GENDER PORTRAYAL A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CITIZEN JOURNALIST AND TRADITIONAL MASS MEDIA

HiraLal(UID26292),RavinaKaur(12010105)

INTRODUCTION:

Recenttimes,MarshalMcLuhanin1964saidthatmassmedianotonlygivespeople information and entertainment, but it also affects people's lives by framing theirwayofthinking,opinion,attitudes,andbeliefsabout.Itbasicallycontrols our social life by transferring the controlling leadership beliefs in an invisible way Society has established control of males by institutionalizing authority of men over women, regarding gender portrayal. Gender representation of media acrosstheworldrevolvesaroundthedescriptionofmuscularanddelicate,basically they define muscular to male and delicacy to female. The male body is essentialized in our culture around certain features that mark macho. Similarly thefemininityisalsoculturallyconstructedbasedonthebodyofthebiological female. Therefore, the concept of masculinity and femininity are there just to showthesociallyaccepteddifferencesbetweenmenandwomen.Wehavealso seenthatmanyscholarsarguethatthisdifferencearejustbasedonbiologyand whereassomeofthemarguethatthesedifferencesaresociallymade.

Overpastfewyearsthesocialroleofwomenandmenhavebeenchangedinour societybuthowevertheadvertisementsstillrepresenttraditionalbondsbetween themtopromotetheirproducts.Thecriticismoffewpeopleandlackingsensitivityofthemregardinggenderrolesinadvertisementarebadlyaffectingtheaudience'sattitudeandperceptionswhichleadstoargumentsandphysicalviolence evensometimes.

REVIEWOFLITERATURE:

Wehavecameacrossmanydifferentarticlesregardingportrayalofgenderstereotypingasitisverycommonacrossmedia.Inthefieldofcommunicationthe imageofawomeninmediaisalwaysatopicofcontroversy Whetherit'sprintor electronicportrayalofwomenandit'smediacoverageisatopicofinterestforall. In2011RossandCartershowedthatmalecoverageinnewsitemisalsomuch portrayedascomparedtofemalecoverage.RossandCarter'sstudywasbasedon Britain and Ireland and their findings showed the bias in representation of women in media “Few women appeared as celebrities (9% newspapers; 5% radioand0%acrossTV)andtheyweremuchmorelikelytobeframedasvictims (26%newspapers,28%radioand24%TV)ofvariouscrimesandevents,including domestic violence (19%), war (16%) and discrimination (16%).Across broadcastnewsthreequartersofmalevictimswereportrayedasvictimsofwar Gender portrayal is very important whether it be print or broadcast media. To show the constant generality of gender stereotype in media sector a lot of researches and studies have been conducted and the result of these studies showedthatovertheyearswomenhavebeenportrayedasonewhoisengaged withhouseholdworkortheyhavebeenshownasonewhocanbeshownasaone in regards to sexual matters. Gender ideology is a important aspect in today's worldinmediairrespectiveofanymode.Soitisveryimportanttoanalysisthe controlofgenderstereotypeasitreflectscultureandhowpeopleactwithingiven culture.ErvingGoffman(1979)usedframeanalysistoexaminegenderrolestereotypesinadvertisements,wherehedefinedaframeastheprinciplesoforganizationwhichgovernsocialeventsandourinvolvementinthem.

CASESTUDIES:

ZomatoDeliveryBoyCaseStudy:

Allsocialmedianeedsisalittlespatandlo,awholegardenofarmchaircritics comesintobloom

Acoupleofweeksago,avideowaspostedonInstagramfromBengaluru,where aninfluencernamedHiteshaaccusedaZomatodeliverymannamedKamarajof assaultingherafteranargumentoveralatedelivery.Shethenrodeasympathy wavewhichallegedlygavehersome10,000extrafollowers.Butwithinacouple ofdaysKamarajrefutedherclaim,sayingitwasHiteshawhohadabusedandhit him.DidKamarajabuseherandpunchhernose?OrdidHiteshaabusehimand hit him with slippers? Nobody really knows, but FIRs have been registered againstboth.

deliveryexecutive,sotherewasmuchtaggingofZomato.

