The Leaflet 11.30.17 | Vol. 4 Issue 4
The Big Questions issue As we approach exam season, it is important that you take some time out of your day to just have fun and relax. Every day you should be learning something new, but that learning can be entertaining as well. This idea has prompted the November issue of The Leaflet. We set out to answer some of the universe’s BIG questions, discovering countless pieces of new and fun information.
So, set down your pens, pull yourself away from your text books (we know that must be hard to do), and come dive into 22 colorful pages which hold the answers to your burning questions. What are the most asked questions on Google? What is in our universe or at the bottom of our oceans? Is water wet? If you want to know, all you have to do is turn the page...
Taylor Close & Sydney Evans
staff members
Jenna Bao Natalie Brinkman Lindsey Brinkman Ally Bonhaus Morgan Brownell Emily Chien Adhiti Chundur Taylor Close Sydney Evans Maya Goldenberg
Ben Green Yasmine Guedira Harsitha Kalaiarasan Anisa Khatana Everett Kohinke Hannah Lee Abigail Lefton Emme Loon Jessica Lu Harsimran Makkad
Leaflet Editors-in-Chief Taylor Close Sydney Evans Executive Editor Jenna Bao Associate Editor Adhiti Chundur Print Editors-in-Chief Nathalie Brinkman Adhiti Chundur
This issue Sara Margolis Anne Marsh Lydia Masset Claire Myers Aidan Noble Yvanna Reyes Madeleine Suh Kirsten Thomas Sydney Weiss Jack Wolfe
Executive Web Editor-in-Chief Harsimran Makkad Social Media Director Sydney Weiss Creative Projects Directors Taylor Close Yasmine Guedira Anne Marsh Sydney Weiss
p2: Most asked questions p6: how colors make us react p8: Why do we go to School p12: Why do her eyes follow you p14: Why do we love dogs p18: Is water wet p20: What in our oceans p22: Whats in our Universe The Leaflet, the official digital newsmagazine of Sycamore High School, serves as an educational tool in the training of student journalists. We provide information and editorial leadership concerning school, national, and world issues. We also provide a public forum for the exchange of ideas and viewpoints and give coverage to newsworthy events directly related to our diverse school population. These viewpoints are purely from the staff of The Leaflet and not the administration.
Sycamore High School 7400 Cornell Road Cincinnati, OH 45242
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Google most asked questions on most asked questions on google most asked questions on google 2017 most asked questions on permit test most asked questions on an interview most asked questions on Youtube
Global Monthly Searches
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1) What is my ip?
3,350,000
2) What time is it?
1,830,000
3) How to register to vote?
1,220,000
4) How to tie a tie?
673,000
5) Can you run it?
550,000
6) What song is this?
550,000
7) How to lose weight
550,000
8) How many ounces in a cup?
450,000
9) When is Mother’s Day?
450,000
10) How many ounces in a pound?
450,000
Source: http://fortune.com, https://www.estately.com
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What is the meaning of life?
Design by Taylor Close Information by Taylor Close
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Why is it so easy to remember song lyrics?
The lyrics are stored in our brains after we memorize them, and the next time we hear the song it acts as a stimulus to the memory. The human brain holds about
one billion neurons which combine to make over connections, each connection helps us to store multiple memories. All together this means that the neurons in one human brain can hold about petabytes of data, the equivalent of years of continuous television recordings on a tv’s DVR.
one trillion
2.5
300
According to researchers, “Learning becomes more difficult as we age, not because we have trouble absorbing, but because we fail to forget the old.” 4
Source: https://www.psychologytoday.com, http://www.nytimes.com
Design by Taylor Close Information by Lindsey Brinkman
Can TV characters afford their houses?
30
percent of monthly income is considered affording housing
modern family -Phil Dunphy, a real estate agent living in the Los Angeles suburbs
76
percent of his annual -spends income on housing
the
BiG
BANG
THEORY
GREY’S ANATOMY -doctors and surgeons pocket extremely cushy six-figure paychecks. -the cost of living in Seattle is relatively low -spending a mere two to seven percent per month on housing.
