The Waterfront: November by Waterfront

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Bl a c kLi v e sMa t t e r He l l oa g a i n , we ’ r ee c s t a t i ct ob e b r i n g i n gy o ua n o t h e re d i t i o no f Th eWa t e r f r o n tt h i smo n t h . No v e mb e r ’ se d i t i o nwi l lb e c e l e b r a t i n gt h eBl a c kLi v e s Ma t t e rmo v e me n ta n d r e c o g n i s i n gBl a c kf i g u r e st h a t h a v ec h a n g e dt h ewo r l d . We h o p et h a ti ne v e r ye d i t i o nwe p u b l i s h , o u rwr i t i n gr e ma i n s i n c l u s i v ea n dd i v e r s e . Bl a c k Li v e sMa t t e ri s n ’ tama t t e rj u s t f o ro n emo n t ha n dwewi l l c o n t i n u et oa d d r e s si s u e sf a c i n g Bl a c kc o mmu n i t i e sa n d h o n o u r i n gt h o s ewh oh a v e ma d ead i f f e r e n c en oma t t e r wh a tmo n t hi ti s . Th eWa t e r f r o n th a ss u c ha g i f t e d , a mb i t i o u sa n dc r e a t i v e l y i n f e c t i o u st e a mt h i sy e a r , y o u c a ns e eo nt h ep a g eo v e r , a n d weh o p et of u r t h e rr e p r e s e n ty o u i no u rs t u d e n tp a p e r . Weh a v e p i c k e ds o men e wa d d i t i o n st o o u re d i t o r o a lt e a mf r o ml a s t mo n t ha n dt h e yh a v ea l r e a d y wr i t t e ns o mee n g a g i n ga n d s o p h i s t i c a t e da r t i c l e st h a tIc a n ’ t wa i tf o ry o ut or e a d .

I nl i g h to ft h i s , wek n o wh a v ea Ge n d e rs e c t i o nwh i c hwi l lb ea p l a t f o r mf o rr a i s i n gs o c i a la n d p o l i t i c a li s s u e sf o rb o t hwo me n a n dme n , a n do t h e rg e n d e r s . No wmo r et h a ne v e r , t h e r ei sa p e r s i s t e n ts t r e a mo fg e n d e r r e l a t e dn e wsa n di n f o r ma t i o nu n f o r t u n a t e l y , i ti smo s t l y n e g a t i v e-a n dwea i mt ok e e p t ok e e py o ui n f o r me da n do f f e r s o mer e a s s u r a n c et ha tt i me sa r e c h a n g i n g , e v e ni fi t ’ ss l o we r t h a nwe ’ dl i k e . Th eGe n d e rs e c t i o ni sas a f e p l a t f o r m, s owewo u l dl o v ef o r a n y o n et owr i t ea b o u ta n y t h i n g t h a th a sa f f e c t e dt h e mt h a t ’ s g e n d e rr e l a t e d . If o r me dt h e s e c t i o nt op r i ma r i l yd i s c u s s f e mi n i s ma n di s s u e sf a c i n g wo me n , b u tt h es c o p eo fg e n d e r i ss ov a s ta n dwe ’ dl o v et oh e a r y o u re x p e r i e n c e s ,y ou rv o i c eo n a n y t h i n gy o u ’ db ec o mf o r t a b l e s h a r i n gwi t hu sa n dt h es t u d e n t s a tSwa n s e aUn i v e r s i t y . Th e mo r ewed i s c u s sd i f f i c u l tt o p i c s o fv i o l e n c ea g a i n s two me n , t r a n s r i g h t sa n dt o x i c ma s c u l i ni t yt h eb e t t e r .

Asaf i n a lwo r d , I ’ dl i k et o t h a n ke v e r y o n ewh or e a dl a s t mo n t h sRe f r e s h e r se d i t i o n ;we h o p e dy o ua l le n j o y e dr e a d i n g e v e r yp a g ea smu c ha swe e n j o y e dwr i t i n gi t . I fy o u ’ dl i k et ob e c o mea n e d i t o ro fas e c t i o n , o rh a v eo n e i nmi n dt h a twed o n ’ ta l r e a d y h a v eo rj u s twa n tt owr i t e s o me t h i n go n eo f f , a n y o n ei s mo r et h a nwe l c o met o . We ’ d l o v ef o ry o ut oj o i nTh e Wa t e r f r o n tt e a m!Ge ti nt o u c h wi t hu st h r o u g hmye ma i l wa t e r f r o n t e d i t o r @s wa n s e a s t u d e n t me d i a . c o mo rt h r o u g ho u r s o c i a lme d i ap l a t f o r ms ;we ’ r e o nFa c e b o o ka n dI n s t a g r a m. We ’ r eh e r et oma k ead i f f e r e n c e a n dh a v ef u nwh i l ewed o , s o wh a ta r ey o uwa i t i n gf o r ?

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So phi ei sat hi r dye a rEngl i s hLi t e r a t ur es t ude nta tSwa ns e aUni ve r s i t ya ndpl a nst os t udy f ora nMAa ndPhDi nhe rs ubj e c t-a s pi r i ngt o beabe s t s e l l i nga ut hora nda c a de mi c .I nhe r s pa r et i me ,s he ’ spe r pe t ua l l yr e r e a di ng ol d c l a s s i c sa ndf i ndi ngpl e a s ur ea nds pe l l i ngmi s t a ke si npubl i s he dbooks .Ot he ri nt e r e s t sof he r si nc l udewr i t i ngpoe t r y ,c i ne ma t ogr a phy a ndge nde rs t udi e s .

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Ca nde l ai sas e c ondye a rJ our na l i s m,Me di a , a ndCommuni c a t i ons t ude nt .Shei spa s s i ona t e a bou ts por t s ,wr i t i ng,a nds oc i a lme di a .Sh ei s t hes oc i e t ye di t orf ort hi sye a r ,a nds hec a n´ t wa i tt os ha r ewi t hyoue ve r yt hi nga bouts oc i e t i e s .Ca nde l awa nt st ohe l pyouf i ndoutne w pa s s i onsa nde nc our a geyout ot r yne wt hi ngs .

Dor ot ai sas e c ondye a rBi oc he mi s t r ya ndGe ne t i c ss t ude nt .The yl ovedogs ,bi r ds ,pl a nt s , ve ga ns t r a wbe r r yi c e c r e a m,a ndna t ur e .The y t r yt of i l lt he i rt i mevol unt e e r i nga ndr e a di ng nonf i c t i onbooks( s c i e nc e f i c t i oni sf i net oo! ) . I nt hef or e s e e a bl ef ut ur e ,t he ywa ntt obe c ome ane ur os c i e nt i s t .I nt he i rf r e et i me ,t he yl ove huggi ng. J a mi ei st hea dvi c ee di t orf orWa t e r f r ontSwa ns e aSt ude ntMe di a .Hei sat hi r dye a rEngl i s h Li t e r a t ur ewi t hCr e a t i veWr i t i ngs t ud e ntf r om a rNe wpor twho e nj oyswr i t i ng,ga mi ng I oa nGr uf f yddi sat hi r dye a rhi s t or ys t ude nt ne m a k i n g m u s i c a n d m a k i n g v i d e o c o n t e n t f or a ndt h ec ha i roft hel oc a lbr a nc hofPl a i dI f a nc . T i k t o k . I f a n y o n e w o u l d l i k e t o e m a i l t o a s k f or Hei spa s s i ona t ea bout l i t e r a t ur ea ndpoe t r ya nd p a r t i c u l a r t o p i c s f o r a d v i c e f o r h i s c o l u m n , y o u e nj oysc ooki nga swe l l a ss i ngi ng.Ass ome one c a n e m a i l w a t e r f r o n t a d v i c e @s w a n s e a s t u d e n t whoha sADHD a ndi sga ya ndge nde r f l ui d, m e d i a . c o m a n d y o u r q u e s t i o n m a y j u s t e n d u p I oa ni se nj oyswr i t i ng a boutdi s a bi l i t ya nd noneofhi sa r t i c l e s . LGBT i s s ue sa swe l la sWa l e sa ndbr oa de r i s oc i a li s s ue sa sar e s ol ut es oc i a l i s t .Hei sa l s o t hec ha i roft heSwa ns e aEa s tbr a nc hofPl a i d Luc yi st hef oode di t orf orTheWa t e r f r ontt hi s Cymr u. ye a ra ndi sc ur r e nt l yi nhe rf i na lye a rdoi n ga Ba c he l orofAr ti nMe di aa ndCommuni c a t i ons a t S w a n s e a U n i v e r s i t y . S h e w o r k s a s a B a r i s t a Me gi sat hi r dye a rMe di aa ndCommun i c a t i on m a k i n g a l l k i n d s o f c o f f e e d r i n k s t o p e r f e c t i o n St ude na nda i mst obeas c r e e nwr i t e r .Shes t i l l os t a r t pe opl e ’ smor ni ngswhi c hi she rpa s s i on. pl a ysSkyr i me ve nt houghi twa si ni t i a l l yr e - t O t h e r t h a n t h a t , L u c y s p e n d s h e r f r e e t i me l e a s e d10ye a r sa go,i sa na vi dl ove rofThe c o o k i n g ; s h e f i n d s i t s u p e r r e l a x i n g a n d a r e a l l y Mi ght yBoos ha ndhe rf a vour i t ec ome di a ni s g r e a t w a y t o r e c h a r g e ! T h i s y e a r L u c y p l a n s o n BoBur nha ms ot hea l bum ' I ns i de( TheSo ngs ) ' g i v i n g a l l t h e h i n t s a n d t i p s t o n o t j u s t d e l i c i o u s i sc ons t a nt l ys wi r l i ngi nhe rhe a d.And,t ha t f o o d t h a t ’ s a f f o r d a b l e b u t a l s o r e f r e s h i n g d r i n k t e l l syoue ve r yt hi nga boutt hei nne rwor k i ngs i de a sf ora nys e a s on! ” ofhe rbr a i n.

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Ma ks i mSmyc ha gi nwa sbor ni nRus s i ai n1999 Me ga ni spa r toft hee di t or i a lt e a m.Shei sa a n d i n 2 0 1 1 i m m i g r a t e d t o R e p u b l i c o f C ypr us . f r e s he rdoi ngEngl i s hl i t e r a t ur ea ndc r e a t i ve I n 2 0 1 8 h e s e c u r e d a p l a c e a t S w a n s e a U n i v e r wr i t i ng.Shel ove st or e a da ndpr e f e r sbooksi n s i t yo nEEe ngi ne e r i ngc our s e .Hi shobbi e si nt hef a nt a s ya nds c i f ige nr e s . c l ude :c odi ng,t he a t r i c a lpe r f or ma nc e ,wr i t i ng.

S o p h i aS we l l s

So phi ai st hewe l l be i nge di t ora nds he ’ si nhe r f i na lye a rs t udyi ng Ps yc hol ogy a tSwa ns e a . Sh ee nj oysc ooki nga ndba ki nga ndc a nof t e n bef ounde xpl or i ngt hebe a c he sa r oundSwa ns e aa ndMumbl e s .Sophi ahope st opr ovi de us e f ula dvi c ea ndt i psonhow t os t a ypos i t i ve a nds uppor tahe a l t hya nde nj oya bl el i f e s t yl e whi l s ta tuni ve r s i t y .

Mo r g a nGu e s s Wi l l i a ms

Mor ga ni sas e c ondye a rMe di aa ndCommuni c a t i onss t ude nthe r ei nSwa ns e aa ndhed r e a ms oneda yt obeaj our na l i s t–e i t he ri npol i t i c a lor i nve s t i ga t i vej our na l i s m. Mor ga nl ov e st owr i t e s t or i e st oi nf or m,e duc a t ea ndi nt e r e s tot he r s ; s t or i e st ha tge tpe opl et a l ki ng. He ’ sa l s oal ove r ofvi de oga me sa ndf i l mt oo.

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Re be c c ai sat hi r dye a rGe ogr a phys t ude nta ka t hec ol our i ngi nma s t e roft hegr oup.Shes pe c i f i c a l l ys t udi e shuma nGe ogr a phy ,butdon’ t a s khe rwha tt ha tme a nsbe c a us es he ’ ss t i l lnot e nt i r e l ys ur e .Shel i ke sr e a di ng( not hi ngove r 400pa ge s )a ndwa t c hi ngmovi e sa ndr e c kons s hec oul dgi veMe gar unf orhe rmone ywhe n i tc ome st oc r i t i qui ngt he m,butf ornows he ’ l l s t i c kt hebe i ngt hec ul t ur ee di t or .

Ni s h aE d mu n d s

Ni s hai saSwa ns e aUni ve r s i t yPos t Gr a dua t e c ur r e nt l yunde r t a ki nghe rMAi nI nt e r n a t i ona l J our na l i s m. Wi t hs pe c i a li nt e r e s t spe r t a i ni ngt o PRa ndbr a ndi ng, s hea s pi r e st owor kwi t hi nt h e f a s hi o ni ndus t r y .Cur r e nt l ya ni nt e r nf orTa i wa ne s ebr a ndRa yChu, s heha sc ompr e he ns i ve knowl e dgeoft hec ur r e ntmove me nt swi t hi n gl oba lf a s hi oni ndus t r i e sa ndc a nwr i t ee xt e ns i ve l yonha ut ec out ur e .Thej oyofdr e s s i ngi n i t s e l fi sa na r tf or m,a nds hehope st os ha r et hi s wi t hyoudur i nghe rt i mea saf a s hi one di t or .

Dy l a nP a r r y

Dyl a nPa r r y;pa r tt i me3r dye a rEngLi ta nd Cr e a t i veWr i t i ngs t ude nt ,f ul lt i mepr oc r a s t i na t ora ndge ne r a lc a f f e i nee nt hus i a s t .

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Fe l i c i t yi saf our t hye a rs t ude nte xpl or i ngdi s a bi l i t yhi s t or y .The ya r eat r us t e ea tDi s c ove r y a nds t ude ntpr oj e c tc oor di na t orf orConne c t whi c hof f e r spe e r t ope e ra ndgr oups uppor tt o pr omot es t ude ntwe l l be i ng.The ya r epa s s i ona t ea boutLGBTQI A+,Di s a bi l i t yRi ght sa nd Cl i ma t eCha nge , whe nnote nga ge di na c t i vi s m t he ye nj oyf a l l i ngdownr a bbi thol e sonNe t f l i x a ndDunge onsa ndDr a gons .

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b e r t Br a d f o r dwa st h eUl s t e rUn i o n tt h et i meo fwr i t i n gt h i s ,i th a sb e e n Ro s tMPf o rBe l f a s tSo u t hwh e nh ewa s a f e wd a yss i n c et h eb r u t a l s t a b b i n go fi u n n e dd o wnb yI RAg u n me no n1 4 t h Si rDa v i dAme s s ,wh owa ss t a b b e dg v e mb e r1 9 8 1 wh i l s ta t t e n d i n ga mu l t i p l et i me swh i l s tc o n d u c t i n ga No o n s t i t u e nc ys u r g e r yi nac o mmu n i t y c o n s t i t u e nc y s u r g e r y a t Be l f a i r sc e n t r ei nSo u t hBe l f a s t .Th ea t t a c k e r s Me t h o d i s tCh u r c hi nLe i g h On Se a ,c p o s e da sp a i n t e r sa n dr a i s e dn os u s p i Es s e x . i o n ,u n t i lo n eo ft h eg u n me no p e n e d Ame s swa st h eTo r yMPf o rSo u t h e n dWe s t , c i r e o n Ke n n e t h Ca mp b e l l , a wh oh a dp r e v i o u s l yb e e nt h eMPf o rBa s i l d o n f 9 y e a r o l dc a r e t a k e r .Hi swi f el a t e r f r o m 1 9 8 3 ,b e f o r er e p r e s e n t i n g So u t h e n d 2 s p o k e o f h e r h u s b a n d ’ s k i l l e r s , w h i c h We s tf r o m1 9 9 7 .Heh a ds e r v e da sa nMPf o r r en e v e rc a u g h t , t h a t“ Th eLo r dwi l l 3 8y e a r s . Hewa sav o c a lv o i c eo ft h et o wnh e we e a l wi t ht h e mi nh i so wng o o dt i me . I t h a dr e p r e s e n t e d ,p a r t i c u l a r l yi nal o n g r u n - d i s n o t f o r m e t o s p e a k o f t h a t . ” n i n gc a mp a i g nt o ma k e So u t h e n d ac i t y , g a rGr a h a m wa sa nUl s t e rUn i o n i s t wh i c hh a sn o wb e e ng i v e nc i t ys t a t u si n Ed me mb e ro ft h e1 9 8 2No r t h e r nI r e l a n d h o n o u ro fAme s s . s e mb l yf o rSo u t hBe l f a s twh e nh e Wha ti se v e nmo r ee e r i ea b o u tt h i si n c i d e n ti s As w a s s h o t d e a d b y t w o I R A g u n m e n o n t h a t Ame s sk n e wh o wmu c hMPswe r eu n d e r c e mb e r7 t h ,1 9 8 3 ,a tQu e e n ’ sUn i t h r e a t . Wr i t i n gi nh i sme mo i r , ‘ Ay e sa n dEa r s : De v e r s i t y , B e l f a s t . A Su r v i v o r ’ sGu i d et oWe s t mi n s t e r ’ ,Ame s s e x p r e s s e dh i sc o n c e r n sa r o u n dt h es a f e t yo f MPs , p a r t i c u l a r l ya f t e rt h emu r d e ro fJ oCo x :