AsKamaraj'sversioncameout,thewaveswungtowardshim,quicklymorphing into a class debate — middle-class versus working class. Paeans were written about why one must always believe the hard-working salt of the earth and not privilegedmiddle-classoccupantsofapartmentblocks.

This brought its own backlash — how dare you disbelieve a woman, some demanded.Accordingtothisschool,anywomanwhocomplainsofassaultmust be instantly believed and any attempt to question her story automatically becomesananti-womanstance.

Thementhencameoutinhordes.Kamaraj'sweepyvideobecametheexcuseto launchanastystormofmisogynydirectedagainstnotjustHiteshabutallwomen who, these men said, have been lying since the dawn of time and getting away withit.

Meanwhile, someone claiming to be a former flatmate insinuated that Hitesha hadahistoryoffreeloading.Thiswasgristtothemisogynymill,asexpected,but women too responded with self-flagellation, absurdly lamenting that when womenlikeHiteshalieandswindle,allwomeneverywherearediscreditedforever.

Itishumantotakesidesinadebate,dependingonwhereyoursympathieslie,but issuesarealmostneverasblackandwhiteasonewouldlikethemtobe.Asmuch asit'spossiblethatHiteshamighthaveoverplayedherhandinhereagernessto wranglefreefood,it'spossiblethatKamarajlosthistemperandsaidintemperate thingsorfobbedherofftooviolently Oritmightbeabitofboth,withbothsides downplayingtheirowntransgressionsasmuchaspossible.

Neither Kamaraj's working-class background nor Hitesha's gender make them intrinsically violent or fragile, honest or dishonest. To ignore their individual quirksandpropensitiesandfocusexclusivelyontheirlarger'tribal'memberships isafraughtpath.Eachindividualincidentcomeswithitsownscript,back-story andinter-personaldynamics,butourneedtobefacile,popcorn-munchingpundit-judge-jurymakesuspusheverythingintoonecrudetemplateandthentake predictablepositions.

Socialmediamightintendtobea'democracyaggregator'butitworksmoreasa 'prejudiceaggregator,'settingupgladiatorialcontestsbetweenunrealbinariesof good-bad, guilty-innocent, right-wrong.The protagonists become irrelevant as thecommentators'bloodlusttakesover

Letus,forargument'ssake,pretendthatHiteshaindeedlied.Sowhat?Whyisshe expectedtobetheposterfigurefor#AllWomen?Infact,whyshouldweexpect that all women will tell the truth?As among men, among women too there are liars and killers, frauds and fakes, and this exaggerated expectation that all womenmustbekindandgentleandhonestisaclassictrap.Itforceswomento feeldefensiveaboutallmanneroffemaleoffenses.Anditallowstoxichandles like'SaveIndianFamilyFoundation'and'Men'sDayOut'toconverteachincident into another excuse for woman-bashing, for demanding the dilution of dowryorrapelaws.

Hitesha was an influencer, that uniquely millennial profession, where you are constantlyvisible,monetizingtinydetailsofyourlife,chasingfollowers,seekingendorsement.SoHiteshadecidedtoputKamarajonasocialmediatrial.Itgot him suspended, even locked up for a bit, but when the locusts descended, they consumedHiteshatoo.ShehasleftherhomeandherInstagramhandlehasgone quiet.The social media glasshouse is such a terribly brittle thing.Jasleen Kaur harassmentcontroversy

JasleenKaurControveryCase: OnAugust23,2015,Kaur,aformerstudentatSt.Stephen'sCollege,postedapictureofamanandallegedthathepassedobscenecommentsatherduringanargumentonroad.Afterthepostwentviral,Singhwasarrestedalocalpoliceunder sections354A(Sexualharassment),506(Punishmentforcriminalintimidation) Copyright©2022,IERJ.Thisopen-accessarticleispublishedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttribution-NonCommercial4.0InternationalLicensewhichpermitsShare(copyandredistributethematerialinany mediumorformat)andAdapt(remix,transform,andbuilduponthematerial)undertheAttribution-NonCommercialterms.

