ABSTRACT
1.INTRODUCTION:
TheconceptofArtificialIntelligence(AI),hasbecomeavastsubjectinthefields of science, industry, and even the arts since being first introduced in 1956 and eversincebecomingrealforthefirsttimeinthe1970's,thetechnologyhasbeen spreading its usage in many fields, one of the most important one being healthcare.Sincethelate1970's,humanshavetriedintroducingtheconceptof usingArtificial Intelligence in healthcare and helping treating patients, both in termsofphysicalhealthandpsychologicalhealth.
ManypeoplemightagreethathealthcareshouldnotbehandledbyAIprograms, especiallythepsychologybranchastheyaresimplymachinesandcannotcomprehend the human psyche. However advanced medical AI programs may be abletoaidpsychologistsgreatlyintreatingpatientsinmentalillnesscasessuch asSchizophrenia.However,inordertodivedeeplyintowhetheritisbeneficialto useAIsincasessuchasSchizophrenia,itisnecessarytounderstandboththeconceptsofAIandSchizophreniaindetail.
2.ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE:
ThetermAIorArtificialIntelligencereferstotechnologywhichhasbeengiven thepowertoidentify,calculateandsolvealogicalissueusingpre-taughtalgorithmsandprograms.SinceArtificialIntelligenceonitsownisavasttopic,ithas beendividedintothreemainsubfieldswhichare:
-MachineLearning(ML)
-DeepLearning(DL)
-NeuralNetworks(ANN)
2.1.MachineLearning:
AIslearnandunderstandthroughmanytrialanderrorrunsofdataovertimeand understandhowtodifferentiatebetweensubjectswhichiscalledmachinelearning. Machine learning focuses on using data and algorithms in order to imitate thelearningprocessofhumansthroughconstanttrialsandimprovetheAI'saccuracy in decision making in the situation. In the basic classic level of learning whichisML,theAIisdependentonhumanstobefedtheinformationinlabeled datasetswhichthehumancanchoosewhichfeaturesareneededfortheprogram tohaveandbasedonthattherequireddataisinputtedtotheprogram.
2.2.DeepLearning:
DeepLearningisamorecomplexversionandthehigherlevelofML.InDL,the programcaningestrawdatainitsbasedformwithouttheneedofahumanorganizingthemintomultipleinputtypes.Asanexample,inDLthemachineiscapableofhavingatextoranimageoravoicerecordingasaninputasawholeunit withoutthehumanbreakingdowntheinputintomultiplesimplerstatesforthe machine to understand. By doing so, the machine is practically in no need of a humanhelpingthemachinetounderstanddataandcandosoonitsown.
2.3.ANN:
ThelastsubfieldofanAIprogramistheArtificialNeuralNetworkorANN.ANN isavastnetworkofnodesconnectedtogethertorecreateanartificialmodelofa humanbrain.Thissystemusesnodesasneuronstotransportdatafromoneplace to another through the system just like how electrical shock waves are used in order to transport a message through neurons through the human brain which makes ANN the technical “Brains” of the AI where decisions are made and ordersarecarriedout.
3.SCHIZOPHRENIA:
Schizophreniaisconsideredoneofthemostcomplexbraindisordersasitaffects thelivesofthepatientsgreatly Schizophreniawasfirstdiscoveredin1887byDr EmileKraeplinwhofirstdiagnoseditasadisorder However,ittookanothercenturyforthedisordertobefullyrecognizedandhavethetermSchizophreniatobe giventoit.Schizophreniaisadisorderwhichaffectsthemindofthepatientand howtheythink,feelorperceiverealitybycausingdamageinthebrain.
3.1.
Causes:
It is yet not known exactly what might be the cause of such an illness. Some believe that other mental disorders at a young age might lead to developing Schizophreniawhilesomehypothesizethatusageofsubstancesmightbethereasonwhileothersmightarguethatthisillnessisactuallypartiallyhereditaryand mostlycomesfromparentswhohadhighchancesofdevelopingtheillnessand passingitontotheiroffsprings.However,themostpopulartheoryatthemoment suggestsoveractivityofthedopaminereceptorsinthebraintobethecause.
3.2.
Symptoms:
Schizophreniaisknowntohavemanysymptomswhicharecategorizedintwo groups.OnecategoryisknownasthePositivesymptomswhichcausechaoticor false perception of reality such as Hallucinations, Delusions or Disorganized Thinking.TheothercategoryisknownastheNegativesymptomswhichcause social and everyday issues and include symptoms such as short-term memory lossorgeneralmemoryissues,socializingissuesorlackofmotivation.Asdangerousandproblematicthisillnessis,unfortunatelytherearenocuresforityet, onlytreatmentmethodswhichmostofthetimeincludeeithertherapyorintaking antipsychotic medicine which help with the positive symptoms. However, the negative symptoms cannot be truly cured, simply diminished with the help of psychosocialtreatments.
3.3.
Treatment:
Presently the only known solution to Schizophrenia is consulting a doctor and havingthepatientdescribetheirsituationthoroughlyintherapysessionsinorder forthemtomakeadecisionofhowtoaidthepatientintheircase.However,in mostcases,eitherthepatientdoesnotorcannotexplaineverysingledetailorthe doctorispronetomakingmistakesindiagnosiswhichwouldcausefurtherissues inthetreatmentandoverallcaseofthepatient.Theoretically,throughtheuseof AI,thepercentageofsuchmistakescouldbedecreaseddrastically
3.4.
