BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) AND CHRONIC ENERGY DEFICIENCY (CED) AMONG ADULT: A FIELD-BASED EXPERIENCE OF B

1 2

KalandiSingh,Dr.PrasannaKumarPatra

1Ph.DScholar(NFHEFellow),PGDepartmentofAnthropology,UtkalUniversity,VaniVihar-751004,Odisha,India.

2 AssociateProfessor,PGDepartmentofAnthropology,UtkalUniversity,VaniVihar-751004,Odisha,India.

ABSTRACT

Introduction:ThepresentstudyattemptstoexaminetherelationshipbetweenadultBhumija'sBMIandCEDinMayurbhanjDistrict,Odisha,India.Methods:For thestudytotal275respondents(men-133andwomen-142)wereselectedfromthreevillagesthosewereovertheageof18-49wasinvestigated.Results:Themale respondentsaveragemeanbodymassindex(BMI)were138.8(19.4)cm,31.84(12.1)kg,18.14(3.3)cm,and15.7(2.3)kg/m2,respectively Femalesaveragemean BMIwere138.0(19.2)cm,31.7(11.4)kg,18.1(3.2)cm,and16.0(2.3)kg/m2respectively Amongmalesbelongedtotheunder-nutritiongroup,79(28.7%)wereCED III,18(6.5%)wereCEDII,16(5.8%)wereCEDI,and23(8.4%)werenormal.Ontheotherhandamongfemales75(27.3%)wereCEDIII,27(9.8%)wereCEDII, 17(6.2%)wereCEDI,and23(8.4%)werenormal.AspertheguidelinesoftheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO),therateofundernutritionbasedonBMIandCED washigh(≥40%),indicatingaseriousnutritionalcondition.Conclusion:Thestudysuggeststhatneed-basedandculturallyappropriatesocio-economic,educational andpublichealthprogramsshouldbeinitiatedamongtheBhumijainordertoreducetheprevalenceofhealthconditionamongtheBhumija.

KEYWORDS:Bhumija,CED,BMI,Adult,Odisha.

INTRODUCTION:

Theimportanceofhealthisanessentialindicatorofbothfinancialdevelopment andgrowth.Thehealthsignificanceofspecifiedresidentsisabsolutelyorharmfully partial to the nation's financial increase. Dependent health factors like incomepercapita,socialinfrastructure,diet,sanitation,medicalcarefacilities, secureintakewater,poverty,employmentstatus,etc.,changethehealthofeach person and there is a link between development and health (Sharma; 2012). Higherrisksofunder-nutritioninthetribalpopulationareduetothecultural,ecological,andsocio-economicfactors.Nutritionalstatusisanessentialtooltolearn abouthealthanddependsontheuseoffoodstuffsrelativetotherequirementsand necessities.Somestudieshaverevealedarelationshipbetweentheethnicgroup's dietary and economic status (Tiwari 2007; Rao & Rao 1994) and health outcomes.Thenutritionalandhealthstatusofthehumaninhabitantsofanynationis determinedthroughthevalueofeconomicgrowth.Usually,atthefamilycircle level, cultural norms, socioeconomic factors and practice resolve the level of health issues in tribal people. The causes of diseases, poverty, illiteracy, unfriendlysurroundings,lackofdrinkingwater,poorsanitation,unsightedbelief systems, etc. are consider as miseries among the tribal communities. The Bhumija are one of the Hindu tribes and are found largely in the district of Mayurbhanj.Etymologically,theterm"Bhumija"means"onewhoisbornfrom the soil." Dalton classifies the Bhumijas as Kolarians on linguistic grounds. Racially, they belong to the proto-australoids. Rishsley says that the Bhumijas are nothing more than a branch of the Munda, which has spread to the east (Goswamietal2009;Behera2021).

Studyarea:

The present study focused on two villages in the Khunta block of Mayurbhanj District, Odisha. With a landmass of 10418 square kilometres, Mayurbhanj is Orissa'slargestdistrict.Thedistrictishometothestandardizedbiosphereandis richinbiodiversity Thedistrictwasplaced9thinhumandevelopmentandhas madesignificantimprovementinliteracyandotherhumandevelopmentindicatorsinrecentyears.(DHDR,2011).

