HAIRCUTIING • COLOURING • WAVING DESIGN CONSULTATIONS FOR CONTEMPORARY GENTLEMEN
Publisher Mary C hen Editor-in-Chief Martha Brant Business Manager Laura Smith Managing Editors Skye Wilson Kirk Semple Designer Pamela Geismar Production Manager David King Photography Editor Heidi Schulman Accounts Manager Jodi Lox Associate Editors Cynthia Cameros Ruth Conniff Stefanie Syman Associate Designer Stephen Hooper Associate Photography Editor John Kim Circulatioo Manager Lynn Festa Subscnption Manager Malaika Amon
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Staff Andrea Assarat• Janet Chung Ethan Cohen Jennifer Fleissner Jeanne Frantz Lisa Gluskin David Greenberg Julie Hantman Hank H su
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'tlteud MtJrch 3, 1989
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2 The New JournaVMarch 3, !989
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Features
4
Kicking Out the Habit Tenants Against Drugs Dammit!! has launched an aggressive grass-roots campaign to clean up six housing tkvelopments. Drug dealers remain in the public housing, but the group's rrwbilization of the New Haven police gives re.fidents hope for drug-free homes. By Megan Chambers
6
Adjusted Focus Concerned with fate-night drunkenness and qfter-hours hanky panlcy, Yale once kept a close watch over its students. But recently, the University has begun to tum its attention outward, focusing an electric eye on the city's rising crime rates. By Ruth Conniff
8
18
The Brewing Storm
This summer, when a team of recent Yale graduates brews the first keg of New Haven beer in a decade, they'll be tapping into a .fro~ local history and a nationwide beerrruzking trend. By Kirk Semple
A Major Revision Complaining about their poor preparation and inadequate advising, many history 11Uljors give the senior essay program a poor grade. The History department blames overcrowding and has no plans to improve its performance. By Jason Wolff
22
Afterthought
28
Pressed For Time
In the subterranean passageways of Yale's residential colleges, the Honourable Company of College Printers, a group of dedicated undergraduates, defy modernization and TTUlintain the craft of laterpress pn"nting. By Stejanie SY1111ln
Mistaken Identity
Visiting professor of History Mario Garcia argues that the term Wispanic" was created by the rmdia and the governmen.t to deny Latinos self-identity.
The New J ournal/March 3, 1989 3
Kicking Out the Habit Megan Chambers Two people arrested recently for purchasing drugs in a New Haven 路public housing development received a blunt, one-page letter in the mail a few days later. The letter began: "Dear Arrestee, We got your name and address from the newspaper. We are a group of concerned tenants who live in public housing. We are 'Tenants Against Drugs Dammit! !' It means just that: we're totally against the selling of drugs in our neighborhood. You're making our job tough." This letter marks the most recent efforts of TADD!!, a group of tenant activists formed to fight drug dealing in six Housing Authority of New Haven ( HANH) developments. Last June the Coalition for People , a nonprofit group that helps citizens address local problems, put together the T ADD!! initiative with the tenant councils of Eastview, Elm Haven , Farnum, Rockview, Waverly, and Quinnipiac T errace. Virginia Henry, a long-time tenant activist at Quinnipiac T errace and a custodian at Yale, agreed to chair this operation. TADD!! calls on tenants, HAN H , and the New Haven police to create safe, drug-free public housing. 路 .Only two months after its inception, T ADD!! saw its first results: new outdoor lighting, the eviction of some dealers, and a commitment from the New Haven Police Department (NHPD) for increased survillance. Since then, tenants have organized their own patrols to monitor and to report drug activity, and HANH has begun to clean up the vacant apartments where many dealers stash and sell their drugs. 4 The New journal/March 3, 1989
Most recently, TADD!! began targeting the buyers by sending a letter to those arrested in the developments; it plans next to picket buyers' homes. Eventually TADD!! hopes to establish tenant committees to screen 路prospective residents. Over the past ten years, the marked increase in gun possession and drugrelated crime in New Haven has hit HANH developments hard. Henry recalls Quinnipiac Terrace's attractive condition when she arrived in the midSeventies. "When I moved in here, it
"Those are some dangerous guys out there. That's part of why we're keeping people in the patrol a secret." was beautiful," she said. "It really was." The developmen"ts have rapidly deteriorated since then, as the drug crisis has mounten. Spraypainted entryways, scattered trash, and boarded-up windows now mar Quinnipiac Terrace. By last spring, Henry said, drugs were so 路p revalent that dealers were selling out in the open. The letter sent to buyers describes the threat drug dealing poses to tenants: "A drug deal went bad, shots are being fired at random and an innocent child is injured. There are more shots fired, a bullet shatters a
window entering an apartment and misses an elderly lady by inches." Because of the ever-present danger, public transportation stopped servicing many of the developments, eliminating the only way for residents to get to school or to work. Feeling trapped, TADD!! representatives brought their anti-drug dealing plan before HANH, NHPD, and the state Housing Commission. As a result, Police Chief William Farrell promised to supply each development with three officers to conduct roundthe-clock surveillance over a two-week period. NHPD then extended its patrol to three weeks and added a fourth officer. The department also gave T ADD!! activists a special number to call if they saw any drug activity. Major Daniel Blackmon , head of NHPD Community Affairs Division and liason to T ADD!!, praises the tenants' efforts to improve their neighborhood. According to Blackmon, after two decades of citizens' closing their shutters on crime, T ADD!! is sending a message to the community to get involved. Getting involved in the New Haven drug crisis, however, has its dangers. Tenants in the Eastview TADD!! received several threats of retaliation from dealers last fall. Although no other tenant has since received an intimidating notice, only Henry feels secure enough to act openly as a tenant patroller. "Those are some dangerous guys out there," Henry said. "That's part of why we're keeping people in the patrol a secret." The undercover lookouts keep watch while taking
children to the park or visiting a neighbor. The police have had a more visible role in the TADD!! program. According to Henry, police surveillance and TADD!!'s community efforts have led to a decrease in drug trafficking in Quinnipiac Terrace since June. Police officers have also been conducting sting operations since last March- posing as dealers in 27 locations arotJnd New Haven, including the six TADD!! developments. Last October undercover officers arrested 102 buyers in a single day in the Hill neighborhood. But Blackmon points out that chasing dealers out of one area doesn't solve the larger drug problem. "What we're doing is basically moving them around. From the standpoint of a person in that neighborhood you've had some impact, but from our perspective it's like a treadmill," he said. With T ADD!! developments still on this treadmill, tenant activists have asked the police to return for a second period of round-the-clock enforcement. Because T ADD!! members have succeeded in drawing attention to their needs, they could make a longterm difference. Warren Gould, vicechairman of the Youth Services Bureau in New Haven, feels that T ADD!! offers the most viable response to the drug crisis. "Community organizing is the bottom line," Gould said. "If everyone in a community .were able to stand up with the kind of courage that TADD!! did, we could truly begin to put a dent in
Virginia Henry won't stand for drugs on her doorstep. this drug problem." Gould feels that other groups need to adopt T ADD! !'s grass-roots approach. He envisions a coalition of churches, politicians, community groups, labor organizations, and businesses working to create a permanent solution. Blackmon agrees that TADD!! has taken the right approach. He readily admits that the dealers can be dangerous, but he knows that the police cannot solve the drug problem alone. "I think that in today's society it's dangerous to be a citizen. Citizens
have to understand that they have to stop and take a stand," he said. TADD!! has met that challenge with dedication and ingenuity, and even some threats of its own. Its letter to buyers ends with this warning: "We're tired of suffering in violence, While you're at home in bed. Don't be afraid of the dealers, Beware of the tenants instead."
