a tent used as a dressing room by the sea
hawai’ian word for froggie
P O LO K A B A N A
sustainability with character STEPHANIE CASS ARCH 525 FALL 2014 (based on a project done in tandem with Tristan Bassingthwaighte, Jeremy Mendoza, & Noelle Yempuku)
Wide roof plane for shading. Tilted at optimum angle for solar panels and rainwater catchment.
Screens add shade and texture.
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.01 · Project Intro Goals Target Market Context + Weather Data Concept Drawings + Images Orientation + Layout Programming Glazing 2.01 · Passive Strategies Ventilation Shading + Daylighting Roof Insulation 3.01 · Active Strategies Radiant Heating + Cooling Energy Generation Options Hot Water Heating 4.01 · Artificial Lighting Reflected Ceiling Plan Site Lighting Layout Controls 5.01 · Water Building + Site Use Rain Catchment Filtration + Recharge Cycle of Water 6.01 · Summary
PROJECT INTRO
Tall, north-facing clerestory windows allow lots of north light. PROJECT INTRO
ABOUT
1.02
All systems (kitchen, bathroom, mech room, house biometrics)
THE PROJECT: are packed into a single, shippable core. As a Solar Decathlon project, the aim was, above all, to create a sustainable but transportable residential unit. Our team, in particular, was geared toward housing Hawaii’s homeless. In a phrase, the houses are intended to be small, non-family residential, with an emphasis on community space. All of the homes are located on a Panelized system comes in uniform block around a central green shared by all houses. PROGRAM: living (eat, cook, chill) sleeping (2 bedrooms) service (mech room, outdoor hallway, bathroom)
A H
P E E L S and blackwater are filtered through site plantings. Greywater
P
GREEN STRATEGIES: Passive Cooling, Renewable Energy Sources, Careful Water Use + Reuse + Recharge
Vertical screens lend privacy.
G N
EE
LOCATION: Honolulu HI
EAT
SL
SIZE: 3072 sf of building, 17920 sf of site
4’ lengths for easy shipping and assembly.
Orientation opens to community courtyard.
ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS
sustainability with character Wide roof plane for shading.
1.03
Tilted at optimum angle for solar panels and rainwater catchment.
Screens add shade and texture.
Tall, north-facing clerestory windows allow lots of north light.
All systems (kitchen, bathroom, mech room, house biometrics) are packed into a single, shippable core. Panelized system comes in uniform 4’ lengths for easy shipping and assembly.
Vertical screens lend privacy.
Greywater and blackwater are filtered through site plantings. Orientation opens to community courtyard. ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS
1.04
PROJECT INTRO
COMFORT ZONES + ACTIVITY LEVELS
Since Honolulu is in a very mild climate zone with a small range in both humidity and temperature, not many strategies are needed to help the comfort zone encompass it all. I narrowed it down to only two strategies, eliminating Passive Solar Heating, High Thermal Mass, and Direct and Indirect Evaporative Cooling. Passive Solar Heating was eliminated because there are only a few fringe data points that would be affected and most of the time the Passive Solar Heating would be unnecessary, even harmful, to a good temperature balance. Even though High thermal mass did have a positive effect, I felt the Exposed Mass + Night Purge ventilation had a wider range of usefulness. Both methods of Evaporative were unnecessary. I also doubt it would have worked, since Hawaii’s humidity is so high to begin with and evaporation would have been minimal. This leaves the last and most effective passive strategy, Natural Ventilation, which widened the comfort zone over the most data points. Unfortunately, when the activity levels are moved to a less sedentary state (second graph), none of these passive strategies quite cover the range and may have to be supplemented by a bit of active cooling.