Fo r t u n a t e l y ,we wo u l dn o ts e et h e d e a t ho fMPsf o rq u i t es o met i me , h o we v e rt h a td o e s n ’ tme a nt os a yt h a t t h e ywe r en o ts u b j e c tt ob r u t a la t t a c k s . I n2 0 0 0 , Li bDe mMPNi g e lJ o n e sn a r r o wl ye s c a p e dd e a t ha f t e rh ewa sa t t a c k e db y a ma n ,Ro b e r tAs h ma n , wi e l d i n gak a t a n as wo r dd u r i n gac o n s t i t u e n c ys u r g e r yi nCh e l t e n h a m. J o n e s s u r v i v e dwi t hh o r r e n d o u si n j u r i e st o h i sh a n d ,f o rwh i c hh en e e d e d5 7 s t i t c h e sf o r ,b u tu n f o r t u n a t e l yh i sa i d e , An d r e w Pe n n i n g t o n ,t r a g i c a l l yd i e d d u r i n gt h ea t t a c k . La b o u rMPSt e p h e nTi mmswa st h e v i c t i mo fav i c i o u sa t t a c ko nMa y1 0 t h , 2 0 1 0 ,wh e n2 1 y e a r o l dI s l a mi s te x t r e mi s t Ri s h i n a r a Ch o u d r ys t a b b e d Ti mmsd u r i n gh i sc o n s t i t u e n c ys u r g e r y .Ti mmss e r v e di nt h ec a b i n e t so f b o t hTo n yBl a i ra n dGo r d o nBr o wn a n dwa ss h a d o w mi n i s t e rf o re mp l o y me n ta tt h et i meo ft h ea t t a c kf o rEd Mi l i b a n d .Ti mmss u f f e r e dp o t e n t i a l l y “ Th eBr i t i s ht r a d i t i o nh a sa l wa y sb e e nt h a t l i f e t h r e a t e n i n g i n j u r i e s , a n d t h a n k f u l Me mb e r so fPa r l i a me n tr e g u l a r l yma k et h e ml y h e s u r v i v e d . C h o u d r y l a t e r s a i d t h e s e l v e sa v a i l a b l ef o rc o n s t i t u e n t st ome e tt h e m r e a s o n i n gb e h i n dh e ra t t a c ko nTi mms f a c et of a c ea tt h e i rs u r g e r i e s . No wa d v i c eh a s w a s h i s v o t e s i n f a v o u r o f i n t e r v e n i n g b e e ng i v e nt ob emo r ec a r e f u lwh e na c c e p t i n g i n t h e I r a q Wa r , a s w e l l a s b e i n g i n f l u a p p o i n t me n t s .Wea r ea d v i s e dn e v e rt os e e e n c e db yAl Qa e d a .Si n c et h ea t t a c k , p e o p l ea l o n e ;wemu s tb ee x t r ac a r e f u lwh e n T i m m s h a s s p o k e n o u t t o w a r d s b a n o p e n i n gp o s ta n dwemu s te n s u r et h a to u ro f n i n gi n c e n d i a r yma t e r i a lf r o mt h eI n f i c e sa r ep r o p e r l ys a f ea n ds e c u r e .I ns h o r t , t e r n e t ,“ t op r o t e c tv u l n e r a b l ey o u n g t h e s ei n c r e a s i n ga t t a c k sh a v er a t h e rs p o i l tt h e P o s i ngass t ude nt s , t he people from going down the same g r e a tBr i t i s ht r a d i t i o no ft h ep e o p l eo p e n l y r o a d . ” t wogunme nmadet he i r Aharrowingsto me e t i n gt h e i re l e c t e dp o l i t i c i a n s . ” r ywh i c hh a st h ep u t t h eq u e s t i o no ft h es a f e t yo fMPsi n t o w a y t o w a r d s h i s o ﬃc e Th i si ss a d l yn o tt h ef i r s tt i met h a ta nMPwa s h ep u b l i cs p h e r ei st h et r a g i cmu r d e r k i l l e dd u r i n go f f i c e . Ov e rt h es p a no f4 2y e a r s , wh e r et he ys ho thi m. No t o fLa b o u rMPJ oCo x . Co xwa st h eMP weh a v es e e ns e v e nu n f o r t u n a t ek i l l i n g so f o rBa t l e ya n d Sp e n ,wh o mi nh e r nehase v e rbe e nc o nv i c t -f MPs ,i n c l u d i n g Ame s s ,a n dt wo a l mo s to ma i d e ns p e e c hs a i dt h a t“ wea r ef a r n e a r d e a t he x p e r i e n c e s . mo r eu n i t e da n dh a v ef a rmo r ei n e df o rhi smur de r . c o mmo nt h a nt h a twh i c hd i v i d e su s . ” Ai r e yNe a v ewa st h eTo r yMPf o rAb i n g d o n OnJ u n e1 6 ,2 0 1 6 ,J o xwa sa b o u tt o N o o n e h a s e v e r b e e n c o n v i c t e d f o r h i s wh e nh ewa sk i l l e db ya nI RA c a rb o mbo n h o l d ar e g u l a rc o n s t i t u e n c ys u r g e r y mu r d e r . Ma r c h3 0 t h ,1 9 7 9 ,t h es a med a yt h a tMPsi n wh e ns h ewa ss t a b b e da n ds h o tb y A t 2 : 5 4 a m o n O c t o b e r 1 2 t h , 1 9 8 4 , t h e t h ec o mmo n sh e l dav o t eo fn o c o n f i d e n c e f a r r i g h te x t r e mi s tTh o ma sMa i r ,wh o I R A d e t o n a t e d a b o m b a t T h e G r a n d wh i c he n d e dt h ep r e mi e r s h i po fJ a me sCa l r e p o r t e d l y s h o u t e d “ B r i t a i n F i r s t ! ” t e la tBr i g h t o n ,d u r i n gwh e nTo r y l a g h a n . Ne a v ewa st a r g e t e db yas p l i n t e rg r o u p Ho wh e nt h ea t t a c kt o o kp l a c e . Fo u rh o u r s MP s a n d P M Ma r g a r e t T h a t c h e r w e r e o ft h eI RA d u et oh i sr o l ea st h eSh a d o w a f t e r t h e i n c i d e n t o c c u r r e d , We s t Y o r k t a y i n gt h e r ed u r i n gt h eTo r y Pa r t y No r t h e r nI r e l a n dSe c r e t a r y ,me a n i n gh ewa s s s h i r ePo l i c ea n n o u n c e dt h a tCo xh a d C o n f e r e n c e , w i t h t h e i r a i m t o k i l l s e tt ol e a dma t t e r si nNo r t h e r nI r e l a n dd u r i n g r a g i c a l l yd i e df r o mh e ri n j u r i e s .Sh e a t c h e ra n dh e rc a b i n e t .Th eb l a s t t t h et i meo ft h eTr o u b l e s . Fo u rd e c a d e sl a t e r , no Th l e f t b e h i n d h e r h u s b a n d , B r e n d a n , a n d i l l e d5p e o p l e ,i n c l u d i n gTo r yMPSi r o n eh a se v e rb e e na r r e s t e d , j a i l e do rc o n v i c t e d k o na n dd a u g h t e r .Si n c eh e rd e a t h , t h o n y Be r r y ,a n d i n j u r i n g 3 0 as f o rh i sa s s a s s i n a t i o n . a g a i ne c h o i n g a An h e rf a mi l yh a v es e tu pTh eJ oCo x p e o p l e . T h e i n j u r i e s l e f t s o m e p e r m a c o mmo nc o n c e r n ,t h a tc o mmu n i t i e swh od o un d a t i o ni nh e rme mo r y ,a i me dt o e n t l yd i s a b l e d ,s u c ha sNo r ma nTe b - Fo n o tv o t ef o rCo n s e r v a t i v eMPse n du pb e i n g n c o n t i n u eu p o nh e rwo r ko nt h ep r i n c i b i t t ’ s w i f e , Ma r g a r e t , w h o w a s l e f t n e g l e c t e dwh e ni tc o me st ot h ea t t e n t i o no f p l et h a t“ weh a v emo r ei nc o mmo n ” w h e e l c h a i r b o u n d f o r t h e r e s t o f h e r t h e i rMPs . b a s e do nh e r ma i d e ns p e e c h .He r l i f ea f t e rt h ei n c i d e n t . Th eb o mb e r , Pa t i s t e r ,Ki m Le a d b e a t e r ,wo nh e rl a t e r i c kMa g e e ,r e c e i v e d8l i f es e n t e n c e s , s s i s t e r ’ ss e a ti nJ u l yt h i sy e a r . b u twa sr e l e a s e df r o mp r i s o ni n1 9 9 9 u n d e rt h et e r mso ft h eGo o dFr i d a y Fo l l o wi n gt h emu r d e ro fJ o Co x ,i t Ag r e e me n t . wa sa n n o u n c e dt h a ta l lMPswe r et o I a nGo w wa st h eTo r yMPf o rEa s t - b eo f f e r e dar a n g eo fe x t r as e c u r i t yi n b o u r n ewh e nh ewa sk i l l e di ny e ta n - t h e i ro f f i c e sa n dh o me s– s u c ha s o t h e rI RAc a rb o mbo n3 0 t hJ u l y1 9 9 0 , p a n i cb u t t o n s ,e me r g e n c yl i g h t i n g , a th i sh o mei nEa s tSu s s e x .Th eI RA l o c k s , a n de me r g e n c yf o b s . c l a i me dr e s p o n s i b i l i t yf o rt h ea s s a s s i n a t i o na n ds a i dt h a tGo wwa st a r g e t e d b e c a u s eh e wa sc l o s et o Ma r g a r e t Th a t c h e r .

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Fe e lab i ts i c katJ o ’ snameb e i ng us e di nt hi sway . Theb e s twayt o ho no urJ oi sf o ral lo fus .

Ev e nmo n t h sb e f o r et h ei n c i d e n t , t h eI n d e p e n d e n tPa r l i a me n t a r ySt a n d a r d sAu t h o r i t ya n n o u n c e dt h a tMPswe r et og e t “ e n h a n c e d ”s e c u r i t yp a c k a g e sf o l l o wi n g as e to fp r o t e s t so u t s i d es o meMP’ sc o n s t i t u e n c yo f f i c e so v e rt h e i rv o t et oi n t e r v e n ei nSy r i a .

I n Pa r l i a me n ta n dg o v e r n me n tb u i l d i n g s ,t h e r ei samy r i a do fs e c u r i t yme a s u r e sa l r e a d yi np l a c e ,s u c ha sa r me d g u a r d sa n ds e c u r i t yc h e c k s–b u tt h e r e i s n ’ ta n ywh e nt h e y ’ r ei nt h e i rs u r g e r i e s , l e a v i n g MPsv u l n e r a b l et oa t t a c k si n t h e i ro wnc o n s t i t u e n c yo f f i c e s . Ou rMPs v a l u eme e t i n gc o n s t i t u e n t sf a c et of a c e sawa yo fs t a y i n gi nt o u c hwi t ht h e Me tp o l i c ef i g u r e ss h o wt h a tb e t we e n a s s ue st h a tma t t e rt ot h e i rc o n s t i t u e n t s . 2 0 1 6a n d2 0 2 0 ,6 7 8c r i me sa g a i n s tMPs i me MPs h a v e s u g g e s t e d t h a t we r er e p o r t e d . 5 8 2o ft h e mwe r er e p o r t s So a c e t o f a c eme e t i n g swi t hc o n s t i t u e n t s o fma l i c i o u sc o mmu n i c a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g f h o u l db er e p l a c e dwi t ho n l i n eme e t i n g s o f f e n s i v eo rr a c i s tr e ma r k s ,a n dd e a t h s rt e l e p h o n ec a l l s ,s u c ha sTo r y MP t h r e a t s .4 6c a s e swe r eo fh a r a s s me n t . A o t o t a lo fn i n eo ft h e s ec a s e swe r ec l a s s i - To b i a sEl l wo o d ,wh os a i do nRa d i o4 ’ s ‘ Th eWo r l dTo n i g h t ’ t h a t “ Yo uc a nmo v e f i e da sr e l a t i n gt ot e r r o r i s m. oZo o m,y o uc a na c t u a l l ya c h i e v ea n Af t e rt h ea t t a c ko nDa v i dAme s s ,Ho me t a wf u ll o to v e rt h et e l e p h o n e . ” Se c r e t a r yPr i t iPa t e la n dSp e a k e ro ft h e Ho u s eLi n d s a yHo y l eh a v eb o t hs a i d So , h o wc a nwek e e pMPss a f e ?Aswe l l t h a ts e c u r i t yf o rMPswi l lb el o o k e da t a st h ea l r e a d ya d d e ds e c u r i t yi np l a c e f o l l o wi n gt h ei n c i d e n t .Mo s tMPsh a v e , a r o u n d Pa r l i a me n ta n d g o v e r n me n t a c c o r d i n gt ot h eGu a r d i a n ,a l r e a d yb e e n b u i l d i n g s ,t h eg o v e r n me n tmu s ta l l o w c o n t a c t e db yt h e i rl o c a lp o l i c et oc h e c k e x t r as e c u r i t yme a s u r e st ob ei np l a c e u po nt h e i rs e c u r i t yc o n c e r n s . wh e nMPsh o l ds u r g e r i e si nt h e i rc o n t i t u e n c i e s .Th eg o v e r n me n tn e e d st o Pr i t iPa t e ls a i dt h a tar e v i e w wi l lt a k e s p l a c er e g a r d i n gMPss a f e t y ,a n dwo u l d e n s u r et h a tMPswi l lb es a f ewi t ht h e i r l o o ka tawi d er a n g eo fme a s u r e s ,s u c h c o n s t i t u e nt sv i ap o l i c ea t t e n d a n c ea t s u r a sp o l i c ep r o t e c t i o na n da t t e n d a n c ea t g e r i e s ,s c r e e n sb e t we e np e o p l es u c ha s MP’ ss u r g e r i e s ,a n de v e na i r p o r t s t y l e o n e si nb a n k s , a n ds e c u r i t yc h e c k sa tl o me t a ld e t e c t o rs c a n n e r sa td o o r s , t h o u g h c a t i o n swh e r es u r g e r i e st a k ep l a c e .Th i s i ti su n c l e a rh o wt h a two u l dwo r ki n i sv i t a l l yi mp o r t a n tt oc o n s i d e r ,a n dI o p et h eg o v e r n me n tt a k e st h ei s s u eo f p u b l i cp l a c e s ,l i k ei nt h ec h u r c hwh e r e h Ame s sme tc o n s t i t u e n t s . MPss e c u r i t ya tt h e i ro wnc o n s t i t u e n c i e s v e r ys e r i o u s l y .

Bu tc a nt h i sg o v e r n me n tt a k et h i si s s u e s e r i o u s l y ?Be f o r et h e2 0 1 9g e n e r a le l e c t i o n ,o u r Pr i me Mi n i s t e rd i s mi s s e d La b o u rMPPa u l aSh e r i f f ’ sc o n c e r no v e r t h eu s eo fa g g r e s s i v el a n g u a g ei nc a mp a i g n swh i c hwo u l ds u g g e s tt h ef u e l l i n g o fv i o l e n c ea t MPs a sb e i n ga l l ‘ h u mb u g ’a n dt h a tt h eb e s twa yt o h o n o u rJ o Co x ’ sd e a t h wa st o“ g e t Br e x i td o n e ” ,e v e nt h o u g hs h ec a mp a i g n e da g a i n s ti t .Br e n d a n Co x ,J o Co x ’ sh u s b a n d , t o o kt oTwi t t e ra f t e rt h i s a n ds t a t e dt h a t : “ Fe e lab i ts i c ka tJ o ’ sn a meb e i n gu s e d i nt h i swa y . Th eb e s twa yt oh o n o u rJ oi s f o ra l lo fu s( n oma t t e ro u rv i e ws )t o s t a n du pf o rwh a t web e l i e v ei n , p a s s i o n a t e l ya n dwi t hd e t e r mi n a t i o n .Bu tn e v e r t od e mo n i s et h eo t h e rs i d ea n da l wa y s h o l do n t owh a tweh a v ei nc o mmo n . ” Ih o p et h ed e a t ho fSi rDa v i dAme s s , l i k eJ o Co x ,s e r v e sa s a ma s s i v e wa k e u pc a l lf o ra l lg o v e r n me n tmi n i s t e r st ot a k ea c t i o nt op r o t e c tMPsi na n y wa yt h a tt h e yc a n ,a n dt owa t c hwh a t t h e ys a y , b e i n gc a r e f u l n o t t of u e l t h ef i r e o n di v i s i v e n e s sa n dh a t e ,wh i c h wi l l s a d l yt u r ni n t ov i o l e n c e .

Pr ohi bi t i onLes s ons BySamue lWi l s on I nJ anuar y1920 t heUni t e d St at e sbanne d al c ohols al e sac r os st he c ount r y .Thi swasf ors e v e r alr e as onsi nc l udi ng,r e l i gi ouspur i t y ,t o pr e v e nt v i ol e nc e and c r i me , and t o r e duc et ax bur de ns f r om ov e r popul at e dpr i s onst onameaf e woft hec aus e sAsweknow, manyof t he s e we r e t he n e x ac e r bat e d t hr ough gang war f ar e , and t he gl or i ﬁc at i onofadange r ousl i f e s t y l e . Fi gur e ss uc hasAlCaponebe c ame f amous , andt hes al eofal c oholf ai l e dt ode c l i nedr amat i c al l yac r os st he pe r i od. . nt h eUKLe g a l i z i n gma r i j u a c a nb emo r ed r a s t i c . Du et or e g u - myI So c i e t ya c c e p t st h a tp r o h i b i t i o n l a s t i n go n l y1 3y e a r ss h o wsi t wa sa f a i l u r ea mo n g s to t h e r t h i n g s .Wh yd owet r e a td r u g si n t h es a mewa yk n o wi n gf u l lwe l l t h a tt h e ya r ea l s owi d e l ya v a i l a b l ea n d ,i ns o mec a s e s ,s o me wh a ta c c e p t e di ns o c i e t y ?Wh y h a v ewen o tl e a r n e dt h el e s s o n s o ft h ep a s ta n dl e g a l i z e dt h er e c r e a t i o n a lu s e o f ma r i j u a n a ? So meb e l i e v et h a tma r i j u a n ai s s a f e rt h a na l c o h o la n di su s e df o r me d i c i n e ,s p i r i t u a le n l i g h t e n me n t , a n dr e c r e a t i o n . Pr o h i b i t i o n Pa r t n e r si sar e s e a r c hg r o u pa d v o c a t i n gt h el e g a l i z a t i o no fCa n n a b i si nt h eUK,t h e ys t a t e“ 1i n 1 0a d u l t su s e dc a n n a b i si nt h e l a s t y e a r ” . Ca n n a b i si sp a r t o fo u r s o c i e t ya n di sn o tg o i n ga wa y . Ac r o s st h ewo r l dmo r ec o u n t r i e s a r el e g a l i z i n gi t su s e ,t h eb i g g e s t s of a rb e i n g Ca n a d ai n2 0 1 8 . Th i si sa h u g eb o o s tt ot h e i r e c o n o mya smi l l i o n so fd o l l a r s n ol o n g e rg ot ou n t a x a b l eu n d e r g r o u n dn e t wo r k sa n dd r u gd e a l e r s ,b u ta b o v eb o a r da n de n t e r s t h eh a n d so ft h es t a t ea n dp u b l i c s e r v i c e s .

l a t i o nt h ea mo u n t so fTHC c a n b ec o n t r o l l e da n db r o u g h tt os a f e l e v e l s ,a si ti sg r o wnl e g a l l ya n d t os t a n d a r d s .Th ed r i v i n go ft h e p r o d u c t i o no fc a n n a b i si n t ot h e u n d e r g r o u n db l a c k ma r k e th a s l e dt ot h ep r o d u c t i o no fs t r o n g e r c a n n a b i s ,h i g hi nl e v e l so fTHC g i v i n gi tt h eu n d e s i r a b l ep s y c h o t i cs y mp t o mst h a td on o tp r o d u c eab e t t e rh i g hb u tr e d u c er e l a x i n ge f f e c t s .Ia mn od o c t o ro r p h y s i c i a n ,I ' ms u r ema n yo fy o u r e a d e r sa r emo r el i k e l yt ou n d e r s t a n dt h es c i e n c eb e t t e rt h a nI .