â&#x20AC;˘
Megan Chambers 's a semor m Saybrook College. The New Journal/March 3, 1989 5
Adjusted Focus Ruth Conniff From his basement office in the Yale Co-op, Security Director Rob Abrams is watching. He can see everything that happens in the Co-op's three buildings on his six television screens. "We have sprinkler heads that are really closed路 circuit cameras, one-way mirrors, and vents people can hide behind with binoculars," Abrams said. He demonstrated the cameras' preCisiOn, zooming in on a cashier's watch to read the time. By switching from camera to camera on his monitors, Abrams can follow a customer throughout the store. If he sees something suspicious, he alerts a Co-op security guard by radio. Recently he saw a well-dressed woman wander in and bend over near a rack of gloves. "Within three seconds the whole rack- about $400-worthwas gone," Abrams said. Using an electronic system, the Co-op retrieves $800 in merchandise each month. "I just can't understand why closedcircuit isn't here at Yale."
Modern security devices are slowly of the best things about security here making their way into Yale University. was that there was always a warm "Security companies have been relationship between the campus cops peppering us with offers," said and the students," said Yale Professor Assistant Secretary Radley Daly. "It's of Architecture Vincent Scully OE quite clear that electronic security '40). Up until 1972 a civilian guard sat systems are here and now." Installing 路 in the office just inside the main gate of such a system in a community of over each residential college. Guards 15,000 presents logistical problems. checked to make sure that students But electronic security raises even didn't bring their girlfriends into the more difficult questions for an colleges after hours. "In a funny way, institution concerned not with security was better then than it is now," merchandise, but with people. Scully said. "There was always a guard The prospect of closed-circuit at the college gate and you spoke with cameras at every residential college him as you came in." gate poses a threat to students' privacy. Traditionally, civilian guards and "If we have a record of who is entering the Yale Police were concerned with which building at any given time, protecting Yale students from whose business is that?" Daly asked. themselves, and New Haven from High-tech security apparatuses evoke Yale students. In 1894, two New images of 1984 and represent the Haven police officets crossed the intrusion of impersonal technology Green to establish the Yale Police into private life. force. Their main job was to prevent This invasion would be particularly students from setting fire to the rubble anomalous given Yale's history. "One of Old Brick Row, which had been torn down to make room for Old Officer James Donnelley founded the Yale Police force in 1894 and Campus. Until 1975, the Yale Police did not prevented undergraduates from burning down the campus. wear uniforms. Most wore fedora hats ~ and trench coats. "The big joke back ~ then was the man in the trench coat," ~ said Yale Police Commander George ~ Denison. "The kids all knew who we : were, even though we weren't in i uniform. We stood out like a sore ~ thumb." Denison joined the Yale ~ Police force in 1958. "When I first ~ came, our biggest job was keeping ~ students from committing acts of i:l vandalism in the colleges and on the ~ city streets," he said. "We used to pick ~ up kids who were drunk and take them ~ back to their rooms." As the Uni路 ~ versity's political climate changed over ~ the next 30 years, so did the role of the :- Yale Police. Conflicts like the anti路 ~ Vietnam protests and the recent anti8 apartheid demonstrations created a ~ division between students and police. f Changes in urban conditions have done even more to alter the structure of security at Yale. Ezra Stiles and 6 The New Journal/March 3, 1989
High-tech security apparatuses evoke images of 1984. The Co-op's security director R ob Abrams spots shoplifters using cameras hidden in sprinkler heads. Morse colleges were designed without gates by Architect Eero Saarinen in 1959. Saarinen wanted members of the surrounding community to come in and mix freely with the students on campus. The architect died before the colleges were built, however, and the University insisted on installing gates. Saarinen's widow allowed the gates to be built but stipulated that they could never be locked. But over the past 20 years, crime in New Haven has increased dramatically. In the last five years alone aggravated assaults have risen from 632 incidents to 1,474. Today, the gates of Stiles and Morse are always locked. "It's very sad," said Scully, who was Master of Morse College from 1969 to 1974. "There is a real problem between security and the desire to have open relations to the town." Locks instead of guards and uniforms instead of trench coats foreshadow a complete electronic security system at Yale. Already at the Yale School of Medicine, a desk attendant monitors seven closed-circuit cameras located at buildings throughout the medical school , including the morgue. Anyone who Wants to enter one of the buildings rnust first push a buzzer. The attendant then checks the person's I. D. card on the television monitor before opening the door. The medical school installed the
cameras in 1981, and a card-access system at two central buildings soon followed. "We're trying to have our security system as apparent as possible," Security Manager Joan Goddard said. Ac.cording to Goddard, medical school students and faculty have responded well to the new system. "This is a very obvious sign that we are doing something. I think people appreciate that," she said. How cameras will affect residential life at Yale has yet to be seen. Cameras like those at the medical school may soon appear in the undergraduate colleges, although the administration will not say when. "We're not ruling anything out. We are constantly modernizing and changing the security system here," said Yale Police Assistant Commander Donald Ferguson. At present, the mam form of electronic security at Yale is the button. Panic buttons hide under desks in busy administrative offices and hold-up buttons are close at hand in offices dealing with a lot of money. These buttons set off an alarm on the police dispatcher's computer and the location of the trouble flashes on the screen. This semester, the University police finished installing a radio communications system that provides patrol officers with their own emergency buttons. The dispatcher's computer monitors more than 300
alarms all together. Last year, Yale Police responded to 1,432 burglar alarms and 85 steam-tunnel, hold-up, and panic alarms. While Yale responds to alarms, the Co-op is developing a focused plan of attack. Abrams is assembling a training film of shoplifters in action for all store employees. The Co-op has had 45 people arrested for shoplifting in the past six months and a 500 percent increase in arrests since last year. Workers are becoming adept at protecting the Co-op. "It's almost to the point now where my staff knows who belongs here and who doesn't," Abrams said . But Yale can't just identify suspicious people and lock them out. Neither can it Jock its students in. Administrators say they are trying to improve security without creating a hostile environment. "The emphasis here should be on students getting around, seeing friends, crossing city streets," Daly said. "I certainly don't want to see some kind of armed camp with big fences and search lights. I don't think anyone wants to see that." While the University is working toward a balanced solution, the Yale Co-op remains the safest building on campus.