SEDENTARY
MEDIUM
Psychrometric Chart
AH
Location: Honolulu, Hawaii - USA
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SELECTED DESIGN TECHNIQUES: 1. exposed mass + night-purge ventilation 2. natural ventilation
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SELECTED DESIGN TECHNIQUES: 1. exposed mass + night-purge ventilation 2. natural ventilation
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25
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10
5
Comfort
5
AH
Location: Honolulu, Hawaii - USA
© Weather Tool
© Weather Tool
DBT(°C)
Psychrometric Chart Frequency: 1st January to 31st December Weekday Times: 00:00-24:00 Hrs Weekend Times: 00:00-24:00 Hrs Barometric Pressure: 101.36 kPa
Frequency: 1st January to 31st December Weekday Times: 00:00-24:00 Hrs Weekend Times: 00:00-24:00 Hrs Barometric Pressure: 101.36 kPa
30
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50
5
Comfort
DBT(°C)
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10
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ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS
R R A D
Wind 3pm
PROJECT INTRO
Wind 9am
T E M P
CLIMATE DATA
Prevailing Winds Wind Frequency (Hrs) Location: Honolulu, Hawaii - USA (21.3°, -157.9°) 50 km/h
Date: 1st January - 31st December Time: 00:00 - 24:00
40 km/h
© Weather Tool
30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h
50 km/h
hrs 51+ 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 <5
30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h
50 km/h
6k
300
S
O
N
D
30 km/h 20 km/h
2k
100 A
40 km/h
10 km/h
4k
200
0k
0
30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h
50 km/h
hrs 50+ 44 40 34 30 25 20 15 10 <5
hrs 78+ 70 62 54 46 39 31 23 15 <7
40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h
April
DEGREE HOURS (Heating, Cooling and Solar)
8k
400
50 km/h 40 km/h
March
February
January
500
hrs 46+ 41 36 32 27 23 18 13 9 <4
40 km/h
1.05
50 km/h
hrs 83+ 74 66 58 49 41 33 24 16 <8
hrs 115+ 103 92 80 69 57 46 34 23 <11
40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h
50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h
50 km/h
hrs 132+ 118 105 92 79 66 52 39 26 <13
hrs 128+ 115 102 89 76 64 51 38 25 <12
40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h
S C H
J
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F
A
M
J
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A
S
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50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h
1
2
Optimum Orientation
Location: Honolulu, Hawaii - USA
345°
Orientation based on average daily incident radiation on a vertical surface. Underheated Stress: 0.0 Overheated Stress: 502.5 Compromise: 177.5°
330°
N kWh/m²
Best
2.40
© Weather Tool
315°
10 km/h
40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h
45°
2.10
20 km/h
50 km/h
Location: Honolulu, Hawaii - USA (21.3°, -157.9°)
Date: 1st January - 31st December Time: 00:00 - 24:00 © Weather Tool
Worst
30 km/h
50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h
50 km/h
hrs 65+ 58 52 45 39 32 26 19 13 <6
hrs 862+ 775 689 603 517 431 344 258 172 <86
hrs 43+ 38 34 30 25 21 17 12 8 <4
40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h
50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h
°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0
1.80 300°
60°
1.50 1.20 0.90
285°
Shows the degree hours one will need to heat (H) and cool (C) the buiding as well as ideal times for collecting solar (S) energy. The heating load is nil while the cooling load is quite high but also corresponds somewhat to peak PV times.
A monthly chart of prevailing winds shows a strong predominance of wind from the NorethEast. This constancy can be advantageous in collecting power through wind. 3 Optimum orientation for a building is shown at edges, yellow being the best and red the worst. You can see the red lines showing more heat/sun at the end of the day than in the earlier part, so buildings should, ideally, face slightly SE.
10 km/h
10 km/h
1
2
December
November
October
Wind Frequency (Hrs) 30°
2.70
hrs 113+ 101 90 79 67 56 45 33 22 <11
40 km/h
September
Prevailing Winds
15°
50 km/h
hrs 106+ 95 84 74 63 53 42 31 21 <10
August
July
June
May
D
Shows a comparison of prevailing winds with average wind temperate (red), humidity (green), and rainfall (black).
