Traditional rivalry between Sydney and Melbourne

Following the 2021 census, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) changed Melbourne's Significant Urban Area (SUA) to include the district of Melton on its western fringe The redrawing of lines boosted its SUA population to 4,875,400 in June 2021, 18,700 more than Sydney, whose SUA population stood at 4,856,700

Was Melbourne always going to grow faster than Sydney ?

This boundary shift means Melbourne's SUA population actually took over Sydney's in 2018, however, the population of Greater Sydney, which also includes the Central Coast and Blue Mountains, remains 283,600 larger than Greater Melbourne (pop 4,976,200) at 5,259,800 people

So why has Melbourne's population grown so fast, will it stay that way, and how will it affect rivalry between the two cities?

Migrants from overseas flocking to Melbourne's west

The ABS uses various methods to calculate a Significant Urban Area (SUA), one classification being that it represents an urban centre housing more than 10,000 residents. “What's happened with the 2021 census is Melbourne's main suburban area and also Melton, which is a growth centre in the west of Melbourne, have actually combined to form one continuous population centre, and that's now higher than in Sydney,” ABS demographer Andrew Howe told SBS News

While Sydney has welcomed around half a million more migrants than Melbourne over the last decade, according to the ABS, the Victorian capital has attracted a high proportion of migrants from India, who have swelled its western fringes, says Dr Bob Birrell, head of the Australian Population Research Institute

“Overseas migrants are the main component of population growth in the west of Melbourne, and the major source of migration now is the Indian subcontinent,” he told SBS News “They tend to come to Melbourne because it has a higher proportion of Indian immigrants than Sydney does Once you have a particular national cultural base, there's a flow-on effect ”

Melbourne has also welcomed large quantities of Indian students, many of whom tend to settle in the city, professor of demography at the University of Melbourne Peter McDonald told SBS News. “Students from the subcontinent are often keen to become permanent residents So that then provides a stream from international migrations into permanent migration.”

Less people leaving Melbourne

In terms of Melbourne's overall SUA population growth overtaking Sydney's, experts attribute it to more people choosing to leave Sydney for other parts of Australia than those choosing to leave Melbourne

“Over the last 10 years, Melbourne had a net change of around zero, so around the same number of people have moved in as have moved out , ” explained Mr Howe.

“However, for Sydney, we've had over 200,000 more people move out than move in Sydney loses significantly more people to the rest of Australia compared to Melbourne.”

The reasons? Chiefly housing cost, transport and infrastructure Sydney has historically lost many young families, most likely related to housing affordability, Professor McDonald says “Sydney has a long history of losing people to Queensland It fluctuates quite a lot but at the moment, there's quite a big move going on from Sydney to Queensland and they're not older residents, they're mainly younger families

“Melbourne hasn't had quite the same situation PreCOVID, Melbourne was drawing people in net terms from every state and territory in Australia People left during COVID for obvious reasons and it remains to be seen to what extent that movement of people coming to Melbourne will continue.”

“It's easier to get around Melbourne than it is in Sydney,” Professor McDonald added. “The streets are wider and the traffic situation is not nearly as bad as it is in Sydney And there are trams as well Though Sydney probably has better rail because it's got more cross Sydney rail lines ” Dr Birrell from the Australian Population Research Institute agrees housing costs are the main factor, partly because a vast amount of land has been allocated to Melbourne's suburban expansion, while Sydney's urban sprawl is more geographically restricted by the ocean to the east, the Blue Mountains to the west, and major rivers

“Housing costs in Melbourne are so much cheaper than Sydney and that's because the frontier for migration continues to be expanded and is spreading primarily out to the west and north but also to the southeast

“In Sydney, the suburban frontier has been restricted and as a result, housing costs on the fringes in Sydney are many times greater than they are in Melbourne. In Sydney, housing costs have been such that there's been a much greater exodus of existing residents,” he said

The median property price in Sydney in March 2023 was $994,000 while in Melbourne it was $789,000, according to REA data Rent in Melbourne is also significantly lower. The average rent in Sydney in April is $779; in Melbourne it's $576, according to SQM Research

Will the trend continue? It's hard to say, Dr Birrell says While he believes the Victorian government is providing for greater population expansion on the city fringe that is happening in Sydney, and housing costs, particularly on the fringe, tend to be much lower in Melbourne, it's hard for cities to cope with rapid population growth

“There are all sorts of cost problems in providing the infrastructure and housing to all these people on the fringe.” He said rising housing costs have also seen more people leave Melbourne since the pandemic, a trend that may or may not reverse

“Housing costs are not at Sydney's level but they've grown rapidly in Melbourne and that has encouraged a much greater exodus from Melbourne than was the case prior to the pandemic.”