â&#x20AC;˘
Rldh Conniff, a junior in Jonalluzn Edwards College is associ4U editor ojTNJ. The New Journal/ March 3, 1989 7
·--
Drew Lipsher (BR '88) brews beer and battles bacteria.
The Brewing Storm Kirk Semple
"People have been looking through our garbage," Blair Potts (BK '84) said smugly. He gestured to a small black box on the floor of his office on College Street. "Th_a t's why we bought a paper shredder." Potts has a lot to conceal in his refuse, including 27 experimental beer formulas and his strategy for becoming Connecticut's only commercial brewer. Since he opened a book on homebrewing four years ago, he has developed a whimsical notion into a full-fledged business. Potts' enterprise, the New Haven Brewing Company (NHBC), will put Connecticut Ale on tap by July. With an initial annual production of 3,000 barrels distributed within 25 miles of New Haven, NHBC Will join the fastest-growing sector of the beer industry: microbrewing. Microbreweries, which by definition less than 15,000 31-gallon a year, first sprang up in the Northwest in the 1970's. There now over 55 microbreweries wide, including three in New ,,_;,'"KI.ana. According to the Association Brewers, at least ten more microDn:wf:ri~~l'l will start making beer by the of the year. Although these companies can't to topple the nation's mega- th~ largest microbrewers in a year what Anheuserpumps out in 90 minutes- they
can cater to a niche of consumers not satisfied by the middle-of-the-road tastes of the major brands. This group of beer drinkers has traditionally turned to impor~d beers to satisfy its demanding palate. Microbreweries bring specialty beer production closer to home. They currently control less than one percent of the country's total beer sales, while importers hold seven percent, and the industry giants
"Now you can be moderately trendy and drink a real kickass beer." dominate the rest. "People have gotten locked into the idea that beer has to be made by a company somewhere else," Potts said. "The appeal that microbreweries play to is a fresh, local product." The recent surge in popularity of microbrews also reflects a general enthusiasm for specialty foods and dietary temperance. "The movement ties in with nouveau svelte American
cuisine and fern bars," said Alan Eames, brewery designer, author of A Beer Drinker's Companion, and beer anthropologist. "We are definitely in a neo-Prohibition frame of mind that alcohol in any form is poison. So we are going to drink less but better quality. Now you can be moderately trendy, and drink a real kick-ass beer." Potts observed this shift toward less common brews in 1984 while managing Richter's, a bar and restaurant on Chapel Street owned by former Yale lightweight-crew coach Rick Elser (BR '81). Potts and Elser were disappointed at first when they noticed that people were coming in only for the beer rather than for the atmosphere. "We didn't want to run a beer hall," Potts said. "But then we noticed they were coming in for the imported beer." Richter's filled all its draught lines with imported beer in 1985, and the following year drained 900 half-kegs, 22 times the average number for a oar its size. Seeing an opportunity to chip away at the import market, Potts and Elser decided to make their own brew. They figured that they could offer a uniquetasting beer and, at the same time, satisfy those looking for a local product. Elser hoped to turn Richter's into a brewpub, a bar that sells its own brew, but he discovered that Connecticut state law prevented him as a The New Journal/ March 3 , 1989 9
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Blair Potts ( BK '84): " I t's one thing to be a brewer; it's an other to go into business." - - - - - - - - · - - - - • bar owner from commercially producing beer. Since then, E lser has campaigned for a chan ge in this legislation. Last month he testified before the state legislature on behalf of a bill that would legalize brewpubs and, by extension, permit him to invest in NHBC. T he original plan circumscribed, Potts founded NHBC on his own in January, 1987 with no formal connection to Richter's. E lser serves as finance and operations advisor to the brewery while he fights the law. Potts, meanwhile, set about per· fecting his formula. To assist him in the final stages, he hired former Richter's bartend er D rew Lipsher ( BR '88) as brew master. Potts himself is allergic to beer and has had other people tasting his home b rews for four
10 The New JournaVM a rc h 3, 1989
years. Since joining last J u ne, Lipsher has test-brewed beer s w ith Potts in the Taft studio apartment that serves as the company's office and laboratory. In the apartment's bathroom, batches of beer fermen t in plastic con tainers next to glass jars filled with an assortment of grains. Brass tubing, large aluminum pots, and. other homebrewing para· phernalia clutter the k itchen. At the core of the brewing process are malted barley, hops, and yeast. The barley provides t h e beer's sweetness, color, and body, the hops -add aroma and bitterness, and the yeast is the fermenting agent that converts th e barley's sugar into alcohol. But the process is not sim ply a matter of adding water and giving the mixture a good stir. To arrive at a palatable and marketab le beer, the
brewer must select ingredients from a variety of barleys (including toasted and kiln-dried), hops (such as Cascades and Galena), and yeasts (top-fe-rmenting or bottom-fermenting). The selection also depends on wh eth er the brewer is preparing an ale, like Bass, Molsen Golden, or Watney's, or a lager, such as Budweiser, Miller, or Strohs. The topfermenting agent of the ale produces a fruitier and more full-bodied beer, and the bottom-fermented lager 1s smoother and more alcoholic. After playing with many combinations, Lipsher and Potts arrived recently at their tasty ideal. They have settled on a light ale that uses five grains, two varieties of hops, and one strain of top-fermenting yeast. Their brew, they say, is smooth and fullbodied and not over-hopped like many microbrewed ales. Discovering the perfect taste is one thing; guarante~ing its production is another. The brewer walks a tightrope from the unloading of the raw materials at the brewery to the uncapping of the bottle at the bar. Dirty fermenting vats or an air leak in the bottling equipment could destroy an entire batch of beer. As brew master, Lipsher's principal role is to troubleshoot the brewing process and maintain the beer's level of excellence from barrel to barrel. Lipsher must fight the six nonpathenogenic bacteria tough enough to survive the beer's low pH, high boiling temperatures, hop antiseptics, and alcohol content. He plays the same role at NHBC that teams of biochemists play at the major breweries. He completed a two-week crash course recently at J .E. Siebel and Sons Laboratories in Chicago, the only Jab in the country that studies fermentation and beer. There he finetuned his tastebuds to detect the slightest off-flavors in the beer. A taste of butter is evidence of the intrusive pediococcus bacteria, and a tinge of parsnip indicates that obesumbacterium is alive and well. Lipsher will certainly have to test his ability when NHBC moves to its brewery, replacing a five-gallon kit