75°
0.60 0.30 270°
50 km/h
267.5°
40 km/h
255°
30 km/h
105°
20 km/h 10 km/h
240°
3 Avg. Daily Radiation at 177.0° Entire Year: 1.31 kWh/m² Underheated: 2.18 kWh/m² Overheated: 0.52 kWh/m²
Average Wind Temperatures
Wind Frequency (Hrs)
90°
% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5
50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h
mm 1.0+ 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 <0.1
10 km/h
120°
225°
135°
210°
150° 195°
Compromise: 177.5° 180°
165°
Annual Average Underheated Period Overheated Period
4 Average Relative Humidity
Average Rainfall (mm)
ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS
PROJECT INTRO
SEASONAL SHADOW STUDIES
SEASONAL
NOON
3 PM
6 PM
JUN 21
MAR 20
9 AM
DEC 22
DAILY SUNPATH
1.06
ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS
1.07
PROJECT INTRO
ANNUAL ROOF SOLAR EXPOSURE LEVELS INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION - Full Hourly Hr
Honolulu, Hawaii - USA
Hr 22
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20 12 18 16
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Jun
Jul
Aug
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INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION - Full Hourly Hr
12
W/m² INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION - Full Hourly Hr 1100
INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION - Full Hourly
22
Nov
18
18
16
16
14
14
08 12
12
10
10
06 08
08
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06
04 04
04
02
02 Jan
Hr 22 20
Feb
Mar
770
660
660
550
550
440
440
330
330
220
220
110
110
0
0
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
990
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Mar
Apr
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Jun
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770 660
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440
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330
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220
110
110
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0
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
770 660 550 440 330 220 110 0
Dec
Honolulu, Hawaii - USA
W/m² 1100
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
990 Dec
880
880
770
770
660
660
550
550
440
440
330
330
220
220
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110
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880
990
660
6
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W/m²
770
990
1100
1100
Feb
W/m²
Dec
Honolulu, Hawaii - USA
4
Jan
18
Mar
Apr
W/m² INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION - Full Hourly
18
Feb
Mar
880
Dec
Honolulu, Hawaii - USA
Feb
880
Hr 1100
5Jan
Jan
770
Jan
22
INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION - Full Hourly
990
W/m² INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION - Full Hourly
20
02
2
880
Hr 1100
3
W/m²
880
Dec
Honolulu, Hawaii - USA
20
10
990
Honolulu, Hawaii - USA
1100 Honolulu, Hawaii - USA
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
3 2
5 4
6 1
Dec
ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS
PROJECT INTRO
GLAZING STRATEGY + SECTION
1.08
solar panel roof SIP panel (plywood panel, EPS insulation, splines) utility chase edge beam drip edge wood slat finishing top plate wood slat screen glass curtain wall
structural beam
radiant floor with wod finishing floor SIP panel bottom plate perimeter joist exterior wood deck
18” concrete footing ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS
PASSIVE STRATEGIES
PASSIVE STRATEGIES
NATURAL VENTILATION
2.02
Privacy is controlled without interrupting windflow through the use of decorative perforated screens around the perimeter of the lot.
SECTION
The house itself is splt into three areas: Living, and 2 Sleeping rooms. This way, each area can control it’s ventilation separately. Since the predominant wind flow is from the north, the building is very openable on the north and south facades while the east and west facades are not operable. Specifically in the bedrooms, the east/west facades are blocked by the clostets to prevent low east/west sun from penetrating. (see dashed boxes)
Prevailing Winds Wind Frequency (Hrs)
345°
Location: Honolulu, Hawaii - USA (21.3°, -157.9°)
Date: 1st January - 31st December Time: 00:00 - 24:00
NORTH
50 km/h
hrs
15°
862+ 330°
© Weather Tool
Section A: This shows the wind flow if the entire house is open and utilzing the natural predominant wind flow of Hawaii, since it is quite consistent and pleasant. You cn also see that all facades of the actual building are glass and allow for maximum daylighting. Faces wither face north or are shaded. The roof planes are at the ideal angle for PV arrays.
