the
POLYGLOT
Issue 16
Languages DO WE ALL SEE THE SAME COLOURS?
DOES LANGUAGE SHAPE THE WAY WE THINK?
WHY YOU SHOULD LEARN LANGUAGES
2 ‘If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart.’ - Nelson Mandela Language is powerful. It has the power to bring us together and to tear us apart, to inspire hope and to incite hatred. The ability to communicate complex ideas has underpinned the rise of the human race and yet that same language could very well be our downfall. The use and abuse of language has written the history books as we know them and in this new chapter, where 280 character tweets have unparalleled influence, an appreciation of the importance of language has never been more critical. And yet language is so much more than an expedient medium for communication. It is an expression of a cultural identity, of creativity, of art and above all of our humanity. It is what makes us unique. By 2100 reports suggest that around fifty percent of languages will be extinct and, as the literary critic George Steiner noted “when a language dies, a way of understanding the world dies with it”. The defence of language is more important than ever and in this issue, our talented writing team have attempted to give a flavour of the evolution, influence and quirks of language from Linguistic Relativity to the language of colour. Once again, we would like to thank our team of writers, editor and Mrs Engel-Hart for their contribution, insight and dedication to this issue. Jakob Hobbs and Billy Backhouse, Editors-in-Chief THE POLYGLOT
3
Contents Linguistic Determinism: Does language shape the way we think?
4
Languages Fact File
8
PIE - the missing recipe to the history of language
10
Parasite: 2019's unexpected global success
12
Communidades autĂłnomas and bilingualism in Spain
14
SĂźtterlinschrift
15
Should there be a universal language?
16
The language of colour: Do we all see the same?
18
Why you should learn a new language this summer
20
Verlan
22
THE POLYGLOT
4
International
Linguistic Determinism: Does language shape the way we think? Jakob Hobbs investigates the importance of language in cognition ‘It was intended that when Newspeak had been adopted once and for all and Oldspeak forgotten, a heretical thought - that is, a thought diverging from the principles of Ingsoc - should be literally unthinkable, at least so far as thought is dependent on words.’
I
n his dystopian novel 1984, George Orwell
from the so-called Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis of
created the fictional language of Newspeak
the 1920s and has contemporary resonance
which the totalitarian state Oceania used as
in Chinese attempts to ban words such as
a means of thought control. The language of
"Disagree", “Lifelong” and "Animal Farm" on
freedom and equality was erased in an attempt
online platforms. However, the idea that you
to render such concepts ‘unthinkable’, resting
can create a ‘prisonhouse of language’ can be
on the belief that language shapes the way
questioned. Is thought the product of language
we think. This idea of Linguistic Determinism,
or is language merely the medium through
and its weaker form, Linguistic Relativity dates
which thought is expressed?
THE POLYGLOT
5
'Is thought the product of language or is language merely the medium through which thought is expressed?'
The perception of space and motion is often
the action: “A woman walks towards her car”
used in defence of Linguistic Relativity. For
while English speakers simply described the
example, rather than using relative words
action: “A woman is walking”. Researchers
such as ‘left’ and ‘right’, Kuuk Thaayorre uses
concluded that the German perception is more
cardinal directions i.e. north, south, east and
holistic linking this with grammatical differences
west. As a result, their speakers show much
(the English use of the -ing morpheme).
greater skill in orientation. This suggests that a different language can have a significant effect
The use of gender could affect how we perceive
on cognitive ability. Another study examined
objects. For example, in German, the word for
the perception of motion. English and German
death is masculine while in Spanish death is
speakers were asked to describe a video of a
feminine. This grammatical difference has led
woman walking towards a car. German speakers
German artists to paint death as a man and
tended to describe the action and the goal of
Spanish artists as a woman. Similarly, a
THE POLYGLOT
6 bridge is feminine and in masculine in Spanish.
of language or a reflection of different form of
German speakers tended to describe a bridge
cognition.
with stereotypically feminine words such as ‘elegant’ while Spanish speakers tended to use
Critics of Linguistic Determinism point to the
stereotypically masculine words such as ‘strong’.
prevalence of misleading assertions. For
These examples indicate that the grammatical
example, if a language does not have a single
structure of a language may affect your
word for a symbolic English word, this does not
perception though they at most support Linguistic
indicate that this idea cannot be comprehended;
Relativity.
