectively, City of Bradford MDC is therefore looking to use LoRaWAN air monitoring sensors to ascertain pollution levels and identify areas of concern to implement corrective measures. This can be achieved promptly, with the CMS providing notifications when air quality drops below specified safe levels. The data can also be used to plan air quality improvements, drawing on historical datasets and analytics to provide forecasting models. This can then be input www.theilp.org.uk

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Smart cities into public awareness campaigns to communicate the healthiest times to exercise or cycle. On top of this, with the new CMS and network, the council can now deploy lowcost air pollution sensors. These can be relocated as new areas of concern are identified. The sensors can also measure the impact of their interventions. The intervention can be as simple as the timing of green and red traffic signals, reducing the time people are sat waiting in traffic. It is an easy task to do, but if you don’t have the data to back up the impact of that intervention, you can’t see if it is working. Air quality metrics on their own only tell a part of the story, however. Working with other environmental data can reveal more. Humidity, for example, or traffic flow. The crucial point is that the CMS means the council can now to tap into the smart city ecosystem’s full power to get an answer. 3) River level sensors. Our drainage department identified another compelling use case: trial river sensors. These have been installed to monitor water levels in the Bradford Beck, which flows under the city The data can be transmitted in real time and can be extrapolated to predict and pre-warn when water levels exceed a given value. 4) Road surface temperature monitoring. Another use case the council is looking to develop is the ability to monitor road surface temperatures to assist in the forecasting for winter maintenance service delivery. As the district has a mixture of rural and urban roads, some of which are particularly prone to freezing and heavy snowfall, it is extremely useful to know the difference in temperatures to enable the council to treat the roads accordingly. 5) Other use cases. IoT devices are especially useful for environmental monitoring. As part of the European Union climate resilience projects ‘SCORE’ and ‘Life Critical’, the council and its partners are already using IoT devices to monitor air quality and flood risk in other areas. With a local small business enterprise, Dales Land Net (which provides soil moisture and temperature monitoring services), SCORE is providing monitoring using LoRaWAN devices, at remote locations on Ilkley Moor for peatland

ALLUN PREECE’S FIVE TIPS FOR SMART CITY SUCCESS

1) Get senior management support. Without buy-in from the top, it will be an uphill struggle to get the project off the ground. 2) Be clear about what you are implementing and why. Our CMS was having a system in place to control the lighting, but which then also gives us a future-proof solution and control of our energy consumption. Working with the Ki. platform was straightforward and opened many possibilities for improving services for working teams, citizens and local enterprise. 3) If it’s about savings, quantify them! The old adage ‘the numbers speak for themselves’ has never been truer when it comes to smart city investment; be fully armed with financial predictions of savings and costs. 4) Don’t get side-tracked, stick to your guns. If you have a clear vision of the project, don’t let other people put you off what you are trying to achieve. There are so many different technologies out t h e r e , i t i s e a sy t o g et side-tracked. 5) Be brave, persevere – and don’t be afraid to fail! Combining expertise and working in partnership with like-minded organisations will ultimately stimulate innovation and deliver progressive technologies to the market.

restoration. The restoration work is being carried out by Moors for the Future on behalf of the Environment Agency and for the Backstone Beck Natural Flood Management scheme. Life Critical is also working to improve the health and wellbeing of communities by improving the quality of city parks. SCORE partner the University of Bradford, as part of a wider citizen science initiative on air quality in schools with Bradford Royal Infirmary research group Born in Bradford, is providing IoT environmental monitoring in and around Horton Park on behalf of Life Critical. This is measuring improvements that should help offset some of the local impacts of climate change on neighbouring communities.

CONCLUSION/RESULTS

The Smart Street Lighting Project demonstrates the commitment of City of Bradford MDC and its partners to delivering the city’s climate change action plan, launched in February 2020, which will enable the transition to a net-zero carbon economy. Street lighting power consumption will fall by 65% and carbon emissions by more than 6,000 tonnes per year. The new lights are half the price to maintain compared to the older lamps and, powered by Ki., they will be able to report when faulty, taking critical faults and pulling them into planned maintenance schedules, reducing the need for time-consuming audits and street lighting reporting systems. It is estimated the project will save approximately £2m per year in energy costs. Beyond these savings, City of Bradford MDC will now have a fully scalable smart city solution, enabling it to add or remove applications to provide data insights as and when projects require.

PROJECT CREDITS

Client: The City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council Contractor: Amey Technology provider: Lucy Zodion

Allun Preece IEng MILP is principal engineer (street lighting) at City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council

[1] ‘Bradford most improved city in PwC’s Good Growth for Cities Index’, PWC, November 2019, https://www.pwc.co.uk/who-we-are/regional-sites/north/press-releases/bradford-most-improved-city-inpwcs-good-growth-for-cities-index.html [2] GN12: The smart lighting column is available from the ILP, at: https://theilp.org.uk/resources/ www.theilp.org.uk

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THAMES REACH The next phase of the Illuminated River public art project has now been completed, meaning that nine bridges across the Thames have now been lit up

By Nic Paton

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The Illuminated River public art project

Main image: Westminster Bridge as it now looks following illumination. Above: the completed underside of Waterloo Bridge

egular readers of Lighting Journal will be well aware that we have been keeping a close eye on the Illuminated River public art project, ever since in fact it was first announced back in December 2016 (‘Water born’, January 2017, vol 82 no 1). During that time, the project has seen ILP volunteers getting hands-on and up-close to the project (‘Spanning the moment’, June 2019, vol 84 no 6). They have worked alongside architects Lifschutz Davidson Sandilands and Leo Villareal, the American light artist whose vision is at the heart of the ambitious scheme to illuminate up to 15 bridges across the Thames and create the world’s longest public artwork. Even a worldwide pandemic has not stopped the scheme from progressing, as Jonathan Gittins of Atelier Ten explained to us last year before the start of the latest phase of the project (‘I’ll be in a boat annoying the abseilers’, November/December 2020, vol 85 no 10). That second phase was completed in April, the Illuminated River Foundation announced, in the process more than doubling the number of bridges that have now been illuminated. The first phase artwork encompassed London, Cannon Street, Southwark and Millennium bridges. This latest phase has brought in five additional bridges: Blackfriars Road Bridge, Waterloo, the Golden Jubilee Footbridges, Westminster and Lambeth.

The aspiration is that eventually, funding permitting, the project will extend from Albert Bridge in the west of London through to Tower Bridge in the City.