F R I E NDS $1750 average rent per room in West Village, NY
-Penny , struggling actress/waitress at -Ross Geller, as a college -Joey Tribbiani, as a the Cheesecake Factory professor, could not afford struggling actor, could not -makes about afford it (but Chandler it
$36000-$39000/year
(would need cheap rent) -unclear if she can afford one bedroom in Pasadena, but elevator has been broken for years -Leonard Hofstadter and Sheldon Cooper can easily afford theirs as professors
Source: http://time.com, https://www.fastcompany.com
Bing supposedly paid for -Phoebe Buffay, as a masseuse, does not make him) -Monica Geller, as a chef, nearly enough could not afford it -Rachel Green, when she is a buyer for Polo Ralph Lauren, and Chandler, as a processing manager, can actually afford to live there *Calculations based on 2017 salaries and housing costs
Design by Jenna Bao Information by Sara Margolis
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e, lov nd d: Re th, a olor rm c wa for t sion m co f pas o Or ca an stim n b ge: ula ring Yello inc ent and tion w: su rea hus c o lor pp se ia s ly of th to s oxy m; e the ge mind br n and ain intell the e is op ct; it timis and tic chee r How ful. e it ca ver na sugg lso impa est critic tience, ism, an cow ardic d e. https://www.verywell.com, https://www.scienceofpeople. 6 Sources: com, http://www.empower-yourself-with-color-psychology.com
W h co ite: Grey: l b d an lan , passive, d d , b s uninvolve cle ut teril d, a e a nd l ack o fre anlin lso , f sh es e nergy ne s, a sim nd ss pli cit y
How do certain colors make us react?
Black: unhappiness, formality, and sophistication; calming, confident, aggressiveness
: . e l n p o r i Pu inat e g n b nd a im t ca e a or I tiv ual, nd a cre ivid re a l. ind atu ctica m im pra im
Blue: ful, peace il, Green: tranqu , restful for secure the eyes; and orderly ss or e reduces n d a s ess, anxiety aloofn le ab most st st o color; m , ed center nd calm a l hopefu
Design by Sydney Evans Information by Claire Myers
SA L
Why is it called Black Friday? s
It was first named Black Friday by the Philadelphia police department in 1966 because so many people would go out shopping that it would cause violence.
s
Black signifies profit to accountants, so the color was also associated with the highly profitable day.
s
This day marks the start of the holiday shopping season.
E
50% off
Worst Black Friday violence The major discounts and bargains that some stores have on this day creates a tense atmosphere that can easily turn violent. Sometimes the term “matter of life and death” can become literal for extremely passionate shoppers.
In 2016, three people were shot in separate mall incidents in New Jersey, Nevada, and Tennessee. The New Jersey man died from his wounds.
Sources https://www.thebalance.com
In 2013, police shot a Chicago Kohl’s shoplifter as he fled in his car. He was dragging an officer who was stuck halfway into the vehicle.
In 2012, two people were shot outside of a Walmart in Tallahassee, Florida. They were fighting over a parking space.
In 2008 a man was trampled to death in a New York Walmart. At least 2,000 people broke down the doors, trapping him in a vestibule where he suffocated. Design by Taylor Close Information by Yasmine Guedira
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Why do we go to school? School helps to develop key social skills. The development of how you interact with people begins and is taught at school. It also goes beyond the pleasant interactions we have. The people we clash with help us learn conflict resolution and how to handle differing opinions.
School does so much more than just prepare us for the future, and here are important factors in just how our education system gives back to us as much as we give back to it.
School make the world a safer place. School helps to reinforce right and wrong and what is safe. Many high school courses help us reflect on our morals.
School helps contribute to society. Education helps push students in the right direction for changing the future, from getting a job to fighting for change and reform.
School introduces us to new cultures. SHS students come from all over the world, and each person brings something entirely unique to the table. School allows all of these people’s paths to cross and interact.
SCHOOL
School helps us discover our passions. At SHS, many courses, clubs, and sports are offered that introduce kids and teens to new things. Often students are able to find something they like and stick with it. Life is better when you feel you have a purpose and motivation to succeed at something you are passionate about.
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Design by Allyson Bonhaus Information by Lydia Masset
Why are hot dogs and hot dog buns sold in different numbers? Typically 10 hot dogs per pack and only 8 buns per bag (in the United States)
Meat products are sold by the pound. The average hot dog weighs 1.6 ounces, so a package of hot dogs will logically contain 10 of them.
This decision was made in the 1940s when hot dogs were first mass packaged as opposed to purchased in butcher
Buns are baked in pans designed to hold eight. Changing this would require expenses of getting new machinery and shipping containers.
shops.