Th a ti sn o tt os a yt h a tma r i j u a n a i sc o mp l e t e l yh a r ml e s s .I tc a n h a v ed r a s t i ce f f e c t so ny o u n g p e o p l e ,e s p e c i a l l ywh e r eme n t a l h e a l t hi sc o n c e r n e d ,n o t a b l yo n b r a i nd e v e l o p me n t . Ac c o r d i n gt o d r u g a b u s e . g o v ,1 i n6p e o p l e wh os t a r tu s i n gma r i j u a n ay o u n g a r o u n d1 6a n d1 7b e c o mea d d i c t e d .Th ec o mmo ni d e at h a tma r i j u a n ai sn o ta d d i c t i v ei saf a l l a c y t oma k et h ed r u gmo r ea p p e a l i n g wh e nt r y i n gt os e l li t .Th eBBC h a ss u g g e s t e dt h a t 1 0 %o fc a n n a b i su s e r sh a v ead e p e n d e n c e ( BBC Ne ws 1 9 . 6 . 1 8 ) .No tt o me n t i o nt h ee f f e c to nt h el u n g s a n dt h r o a t .Asr e g u l a t i o nc o me s Th ePr i memi n i s t e ro fCa n a d a , i n t oe f f e c t ,h o we v e r ,i l l e g a lma r J u s t i nTr u d e a u , s u g g e s t st h a ti ti s i j u a n awi l lb e c o mel e s sa n dl e s s ama j o rp u b l i ch e a l t hi s s u ea n d a v a i l a b l e ,ma k i n gi th a r d e rf o r wi t ht h i sh eh a das t r o n gb a s i sf o r y o u n g e ra g e st oh a v ea c c e s st oi t l e g a l i z i n gi ta c r o s sCa n a d a .A a n dwi d e re d u c a t i o no nt h es u b r e g u l a t e dma r k e th a si n c r e a s e d j e c twi l lb e c o me i n c r e a s i n g l y t h eq u a l i t yo ft h ep r o d u c t .THC c o mmo n .Th ey o u t hwi l lb el e s s i nma r i j u a n ai swh a tc r e a t e sp a r - l i k e l yt og e th o l do fi t ,a n dt h o s e a n o i de f f e c t sa n do t h e rp s y c h o t i c wh od owi l lb eb e t t e re d u c a t e d s y mp t o ms . Th e s ev a r yf r o mu s e r o ni t se f f e c t s .Ast h ema r k e ti s t ou s e r , h o we v e r , wh e nt o omu c h c o n t r o l l e dmo r et i g h t l yt h ep r o f THC i si nma r i j u a n at h ee f f e c t s i t swi l lc o n t r i b u t et ot h ee c o n o -

n awo u l da d da na d d i t i o n a l£ 1b i l l i o ni nt a x e s( BBCNEWS2 9 . 6 . 1 8 ) n o tt ome n t i ont h ev a s tc r e a t i o no f l e g a lj o b sa n de c o n o mi cp r o s p e r i t y f r o mi t sr e g u l a t i o na n dc o n s u mp t i o n .Us i n gCa n a d a ’ sMi n i s t e rf o r Or g a n i z e d Cr i meRe d u c t i o n Bi l l Bl a i r“ we ’ r ek e e p i n gCa n n a b i so u t o ft h eh a n d so fy o u t ha n dp r o f i t s o u to ft h eh a n d so fc r i mi n a l s ” .£ 1 b i l l i o nwo u l dg oal o n gwa yi n c o mmu n i t i e st h a th a v eb e e nd a ma g e db yt h ef a i l i n gwa ro nd r u g s a n dc o u l de v e nh e l pt h o s ewh od o h a v ead e p e n d e n c yt og e ts o me h e l p . Wea r ea l r e a d yo nt h er o a dt ol e g a l i z a t i o na sCBD o i li sl e g a lI n t h eUKf o rp a i na n ds p e c i f i cc o n d i t i o n s .CBD h a sn op s y c h o a c t i v e e f f e c tb u ts t i l li su s e dr e c r e a t i o n a l l y ,s u c ha si t si mp l i c a t i o ni n t o o t h e rp r o d u c t sl i k ev a p el i q u i d s .I t i sus e dt o ma n a g ec h r o n i cp a i n PTSD a n de p i l e p s y . Ho we v e r , ma n yp e o p l es e et o t a ll e g a l i z a t i o n a sas t e pt o of a r , o t h e r ss e ei ta si n e v i t a b l e .Ov e r a l l ,t h e r ea r ec l e a r c o n c e r n sa b o u tt h ee f f e c t so fma r i j u a n ao nt h eh u ma nb o d y .Th i s , h o we v e r ,c o u l db ec o mp a r e dt o c i g a r e t t e so ra l c o h o l . Aso u rs o c i e t yg r o wsa n du n d e r s t a n d sma r i j u a n ai n c r e a s i n g l yI ti sf o r e s e e a b l e t h a tma r i j u a n ai sa c c e p t e dj u s ta s c i g a r e t t e sa n da l c o h o la r e .I ti s s t a t e db yt h eI n d e p e n d e n tt h a t wh e nUK c i t i z e n swe r es u r v e y e d , t h ema j o r i t ywe r ei nf a v o ro fc a n n a b i s l e g a l i z a t i o n , wi t h 5 1 % s a y i n gt h a tc a n n a b i ss h o u l de i t h e r b ed e c r i mi n a l i z e do re n t i r e l yl e g a l i z e d .So me t i mei nt h ef u t u r ewe wi l ls e ei tb el e g a la n db u y a b l e f r o m aHi g h s t r e e t( p u nn o ti n t e n d e d ) .

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wa st o r nwh e nc o n s i d e r i n gwh a tt o wr i t ef o rt h i sa r t i c l e .Ih a v ef e l tf o r s o met i met h a t b l a c kh i s t o r ys h o u l d n o tb eb r o u g h ti n t oc o n v e r s a t i o no r c e l e b r a t e df o rj u s to n emo n t ho ft h e y e a ri nt h ef o r mo fat o k e n i s t i c‘ h o l i d a y ’ ,wh i c hi nr e a l i t y ,u n d e r p i n sh o w u n d e r v a l u e da n db e l i t t l e dt h eb l a c k c o mmu n i t yi si nt h ewe s t e r nwo r l d . Th i sg o e swi t h o u t s a y i n g . Do c u me n t e d Af r i c a nh i s t o r yh a sb e e ne r a d i c a t e da t t h eh a n d so fWe s t e r ni mp e r i a l i s ma n d c o l o n i a l i z a t i o na n dt h i si sg l a r i n g l ye v i d e n ti nt h ef r e q u e n tt h e me sd e a l i n g wi t hd e p r i v a t i o n , i d e n t i t ya n di s o l a t i o n i nt h eWe s t e r nb l a c kl i t e r a t u r et h a tI ’ v e c o mea c r o s s .Th r o u g h o u tmyGCSE’ s , a n de v e nAl e v e l s ,Ic a n n o ts a yt h a ta b l a c ka u t h o rwa se v e ro nt h ec u r r i c u l u m,e v e nd u r i n gb l a c kh i s t o r ymo n t h , wh i c hi sa l a r mi n gc o n s i d e r i n gt h ei n s u r mo u n t a b l eb l a c k ,a n db l a c ka n d Br i t i s h ,l i t e r a t u r ea to u rd i s p o s a l .Re p r e s e n t a t i o ni se s s e n t i a li no r d e rt o r e a c has t a t eo fe q u i t y ,i nt h a t ,t h o u g h t h eh i s t o r yo fap e o p l eh a sb e e nr e d u c e dt oo n emo n t h ,i two u l db ead i s s e r v i c ea n di n j u s t i c en o tt or e c o g n i s e t h eb r i l l i a n tl i t e r a t u r et h a tb l a c ka u t h o r sh a v eb e s t o we du p o nu s . Ho p e f u l l yb l a c kh i s t o r ymo n t hc a nb eap o t e n t i a ls t e p p i n g s t o n ef o rwi d e r ,mo r ei n c l u s i v er e p r e s e n t a t i o no n ag r a n d e r s c a l ef o rav a r i e t yo fe t h n i cg r o u p s .

May aAnge l ou–IKnowWhy t heCage dBi r dSi ngs Iwa sf i r s tma d ea wa r eo fwh oMa y a An g e l o u wa s wh e n wa t c h i n g a n e p i s o d eo fTh eBo o n d o c k s ,ac a r t o o n c r e a t e db yAa r o n Mc Gr u d e rt h a tI c a n n o tr e c o mme n de n o u g h , wh e r e An g e l o u ’ s c h a r a c t e r i s f a l s e l y mi s t a k e nf o r Op r a h Wi n f r e ya n d c o n s e q u e n t i a l l ya b d u c t e df r o m h e r o wnb o o ks i g n i n g . Th es c e n ema d emy f r i e n dwh oIwa swi t hb u r s to u ti n l a u g h t e rwh i l eIwa sl e f tc o n f u s e da n d h a dt oa s kwh os h ewa s . Myf r i e n dwa s s h o c k e d ,r e p l y i n g :“ Yo ud o n ’ tk n o w wh oMa y aAn g e l o ui s ?An dy o us a y y o uwa n tt os t u d yl i t e r a t u r e . ”Het h e n we n to nt ot e l lmeo fh e rb r i l l i a n c ea sa b l a c kwo ma nt oa b l et oo v e r c o meh e r t r a g i ch a r d s h i p sg r o wi n gu pi nt h e Ame r i c a n s o u t h d u r i n g t h e2 0 t h c e n t u r ya n dt h a tIs h o u l dr e a dh e rf i r s t a u t o b i o g r a p h y ; I Kn o w Wh yt h e Ca g e d Bi r d Si ng s . No w Ia m e x t r e me l yg l a dt h a tIl i s t e n e d .I naj u s t wo r l dMa y aAn g e l o u ’ sv o i c ewo u l db e a sk n o wna n dc e l e b r a t e da sOp r a h ’ s , b u t ,a sAn g e l o u ’ swr i t i n gwo u l dt e l l y o u ,wed on o tl i v ei naj u s two r l d . IKn o w Wh yd e t a i l sAn g e l o u ’ si n f a n t t o t e e n y e a r s mo v i n g b e t we e n Ar k a n s a sa n dCa l i f o r n i ad u r i n gi nt h e 1 9 3 0 sa n dh e re x p e r i e n c e si n v o l v i n g t h ea l l e n c o mp a s s i n gr a c i a ld i s p a r i t i e s

o ft h et i me .Mo r et h a nt h a tt h o u g h ,t h e a u t o b i o g r a p h ye x p l o r e sAn g e l o u ’ si n s a t i a b l et h i r s tf o rk n o wl e d g e , c o n s t a n t l yq u e s t i o n i n gt h es o c i a lo r d e ro f Ame r i c ac o n s i d e r i n gh e rs e e mi n g l y p o we r l e s sp o s i t i o ni ni ta n dt h ea b i l i t y t oo v e r c o meal i f e a l t e r i n ga l t e r c a t i o n i n v o l v i n gh e rv i c t i mi s a t i o no fs e x u a l a b u s e .

s h ewa sMr sHe n d e r s o n , t h ej u d g e , t h e b a i l i f fa n dt h eo t h e rwh i t e si nt h ea u d i e n c el a ug h e da th e r .Th ej u d g eh a d r e a l l yma d eag a f f ec a l l i n gaNe g r o wo ma nMr s . ’Th i si sj u s to n ee x a mp l e i nt h eb o o ko fb l a c kp e o p l eb e i n gt r e a t e da sl e s s e rt h a nt h ea v e r a g ep e r s o n . Th e y ’ r es y s t e ma t i c a l l yd e g r a d e di n t o b e i n gwi t h o u ts t a t u s ,e f f e c t i v e l yd e h u ma n i s e do rs u b h u ma nwi t h o u tat e r m Ev o k i n gt h et e n s i o na n df r u s t r a t i o nf e l t o fa d d r e s s . ‘ I fg r o wi n gu pi sp a i n f u l f o r a f t e rh e rg r a n d mo t h e r , wh o m s h e t h eSo u t h e r nb l a c kg i r l , b e i n ga wa r eo f r e f e r st oa sMo mmab e c a u s eAn g e l o u h e rd i s p l a c e me n ti st h er u s to nt h e wa sr a i s e db yh e r , wa ss u b j e c t e dt od e - r a z o rt h a tt h r e a t e n st h et h r o a t . ’An g e o uwa sp a i n f u l l ya wa r eo fh e rs u b j u r o g a t o r yi mp e r s o n a t i o n sa n dmo c k e r y l a t e ds t a t u si ns o c i e t yf r o m ay o u n g b yag r o u po fp r e a d o l e s c e n twh i t eg i r l s g g e ,s o me t h i n gt h a tac h i l ds h o u l dn o t a n ds t i l lh a dt or e f e rt ot h e ma l la s a ‘ Mi z ’a f t e rt h ea l t e r c a t i o n .Asab l a c k h a v et ob es oh y p e r a wa r eo fb u twa s wo ma ns h ewa sc o n s i d e r e das o c i e t a l f r e q u e n t l ys u b j e c t e dt o . s u b o r d i n a t ea n dt h e r e f o r ewa sf o r c e d t oh e rt o n g u ea n ds t i l ls h o wu n d e - Th ea u t o b i o g r a p h ya l s og o e si n t o e t a i l o fh e rb e i n gt h ev i c t i mo fr a p eb y s e r v e dr e s p e c ti no r d e rt on o tr i s kf u r - d t h e r mi s t r e a t me n to rc o n s e q u e n c e s . h e ru n c l ea n dh e rr e a c t i o nt os u c hb y An g e l o uwa si n f u r i a t e db u tf e l to b l i b e c o mi n gamu t ef r o mt h ea g eo fe i g h t g a t e dt oc o mp o s eh e r s e l fo u t o fr e s p e c t t ot we l v e .No tt od i s p a r a g eo rd i s r e f o rh e rg r a n d mo t h e ra n df e a ro fg r e a t e r g a r do t h e rv i c t i mso fs e x u a la b u s e ,a s r a mi f i c a t i o n s ,k n o wi n ga l lt o o we l l s a u l t ,a n dh a r a s s me n tb u tMa y aAn g e o us e r v e sa sa ne x a mp l eo fs o me o n e f r o m ay o u n ga g et h a ts t a n d i n gu pf o r l owa sa b l et oc r e a t eme a n i n ga n d h e r s e l fa sa b l a c kp e r s o n wa sn o t wh u r p o s ed e s p i t et h eh o r r i f i ce v e n t st h a t a l wa y sp o s s i b l ec o n s i d e r i n gt h ev a r i - p a v eu n f o l d e di no n e ’ sl i f e . Ev e n t u a l l y o u sp o t e n t i a l l yd i s a s t r o u so u t c o me s h t h a tc o u l de n s u e .Co n s t a n t l yb r i n g i n g c o mi n gt os p e a ka g a i na f t e rb e i n g a t t e n t i o nt ot h er e a d e rt h a tb e i n gb l a c k t a u g h tt h a th e rv o i c ea n di n t e l l e c t f o r c e si n d i v i d u a l sf r o m ay o u n ga g et o s h o u l db eu s e da sat o o lt oc h a n g et h e o c i a lo r d e ro ft h i n g s ;i ti sap o we r f u l d e t e s tt h e i rd e g r a d e dp o s i t i o ni ns o c i e - s e mi n d e rt h a t ,t h o u g hn o ta l wa y sp o s t y ,t h e r e b yma n i f e s t i n gs e l f d e p r e c a - r i b l e ,o n e ’ ss t r e n g t ha n da b i l i t yc a n t i o nc o n c e r n i n gt h e i rs k i nc o l o u r ,h o w s h a n g eal i f ed e s p i t ewh a t h a so c c u r r e d t h e ya r ep o r t r a y e da n dt h ed e v a s t a t i n g c i n a b i l i t yt oc h a n g eh o ws o c i e t yh a s b e f o r e ,l o o k i n gt oma k ead i f f e r e n c e d e e me dt h e m. f r o m as t a n c ewh e r ei ts e e msi mp l a u s i b l e . He rs u c c i n c t s t y l eo fwr i t i n gma k e st h e b o o ke a s yf o ra n y o n et or e a d ,d e s c r i p - De s p i t e be i n ga na u t o b i o g r a p h y ,I t i v e l ye n g a g i n gr e a d e r su s i n gv i v i d Kn o w Wh ya l s ot r a n s c e n d sg e n r e . c o l o u rp a l e t t e st oe n r i c ht h es c e n ewi t h Th e s eu p s e t t i n gmo me n t sa r er e g u l a r l y b o l di ma g e st h a t i mp r i n t si n t ot h emi n d me twi t hh i l a r i o u so n e s ,s u c ha sa o fr e a d e r s ;at e s t a me n tt oh e ra b i l i t ya s s e r mo nwh i c hi sv i o l e n t l yi n t e r r u p t e d ac r e a t i v ewr i t e ro u t s i d eo ft h ea u t o b i - b ya no v e r l ye mp h a t i cc h u r c h g o e r o g r a p h yf o r m.Th i sc o n s t a n td e s c r i p - y e l l i n g“ Is a i dp r e a c hi t ”t oap r i e s t a n d v e n t u a l l yh i t t i n gh i m wh i c hs u b s e t i v eu s eo fc o l o u rs e r v e sa n o t h e rp u r - e p o s e ,h o we v e r ,a si ti sac o n s t a n tr e - q u e n t i a l l yl e a dt oMa ya n dh e rb r o t h e r , mi n d e rt or e a d e r so ft h ee v e r p r e s e n t Ba i l e y ,b e i n gb e a t e na f t e rt h ec h u r c h c o n s i d e r a t i o no fc o l o u rf r o m t h e s e r v i c ef o rl a u g h i n gu p r o a r i o u s l ya t h u ma np e r s p e c t i v e .Re a d e r sg a i nt h e t h es c e n e .Th ep h r a s e ,“ Is a i dp r e a c h p e r s p e c t i v eo fwh a ti ti sa l wa y sl i k et o i t ”h a ss t u c ki nmymi n ds i n c eb e c a u s e , e n g a g et h ewo r l df r o map e r s p e c t i v eo f d e s p i t ek n o wi n gt h a t s h ewo u l db eb e a t o rl a u g h i n g ,t h eu n c o n t a i n a b l ec h i l d d i f f e r e n c e .Wh e nt r a v e l l i n gt oa n yl o - f i k el a u g h t e rc r e a t e sac h a n g ei nt o n e c a t i o nh e rc o l o u ro rs k i nc o mp l e x i o n l n de mo t i o nf r o mt h er e s to ft h ea u t o a r ea t t h ef o r e f r o n t o fh e rt h o u g h t s ; t h i s a b i o g r a p h y . i ss o me t h i n gt h a tIwa sa wa r eo ff o r o t h e re t h n i cg r o u p sb u ta sawh i t e e r ea r ea l s oi n s t a n c e so fu p l i f t i n g p e r s o n ,i nap r e d o mi n a t e l ywh i t es o c i Th e t y ,Ic a nn e v e rf u l l yg r a s pt h ee f f e c t s t r i u mp hl i k e wh e nl i s t e n i n gt oJ o e o fi t wh i l s ti n We s t e r n c u l t u r e . Lo u i s ’ sb o x i n gma t c ht ob e c o met h e wo r l dh e a v y we i g h tc h a mp i o na si ti s Af t e rt a k i n gi nama nt oh i d ef r o ml a w s e e na sat r i u mp hf o rb l a c kp e o p l e e n f o r c e me n t , h ewa sc a u g h t a n dt o l do f e v e r y wh e r e ,i n c l u d i n gh e r s e l f .I ti si n b e i n gh i d d e nb yMr sHe n d e r s o n( Ma - t h e s er a r ev i c t o r i e st h a tAn g e l o u ’ sa u y a ’ sg r a n d mo t h e r )t owh i c h‘ t h ej u d g e t o b i o g r a p h yp o r t r a y st h ed i f f i c u l t i e s a s k e dt h a t Mr sHe n d e r s o nwa ss u b p o e - t h a t ,f o ramo me n t ,c a nb ef o r g o t t e na s n a e d , a n dwh e nMa maa r r i v e da n ds a i d av i c t o r yf o rJ o eLo u i sc a nb es h a r e d