Ronald Reagan exploited this myth when he said that Russian has no word for ‘freedom’. ‘The
Similarly, evidence suggests that language can
Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax’ had previously
affected the perception of time. Whorf’s study of
been a central argument in support of Linguistic
the Hopi language (spoken by the Hopi people of
Determinism. It was spuriously claimed that the
northeastern Arizona) first popularised the theory
Inuit tribe have an unusually large number of
of different perceptions of time. He argued that
words for ‘snow’ and thus that they could not
the Hopi language had no markers of tense and
comprehend the broad idea of ‘snow’. However,
that this demonstrated their cyclical conception of
studies have shown that the number of root
time. Later research showed that this theory was
words is unremarkable and even if Whorf’s
fundamentally flawed and yet his ideas can still
conjecture were true, the conclusions drawn
be found in popular culture such as the 2016 film
are misleading. Consider the large number of
Arrival. However, recent studies have shown that
differently named fonts. They need not be split up
different languages discuss time very differently.
into individual conceptual spheres!
The Aymara language (spoken in the Andes)
A series of paradoxes also serve to contradict
place the future behind them and the past in front
the idea that language shapes thought. Scientific
in dialogue and gesture while Kuuk Thaayorre
evidence suggests that complex thought is
speakers (native to Australia) describe time as
present in those who do not possess language.
moving from east to west. While their language
For example, studies have shown that babies are
indicates a fundamentally different perception
sensitive to numbers suggesting some innate
of time, it is unclear whether this is a product
language of ‘thought’ or Mentalese. Similarly, we
THE POLYGLOT
7 have all experienced moments where we know what we want to say but cannot express it in words. If language shapes thought, this scenario would be impossible. Many artists also insist that in their most inspired moments they think not in words but in mental images. As Edward Hopper said “If you could say it in words, there would be no reason to paint.” Further, if thoughts depended on words, how could a child learn a word to begin with?
It would be misguided to believe that language ‘determines’ the way we think. However, there is still significant debate over the extent to which language influences thought. The qualification that George Orwell introduces in his description of Newspeak is crucial. A thought should be unthinkable ‘at least so far as thought is dependent on words’.
'If thoughts depended on words how could a child learn a word to begin with?' THE POLYGLOT
8
Language Figu 1
Until the mid-20th century a different script of the Latin alphabet was taught in Germany called SĂźtterlin which was eventually banned by the Nazis in 1941.
2
There are roughly 6,500 languages spoken in the world today, but every 2 weeks a language goes extinct.
3
At least half the world population is bilingual.
4
People with standard vision can see millions of distinct colors, but most languages in developed cultures name only 11: black, white, red, green, yellow, blue, brown, orange, pink, purple and grey.
5
The Bible is the most widely translated book, available in 3,384 languages.
9
es Facts & ures Pirahã is an “anumeric” language, it has no words for numbers!
6
Esperanto is the most widely spoken artificially constructed language. It was created in 1887 by Polish ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof.
7
South Africa has 11 official languages.
8
Papua New Guinea has 832 living languages making it the most linguistically diverse place on Earth.
9
The average 20-year-old English speaker knows 42,000 words.
10
10
International
PIE - the missing recipe to the history of language Billy Backhouse guides us through the origins of European languages
I
t is generally considered that language, like
in Africa which migrated into the Yamnaya
the vast majority of things relating to humanity
culture in modern day Kazakhstan and from
or indeed humanity itself, can find its earliest
there permeated into modern Europe. The
and closest link in Africa. Nowadays, there are
development of wheeled vehicles and the
over one hundred and seventy thousand words
domestication of the horse allowed the
in the English dictionary, 60% of which possess
language to be transmitted by large nomadic
direct lineage to Latin and Ancient Greek with
tribes from 3300 to 2600 BC.
a further 90% of scientific words finding their origins in these two languages. However, what
The original hypothesis for the existence of
is seemingly less known and researched is the
this language harks back to the sixteenth
study of the theorised language predating the
century, when early European explorers of
aforementioned two by some two thousand
the Indian subcontinent noted the apparent
years. This progenitorial language is called
similarities between their own language and
‘proto-indo-european’ (PIE).