In order to even, one purchase fo packages o and five ba
Source: http://www.hot-dog.org/
Design by Jenna Bao Information by Jenna Bao
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Why does orange juice taste awful after brushing one’s teeth?
99
percent of all toothpastes contain sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES)
These compounds create the bubbly, foaming sensation in the toothpaste which contributes to its minty freshness. They also help to spread the toothpaste while you brush your teeth.
FUN FACT
SLS and SLES have no useful effects for teeth-brushing. In fact in some instances, they can cause mouth ulcers, and when used in shampoo, they can cause other problems.
The SLS and SLES disrupt the phospholipids in your mouth which mediate the bitterness of foods. This amplifies the bitter taste and...
... this temporarily prevents your taste buds from detecting sweet flavors, leaving you to only taste the citrus of the orange.
SOLUTIONS Wait longer between brushing your teeth and drinking orange juice or consuming any sweets.
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Source: https://sites.psu.edu, http://www.drinkbai.com
Although they are not as common, there are some toothpastes which do not contain SLS and SLES. Buying these toothpastes would eliminate the need to wait between teethbrushing and eating/drinking.
Design by Sydney Evans Information by Anisa Khatana
WHY DOES CEREAL STICK TO THE SIDES OF THE BOWL? Starch essentially acts as a glue. When the cereal is wet, the “glue” sticks, but when it dries, it hardens to the side of the bowl.
THE CHEERI
Also known as “the Cheerio effect,” a single Cheerio floating on milk will cause a dip in the surface of the milk.
cheer·io ef·fect
EFFECT
Occurs when floating objects--that do not normally float-attract one another. The same phenomenon is responsible for the behavior of fizzy bubbles in soda.
It can also occur with hair particles in shaving cream.
When multiple Cheerios are near one another, they will float towards each other and share a “dip” in the milk’s surface. The surface of the milk forms a meniscus or a curved upper surface.
In a dd ition to
Source: thenakedscientists.com
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Design by Sydney Weiss Information by Sydney Weiss
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WHY DO HER EYES FOLLO 2D vs 3D
The reason that paintin to follow you with their to do with the way a pa created and a canvas' la third dimension. With t of shadow, light and pe some paintings give us feeling of being watche shadow and perspectiv in a painting are fixed, they do not shift.
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1300
Do you ever get the eerie feeling of being watched while walking through a museum? Portraits hanging in galleries all around the world seem to be watching the viewers wherever they go. This phenomenon has taken root in media, with classic episodes of “Scooby Doo” showcasing portraits quietly watching. In fact, this event is a product of the artist’s use of shadow, perspective, and the fact that it is a painting in the first place.
Until artists discovered perspective, they relied on height and width to give their works dimension.
what is linear perspective? Sources: How Stuff Works
An Italian architect named Filippo Brunelleschi stumbled upon perspective as he oversaw construction of the Baptistery in San Giovanni.
vanishing point
horizon line
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Paintings seemed flat. Early artists could only make objects smaller or larger to create the appearance of distance. Early Egyptian paintings are good examples of lack of perspective
Ge fri in an str ah
When looking at something in linear perspective, there are a few important terms to know. The horizon line is selfexplanatory: the horizontal line where the ground meets the sky. In linear perspective, parallel lines seem to all converge at one point on the horizon line, called the vanishing point. For art, discovering linear perspective allowed artists to create a realistic sense of depth and distance.
Duccio di Buoninsegna [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons; By Egyptian [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons; San Giovanni Baptistery Wikimedia Commons; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mona_Lisa,_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg
Features that were close to you as you stood on one side are farther away when you stand on the other side. Since the elements of perspective and light and shadow are fixed in a painting and don't change, they look pretty much the same no matter from what angle you look at it. In short, the reason Mona’s eyes follow you wherever you go is a combination of the painting’s 2- Dimensionality, shadows and depth, and perspective.
W th ob wh ey pe th m
His did yo the an as pe yo act ch
OW YOU?
ngs seem r eyes has ainting is ack of the the elements erspective, s the uncanny ed. Light, ve depicted meaning
RY THIS
et a iend to sit n a chair nd stare raight head.
Walk around hem and bserve the hites of their yes and the erspective of heir face as you move around.
s or her eyes d not follow ou because e light nd shadow, well as erspective ou see, tually hange.