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a n dc e l e b r a t e db ye v e r yb l a c kp e r s o n t h a th a ss u f f e r e df r o mt h ei n j u s t i c e so f o p p r e s s i o na n dd e g r a d a t i o n .I na d d i t i o n , t h eb i r t ho fh e rc h i l d , a tt h ea g eo f s e v e n t e e n ,c r e a t e sa f u t u r ef o rt h e a u t h o rt ol o o kf o r wa r dt o .He rt r i a l s a n dt r i b u l a t i o n sa r ema n yb u tt h e yd o n o to v e r s h a d o wAn g e l o u ’ st r i u mp ht o b ea ni n s p i r a t i o nt oo t h e r st h a th a v e s u f f e r e di n j u s t i c e so ft h ewo r l da n dt o s e e kmo me n t st h a tg i v eme a n i n gt o l i f e . Ma y aAn g e l o u ’ ss h a r pa n di n q u i s i t i v e n a t u r ef r o mc h i l d h o o dd e v e l o p e df o r h e rt ob e c o meo n eo ft h emo s tf a mo u s b l a c ka u t h o r s–n o tt ome n t i o nh e ra c t i v i s tr o l e–a n dIwo u l dh e a v i l yr e c o mme n dIKn o wWh yt h eCa g e dBi r d Si n g s .

Samue lSe l v on–TheLone l y Londoner s Ic h o s et or e a dSe l v o n ’ sn o v e l o fa na c c o u n to ft h eWi n d r u s hg e n e r a t i o nb e c a u s ei tt a k e sp l a c ei n Lo n d o na n d s t a r t si nWa t e r l o o ,wh e r eIa mf r o m.I t f e l tr e f r e s h i n gg a i n i n ga ni mmi g r a n t s p e r s p e c t i v eo fac i t yIk n o ws owe l l a n d g a i n i n g i n s i g h tt h r o u g h t h e We s t I n d i a nc h a r a c t e r st h a tp o r t r a ya wh o l l yd i f f e r e n tr e a l i t yt omi n ed e s p i t e b e i n gi nt h es a mep l a c e . Ip a r t i c u l a r l ye n j o y e dg a i n i n gad i f f e r e n tp e r s p e c t i v ef r o m Lo n d o ni na na c c o u n tu n l i k eo n eI ’ v ee v e rr e a db e f o r e . Th el i t t l en u a n c e st h a td i s t i n g u i s h e s Se l v o n ’ se x p e r i e n c ef r o mt y p i c a la c c o u n t so fLo n d o ni sh e l db e t we e n c h a r a c t e ri n t e r a c t i o n sa n dt h ei n t r o s p e c t i o ns u r r o u n d i n gt h e i re x p e r i e n c e . He i g h t e n e ds e n s eo fd i f f e r e n c e ,a n d o f t e nd i s p l a c e me n t ,a r ec o n s i s t e n t , e v e nt h r o u g hh i su s eo fCr e o l i s e dEn g l i s hs t y l eo fwr i t i n g , wh i c hIf o u n di mme n s e l yu n i q u ea sIh a v eo n l ye x p e r i e n c e ds u c hat h o r o u g ha n dd i s t i n c t i v e u s eofd i a l e c ti nI r v i n eWe l s h ’ sTr a i n s p o t t i n g . Hi l a r i o u s a n d a l a r mi n g , Se l v o nr e f l e c t so nt h ee x p e r i e n c eo fa g e n e r a t i o nt h a ts t i l lr e ma i n sr e l e v a n t t o d a y .

J ame sBal dwi n–Gi ov anni ’ s Room Ba l d wi n ,a nAf r i c a nAme r i c a nwr i t e r a n da c t i v i s t , wr i t e st h i sn o v e lt or e f l e c t o nh i sh o mo s e x u a l i t y ,n o tj u s tr a c eo r e t h n i c i t y . Ch a n g i n gt h ef o c u so fr a c et o a p p r o a c hp o r t r a y a l so fs e x u a l i t y ,Gi o v a n n i ’ sRo o mi sa ne mo t i o n a la n di mp a c t i n gn a r r a t i v et h a t ,l i k eAn g e l o u , g i v e sr e a d e r sa ne a r l yp e r s p e c t i v eo f wh a tt h emi n do fa no p p r e s s e dp e r s o n wa sl i k ea n dh o wp r o mi n e n tt h e s ee f f e c t s a r e f o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l s .

Ol audahEqui ano–TheI nt e r e s t i ngNar r at i v eoft he Li f eofOl audahEqui ano I nt h ee a r l ys t a g e so fp h o t o g r a p h y Eq u i a n o wa sa p p a r e n t l yo n eo ft h e mo s tp h o t o g r a p h e di n d i v i d u a l so fh i s t i me .Hewa sf r e e df r o ms l a v e r ya n d b e c a mea ni n h a b i t a n to fBr i t a i nwh e r e h ema d ei th i sd u t yt oma k ead i f f e r e n c ei nt h eo n l y me d i u mh ek n e w, t h r o u g hwr i t i n g .Eq u i a n owa sa b l et o c h a n g et h ep e r c e p t i o n so fb l a c kp e o p l e i nBr i t a i nt h r o u g hh i sa b i l i t yt ol e a r n h o wt or e a da n dwr i t ea n dp o we r f u l l y u s eh i ss t a n c ea n dv o i c et oe me r g ea sa r a r ef i g u r eo ft r i u mp hi nh i s“ s l a v en a r r a t i v e . ”

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Bo o k sIh a v en o tr e a db u th a v e b e e nr e c o mme n d e d . Dav i dOl us oga–Bl ac kand Br i t i s h: A For got t e nHi s t or y . Is t a r t e dt h i sb o o kb u td i dn o tf i n i s hi t i nt i mef o rt h i sa r t i c l e .Bl a c ka n dBr i t i s hi s ,a st h en a memi g h ts u g g e s t ,a b r e a k d o wno ft h eBr i t a i n ’ sr e l a t i o n s h i p wi t hAf r i c ao nab r o a d e rs c o p e .Ve r y t h o u g h t p r o v o k i n gf o ra n y o n ewi s h i n g t ol e a r na b o u t t h er o o t so fb l a c kh i s t o r y i nBr i t a i na n dh o wt h e s ee v e n t sh a v e t \ r a n s p i r e di n t ot h ep r e s e n t .

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ByFe l i c i t yMc Ke e Nor wi c hbor nPa bl oFa nquewa sa na ma z i ngs howma n a ndc i r c usowne r , whos omeha vec a l l e dt heEngl i s hPT. Ba r num.Howe ve r ,unl i ket heAme r i c a ns howma nwho i ns pi r e dt hemus i c a lTheGr e a t e s tShowma n,Pa bl o Fa nquer e ma i nsl e s s e rknownde s pi t ebe i ngoneofEngl a nd’ smos tf a mouss howme ni nt he19t hc e nt ur y . Or pha ne da tayounga ge ,a ndgoi ngbyhi snons t a ge na meofWi l l i a m Da r by ,hea ppr e nt i c e dunde rWi l l i a m Ba t t yt heowne rofat r a ve l l i ngc i r c us .Dur i nghi sa ppr e nt i c e s hi p,hedi s c ove r e dhi spa s s i onf orhor s er i di ng a nde que s t r i a ns t unt s ,e ve nt ua l l ybe i ngc ons i de r e done oft hef i ne s thor s epe r f or me r si nBr i t a i nbe i ngbi l l e da s “ t hel of t i e s tj umpe ri nEngl a nd”whos es ki l l st heI l l us t r a t e dLondonNe wsi n1847c l a i me dc oul dnotbe‘ s ur pa s s e dore qua l l e d’ Hi sunde r s t a ndi ngoft hei mpor t a nc eofs pe c t a c l ehe l pe d t oc e me nthi spos i t i ona soneofBr i t a i n’ sgr e a t e s ts howme na nde nc our a ge dt hous a ndst of l oc kt os e ehi ma nd hi sc i r c uswhe ni t a r r i ve di nt own, t heMa nc he s t e rTi me s i n1842s t a t e dt ha thi spe r f or ma nc ei nMa nc he s t e rha d be e n,‘ c r owde dt ot hec e i l i ng’ . Unf or t una t e l y ,i na mongs ta l lofhi ss uc c e s s ,t r a ge dy s t r uc kont he18t hMa r c h1848whe nt he r ewa sat r a gi c a c c i de nt a t oneofhi ss howswhi c hki l l e dhi swi f eSus a nna h,wi t hwhom heha dt wos ons . Woode ns uppor t st ha t he l dt hepi t i nwhi c ht hea udi e nc ewa sga vewa ya ndc ol l a ps e dont ot hel owe rga l l e r ywhe r es hewa swor ki ng. TheLe e dsme r c ur yr e por t e dt ha tPa bl os t a t e d,‘ ‘ Ibe l i e ve da l lwa ss a f e ,orIwoul dnotha vedonewha tIdi d a ndpl a c emygoodl a dyt he r e ’de s pi t ei mme di a t e l yr unni ngt ohe ra i da ndi nj ur i nghi ms e l fi nt hepr oc e s shewa s una bl et os a vehe ra ss heha dbe e nhi tonhe rhe a da nd ne c kbyf a l l i ngpl a nksa ndki l l e di ns t a nt l y .

Un f o r t u n a t e l y ,i na mo n g s ta l lo fh i ss u c c e s s ,t r a g e d ys t r u c ko n t h e1 8 t hMa r c h1 8 4 8wh e nt h e r ewa sat r a g i ca c c i d e n ta to n eo f h i ss h o wswh i c hk i l l e dh i swi f eSu s a n n a h ,wi t hwh o mh eh a d t wos o n s .Wo o d e ns u p p o r t st h a th e l dt h ep i ti nwh i c ht h ea u d i e n c ewa sg a v ewa ya n dc o l l a p s e do n t ot h el o we rg a l l e r ywh e r e s h ewa swo r k i n g . Th eLe e d sme r c u r yr e po r t e dt h a t Pa b l os t a t e d ,

‘ ‘ Ibe l i e v e dal lwass af e ,o rIwo ul d no thav edo newhatIdi dandpl ac e mygo o dl adyt he r e ’de s pi t ei mme di at e l yr unni ngt ohe rai dandi nj ur i nghi ms e l fi nt hepr o c e s shewas unabl et os av ehe rass hehadbe e n hi to nhe rhe adandne c kbyf al l i ng pl anksandki l l e di ns t ant l y . ”

De s p i t eh i sf a met h r o u g h o u tt h e1 9 t hc e n t u r y ,ma n ya r eu n a wa r eo fBr i t a i n ’ sf i r s tb l a c kc i r c u so wn e ra n dt h ef a s c i n a t i n g l i f eh el e d . So memi g h to n l yf i n dh i sn a mef a mi l i a rb e c a u s ea Bi l l a d v e r t i s i n gh i sc i r c u si n s p i r e dJ o h nLe n n o no ft h eBe a t l e s a n di sr e f e r e n c e di nt h es o n g“ Fo rt h eBe n e f i to fMrKi t e ” f r o m Sg t . Pe p p e r ’ s Lo n e l y He a r t s Cl u b Ba n d

Th ed e a t ho fh i swi f ei nt h i st r a g e d yr e f l e c t e dt h ema n yu p sa n d d o wn st h a tPa b l oe x p e r i e n c e dt h r o u g h o u th i sl i f e .De s p i t e h a v i n ge n j o y e dma n ys u c c e s s f u ly e a r sp e r f o r mi n g ,h ewa s n e v e rv e r yg o o dwi t hf i n a n c e sa n da l t h o u g hh ee n j o y e dwi d e s p r e a ds u c c e s s ,h ed i dn o td i eawe a l t h yma nh a v i n ga ma s s e d mo r ef a met h a nf o r t u n ed u r i n gh i sl i f e t i me . Wh e nh ep a s s e di n ar e n t e dr o o mi nSt o c k p o r ti n1 8 7 1f r o m Br o n c h i t i s ,h ed i e d wi t hv e r yl i t t l emo n e yt oh i sn a me . Al t h o u g hh i spa s s i n gwa s f a rf r o mt h eb r i g h tl i g h t so ft h eCi r c u swo r l d , h i sf i n a lj o u r n e y t oh i sr e s t i n gp l a c er e f l e c t e dh i sl o v eo fs p e c t a c l ewi t ht h o u s a n d sl i n i n gt h es t r e e t si nLe e d sa l o n gt h ef u n e r a lr o u t et op a y t h e i rr e s p e c t s .

Un l i k es o meh i swh i t ep e e r ss u c ha sPT Ba r n u m,Pa b l o Fa n q u eh a sg e n e r a l l yb e e no v e r l o o k e dd e s p i t et h ema s s i v e i mp a c th eh a dd u r i n gh i sl i f e t i me .Du r i n gBl a c kHi s t o r y Mo n t ht h e r eh a v eb e e nc a l l st oh a v eh i sl i f ei n c l u d e dwi t h i n t h en a t i o n a lc u r r i c u l u ms ot h a tt h eo f t e n o v e r l o o k e dd i v e r s i t y wi t h i nwo r k i n gc l a s sBr i t i s hh i s t o r ys t a r t st ob eg i v e nt h ea t t e n t i o ni td e s e r v e s . Ad d i n gh i sr e ma r k a b l es t o r yt ot h ec u r r i c u l u mi sj u s to n es ma l ls t e pt oe n s u r i n gt h a th ei sn ol o n g e rt h e g r e a t e s ts h o wma ny o u ’ v en e v e rh e a r do f .

“ Bi l ladv e r t i s i ng hi sc i r c us i ns pi r e dJ o hnLe nno no ft heBe at l e s andi sr e f e r e nc e di nt hes o ng.Fo r t heBe ne ﬁto fMrKi t e ”f r o m Sgt . Pe ppe r ’ s Lo ne l y He ar t s Cl ub Band. ”

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As p a r to f Bl a c k Hi s t o r y Mo n t h ,I[ So p h i eAp p s ]i n t e r v i e we dMi c h e l l eCa mp b e l l ,t h e g r a n d d a u g h t e ro ft r a i l b l a z i n g , Bl a c ka c t i v i s tBe t t yCa mp b e l l . Fr o mt h eCa mp b e l lf a mi l yt o t h ec u l t u r ea n dc o mmu n i t i e so f Ca r d i f f ,Mi c h e l l eg a v eh e rp e r s p e c t i v eo nt h ec i t ya n dt h ec e l e b r a t i o n o f i t s c i t i z e n s . Bl ac kHi s t or yMont hi s aboutr e pr e s e nt at i onand c e l e br at i ngt hel i v e sof Bl ac kc ommuni t i e s .How doe st hatr e s onat ewi t h y ou? Pe o p l ef r o mb l a c kc o mmu n i t i e s ,wea r eq u i t eo f t e nv e r y a wa r et h a ti ts p e a k st or e p r e s e n t a t i o n .Bu tq u i t eo f t e n , y o uf i n dt h a twh e n ,wh e ny o u k i n do fh a v eab l a c kf i l ma b o u t t h ep l i g h to fab l a c kp e r s o n ,i t ' s n o r ma l l ys l a v e r y ,y o uk n o w, a n do v e r c o mi n gt h o s er e a lk i n d o fc h a l l e n g e s .An di t ' sn i c e s o me t i me st oj u s tk i n do fc e l e b r a t e wh e no r d i n a r yp e o p l e h a v eh a ds u c c e s s .It h i n ki t ' s s o me t i me sr e a l l yd i f f i c u l tt o l o o ka ts o me t hi n gl i k es l a v e r y , wh i c hi sq u i t eab i go n ef o r b l a c kp e o p l e ,b u ti fy o ul o o ka t t h a t , y o uf o c u so nt h es t r u g g l e . I t h i n ki t ' sa b o u tc h a n g i n gt h a t n a r r a t i v e .Sot h a ti t ' sn o tn e c e s s a r i l yr o o t e di nt h es t r u g g l e , a n dh o w p e o p l en e e d e dt o b e c o meh a r do rt of i g h t o rs t a n d u p .I t ' sa c t u a l l ya b o u tc e l e b r a t i n gt h ea c h i e v e me n t s ,c e l e b r a t i n gwh a tt h e ywe r ea b l et od o , d e s p i t e ,y o uk n o w,a l lo ft h a t u g l yn a r r a t i v e .So ,i t ' sa b o u t h o w weg e tt h o s es t o r i e so u t . An dIt h i n k ,n a n[ Be t t yCa mp b e l l ]d e f i n i t e l ys t o o df o rt h a t An dIt h i n ki t ' so n eo ft h o s e t h i n g swh e r ep e o p l eq u i t eo f t e n t a l ka b o u tt h a t , b u ti twa s n ' tj u s t t h eh e a d mi s t r e s ss t u f ft h a ts h e d i d . Sh ed i ds omu c h . Coul dy out e l lusabout s omeoft hes mal l e rbut i mpac t f ult hi ngsBe t t y Campbe l ldi df orhe rc ommuni t y ? Whe ns h ed i e d af e wy e a r s b a c k ,p e o p l ewe r ek i n do fwr i t i n gl e t t e r st ot h ef a mi l y .An d p e o p l ewo u l dme s s a g ej u s t wi t h t h e i rl i t t l es t o r i e s . An di t ' sa c t u a l l yt h ewa yt h a ts h ei mp a c t e d .