METHODOLOGY:

Forthestudy,primarydatahasbeencollectedbyadoptingfieldsurveymethod forcollectingthedata.Indepthinterviewsandindividualquestionnairewereprepared for collection the data. The participant observations were conducted in threevillagesforverifythedatainKhuntablockofMayurbhanjDistrict,Odisha. The paper based on the secondary data obtained from various books, articles, journals,reports,researcharticlesandunpublishedreportssoon.Fieldnotewere made by researcher to analysis the data.Audio records were done after getting permissionfromrespondents.

MeasurementsofAnthropometricTraits: Anthropometricmeasurementsofeachsubject'sheight(cm),MUAC(cm),and weight(kg)usingLohmanetal.'smethodology(1988)weretaken.Weightand circumference were measured to the nearest 500 g, while circumference and heightweremeasuredtothenearest1mm.

MeasurementofNutritionalStatus: Nutritional status was calculated by globally acknowledged Body Mass Index (WHO,1995)guidelines:

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CEDIII:BMI<16.00kg/m 2 CEDII:BMI=16.0-16.9kg/m 2 CEDI:BMI=17.0-18.4kg/m 2 Normal:BMI=18.5-24.9kg/m 2

Overweight:BMI=25.0-29.9kg/m

WeusedtheclassificationofWorldHealthOrganization's(1995)lowBMIofthe communityphysicalconditiondilemmainadultpopulationsallabovetheworld. Thisclassificationdividesfrequencyintopercentagesofthepopulationswitha BMI(<18.5kg/m2).

Low(5-9%):warningsign,monitoringrequired.

Medium(10-19%):poorsituation.

High(20-39%):serioussituation.

Veryhigh(≥40%):criticalsituation.

StatisticalAnalysis:

SPSSsoftwarewasusedtoanalysisthedataafterthefigureswereassembled(V20.00).Descriptivestatisticsisusedtoexaminethemean,maximum,minimum, standarddeviation,andpercentiles.Thesexdifferenceinmeanweight,height, BMI,andCEDwasdeterminedusingtheStudent'st-test.TheChisquaretestwas usedtodeterminetheassociationbetweentwovariables.Theimpactlevelwas setat0.05.

RESULTS:

Table.1 shows the participants of sex wise the mean (SD) values of weight, height,andBMIforeachparticipant.Males31.8(12.1)kg,138.8(19.4)cm,and

15.7 (2.3) kg/m2 had a higher average height, weight and BMI than females 138.0 (19.2) cm, 31.7(11.4) cm and 16.0 (2.3) kg/m2. The gender disparities werestatisticallysignificant(p0.001).

Variables

Male(n=133) Female(n=142) Mean SD Mean SD

Sabar 19.4 18.0 52.0 65.0 WestBengal Bhandarietal. 2019

Bhumij 18.6 52.3 WestBengal Ghosh&Bose 2015

Munda 19.35 35.8 WestBengal Das&Bose 2010

Oraon 19.46 37.5 WestBengal Boseetal. 2011

Oraon 18.0 53.1 Jharkhand Chakraborty& Bose,2008

Tangkhul Naga 21.2 16.2 Manipur Mungreiphy,et al,2012

Bhotias 19.5 45.3 Uttarakhand Kapooretal, 2012

Sabar 19.4 18.0 52.0 65.0 WestBengal Bhandariet al.2019

DISCUSSION:

Table.2 revealed the participants of the nutritional status, In case of males, 79 (28.7%)wereclassifiedasCEDIII,18(6.5%)CEDII,16(5.8%)CEDIand20 (7.3%) were normal. In case of females 75 (27.3%) were CED III, 27 (9.8%) CEDII,17(6.2%)CEDI,and23(8.4%)werenormal. Table2:NutritionalStatusoftheBhumijaMalesandFemales