USE OF STREAMING TECHNOLOGY

One intriguing detail of this latest phase of the project is how technology enabled Villareal, who was stuck in his New York studio because of pandemic restrictions, still to drive the project forward. He used ‘LiveU’ streaming technology to view and adjust the light sequences in real time from the studio. As the foundation puts it: ‘This provided a precision and accuracy almost equal to physical proximity, transmitting footage with less than a second in time delay and allowing Villareal to fine-tune the artwork as if “en plein air” [or completing the artwork out of doors]. Illuminated River is the first completed art project in the UK to use LiveU streaming technology from a remote location.’ Of the newly illuminated bridges themselves, the foundation describes them as thus: ‘A gentle combination of rosy colours extends across the arches of Blackfriars Road Bridge, citing the warm-hued remaining columns of the now removed old railway bridge. Waterloo Bridge, the longest bridge in central London, has been enhanced by a simple line of light, introducing pastel washes of colour to illuminate its central spine.’ By contrast, a monochromatic scheme

has been used on the Golden Jubilee Footbridges, mirroring Villareal’s approach to the other pedestrian bridge in the artwork, Millennium. The project then illuminates Westminster Bridge’s latticework undercrofts in soft green tones ‘referencing the benches of the debating chamber of the House of Commons’, according to the foundation. ‘The red glow adorning Lambeth Bridge is a nod to the benches of the House of Lords and mirrors the red accents of the bridge’s railings and arches,’ it adds.

ACTIVITIES AND TOURS

With so much of the project now complete, free self-guided audio tours have been developed for anyone who wants to walk the length of the scheme so far and learn more about the bridges and their illumination. Guided tours of the artwork also started in late April, running from Blackfriars to Lambeth bridges and led by City of London and Westminster guides, and can be booked online. The 90-minute tours (with a maximum of six people) take place on Tuesdays and comprise a gentle evening stroll along the river accompanied by a professional guide. More details on the project and how it is progressing can be found at https://illuminatedriver.london/ with information about activities and tours available at https://illuminatedriver.london/whatson www.theilp.org.uk

JUNE 2021

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YORKSHIRE MORE From being a tired and somewhat dated space, Leeds City Station has been transformed through the installation of a new tuneable circadian lighting system, believed to be the first of its kind for a major transportation space

By Mike Kimmitt

JUNE 2021

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Transport hub lighting

eeds City Station is the UK’s third busiest train station, outside of London, with some 30 million passengers a year passing through it, or at least it was until the pandemic. Hopefully, as our economy reopens, those numbers will begin to return; indeed, already the latest data is showing around 181,000 people are now travelling through the station on a weekly basis, which is great news. Irrespective of whether passengers have been travelling throughout the pandemic or are only now coming back on to the railways, anyone passing through Leeds City Station will, I hope, now be in for a very pleasant surprise. That is because in early 2020 – in fact just as the first Covid-19 lockdown happened

– we at SYSTRA UK handed over a major overhaul of the station’s lighting and infrastructure to Network Rail, a transformation that including the installation of a dynamic lighting system to the main concourse area, which we believe to be one of the first tuneable circadian lighting systems supplied to a major public transportation space. On top of this, the station now boasts an innovative, highly transparent ceiling system to harvest daylight and save further energy. To understand the scheme, you have to go back to October 2018. We were at that point approached by Network Rail, which was keen to revamp and update a station that had by then begun to look and feel dated. Network Rail was especially keen to bring the main concourse area into the twenty-first century, with new lighting a key part of an

over-arching £161m redevelopment. One initial challenge, however, was that Network Rail wanted the project completed by September of the following year (in other words, 2019), which was extremely tight, given the quite complex and lengthy quality assurance processes you would normally expect with a project of this size and scope. For example, design is developed in accordance with a robust framework of design assurance with critical reviews at key stages. For very obvious reasons, given that you’re dealing with safety-critical environments, everything has to be agreed and accepted before procurement can commence. The process is robust and for major interventions the programme for design and client review can be a significant consideration, so to go from a blank sheet of paper to

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Transport hub lighting

The new-look concourse, including showing the innovative, clear ethylene tetrafluoroethylene roof

completion in barely a year was always going to be challenging. One reason for the tight timeframe was that Network Rail was keen for the work to be completed in time for the UCI Road World Championships men’s road cycling race, which was due to finish in Leeds that September – and therefore the city, and its train station, would be in a world spotlight. Another challenge, naturally, was that the station was going to need to remain fully operational throughout the project; we would need to be working around (and, in fact, largely above) the millions of passengers streaming through each day. When we started to look into things in detail, it was clear the station infrastructure had not been updated in decades. For example, it still had a wooden roof. The lighting, too, was extremely dated. It was all T12 fluorescent tubes that had been there for a very long time; it hadn’t even got as modern as T8 by this point; it was real old inch-and-a-half lengths. The orientation was also not at all conducive to wayfinding. We had a three-week initial design period, which was, again, quite a tight turnaround. We quickly put together a Relux model to be sure we could get the 200 lux Network Rail required on the concourse floor, which is a Network Rail requirement for station concourse areas. Within three weeks from the initial discussions, we had a full 3D, fully co-ordinated BIM model in Revit. The www.theilp.org.uk

progress of SYSTRA architectural and structural design was terrific and certainly enhanced the chances of achieving accelerated services design. I also, of course, ought to mention the immense support we got from Jerry Barnard, formerly of RIDI Lighting, which supplied the luminaires for the project (but now running his own business JFB Lighting), of which, again, more in a moment. We knew that, if we were to have any chance of completing in September 2019, we had to get to a detailed design stage within 12 weeks, so it was all a bit of a gallop. Within this, the procurement for long lead time elements was accelerated to meet the ambitious timescales, and therefore co-ordination of the design had to consider detailed interfaces much earlier than traditional design. On top of this, provision needed to be made in the design for a steel structure that would allow flexibility for a luminaire that had not yet been selected; this was crucially important to reduce time on site and reduce the amount of working at height. To keep the concourse operational, the main contractors (Colt Construction) built a crash deck beneath the roof and above the operational concourse. This provided horizontal separation between the passenger and the work face. This was a feat of engineering in itself as the supports for the crash deck had to be coordinated with a Victorian arch structure supporting the concourse floor! This

allowed the team to work above the crowds below, to take the old roof off and keep things watertight while the passengers went about their day underneath. Nobody walking through the station could see what was going on above their heads; it was a waterproof crash deck. For the roof, the architectural design concept utilised ETFE (ethylene tetrafluoroethylene), which is a fluorine-based plastic. This results in clear inflatable pillows, much like you see on Cornwall’s The Eden Project, which are kept inflated through a fan system. The use of ETFE allowed us to maximise the naturally occurring daylight coming into the station, and therefore complement the human-centric circadian rhythm LED lighting (which I will come to shortly). The main acoustic feature beams that run across the station concourse were finished in a dramatic gold anodised-like finish, again accentuated by the colour tones of the tuneable white light.

EXTRUDED LINEAR LIGHTING

So, what about the lighting? The majority of the lighting is using a RIDI Lighting luminaire called ‘Venice’. These extruded linear ranges in tuneable white LED were integrated into various aspects of the ceiling system at high and low levels. Natural lines were created inside the concourse to encourage ‘flow of traffic’ and wayfinding through the space, subliminally encouraging passengers to move in the direction of their departure or

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Transport hub lighting That has meant we’ve been unable, so far, to carry out any post-installation passenger or staff market research. But it is something we intend to do once things are back in full force. We intend to gauge whether people feel the space is different to travel through or work within or whether, say, there has been any change in staff absence rates, even though that may be difficult to gauge because of the effect of Covid-19.