30°
775 689
40 km/h 315°
603
45°
517 431
30 km/h
344 300°
60°
258 172
20 km/h
<86 285°
75°
10 km/h
WEST
EAST
255°
Section B: This shows the opportunity for using the stack effect by opening the clerestory windows if there isn’t enough natural wind flow to utilize.
105°
240°
120°
225°
135°
210°
150° 195°
SOUTH
165°
sliding panels perforated screen predominant wind flow optional flow
A
B
ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS
PASSIVE STRATEGIES
NATURAL VENTILATION - VASARI ANALYSIS
2.03
WIND ROSES The first wind rose shows data for the full year. You can see that NE and ENE are the predominant directions in general. By focusing the graph onto just summer and just winter, respectively, you can see that the wind direction is even more predominantly from the NE/ ENE direction n the summer months, which is ideal for capturing the constant wind. In winter, the variation allows the screens on the site ()which could be used as desiccant screens perhaps) to block, or at least lessen and dehumidify, the wind. WIND TUNNEL I did tests on both the house by itself and the full site. It is an interesting look, but quite buggy. The house was missing half of its walls and the full site wouldn’t let me pull the slice below 34.1 feet. I’m not quite sure what to make of these images yet.
HOUSE ONLY
FULL SITE
ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS
2.04
PASSIVE STRATEGIES
NORTH SUMMER SUN SHADING STUDY
concerned with low sun in the summer Stereographic Diagram
N
345°
Location: 21.3°, -157.9° Obj 182 Orientation: 0.0°, 0.0°
Obj 374 Orientation: 0.0°, 0.0°
30°
315°
VSA: 56.4°
45°
315°
1st Jul
18
5
50° 60°
17
6
70°
16
1st Sep
15
14
13
270° 1st Oct
80° 12
11
VSA: 51.2°
1st Jul
1st Jun 75° 1st May
7 9
10
18
1st Aug 285°
8
60°
17
6
70°
16 15
1st Apr
14
13
270° 1st Oct
90°
5
50°
1st Sep
80° 12
11
1st255° Nov
300°
9
10
75° 1st May
8
210°
Dotted lines: July-December.
180°
195°
Dotted lines: July-December.
270
20
240
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210
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180
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150
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120
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02 Feb
Mar
Apr
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Jun
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80° 12
11
9
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8
1st Apr 90°
105° 1st Feb
180°
1st Jan 120°
225°
135°
210°
Time: 06:30
150°
Date: 18th Jun (169)
195°
Dotted lines: July-December.
Honolulu, Hawaii - USA
Hr 22
270
20
240
18
210
16
180
14
150
12
120
10
90
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180°
165°
INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION - Full Hourly
W/m² 300
02 Jan
13
75° 1st May
240°
165°
INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION - Full Hourly
W/m² 300
22
14
1st Jun
7
1st Dec
150°
Date: 29th Jun (180)
Honolulu, Hawaii - USA
15
135°
210°
Time: 06:45
165°
INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION - Full Hourly
70°
16
1st255° Nov
120°
225°
Hr
6
1st Mar
1st Jan
240°
150° 195°
17
270° 1st Oct
105° 1st Feb
135°
Date: 1st Apr (91)
60°
1st Apr 90°
5
50°
1st Sep
1st Dec
120°
225°
18
1st Aug 285°
7
1st255° Nov
1st Jan
240°
1st Jul
1st Jun
60°
40°
1st Mar
105° 1st Feb
1st Dec
45°
20° 30°
60°
40°
1st Mar
Time: 12:00
315°
30° 300°
60°
40°
1st Aug 285°
30° 10°
HSA: 72.1° 45°
15°
330°
Sun Position: 72.1°, 20.9°
20°
30° 300°
Obj 183 Orientation: 0.0°, 0.0°
10°
N
345°
Location: 21.3°, -157.9° 30°
HSA: 73.0°
20°
Stereographic Diagram
15°
330°
Sun Position: 73.0°, 23.7°
10°
HSA: -160.0°
N
345°
Location: 21.3°, -157.9°
330°
Sun Position: -160.0°, 71.8° VSA: 107.2°
Stereographic Diagram
15°
Honolulu, Hawaii - USA
Hr
W/m² 300
22
270
20
240
18
210
16
180
14
150
12
120
10
90
08
60
06
30
04
0
02 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS
PASSIVE STRATEGIES
DAYLIGHTING STUDY - DIVA ANALYSIS
2.05
G
ANJun Park - Fall 2013 | Design Team: Tristan Bassingthwaighte - Stephanie Cass - Jeremy Mendoza - Noelle Yempuku ARCH 533 - Hyung
EAT
SL
LIGHTSHELF
VERTICAL FINS
Daylighting analysis in DIVA shows that the second option, vertical fins, is the most most ideal because it controls the direnct sinlught at sunset without substantially obstructing the view.