Asthenewsbroke,itwasamusingtoseehoweasilypeopleweremakinguptheir minds and as quickly changing them. It was also amusing to see the simplistic sorts of tribalismthat immediatelycame to the fore. First came commiseration foracustomer,hailedas'king'(or'queen'inthiscase),beingshabbilytreatedbya

and509(Word,gestureoractintendedtoinsultthemodestyofawoman)ofthe IndianPenalCode.Facebookpost

ThepostmadebyKauronAugust23,2015:Thisman(misnomer)madeobscene commentsonmetodayataround8pmnearAggarwal,TilakNagar Hewasona silverRoyalEnfield,vehiclenumber-DL4SCE3623.WhenItoldhimthatim clickinghispictureandi'mgoingtofileacomplaintagainsthim,heresponded byposingforthepictureandsaid-"Jokarsaktihaikarle.Complaintkarkedikha, firdekhiyokyakartahunmain".Buttherewassomethingthatisdisturbingme muchmorethanhisobsceneremarks-thefactthatitwasaredtrafficsignaland 20otherpeopleheardwhathewastellingme.Yes,nooneminded.Nooneintervened.Noonestoodupforme.IdecidedtostandupformyselfandlodgedacomplaintinTilakNagarpolicestationwithhisphotoandvehiclenumber

Sharehispictureandvehiclenumberasmuchasyoucantopinthiscreep.(onlyif youcare).Todayhehadtheaudacitytosaythesethingstome,tomorrowhewill havetheaudacitytomoveonestepaheadanddoit.

PS-Icould'vewrittenhereexactlywhathesaidinhiscomments,butidon'twant FBtoremovemypost.

Kaur'saccountstatedthatSinghwastryingtojumptheredsignal.Sheaskedhim to follow the traffic rules to which Singh replied with obscene comments.The courtlaterobservedthecomplainanthadmadematerialalterationstoherprevious statements, concluding that "the testimony of the complainant is not trustworthyandcastsseriousdoubtonthecaseoftheprosecution."

Singh's account said that he wasn't breaking any of the traffic rules as he was intending to take a left-turn which is a free-turn even on a red signal. He explainedthistoKaurwhichwasconstruedrudebyher.[citationneeded]Kaur tookpicturesandposteditonsocialmediaprovidingafalsesummaryofevents. Singh also stated Kaur fabricated events as a publicity stunt to gain a political mileageassheisasupporteroftheAamAadmiParty,anIndianpoliticalparty

TheFacebookpostsharedbyKauronAugust23,2015immediatelywentviral onthesocialmediainIndiawithover100,000shares.Reactionsinsupportofthe Kaur,laudinghersupposedbravery,andexpressiveofdisgustandcontemptfor Singhcamethickandfast,beginningthesameday:Thenextday,onAugust24, the then Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal tweeted lauding her supposed braveryaskingallthegirlsofDelhitospeakupagainstsuchunacceptableacts. TheDelhiCommissionforWoman(DCW)Chief,SwatiMaliwalalsocamein supportofKaur

The Deputy Commissioner of Police (West) said that she will be given 5000 rupeesforhersupposedbravery ActressSonakshiSinhaalsocameinsupportof Kaur,howeverlatertweetedapologizingtoSinghforthepresumptionofguilt. After this incident, Singh has stated he had lost his job short after the incident took place because of the media coverage and couldn't find any other stable sourceofincome.

TimesNowwasfinedasumofRs.50,000bytheNewsBroadcastingStandards Authority (NBSA), and was asked to apologize on-air Times Now had interviewedtheaccusedinan“aggressive,intimidating,andbrowbeatingstyle,and thetelecastoftheinterviewwithtag-linestreatingtheaccusedasguilty”.JudgmentOnOctober24,2019,fouryearsaftertheincident,thecourtpassedthejudgment. All the charges were dismissed and Singh was held innocent. He was acquittedofallthechargesagainsthim.

RohtakBusCase:

OnNovember28,2014,avideowentviralonsocialmediaoftwosistersthrashingthreeboysinamovingbus.Thesisterssaidthatthethreeboysweremolestingthem,afterwhichtheybeatthem.Theboyswerearrestedbutlatergotbail. Thegirlswerepraisedalotacrosssocialmedia. Thematterreachedcourt,and after 2 years of investigation, all three men were found not guilty Witnesses clearedthatitwasjustaquarrelovertheseatonthebus.Alltheallegationswere baseless.

