fo'ks"k fo|ky; dh d{kk esa v/;;u dh lqxE;rk ds çfr Jo.k ckf/kr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh jk;
Mr PawanKumarMishra,Dr GayatriAhuja
1AssistantProfessor,ShriP.K.MehtaCollageofSpecialEducation,Palanpur,Gujarat. 2Faculty,DepartmentofEducation,AYJNISHD(D),Mumbai.
ABSTRACT
bl v/;;u esa Jo.k ckf/kr fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds d{kk esa v/;;u ds nkSjku mudh lqxE;rk ds çfr mudh jk; dk v/;;u fd;k x;kA ftlesa Jo.k ckf/kr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks v/;;u ds nkSjku gksus okyh leL;kvksa dks bafxr fd;k x;k] rFkk muls lacaf/kr mudh jk; tkuus dk ç;kl fd;k x;kA bl v/;;u esa 'kks/kdrkZ dk y{; Þfo'ks"k fo|ky; dh d{kk esa v/;;u dh lqxE;rk ds çfr Jo.k ckf/kr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh jk;ß j[kk x;k rFkk buds varxZr nks mís';ksa dk pquko fd;k x;k tks dh Øe'k% ikBîp;kZ rFkk lgikBîp;kZ ls lEcaf/kr FksA blds mijkar bl v/;;u esa vuqla/kku ç'u iwNs x, l bl vuqla/kku ds varxZr eqacbZ ds fo'ks"k fo|ky; esa i<+us okys Jo.k ckf/kr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k FkkA tks fd d{kk ˆ]‰]Š]‹]ƒå] esa i<+rs Fks] rFkk çfrn'kksZ dh la[;k …å Fkh rFkk buds fo|ky; dk ek/;e fganh bafXy'k rFkk ejkBh FkkA blesa çfrn'kZ dk pquko lqfo/kk iw.kZ rduhdh dk bLrseky fd;k x;k l 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk bl v/;;u esa ç;ksx gksus okys midj.k dks xwxy Q‚eZ }kjk cuk;k x;k ftlesa Jo.k ckf/kr cPpksa dh lqxE;rk dks /;ku j[krs gq, bls … Hkk"kkvksa ds lkFk lkFk lkadsfrd Hkk"kk esa Hkh miyC/k djk;k x;k l bl v/;;u esa iwjs MsVk dks xksiuh; rjhds ls j[kk x;kA bl v/;;u esa vuqla/kku ds lHkh uSfrdrk dk ikyu fd;k x;kA bl v/;;u ds fu"d"kZ esa ;g ik;k x;k fd d{kk esa v/;;u ds nkSjku ikBîp;kZ ds varxZr bruh lqfo/kk gksus ds ckotwn Hkh „…% lqxE;rk dh deh fn[kh] lkFk gh lkFk lgikBîp;kZ ds varxZr fo'ks"k fo|ky; esa yxHkx vHkh
çLrkouk%
Hkkjrh; laL—fr fu"i{krk vkSj U;k; ds fy, lefiZr gS vkt gh ugha çkphu le; ls gh yksx ,d nwljs dk lg;ksx djrs vk jgs gSa vkSj ;gh gekjh laL—fr dh lcls cM+h /kjksgj gS orZeku le; esa Jo.k ckf/kr cPpksa dks lekt esa cgqr vf/kd leL;k,a gksrh gSa bUgha leL;kvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj us u,&u, dkuwu cuk,a ge lHkh dh ftEesnkjh gS fd mldk ikyu djsa blds varxZr gesa Jo.k ckf/kr fnO;kaxksa dks leku volj] leku igqap vkfn tSlh lqfo/kkvksa dks çnku djuk pkfg, mUgsa f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj gS rFkk muds vuqlkj ge lHkh dk nkf;Ro gS fd ge mUgsa f'kf{kr djsaA fnO;kax yksxksa ds vf/kdkjksa ds fy, la;qä jk"Vª lEesyu ¼UNCRPD½] ftlesa Hkkjr gLrk{kjdrkZ gS] fnO;kax rd igq¡p lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ljdkjksa ij vuqPNsn 9 ds rgr nkf;Roksa ¼v½ lwpuk] ¼c½ ifjogu] ¼l½ HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k] ¼n½ lapkj çkS|ksfxdh vkSj ¼bZ½ lsokvksa ds lkFk&lkFk vkikrdkyhu lsokvksa rd igqap cukus gsrq çfrc) gSA UNCRPD vkSj RPWD vf/kfu;e ds y{;ksa dks çkIr djus ds fy, fnO;kax O;fä;ksa ds vf/kdkfjrk foHkkx] lkekftd U;k; vkSj vf/kdkfjrk ea=ky;us ,Dlsflcy bafM;k dSaisu ¼lqxE; Hkkjr vfHk;ku½ dh vo/kkj.kk dks lkoZHkkSfed igq¡p çkIr djus ds fy, ,d jk"VªO;kih çeq[k vfHk;ku ds :i esa ladfYir fd;k gS] tks fnO;kax O;fä;ksa dks leku volj rd igq¡p çkIr djus vkSj Lora= :i ls ,d lekos'kh lekt esa thou dk thus ds lkFk lkFk lHkh igyqvksa dks lqxE;rk çnku djus ç;kl djsxkA Jo.k ckf/kr o;Ldksa ds fy,] cf/kj [ksy vk;kstuksa esa Hkkx ysuk lekthdj.k dk ,d çeq[k lk/ku gSA
Þfo'ks"k f'k{kk ds rgr fo'ks"k vko';drk okys cPpksa dh fo'ks"k 'kSf{kd vko';drkvksa dh igpku ,oa muds 'kSf{kd iquokZl dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA fo'ks"k f'k{kk ds rgr fo'ks"k vko';drk okys cPpksa dks Ldwy ifjokj vkSj lekt ds vuqdwy lek;ksftr djus dk ç;kl fd;k tkrk gS] rkfd os vius fnu çfrfnu dh leL;kvksa dks gy djus esa l{ke gks lds] ;kuh fof'k"V f'k{kk v{ke cPpksa dks 'kSf{kd :i ls le{k cukrh gS ß ¼latho] 2008½
Þfof'k"V f'k{kk dk vfHkçk; vlk/kkj.k ckydksa ds fof'k"V vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq fufeZr fo'ks"k vuqns'ku ls gS blds fy, fof'k"V f'k{k.k lkexzh f'k{k.k rduhdh midj.k rFkk lqfo/kkvksa dh vko';drk gks ldrh gSß ¼M‚-vkj-,l-pkSgku 2001½
v/;;u dh i)fr%
bl 'kks/k esa 'kks/kdrkZ us nks mís';ksa dksa /;ku esa j[k dj cuk;kA
¼v½ fo'ks"k fo|ky; esa Jo.k ckf/kr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks d{kk esa v/;;u ds nkSjku ikBîp;kZ xfrfof/k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr vkus okyh leL;kvksa dk v/;;u djukA
¼c½ fo'ks"k fo|ky; esa Jo.k ckf/kr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks d{kk esa v/;;u ds nkSjku lg&ikBîp;kZ xfrfof/k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr vkus okyh leL;kvksa dk v/;;u djukA
'kks/kdrkZ }kjk fy, x, vuqla/kku ds mís';ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq;s çfrn'kZ dk p;u lqfo/kk iw.kZ rduhdh dk bLrseky fd;k x;k rFkk çfrn'kksZ dks la[;k …„ pquh xbZ| bl v/;;u esa 'kks/kdrkZ us egkjk"Vª ds eqacbZ ftys ds d{kk ˆ]‰]Š]‹ o ƒå ds fo'ks"k fo|ky; ds Jo.k ckf/kr cPpksa dh d{kk dh lqxE;rk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, mudh jk; ds vk/kkj ij psd fyLV dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ;g midj.k LofufeZr rFkk blesa ƒˆ ç'u iwNs x;s| mi;qä çfØ;k ds ek/;e ls midj.k lR;kiu vkSj fo'oluh;rk tkap lqfuf'pr dh xbZ FkhA