VERTICAL LOUVRES
LEED
P
EE
SLEEP
H
ILLUMINANCE ILLUMINANCE
LEED
a tent used as a dressing room by the sea
P O LO K A B A N A
LEED
sustainability with character
LEED »»
SUMMER SOLSTICE 6am
Wide roof plane for shading.
ILLUMINANCE
Tilted at optimum angle for solar panels and rainwater catchment.
»»
Screens add shade and texture.
»»
This analysis reveals areas that are not adequately lit, or are over lit, with yellow revealing compliance with LEED standards and red indicating that light levels are noncompliant. In terms of the SLEEP space, they are each alternately noncompliant in the early and late parts of the day. This is okay though, considering that warm bright light is welcome for this type of occupancy. The EAT HANG space, on the other hand, exhibits complete compliance at all hours except for late during the summer solstice. And of the three alternatives, both the vertical fins and the vertical louvres effectively cut half of the brightness at that time.
ILLUMINANCE
LEED
Tall, north-facing clerestory windows allow lots of north light. SUMMER SOLSTICE 6pm
All systems (kitchen, bathroom, mech room, house biometrics) are packed into a single, shippable core. Panelized system comes in uniform 4’ lengths for easy shipping and assembly.
ILLUMINANCE
LEED
Vertical screens lend privacy.
WINTER SOLSTICE 12 noon
ILLUMINANCE - This analysis calculates the specific light level on a grid of points in the occupied spaces. Blue shows low light levels, yellow higher, and red highest. - In this analysis, one can see that equinox light levels are quite high in the south facing SLEEP spaces. This is awesome! It is also quite low during the late summer solstice hours. Yay! And most importantly, even during the dead of winter, some sunlight warms the SLEEP rooms. Even better! - As for the EAT HANG space, the vertical louvres brought the light levels down too much. It also obstructs visibility in a space that is meant to feel open and light. Thus, the vertical fins win!
OVERVIEW »» The main space for analysis and redesign in order to achieve even light levels is the “EAT HANG” living room space of this little house. We’re primarily concerned with the low sun angles during summer solstice which may heat and brighten the space uncomfortably. »» The sleep spaces are included in the analysis, but have different requirements since warmth and direct sunlight are actually appreciated. The main hours of occupation are also usually night time. »» And generally, as a residence, the hours of occupation and comfortable light levels and glare are going to have more flexibility than a work space.
EQUINOX 3pm
LEED - This analysis reveals areas that are not adequately lit, or are over lit, with yellow revealing compliance with LEED standards and red indicating that light levels are noncompliant. - In terms of the SLEEP space, they are each alternately noncompliant in the early and late parts of the day. This is okay though, considering that warm bright light is welcome for this type of occupancy. - The EAT HANG space, on the other hand, exhibits complete compliance at all hours except for late during the summer solstice. And of the three alternatives, both the vertical fins and the vertical louvres effectively cut half of the brightness at that time.