Li k e ,j u s te v e r y d a yp e o p l e ’ s l i v e ss h ema d ead i f f e r e n c eo n . It e l lt h es t or yo fo n eo fmy f r i e n d swh owa saf e wy e a r s y o u n g e rt h a nmei ns c h o o l ,a n d s h er e a c h e do u to nI n s t a g r a m, a n ds h es a i d ,i fi twa s n ' tf o r Be t t yCa mp b e l l ,Iwo u l dh a v e n e v e rg o ti n t ot h ea i rf o r c ei n Ame r i c a .Be c a u s et h es c h o o l i n gs y s t e m i sd i f f e r e n t .An d e v e nt h o u g hs h e ' dg o n et h r o u g h a l lt h eGCSEsa n de v e r y t h i n g e l s e ,t h e yd i d n ' tr e c o g n i s ei t . So ,s h en e e d e dt h a tc h a r a c t e r r e f e r e n c e .Sh en e e d e ds o me b o d ywh owa sn o t a b l et od oi t , a n d na nj u s ts t e p p e di na n d wr o t eh e rr e f e r e n c e ,a n dy o u h a v et h ewe i g h to fa l lo fh e ra c c o l a d e sb e h i n dh e r .Th a tt h e n me a n tt h a tt h i sp e r s o nwa sa b l e t ot h e i rc a r e e r ,a n dt h e yh a da c a r e e ri nt h eAme r i c a nmi l i t a r y , wh i c hwa sr e a l l yg r e a t .An da s awo ma na swe l l ,s oi t ' se v e n mo r eg r e a t .Li k e ,y o uk n o w, k i n do fc e l e b r a t i n gwo me ni n n o n t r a d i t i o n a ll o c a t i o n s .An d n a nj u s t t r i e st oc e l e b r a t ee v e r y b o d y ' ss u c c e s s .Sh ej u s tt r i e dt o h e l po u twh e r es h ec o u l d ,h o w s h ec o u l d . An dy e a h ,s h ewa sa f i g h t e ra th e a r t ,b u tIt h i n ki t wa sj u s ti nh e rn a t u r et oj u s t p u s hp e o p l eo na n dp u l lp e o p l e , wh i c h wa s q u i t e n i c e . Howwoul dy oude s c r i be Car di ﬀasac ommuni t y ? Do wn t h e d o c k se v e r y o n e k n o wse a c ho t h e r ,y o u wa l k d o wnt h e r e ,a n dy o uf i n dy o u r s e l fs a y i n gh it oe v e r y b o d y .Do y o uk n o w wh a t ' sr e a l l yn i c ei s my u n c l eSt e wa r d ,my Na n ' s s o nwh o ’ s5 4n o wa n dh ewa s b o r nwi t had i s a b i l i t y .So ,h e ' s g o tas l i g h tp h y s i c a ld i s a b i l i t y , b u th e ' sa l s og o tme n t a ld i s a b i l i t y .Th e yd i d n ' te x p e c th i mt o l i v ep a s ta b o u tt h ea g eo fe i g h t . An y wa y ,h e ' ss t i l lv e r ymu c h a l i v e .Bu tu n c l eSt e wa r tc a ng o o u td o wnt h ed o c k s ,a n de v e r y b o d yk n o wsh i m,a n de v e r y b o d yi sl i k et h i sh u g ek i n do f s a f e t yn e t .He c a n ' tg oa n y wh e r e ;h ec a n ' twa l kd o wnt h e s t r e e twi t h o u t ,l i k e ,1 0p e o p l e s t o p p i n gh i mt oa s kh i mh o w h e ' sd o i ngo r ,y o uk n o w,l i k e , mo c k i n gh i ma b o u twh e t h e ro r n o tAr s e n a lwo no nt h ewe e k e n d . An dt h a ts e n s eo fc o mmu n i t yy o ud o n ’ tt e n dt og e t . Wh a t

y o u ' l lp r o b a b l yf i n di s ,wh e n t h ed o c k swe r eb a c kwh e ni t wa st h ed o c k s , r a t h e rt h a nBu t e t o wn ,o re v e nTi g e rBa y ,t h a t s e n s eo fc o mmu n i t yt h a tt h e y h a d ,wa sj u s ts os t r o n g .An dI t h i n ki twa st h ei d e at h a ty o u h a da l lo ft h e s ed i f f e r e n tp e o p l e c o mi n gi nf r o mt h ed o c k s ,t h e s e a me n ,y o uh a da l lo ft h e s e d i f f e r e n tp e o p l ek i n do fc o mi n g i n ,a l lt h e s ed i f f e r e n tr a c e s ,a l l o ft h e s ed i f f e r e n tr e l i g i o n s . Th e ywe r ep u ti n t ot h i sr e a l l y s ma l ll o c a t i o n ,a n dt h e yh a dn o c h o i c eb u t t og e t o n . An dIt h i n k wh e ny o u ’ r ewo r k i n ga l o n g s i d e s o me b o d y ,a n dy o uk n o w,y o u k i n do fa l mo s ts t o p p e ds e e i n g ; wh e ny o u ' r e ,wh e ny o u ' r ei mme r s e di ne a c ho t h e r ' sc u l t u r e s , y o us t o ps e e i n gt h ec o l o u ro r t h ed i f f e r e n c e s ,a n dy o us t a r tt o k i n do fa l mo s ts e et h e ma sp a r t o fy o u rf a mi l y ,y o u re x t e n d e d c o mmu n i t y . Yous e eCar di ﬀ,c l e ar l y ,i n t hi sbe aut i f ulway ,but whatwoul dy ous ayt o pe opl et hathav eabadpe r c e pt i onoft hec i t y ? It h i n kp e o p l e ' sp e r c e p t i o no f t h ed o c k so rTi g e rBa y , wa st h a t i t wa sr o u g h , a n da l l o ft h a t k i n d o fs t u f fb u t a c t u a l l y , i fy o uwe r e i nt h e r e ,i twa sp r o b a b l yo n eo f t h emo s ti n c l u s i v e ,we l c o mi n g p l a c e sy o uc o u l dg oa n d ,y o u k n o w,y o uc o u l da l wa y ss e e y o u r s e l fr e p r e s e n t e di ns o me o n eo r ,s o me p l a c eo rami x t u r e o fp e o p l e ,b e c a u s et h e r ewa s k i n do fa l lo ft h e s er a c e sj u s t k i n do fc a me t o g e t h e r .Yo u s p e a kt op e o p l ef r o m d o wn t h e r ea n dt h e y ' l lb el i k e ,o h , y e a h ,myg r e a tg r a n d f a t h e rwa s f r o m J a ma i c a ,a n d my g r e a t g r a n d mo t h e r wa s We l s ha n d t h e ny o u ' v eg o ts o meEu r o p e a n i nt h e r e . I t ' st h ei d e at h a th a v i n g s oma n yp e o p l emi x i n gt o g e t h e rb r o k ed o wn t h o s eb a r r i e r s t h a t t h e r ea r eq u i t eal o t o fi nt h e wo r l dt o d a y .It h i n kt h emo r e we s e ep e o p l ep u s ha g a i n s t t h o s eb a r r i e r s ,s o me t i me st h e h i g h e ri tf e e l sl i k et h e yg e tj u s t a smu c ha sy o uh a v ep e o p l e p u s ht op u l lt h e md o wn .Bu t Bu t e t o wnwa sd e f i n i t e l ya n di s s t i l ls o me wh e r ey o uc a ns e e l o t so fd i f f e r e n tc o mmu n i t i e s a n dr a c e sa l l l i v i n gt o g e t h e ra n d g e t t i n go n wh i c hi sg r e a t .

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ts e e msi nc r e di bl et ha ti nt he 21s tc e nt ur y ,weha vet oc ont i nues e e i ngc a s e sofr a c i s t vi ol e nc ea l mos t da i l yi nt he s t r e e t sorons oc i a lme di apl a t f or ms .Howe ve r ,wec ont i nue t os e ei t ,a ndt hewor s tt hi ngi s t ha ti ts e e mst ha tt he ya r ei nc r e a s i ng.Da ya f t e rda y ,a si f t i me di d nott e a c h us a nd pe op l es t i l ldonots e ebe yond s ki nc ol our . As i ndi vi dua l s ,we ha ve a mor a lr e s pons i bi l i t y t o do s ome t hi ng a bout i t ,t oa c t a ga i ns t t he s ei nj us t i c e s . But , a s weknow whe nwepr ot e s tt oge t he r ,wea l wa ysma kemor e noi s e .Ac l e a re xa mpl eoft hi s i st he Bl a c k Li ve s Ma t t e r move me nt i n s uppor t of da r ks ki nne d pe opl e .As a r e s ul toft her e c e nta ndnume r ouspol i c ea bus e sa ndr a c i s ta t t a c ks ,pe opl eha vede c i de dt o gi ve mor e vi s i bi l i t yt ot he bl a c kc ommuni t y .Themove me ntr e pr e s e nt st her i ght sof e qua l i t ys i nc ebl a c kpe opl ea r e wor t h no l e s st ha n whi t e pe op l e .I nc onc l us i on,t he ya r e e qua l .Some t hi ngt ha tobvi ous s houl dbewha te ve r yonebe l i e ve s , butunf or t una t e l y , s ome pe op l ej us ts e e mt obei nc a pa bl eofunde r s t a ndi t . So ,i fyoua r ewonde r i ngwha t youc a ndowi t hyours oc i e t y t os uppor tt hemove me nt ,he r e i sal i s tofs i mpl ea nde a s yt i ps f ori t . .

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ABi g Tha nk Yo u Ont h el a s t2 1 s ta n d2 2 n do fSe p t e mb e r , wewe r el u c k yt oh o s tt h ef r e s h e r ' sf a y r ea tt h es p o r t s v i l l a g ei nSwa n s e aUn i v e r s i t y . Ev e nt h o u g hl a s t y e a rt h ee v e n t c o u l dn o t b ep o s s i b l ed u et ot h e c o v i d , t h i sy e a rweh a v ewo r k e dh a r dt oma k ei th a p p e n . Th a n k st ot h es e c u r i t yme a s u r e sp u t i np l a c eb yt h eu n i v e r s i t yf o l l o wi n gt h eg o v e r n me n t ' sc o v i dg u i d e l i n e s , wewe r ea b l et oe n j o y ac a l m, s a f ea n de x c i t i n ge v e n t . Th r o u g has y s t e mo fb o o k i n g sa n ds l o t s , a l lt h es t u d e n t swh o r e g i s t e r e da n dwa n t e dt ob ep a r to fi twe r ea b l et oa t t e n da tt h ed e s i r e dt i met oe n j o yt h ea c t i v i t y . Fr e s h e r s ’f a y r ei sn o to n l yap l a c et oh a v eac h a twi t ht h es o c i e t i e swea r ei n t e r e s t e di n ,b u t a l s oap l a c et od i s c o v e rn e ws o c i e t i e sa n dc l u b swemi g h t wa n t t oj o i ni nt h ef u t u r e . I fweh a v e a n yd o u b t so rp e t i t i o n s , t h i si st h ep l a c et og o . Ma n yt i me s ,weo v e r l o o kma n yo ft h eo p t i o n st h a tSwa n s e au n i v e r s i t yh a st oo f f e ru s . Wa l k i n gt h r o u g ht h ec o r r i d o r so ft h ef r e s h e r ' sf a y r e ,wec a ndi s c o v e rs o c i e t i e sa n dc l u b st h a twe d i d n ´ te v e nk n o wt h a te x i s t e d . I ne a c hs t a n d , t h e r ewi l l b eo n eo rmo r eme mb e r so ft h ec o mmi t t e eo ft h ec o r r e s p o n d i n gs o c i e t yo rc l u b .Th e ya r et h e r et oa n s we ra n yq u e s t i o n sy o uh a v ea b o u th o wt og e ti n vo l v e d ,h o w s o c i e t ywo r k so rh o wmu c hmo n e yt h e yc l a i m. Yo uc a na s ka n y t h i n gy o uwa n t !Th e yma yt r y t os e d u c ey o ui n t oj o i n i n ga n dt r y i n gg o o dt h i n g sb u tj u s tl e ty o u r s e l fg o . Yo un e v e rk n o wi f t h a tmi g h tb ey o u rs e c r e tg i f t ! I na d d i t i o nt oo u rmo r et h a n2 0 0s p o r t sc l u b sa n ds o c i e t i e s ,weh a dt h ep r e s e n c eo fl o c a la n d n a t i o n a l b u s i n e s s e ss u c ha sAma z o n , Do mi n o s , As s o s , a n dSwa n s e an i g h t c l u b sl i k eBa mb uo r Fi c t i o n .Th e s ewe r eav e r yg o o do p p o r t u n i t yt oo b t a i ne x c l u s i v ed i s c o u n t sa n dc o u p o n s wh i c h ,a ss t u d e n t s ,a r ev e r yg o o df o ro u rp o c k e t .Ev e r y t h i n gn e e d e dt ol i v et h es t u d e n tl i f e wa sa v a i l a b l ea tt h ef a y r e , a n df o rf r e e ! Th a n ky o uv e r ymu c hf o ra t t e n d i n gt h ee v e n t . Wec o u l dn o th a v ed o n ei twi t h o u tyo u . Wea r e d e l i g h t e db yt h i sy e a rf r e s h e r ´ sf a y r e , a n dweh o p et os e ey o ua l lt h e r en e x ty e a r !

Wal kSaf e . Ass t u d e n t swe ’ r eu s e dt owo n d e r i n ga r o u n dt h es t r e e t so fSwa n s e a ,wh e t h e r t h a tb ewa l k i n gt oal e c t u r eo rt oWi n dSt r e e to nan i g h to u t .Ho we v e r ,f o r ma n yg e t t i n gf r o mAt oBi s n ’ ts u c has i mp l et a s k .Un f o r t u n a t e l yma n yo fus h a v ef e l tu n s a f ewh e nwa l k i n ga r o u n di nSwa n s e a ,e s p e c i a l l yi fwe ’ r eb y o u r s e l v e s .Th i si sb e c a u s eo famy r i a do fr e a s o n s ;wef e e ll i k ewe ’ r eb e i n g f o l l o we d ,s o me o n ei sy e l l i n ga tu s ,we ’ r ewa l k i n ga tn i g h t ,we ’ r ei na p o t e n t i a l l yu n s a f ea r e a . Th el i s tg o e so n … Noo n es h o u l db ema d et of e e la f r a i dwh e nwa l k i n gs o me wh e r ea n dt h i si swh e r et h eWa l kSa f e g r o u pc o me si n . Th eFa c e b o o kg r o u pwh i c ha t t h e t i meo fwr i t i n gh a se i g h t h u n d r e da n de i g h t ye i g h t me mb e r s ,wa sf o u n d e db ySo p h i eMo r g a na n d Wi l lLeBa sl a s ty e a ra n di sag r o u pt h a ta i mst o h e l po t h e r sb yma k i n gt h e mf e e ls a f ei nSwa n s e a a g a i n . Th eb a s i so ft h ep a g ei si nt h en a me ,wa l k i n gs a f e l y . Th eg r o u pa c t sa sap l a c ef o rp e o p l et o t u r nt oi ft h e yn e e dh e l p .An y o n ewh oi sf e e l i n g wo r r i e dwh e nwa l k i n gi nSwa n s e ac a nme s s a g e t h eg r o u pa n ds o me o n ewi l lc o met ome e tt h e mt o e n s u r et h a tt h e yg e th o mewi t h o u tb e i n gf e a r f u l a n dmo r ei mp o r t a n t l ywi t h o u th a r a s s me n t .Af t e ra l l ,s a f e t yi nn u mb e r s .Th eg r o u pi sa l s ou s e da sa p l a c ef o ra d v i c e ,p o s t sa r ema d ei f s o me o n eh a sb e e ni nap a r t i c u l a r a r e ao fSwa n s e aa n df e l tu n s a f es o t h a t o t h e r sk n o wt ob ewa r y . Vi g i l ’ s a r eh e l db yt h o s ei nt h ef o r u mf o r t h o s ewh oh a v es a d l yf a l l e nv i c t i m t os t r e e th a r a s s me n ta n da b u s e . Th e r eh a v ea l s ob e e np r o t e s t si na n e f f o r t t o # RECLAI MTHESESTREETS( r e c l a i mt h es t r e e t s ) . Wa l kSa f ea r ema k i n gt h e ms e l v e s h e a r da n ds l o wl yb u ts u r e l yt r y i n g t oe n s u r et h a t t h e r ei sn ol o n g e ra n y d a n g e ri nwa l k i n go nt h es t r e e t so fSwa n s e a .

c i d e dt or e p o r tt h ei n c i d e n tt ot h ep o l i c e ,s h ewa s t o l dt h a tt h e r ewa sn o t h i n gt h a tc o u l db ed o n eo n t h ea c c o u n to ft h e r eb e i n gn oCCTV f o o t a g e . De c i d i n gt ot a k ema t t e r si n t oh e ro wnh a n d s ,s h e c r e a t e dt h eg r o u pwi t hh e rf r i e n dWi l lLeBa ss o t h a to t h e rwo me nwh oh a db e e nh a r a s s e dd i d n ’ t f e e la l o n e .I t ’ su s e da sap l a c ef o rp e o p l et ot u r n t o , t og i v ea d v i c eo rt oh e e dawa r n i n gi ft h e yh a v e b e e nf o l l o we d .Ul t i ma t e l y ,t h ef o r u mc a nb es e e n a sas a f es p a c ea n da na d v i c ep a g et oe n s u r et h a t e v e r y o n ei ss a f e .Ev e r y o n ewh oi same mb e ro f t h eWa l kSa f eg r o u ph a st h es a me a i m,t ob es a f ea n dt oma k es u r e t h a to t h e r sa r es a f e .