LEARNING POINTS

Mike Kimmitt on site at Leeds City Station

arrival gate. The higher-level lines were integrated into the structural beams while, in the external canopies, IP-rated versions were supplied to maintain the visual aspect. At lower levels, lines of light were set into the plasterboard margins outside the retail outlets. One advantage of the Venice system was that we could get it in long lengths that simply clipped together, so the speed of installation was much faster. This was critical because of the tight timeframes we were working to. The LED gear trays all just clicked into the extrusion; we wired into the extrusion and then clipped all the trays in; it was great.

FULL CIRCADIAN LIGHTING

The next important element to discuss is the fact this is a full circadian lighting system and, as I say, we believe a first for a major public transportation space. What do I mean here by ‘circadian’? Simply, that it can change colour temperature from 2700K up to 6500K during the day, and is pre-programmed to mimic the natural daylight coming into the space (of which there is a lot more now too because of the glazing and ETFE). A programmable Control 3 Dali control system, again from RIDI Lighting, sets the parameters of the circadian rhythm for its specific location and therefore adjusts precisely to the daylight hours at any specific time and date in the year. The system also meets the demands of the energy control needs in the core areas and controls the energy usage in the main station space. Even the lighting in toilets is programmed to dim to www.theilp.org.uk

20% when they are not occupied. As well as wanting the project completed very swiftly, Network Rail was keen to give the station something of a ‘wow’ factor, and I think the circadian lighting does just that. I live in Leeds myself and so can vouch for it from my own personal experience. I was recently asked to do a site survey to London, which meant catching an early-morning train. As I walked through the station the lighting was at a high colour temperature of 5000K, so all very bright and fresh. But as I arrived back – at around 8pm – everything had been toned down to much warmer white, about 2700K, and the transformation of the space was something to behold; it felt completely different as I walked through the station. It was like a warm hug as I got off the train. Obviously, for some people, if they’re rushing to catch a train or just in the station for a short period of time, they’re unlikely to notice that much difference, but the difference is there. It is also important to remember that, while it is a transient space for some, for others it is their working space or a space where they may be spending a period of time while waiting for their train. Although the project was successfully completed in time for the UCI Road World Championships in September 2019, the final commissioning of the lighting controls required some fine-tuning and was only completed in January 2020. As highlighted at the beginning of this article, the whole scheme was therefore only handed back to Network Rail just as Covid-19 hit, and passenger numbers disappeared.

Finally, what learning points did we take away from this project? For me, probably the biggest one was how everyone pulled together so effectively, how we all worked collaboratively to deliver what was a complex and innovative project in such a short space of time, especially as it had to secure everyone’s buy-in every step of the way. Both Network Rail as the client and us at SYSTRA UK as the contractor (and all partner contractors) had to embrace innovation, and the one-team approach on the project was the correct environment for innovation. At every stage my counterpart at Network Rail was involved in the decisions, every sketch, every little idea that we were sharing on a weekly basis, rather than waiting for design submissions in that traditional manner, so the engagement was amazing. At a practical level, I remember when the first run of luminaires went in, I was up on the crash deck with the electrical contractor (Mark Costello of JSC Electric). We were faced with this massive kit of parts in a container; there was half a kilometre of this continuous lighting up on that ceiling. They were all various lengths to tie in with steelwork dimensions. So, it was like a massive jigsaw puzzle without the lid of the box in front of you at times – but we did it! We hope returning Leeds commuters feel equally positive about their new-look, new-feel terminus. Mike Kimmitt is principal lighting engineer at SYSTRA UK

FIND OUT MORE

For ILP members who wish to find out more about this project, there is a timelapse photography movie of the lighting as it changes colour temperature, available to view on the RIDI website, at https://ridi-group.co.uk/project/ leeds-station/. There is also a video that can be viewed on YouTube, at h t t p s : // w w w. y o u t u b e . c o m / watch?v=nGy_S1GNukg

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AHEAD IN THE CLOUD

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Smart cities

Cloud-based applications are increasingly underpinning the infrastructure now driving digitalisation. In time, it could even be such Cloud-based solutions that finally give local authorities the confidence they need to embrace future-proofed connected solutions

By Dr Jon Lewis

n our article in last month’s edition, we described how a central management system (CMS) for smart lighting enables significant energy savings whilst making maintenance more efficient and the outdoor environment safer (‘Locally responsive’, vol 86 no 5). Because of its solid financial case and reliable technology, smart lighting has been a real success story with a vibrant eco-system of suppliers. Yet, with the success of smart lighting, all of us thought there would be a

wave of new sensing applications and our cities would become fully digitised. It didn’t happen that way. As with many new technologies, the evolutionary path that everybody expects fails to appear, and it is only later that solutions which really work for end users start to emerge. When smartphones arrived, the perceived wisdom was that voice calls would be replaced by mobile video calls. Luckily, we don’t all find ourselves

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Smart cities walking down the street, phones outstretched, making video calls. Instead, it transpired that the smartphone was the perfect device for sharing amusing pet moments with our social circle. It was six years between 3G mobile data services arriving in 2001 and the iPhone launching in 2007 before we started to see the real power of the smartphone. A similar delay between initial expectations and solutions with real value is happening with smart cities.

APPROACHES THAT DIDN’T SCALE

Before looking at how the real promise of smart cities is being realised, let’s look at two approaches that, on the face of it, seemed promising but proved not to be the key elements that cities were looking for. The first of these is the smart city radio network. For example, the technology Telensa uses for our smart lighting system is called ultra narrowband (UNB). We developed the first generation of this over 20 years ago and the key details have been published in international standards. About seven years ago similar technologies, notably Sigfox and LoRa, became available under the collective description of lowpower wide-area (LPWA) networks. The perceived wisdom was that cities could adopt these technologies and attach any device to them for free. In fact, the traditional cellular operators became so worried about the emergence of these technologies that they developed their own competing technologies, such as NB-IOT and LTE-M. Sigfox goes head-to-head with the cellular companies with its business model; it is a public network with associated tariffs. UNB and LoRa are usually private networks that give cities the ability to connect devices to their own network at low cost. However, whilst as a private network vendor you might expect us to evangelise this approach over the public network operators, it has become clear to us that cities are not set up to become their own network operators, managing a variety of different device types. In addition, cellular provides a full range of bandwidths, all the way up to the Mbps required for video, that LPWA networks simply cannot provide. To us, a hybrid approach is emerging as the only practical choice that will enable the widest set of services to thrive. By mixing the cost savings of a technology such as UNB with the flexibility of cellular, cities can match the best technology to each application. Rather than being locked into a single technology, they can ensure they adopt new systems as they arrive. The arrival of public and private versions of 5G will make this landscape even richer and so it is important that cities put in place a framework for adopting new technology as it becomes available. www.theilp.org.uk