fo'ys"k.k ,oa foospu%
d{kk esa v/;;u dh lqxE;rk ds varxZr nks {ks=ksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k gSA ikBîp;kZ rFkk lg&ikBîp;kZ] ikBîp;kZ ds varxZr gekjs }kjk 8 ç'uksa dk ,d lewg cuk;k x;k Fkk ftlds fy, …å cPpksa ls lacaf/kr muds çfrmÙkj ladfyr fd, x, Fks ftldk fo'ys"k.k lkj.kh la[;k †-ƒ-ƒ esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
d{kk esa v/;;u% v ½ ikBîp;kZ %
†-…-ƒ mís';% fo'ks"k fo|ky; esa Jo.k ckf/kr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks d{kk esa v/;;u ds nkSjku ikBîp;kZ xfrfof/k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr vkus okyh leL;kvksa dk v/;;u djukA
ƒ- vuqlU/kku ç'u% fo'ks"k fo|ky; esa Jo.k ckf/kr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks d{kk esa v/;;u ds le; ikBîp;kZ xfrfof/k;ksa esa dkSu dkSu lh leL;k,a gksrh gS\
lkj.kh la[;k †-…-ƒ
bl çdkj ;fn ge vius fo|ky; ds mís'; ds {ks=ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ;fn ge fu"d"kZ dh ckr djrs gSa rks gekjh d{kk esa v/;;u lqxE;rk ds varxZr ikBîp;kZ fd lqxE;rk esa 30 cPpksa ds 240 esa ls 222 çfrmÙkj ¼gk¡½ ds vk, gq, gSa vkSj blds vykok 18 çfrmÙkj ¼ugha½ ds vk, gq, gSaA vr% fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds }kjk fn, x, çfrmÙkj ls ;g çnf'kZr gksrk gS dh orZeku le; esa Hkh 8% fo'ks"k fo|ky; fd ikBîp;kZ esa lqxE;rk dh deh gS vFkkZr ;fn ge çR;sd 100 cPpksa dh ckr djsa rks vHkh Hkh 18 cPps lqxE;rk dh ekj dks >sy jgs gSa çLrqr xzkQ esa ;g Li"V fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS fd T;knk ls T;knk 30 cPpksa esa ls flQZ Š cPpksa dks iw.kZ :i ls d{kk dh lqxE;rk eglwl gksrh gSA
bl çdkj ;fn ge dh laiw.kZ ikBîp;kZ lqxE;rk dh ckr djsa rks yxHkx 92% cPpksa dks fo'ks"k fo|ky; dh ikBîp;kZ esa lqxE;rk feyrh gS vkSj ftlesa 8% lqxE;rk dh deh ikbZ xbZ gS tSlk fd fp= la[;k †…-ƒ esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS ikBîp;kZ fd lqxE;rk ds lkFk&lkFk tc ge fdlh ,d {ks= dh ckr djrs gSa rks 30 cPpksa esa ls T;knkrj çR;qÙkj lqxE;rk dh –f"V ls de fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA ;fn ge fo'ks"k fo|ky; esa ikBîp;kZ ls lEcaf/kr f'k{kd eq>s ijh{k.k dks iwjk djus ds fy, vfrfjä le; nsrs gS ds çfrmÙkj esa eq>s lcls de 30 cPpksa esa ls 23 cPpksa dk çfrmÙkj ¼ugha½ feyk] eSa d{kk esa ppkZ ds nkSjku vU; Nk=ksa ds lEçs"k.k dks le>rk gwa ds çfrmÙkj esa 30 esa ls … cPpksa us çfrmÙkj ¼ugha½ feyk blds vykok T;knkrj ikBîp;kZ esa lqxE;rk ns[kus dks feykA
xzkQ la[;k †-…-„