Alongeruneditedvideohadbeenfoundontheinternet,inwhichthegirlsaskeda thirdgirl,whohadfilmedtheincidentontheirphone,toreturnit.Lateranother mancameforwardandclaimedthathehadbeensimilarlyaccusedofmolestation bythegirlsandhehadtopay 20,000tohavethechargesdropped.

On 8 December, the girls offered to undergo a narcoanalysis test to prove that theirversionoftheeventsweretrue.Thegirlshadfailedthepolygraphtestconductedonthem,whiletheaccusedhadpassedit.On18January,2015,thegirls madeacomplainttoSumanDahiya,vice-chairpersonoftheHaryanaStateCommissionforWomen,sayingthattheywerebeingpressuredtowithdrawthecase byauthoritiesandthattheywereaskedobscenequestionsduringthepolygraph test.InMay2015,thesisterscomplainedtothepolicethatsomeonewasposting morphedpicturesofthemonsocialmedia.

On30November,theverydayoftheincident,thelocalpolicearrestedthethree accused and charged them under Section 354 (assault or criminal force with intenttooutragewoman'smodesty)andSection323(voluntarilycausinghurt)of

theIndianPenalCode.

Reactionsinsupportofthegirlsandexpressiveofdisgustandcontemptforthe boyscamethickandfast,beginningthesameday:HaryanaWomen'sCommission vice-chairperson Suman Dahiya said that she would visit the locality.[citationneeded]AnnieRaja,thegeneralsecretaryoftheNationalFederation of Indian Women, praised the girls and said it was the responsibility of the bystanderstohelpthem.

Thenextday,1December2014,HaryanaChiefMinisterManoharLalKhattar praised the bravery of the girls and announced a cash prize of 51,000 to be given to each of the girls at a function on Republic Day Union minister Uma Bharati said that the all girls should respond like these girls did to harassment. UnionMinisterNirmalaSitharamanpraisedthegirlsandsaidthattheviralvideo showed the risk women face even in public spaces. Lalitha Kumaramangalam, chairpersontotheNationalCommissionforWomen,praisedthebraveryofthe girlsbraveandcalleduponthegovernmenttotakeappropriateaction.

Onthesameday,andhardly24hoursaftertheincident,theIndianArmysources saidthattwoofthemen,whohadbeenselectedinthearmyphysicaltest,willnot longer be allowed to appear in the written exam. Defence Minister Manohar ParrikarsaidthatsuchmenhadnoplaceintheIndianArmy Alocalcourtsuspendedthebusdriverandconductor,andsentthethreementojudiciarycustody

By2December,TVchannelshadpickedupthestoryandwerevisitingthegirls' hometointerviewthem.Thegirlshadclaimedthatthevideowastakenbyapregnantwoman,whowastheonlyco-passengerwhohadtriedtohelpthem.But,the womancouldnotbetraced.Thepolicealsosaidthatnotasingleeye-witnesshad comeforward.

On being interviewed, the father of one of accused said that all three were 19 years old and were pursuing Bachelor ofArts from the Jat College in Rohtak. Twooftheboys,KuldeepandMohit,werereturningafterappearinginanarmy recruitmentexam.Oneoftheboyswasaskedbyasickoldwomantobuyhera ticketatthebusstop.Onboardingthebus,theyfoundthetwogirloccupyingthe seatsallottedtotheoldwoman.Uponaskingthemtovacatetheseat,anargument beganandgirlsstartedtohitthem.Whentheboysretaliated,thegirlsbeganto capture it on video. The third accused, Deepak boarded the bus later and got caught in the fight.Four women ofAsan village, from which the accused hail, saidthattheboyshadnotharassedthegirlsanditwasadisputeoverseats.

On2December,asecondvideowentviralontheinternet,whichshowedthegirls hittinganotherboyinRohtak.Thegirlsclaimedthatthevideowasamontholder, itwastakeninHUDApark,Rohtak.Thegirlsclaimedthattheywereteasedby someboyssittingonabenchandafteroneofthegirlsstartedhittingthem,they fled.The girls denied that they had released the second video for publicity and saidthattheyhadnotfiledacaseforthatincidentbecausetheaccusedshadfled. The girls said the video was probably taken by a bystander and as they always respond to harassers in the same manner, there were probably more videos of themoutthere.