Design by Adhiti Chundur Information by Adhiti Chundur
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WHY DO WE LOVE DOGS? BRAIN GAMES When we see something cute the part of our brain called the mesocoticolimbic system is activated. This is the portion of the brain responsible for processing motivation and reward.
What does “cute” do to the brain? When this emotional response is triggered, it increases our motivation to care for animals, especially baby animals. This reaction has been developed by humans over time and it is so ingrained in our brain that other cute object, even inanimate ones, can trigger this response.
PUPPY DOG EYES The ancestors of dogs were far less likely to be perceived as cute when they barred their fangs at ancient humans. However, despite their shared features with wolves, domesticated dogs today are easily loved when they give us their classic puppy dog eyes.
C8 H11NO 2
WE’RE LOVIN IT
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter responsible for making us feel warm and fuzzy and it also makes us fall in loves. This surge of dopamine causes our brains to remember what caused it committing that object and feeling to memory.
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST 14
Cuteness is actually a necessary factor in human survival, and for the survival of many babies in the animals kingdom as well. Since both humans and animals are required to care for their young for a period of time, it is imperative that their offspring are cute so that when looking at their offspring the brain releases dopamine and oxycotin. These neurotransmitters activate our brains “reward pathway” and play key roles in social interaction and intimacy. This relates to child care, because in order for the child to survive, the bond between mother and child must be exceptionally strong, prompting the mother to protect her offspring at all costs. This same empathy is what allows humans to bond with their pets.
Source: http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/features/whydo-we-find-some-animals-cuter-than-others-a6683076.html
Design by Adhiti Chundur Information by Maya Goldenberg
Why are puppies so cute? The reason why many find puppies cute is because they have features that resemble human babies.
Clumsy walk
Big head Chubby body
Short limbs Large eyes
Sources: nytimes.com, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Photos courtesy of: Natalie Brinkman, Sydney Evans, Maya Goldenberg, Allison Landrum, and Tribune Services.
Design by Maya Goldenberg Information by Maya Goldenberg
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How do we predict the weather? Meteorologists make educated guesses based on multiple different factors including complex mathematical equations, known as NUMERICAL FORECASTING. Numerical forecasting uses SUPERCOMPUTERS and OBSERVATIONAL DATA from weather stations on land, sea and air. Data collecting instruments are attached to SHIPS, AIRPLANES, FLOATING BUOYS, WEATHER BALLOONS, and WEATHER SATELLITES all over the globe to spot weather trends for large areas.
Tools meteorologists use: BAROMETER: measures air pressure ANEMOMETER: measures wind speed PSYCHROMETER: measures relative humidity DOPPLER RADAR STATION: tracks movement of weather fronts
CURRENT and PAST weather patterns are used to predict FUTURE patterns.
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Source: wonderopolis.org
Design by Taylor Close Information by Taylor Close
What internal temperatures are dangerous for humans?
115 degrees F
Highest fever a person can have
104 degrees F
Dangerous internal temperature
98.6 degrees F
Normal body temperature
95 degrees F
Hypothermia can occur--it is when the body loses heat faster than it can gain it
91 degrees F
When body temperature hits this level, amnesia sets in
82 degrees F
People lose consciousness
below 70 degrees F
Can cause death; all cold symptoms worse if in water.
56.7 degrees F
Lowest body temperature someone has survived
Blood freezes around 20-30 degrees Fahrenheit. Sources: mayoclinic.org, health.com, livescience.com
Design by Allyson Bonhaus Information by Allyson Bonhaus
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IS
WATER
WET? wet, defined: covered, touched, or saturated with water or another liquid
yes:
no:
of course, water is already wet in and of itself
a material can be wetted, but it itself is not wet
“Wetness is a description of what we feel. Saying water is wet is like saying that wood is hard or that fire is hot.” Given two choices: something is either wet or dry. A fish is surely not dry when submerged in water, and so, it is wet.
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Source: https://www.youtube.com, https://www. theguardian.com, http://www.planet-science.com
According to “the statistical mechanics of wetting,” a scientific paper published in 1976, “wetting behavior” depends on the properties of a fluid and a solid. “Wetting is a description of an interactive behavior between a fluid and a solid rather than as a property intrinsic to a fluid. If you pour water on water, would you say that the water is wet?” “Wetness is a description of our experience of water, what happens to us when we come into contact with water in such a way that it impinges on our state of being. We, or our possessions, ‘get wet.’ We learn by experience that a sensation of wetness is associated with water: ‘there must be a leak/I must have sat in something.’”