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l k i n g a r o u n d i n Swa n s e a , Wa e s p e c i a l l ya tn i g h tc a ns o me t i me s b eal i t t l es c a r y . Mo r es oi fy o ut h e n f i n dy o u r s e l fb e i n gf o l l o we do r y e l l e da t . Be i n ga b l et oh a v e s o me o n ey o uc a nme s s a g et oc o me a n dme e ty o ut or e d u c et h es c a r e a n dk n o wi n gt h a tt h e r e ’ sp e o p l e o u tt h e r e wh o ha v ey o u rb e s t i n t e r e s t sa th e a r ta n dwa n tt oma k e s u r ey o u ’ r eo k a yi s ,p e r s o n a l l y ,a ma s s i v er e l i e f .Ho p e f u l l ya ts o me p o i n ti nt h ef u t u r et h ewo r r yt h a t c a no c c u rwh e nwa l k i n ga l o n e ,wh i c hh a sb e e n r e d u c e dt h a n k st oWa l kSa f e ,wi l lb ee r a d i c a t e d Whe nt a l k i n gt o So p h i e Mo r g a n ,o n e oft h e c o mp l e t e l y . g r o u p sf o u n d e r ss h es t a t e dt h a tt h eg r o u ps t a r t e d o na c c o u n to ft h ea mo u n to fr e p o r t so fg i r l swh o J o i nt h ep a g eo nFa c e b o o kb ys e a r c h i n gWa l kSa f e : h a db e e nf o l l o we da n dh a r a s s e di nSwa n s e al a s t Swa n s e aa n dr e q u e s t i n gt oj o i n . y e a r . Th e nwh e ns h eh e r s e l fwa sh a r a s s e da n dd e -

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a b l et oma t c ha n dt h a t ' s u n d o u b t e d l yag o o dt h i n g . Le t ' s h o p es o c i o l o g ys t u d e n t sd o n ' t t a k ei tu p o nt h e ms e l v e st od e l v e d e e p e ri n t ot h et a l eo ft h e Swa n s e aDe v i lb e c a u s ei tc o u l d me a na n yo n eo fu sc o u l db et h e n e we s tv i c t i mo fi t su n l u c k y c u r s e . Ca n d y ma n ' sma i ng o a l t h r o u g h o u tt h e1 9 9 2f i l mi st o s h a p et h i sn a ï v eg r a ds t u d e n tt o h i so wni ma g e , t h u sma k i n gi ts o n oo n ewi l lwa n tt oh e l ph e r , j u s t a sn o b o d yh e l p e dh i m. Tu r n i n g Ca n d y ma ni n t oal e g e n de n s u r e d t h a ta sl on ga sh i smo n i k e rl i v e d o n , s owo u l dh e . Th ec l a s s i c p h r a s eo f' t h ewo u n dma yh e a l , b u tt h es c a r swi l lr e ma i n ' ' o ra s Ca n d y ma ns od e l i c a t e l ya n d c r e e p i l ywh i s p e r e d“ Ia m r u mo u r . I ti sab l e s s e dc o n d i t i o n , b e l i e v eme . Tob ewh i s p e r e d a b o u ta ts t r e e tc o r n e r s . Tol i v ei n o t h e rp e o p l e ’ sd r e a msb u tn o tt o h a v et ob e . ”

I ti sap e tp e e v eo fmi n ewh e n p e o p l ea n n o u n c et h a tamo v i ei s mo r es o c i a l l yr e l e v a n tn o wt h a n wh e ni twa sf i r s tr e l e a s e d . Th i s d e c l a r a t i o na s s u me st h a tt h e i s s ue sb r o u g h tu pd u r i n gt h ef i l m s o me h o wma g i c a l l yc o r r e c t e d t h e ms e l ve sa n di t ' so n l yi nr e c e n t y e a r st h a tt h ei s s u eh a sr e a r e di t s p r o b l e ma t i cl i t t l eh e a da g a i n . So c i a ls t r u c t u r e so fo p p r e s s i o n a r es u s t a i n e do v e rd e c a d e s , o v e r c e n t u r i e s . Th i si st h es e n t i me n tt h a th a s f o l l o we dt h ec u l tc l a s s i cCa n d y ma n( Be r n a r dRo s e , 1 9 9 2 )l i k ea p s e u d o p r o g r e s s i v emo t ht oa f l a me . Th et o u g hi s s u e so fr a c i a l i n e q u a l i t ya r et h ema i nc r u xo f t h es t o r y , y e ta tn op o i n ti nt h e l a s tt h r e ed e c a d e sh a st h i si s s u e f a d e d , i t ' sma i n t a i n e dt h es a me l e v e lo fr e l e v a n c ys i n c ei n e q u a l i t yh a s , u n f o r t u n a t e l y , p e r s e v e r e d l i k eKa t i eHo p k i n sc a r e e ro rTh e Su n' sh a t r e df o ri mmi g r a t i o n . Fo re x a mp l e , t h eb r u t a lp o l i c e b e a t i ngo fRo d n e yKi n gi n1 9 9 1 i sn o td i s s i mi l a rt ot h ec a s eo f Ge o r g eFl o y dl a s ty e a r . Sa me p r o b l e m. 2 9y e a r sa p a r t . Th el e g e n ds t a t e st h a tawh i t e l y n c hmo ba t t a c k e d , mu t i l a t e d

a n dmu r d e r e dab l a c ka r t i s ta f t e r h ef e l li nl o v ewi t ha n d i mp r e g n a t e dar i c hwh i t ema n ' s d a u g h t e r . Th e yc o v e r e dt h ema n i nb e e s , c u to f fh i sa r ma n d r e p l a c e di twi t ht h ei c o n i c b l o o d yh o o k . I fy o us a yh i s , h e n a mef i v et i me si nt h emi r r or wi l lp o po u ta n dmu r d e ry o ub y s l i c i n gy o uf r o mg r o i nt ot h r o a t wi t hh i st r u s t y , r u s t yh o o k . Ane a s ywa yt os u r v i v et h i s h o r r o rmo v i ei st on o ts a yt h o s e wo r d so rl o o ki nmi r r o r s , b u t , o u rh e r o i n e , He l e n , i st o oc a u g h t u pwi t hh e ri n v e s t i g a t i o nt oe v e n f a t h o mt h i s . * s p o i l e rwa r n i n g * Sh ei n v o k e sh i sn a mea n d , i n d o i n gs o , c r e a t e sas e r i e so f e v e n t swh e r es h ei n d i r e c t l y( o r d i r e c t l y , i fy o up r e f e rt h a t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n )c a u s e st h ed e a t h s o fa ni n n o c e n tr o t t we i l e r , h e r b e s tf r i e n dBe r n a d e t t e( Ka s i Le mmo ns ) , h e rp s y c h i a t r i s t , h e r s e l f , a n dt h ek i d n a p p i n go fa l i t t l eb a byn a me dAn t h o n y . Al lt h i su n n e c e s s a r yb l o o d s h e d wa sa l lb e c a u s eawh i t ewo ma n n e e d e dt of i n i s hh e rd i s s e r t a t i o n . Sh ep a i df o rh e rd e g r e ewi t hh e r s a n i t ya n dh e rl i f e-t h a t ' sal e v e l o fd e d i c a t i o nt h a tIwi l ln e v e rb e

Top u te v e nmo r es i mp l y , t h e p e r s o nma yp e r i s hb u tt h e v i o l e n c e , p a i na n di n j u s t i c el i v e o ni nt h o s ewh or e me mb e r . An d , t h o s ewh or e me mb e r , c a nn e v e r f o r g e t . No w, a sal i t t l el a s sf r o mt h e c o u n t r y s i d ewh o s ec o mp l e x i o n i sa k i nt oav a mp i r eo r' Ca s p e r : Th eFr i e n d l yGh o s t ' , Ic a n ' ta n d s h o u l d n ' twe i g hi no nb l a c k i s s u e sa sIc o mef r o ma c o mp l e t e l yd i f f e r e n tb a c k g r o u n d y , u n e d u c a t e do n a n da m, f r a n k l t h eb l a c ke x p e r i e n c e . So , s o me t h i n gt h a tI , a n de v e r y o n e e l s et h a ta l s oh a st h es a me c o l o u r i n ga sas h e e to fp a p e r , c a nd oi st ol i s t e na n da d j u s t b e h a v i o u ra c c o r d i n g l y . Th a ti s t h eb a r emi n i mu m. I fy o ut a k ea n y t h i nga wa yf r o m t h i sh o r r o rc l a s s i c , a n dIh o p e y o ud o , i ti st h a ti nac l i ma t e wh e r ef e a ra n ds t e r e o t y p e sa r e b r a n d i n gp e o p l ei n t or i g i d g r o u p so fc h i l d r e ns t a r v i n g To r i e sa n ds n o wf l a k eLi b e r a l s , Ca n d y ma np o r t r a y sh o wwi l l i n g wec a nb et ov i l i f ye a c ho t h e r . Asc o o la sv i l l a i n sa r e , t h e yo n l y l e a dt omo r es u f f e r i n g , wh i c h i s n ' tc o o l . An d , mo s ti mp o r t a n t l y , t h a ti t wo u l ds u c kt ob es t u n gt od e a t h b yb e e s

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De n i sVi l l e n e u v e ’ sa d a p t a t i o no f Du n ei smo r et h a nama s t e r p i e c e :i t ’ s ac i n e ma t i ce x p e r i e n c e . Fr o mi t ss e n s a t i o n a ls o u n d t r a c kt oi t sj a wd r o p p i n gv i s u a l s , Du n ewa swo r t ht h e wa i t . Le t ’ sb e g i nb yd i s c u s s i n gt h ei n c r e d i b l yt a l e n t e dc a s tt h a tt a k e sy o uo na n e mo t i o n a lr o l l e r c o a s t e rs t a r t i n gf r o m t h emo me n tt h el i g h t sg oo u t . Th e s t a r st a k eo nt h e i rr o l e ss u b l i me l yi n t h e i ro wnwa y s , wh i c hma k e st h e s t o r yf e e lv e r ya u t h e n t i c . Ti mo t h é e Ch a l a me t-wh op l a y sPa u l At r e i d e s-

I fy o uh a v eb e e nf o l l o wi n gt h eb u z z s u r r o u n d i n gDu n e , y o uwi l lh a v e b e e nt o l dt owa t c ht h i smo v i eo nt h e b i g g e s ts c r e e np o s s i b l e . Wh a tb e t t e r wa yt owa t c hDu n et h a ni nar o o m wh e r ey o uc a nb et r u l yi mme r s e di n t h es t o r y ?Th ec i n e mao f f e r sa ni mme r s i v es o u n ds y s t e mt h a ty o u c a n n o te x p e r i e n c ea th o me . So me t h i n gy o uc a nb es u r ea b o u twh e n wa l k i n gi n t ot h ec i n e mai st h a t y o u ’ v en e v e rwa t c h e da n y t h i n gl i k ei t b e f o r e . De n i sVi l l e n e u v eb r i n g s s o me t h i n gn e wt ot h ec i n e ma ;h ep r e s e n t sa no r i g i n a la p p r o a c ht of i l mma k i n g .

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h t t p s : / / www. i md b . c o m/ p r o v e so n c emo r et h a th ei so n eo f t h eb e s ta c t o r so fo u rg e n e r a t i o n , a n d h i so n s c r e e nc h e mi s t r ywi t hZe n d a y a( Ch a n i )wa sah i g h l i g h to ft h e f i l m. Fr o mac a r i n gf a t h e rt oa ni mp r e s s i v el e a d e r , Os c a rI s a a cd e l i v e r e d a no u t s t a n d i n gp e r f o r ma n c ei nt h e r o l eo fDu k eLe t o , b u tt h i sc o u l d n ’ t h a v eb e e na c h i e v e dwi t h o u tRe b e c c a Fe r g u s o n ’ su n f o r g e t t a b l et a k eo nt h e r o l eo fLa d yJ e s s i c a . Pi r a t e so ft h eCa r i bb e a nc o mp o s e r Ha n sZi mme rs c o r e dt h i smo n s t e ro f af i l mwi t ha ni n n o v a t i v es o u n d t r a c k t h a ti si np e r f e c ta c c o r d a n c ewi t ht h e l a r g e s c a l ev i s u a l so ft h ef i l m. Th e s e e mi n g l y e n d l e s sl a n d s c a p e s , i mp o s i n gs h i p sa n dp o we r f u lmu s i ca l l wo r kt o g e t h e rt oma k et h emo v i ef e e l c o l o s s a l . Du n e ’ sOs c a r wo r t h yc i n e ma t o g r a p h ya n db r i l l i a n tc o s t u me d e s i g na r ea l s ov i t a lr e a s o n sf o ri t s s u c c e s s .

Ho we v e r , Du n ei s n ’ tp e r f e c t . Th e s t o r ys l o wsd o wna f t e rt h ec l i ma x , a n dt h i sma k e st h ee n d i n ga b r u p t ;we e x p e c tt h ea c t i o nt or i s ea g a i nb u ti t d o e s n ’ t . Fu r t h e r mo r e , t h e r ea r es o me a c t o r swewi s h e dwec o u l dh a v es e e n mo r eo f . Wi t ht h i se x t r a o r d i n a r yc a s t , i ts e e msl i k eawa s t e do p p o r t u n i t yn o t t oh a v ec r e a t e db i g g e rr o l e sf o rt h e m. Du n ei sa l s oac o mp l i c a t e ds t o r ys oi f y o ul i k er e a d i n g , wes u g g e s ty o ur e a d t h ea wa r d wi n n i n gn o v e lb yFr a n k He r b e r t . Ou rr a t i n gf o rDu n ei s9 / 1 0 . Vi l l e n e u v e ’ sa d a p t a t i o nwe n tb e y o n do u r a l r e a d y q u i t e h i g he x p e c t a t i o n s . He p a i dh o ma g et oHe r b e r t ’ s1 9 6 5n o v e l wh i l emo d e r n i z i n gi t . Du n el e a v e s y o ub e g g i n gf o rPa r t2 , a n di th a s n o wb e e ng r e e n l i tb yLe g e n d a r ya n d r n e rBr o swi t har e l e a s ed a t es e t Wa f o r2 0 2 3 . Sowea r ev e r ymu c h l o o k i n gf o r wa r dt ot h a t . On eo ft h e

b e s tmo v i e so f2 0 2 1 , Du n e ma n a g e st og r a s pt h ea u d i e n c e ’ sa t t e n t i o nwi t hi t s t e r r i f y i n gv i l l a i n sa n d s t r u g g l i n gh e r o e s , a n d g i v e su sac i n e mae x p e r i e n c et h a twe ’ v en e v e rh a d b e f o r e .

Di s abi l i t yi snota Hal l owe e nCos t ume Ha l l owe e nc os t ume sc a nbeve r s a t i l e .The yc a nr a ngef r om s c a r yt os e xy butt heonet hi ngac os t umes houl dnotbei sof f e ns i ve .Eve r yye a ra r ound Ha l l owe e nt hedi s c us s i ona bout wha t i sa ndi s n’ t of f e ns i vet owe a ra sac os t umer e t ur ns . De s pi t ema nyma r gi na l i s e dgr oupshi ghl i ght i ngwhydr e s s i ng i nc e r t a i nwa ysi snota ppr opr i a t ema nype opl es t i l lc hoos et owe a rc os t ume st ha tpe r pe t ua t eha r mf uls t e r e ot ype sorbe l i t t l et hos ei tc l a i mst or e pr e s e nt . AsHa l l owe e na ppr oa c he st heha s ht a gs#Di s a bi l i t yI s Not a Cos t umea nd #Di s a bi l i t yI s Not Sc a r yha vebe gunt ot r e ndont wi t t e ra sma nyi nt hedi s a bl e dc ommuni t ya r et we e t i nga boutwhydi s a bi l i t yi snotac os t ume . Oneof t hos et we e t i ngunde rt he s eha s ht a gsi sDe r motDe vl i n,adi s a bi l i t ya c t i vi s t f r omNor t he r nI r e l a nda ndf ounde rofMyWa yAc c e s s ,whos t a t e st ha t ,

“Whe ni tc ome st oHal l owe e n,manype opl ear el ooki ngf ort hepe r f e c tc os t umet omaket he m popoutat f anc ydr e s spar t i e s .One ,whi c hi si nc r e as i ngov e rt he y e ar s ,i spe opl eus i ngdi s abl e dpe opl east hebas i sof t he i rde s i gns . ’ Unl i ket hec os t ume sma nye nj oya tHa l l owe e n,be i ngdi s a bl e di snots ome t hi nga pe r s onc a nj us t put onort a keof f . Whe nanondi s a bl e dpe r s onc hoos e st oa ppr opr i a t edi s a bi l i t ya i dss uc ha sawa l ki ngs t i c k,i nac os t umei tc a nma keamoc ke r yof t hee ve r yda yl i ve de xpe r i e nc eofdi s a bl e dpe opl e . Fore xa mpl e , i fagr oupofnondi s a bl e df r i e ndsdr e s supa se l de r l ype opl ewhous e mobi l i t ya i ds ,t he ya r enoti mpa c t e dbywhe t he rt heve nuet he i re ve nti she l di ni s a c c e s s i bl eornotbe c a us ef ort he mt hemobi l i t ya i di sapr opt he yc a nus ef ort he ni ghta ndnotavi t a lpi e c eofe qui pme nt . De r mot r e f l e c t st ha t , ‘ Asadi s a bl e dpe r s on, If e e l t ha t t hi si sa na ppr opr i a t i onofour di s a bi l i t y ,a ndwhi c hi ss e e ma sa c c e pt a bl ebyt hewi de rpopul a t i on’a ndunl i ke ot he rc os t ume st ha ta ppr opr i a t ei de nt i t i e s ,t hec onve r s a t i ona r oundt hea ppr opr i a t i onofdi s a bi l i t ydoe snota l wa ysr e c e i vet hes a mef oc usorr e f l e c t i onwhe npe opl e di s c us sof f e ns i vec os t ume s . Whe e l c ha i r sha ver e gul a r l ybe e nus e da sapr opf ors omec os t ume s , a ndma nydi s a bl e dpe opl ea l r e a dyf a c ea c c us a t i onsoff a ki ngt he i rdi s a bi l i t i e s ,e s pe c i a l l yi ft he y a r ea na mbul a t or ywhe e l c ha i rus e r . Anne *adi s a bl e ds t ude nt a t Swa ns e aUni ve r s i t y hi ghl i ght e dhe rc onc e r nsa boutt hei mpa c tus i ngdi s a bi l i t ya i dsf orac os t umebya nondi s a bl e dpe r s onc a nha veont he i rl i f e ,‘ I ’ ms t i l ladi s a bl e dpe r s ononHa l l owe e n,i fs ome onec a n’ tt e l lt hedi f f e r e nc ebe t we e nmymobi l i t ya i da ndonebe i ng us e da spa r t ofac os t umebys ome onee l s e , t he ymi ght not c ons i de rmya c c e s sne e ds be c a us et he yt hi nkI ’ mf a ki ngi t ’Chl oeMor ga n,t heSt ude nt swi t hDi s a bi l i t i e sOf f i c e ri nt heSt ude ntUni ona l s os ha r e ss i mi l a rc onc e r nsa sawhe e l c ha i rus e rr e c ount i ngt ha t ,‘ I ’ l ls t a nduporwa l ks hor tdi s t a nc e s,youc a ns e et hel ookf r om pe opl ewhowonde rwhyI ' m notus i ngmywhe e l c ha i ra ndpr oba bl ys us pe c tmeof l yi nga boutmydi s a bi l i t y’