Figure 1. This shows how a variety of technologies can have their own sweet spot in terms of suitability

Imagine a city that had selected Zigbee ten years ago as its single network technology. First, it would have been severely restricted in terms of the device types it could attach to the network and, second and even worse, would have now found itself with a network that very few vendors continue to provide support. The second flawed approach was the ‘do it all’ application. We are now seeing vendors in this space scale back their ambitions and even leave the smart city domain altogether. This approach tried to bring all a city’s operations into a single application, with smart lighting displayed alongside parking availability and healthcare data and so on. This looked great at trade shows, with huge video screens showing the city ‘control room’ of the future; we all looked on with awe. Again, however, the reality wasn’t quite so enticing. First, the platforms were expensive before you even started to add in any actual applications. Rather than have a choice of applications, cities had to choose from a limited set of vendors that had been selected by the platform vendor. This application selection was not necessarily always in the interest of the end customer. Co-ordination and timing raised other problems. Whilst one department might have a need for a new system, it was unlikely others had a similar need to move away from their current practices at the same time. Also, it is unlikely that a user interface that is good for smart lighting also makes sense to the parking department.

THE EMERGING WAY FORWARD

So, what is the real future? Well let’s go back to our mobile phone analogy. It wasn’t a new

radio technology such as 4G that changed everything. It certainly wasn’t a great app from Apple or Google, either. What changed was that Apple and Google concentrated on making an ecosystem grow. This gave consumers a huge choice, as hundreds of apps developers saw value in creating innovative products that they could monetise. This is what is starting to happen in smart cities. Users are now starting to realise that the key attributes of a smart city system are more about how a given approach acts as an enabler to: • Allow cities to bring multiple vendors together • Allow departments to pick their own preferred vendors • Enable integration with multiple connectivity solutions in a seamless manner • Provide industry-leading security • Enable easy data sharing but with strict access control So, who sells this great new system? The reality is that these systems are already all around us so, rather than having to reinvent the wheel, cities can simply use enhancements to an existing infra-structure. It is the same infrastructure that we already store most of our personal information on, the system that huge systems such as Facebook, Netflix and even the CIA run their systems on – it is of course the Cloud. Hold on, I hear you ask, ‘isn’t the Cloud just for data storage?’. It was, once, but over the last few years the key Cloud companies (chiefly Microsoft and AWS) have enhanced their systems so they have become the

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Smart cities operating systems that web applications run on rather than simply providing storage or server capacity. Increasingly, applications utilise services running on Microsoft Azure (for example) to manage key elements such as security, data integrity and connectivity. This means that applications don’t need to build all of the key framework elements described above. Instead, they simply adopt the tools provided by the underlying Cloud operating system. In doing this, it suddenly makes interoperability between applications and data much easier. As more and more applications adopt this approach, then cities can tap into a vibrant ecosystem of suppliers whilst having a common framework to share and manage data. To use Microsoft Azure as an example again, it has two specific new features worth mentioning that are key to unlocking the promise of smart cities. There are: 1) Digital twin description language (DTDL). This is an open, standards-based language that describes data from the physical environment. So, rather than relying on each individual application to describe physical entities, DTDL will enable different applications to have a common language and so be able to share data. 2) Azure IoT plug and play (IoT PnP). In the same way that printers and other peripherals simply connect to a PC without the need to search for specific drivers, IoT PnP will allow physical sensors to plug into a city’s infrastructure seamlessly with subscriptions, security and connectivity all taken care of. Rather than having to worry about whether a city has selected the correct radio network, this will all be taken care of under the hood. Telensa, for one, has adopted Microsoft Azure within our UrbanIQ smart city system. However, rather than market this as the solution to all a city’s needs, we are trying to be realistic about the role of individual vendors in cities’ data strategies. Rather, too, than trying to be everything to everybody, we see UrbanIQ as simply a stepping-stone for cities who want to take control of their own data infra-structure. This multi-vendor approach is enabled by Cloud solutions in a way that do it all applications could never do. UrbanIQ provides an easy way to adopt a Cloud-based data strategy but, having got started, cities can take their own course and adopt solutions from hundreds of other vendors running on the same platform. www.theilp.org.uk

Figure 2. Two examples of a simple dashboard authorities can use to show the status of a number of applications

We would of course love cities to remain engaged with Telensa as they grow on their smart city journey, but we understand cities must remain independent from individual vendors. So UrbanIQ acts in many ways like a starter kit for adopting a modern Cloudbased data strategy. Figures 2 above shows a simple dashboard that authorities can use to show the status of a number of applications. This is built on Power-BI, a powerful data visualisation tool that has a large community of developers. This means local companies or universities can engage with the platform, so creating local solutions to local problems.

the largest tech companies in the world. Having begun the move towards a common framework that is starting to be adopted by an increasing number of vendors, we shouldn’t lose sight of the fact that what is important in terms of the value of individual applications is what actual difference they make to citizens’ lives. Smart lighting is making a huge difference to the energy budget of local authorities. Having been successful in that domain, at Telensa we are working with some of our key customers on the next set of Cloud-based applications, which we hope will make an equally large difference to city operations.

MORE OPEN APPROACH

We strongly believe this more open approach to smart cities enabled by the Cloud is the missing element that will give cities the confidence to adopt solutions that are future-proofed. We also hope it will give them the confidence that this approach is underpinned by the some of

Dr Jon Lewis is vice president, product, marketing and partners at Telensa

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Handling lighting waste

REGULATION APPROACH It is vital lighting professionals fully understand the regulatory and legal requirements that apply to the collection, storage and, crucially, disposal of waste electricals. These can be complex, and can differ between the different nations, as this update illustrates By Nigel Harvey

any organisations, including companies, hospitals, local authorities, county councils, highways authorities and their contractors, need to collect and store waste electricals. Understanding the regulatory requirements that apply is important, both to ensure compliance but also that appropriate environmental protections are in place. Most waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and all gas discharge www.theilp.org.uk

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Handling lighting waste lamps are now regarded as hazardous. This creates clear obligations and duties for those organisations that collect and store such waste. The organisation that originally owned the product that is now waste is regarded as the producer of the waste. Environmental matters have been devolved by the UK government, which means that some of these obligations will vary depending on the nation in which the organisation is based. This article intends to outline the main variations that you may need to be aware of, but there are some nuances which have not been fully covered.

STORING WASTE AT YOUR OWN SITE

There is a waste storage exemption that allows organisations to store up to 30m3 of WEEE that will be sent elsewhere for recycling. This exemption does not require registration but it is only available if the following conditions are met: •

• • •

If more than one type of waste is stored the different types must not be mixed. For example, waste lamps must be removed from waste fittings before storage. The waste may only be stored temporarily; generally for no longer than three months. The storer cannot receive payment for collecting waste or collect waste as their main business activity. Organisations that do not meet these storage requirements must apply to the Environment Agency (for England) for a Section 2 (or S2) exemption. This allows organisations to store up to 400m3 of WEEE in a secure container up to six months. There is no charge for an S2 exemption.