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with a system that produces a batch of 930 gallons at a time. The Grand Avenue site that NHBC will occupy in April has housed the generating station for the New Haven trolley lines, the freight terminal of the Vermont Railroad, and the G&O Radiator Manufacturing Company. As big as two basketball courts, its cement floor will be suitable for the heavy brewing equipment NHBC has ordered from around the country. Lipsher is more excited than intimidated by the move. "I'm looking forward to the big system," Lipsher said. "It's like practicing all year on the bunny hill and then taking a double diamond trail. The materials are all the ¡ same- they're just on a much larger scale." NHBC's Connecticut Ale will not be the first beer New Haven can truly call its own. New Haven's long and spirited history of brewing began in 1638 when Sergeant Lieutenant Baulston opened his tavern-brewery, the fourth commercial brewery in the United States. But because many colonial homesteads included brewhouses, the commercial beer industry did not flourish for another 200 years. Nineteenth-century German immigrants, who brought their Old World recipes and brewing techniques, fueled New Haven's beermaking business. By the 1870's, the city was experiencing its brewing heydey with seven breweries operating simultaneously. One of these seven, William Hull and Son, became New Haven's last beer company. It outlasted a handful of twentieth-century breweries and closed its doors on Columbus Avenue in 1977. With an annual production that peaked at 230,000 barrels, Hull's did not fold for lack of business. Rather, bigger brewers forced its closure. Jim Reynolds, brew master for 26 of his 42 years at Hull's, remembers the effect the closing had on the city. "It was quite a shock to a Jot of good customers," he recalled. "We enjoyed a very favorable repu¡ tation. Ask any old-timer." He believes that the brewery's success was due to
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Prevented by law from selling his own beer, Rick Elser (BR '81) leans on the state legislature. the close ties between community and company. Potts takes a lesson from this history. He understands the volatility of the beer market. "Initially, we had this half-assed idea that we'd have pots sitting on big stoves while we walked around in white coats and people exclaimed, 'Oh wow, dudes. Check it out. They're making beer.'" But Potts soon realized that beer brewing was more complicated than a high school science experiment. "It's one thing to want to be a brewer; it's another to go into business," he said. After four years of research and planning, he now feels well-prepared to launch his venture. In the beer marketplace where the retailer has over 1,200 brands to choose from, a badly marketed product may die in anonymity. In hopes of avoiding this fate, NHBC has hired two marketing directors to design a sales strategy. They will take a conservative tack: produce only one kind of beer in limited quantities, distribute very locally, concentrate on getting draught lines in bars, and
eventually add bottles. With four years of retailing experience at Richter's, Potts is aware that NHBC must hit both retailers and customers with thorough advertising. "Beer doesn't sell itself," Potts said. "When you're in the package store looking for something, it doesn't just grow little feet and follow you around until you get frustrated and say, 'Oh, I'll buy this one.'" But for Connecticut Ale to reach the shelf, NHBC needs money. Raising capital, though, is difficult for microbreweries. "Microbreweries tend to be capitalized on a shoestring," Elser explained. "It's very hard for investors to understand how someone can come to them, propose sales equivalent to what some of the larger operations ship in a day, and think they're going to be able to take the same profit margin." With many avenues of investment closed, NHBC has tumed to limitedpartnership arrangements. Some small brewers contract the actual production of their beer to a mid-sized brewery to save money and free-up capital for marketing. The
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nation's fi "I'm fed up to contract brewing, write a check once a month to their brewery and say 'send me our beer.' I used to hang around a drug store a lot, so I guess that makes me a doctor, right?" Contract brewers argue that far from being interlopers, they enhance the industry. J ohn Foley, president of Hartford's Connecticut Brewing Company h as Lion, Inc. of Pen14 The New journal/March 3, 1989
Nathan Hale matters is n ot is brewed, h e says, but it is brewed. He contractbeer in the interest of a quality he claims many beers lack.
athan Hale himself wouldn't h ave known a lager if he had tripped over one. The Connecticut marketplace will test his claim. Foley introduced his beer to the stores last month. By the end of the year, at least three more small, New England brewing companies will have saturated the state. "You have all these sound-alike and look-alike phony colonial beers,"
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• Geary said. shoppers T hey can in some like that Picket Fence He points out self wouldn't ha had tripped over wasn't introduced until the 1840's. llo.T"I<Jn.r~ that it will prevail microbreweries. "As being local seems to be ......,_...."" point of microbrewed beer, Despite differences in .Pt:<XIi~tlOf! style, Foley hopes that C<>.W\ec:t~IUt"! beer market will support three fledgling breweries- N Connecticut Brewing Com the Hartford Brewing which plans to premier next w-..•ntr:r.:: its But there are others who want oDJ'Rl'=RflPW~Df"§ by the Connecticut market. Rich president of Boston's Massachusetts Brewing Company, plans to his H arpoon Lager to Connecticut in a senwr in Timothy Dwight early March. "There will be a certain zs managing editor of TNJ.