EQUINOX 9am
OVERVIEW - The main space for analysis and redesign in order to achieve even light levels is the “EAT HANG” living room space of this little house. We’re primarily concerned with the low sun angles during summer solstice which may heat and brighten the space uncomfortably. - The sleep spaces are included in the analysis, but have different requirements since warmth and direct are hawai’ian wordsunlight for froggie actually appreciated. The main hours of occupation are also usually night time. - And generally, as a residence, the hours of occupation and comfortable light levels and glare are going to have more flexibility than a work space.
Greywater and blackwater are filtered through site plantings. Orientation opens to community courtyard.
Psychrometric Chart
AH
Location: Honolulu, Hawaii - USA
Data Points: 1st January to 31st December Weekday Times: 00:00-24:00 Hrs Weekend Times: 00:00-24:00 Hrs Barometric Pressure: 101.36 kPa © Weather Tool
30
SELECTED DESIGN TECHNIQUES: 1. passive solar heating 2. natural ventilation
25
20
15
10
5
Comfort
DBT(°C)
5
10
15
20
25
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35
40
45
POLOKABANAhouse stephanie cass
50
ILLUMINANCE »» This analysis calculates the specific light level on a grid of points in the occupied spaces. Blue shows low light levels, yellow higher, and red highest. »» In this analysis, one can see that equinox light levels are quite high in the south facing SLEEP spaces. This is awesome! It is also quite low during the late summer solstice hours. Yay! And most importantly, even during the dead of winter, some sunlight warms the SLEEP rooms. Even better! »» As for the EAT HANG space, the vertical louvres brought the light levels down too much. It also obstructs visibility in a space that is meant to feel open and light. Thus, the vertical fins win!
120000 100000 80000
22%
60000
Totals Fall
46%
40000
Totals Summer Totals Spring Totals Winter
20000 0 No Shading
Lightshelf
Vertical Fins
Vertical Louvres
ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS
ACTIVE STRATEGIES
ACTIVE STRATEGIES
WIND ENERGY: HUMDINGER FENCE
3.02
HUMDINGER DATA:
Prevailing Winds Wind Frequency (Hrs)
345°
Location: Honolulu, Hawaii - USA (21.3°, -157.9°)
Date: 1st January - 31st December Time: 00:00 - 24:00
NORTH
50 km/h
1-meter x 1 meter x 5cm 7.2kWh* AC converted into 24/48VDC per Panel None
Yearly Energy: Total (48 panels):
86.4kWh/yr 4147.2kWh/yr
hrs
15°
862+ 30°
330°
© Weather Tool
Size: Monthly Energy: Conditioning: Gearing:
775 689
40 km/h
603
45°
315°
*In 6m/s average windspeed conditions, projected based on lab data
517 431
30 km/h
344 60°
300°
258 172
20 km/h
<86 75°
285°
10 km/h
WEST
WIND DATA:
EAST
255°
105°
240°
120°
225°
135°
210°
- winds are constant year round, with relatively constant velocity - primarily from the NE direction, although humdinger wind screens can operate at less than optimal wind angles and are bi-directional
150° 195°
SOUTH
165°
sliding panels perforated screen predominant wind flow optional flow
ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS
ACTIVE STRATEGIES
WIND ENERGY: HUMDINGER FENCE
3.03
Humdinger Array
inverter
utility meter
distribution through floor & excess into microgrid (for this block/ neighborhood only)
ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS
ACTIVE STRATEGIES
SOLAR ENERGY: PV ARRAY
INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION - Full Hourly
Honolulu, Hawaii - USA
INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION - Full Hourly
Hr
Hr 22
1
22
22
20
20
18
18
16
16
14
14
20 12 18 16
10
08
08
06
06
04
04
02
02 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION - Full Hourly Hr
10
12
10
14 12
INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION - Full Hourly W/m² Hr 1100
22
Nov
18
18
16
16
14
14
08 12
12
10
10
06 08
08
06
06
04 04
04
02
02
Hr 22 20
Feb
Mar
770
660
660
550
550
440
440
330
330
220
220
110
110
0
0
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
990
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
22 20
16
16
14
14
12
12
10
10
08
08
06
06
04
04
02
02 Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
