ABSTRACT
KEYWORDS:Disha,DarshanShastra,KaranaDravya.
INTRODUCTION:
DishaisconsideredasKaranathatmeansitmustbehavingsomerollontheformationofKaryaDravyas.Dishaisnothavingthesolidquality(Murtatva)like otherDravyas.InthatwaytheKalaandAakashaarealsonothavingMurtatva. So that they cannot be Samavayi Karana of any Karya Dravyas but they are Niskriya and termed as Anutpadya Samavaya. So the Disha is accepted as NimittaKaranaofanyKaryaDravyalikeKalaandAakasha.DishaandKalaare verysimilarinproperties.TheDishaisthecauseoftheknowledgeofnearness (Snnikrushta)andfarness(Viprakrushta).
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Darshana is the term given to the Indian philosophy Meaning of Darshana Shastras is the knowledge which is developed to create a vision to study the 2Vedas. AncientIndiancultureisveryrichinalltheaspects.Vedaistheultimate sourceofanyknowledge.AftertheVeda,UpanishadaandBrahmanahavedevelopedtoapplyandunderstandtheknowledgeofVeda.Darshanashavedeveloped aftertheUpanishadakalatolookafterthephilosophicalaspectoftheVedaand Upanishadas.DarshanasaremainlydividedintotwoAstikaandNastika.Astika Darshanas include Samkhya, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Purva Mimansa, Uttar MimansaandYoga.NastikaDarshanasincludeBoddha,JainandCharvaka. So manyprinciplesandtheoriesweretakenfromtheDrshanabyAyurvedaandvice aversa.SomanyconceptswereunderstoodwithhelpofDarshanikas.Theinterrelation of Darshana andAyurveda is so firm that without the basic principles fromtheDarshana,Ayurvedacouldnotbeabletoexplainsomeofthefacts.All theAstikaaswellasNastikaDarshanasarehavingtheirinfluenceonAyurveda. But theAsitika Darshana is having much influence. In this article an effort has beenmadetosearchouttheconceptofDishainthedifferentDarshanaswhereit 3 couldbefound.
CONCEPTOFDISHAINDARSHANASHASTRA:
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1. ConceptofDishainVaisheshikaDarshana: ThetermVaisheshikaishaving different meanings according to different scholars of philosophy The author of this Darshana is Maharshi Kanada also famous as “Uluka”. Vaisheshika has accepted nine Karana Dravyas like Pruthvi, Jala, Teja, Vayu,Aakasha,Atma, Kala, Disha and Mana.Ayurveda has many a time accepted concepts from the Vaisheshika as the Darshana mainly dealing with study of Dravya, Guna and Karma. The concept of Shad Padartha as Karanas is contribution of Vaisheshika and here the concept of Karana Dravyasisalsoappliedfromit.Soitisneededtogothroughthedescription oftheDishafromtheVaisheshika.AsDishaisamongtheKaranaDravyasin the Vaisheshika, it is already proved as Dravya. Prashashtapada is very famous and elaborative commentary on Vaisheshika Sutra done by Prashashtadeva. According to Prashashtapada Disha have five properties (Guna)whichareSankhya,Parimana,Pruthakatva,SamyogaandVibhaga. TheestablishmentoftheseGunasinDishaisassameasKalaandAakasha.
a. Sankhya: The Sankhya is the Guna can be defined for the Usage (VyavaharaHetu)likeoneortwo.TheSankhyaofanyDravyahasbeen describedonaccountofitspurposes.TherearetwotypesofSankhya, oneandmany Dishaisonebutforusageitisdividedintoten.
b. Parimana:Theparimanaissaidtobeformeasurement.Itisfourinnumber Aanu(small), Mahat(Large), Hriswa(short), Dirgha(long). The Disha is having Mahat Parimana because it is Vibhu Dravya. That MahatisalsooftwokindsNityaandAnitya.TheDishaisNitya.Sothe
DishaishavingNityaMahatParimana.