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I fi n doubt ,don’ t we ari t Ha l l o we e nc o s t u me st e n dt of a l li n t ot h r e ec a t e g o r i e s :s o me t h i n gs c a r y ,s o me t h i n gf u n n y a n ds o me t h i n gy o uwi s hy o uc o u l db e .Wh e nap e r s o nc h o o s e st od r e s su pa sad i s a b l e d p e r s o n , t h e ya r en o td r e s s i n gu pa ss o me t h i n gt h e ywi s ht ob e , t h i sl e a v e se i t h e rs o me t h i n g f u n n yo rs o me t h i n gs c a r y . I nt h ec a s eo fc o s t u me st h a t d e p i c t me n t a l i l l n e s s , t h e ya r eu s u a l l yme a n tt op o r t r a ys o me t h i n gs c a r y .Th i sf u r t h e rs t i g ma t i s e st h o s el i v i n gwi t hme n t a l i l l n e s sb yi mp l y i n gt h a tt h e ya r es c a r yo ri ns o mewa yh a r mf u lt oo t h e r s .Ot h e rc o s t u me s s u c ha sAn n aRe x i at r i v i a l i s e sas e r i o u si l l n e s st h a th a st h eh i g h e s tmo r t a l i t yr a t eo fa n y me n t a l i l l n e s s , i t i sp r e s e n t e da sas e x yc os t u meb u t t h e r ei sn o t h i n gs e x ya b o u t f a i n t i n gd u e t ol o wb l o o dp r e s s u r e , l o s i n gy o u rh a i r , a n df e e l i n gc o l da l lt h et i me . An n aRe x i aCo s t u mev i aCNN-2 0 1 5Ha l l o we e nc o s t u me st oa v o i d-CNN Th e r ea r eh u n d r e d so fg r e a tc o s t u mei d e a so u tt h e r ewh i c hd o n ’ tc a u s eo f f e n c eo rf u r t h e r s p r e a dh a r mf u ls t e r e o t y p e sa b o u tma r g i n a l i s e dp e o p l e . Al i t t l ef o r e t h o u g h tc a ne n s u r ey o u ma k ey o u rHa l l o we e na ni n c l u s i v ea n dwe l c o mi n gpl a c ef o re v e r y o n e .De r mo tDe v l i n h o p e st h a t p e o p l ewi l l c o n s i d e rt h o s ea r o u n dt h e ma n da s k st h a t t h e r ea r en o‘ Ti mmy ’ sf r o m So ut hPa r k ’ t h i sy e a ro rCEVso nl i f es u p p o r tt h i sHa l l o we e n ’ a st h e s ec o s t u mei d e a sc a u s e ‘ h u r t a n du p s e t ’ a n d‘ ma k e sd i s a b l e dp e op l ef e e l wea r en o t a c c e p t e di ny o u ri d e a l n on d i s a b l e dwo r l d . ’

AsHal l owe e nappr oac he she r ear et hr e et hi ngs t oc ons i de rwhe nc hoos i ngy ourc os t ume .

I fi ndoubt ,don’ twe ari t-I fyourc os t umei s us i ngs i gni f i c ants ymbol sore l e me nt sofac ul t ur e ori de nt i t yyoudon’ tbe l ongt oandr e movi ng t he mf r om t he i ror i gi nal me ani ngyouar epr obabl yappr opr i at i ngac ul t ur eori de nt i t y .I fyou ha vee ve nt hes l i ght e s tdoubtaboutwhe t he ra c os t umei sof f e ns i veornot ,don’ twe ari t .

Woul dyouwe art hec os t umei nf r ontofpe opl ef r om t hatgr oup?–I ft heans we ri sno,t he noddsar eyou know ons omel e ve lt hatt hec os t umei sof f e ns i ve . Don’ twe ari t .

I st hec os t umede me ani ng, moc ki ng, orc r e at i ngf e ar aboutt hatc ommuni t y?I ft heans we ri sye s ,t he n don’ twe art hec os t ume .

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Di aneDi x on ( 1989)

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Th eBl a c kc o mmu n i t y , mo r es p e c i f i c a l l y ,t h eBl a c kh i p h o pc o mmu n i t y ,a mi d s tBr o n xSt r e e tc u l t u r e ,i s wh e r es t r e e t we a rf i r s tb e g a n .I t e me r g e di nt h e1 9 8 0 sb u tb e c a me p o p u l a r i s e di nt h e1 9 9 0 s .Ac o mb i n a t i o no fh i p h o p ,p u n k ,a n dr a p s u b c u l t u r e s ,s t r e e t we a rwa sb u i l to n t h ef o u n d a t i o no fc o mb a t t i n gt h e 1 9 5 0 6 0 s s t a t u s q u o o f wh i t e , Ame r i c a ns t a n d a r d so f“ p r o p e rc i t i z e n r y ” .Of f e r i n game a n sf o rBl a c k y o u t ht os h o wc a s ec u l t u r ei n v o l v i n g f a s h i o n ,a r t ,a n dmu s i c .Th eg o l d e n a g eo fh i p h o pwa sat i meo fi n n o v a t i o na n de x p r e s s i o n .Ar ti na l l f o r mswe r ep i o n e e r e d ;t h u s , i ti si mp o r t a n t t oa c k n o wl e d g ei t sh i s t o r i c a l a n dc u l t u r a lo r i g i n s .St r e e t we a ri s u n d e n i a b l ya ni n f l u e n t i a ls t y l e ,a n d wh a twemu s tr e me mb e ri st h a tt h e o r i g i n a li n f l u e n c ei sBl a c kc u l t u r e . Ar tt h r o u g hf a s h i o nwi l la l wa y sb e p r e v a l e n ti nt h eBl a c kc o mmu n i t y . Wi t ho v e r a r c h i n gp o p u l a r i t yi nt h e 2 0 0 0 s ,s t r e e t we a rh a sb e c o me a l u x u r ya n das t a t u ss y mb o l .Wh a t s e e ms l i k es t a p l e s ,b u c k e th a t s , s n e a k e rc u l t u r e( i nt r o d u c e dt oMi c h a e lJ o r d o ni nt h e8 0 s ) ,b a g g y p a n t s( r o c k e db yg i r lg r o u pTLC) , o v e r s i z e ds h i r t s ,c h o k e r s ,a c r y l i c n a i l s , a n dh o o p s -we r ea l lo r i g i n a l l y p o p u l a r i s e db y Bl a c ki n f l u e n c e r s , r a p p e r s ,a n da t h l e t e s .Wh a ti st h e mo s ti mp o r t a n tt h i n gt ou n d e r s t a n d i st h a tBl a c kc u l t u r ei sn o tame r e p a r t i c i p a n ti nt h es t r e e t we a rs c e n e , b u tt h ec r e a t o r .Wi t h o u tt h el i k e so f Ma r yJBl i g e ,Li lKi m,a n dMi s a Hy l t o n , t h e r e wo u l d b e n o s t r e e t we a rt o d a ya swe k n o wi t . Th e r e f o r e ,wi t hr e s p e c tf o rBl a c k Hi s t o r yMo n t h ,Ia mh e r et og i v e c r e d i tt ot h eh i s t o r i c a la n dc u l t u r a l i mp o r t a nc eo fBl a c kc u l t u r ea n d t a l e n t ,a l o n gwi t hi t smo n u me n t a l i n f l u e n c e i n f a s h i o n t o d a y .

MCM & LVCus t om J umps ui t s( 1988) i nama n n e rt h a tr e f l e c t ss u c hi n f l u e n c e . Fo re x a mp l e , i fo n ei si n s p i r e db yt h et r e n d swi t h i nBl a c k a n dBr o wnc o mmun i t i e sy e t h e s i t a t et oc a s two me no fc o l o u rt o wa l ki ns h o ws ,o rt omo d e li t e ms o fc l o t h i n g ,o n emu s tr e v a l u a t e wh e r et h i s“ i n s p i r a t i o n ”a n d“ a p p r e c i a t i o n ”i ss t e mmi n gf r o me x a c t l y .

I n1 9 8 2 ,t h ed e s i g n e re s t a b l i s h e d h i sf i r s tl u x u r yf a s h i o nh o u s ei n Ha r l e mo nEa s t 1 2 5 t ha n dc r e a t e d l o o k sf o rt o pc l i e n t si n c l u d i n g Sa l t NPe p a ,Bi g Da d d y Ka n e , Ru nDMC,Sl i c kRi c ka n dMi k e Ty s o n .Sc r e e np r i n t i n gb i gd e s i g n e rb r a n d si l l e g a l l ys u c ha s Fe n d i ,Gu c c ia n dLo u i sVu i t t o n h i sb o l dp r i n t swe r es y n o n y mo u s wi t ht h eb o mb a s t i cs t y l ea n d b r a g g a d o c i ot ha twa sb e g i n n i n g t ot y p i f yh i p h o p .Da nu t i l i s e d t h e s ed e s i g n si nc u t t i n ge d g e wa y st h e s eh i g h e n db r a n d sd a r e t od r e a m,ma k i n gah u g ec o n t r i b u t i o nt ot h ef a s h i o ns c e n e .Wi t h h i su n i q u es i l h o u e t t e s ,t h eo r i g i n a t o ro fl u x u r ys t r e e t we a rc r e a t e d as p a c e ,b yt h o s e ,f o rt h o s e ,wh o we r ema r g i n a l i s e db yh i g hf a s h i o n .

So meo ft h eo r i g i n so fs t r e e t we a r c o n s i s to fBl a c ko wn e dc l o t h i n g b r a n ds u c ha s Cr o s s Co l o u r , Fu bu -o n eo ft h eb i g g e s tb a g g y d e n i mb r a n d so fa l l t i me , wo r nb y r a pa r t i s t ss u c ha sLLCo o l J , Ka r l Ka i ,Ba b yPh a t ,Se a nJ o h na n d Ap p l eBo t t o ms .Bl a c kc u l t u r e ’ s i n f l u e n c eo nh i g hf a s h i o nb e g a n wi t h Da p p e rDa n ,b o r n Da n i e l Da y ,wh of i r s ti n t r o d u c e dh i g h f a s h i o nmo n o g r a me l e me n t so n t o Wi t ht h i sb e i n gs a i d , i t ’ sa l s oc r u c i a l t It hi nkwhatDapdi d, heac h eh i p h o ps c e n e .Th i si sn o w “ t or e c o g n i s et h ei n e q u i t i e so ft h ea c - c t u a l l y t a u g h t a n e n t i r e g e n e r ao i n e da s“ Lo g o ma n i a ” . c e p t a n c eo fBl a c ks t y l ea n dc u l t u r e , t i o nho wt oe ngagewi t hl uxur y a n dt owo r kt oc o n t i n u a l l ys u p p o r t “ b r a n d s ( …) L u x u r y b r a n d s , a t Lo go mani ai spr o babl y t t h o s ewh oh a v eb e e nma r g i n a l i s e d , hatpo i nt , whe r eno tf o rus . m y b i g g e s t a c h i e v e m e n t i n Theydi mi s r e p r e s e n t e d ,o rs t e r e o t y p e db y dn’ te v e nhav es i z i ng e r mso ff as hi o n. I ’ mt he t h ef a s h i o nwo r l d .Th es t y l eo ft h e t f o rbl ac kpe o pl e . So , e v e r yt i me at he ro fl o go mani a. I Bl a c kc o mmu n i t yh a sb r o u g h tf o r t h f Iwal ki nt oLo ui s Vui t t o nt obuy n e wd e s i g n e r sa n db r a n d s ,o n l yt o l ro fs ne ake r s , o rbuya i ket hewayt hats o unds ! ” apai h a v et h ec l o t h i n gi n d u s t r yf a i lt oe l - –Da p a i r o f p a n t s i n m y s i z e , Ikno w ppe rDan e v a t ea n dp r o mo t eBl a c kc r e a t i v e s t he y ’ r eo nl ydo i ngi tbe c aus eo f Dappe rDan. ”–St e v eSt o ut e

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h t t p s : / / t wi t t e r . c o m/ J u s t Ca l l me BHu n t 2 0 1 7 a f t e r Al e s s a n d r o Mi c h e l e h a d t a p p e d t h e Ha r l e m Ca u t u r i e rf o rac o l l a b o r a t i o na f t e rGu c c ic a me u n d e rh e a tf o rp l a g i a r i s ma l l e g a t i o n s .Th e2 0 1 7 Gu c c i Cr u i s eCo l l e c t i o ni swh e r e t h e c o n t r o v e r s e y f i r s t s p a r k e d , Lo o k3 3t ob ee x a c t . Amo d e lwa ss e e nwe a r i n ga mo n a g r a m b o mb e rj a c k e t wi t hp u f f e ds l e e v e sa n df u r . St r a i g h tu pi d e n t i t c a lt ot h e 8 0 ’ s o r i g i n a ld e s i g n b y Da p p e rDa n .Ol y mp i cg o l d me t a l i s tDi a n eDi x o n ,wh o o wn e dt h eo r i g i n a l v e r s i o ni n 1 9 8 9 ,q u i c k l yt u r n e dt oI n s t a g r a mp o s t i n gc o mp a r i s o n p i c t u r e s wi t ht h ec a p t i o n , “ Bi s h s t o l e my l o o k ! ” . Gu c c i ,a so n ec a ni ma g i n e , we r eq u i c kt or e l e a s eas t a t e me n t ,wh i c ht h e ya l s op u to n t h e i ri n s t a g r a m.Th e yg a v e t h e i rs i deo ft h es t o r y ,c l a i mi n gt h a tt h e ywe r en o tt r y i n g t op l a g i a r i z eDa p p e rDa n .I n f a c t ,t h e ya r g u e dt h e ywe r e s i mp l y p a y i n g “ h o ma g e ” . Hmm. .Th en o t i o no f“ c u l t u r a l a p p r e a c i a t i o n ” i n s t r e e t we a ri s ,i nf a c t ,s c a r c e . Yo uc a n n o tb o r r o w wi t h o u t , c o n s i d e r a t i o n , c r e d i t i n g , c o mp e n s a t i o no rc o l l a b o r a t i o n .Aswe l la swe l c o mi n g Da p p e rDa nt ot h eHo u s eo f

o fGu c c i ,t h eb r a n di sn o w h e l p i n gh i mt or e o p e nh i s a t e l i e rwi t hf i n a n c i a l b a c k i n g a n dt h es u p p l yo fi t sma t e r i a l s -t h i st i mewi t hf u l la p p r o v a l .I tr e a l l yma k e so n e wo n d e r , d o e st h i sc o mef r o m ap l a c eo fc u l t u r a la c c e p t a n c e , o ri si t p u r e l yama r k e t i n g s t r a t e g y ? Th e Bl a c k c o mmu n i t ya l r e a d yr e ma i n s u n d e r a p p r e c i a t e df o rt h e i r i n v a l u a b l ec o n t r i b u t i o n st o t h ef a s h i o ni n d u s t r y .An d Gu c c is e e me d o n l y t o o h a p p yt oa p p r o p r i a t ea n d p r o f i to f fo fBl a c kc u l t u r e wi t h o u t r e s p e c f u l l y a c k n o wl e d g i n g i t s h i s t o r y . Wha ta r ey o u rt h o u g h t s ?

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I ’ m 17t i me smor e l i ke l yt o be di agno s e d wi t h as e r i ous me nt alhe al t h i s s ue . That ’ ss c ar y Ke i t hDube Ra di oPr e s e nt e r

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Whati st hepr e v a l e nc eo fme nt a lhe a l t hi s s ue sa mo ngbl a c kc o mmuni t i e s ? Bl a c kp e o p l ea r e4 0 % mo r el i k e l yt or e c e i v et r e a t me n t f o rme n t a l h e a l t hi s s u e st h r o u g ht h e c r i mi n a lj u s t i c es y s t e m,t h e yr e c e i v el e s sp s y c h o l o g i c a lt h e r a p i e sa n da r ea tah i g h e rr i s k o fb e i n ga d mi t t e dt oah i g hs e c u r ewa r d( 5 6 . 2p e r1 0 0 , 0 0 0p o p u l a t i o nf o rBl a c kCa r i b b e a n , a g a i n s t1 6 . 2p e r1 0 0 , 0 0 0p o p u l a t i o nf o rwh i t e ) . Mi n dc h a r i t yh a sr e p o r t e dt h a twh i l s tb o t h b l a c ka n dwh i t eme na r ev i c t i mso fs i mi l a rr a t e so fc o mmo nme n t a lh e a l t hi s s u e s ,b l a c k wo me ns u f f e rs i g n i f i c a n t l yh i g h e rr a t e so fme n t a lh e a l t hp r o b l e mst h a nwh i t ewo me n .

Whya r epe o pl ef r o m BAMEc o mmuni t i e sa tahi g he rr i s ko fbe i ngdi a g no s e do rs uf f e r i ngf r o m ame nt a lhe a l t hc o ndi t i o n? Ex p e r t ss u g g e s tt h a tt h i si sd o wnt ot h ef a c tt h a tb l a c kc o mmu n i t i e sa r ep l a c e di np o o r e r a n dmo r ed e p r i v e da r e a sa n da r ee x p e c t e dt oi mp r o v ewi t h o u ta n yh e l po rs u p p o r tg i v e n . Ad d i n go nf r o mt h i s , r e s e a r c hs u g g e s t st h a ti nt h e s ep o o r e rc o mmu n i t i e s , i n d i v i d u a l s , p a r t i c u l a r l yy o u n gp e o p l e , wi t n e s smo r ec r i mea n dv i o l e n c e , whi c hl e a d st ot h e mt od e v e l o p i n gme n t a lh e a l t hi s s u e s , i n c l u d i n gh a l l u c i n a t i o n sa n dp s y c h o s i s .