770 660
550
550
440
440
330
330
220
220
110
110
0
0
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
- solar gain is constant year round, minus short rainy periods - optimum angle: 23˚ (same as roof tilt) - utilising both pv arrays, for electricity, and solar thermal panels, to account for hot water and infloor water heating - peak hours: 7 (10am to 5pm, see #1)
770 660 550 440
• 24 modules with an STC of 215 watts per module • 7 peak sun hours assumed for the location • 0.77 derate factor • 24 x 215 = 5160 watts • 5160 / 1000 = 5.16 kW (kilowatts) STC output of total array • 5.16 x 7 hrs. = 36.12 kWh • 36.12 x 0.77= 27.81 kWh/day approximate daily average annual output of PV array • 27.81 x 30 = 556.248 kWh/mo approximate monthly average annual output of PV array • 27.81 x 365 = 10151.53 kWh/yr approximate monthly average annual output of PV array
330 220 110 0
Dec
Honolulu, Hawaii - USA
W/m² 1100
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
990 Dec
880
880
770
770
660
660
550
550
440
440
330
330
220
220
110
110
0
0
Jan
SOLAR DATA:
880
990
660
6
990
W/m²
770
990
1100
1100
Feb
W/m²
Dec
Honolulu, Hawaii - USA
4
Jan
18
Mar
Apr
W/m² INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION - Full Hourly
18
Feb
Mar
880
Dec
Honolulu, Hawaii - USA
Feb
880
Hr 1100
5Jan
Jan
770
Jan
20
Jan
990
INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION - Full Hourly W/m²
22
INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION - Full Hourly
2
880
Hr 1100
3
W/m²
1100 - USA Honolulu, Hawaii
880
Dec
Honolulu, Hawaii - USA
20
02
990
Honolulu, Hawaii - USA
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
3.04
3 2
5 4
6 1
Dec
ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS
ACTIVE STRATEGIES
SOLAR ENERGY: PV ARRAY
3.05
PV Array (24) Solar Thermal Panels (6)
inverter
utility meter
distribution through floor & excess into microgrid (for this block/ neighborhood only)
water tank with integrated boiler
to bathroom/kitchen and radiant floor
ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS
ACTIVE STRATEGIES
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY: THE BLOOM BOX BLOOM BOX DATA: - 2 cubes can power the typical american house (this one may need far less) - the cubes recquire the box (below) but can be 1/4th as big for a residential setting - benefits: entirely off-grid energy generation, utilizes sustinable fuel sources such as biofuel or natural gas etc, small area needed - detractors: experimental, meaning high cost (~$3000 per residential installation) and untested reliability, unknown embodied energy - just an experimental back-up energy generator in this scheme... way too expensive for reality
3.06
Parameter Name Value Unit / description Fuel (natural gas) flow rate for 200 kW Bloom Energy Server 1.32 MMBtu/hr Fuel energy in rate in kW (1 MMBTU/hr CH4 = 293 kW) 386.76 kW Fuel cost $3.96 per hour Electric output rate 200 kW System efficiency natural gas -> electricity 52% % conversion of natural gas to electrical Electricity cost $0.10 per kWh Electricity produced revenue $20.00 per hour CO2 produced 773 lb/MWh Run cost savings per bloom box (electricity revenue less fuel cost) $16.04 per hour Cost savings per year assuming 24X7 full load operation $140,510.40 per year Capital cost (estimated minimum cost after projected reductions) $800,000.00 for each 200 kW unit Annual maintenance / operation cost 6% as a fraction of capital cost, per year Cost savings after maintenance costs $92,510.40 per year Break even period 8.6 years
ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS
ACTIVE STRATEGIES
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY: THE BLOOM BOX
3.07
Bloom Box Unit
utility meter
distribution through floor & excess into microgrid (for this block/ neighborhood only)
box contains: - fuel cell cube - fuel storage (vegetable oil?) - inverter
ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS
ACTIVE STRATEGIES
HVAC: HIGH VELOCITY DUCTING OPTION
3.08
distrubution duct
return duct compressor
boiler AHU & heat exchanger
circulation in space
high velocity ducting (2” di.)