c. Pruthakatwa:ItisthedifferentiationbetweenthetwoDravya.Itisfurther divided into one and many The Disha is having one. Disha is defferetiated by the other Dravyas by its own uniqueness of Deshika Paratva-Aparatva.
d. Samyoga:ItisjoiningoftwoormoreDravyas.TheSamyogaisofthree typeAnyantaraKarmaj,UbhayaKarmajandSamyogaj.Itissaidtobe thecauseoftheGunasandKarmaswithintheDravya.DishaisVibhu andNitya.SothereisnoSamyogaofDishatoanyotherDravyas.The causebehindthisisthatDishaisnothavingtheYutSiddhiwiththeother Dravyas.
e. Vibhaga: VibhagaistheseparationofDravya.Vibhagaisalsohaving threetypeslikeSamyoga.TheDishaisVibhuDravyasotheVibhagais alsonotpossible.ButitprovidesthespaceorplatformforVibhaga.That waytheotherDravyacandoSamyoga-vibhagawithDishaandexpress theirKarmaandGunas.
5 2. ConceptofDishainTarkaSamgraha:TarkaSamgrahaisafamoustext written by Annambhatt It is called the bridge between Nyaya and VasheshikaDarshanas.InTarkaSamgrahaverymuchsimilarityisfoundin the description of Disha with Vaisheshika Darshana. According to Tarka Samgraha Disha is among the nine Karana Dravyas as described in Vaisheshika. Disha is one and eternal but for different usages it is divided into many different types. Here also Disha is assumed to have its roll in Karya as Nimitta Karana. Paratva-Aparatva is said to be the function of Disha. Remoteness (Paratva) and proximity (Aparatva) are the special causes of common usage of words expressing remoteness and proximity TheyresideinthefivesubstancesorKaranaDravyaslikePruthvi,Aap,Teja, VayuandMana.InTarkaSamgrahaParatva-BasicconceptofDishaandits applied aspect inAyurveda.Aparatva has divided in two types which are DikkKrutaandKalaKruta.HereDishaisappliedintheformofDikKruta Paratva-Aparatva.WiththehelpofTarkaSamgraha,onecanreachuptothe depthlogicbehindthecoatationofSushrutaAacharya.Sushrutahastermed DishaastheAdhisthataoftheSrotraindriya.
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3. ConceptofDishainNyayaSutra: NyayaDarshanaisdevelopedasEpistemology It provides the base for the assessment of any Shastra or any knowledge.ThemeaningofNyayaisexaminationandassessmentofArtha withtheapplicationofPramana. ThepioneerofthisphilosophyisMaharshi Gautama who created Nyaya Sutra which is the basic text of Nyayikas. Naiyayikas have not described about the nine Karana Dravyas as in the Vaisheshika. InthissequencethepresenceoftheNityaDravyaslikeDisha, KalaandAakashaisunavoidable.SoinsomeindirectwaytheDishaisplayingrollinthePratyakshaPramana.