that of the native Indo-Iranians. This thesis was then furthered in 1563 by the Dutch scholar
Many experts suggest that the language
Van Boxhorn, who proposed the existence
was originally spoken as a primitive dialect
of a so-called ancestor language which he
THE POLYGLOT
'Words from Latin and Greek make up over 60% of the English dictionary'
11
cleped ‘Scythian’. Van Boxhorn’s original theory has since then been improved and
Another commonly cited technique employed
substantiated by numerous scholarly works,
by linguists to suggest the existence of PIE is
culminating in the publication of Julius Pokorny’s
Grimm’s law. This law, formulated by Jacob
‘Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch’,
Grimm in 1822, dictates that a change in
a complete dictionary of every accumulated
consonants of a word in one language, can
Indo-European word.
cause similar changes in speech in another language. To simplify this concept, Grimm stated
The main linguistic technique used to prove
that the common PIE sounds ‘b’ , ‘d’ and ‘g’
the existence of the language is known as the
sounds later become the English sounds ‘p’, ‘t’
‘comparative method’. This system compares the
and ‘k’. An example of this is the PIE word for
sound laws between two different languages to
father ‘fader’ and its english counterpart ‘father’.
suggest a common ancestor. For instance, if we
As we can see, the ‘d’ sound has morphed from
observe the similarities of the ‘p’ and ‘f’ sounds
PIE through old Germanic and old English to the
of nouns in English and the romance languages
present day ‘t’ sound.
Spanish / Italian / French: ‘pie’, ‘piede’, ‘pied’, and ‘foot’, ‘padre’, ‘père’ and ‘father’ and ‘pez’,
The study of this language cannot only help
‘pesce’, ‘poisson’ and ‘fish’, we see a consistency
you to further appreciate the underpinnings
of the initial consonants. This same method
of the construction of syntax in language itself
can be applied to not only many other English
and discover the many linguistic and phonetic
and Romance nouns, but also many other
links passed down between languages, but also
verbs, adjectives and articles in a host of other
serves as an interesting reminder that we, the
languages far too frequently to be considered
human species, have so much more to discover
coincidental.
about ourselves and the world we live in.
THE POLYGLOT
12
Film Review
Parasite: 2019's unexpected global success Hamish Carle reviews Boon Joon-ho's award-winning film Parasite
P
raised by many critics as being the
ability to create a universally likeable and
best film of 2019, Bong Joon-ho’s
deeply understandable main family in the
Parasite won four Academy awards this
Kim Clan is incredible, particularly when
year including Best Picture, as well as the
considering that he and his team have had
prestigious Palme D’or at the Cannes Film
to overcome the challenge of making them
Festival - the first international film to ever
appealing to a vast international audience.
perform such a feat. A particular highlight of the film is its It goes without saying this film is one of a
masterful cinematography: the camerawork
kind and I thoroughly enjoyed the film and
on show glides smoothly from frame to
thought that the acting was incredible from
frame when this feeling of progress and
every cast member. To overlook this film
efficiency needs to be conveyed, and then
simply because you have to rely on the
the camerawork can become intentionally
subtitles would be a great injustice. There
manic in the scenes where control is lost.
are moments of great humour despite
Moreover, a constant in all the scenes of
various cultural differences, and Joon-ho’s
the film is a feeling of conscious placement:
THE POLYGLOT
13
'To overlook this film simply because you have to rely on the subtitles would be an injustice' everything in the frame has a purpose -
the distinction between good and evil in
from the smallest detail such as a fly on the
this film. Both families make some pretty
hand of a key character (commonly used in
self-absorbed and arrogant decisions, but
horror films to represent evil and decay) to
their likeability and dire situations leave the
the placement of the Kim family home half
viewers less likely to judge them overall.
underground to represent the mix of hope and fear that they feel.
In conclusion, Parasite is a really great film that I recommend you watch if you have
Whilst there are humorous moments in the
not done so yet. It has a mix of humour and
film, the underlying sentiment throughout
seriousness, an interesting story, likeable
the story is one of hardship, struggle and
characters and an overarching sense of
inequality and the film questions the viewer
direction. Furthermore, it portrays themes
about their perception of right and wrong.
of class difference and inequality which
In comparison to his previous American
push the viewer to think about the real life
films (“Okja” and “Snowpiercer”) where
problems the movie presents.