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The New JoumaVMarch 3, 1989 15
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UNA SERA1 An Evening c
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Y ALE C ONCERT BAND The Yale Concert Band is made up of approximately eighty musicians selected from the better brass, wind, and percussion players at the University. The Concert Band's repertoir~ ranges from standard marches, classical transcriptions, and the time-honored standards of symphonic band literature to contemporary and theater works for band including music commissioned specifically for the group. A recent Yale Band commission, Steven Stucky's Voyages for Cello and Winds, was nominated for the 1985 Pulitzer Prize in music. This January, the Concert Band performed for President George Bush in the 1989 Presidential Inaugural Parade.
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The -proceeds from this concert will help fund the Concert Band's upcoming tour of Italy. The Band's eighth European tour will take them to Milan, Cremona, Pisa, Florence, Arezzo, Salerno, Rome, and New Haven' s sister city, Amalfi. The Concert Band trayels every two or three years, exporting its American music and fine Yale performers and importing the music of various culturesaround the world. In 1956, the Concert Band became the first American band to tour Europe; most recently, they toured Japan in 1987, where they recorded a compact disc on the Denon label (32CG-1877).
..J
A Major Revision Jason Wolff
18 The Ne w JournaUMarch 3, 1989
Tension has been building in the History department. Students in the most popular undergraduate major are worried about their senior essays. Many of the 250 seniors whose essays are due at 4 p.m., April 17 complain that they are ill-prepared and poorly guided. Because of these problems, what could be the culmination of a history major's academic career often becomes what History Professor John Boswell calls "a perfunctory and miserable experience." Steve Gillon, director of the Senior Departmental Essay Program for the History department, will admit that there are significant problems with the current program. He blames overcrowding, pointing out that the number of undergraduate history majors has jumped 25 percent in the past e ight years. At the same time, because of budget cuts, the number of history professors has dropped 30 percent. But many
students feel that the program's deficiencies extend beyond the problem of overcrowding. They fault the department for providing inadequate preparation and few guidelines. The major requires that students take two junior seminars, which are intended to acquaint students with historical methodology. Yet many students complain that these seminars do not provide the research skills that the senior essay demands. One of Hannah Caspar'~ (SY '89) junior seminars required only a ten-page paper based entirely on secondary sources. "How is that supposed to prepare me?" she asked. Charles Weed (TC '89) â&#x20AC;˘ feels that his lack of experience with primary sources has been a major obstacle. Already in unfamiliar territory, seniors quickly fmd that th~re are few guidelines to help them navigate the
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essay process. The information that students and their advisors receive from the Hi-story department is vague, describing the essay as "interpretive and analytical, rather than merely narrative ." In addition, the department imposes three deadlines for the submission of work in progress. But since the students present all work directly to their advisor, the individual professor replace or dismiss the deadlines. In the decentl:alized senior essay program, professors exercise full control over the essay's course. These flaws are apparent as early as junior year when many history students begin to scramble for essay advisors. With nearly 240 history majors per class and only 50 history professors, competition is keen. The department does not require faculty to advise essays. While most do, some refuse the task, making the shortage of advisors more pronounced. A few professors in popular concentrations find themselves in great demand. Over half of the students choose to write on American subjects, but only 20 percent of the history professors specialize in American history. As long as students are allowed to choose their own topics, some will be more popular than others. But the extreme overcrowding of the history major has made this natural imbalance more severe. Gillon cannot guarantee students an advisor whose area of interest matches their own. Nevertheless, he claims that the program will give seniors "the direction and guidance of a faculty
can
member." But Gillon's assurance does not ¡promise the student an advisor from the History department: Some seniors must search other departments in order to find a faculty member with enough time to advise them. And the shortage of available professors forces some seniors to rely on graduate students. Ultimately, the program guarantees the stJ,ldent an advisor from somewhere in the University. What it does not guarantee is the direction that the advisor's guidance will take. Although professors are expected to comply with the department's requirements, their loose interpretations of these guidelines has meant that seniors' workloads vary widely. The department will defer to the professor to dic~ate the workload, respecting individual teaching styles. According to Boswell, "It's really up to the teacher whether he wants to make the student jump through hoops." Professor Henry Turner requires Caspar to turn in ten pages of writing every week. On the other hand, Professor Gaddis Smith asks for only minimal work from Marshal Morgan (TC '89). "Gaddis doesn't make any demands on my time at all," he said. Even though Gillon recognizes that these discrepancies exist, he says that it is the student's responsiblity to find an advisor with a compatible approach to the essay. But with the competition for an advisor as tight as it is, Gillon's advice is hardly practical. The advisor's control extends beyond deadlines to the methodology of the essay. There are no set criteria
for the use of primary sources, and students complain that the expectations change from professor to professor. Weed has found that while many professors feel the senior essay should revolve around research of primary documents, his professor expects a paper that is more historiographical. Teddy Keirn (DC '89) has worked with two professors of opposite methodological approaches, and has felt pressure from both sides. "One professor told me not to even think of looking at secondary sources until I had totally evaluated the History Professor John Boswell says senior essay writers often receive mixed signals.
The New JoumaVMarch 3 , 1989 19
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William Cronon, professor of history.
primary sources," Keirn said. "The other told me it was silly to deal with the primary sources until I became familiar with the secondary material." Although students are voicing complaints, the History department has no intention of altering the program. I n the last two years the department has twice voted down a change in the essay. Faculty members believe the theory behind the program is sound. "History is the art of putting things together, and you must learn how hard it is to reconstruct history by doing it you rself," Boswell said. "And so, writing a senior essay proves so essential. It's the only way to leave your undergraduate education knowing anything about history." One proposal students have made is
that the University should hire more professors. But the administration does not want to pay for a larger faculty. Some students have also suggested dropping the essay requirement altogether, or shortening the program to one semester. With a one-semester requirement, they point out that professors could advise twice as many essays. Many students also feel they can complete the program in one semester. But like many of his colleagues, History Professor William Cronon remains unconvinced of the meri~s of the one-semester essay. "The ultimate . point of the history major is for the student to see history as creative and constructive," he explained. "And for the student to achieve the necessary amount of insight requires two terms
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of research and writing." Eric Weinberger (SM '89), a former member of the Student Advisory Board for the History Major, has proposed a compromise of sorts: a twotrack major. An honors track would require a two-semester essay; a regular track would require either a onesemester essay or a senior seminar. "A lot of studen!s just aren't interested in writing a two-semester essay," he said. Gillon likes Weinberger's proposal but doesn't feel the senior essay program needs overhauling. According to Gillon, the major "creaks along, slowly stumbling, but gets where it needs to go. It's not as bad as it's made out to be." Gillon has instead proposed more moderate repairs. He has announced that juniors will have to attend a workshop on methodology before signing up for an advisor this spring. Gillon hopes that such a requirement will teach students how to research with primary sources. But it is questionable whether a two-hour lecture can compensate for an ineffective junior seminar. The History department is taking stronger measures. In trying to combat the overwhelming size of its undergraduate population, it is making the major more stringent. T he department has already approved a motion that would require history majors to take 14 credits instead of 12, including a two-semester introduction to the major and more distributional requirements. But even though the motion has passed, the program will not be implemented until finances become available. These changes won't affect this year's senior history majors, who have to contend with the department's flaws. Future students of medieval England, colonial America, and modern Africa will face the same problems unless the History department rewrites the senior essay program.