crawlspace exhaust
ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS
ACTIVE STRATEGIES
ENERGY USE + RENEWABLE SOURCES
3.09
Estimate your building’s annual energy use. estimated energy use intensity (kWh/year)* 7380 kWh/year Estimate the output from your renewable energy system (see green studio handbook or lecture), in kWh/year. (see above for calcs) Wind: 4147.2 kWh/yr Solar: 10151.53 kWh/yr Bloom Box: 33.4 million kWh/yr** % of your building’s annual energy use which can be supplied by your renewable energy system Wind: 56.2% Solar: 138% Bloom Box: 452575% All: 452768%
*http://www.hawaiienergy.com/get-the-facts, typical hawaii household, couldn’t find number in relation to SF **once again, super not viable in terms of cost (~$4000 initial cost after subsidies + fuel cost), but hey... just wanted to test it out ^_^
ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
LAYOUT
4.02
in-floor lighting strips for wayfinding decorative lighting accent lighting site lighting photocells indoor lighting photocells
ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS
WATER
WATER
WATER CATCHMENT ZONES
5.02
LANDSCAPE HARDSCAPE RAIN CATCHMENT GREY WATER FILTRATION
ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS
WATER
USE vs. SUPPLY COMPARISON
5.03
8000 7000 6000
Dear Client, Based on the graphs which compare the volume of water used (on average) with the volume of rainfall that can be captured on site, you can see that the supply far outweighs the demand for most months of the year. These demand of these few months may be need to be met through onsite water storage tanks, sized to store water from previous months. The alternatives include tapping into local municipal water sources or perhaps borrowing from water gathered from neighbors or in the neighborhood and filtertreated. If you would be willing to consider investing in a more thorough filtration system, we wil be able to utilize the excess water gather in the landscape areas and recycle all of this water. I would encourage you to make this decision based on principle, rather than cost. Thank You!
5000 4000
Demand - Grey Demand - Potable (gals)
3000
Catchment - Filtered Hardscape (gals) Catchment - Roof (gals)
2000 1000 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC -1000 -2000
350 300 250 200 150
Irrigation Demand (gal)
100
Rainfall - Landscape (gal)
50 0 -50
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
-100
ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS
WATER
CYCLE OF WATER Living Machine Filtration: medium scale water treatment on site filter water for the neighborhood
5.04
Wetlands: marsh/reed bed portion of living machine structure bleeds into the community green space Reeds (BioFilter) Digital Interface (Meters + Controls) Potable Water Storage
Community Space: a space for everyone Garden + Patio: personal space, designed with a vegetable/herb garden
Greywater Overflow Storage
Kitchen + Living: faces herb garden and community green, supplied water through personal potable water storage tank
Rainwater
Wetroom: ADA accessible, uses minimal fixtures for low obstruction of space; also low flow pixtures control water usage Small Scale Filter: prefilters rainwater for overflow storage LivingMachine Filtration
Wetlands
Community Space
Garden + Patio
Kitchen + Living
Corridor + Building Interface
Corridor + Building Interface: this is where you can see metrics on your building and the entire neighborhood! see weather data, water use, water supply, energy use, etc
Wetroom
Small Scale Filter + Garden
Road
ARCH 525 • PROFESSOR WENDY MEGURO • ENVIRONMNMENTAL SYSTEMS • STEPHANIE CASS