there is a clear villain, Bong Joon-ho blurs
THE POLYGLOT
14
Spanish
Comunidades autónomas and bilingualism in Spain Tom Gardener explains autonomous communities within Spain
A
ctualmente, España cuenta con 17 regiones
deseos relacionados con su región y no es el gobierno
autónomas y dos ciudades autónomas, entre
central que tenga que resolver todos los problemas de
las que se encuentran por ejemplo Cataluña, Galicia
la nación. No obstante, con frecuencia los separatistas
y el País Vasco. Además tiene 4 idiomas: castellano,
catalanes se manifiestan por su independencia
gallego, vasco y catalán. estos idiomas son parte
de España. En 2019 en Barcelona más de 500,000
importante de la identidad de sus regiones y cada
personas se manifestaron y reinó el caos. A pesar de
comunidad autónoma tiene su propio gobierno
eso, se puede ver que por lo general no hay mucho
autonómico. La división de España reconoce las
descontento por parte de las comunidades autónomas
nacionalidades e identidades regionales de España y
pero de vez en cuando muestran su desacuerdo y los
aumenta la eficacia. Cada gobierno tiene diferentes
habitantes de estas comunidades se enojan.
Glossary no obstante: however los separatistas: people who want Catalonia's independence manifestarse: to protest/demonstrate de vez en cuando: sometimes enojarse: to get angry
German
15
Sütterlinschrift Mrs Engel-Hart presents a nearly extinct German script
B
is zur Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts schrieb man
Nazis schafften sie jedoch ab - vielleicht, weil die
in Deutschland und im deutschen Sprachraum
Normalschrift in den vom nationalsozialistischen
(also auch zum Beispiel in der Schweiz) die Sütterlin-
Deutschland besetzten Gebieten besser lesbar war.
Schrift. Es gab damals viele Handschriften und diese
Heute gibt es nicht mehr viele Menschen, die diese alte
wurde vom Berliner Schriftkünstler Ludwig Sütterlin
Schrift lesen können. Es gibt ein paar Vereine, die die
entwickelt. Die Schrift hat viele Schnörkel und war
Sütterlinschrift am Leben halten; das ist wichtig, um
von 1924 bis 1941 die deutsche Standardschrift. Die
auch in Zukunft alte Briefe lesen zu können.
Glossary die Schrift: script entwickeln: to develop der Schnörkel: squiggle ab’schaffen: abolish besetzte Gebiete: occupied territories lesbar: legible am Leben halten: to keep alive
16
International
Should there be a universal language?
W
George Rich investigates the practicalities of a worldwide mother tongue
ith 6909 languages spoken worldwide, it
also be a drastic reduction in the individualism
is no surprise that for nearly two centuries,
and uniqueness of different countries, leading to a
it has been widely debated whether the world
monotonous world. These implications are no small
should unite through the introduction of a universal
factor and so need to be taken into consideration,
language. During this time, there have been a
as they would affect everyone in one way or
number of attempts at creating such a language so
another.
why are we still not there? However, there are a variety of positive outcomes Evidently, when one ponders over the advantages
linked with gradually integrating a world-wide
and disadvantages of a universal language,
mother-tongue into society. Most importantly,
they find that both are plentiful. However, some
it would unite the planet giving a huge sense
benefits are only possible in a utopian society; the
of community and belonging as everyone from
practicalities of this issue are far more complex.The
every place on earth would speak the same
main problem with inventing an artificial language is
language. Moreover, the language would allow
that there is no fundamental structure to support it
easy communication between previously diverse
by means of culture; every language identifies with
cultures meaning that all backgrounds could share
at least one country and consequently a culture.
knowledge of their lives, prior to the introduction
Thus the creation of a new language would leave a
of the language. Combined with this, the creation
country cultureless, meaning that it would lack the
of global community in this way could lead to a
basics of history, evolution (and so an origin) as well
reduction in terrorism and an increase in equality
as the millions of native speakers needed for its
amongst the more and less privileged, and between
integration into society. Furthermore, there would
genders. A universal language would help bring
17
'The creation of a new language would leave a country cultureless'
people together since it would help reduce
fairly easy to learn particularly since all the grammar
differences in background.
was regular. However, overall, there were too many impracticalities with the language such as the
Previously there have been an attempts to make
already proven international emergence of English
a global language, the most notorious of which
and French. The language failed to achieve popular
being Esperanto in the 1870s and 1880s, which was
success and the majority of learners were language
invented by L. L. Zamenhof. Having been brought
enthusiasts. Another problem was that it was no-
up in a particularly harsh manner, in the midst of the
one’s mother tongue and there was fundamentally
Russian Empire, in a place called Bialystok, where
no culture in which it could have been integrated,
Russians, Poles, Germans and Jews coexisted
meaning that the language eventually disintegrated.