By5December,sixwomenclaimingtobepassengersonthebushadtestifiedto police.Theysaiditwasnotanissueofharassment,butadisputeoverseatsasthe girlshadbeenoccupyingaseatallottedtoasickwoman.Thegovernmentputthe prizeonholdafterthedevelopment.On6December,KironKher,aMemberof theParliament,saidthatshetrustedthegirls'versionofthestory

On 8 December, the girls offered to undergo a narcoanalysis test to prove that theirversionoftheeventsweretrue.Thegirlswerelatergivenpolicesecurity, aftertheyclaimedthattheywerebeingpressuredbytheaccusedtowithdrawthe case.Bynowtheaccusedhadbeenreleasedonbails.Bythistime,athirdvideo had emerged which showed one of the accused being beaten by his father in a policestationandbeingaskedtoapologizetothegirls.Bynowanothermancame forwardandclaimedthathehadbeensimilarlyaccusedofmolestation.Hehadto pay 20,000 to have the charges dropped. On 11 December, various non-Jat groupsgavetheirsupporttothegirls,whobelongtoanOBCcaste,andsaidthe governmentshouldreinstatethecashprize.[Theaccusedwererevealedtobeof Jatcaste.Bythistime,alongeruneditedvideohadbeenfoundontheinternet,in whichthegirlsaskedathirdgirl,whohadfilmedtheincidentontheirphone,to returnit.Awitnessalsocameforwardclaimingthatshesawthegirlsaskathird girltomakethevideo..

InAugust2015,thepolicecompleteditsinvestigationandfiledthechargesheet. The 200-page chargesheet contained statements of 50 witnesses, and included thereportofthelie-detectortest.Themediareportssaidthatthestatementofthe woman who shot the video was also included. She had allegedly said that no molestation had taken place and mobile phone was given to her by one of the girls.Thepolicesaidthepolygraphtestoftheaccusedboyswasfoundtobecredible. The legal counsel of the girls,Attar Singh Panwar speaking to Hindustan Times,accusedthepoliceofbiasintheinvestigation.Hesaidthepolygraphtest mightbefabricatedbythepoliceandsuggestedthatthecaseshouldbehanded overtotheCentralBureauofInvestigation(CBI)BoyCommittedSuicideOver RapeAllegations

17-year-oldboycommittedsuicideafterbeingaccusedbyagirlofsexualassault.

A17-year-old boy from Gurugram committedsuicideafterbeingaccusedby a girl of s*xual assault on social media.The boy jumped off from the apartment building.Theteenagerissaidtohavetakenthisstepafteragirlaccusedhimof molestation through an Instagram post. She posted that the boy attacked her 2 years back, and now she is tired of keeping this a secret No Police Complaint FiledByBoy'sParentsrefusedtofileacomplaint.Sothepolicestartedasuicide inquiry under Section 174 of the Code of Criminal procedure. The lawyer of Manav wants to uncover the truth due to which an innocent boy has to end his life.

Almostanhourbeforehissuicide,KaurhadpostedanInstagramstoryalleging anincidentwhichoccurredwhenManavwas14–15yearsold,accusinghimof harassing her, touching her inappropriately and demanding sexual favors. She says she mentioned his name but did not tag him. Soon, her friends took screenshots and started re posting it, tagging Manav The harassment began immediately AccordingtoManav'sfriends,hewasshamed,bullied,andthreatened.After the story went viral, Manav receivedthreatcalls and messages and wasthevictimofharassmentbythegirlandherfriends.Manavtriedtodefend himselfandmaintainedthathewasinnocent.Accordingtoaclassmate,Manav pleadedwithherfriendstotakeitdown,contendingthatitwasnottrue,butthey wererelentless.Aftersustainedabuse,hepanickedandreachedouttohisfriends. GurgaonpolicefoundchatsthatManavhadwithhisfriends,minutesbeforehe committedsuicide.Theboywrotehewasstressed,askinghisfriendstokeeptalkingtohim.