In Scotland, an exemption notification must be submitted to the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency. This allows organisations to store up to 50m3 of WEEE in a three-month period.

HAZARDOUS WASTE PREMISES CODE

In some cases, the storage of hazardous waste requires a Hazardous Waste Premises Code (HWPC), although the requirements vary by nation of the United Kingdom. Organisations based in England do not require a HWPC. In Wales, if an organisation produces more than 500kg of hazardous waste in a 12-month period it must apply for an HWPC from Natural Resources Wales (NRW). Given that 500kg is a low limit, this is www.theilp.org.uk

likely to apply to virtually all collectors of waste lamps and fittings.

TRANSPORTING WASTE

The Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2011 introduced a staged and tiered system for registration of waste carriers, which came into force in January 2014. No registration is required if an organisation carries waste that it has produced on a one-off basis. But if this happens regularly, the organisation will have to register as a ‘lower tier’ waste carrier. A lower tier waste carrier is only applicable for an organisation transporting its own waste. There is no charge to register, and the registration only has to be done once as it lasts indefinitely. Registration must be with the environment agency of the nation in which the organisation is based – in other words The Environment Agency (England), The Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (Scotland), Natural Resources Wales (Wales) or The Northern Ireland Environment Agency (Northern Ireland). All those organisations, such as contractors, who transport waste that they don’t produce (in other words not their own) must register as an ‘upper tier’ waste carrier. This applies to all who are not exempt or in lower tier. The cost of doing this is £154 and registration is valid for three years. Again, registration is with the relevant agency of the nation in which the relevant activities take place. If the organisation operates in more than one nation, it must register in each relevant nation.

HAZARDOUS WASTE CONSIGNMENT NOTES

Hazardous waste consignment notes (HWCNs) are used by the environment agencies to track the movement of hazardous waste. They make sure the waste is tracked through to its final destination. A contractor collecting waste must provide an HWCN, and the waste producer must keep copies for three years. The HWCN should describe the waste accurately, and it must be signed by the waste producer.

be taken and checking that the destination is authorised to accept that waste. Do be aware that reporting requirements differ slightly dependent on environment agency. It is also important to note that it is an offence to place hazardous waste – including most WEEE waste – into a conventional metal recycling skip.

STORAGE OF WASTE LAMPS In addition to the legal requirements, at Recolight we require that further measures are considered when storing waste lamps. These are as follows: • • •

•

Containers are for storing gas discharge lamps and LED lamps, but no other type of waste. Containers should be located in an area where they cannot be tampered with, damaged or stolen. To avoid breakage, all waste lamps should be stacked neatly and not thrown into containers, and all packaging must be removed. Incorrect stacking could lead to breakage of lamps during transport, and release of mercury. Wherever possible, linear and non-linear lamps should be placed in separate containers – this also helps to minimise breakage. Sodium lamps should always be stored in a separate container, which should be placed inside a building to prevent and water ingress. Most electrical items are regarded as hazardous because of the inclusion of brominated flame retardants in plastics included within the item. However, analysis undertaken by Recolight and the Lighting Industry Association has shown that this does not apply to waste street lanterns.

SUMMARY

The hazardous nature of most electrical waste means that organisations handling it do need to ensure they comply with a range of statutory obligations, as this article illustrates. These are in place for very good reasons – it is vital that such wastes are properly tracked and are sent to the right recycler.

DUTY OF CARE

The Environmental Protection (Duty of Care) Regulations impose a duty on all organisations to take all reasonable steps to ensure that, when waste is transferred to another organisation, it is managed and recycled correctly. This can be done by checking that the next waste holder is authorised to receive the waste, verifying where the waste is to

Nigel Harvey is chief executive of Recolight

JUNE 2021

LIGHTING JOURNAL

DATA DRIVERS The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) may not feel like it has much to do with lighting. In fact, it is something all lighting professionals need to have a handle on, especially given lighting’s growing role as a collector, hub and conduit for data

By Peter Thorns

JUNE 2021

LIGHTING JOURNAL

Data management and protection

he GDPR is a four-letter acronym that you have probably seen, heard or read about and, possibly like many, ignored or shrugged off. But it is nevertheless an important new European Union regulation that, irrespective of Brexit, anyone working in lighting, or indeed anyone handling client or customer data, needs to be up to speed on. This article is based around a webinar I recently delivered for the ILP and, while most definitely not a definitive guide to the regulation, for those wanting to find out more, please do check out the recording of this, which is available via the ILP website (details at the end of the article). So, first of all, what is the GDPR? The basis of the GDPR or, to give it its full name the General Data Protection Regulation, goes back to the 1950s. It came into being as a response to the need formally to recognise a person’s right to privacy under the 1950 European Convention on Human Rights. This states that: ‘Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence.’ Using this as a foundation, the European Union has sought to protect this principle through successive legislation. As society has changed and become more technologically advanced, it was recognised existing regulations on privacy no longer reflected current data concerns. Therefore, in 1995, the EU passed the European Data Protection Directive. This established minimum data privacy and security standards and was the basis from which each European member state created its own implementing laws. However, society continued to evolve, especially via the rise of the internet, social media and online services and commerce. The figures for online usage are now staggering. For example, it is estimated that in 2020 there were 4.6 billion active internet users and 3.7

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Data management and protection billion online shoppers; 200 million emails were sent and 4.2 million Google searches carried out every minute. Neither the European Convention on Human Rights nor the European Data Protection Directive was designed for this amount of data and data usage. Europe’s data protection authority declared the EU therefore needed ‘a comprehensive approach on personal data protection’ and began to update the 1995 directive. The new regulation entered into force in 2016 and, as of 25 May 2018, all European organisations were required to be compliant with it.

UNDERSTANDING THE GDPR

So, what is the GDPR designed to do? In very simple terms, it is designed to tighten up protections around the transfer of personal data, both within and outside the EU and European Economic Area (EEA). It aims to give individuals more control over their personal data and how it is used or shared and to simplify the regulatory landscape for businesses by bringing together various EU regulations under one roof. Like all regulations, however, it is important first to understand some of the basic terminology. Be aware, these may not always be based on common usage or understanding but a legalistic translation of a concept. There are four key terms that will crop up time and again in any discussion about the GDPR, and so which it is important to have a handle on. 1) Personal data. As its name suggest, this is any information that relates to an identified or identifiable living individual. Different pieces of information that, collected together, can lead to the identification of a particular person, also constitute personal data. Personal data is any data, held in any format, that allows a living person to be identified. Anonymised data is outside the scope of the regulation but, if this anonymisation can be removed or if the data used along with other data can result in an individual being identified (what is known as ‘pseudo-anonymised data’), then it is not considered to be anonymous and is covered by the regulation. Even if a person is dead, their data may still infringe the rights of a living person, such as a spouse or child, and is therefore potentially still in scope. The GDPR protects personal data and is technology neutral, so applies to both non-automated and automated processing. 2) Data processing. Under the regulation, this covers a wide range of operations that are performed on personal data. This www.theilp.org.uk