ThenutritionalhealthconcernsofIndia'svasttribalpopulationarecausedbyethnic groupings that are close to conflating socioeconomic, social, and malnutritiondiversity,whichiswidespreadamongthetribalpeople(Deka,2011).Many studiesontheirsocioeconomicandnutritionalstatushavebeenundertakeninthe past. The studies revealed a significant relationship between them. In the Mymensingh district, the Garo people's nutritional situation is dire.Underweight,normalweight,overweight,andobesepeoplemadeup30%, 46percent,16percent,and8%ofthepopulation,respectively Duetoalackof resources and ignorance (Naser, 2015), owing to their traditional customs and poorliteracylevels,asectionoftribalpeopleisparticularlyvulnerabletomalnutrition. According to a separate study, Saharia's low socioeconomic status is reflected in their low educational and income status. The higher prevalence of CEDandoverweightinguyscomparedtofemalesreflectstheirsuperiorunderstanding of BMI in relation to their environment. It was also discovered that SahariafemaleshadagreaterrateofundernutritionbasedonMUAC.Inthepresent study, we discovered a link between nutritional status and socioeconomic levelaswell.Menweremostlyworkinginagriculture(39.3%),whereaswomen (30.9%).Therewasalargegenderdivide.Wealsodiscoveredthatmalnourished femaleshadagreaterrateofmalnutritionthanmalesinthisstudy

The above table reveals that the higher prevalence of CED and overweight in males as compared to females reflects their superior understanding of BMI in relationtotheirenvironment.Inthepresentstudy,werevealedthattherelation betweenBMIandCEDlevelaswell.TheprevalenceofCED(%)andmeanBMI kg/m2 in India's major tribal populations are shown in Table 8. In the case of males,themeanBMIwaslargerinSantals,andBirhorsofWestBengal,asseen in the table. Females had a higher mean BMI thanWest Bengal Birhors. In the case of males, WHO guidelines indicate that CED is prevalent among Santals (Mukhopadhyay2010),Birhor(Dasetal.2013),Mahalis(Ghosh&Bose2017) ofWestBengal,Oraons(Beck&Mishra,2010)ofOrissa,Savar(Bisai&Bose, 2012)ofOdisha.Ontheotherhand,haveaveryhighfrequencyofCED(40%). Accordingtothesecriteria,Sabars(Bhandarietal.2019)fromWestBengal,as wellasBhumijafromthepresentstudy,wereinacatastrophicstate.Asaresultof this research, it was found out that the CED percentage in females was higher thaninmalesamongtheBhumijatribeofMayurbhanjdistrict,Odisha.

CONCLUSION:

Inconclusion,thepresentstudyvisiblydemonstratedthenecessitytorecognize, alter, and restructure assets for the indigenous community according to their needs.Theintendedimprovementinitiativesandthehealthneedsofethnicpopulationsmustbedeterminedwhilemaintainingtheirsocio-culturaltraditionsand habitatinmind.TheprevalenceofundernutritionbasedonCEDandBMIwas high,indicatingacriticalnutritionalstate,accordingtoWorldHealthOrganization (WHO) guidelines. To alleviate this ethnic group's nutritional stress, an immediate and appropriate nutritional participation programme must be established.To improve their health conditions, a need-based socio-economic interventionprogrammeshouldbeinitiated.

RECOMMENDATION:

Asaresult,werecommendthatcomparableresearchbeconductedtofindoutthe frequencyofundernutritionamongBhumijasfromotherregions,particularlyin ruralareas.Thisresearchwillaidinthegenerationoffreshdatathatmaybeused toanalysetheprevalenceofmalnutritiononalocal.

Acknowledgement:

TheauthorswouldliketothankalltheresearchparticipantsfromBhumijacommunitywhovolunteeredtoparticipateinthestudy Thefirstauthorwouldliketo thanktheUGC-NFHE(NationalFellowshipforHigherEducation)forgranting DoctoralFellowship,basedonwhichthisresearchhasbeencarriedout.

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