AccordingtoanInstagrampostbyhisbrother,hehadapanicattack,andcommittedsuicide.On4May2020,atabout11:30intheevening,Manavjumpedoffthe 11thfloorbalconyofhishomeinDLFCarltonEstate,inGurugram.Hisphone wasinhisroomduringdinner,andhisfamilyhadgonetosleepat10:30.Anhour later,theintercomrang.Hismotherheardpeoplecryingandlookeddowntosee himlyingontheground.Thepolicesaidaguardsawhiminapoolofbloodand alertedhisparents.Hewasrushedtoahospitalwherehewasdeclareddeadon arrival.

Aftermathandinvestigation:

Afterhearingwhathappened,KaurpostedanotherInstagramStoryinwhichshe saidthatit'snotherfaultthathecouldn'thandlethepressure.

AccordingtofatherofManav,ManojSingh,Hehadtopushthepoliceofficers for several days and even beg them to register an FIR but the police were not interestedininvestigatingthecase.AninitialFIRwasfiledagainst'unknownpersons'forabatementofsuicide.Heallegedthattheimmensedistress,shame,fear andunbearableanxietiescausebythe“defamatory,slanderous,illegalpost”had ledtohissoncommittingsuicide,andhadsoughtthatacaseberegisteredagainst all persons who have posted the said illegal post and against Instagram which allowed the public dissemination of such an illegal and obnoxious post. The fatherblamedonlineharassmentandtrollingforhisson'ssuicide.

Faultyinvestigation:

AccordingtoManoj,aftertheregistrationoftheFIR,thepolicewascompletely passiveininvestigatingthecasefor2–3monthsanddidn'tsubmitdetailsofthe probe about the involvement others in the case.The cops also did not produce Instagram, Whats App or Snapchat records. It was at this point that Manoj Singh'slawyerAmishAggrawalafiledacaseundertheSection15clause3ofthe CriminalProcedureCodewhichempowersthecourttodirectthepolicetoregister an FIR or even monitor the case after the registration.The case reached the Gurgaoncourtwhichexpressedconcernovertheslowpaceofinvestigation,noting“theinvestigatingofficersareworkingatalowpaceinthepresentmatterfor reasons best known to them,” directing the Gurugram police to submit a status reportevery15daysuntilthefilingofthefinalreport.

The chargesheet was filed at January-end, According to Aggrawala, this chargesheetwasprecededby4monthsofstretchingoutoftheinvestigationby thepolice.KaurandafriendarecurrentlyfacingtrialunderSection305(abetmenttosuicide)andSection34oftheIndianPenalCode.Afterthechargesheet wasfiled,thefamily'slegalcounselfiledaprotestpetition,sayingtheinvestigationwasfaulty,becausetheyhadnamedseveralwitnessesandaccused,noneof whichwereexamined.

Interventionby

theNationalHumanRightsCommission:

InJune2021,theNationalHumanRightsCommissionofIndiaintervenedinthe case after a petition by the boy's family The Commission conducted a perusal anddeclaredthattherehadnotbeenafairinvestigationinthematter,citingproblemssuchasthesilenceoftheenquiryreportonanyarrests,themobilephones notbeingsentforforensicontime,andthefilingofafinalreportwithouttheprocurement of any 'mobile phone data report, snapchat, Instagram from FSL, Madhuban.'TheCommissiontermedtheinvestigationdonebytheI.O.as"nothingbutvitiatedinvestigationwhichcannotrisetoavalidchargesheet.".

CONCLUSION:

Thepublicserviceannouncementhasemergedasapopularsourceofinformationduringthepandemicsituationandeveryageofpeoplearehavingtheknowledgeabouttheannouncements,itsmainaimistocreateawarenessandprecaution steps that people must aware of it .we got morer response from the region

Madurai and from this study ,we got the information that there is been impact werecreatedbythepublicserviceannouncementandalsowefoundthatthereis behaviouralchangealsocreatedlikesocialdistancingandwearingmaskamong thepublic.onothersideofthispublicserviceannouncementthatthepeopleare gotfrustratedduetoitsrepeatedmessagewhichfeltsthatitsforcingthemtodo particularthings.but thepositiveresponsearehigherthanotherresponses.Asa outcomeofthe,it canbeconcludedthatthePublicserviceannouncementwere createdapositiveimpactonthepublicduringpandemic.

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