includes the processing of data by both non-automated or automated means. It encompasses the collection, recording, organisation, structuring, storage, alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or combination, restriction, erasure or destruction of personal data. In practice, this means that, as soon as you have any personal data on your system you are within the scope of the GDPR. It does not matter if you do nothing with it, as collection of data is within the scope of the regulation, along with storage. And it does not matter how you manage the data; it only matters that you have the data. 3) A data protection officer. Under the GDPR, you may be required to have a nominated data protection officer within your organisation. It is their job to inform about obligations to comply with the GDPR and data protection laws. They will also monitor compliance, address issues, train staff and conduct internal audits. The data protection officer will also advise on data protection impact assessments and will be the first point of contact for external authorities. You require a data protection officer if you are a public authority or if your core activities consist of monitoring or processing data of individuals. However, even if you do not legally require a data protection officer, having someone designated in this role may well be a sensible approach. 4) A data controller. A data controller is the legal person, public authority, agency or other body that, alone or jointly with others, determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data. The data controller is legally responsible for the processing of personal data. Other people may receive the data and process it but only with the permission and knowledge of the data controller. The foundations of the GDPR are enshrined in two main principles: the rights of the individual concerning their personal data and the data protection principles an organisation must comply with when processing personal data. Let’s look at each in turn.

THE ‘EIGHT RIGHTS FOR INDIVIDUALS’

When it comes to the rights of the individual concerning their personal data, there are eight core rights that run through the GDPR. These are: 1) The right to be informed. If any data is collected on an individual they have the right to be informed what data is being

collected, why, and what will be done with this data. As an example, if you go on a website and you are asked to ‘accept cookies’, instead of clicking on ‘accept’ click on the ‘manage’ option. This will show you what is being collected and how it will be used. In principle, this right also includes the situation that, if information is obtained via a third party, the individual must be informed within one month of this happening. In practice, this is fairly difficult to police but if there is the possibility that your data will be sold or shared this must be identified at the time the data is collected. Note that it does not matter whether the data source is private or public. If data is obtained from a publicly accessible source, then the individual still has the right to be informed that this has happened. For a company, therefore, it is important that, if consent is given, records are kept to demonstrate this. Be aware, if consent cannot be proven it is assumed it had not been given. 2) The right of access. An individual has the right to see what information is held about themselves. In principle the information should be provided in keeping with the method of making the request. For example, if the request was made electronically then electronic information in a commonly used format would be acceptable. If the request was made in writing, then hard copy data could reasonably be expected. The information provided has to be in a form that is easily understandable, in other words using plain language. It may include not only the data that is being held but also the justification on why it is being held, where it came from, who has seen it, and other background information. A fee may be charged if the request is excessive or based upon a serious misconception. However, a fee cannot be charged to overcome the shortcomings of processes or IT systems in handling such a request. 3) The right to rectification. An individual has the right to have any errors in data being held corrected. ‘Incorrect’ data in this context is data that is inaccurate or misleading.

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Data management and protection The right to rectification is not absolute, in that if the original data is considered correct and the proposed amendment inaccurate it can be refused with an explanation of why, although the individual has the right to challenge this decision. Also consider that data may be incorrect at a point in time but could have been correct when collected. If the storage of historical data can be justified, it may be permissible to keep both the original and the corrected data as long as it is correctly identified in time. 4) The right to erasure. This has been one of the most controversial aspects of the GDPR, and is often called ‘the right to be forgotten’. An individual can withdraw their permission to hold data on them at any time. If they do this, the data should be deleted. Also consider that data may have a defined period that it may be held and should be deleted when the timeframe expires. Note that this right is not absolute and depends upon the lawful basis for processing the data (and there is more on this in the section on the six data protection principles below). There are exceptions where this does not apply, legal requirements and public interest are examples. However, the justification has to be documented, be valid, and be made available if requested by the individual. If, however, the personal data has been processed unlawfully the individual automatically has the right to erasure. 5) The right to restrict processing. The right to restrict processing is an alternative to the right to erasure. In general, the restriction of data-processing rights will be time-limited and will not be permanent, so it is more of a holding measure. For example, if an individual feels the data held is not correct, permission has not been given for any or all of the data, or the data has been used incorrectly. It can also be used to preserve data that the individual does not want deleting at a particular point in time. Remember, however, deletion/erasure is classed as data processing. Preservation of data can be pertinent in the event of a dispute, for example. The right to restrict processing is not an absolute right and may not apply in certain circumstances. 6) The right to data portability. The right to data portability is slightly more esoteric. It effectively allows individuals to use their own data for their own benefit.

However, this right does not mean that data must be supplied in a custom format for specific third-party applications. It only requires that the data should be made available in a commonly used machine-readable format. 7) The right to object. A person has the right to object to their data being processed in certain circumstances. In the case of direct marketing, for example, there are no reasons for this request to be refused. In this context, the term ‘direct marketing’, by the way, includes data profiling for tailored marketing or advertising. Bear in mind, however, this is not the same as deleting the data. In principle, enough data will need to be held to indicate that the data cannot be used for the purpose given in the objection. 8) Rights in relation to automated decision-making and profiling. The GDPR outlines restrictions on the use of data for profiling or automatic decision-making. There are three situations where this may be used: where it is necessary for the entry into or completion of a contract, where it is authorised by law, or if an individual has given explicit consent. Note that, if the basis for profiling is based upon an individual’s consent, then it may be withdrawn at any time. Also note that, if any automatic process has a significant effect, it cannot be used as the sole means of decision-making.

THE ‘SIX DATA PROTECTION PRINCIPLES’

We’ve looked at the rights for individuals. But what about the principles organisations must comply with? There are six key data protection principles within the GDPR and which, again, lie right at the heart of the regulation. These are: 1) Personal data shall be processed lawfully, fairly and in a transparent manner in relation to individuals. Before processing personal data, at least one of the lawful bases for processing must be valid. These are: consent, contract, legal obligation, vital interests (in other words, life-critical), public task and legitimate interests. Remember that, if the data is processed unlawfully, an individual has the right to erasure or the right to restrict data processing, so it is important this is carefully defined. Additionally, just because a system of processing requires a defined approach

regarding data, that does not make it necessary in the legal terminology of the GDPR. If an alternative method may be used that is less intrusive it should be, regardless of the difficulty of processing the data. Depending upon the lawful basis of the data processing, the individual will have more or fewer rights. For example, if the data processing is on the basis of a legal requirement, the individual cannot claim the right to erasure, the right to portability or the right to object. So it is important to correctly define the basis for data processing. 2) Personal data shall be collected for specified, explicit and legitimate purposes and not further processed in a manner that is incompatible with those purposes; further processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes shall not be considered to be incompatible with the initial purposes. This slightly wordy principle is essentially highlighting that it is important the reason for data processing is clearly defined and documented. The principle states what data may be collected and used and, just as importantly, places limits so that only this data may be collected and it cannot be used for any other purpose. It is possible that a new purpose for data processing may be considered compatible with the original purpose; that is in the same scope. The further away the new purpose is from the original basis, the less likely this is to be the case, however. If the basis was consent, then a new consent is always required for any new purpose. Note that a vaguely defined consent request will not be considered adequate. 3) Personal data shall be adequate, relevant and limited to what is necessary in relation to the purposes for which they are processed. The data processing must be limited to what is necessary and justified by the legal basis. If it cannot be