AIandSchizophrenia:
Since in most cases of Schizophrenia, there exist some type of anatomical or physiologicalabnormalitiesinthebrain,itispossibletouseAIandMLprograms to help detect said abnormalities in MRI, EEG and PET scans. MRI scans use strong electromagnetic fields to photograph the physiology of a person. EEG scansworkbyplacingmanyelectrodesaroundthescalptoexaminetheelectrical activity of the brain, while PET scans work by injecting radioactive materials intothebodyinordertodepictthemetabolicandotherphysiologicalactivitiesof thebrainthroughtheradiation.
WiththehelpofML,AI'scanbetrainedtoaccuratelycomparetheMRIscansof the brains of the patients with healthy subjects to both diagnose and check the progressoftheillnessthroughphysiologicalchangestothebrain.Furthermore, withtheusageofAI,itisevenpossibleto
whetherapersonissufferingfromSchizophreniaornot.
It is also possible for the patients to useAI personal assistants who constantly check the patients mental state through methods such as quick EEG scans. By doingso,theAIwouldbeawareifthepatientisgoingthroughanepisodeofpsychosisandsowouldeithernotifythepatient'sdoctor,orrelativeinorderforthem toaidthepatientincalmingtheirpsychosis.
Additionally,withthefurtheradvancementoftheAIsystems,itmightevenbe possibletohavetheanomaliesinthepatient'sexperienceoftheworldbegivenin theformsofaudiofilesorimageswhichcouldbeusedtogetherwiththedetailed explanations from the patient. Using this method, therapists and psychologists mightbeabletocomprehendthemindandpsycheofthepatientbetterandunderstandtheirexperiencesfromtheirpointsofview Bygivingabetterviewofthe situationtothetherapistsandpsychologists,theywouldbeabletoaidthepatient throughtheirpathtorecovery
4.POSSIBLEOBSTACLES:
Asmentionedintheprevioussections,usingAItechnologytoaidwiththediagnosisandtreatmentofillnessessuchasSchizophrenia,hasquitealotofadvantagesandbenefitsforboththepatientandtheprofessionalsatwork.Asanexample,AIsarelesspronetomakingmistakescomparedtohumans-inbothcasesof either diagnosis or deciding the most appropriate treatment method. Not only that,butbytheuseofML,itwouldbeeasierfortheAItodecidewhetherapatient issufferingfromSchizophreniaornotbasedonbothanatomicalandphysiologicalevidencefromimagingmethodssuchasPETorMRI.DespiteallofthebenefitsofusingAIinsuchcases,therestillexistsomedisadvantagesinpossiblescenarios.
Forexample,despiteAI'sbeinglesspronetomakingmistakesthanhuman,there stillexiststhepossibilityofanAIeithermakingamistakeormalfunctioningdue toconstantlycarryingoutcomplextasksoverlongperiodsoftime,orsimplythe program being rendered incapable of helping or making a decision due to the levelofcomplexityordifficultyofacase.
Additionally, AIs are programs which mimic a human mind and never stop expanding their knowledge over time.Therefore, if one were to gain an unreasonableamountofknowledgebeyonditsnecessaryfieldintheindustry,itwould bequitepossibleforittotrytobecomemorethanjustasimpleAIusedinitsspecificindustry Itwouldn'tbetoofar-fetchedtobelievetheprogramwouldactually try to gain control over some other section of industry in the world which wouldn'tnecessarilystarttheapocalypse,butcouldpotentiallythrowatleasta sectionoftheworldintochaos.Therefore,itiscrucialfortheprofessionalstobe extremelycautiouswithhandlingtheAIprogramsandneverlosingcontrolover them.
However,despitetheirnegativetraits,thebenefitsofusingsuchAIprogramsare quitesignificantandwouldwithnodoubtaidaconsiderablenumberofpatients.
5.CONCLUSIONS:
ThisresearchaimstoalludeandrecognizethesignificanceofusingAIandMLin areas of psychological healthcare and specifically in cases of Schizophrenia patients in hopes that such possibilities may one day become reality By using advancedtherapeuticAIprogramstrainedwithMLandDLtechniques,technologycouldbeabletoprovideagreatdealofaidtopsychologistsandpatientssufferingfrommentalillnessessuchasSchizophrenia.
By runningAI technology through MLtraining,AI programs would be able to identifyanddiagnosepatientssufferingfromSchizophreniawhichwouldallow psychologiststoactsoonerinordertoaidthepatient.Additionally,AItechnologymightevenbeabletobringwhatthepatientisexperiencingtolifeforthepsychologisttobeabletounderstandthepatient'spsychebetter Lastly,byassigning AIassistantstopatients,itwouldbepossibletoregulateandcheckthepatient's mental state constantly and notify a professional or someone who could help immediatelyorsimplyexistasaformofacompanyforthepatient.Therefore,by bringingsuchideastorealityofsimplytakinginspirationfromtheminorderto create alternate solutions to aiding Schizophrenic patients throughAI technology,wouldgreatlybenefitthepopulaceandaidthehumanraceintheirpathby takingasteptowardsthebetterfutureweallseek.
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