• Jason Wolff is a senior in Trumbull College.
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Pressed For Time Stefan ie Syman
Astro red and green wash the walls of Yale Station, yet the bright colors attract only passing glances. Sometimes a poster printed with mustard or maroon ink stands out in this sea of neon and later winds up on a dorm room wall. The Honourable Company of College Printers creates these posters on residential college letterpresses. These undergraduates spend hours in subterranean print shops perfecting their craft, working without modern machinery and within a dying tradition. Before the mid-Sixties, the University printed every table tent, flyer, and even the Yale Banner on a letterpress. Now the letterpresses have the status of a revival theater, producing quality work on a small scale while preserving the craft of printing. Both older printers' nostalgia and a younger generation's fascination for printing keep the 11 college presses alive. At Yale, letterpress printing has survived technological revolutions and spawned a creative subculture.
Timothy Owight and Jonathan Edwards colleges each claim the distinction of having had the first print shop. Although both opened their doors in 1936, TD actually started operations three months before JE. The donation of a letterpress, originally intended for printing missionary tracts in China, allowed Branford students to establish their own print shop in 1941. Over the next 35 years, the other colleges acquired presses- except Morse, which shares with Ezra Stiles. Once a college was equipped with a press, it paid its students to print invitations, menus, and diplomas. Phillip Ritterbush (SM '58) managed to pay half his tuition working in the JE print shop. Carl Purington Rollins set the tone for .all Yale printing. He was the first Univesity printer, a professional responsible for filling Yale's printing needs. Rollins, still recognized for his virtuosity, showed students that good printing requires both technique and artistry. From 1920 to 1948 Rollins
was responsible for every piece of printed material except for the exit signs. Eventually students began bringing him magazines, invitations, and theater programs to design and print. Roland Hoover (YC '49) became University printer in March of 1984. Since then, Hoover has acted as the shepherd of the college presses. Yale printers consider him irreplaceable because of his extensive knowledge of the machinery and his dedication to undergraduate printing. Among his activities , Hoover attends bimonthly printing tables where the HonourableCompany discusses current printing events and problems. After these meals, Hoover will pay a visit to a college print shop, roll up his sleeves, and repair a broken press if necessary. In the print shop he expounds the advantages of letterpress versus laser printing. Besides producing sharper letters, the letterpress gives students direct contact with the press. By working with the actual bits The New joumaVMarch 3, 1989 23
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of lead type, printers realize that 12 point letter size is more than just an option on a Macintosh menu. In order to print, a student must first carefully pick the needed letters, often only millimeters in width, from a heavy tray of type. The printer stacks rows of typeface upon thin strips of lead which are then secured to the press. While setting type demands dexterity and patience, the next stage, inking, requires moderation. The printer must daub a few dime-sized blobs of ink onto the press; overinking results in bleeding letters, a printing sin. A well-printed page demands a substantial time commitment. To print one verse of "The Waste Land," for example, takes at least seven hours from start to finish- from selection of typeface to cleaning and returning the type to the correct compartments. Novice printers learn the fundamentals of letterpress printing in college appren ticeship courses offered each semester. After learning the craft, a student may become the master
printer of a college. Master printers are paid to maintain print shop supplies, teach the apprenticeship course, and oversee all the college's printing. ¡ Marina Rustow (SM '90), master printer of Silliman, spends up to 20 hours a week taking care of her college's print shop. But despite the time commitment, she says she enjoys working with the heavy metal presses, an act that disproves stereotypes about women and machinery. Rustow is one of the few women printers at Yale, where male printers outnumber female printers two to orte. "I like the mastery over the machine, knowing how to work it and repair it ," Rustow said. But there are times when the press masters the printer. Because printers work the presses manually, careless operators risk smashing fmgers and hands in heavy moving parts. Upon occasion , the press h as also e ntangled an unwary printer's treSses. More typically , printers endure the discomforts of long hours in cold or
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Phillip Ritterbush (SM '58) managed to pay half his tuition working in the JE print shop. poorly-ventilated print shops. Last spring Katherine Weese (SY .'88) spent several days in a row standing on the concrete floor of the Saybrook press. She was trying furiously to complete her assignment for a college seminar, The Art of the Book. Her dedication to printing resulted in a three-day stay at University Health Services while her knees and ankles healed. Although Weest!s injuries were exceptional, all students in the class found the requirement to make their own book exacting. Esme Howard (MC '89), who also took the course last spring, pulled several all-nighters to complete a book about ampersands(&) and dedications . In her preface Howard explains her topic: "And" is by far the most appealing of conjunctions- no contradictions, no divisions, no qualifications. With enough ampersands one could (theoretically at least) connect the whole world." Such whimsey colored many of the books from the seminar and stems from a printing tradition that makes
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an.tlinh nâ&#x20AC;˘Âˇ irreverence an obligation. Perhaps JE printers fulfill this duty with the most dedication. Last year someone put up posters attacking the Yale College Council, suggesting students "Kiss Bogus Student Government Goodbye." The pair of red lips brandishing the inflammatory farewell came from a linoleum block printed at the JE press. A year before that, other JE printers decided to dupe freshpeople by producing phony invitations to the Skull and Bones tomb. The night of the event, a crowd showed up outside, cameras in hand, and waited to be admitted . The Honourable Company of College Printers gathers to tell of antics like these at the W ayzgoose Dinner every April. This event continues a European tradition where, according to printing lore, apprentices become journeymen- fully-trained printers. An explanation of the ceremony's name comes from Random Notes on the Origin ofthe Coll~ge Presses , printed at the JE press in 1967. This document
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Roland Hoover (YC '49), the University printer, rolls up his sleeves and champions direct contact with the letterpress.