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Data management and protection justified it is considered illegal. This is why the choice of legal basis is crucial. 4) Personal data shall be accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date; every reasonable step must be taken to ensure that personal data that are inaccurate, having regard to the purposes for which they are processed, are erased or rectified without delay. In line with the rights of the individual, it is necessary that data is accurate and that it is deleted when it is no longer needed or any time limit has passed. 5) Personal data shall be kept in a form that permits identification of data subjects for no longer than is necessary for the purposes for which the personal data are processed. This principle highlights how, by and large, the best approach is to anonymise data. As soon as this is done it is not possible to infringe an individual’s privacy and the data is no longer covered by the requirements of the GDPR. Bear in mind, however, the role of ‘pseudonymised’, or partially anonymised, data. An example of pseudonymised data is data that has a separate key coding to identify individuals. So, the data by itself is anonymous. This is a second-best solution to fully anonymised data, and will still fall under the GDPR. 6) Personal data shall be processed in a manner that ensures appropriate security of the personal data, including protection against unauthorised or unlawful processing and against accidental loss, destruction or damage, using appropriate technical or organisational measures. The GDPR places security requirements on any data processing. This may be cyber-security but could also include photocopying personal data in the case of paper records. This also has implications for thirdparty processing, as the data controller still has legal responsibilities to ensure the third-party follows the rules and requirements of the GDPR and the defined use and legal basis for the data.

www.theilp.org.uk

THE GDPR AND LIGHTING

So, what about lighting? The GDPR applies to all lighting companies as they go about their business. This means from HR through to sales and marketing databases, through to a salesperson’s informal spreadsheet of contacts, through to the contacts in their (and your) mobile phone. Then there is lighting’s growing role as a data collector, hub, and conduit, especially in terms of connected and smart lighting and the Internet of Things (IoT). The EU definition of the IoT explicitly includes data processing. It describes IoT as: ‘An enabler of a hyperconnected society & economy via a set of sensors, actuators, smart objects, data communications and interface technologies that allow information to be collected, tracked and processed across local and global network infrastructures.’ If this data includes personal data, it then falls within the scope of the GDPR. And, remember, personal data is data that allows a person to be identified, including, for example, the use of a phone or badge to activate corporate services. Also consider concepts such as Li Fi and Power over Ethernet, which mean that a lighting product becomes a node on a computer system. At some point dedicated DALI or lighting control buses will become a thing of the past as lighting control commands will be sent over a general-purpose communication bus. Smart buildings and smart cities, by definition, capture data on occupants and behaviour, creating building and city-wide ecosystems where all systems will be expected to share sensors and interoperate to the benefit of the building/city and their stakeholders. Data is collected from many nodes and centralised for analysis. Again, if this data is not anonymous it is personal. And, if disparate data pieces can be linked up in centralised systems to identify a person, will fall within the scope of the regulation. Lighting controls of course are no longer wall switches. They are Bluetooth- or internet-connected systems controlled by personal computers, tablets or smartphones. The move to use smartphones to control services such as lighting can create personal data. Each smartphone effectively identifies an individual with benefits, such as personalising the settings in a room or at a desk for the individual. But to do this, data on individual preferences has to be held and the individual has to be identified. If lighting is linked to a personal computer or smartphone, so that a city or building senses the user and therefore the location and building

requirements, it also understands who is there. The important questions from here become: who owns the data and, from there, where (and who) is the data controller? Even if a lighting product is just a conduit, does this classify as data collection, even if it is never stored? The legal responsibilities will blur as communications expand and become common across many systems. Identifying who owns what, the legal basis for data processing and so on for data that may feed multiple customers will become complex. The lighting industry is developing lighting, and lighting systems, that transcend the purely lighting function; lighting is becoming part of far bigger concepts. Lighting is becoming data driven and, also, becoming a data collector for ‘Big Data’. So, as an industry we have to ask: do we want to be part of the IoT revolution, with all of the attendant problems regarding data security and the rights of the individual? Or do we want to be a component in a system that belongs to a big data corporation? Do we want to be a key player in the IoT or merely a component supplier? And, ultimately, if we want to be a key player, are we ready to take on the responsibilities – including data management, protection and security – as well as the opportunities?

FIND OUT MORE

Peter’s article is built from his webinar for Durham LDC, ‘GDPR in the lighting industry’, that was held in November. A recording is available to view at: h tt p s : // t h e i l p. o r g . u k / ilp-durham-cpd-webinar-gdpr-in-thelighting-industry/

Important note. This article is a general discussion of the principles, and some of the implications, of GDPR. It is definitely not a definitive guide and for specific concerns regarding GDPR a specialist should be contacted for advice.

Peter Thorns BSc(Hons) CEng FCIBSE FSLL is head of strategic lighting applications at Thorn Lighting

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IRON AND STEEL Liz Peck, past president of the Society of Light and Lighting, sadly passed away earlier this year at the too-young age of just 46. Here, two close colleagues reflect on her contribution to lighting design and her passion for the industry

‘LIZ WAS PASSIONATE ABOUT BOTH ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING DESIGN AND PROTECTING BATS FROM THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF LIGHT’

iz Peck was my dear friend and valued colleague, writes Bob Bohannon. Her ability to get people to volunteer was simply amazing. It was Liz who got me to join the SLL, Liz who suggested I volunteer for treasurer and again Liz who rang me to ask whether I’d consider being a future president. About three years ago Liz rang me again: ‘How would like to light a bridge with me?’. It was the Iron Bridge at Telford and, naturally, I jumped at the chance. Much since has been written about the bridge and its award-winning scheme, but it was challenging. Its filigree of iron allows light from most angles to pass straight through; the gorge sides are unstable and the River Severn flood level can be 7m above normal. Our strict brief was that we couldn’t mount luminaires on the bridge, under the bridge or cable over it or through it and any equipment had to be inconspicuous by day. We wrote the feasibility report that determined projector sizes, lumen outputs, column sizes and costs. Then the heritage team discovered evidence that the www.theilp.org.uk

bridge was originally painted a mahogany red-brown shade, far less reflective than the grey we had been working with. The new colour meant we needed more lumens, all equipment would be both larger and more expensive – so started some careful negotiations. The final scheme, resilient to the floods of storms Dennis and Ciara and despite Covid-19, was switched on in September 2020. In the last months of 2020, Liz was writing the excellent SLL Guide to Protecting the Night-time Environment, bringing it very near to completion. Liz was passionate both about architectural lighting design and protecting bats from the negative effects of light. Looking back at our work on the Iron Bridge, the new guide could almost have formed a checklist for the project: skyglow, obtrusive light, bat flyways, fish, visitor views, extending the economic day of Ironbridge, curfews, luminance-based design, spectral reflectance and light source spectral radiation, daytime appearance, glare mitigation through positioning, aiming and louvres and finally an overall lighting impact assessment – all were included.