Design by: Emily Chien Information by: Yvanna Reyes
WHY IS THE OCEAN
SALTY?
Acidity in rain water breaks down the rocks on land. The process creates ions that are carried away in rivers and streams to the ocean. ClNa+
Sodium and chloride make up 90 percent of dissolved ions in the oceans
ClSource: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov
225 million
Cl-
Na+
Na+
Na+
tons of dissolved solids are deposited in the ocean annually percent of seawater’s weight comes from the dissolved salts
3.5
Design by Yasmine Guedira Information by Yasmine Guedira
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95 percent of the ocean is unexplored.
Ancient Cities Ancient Egypt--Cleopatra’s city including temples, palaces, and sphinxes are almost perfectly preserved. Plans for an underwater museum to view the city are under the works.
2 3
95%
of all marine life is unidentified
Marine Life
Since we only have explored less than 5 percent of the ocean, conspiracies about sea monsters and mermaids cannot be disproved.
The oldest living organisms in the world are microbes, which live on the bottom of the ocean. They have been alive since the Jurassic era., surviving with little oxygen and food.
Treasures In 2010, off the Gulf of Florida, millions of dollars worth of emeralds were found. Dissolved gold can be found in the oceans, amounting to about 20 million tons.
What’s at the bott 20
Sources: The Guardian, The Richest, Buzzfeed, Underwater Audio, Live
The “Bloop” The “Bloop” is one of the most famous underwater sounds. Heard in 1997, scientists still speculate the source of the sound. One of the loudest ocean sounds recorded.
Geography Underwater lakes and waterfalls are found on the ocean
The Unknown The deepest part of the ocean is called the Mariana Trench- at its deepest, it is 11,000 m below sea level.
2,000 Pressure of the ocean at its deepest point equals 2,000 pounds being placed on one finger.
MARIANA TRENCH
We know more about our region of outer space than we know about the ocean on our own planet.
tom of the ocean? Design by Adhiti Chundur Information by Harsitha Kalaiarasan
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In one hundredth of a billionth of a trillionth of a second, an extremely hot, dense point in space expands faster than the speed of
One second
Neutrons, protons, electrons, anti-electrons, photons, and neutrinos came into existence
three minutes
First 38,000 years After 38,000 years
400 million years
Light elements were born is a process known as nucleosynthesis. Protons and neutrons cool to form deuterium, which will later become hydrogen, helium, and lithium.
The universe is too hot for light to shine.
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
The BIG BANG
The Era of Recombination begins. Atoms form an electrical, neutral gas, unleashing the light initially created in the Big Bang. The universe in plunged into darkness, with no stars or any shining objects having formed yet.
Spiral The Epoch of Reionization begins. Lasting more than a half-billion years, gas collapses to form the first stars and galaxies.
77 percent of the known galaxies are spiral. shaped.
Life and Death of Stars 5-6 billion years
9 billion years The BIG CRUNCH 22
Dark energy begins speeding up the universe’s expansion. This is still occurring today.
Our solar system is born.
In an indeterminate amount of time, the universe will start collapsing on itself.
Source: http://www.schoolsobservatory.org.uk, https://spacefacts.com, https://www.space.com, https://theplanets.org
Stellar Nebula
Saturn
Mars
Orbit: 29.5 years
Orbit: 1.9 years
Neptune
Orbit: 164.8 years
Venus
Orbit: 225 days Earth
Orbit: 365.24 days
Mercury
Orbit: 88 days
Uranus
Orbit: 84 years
Jupiter
Orbit: 11.9 years
Barred Spiral Similar to the spiral shape, except the center is rectangular. The Milky Way is this shape.
Elliptical With its cigarlike shape, it is believed that the large mass of elliptical galaxies is due to a central black hole.
Average Star Red Giant
Planetary Nebula
With no definite shape, irregular galaxies have no definite shapes and are classified in two forms : Io and Im.
TYPES OF GALAXIES
Irregular
White Dwarf
Neutron Star Red Super Giant
Black Hole
Massive Star Super Nova
Design by Sydney Evans Information by Sydney Evans
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