Ho wha st heCo v i d1 9Pa nde mi ca f f e c t e dme nt a lhe a l t hi nBAMEc o mmuni t i e s ? Smi t he ta l( 2 0 2 0 )r e s e a r c h e dh o wt h ep a n d e mi ch a sa f f e c t e de t h n i cmi n o r i t i e sa n d f o u n dt h a tt h ei n e q u a l i t i e si nme n t a lh e a l t hh a v ei n c r e a s e da sac o n s e q u e n c eo ft h e c o r o n a v i r u s . Th i sa p p e a r st ob ear e s u l to fal a r g ep r o p o r t i o no fh e a l t h c a r ep r o f e s s i o n a l si nt h eU. Kc o mi n gf r o m Bl a c ka n dAs i a ng r o u p s ,a n dt h e yh a v es u b s e q u e n t l yr e p o r t e ds i g n i f i c a n t l yh i g h e rl e v e l so fa n x i e t y , d e p r e s s i o n , a n dp o s t t r a u ma t i cs t r e s sd i s o r d e r .

Whya r epe o pl ef r o m BAMEc o mmuni t i e sno tr e c e i v i ngt hehe l pt he y ne e d? DrFr a n kKe a t i n gr e s e a r c h e dt h ei n e q u a l i t yo ft r e a t me n ti nt h eme n t a lh e a l t hs e c t o r , a n df o u ndt h a tBl a c kp e o p l emi s t r u s tt h es y s t e m,s u g g e s t i n gt h a tmo v e me n tmu s tb e ma d et oc h a n g et h i su n c e r t a i n t y .I t ’ si mp o r t a n tt h a te v e r y o n ewh of e e l st h e yma yb e s t r u g g l i n gf r o m ame n t a lh e a l t hc o n d i t i o nr e a c h e so u tf o rt h a ts u p p o r ta n dv i t a lt r e a t me n t , a n dt h e r e f o r es t i g maa g a i n s tt h eme n t a lh e a l t hs e c t o rn e e d st ob er e f o r me d . Ho we v e r , ½o fNHSb o d i e si nEn g l a n dh a v ec u tt h e i rs p e n d i n go nme n t a lh e a l t hc a r e , a tat i mewh e no u rwe l l b e i n gma t t e r smo r et h a ne v e rb e f o r e .Th e r e f o r e ,i ti se s s e n t i a l t h a tt h eg o v e r n me n t ’ sp r o mi s et og i v ebi g g e rb u d g e t sd e d i c a t e dt oi mp r o v i n gt h e me n t a lh e a l t hc a r ef o l l o wst h r o u g h .

Whatme a s ur e sa r ebe i ngt a ke nt opr o v i deme nt a lhe a l t hs uppo r tf o r BAMEc o mmuni t i e s ?

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Ac t i o nh a sb e e nt a k e nt oe n s u r et h a tt h eme n t a lh e a l t ho fb l a c kp e o p l ed o e sn o tg ou n t r e a t e do ro v e r l o o k e d . Th eFi n a lRe p o r twa sp u b l i s h e di nDe c e mb e r2 0 1 8b yt h eI n d e p e n d e n tRe v i e wo ft h eMe n t a lHe a l t hAc t ,a n dh e r ei to u t l i n e dn e c e s s a r yc h a n g e sr e g a r d i n gt h ed i s p r o p o r t i o n a t en u mb e r so fp e o p l ef r o m BAME c o mmu n i t i e sh e l p e d u n d e rt h ea c t . Th e s er e c o mme n d a t i o n si n c l u d e dg r e a t e rr e p r e s e n t a t i o no fp e o p l ef r o m Af r i c a na n dCa r i b b e a nh e r i t a g ea ts e n i o rl e v e l si nt h eme n t a lh e a l t hs e c t o r ,c u l t u r a l l y a p p r o p r i a t ea d v o c a c ya n di mp r o v e dr e s e a r c ha n dd a t ar e l a t i n gt oi s s u e sc a u s i n gme n t a l h e a l t hc o n d i t i o n si nBAMEc o mmu n i t i e s .

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Thr o ug ho utt hepa nde mi c ,no te v e r y o newa sf o r t una t ee no ug ht os t a ys a f e l ya tho me .I ta l s oc o nc e r ns BAMEhe a l t hc a r ewo r ke r s , wi t h2 1 %o fa l l he a l t hc a r es t a f fi nt heUKbe i ngf r o m BAMEba c kg r o unds . Ac c o r di ngt oTheBr i t i s hMe di c a lAs s o c i a t i o n( BMA)6 3 %o fhe a l t hc a r ewo r ke r swhodi e do fCOVI D1 9we r eBAME. Oneo ft hea na l y s e sc o nduc t e dbyBMAf o undo utt ha tma nyo ft ho s ede a t hsr e s ul t e df r o mt hec hr o ni cs ho r t a g e so fpe r s o na lpr o t e c t i v ee qui pme nt( PPE) . Ma nyBAMEdo c t o r sf e l tpr e s s ur e dt owo r kunde rs uc hc o ndi t i o nsa ndr i s ke dt he i rl i v e sf o rCOVI D1 9pa t i e nt swi t ho uta ppr o pr i a t e e qui pme ntt opr o t e c tt he ms e l v e s .BMAs ur v e y sf o undBAMEdo c t o r sa r eno tc o nf i de ntt ha ta ppr o pr i a t ea dj us t me nt sa r ebe i ngma det or e duc et her i s ko fc o nt r a c t i ngt hei nf e c t i o n.Thes ur v e ye dBAME do c t o r sa dmi t t e dt ha tt he yf e l thi g he rr a t e so fbul l y i nga ndha r a s s me ntdur i ngt hepa nde mi c . Ac ul t ur a l l yi ns e ns i t i v ehe a l t hs e r v i c ema ya l s ome a nt ha tBAMENHSs t a f fa r el e s sl i ke l yt os pe a kupwhe n t he yha v ec o nc e r nsa bo utPPEo rt e s t i ng . Publ i cHe a l t hEng l a ndr e s e a r c hf o undt ha tdi a g no s i sr a t e so fCOVI D1 9pe r1 0 0 , 0 0 0po pul a t i o nwe r e hi g he s ti npe o pl eo fBl a c ke t hni cg r o ups( 4 8 6i nf e ma l e sa nd6 4 9i nma l e s ) ,a ndt hel o we s ti npe o pl eo f Whi t ee t hni cg r o ups( 2 2 0i nf e ma l e sa nd2 2 4i nma l e s ) .The r e ' spl e nt yo fe v i de nc eo ft he s edi s pr o po r t i o ns-a ndwhyt he ya r epr e s e nt . TheCOVI D1 9pa nde mi cha shi g hl i ght e dma nyi ne qui t i e sa ndi ne qua l i t i e si no urs o c i e t y .Rac i a ldi s c r i mi na t i o nr e s ul t si npe o pl eo fBAMEba c kg r o undg e t t i ngl o wi nc o mej o bs( l o wi nc o mej o bsbe i nge s s e nt i a lj o bs ,whi c ha r el o wi nc o mebyc a pi t a l i s tde s i g n) ,whi c hma yl e a dt ol i v i ngi nur ba n,de pr i v e d, a ndo v e r c r o wde dc o ndi t i o ns .Ma nyke ywo r ke r sa r ea l s oe x pe r i e nc i ngahi g he rr i s ko fc o nt r a c t i ng COVI D1 9 . J o i ntr e s e a r c hc o nduc t e dbyQue e nMa r yUni v e r s i t yo fLo ndo na ndLo ndo nSc ho ol o fEc o no mi c sa ndPo l i t i c a lSc i e nc ec o nc l ude dt ha to v e rha l fo fBAMEwo me ns a i dt ha tt he ywe r e n’ ts ur e whe r et os e e khe l pc o nc e r ni ngt heCOVI D1 9pande mi c ,c o mpa r e dt o1 8 . 7 %o fwhi t er e s po nde nt s . Wo r kr e l a t e da nx i e t yf o rt ho s ewo r ki ngo ut s i det heho mewa shi g he s ta mo ngBAME pe o pl e ,wi t h 6 5 . 1 % BAMEwo me na nd7 3 . 8 %o fBAMEme nr e po r t i nga nx i e t ybe c a us eofha v i ngt ogoo utt owo r k dur i ngt hec o r o na v i r uspa nde mi c . 2 3 . 7 %o fBAMEmo t he r sr e po r t e dt he ywe r es t r ug g l i ngt of e e dt he i r c hi l dr e n. Ec o no mi cdi s a dv a nt a g e sa r es t r o ng l ya s s o c i a t e dwi t hma nyr i s kf a c t o r sf o rdi s e a s es e v e r i t y ,i nc l udi ng di a be t e s ,po o rme nt a lhe a l t h,c a r di o v a s c ul a ro ut c o me s ,pr e c l i ni c a li ndi c a t o r so fdi s e a s e s( e . g . ,he a r t r a t ev a r i a t i o n) , a ndpo o rhe a l t hbe ha v i o ur s( e . g . , s mo ki ng , bi ng e e a t i ng , s ubs t a nc emi s us e ) . Ar e s e a r c h pa pe rf r o m1 9 9 2byAr l i neT.Ge r o ni musc o nc l ude dt ha tabl a c kwo me n’ she a l t hde t e r i o r a t e sf a s t e r t ha nawhi t ewo me n’ s , be c a us eo fs t r e s sc o nc e r ni ngt hedi s a dv a nt a g e de nv i r o nme ntt he yl i v ei n. Publ i c He a l t hEng l a nd' sr e po r tr e v e a l e dt ha tr a c i a ldi s c r i mi na t i o nc o nt r i but e dt ohi g he re x po s ur ea ndde a t h r i s k. APubl i cHe a l t hRe s e a r c hpa pe rf r o m2 0 1 9s ho we dt ha te t hni cmi no r i t i e se x pe r i e nc epo o r e ra c c e s s t ohe a l t hc a r e ,c ul t ur a l l ys e ns i t i v ec a r e ,a ndt r e a t me nt .Be c ke ta l .( 2 0 2 0 )s ho we dt ha tbl a c kAme r i c a ns e x pe r i e nc el o we rqua l i t ypr e na t a la ndne o na t a lc a r e ,whi c hr e s ul t si nphy s i c a l ,be ha v i o r a l ,a ndde v e l o pme nt a li mpa i r me nt s . Tho s ef a c t o r sma yl e a dt ode v e l o pi ngc hr o ni cc o ndi t i o ns , t ha ti nc r e a s et her i s k o fs e v e r eCOVI D1 9 .

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sa p r e f a c et ot h i sa r t i c l e , Iwo u l dl i k et oa d d r e s st h e f a c tt h a tI , awh i t ep e r s o n , a mwr i t i n ga b o u tb l a c k c u l t u r ea n di d e n t i t y ;s o me t h i n gt h a tc o u l de a s i l y c o meo f fa si n s i n c e r e( l o o ka tt h emi d d l e c l a s s wh i t eg i r lwr i t i n ga b o u tr a c e !Sh e ’ ss ob r a v e ! ) . Th o u g ht oi g n o r et h ep o s i t i o no fp r i v i l e geIa m s e a t e di nwo u l db ea ne x e r c i s ei ni g n o r a n c e , b u t n o tu s i n gt h i sp l a t f o r m, h o we v e rl i mi t e d , t o s p r e a da wa r e n e s so ft h ewh i t e wa s h i n go fb l a c k c u l t u r ewo u l db et heg r e a t e ri n j u s t i c e . I ti swi t h t h a tt h a tIe n d e a v o u rt op r e s e n tt h i ss a d l yn o tn e w i n f o r ma t i o n , a l l o wi n gr e a d e r so ft h i sa r t i c l et oc a l l Be c a u s et h a td o e s n ’ ts e e ml i k eat r i v i a li s s u et ome . o u tt h ei s s u ei nt h ef u t u r e . Whe nawh i t ep e r s o nt a n st h e i rs k i nt ol o o kmi x e dr a c e , t h e ya r en o ts e e na sat h r e a tt ot h ep o l i c e , wh e nt h e ywe a r Th et h e f to fb l a c kc u l t u r ef o rwh i t eg a i ni sa n c o r n r o ws , t h e ya r en o tl e s sl i k e l yt og e taj o b , a n dwh e n a l l t o o p r e s e n ti s s u e . Yo ud o n ’ th a v et ol o o ka n y t h e yg e tp l a s t i cs u r g e r ya n di n j e c t i o n st omi mi ct h ef e a f u r t h e rt h a nr e c e n tc e l e b r i t ya n dp o pc u l t u r en e ws t u r e so fb l a c kp e o p l e , t h e ya r en o tl e s sl i k e l yt og e ts u i t a t of i n da ne x a mp l eo fi t . Th ee x Li t t l eMi xs i n g e r b l eh e a l t hc a r e . Wh e nt h el i n ei sc r o s s e df r o ma p p r e c i a J e s yNe l s o nh a sr e c e n t l yc o meu n d e rf i r ef o r t i o nt oa p p r o p r i a t i o n , t h ei s s u ea r i s e s . I nt h ewo r d so f b l a c k f i s h i n gi nt h emu s i cv i d e of o rh e rs o n g j o u r n a l i s tKa r e nAt t i a h , “ i ti s[ t h e ]o b s e s s i o nwi t hb l a c k ‘ Bo y z ’ . Th et e r mb l a c k f i s h i n gwa sc o i n e db y n e s s , a n db l a c kc u l t u r e–wi t h o u tb l a c kp e o p l e . ” j o u r n a l i s tWa n n aTh o mp s o na n di su s e dwh e n n o n b l a c kp e o p l ec h a n g et h e i ra p p e a r a n c et ol o o k Bl a c kp e o p l eh a v eo b v i o u s l yb e e nc a l l i n go u tt h i ss u b j e c t b l a c k . Th i si n c l u d e s , b u ti sn o tl i mi t e dt o , d a r k e n - s i n c ei twa sf i r s tb r o u g h tt ot h e i ra t t e n t i o n , s a d l yb u tn o t i n gt h es k i nv i at a n n i n g , a n dwe a r i n gh a i r s t y l e s s u r p r i s i n g l y , t ol i t t l ee f f e c t . Wa n n aTh o mp s o n , wh o p i o n e e r e db yb l a c kwo me n ;b o t ho fwh i c hNe l s o n c o i n e dt h et e r mb l a c k f i s h i n g , b e l i e v e s“ I t ’ sa l wa y sb e e n a p p e a r st oh a v ed o n ei nh e rmu s i cv i d e o . I ti st h e p r e v a l e n t… Bei tf a s h i o n , b e a u t yo rmu s i c . Bl a c ki sc o o l p a r t i c i p a t i o ni nb l a c kc u l t u r ewi t h o u tt h ewi l l i n g u n l e s sy o u ’ r ea c t u a l l yb l a c k . ”An ds h ei sr i g h t . Al t h o u g h n e s st od e a lwi t hb l a c k n e s s ;c h e r r yp i c k i n gt h ee l - t h i sr a c i s tc o s p l a y i n gs e e mst oh a v eo n l yr e c e n t l yc o me e me n t so far a c ea n di d e n t i t yt h a ty o us e ef i tf o r i n t ot h ep u b l i ce y e , t h i sd o e sn o tme a ni ti san e wi s s u e . y o u ro wnp e r s o n a lg a i n , wh e t h e rt h a tb et os e l la Th ed o u b l e e d g e ds wo r do fs o c i a lme d i ah a sn od o u b tf a s o n g* c o u g h *J e s yNe l s o n* c o u g h *o rt o , i ny o u r c i l i t a t e dt h ei n f l u xo fwh i t ei n f l u e n c e sp i c k i n gp a r t so f e y e s , ma k ey o u r s e l fp r e t t i e r . I ti sac o s t u met o b l a c kc u l t u r et ou t i l i s ewh e ni ts u i t st h e ma n d , u l t i ma t e l y , a d o r nwh e ni ts u i t sy o ua n dc o n v e n i e n t l yh a n gu p wh e ni ti sp r o f i t a b l ef o rt h e m. I fweo n c ea g a i nt a k eJ e s y wh e ni t ’ st i met od i s c u s si s s u e so fr a c i s ma n dt h e Ne l s o na sa ne x a mp l e ;s h eh a su s e db l a c kc u l t u r et op r o o p p r e s s i o no ft h ep e o p l ey o ua r es t e a l i n gf r o m. I t mo t eh e rs o n ga n df i ti n t oa na e s t h e t i ct h a ts h et h i n k swi l l i st h ep e r s o n i f i c a t i o no fwh i t ep r i v i l e g e . Th o u g h b ema r k e t a b l e , t u r n i n gn o to n l yac u l t u r eb u tar a c ei n t oa Ne l s o nd e n i e st h ec l a i ms , s t a t i n gt h a ts h ei s c o mmo d i t y . We l c o met ot h ef i e r yp i t so fl a t e s t a g ec a p i me r e l yl u c k yt ot a ne a s i l ya n di swe a r i n gawi g t a l i s m, e v e r y o n e . Th o u g hi ti sa l s ot h ea g eo fs o c i a l t h a tma t c h e sh e rn a t u r a lh a i r , i ti sg l a r i n g l yo b v i me d i at h a twi l lf a c i l i t a t ei t sd e c l i n e . I ti sa r gu a b l yt h e o u st h a th e rs k i ni sj u s ta sd a r ki fn o td a r k e rt h a n mo s ti mp o r t a n tt o o li nd e n o u n c i n gc u l t u r a la p p r o p r i a t i o n Tr i n i d a d i a nr a p p e rNi c k iMi n a j , wh of e a t u r e si n a n db l a c k f i s h i n g , g i v e nt h ea g ed e mo g r a p h i co fp e o p l e t h ev i d e owi t hh e r . Th i sma ys e e ml i k eat r i v i a l wh op a r t i c i p a t ei nt h e s e . Ge nZi st h ec r o s s o v e ro ft h e i s s uet os o me , g i v e nh o wo f t e ni n f l u e n c e r sa n d s o c i a lme d i au s e r b l a c k f i s h e rVe n nd i a g r a m. Tod e n o u n c e mi n o rc e l e b r i t i e sa r ei nt h et a b l o i ds p o t l i g h tf o r t h i sa c twh e ns e e no ns o c i a lme d i aa n dt oe d u c a t et h o s e mi n o rg r i e v a n c e s , b u tt ot h o s ep e o p l eIs a yt h i s ;i s wh od on o ty e ts e et h ei s s u ei st ot a k eas t e pi nt h er i g h t i tf a i rt h a tawh i t ep e r s o ns h o u l db ea b l et op r o f i t d i r e c t i o nf o ra l l y s h i pa n da c c o u n t a b i l i t y . Th ec o mmo d i f i ( l i t e r a l l y , i nJ e s y ’ sc a s e )f r o mt h ev e r yt hi n g st h a t c a t i o no fb l a c k n e s si sn o tme r e l yat o p i co fd i s c u s s i o nf o r l e a dt ot h emu r d e ro fb l a c kp e o p l e ? b l a c kh i s t o r ymo n t h , i ti ss o me t h i n gt ob ed i s ma n t l e d u n t i li tn ol o n g e ro c c u r s .