Bob Bohannon MSc FSLL MIET was president of the Society of Light and Lighting from 2020-21

‘LIZ WAS ONE OF THOSE CHARACTERS THAT YOU MEET IN LIFE WHO LEAVE A MARK’

iz was working on the technical support desk at Concord Lighting and, following its merger with Marlin, applied for a position in the design office, writes Mike Simpson. Neither the commute nor her lack of design experience put Liz off starting this new chapter in her career. She had a good product knowledge and a drive not to let things stand in her way. Liz was never backward in coming forward if there was something she needed to know and quickly grasped the aspects of lighting design that would take her forward. Gaining in confidence, she began to connect with the wider world of the lighting profession. For 10 years she helped to organise ‘Ready Steady Light’ for the SLL and it was clear she was developing a wide network of contacts in the industry as the loan ‘kit’ rolled in. Following her move to Philips, where we worked together, her design experience widened and it was while there she undertook the UCL MSc in light and lighting to establish her credentials as an independent lighting designer. She was soon working on many and varied projects, but the one we talked about most was the Iron Bridge. I remember one day we

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Liz Peck: retrospective

The Iron Bridge at Telford showing off the lighting scheme by the late Liz Peck, pictured inset. Main Iron Bridge photograph by Bob Bohannon

were discussing whether we were talking about colour or rust! Many people will have come to know Liz as secretary of the SLL and then during her year as president when she masterminded the Night of Heritage Light. Liz was a passionate sportsperson, both on and off the pitch, and was always at the front for a friendly game of football after a busy day at work. Liz was an incredibly giving person and spent time supporting a local food bank, even when her health was failing. Having spoken to her just before Christmas, it was a shock to receive the news of her passing in January. Liz was one of those characters that you meet in life who leave a mark; always with a glint in the eye but at the same time totally

professional and thorough in her work. She will be missed but for sure not forgotten. •

At the time of her death in January, the ILP paid its respects to Liz Peck, which can be found at https://theilp.org.uk/ ilp-pays-tribute-to-liz-peck/. The SLL’s obituary for Liz can be found at https://www.cibse.org/news-andpolicy/january-2021/ remembering-liz-peckfsll,-1974-2021

Mike Simpson FREng CEng FCIBSE FSLL FILP FIET is global design lead, lighting design, at Signify

STOP PRESS

It was announced in May that the Iron Bridge lighting scheme had won in the ‘Structures – low budget’ Best Exterior Lighting Scheme category in the 2020 [d]arc awards, which celebrate the best in lighting design. Look out in the July/August edition of Lighting Journal for a more in-depth look at the winners, and ILP members, whose work has been rightly recognised and celebrated.

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Light on Westminster

PARLIAMENTARY

PURPOSE

he April edition of the Lighting Journal caught my eye for its cover feature on Whitfield Gardens in Camden (‘All the people’, vol 86 no 4). An overgrown and unwelcoming public square, and a space that felt unsafe for many, has been transformed. Sensitive and appropriate lighting has been critical to making it feel warm, welcoming, and safe. It made me reflect on some of my recent virtual meetings with MPs and Peers as we considered lighting issues. Whilst few parliamentarians have been able to participate physically in the chambers, debates and committees have continued and (much like for the rest of the population) Zoom or Teams has enabled as many meetings of all-party parliamentary groups (APPGs) as ever. The journal has previously reported on how different groups of MPs and Peers have met to consider the issues of dark skies and the night-time economy (‘Star bright’, January 2021, vol 86 no 1 and ‘MPs focus on night economy’, February 2021, vol 86, no 2).

DARK SKIES APPG

The initiative for an APPG to look at dark skies came from Andrew Griffith, MP for Arundel and South Downs, and Lord Martin Rees of Ludlow, the Astronomer Royal and former president of the Royal Astronomical Society. The group received almost 200 submissions in response to its call for evidence. It then published the document Ten Dark Sky

policies for the government [1]. The ILP, led by Technical Director Peter Harrison, provided expert guidance on the recommendations. Policies at all levels of government need to help reduce obtrusive light. They should discourage the installation of inappropriate products that are too powerful and which can be left on all night, causing glare and distress to neighbours, and spoiling the night environment. More local authorities need to follow best practice in implementing policies that embrace variable lighting levels to their street lighting as need changes during the night. Above all, better education and the involvement of lighting professionals in drawing up appropriate policies is required.

NIGHT ECONOMY APPG

The aims of the APPG for the night-time economy are not necessarily contradictory. Economic recovery post pandemic requires people returning to town centres at night, and visiting tourist attractions in the evenings and so on. The relevance of lighting to public safety can be disputed, but fear of crime can certainly be mitigated by good lighting, combined with appropriate use of CCTV. Home Office minister Kit Malthouse told MPs in March that the government’s Safer Streets Fund would get an additional £20m in 2021/22 on top of £25m in 2020/21 [2]. This is to support 52 areas across England and Wales that are persistently and

disproportionately affected by neighbourhood and acquisitive crimes, such as burglary, robbery and theft. He said: ‘The fund is being used by Police and Crime Commissioners to invest in well evidenced, physical crime prevention measures, such as improved street lighting and CCTV.’

ILP EVIDENCE GATHERING

The ILP is therefore writing to these commissioners pointing out that: ‘Creating the safe and attractive environments requires considerable expertise in planning and installing lighting systems. The issue is not about “brighter is better”, but what is appropriate, pleasant, and makes people feel safer.’ The Institution is asking the Association of Police and Crime Commissioners what advice it is giving to its members in relation to this and offering to assist it with this task. It will be interesting to gauge what sort of responses the ILP receives and, in turn, how this evidence can be fed back into the work MPs and Peers are doing in Parliament. Watch this space!

Chris Rennard has been a member of the House of Lords since 1999 and is a Liberal Democrat Peer

[1] ‘Ten Dark Sky policies for the government’, All-Party Parliamentary Group for Dark Skies, December 2020, https://appgdarkskies.co.uk/ [2] ‘Urban Areas: Safety’, Question for Home Office, UIN 167171, tabled on 11 March 2021, UK Parliament, written questions, answers and statement, https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2021-03-11/167171

www.theilp.org.uk

Lighting

Lighting Journal June 2021

Articles inside

AHEAD IN THE CLOUD

PARLIAMENTARY PURPOSE

IRON AND STEEL

REGULATION APPROACH

DATA DRIVERS

ADAPTING TO THE FUTURE

LEGAL HIGHS

UNLOCKING THE CITY