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bl çdkj lHkh ç'uksa ds çR;qÙkj ns[kus ds ckn ;fn ge ikBîp;kZ ds laiw.kZ lqxE;rk fd ckr djsa rks geus bls ,d xzkQ ds ek/;e ls fn[kkus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA xzkQ la[;k †-… -„ esa ;g n'kkZ;k x;k gS fd fo|ky; dh lqxE;rk esa 77% lqxE;rk ikbZ xbZ gS fdarq 23% lqxE;rk dh vHkh Hkh deh gS ftldh otg ls dgha uk dgha Jo.kckf/kr fo|kFkhZ mPprj f'k{kk esa ços'k djus esa mudks dfBukbZ gksrh gS blfy, t:jh gS fd ge lcls igys fo|ky; dh lqxE;rk ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsaA
c½ lgikBîp;kZ %
†-…-„ mís';%
fo'ks"k fo|ky; esa Jo.k ckf/kr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks d{kk esa v/;;u ds nkSjku lg&ikBîp;kZ xfrfof/k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr vkus okyh leL;kvksa dk v/;;u djukA
„ -vuqlU/kku ç'u%
fo'ks"k fo|ky; esa Jo.k ckf/kr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks d{kk esa v/;;u ds le; lg&ikBîp;kZ xfrfof/k;ksa esa dkSu dkSu lh leL;k,a gksrh gS \
lkj.kh la[;k †-…-„
bl çdkj ;fn ge vius fo|ky; ds mís'; ds {ks=ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ;fn ge fu"d"kZ dh ckr djrs gSa rks gekjh d{kk esa v/;;u lqxE;rk ds varxZr lgikBîp;kZ fd lqxE;rk esa 30 cPpksa ds 240 esa ls 227 çfrmÙkj ¼gk¡½ ds vk, gq, gSa vkSj blds vykok 13 çfrmÙkj ¼ugha½ ds vk, gq, gSaA
vr% fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds }kjk fn, x, çfrmÙkj ls ;g çnf'kZr gksrk gS dh orZeku le; esa Hkh 5% fo'ks"k fo|ky; fd ikBîp;kZ esa lqxE;rk dh deh gS vFkkZr ;fn ge çR;sd 100 cPpksa dh ckr djsa rks vHkh Hkh 13 cPps lqxE;rk dh ekj dks >sy jgs gSa çLrqr xzkQ esa ;g Li"V fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS fd T;knk ls T;knk 30 cPpksa esa ls flQZ Š cPpksa dks iw.kZ :i ls d{kk dh lqxE;rk eglwl gksrh gS
xzkQ la[;k †-…-„-ƒ
bl çdkj ;fn ge dh laiw.kZ lgikBîp;kZ lqxE;rk dh ckr djsa rks yxHkx 95% cPpksa dks fo'ks"k fo|ky; dh lgikBîp;kZ esa lqxE;rk feyrh gS vkSj ftlesa 5% lqxE;rk dh deh ikbZ xbZ gS tSlk fd fp= la[;k †-…-„ esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS lgikBîp;kZ fd lqxE;rk ds lkFk&lkFk tc ge fdlh ,d {ks= dh ckr djrs gSa rks 30 cPpksa esa ls T;knkrj çR;qÙkj lqxE;rk dh –f"V ls vf/kd fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA ;fn ge fo'ks"k fo|ky; esa ikBîp;kZ ls lEcaf/kr esjs fo|ky; esa lg&ikB;Øe xfrfof/k;ksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA esjs fo|ky; esa Nk= çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa Hkkx ysrs gSaA esjh çfrHkk dk iks"k.k ¼çksRlkgu½ çfrHkk ds ewY;kadu ds ek/;e ls fd;k tkrk gSA f'k{kd lEçs"k.k ds ekSf[kd@gLrpkfyr nksuksa fof/k;ksa esa çf'kf{kr gSA