without peace (primarily due to the language
In conclusion, although the idea is very appealing,
barrier), Zamenhof grew up with the aspiration of a
the impracticalities of a universal language being
world where all could communicate, saying “were
merged into society are too great. In my opinion,
there but an international language, all nations
the only real benefit to a global language is the
would be divided in a common brotherhood”.
worldwide sense of community through the ease of
However, this concept caused negative reactions
communication which society is gradually beginning
from global powers such as Soviet Russia, Nazi
to achieve through the spread of English due to its
Germany, Imperial Japan and Francoist Spain
easiness to learn and speak. On the contrary, what
since they felt that they would lose influence and
is lost from a universal language encompasses a
be seen as ‘equal’ to those they didn’t like. The
much wider range of factors such as the uniqueness
language was based on Latin scripture with one
of one’s culture as well as the skill of being able to
sound, one letter principal, so would have been
learn a language.
18
International
Why you should learn a new language this summer
T
Will Wakelam examines the benefits of learning a foreign language
here is no doubt that learning a foreign
that learning a new language enhances memory.
language can be extremely beneficial in
The matter of the fact is that this process of learning
many scenarios and it is evident that one can
involves the memorising of rules and vocabulary
receive countless benefits from this process. On
and this strengthens our so-called mental ‘muscle’.
the one hand, the process of learning an unfamiliar
As a result, this form of ‘exercise’ helps overall
language can prove to be highly advantageous for
memory to prosper and multiple language speakers
the cognitive process whilst the development of an
tend to have a greater capacity to remember lists
understanding of a new dialect can be especially
and sequences.
favourable in many other sectors of life. Not only is learning a new language instrumental Firstly, one must examine the numerous benefits for
to memory enhancement, but it can also prove
the cognitive process that come with learning and
to be useful for one’s perception; a study from
speaking an unfamiliar language. There is evidence
Spain’s University of Pompeu Fabra has disclosed
that this process can help people to become
that multilingual speakers tend to be better at
smarter as it improves the functionality of the brain;
observing their surroundings due to the fact that
undertaking this opportunity means that the brain
they can more efficiently focus on the relevant
is challenged to recognise, negotiate meaning,
information instead of dwindling on irrelevant
and communicate in different language systems.
details. Furthermore, it is also known that decision-
Henceforth the development of these specific skills
making skills can be improved when one develops
can prove significant in other areas as you can
an understanding of a new language; the reality
expand your ability to negotiate meaning in other
is that all languages contain nuances and subtle
problem-solving tasks. Moreover, there is no denial
implications in their vocabulary and deciding on
Learning a language is a fantastic
19
challenge not to be missed out on their meaning in a certain context can help you
opportunities. Many companies hold the view
to come to more rational decisions in everyday
that multilingual employees add versatility to their
life. What’s more, learning a new language can
workforce and these enterprises are convinced
even prove valuable for one’s understanding of
that recruiting employees with language skills is
the English language; learning a foreign language
fundamental to their organisation. In addition to
revolves around the mechanics of language (such
that, mastering a foreign tongue can be hugely
as grammar, conjunctions and sentence structure)
gratifying on an emotive level; I can confirm from
and focusing on those is known to improve one’s
personal experience that this process is thoroughly
awareness of language, and the ways in which
rewarding as there is no doubt that it is extremely
it can be structured and manipulated, meaning
satisfying to have the capacity to converse with
that language learners pay closer attention to
people from other cultures. Finally, learning a
the mechanics of their own first language too. If
foreign language also has the potential to be
that wasn’t enough to highlight the advantages
culturally enriching. The process of developing
that derive from learning a new language, it has
competency in another language is known to
also been proven that this process can help with
have added cultural benefits as one gains the
multitasking as learning a foreign language teaches
opportunity to engage properly with the culture of
us to become proficient at switching between two
another country and this opening up to a culture
different languages. This ability to think in different
allows us to be more flexible and appreciative of
languages is proof of adaptability we need as multi-
other people’s opinions and actions. Those who opt
taskers, which can also reduce stress levels in turn.
to learn a foreign language have the advantage of seeing the world from different perspectives, hence
It is also fundamental to emphasise that the
enhancing their ability to communicate in today’s
advantages of learning a new language aren’t
globally connected world.
merely limited to the positive aspects surrounding the cognitive process. It is undeniable that this
Hence it is clear that learning a foreign language is
opportunity can turn out to be valuable in later
a fantastic challenge not to be missed out on and
life - learning a foreign language can prove to
as we can’t travel far this summer, at least a new
be highly significant when it comes to career
foreign language can transport us to new places.