claims, "The word wayze means bundle of straw and wayzgoose, a stubble goose- properly the crowning dish of the entertainment." This occasion includes a speech by a professional printer or graphic artist and the awarding of the Lohman prize. This coveted award, named after former Yale secretary and printing aficionado Carl Lohman, honors the best piece of undergraduate printing. Dawn Bravato (SY '89), current master printer of Saybrook's Underbrook Press, feels that failing to submit to the Lohman contest indicates a shamefully inactive press. AU printers attending the dinner ~eceive keepsakes , small bits of memorabilia printed on one of the presses. The keepsake for the last Wayzgoose dinner included the lyrics to a song first sung at the Printer's Festival on April 14, 1848: Each Printer lives himself a king, A monarch in his might . . .. Our mystic art will bear its part of glory and reknown. Speakers at the Wayzgoose are often
college press alumni who have turned their experience in the basement print shops into successful careers in printing or design. Lance Hidy OE '68) , now a well-known graphic designer, has attended the Wayzgoose dinner several times . Former undergraduate printer Charles Altschul also returns regularly for the event. Altschul, whose grandfather designed the Times Roman typeface, passes his knowledge onto students by teaching on occasion The Art of the Book. When alumni return next year, they may find that some things have changed . With the planned remodeling of Calhoun, the college printers may lose their Washington Handpress, a press that predates all others at the University. The University will either move the press to the Pierson print shop or sell it- a loss the printing community would regret. Old presses, parts, and type faces are becoming increasingly scarce as the printing industry focuses on improving computer technology. Some senior
The New journal thanks: Anne Burt Tony Cahill
Megan Chambers Suneeta Hazra Ellen Katz
Michele C. Mitsumori Laurie Mittenthal E. Stewart Moritz Josh Plaut Strong Cohen Graphic Design
Tom Strong Alex and Mary Torello Chris Warf.eld ¡
members of the Yale printing community wish the University would inc.rease its support for the presses. Polly Lada-Moscarski, graphic design protessor and godmother of the JE press, feels Yale does not pay enough attention to this archaic craft. As she puts it. "Yale presses need more press." Perhaps more students will acquire an interest in letterpress printing and a penchant for perennially blackened fingers. Those who have made printing their profession hope that they will. Hoover, involved in printing for most of his life, praises the craft: It allows someone to make physical an abstract idea, impressing ink onto paper without alienating the printer from the method. Hoover still marvels that wood fiber and plant dyes can become a shakespearean sonnet .
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Afterthought/Mario T. Garcia
Mistaken Identity The term Hispanic as used in the aggressive and, in fact, independent 1980's collectively designates the measures to achieve self-detervarious peoples of Latin American mination. Unlike earlier terms of selfdescent within the United States. First identification such as Mexicano, used in the 1980 census, the term was Hispano, Mexican American, Latino, picked up by the media and govern- and Chicano, the term Hispanic is not ment as a catchall point of reference. It organic to the Chicano or Latino was, unfortunately, accepted by some experience. It is an artifical and Latinos without complaint who then abstract creation that, in the context of used it to describe themselves. Yet Reagan's world view, represents a new what appears on the surface to be an form of repressive ideological control. innocent and useful way to identify Yet unlike earlier efforts at people of Latin-American extraction, ideological control which denied racial the term Hispanic has significant and minorities an identity and even a troubling ideological implications. place in American history '路 .the Not the least of these, is the Hispanic movement-if we can call it 路 intent- conscious or not- to counter that- is a more seductive concept in the ethnic nationalism of Latinos such that it credits racial minorities with a as Chicanos and Puerto Ricans whose proper place in a pluralistic America. movements, beginning back in the The idealized image of the United 1960's, were perceived to be potentially States as an ethnically and culturally threatening to the U.S. class and racial pluralistic society replaced the older order. Used as part of a countervailing 路 melting pot idea as the prevailing view strategy, the term Hispanic is intended in the 1960's. This view helped to to produce a new form of hegemony by shape the formulation of what could be imposing an external definition of called nationality policy. what it has meant to be a Latino in the Given the explosion of the AfricanUnited States. Rather than conveying American civil rights movement and the uniqueness of the Latino culture the subsequent revolt by other and its history of oppression and subordination in a rigid class and racial system such as the United States, the term Hispanic conveys a quite different message. That message is one of conformity to the U.S. system, the discarding of traditional "cultural baggage," and the placing of the Hispanic experience within the process of assimilation with the promised result being attainment of the American Dream. 路 .It is perhaps no coincidence that the term Hispanic originated during the years of the Reagan Administration and the rise to power of the Far Right. Like the Reagan myth of the resurgence of the quintessential American - the self-made person- the term Hispanic in a Reaganesque sense seeks to convert Latinos into believing in such a myth and to abandon more 28 The New JournaVMarch 3, 1989
repressed nationalities such as Chicanos which gave lie to the concept of the melting pot, pluralism became the obvious ideological response to meet the challenges of the Sixties. The concept of pluralism, of course, is embedded in a dialectic. On the one hand, it is the result of genuine efforts by national minorities to gain recognition and a voice as distinct ethnic and cultural entities and to achieve self-determination in a society which has robbed them of their history, their identity, and their sense of selfworth. On the other hand, pluralism represented, in the context of the 1960's, a reformist effort by the liberal section of the ruling sector to respond to the crisis posed by the nationality question. The ruling sector sought to regain ideological and political hegemony by conceding particular political and economic reforms coupled with cultural recognition of various national minorities. For this pluralistic nationality policy to succeed, however, the federal government had to play an active role in furthering reforms necessitating
greater federal expenditures as well as monitoring progress especially through. the courts. The reaction to such a nationality policy on the part of the conservative wing of the ruling sector became clear in the 1970's with the slowing down of such reforms. However, the greatest challenge clearly came with the election of Reagan in 1980. While the Reagan counterre~mation aimed at eliminating or substantially reducing the reforms and the power won by the struggles of national minorities and of women, gays, the poor, etc. it could not fully restore the older melting pot ideology still favored by _ the Far Right- the ideology they regard as being the best form of control with regard to nationality policy. The melting pot provides the masses and particular excluded groups with a simple, cynical creed- the promise that if they work hard enough, prove their loyalty, and accept the dominant culture and values, that they in time will achieve the full American Dream. Reagan's nationality policy conveys the melting pot message but at the same time
appropriates the reform veneer of the pluralist concept. The conservative agenda for ethnic America is perhaps best put forward by economist Thomas Sowell of the Hoover Insititute at Stanford University in his book Ethnic America: A History, published in 1981. Sowell's vision of ethnic America is based on four major but historically false premises. First, Sowell contends that ethnicity rather than class and race is at the center of American history. Hence, divisions and struggles have to do with the myriad of ethnic groups adjusting to one another and pursuing a process which Sowell terms "ethnic succession." Ethnic groups- including Europeans, Africans, Mexican, and Asians-have to tearn to co-exist with one another in a dynamic capitalist system which can accommodate all of them . Class is not particularly crucial in Sowell's analysis since for the most part he sees few class lines or barriers to restrict mobility. Second, that while ethnic and racial discrimination has existed it has been minor compared to other societies.