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4. ConceptofDishainVedantaDarshana:WordVedantaliterarymeansthe endpartofVeda/knowledge.UpanishadasarethetextswhicharemostlyconsideredasthelastandendpartofVedawithBrahmanasandAranyakas.Here theVedantaDarshanaisthenamegiventoaphilosophicaldoctrinewhichis establishingthemysteriesofVedasdescribedinUpanishadas.Themaintext ofVedanta Darshana is Brahmasutra. The concept of Disha is not direcly
foundintheVedantDarshana.ButasotherDarshanasbelievedintheconcept of Karana Dravyas and Karya Dravyas here the only Karana is Brahama. Even there is nothing like nine Karana Dravyas as described by Vaisheshika school of thoughts. Brahmasutra while characterizing the Brahma, Badarayana Vyas has accepted that the Brahama is cause of Akashadi(spaceandrestofalltheobjects).HereDishaisalsothecreationof BrahamaandKaranaofeverythingisacceptedasBrahma. 8
5. ConceptofDishainYogaDarshana:YogaDarshanaisthemostfamous stream of Indian philosophy and it is very well accepted by all the learned scholarsofIndiaandbeyondtheIndiatoo.Ayurvedahassomanyreferences regardingtheYoga. IntheYogasutranodirectreferenceisfoundregarding Disha.PatanjalihasappliedtheconceptofDishaintheformofDesha.Yoga istheappliedformofsciencewhichisdivertingoneselffromthebodilyexistencetoinnerself.ForthatAshtangaYogahasbeensuggestedtopractice. HereinYama,thewordDeshaiscoatedtonotetheexternalspace.InthecontextofDharanathewordDeshaiscoatedtoindicatetheShariraDeshai.e. internalDeshaofAyurveda. Yogahasalsoappliedtheconceptintermsof indicatingDishaintheinternalDeshaorbody Onecanfindthereferences describingAnuloma-Vilomata of Prana, Urdhvaretas Gamana etc. in relationtoDishainthebody ThehumananatomyasperYogaisdifferentthan fromtheAyurveda.YogaisemphasizingontheNadisandPranasthatconceptacquiredDishaforindicatingofthelocationwithinthebody
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6. ConceptofDishainSamkhyaDarshana:SamkhyaDarshanaisbelieved tobetheoldestDarshanaoftheIndianphilosophy MaharshiKapilwasthe founder of Samkhya Darshana.Ayurveda has collected lots of pearls from theSamkhyadoctrinelikeSatkaryaVada,TatvaGananawiththeconceptof PurushaandPrakruti,SrushtiUtpatiKarma(creationofuniverse),concept of Trigunas ( Satva, Raja, Tama), Indriya Bhautiktva etc. According to BhikshuDishadoesn'thavingsuchkindofindependentexistencebecauseit isrelativeasforonewhichiseastmaybethewestforotherinrelativeorientation.SoaccordingtoSamkhyaDishaisanimaginaryobject,doesn'thave independentexistenceandincorporatedwithAakasha.
7. Concept of Disha in Mimamsa Darshana: Mimamsa is one among the Aastika Darshanashastra of ancient Indian culture. The meaning of word Mimamsa is “detail and as it is description of the form of anything. The themeofMimamsaistodescribeanddefineDharmaindetail.Mimamasa Darshanais alsocountedDishaas nineKaranaDravyas.Thereis no other descriptionfoundregardingtheconceptofDishainMimamsaDarshana.
DISCUSSION:
InvariousstreamsofsciencestheconceptofDishaisappliedindifferentwayto servetheirpurposestoachievetheirdesiredgoals.Afterthelongobservationof universetheDarshanahasevolvedtheconceptofDishaasKaranaDravya.Purpose Darshana has developed the concept of Karana Dravyas as the base to understandthepropertiesofanyKaryaDravyas.EachandeveryKaryaDravyais merelycreatedbythemanipulationofnineKaranaDravyasthoseareAakasha, 10 Vayu,Agni,Jala,Pruthvi,Atma,Mana,KalaandDisha.
TheneedtodeveloptheconceptofDishaissimplymanifestedbytakingintoconsideration of functions of Karana Dravyas. Disha is only serving as a factor or unittoletonesknowledgeaboutnearness,farness,here,there,right,left,opposite,front,above,belowshortandlong.ThusDishaisKaranaofDeshikaParatva andAparatvawithrelationtosomefixobject.DishaisNityaandVibhusothere isnochanceofitsabsenceinanytimeoranyplace.Soalltheway,theconcept hasappliedtodefinerelativeorientation.
CONCLUSION:
Ayurvedaisapplyingallitsknowledgefortreatingthehumanbody,averydelicate and sophisticated system among all the creatures. So the need is that the knowledgemustbeveryfineandperfectlyprovedandtested.Ayurvedahastwo goals(Prayojana).ForthatDishaisappliedinBahyaDeshatolocatetheobject. InAbhyantaraDeshaDishaisappliedtodefinethemovementsofDosha,Dhatu andMalas.ItisalsovaryapplicableintermsofindicatingAnatomicalpositions ofvariousorganswithinthebody
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