20
International
The language of colour: Do we all see the same? Luka Shanidze explores the importance and effects of colour words in a language.
To find out more, check out this video >>>
I
t would be easy to assume that every
noticeable to human beings. As for how colour
language has the same colour system, after all
words are actually added, it is probable that
we all see the same things. However, have you
they evolve by an excessive use of comparison.
ever heard of “malachite green” or “razmatazz
The English word “pink” for example was not
pink”? How come some languages like English
a colour word before Shakespearian times,
have a notoriously high amount of language
but rather the name of a flower. The first use
words and at the same time there are others
of “pink” as a colour term was seen in 1733,
that have only two?
and it probably was the result of many people describing things as “pink-like”, over time
It has been hypothesised that all languages’
shortened to just the word “pink”. It makes a
colour words evolve in the same way, adding
lot of sense that colour words are inspired by
new distinctions periodically. The most common
objects that we interact with on a daily basis.
order is for a language to start with “black”
The theory that all colour words originate
and “white” (or “dark” and “light”), then add
as “colour phrases” - likening something to
red, then green or yellow, and then blue or
something else - suggests that colour words
brown. This specific order is based on which
are unnecessary until a certain comparison is
colours researchers have found to be the most
deemed necessary by the speakers.
THE POLYGLOT
21
'In Japanese, green is just a shade of blue' Another interesting example in the world
in colour perception could be the way certain
of colour words is the indigenous Amazon
speakers group colours. For example, whereas
language Piraha as it only uses two colour
in English we see blue and green as separate
words - black and white (or dark and light).
colours, in Japanese, green is just a shade of
Research has shown Piraha speakers can see
blue. However, this does not affect the physical
and distinguish between colours like anyone
appearance of the colour itself to a person.
else, so their lack of colour words does not
mean that they don’t see colour. It simply means
In conclusion, it would appear that colour words
that its speakers don’t see the necessity to
are not necessary for a language, as there are
refer to them. This leads to the conclusion that
examples of languages existing without them.
“Language hasn’t fundamentally altered how
Colour phrases or any ways other than singular
colours are seen, but it has changed what we
words of differentiating colours, are however
do with the information”. For example, when
necessary to communicate visual information.
testing how sensitive people are to different
After all, sight is our main sense, and colour
areas on the colour spectrum, a study found
its main tool. Therefore the addition of colour
that Russians were more sensitive to different
words is an inevitable process within every
shades of blue. This is because Russian has
language, which only makes more convenient
two words for blue which distinguish heavily
this concept that is so fundamental to human
between dark and light. Another difference
communication.
THE POLYGLOT
22
French
Verlan Jakob Hobbs introduces us to the French slang language Verlan
L
e verlan est une forme d’argot français qui repose sur le principe de l’inversion. Pour créer ces mots, il faut inverser les syllabes.
Et bien sûr le mot l’envers: c’est Verlan en Verlan!
Au début, le verlan était un langage cryptique pour communiquer en secret. Cependant, il est maintenant utilisé par les jeunes des banlieues. Ce langage est devenu une part importante de leur identité. En particulier, le verlan s’est développé grâce à la musique hip-hop. Par exemple, le nom de scène de Stromae est le verlan de maestro!
Stromae
Stromae
EXEMPLES fran . çais → ce . fran tomber → bé . ton moustique → stique . mou métro → tro . mé merci → ci . mer méchant →chan . mé
s t i d e
r C
23
Edi
to
Billy rs-inC B Jak ackho hief ob H u obb se s
tors
u Contrib
house k c a B y l Bil Carle Hamish ich R George bbs o Jakob H idze an Luka Sh ener rd Tom Ga elam k Will Wa
nd a rt A of ign ley ad Des Hea e H s e m Ja
Supe rvisin Edito g r Mrs E ngelHart
Cover artwork by Will Lowry, OA The Polyglot is a publication wholly produced and owned by Abingdon School, a company limited by guarantee and a registered charity (Charity No. 1071298). Copyright in all articles and images remains with the creators and owners of those works. Previously published images and other excerpts from published works are used under the terms of Fair Use or a Creative Commons licence.
the
POLYGLOT Issue 16