fo|ky; esa] fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lg&ikVîØe xfrfof/k;ksa dk p;u djus ds fy, fodYi fn, tkrs gSA vkfn lHkh tks çR;qÙkj çkIr gq, gSa og dkQh çksRlkfgr djus okyh gq, Fks ftlesa T;knkrj fo|ky; esa lgikBîØe esa lqxE;rk T;knk ls T;knk çnku dh tkrh gS ftldh otg ls cPps lg ikBîp;kZ esa c<+ p<+dj fgLlk ysrs gSaA xzkQ la[;k †-…-…
bl çdkj lHkh ç'uksa ds çR;qÙkj ns[kus ds ckn ;fn ge lgikBîp;kZ ds laiw.kZ lqxE;rk fd ckr djsa rks geus bls ,d xzkQ ds ek/;e ls fn[kkus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA xzkQ la[;k †-… -… esa ;g n'kkZ;k x;k gS fd fo|ky; dh lqxE;rk esa 95% lqxE;rk ikbZ xbZ gS fdarq 5% lqxE;rk dh vHkh Hkh deh gS ftldh otg ls dgha uk dgha Jo.kckf/kr fo|kFkhZ mPprj f'k{kk esa ços'k djus esa mudks dfBukbZ gksrh gS blfy, t:jh gS fd ge lcls igys fo|ky; dh lqxE;rk ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsaA
v/;;u dh lhek,a%
Ÿ bl v/;;u esa mUgha cPpksa dks fy;k x;k gS tks fd eqacbZ esa fganh bafXy'k vkSj ejkBh ek/;e ds Ldwy esa v/;;ujr gSa
٠bl v/;;u esa 6 ls Č rd ds d{kk ds Jo.k ckf/kr cPpksa dks gh 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS
Ÿ le; lhek dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, bl 'kks/k dk;Z dks eqacbZ ftys ds varxZr gh fd;k x;k gS
Ÿ bl 'kks/k esa mu fo'ks"k cPpksa dks fy;k x;k gS tks fd fganh bafXy'k] ejkBh Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx djrs gSa
lq>ko % bl v/;;u esa ljdkj ds fy, lq>ko] fo|ky; ds fy, lq>ko crk;k x;k gS&
ƒ½ ljdkj ds fy, lq>ko%
Ÿ RPWD ¼2016½ vf/kfu;e ds lkFk csgrj lajsf[kr djus ds fy, RTE vf/kfu;e esa la'kks/ku djsaA
Ÿ fnO;kax cPpksa ds lHkh f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa dks çHkkoh :i ls ykxw ds fy, ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky; ds rgr ,d leUo; ra= LFkkfir djukA
Ÿ fnO;kax cPpksa dh lh[kus dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, f'k{kk ctV esa fof'k"V vkSj i;kZIr foÙkh; vkoaVu lqfuf'pr djsaA
Ÿ fo'ks"k fo|ky;ksa dh fuxjkuh gsrq ,d desVh dk xBu fd;k tk, ftlls fo'ks"k fo|ky; dh f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk ds lkFk&lkFk mldh lqxE;rk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, mlesa lq/kkj fd;k tk,A
2½ fo|ky; ds fy, lq>ko%
Ÿ Jo.k ckf/kr Nk=ksa dh f'k{kk ds fy, lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ds mi;ksx dk O;kid :i ls foLrkj djsaA
Ÿ gj cPps dks ekSdk nsa fd fdlh Hkh fnO;kax cPps dks ihNs u NksM+saA
Ÿ fofo/k f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks 'kkfey djus esa lgk;rk ds fy, f'k{k.k çFkkvksa dks cnyukA
Ÿ :f<+okfnrk ij dkcw ik,a vkSj d{kk vkSj mlds ckgj] fnO;kax cPpksa ds çfr ldkjkRed fu'p; dk fuekZ.k djsaA
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