Sowell views racism as only a passing historical phenomena and one which has not been fundamental in preventing socio-economic mobility . Moreover, what racial barriers to mobility have existed have been mostly eliminated. Third, that despite certain differences, all ethnic groups, including African-Americans and Latinos, have shared in the fruits of the American system. As he argues "perhaps the most striking pattern among American ethnic groups is their general rise in economic conditions with the passage of time." And, fourth, Sowell suggests that if some ethnic groups have gained greater mobility and standing, it is more the result of those groups- such as Western European- having arrived earlier and hence acquiring a headstart over later immigrants. Sowell attributes the more inferior Mexican-American economic standing as due to a lack of political leadership; high and persistent fertility rates; continued use of Spanish; fewer efforts at becoming naturalized U.S. citizens; and the low priority given to edu-
The New JournaVMarch 3, 1989 29
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cation. "The goals and values ot Mexican Americans," he proposes without any defensible proof, "have never centered on education." Still, Sowell concludes that despite these limitations , Mexican Americans have still prospered, but that at the present time it is best to note such progress not in comparison to "older" ethnic groups, but to more comparable ones such as African-Americans and Puerto Ri· cans. Yet Sowell is quick to add that
What was targeted as the "Decade of the Hispanic" has instead turned into years of frustration. what uneveness among certain ethnic groups still exists is only transitory and in time all will experience the same process of adjustment and integration. The elementary and false analysis Sowell presents is not difficult to rebut since there exists more than sufficient historical and contemporary studies to suggest a decidedly more rigid form of class , racial, and gender-based structural discrimination which has locked particular racial/ ethnic groups such as African-Americans and Chi· canos into a position of permanently inferior economic status, their chief value being that of cheap and replaceable labor. Sowell's engagement in the discourse concerning ethnic America, however, is not aimed necessarily at influencing academic opinion (although we should not discount the attraction of Sowell's views in the academy) , but instead is aimed at policy makers, opinion makers , and public opinion as a whole. In this arena, the implications of Sowell's analysis are profound, and complement, if not shape the Reagan· Bush world view of ethnic America and even of the U.S. role in the Third
Stumble upon _.s the
:·Unexpected World. At the center is the idea that the alleged U.S. free market model has created and continues to create a dynamic and fluid condition which makes progress attainable for every individual and every ethnic group and by extension the rest of the world. Discussion of class and race are anachronistic and are simply excuses for the inability or unwillingness of some to accept the market place model and to conform to the basic principles and culture of that model. Consequently, if the marketplace is the panacea for society's ills then there is no necessity for state intervention to promote particular disadvantaged groups. Not only is such intervention functionally wrong in that its opponents believe it actually restricts mobility, but it is patently unfair and even un-American in Reagan's "colorless America." The free-market thesis then has justified the dismantling or weakening of a variety of federal programs aimed at the protection of racial minorities, programs ranging from· civil rights to food stamps to education. Moreover if there is failure- if individuals or particular ethnic groups do not ascribe to the market place model- it is not the system's fault, but the individual's or group's. These views of ethnic America and in particular of Hispanic America have unfortunately had severe effects on Latinos. Despite the market-place hegemony sustained by the ReaganBush administration during the 1980's and its acceptance by a growing number of Latinos, this growing ethnic groups still faces at the end of the 1980's serious economic and social problems. Unemployment, underemployment, an expanding underclass , educational segregation, growing hostility to Latino culture as exempli fied in "English only" movements , politic·al underrepresentation, and many other r oadblocks to socio-economic integration remain. What was targeted as the "Decade of the Hispanic" has instead tumed into
years of frustration. Yet despite the contradictions between an ideology of success and the reality of the majority of Latinos, it has been difficult to counter the Hispanic image of material success fostered by the Reagan-Bush forces. What is needed to confront this contradiction will be for progressive forces within the Latino communities to mount a counter-hegemonic movement aimed at recapturing the hearts and minds of Latinos. Not the least significant arena for this confrontation will be in the realm of self-identity. The ability of self-identification is the starting point for recapturing one's sense of worth and of destiny. What is needed is to replace Hispanic myth with Latino reality.
•
Mario T. Garcia, visiting prifessor oj History, is professor of History and Chicano Studies at the Universif:y of California, Santa Barbara. His book Mexican Americans:
Leadership Ideology and Identity, 1930-1960 will be released this year.
Congratulations The New Journal is pleased to announce the election of David King as Publisher and Cynthia Cameros as Editor-inChief, effective today. David joined the magazine in 1988 and has served as Production Manager this year. Cynthia joined the magazine in 1987 and has served as Associate Editor for the past year. David and Cynthia will continue the leadership of Publisher Mary Chen and Editor-in-Chief Martha Brant. Five additional members of TNJs new Executive Board will also assume their offices today: Business Manager, Malaika Amon, Managing Editors, Ruth Conniff and Stefanie Syman, Designer, Stephen Hooper, and Production Manager, Lisa Silverman. Together with the outgoing Executive Board they produced this issue and they are now planning their first issue, which will appear in April. We congratulate them and wish them the best of luck.
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