DETERMINATION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF PARMANAND NAGAR, POND RAIPUR, (C.G) INDIA
1 2 1 3
1SchoolofSciences,MATSUniversity,Raipur(CG)India.
2Govt.NagarjunaPGCollegeofScience,Raipur(CG)India.
3FacultyofScienceandTechnology,ICFAIUniversity,Raipur(CG)India.(*CorrespondingAuthor)
ABSTRACT
Wateristhephysicalfoundationofalllivingthings.Itisnecessaryforourbodiesgrowthandfunctionsinceitisinvolvedinavarietyofbiologicalactivities.Drinking water is an essential component for all living things. Groundwater is an important natural resource that contributes to human health, economic prosperity, and biological variety.Thecurrent research focuses on determining physico-chemical characteristics in water samples from various sampling places, such as pH, EC, hardness,alkalinity,DO,BODs,andCOD.Anriseinpollutionconcentrationindicatesanincreaseinpollutionloadduetodomesticsewageandindustrialeffluents,as wellasanthropogenicactivitiesandgarbagedischargeintotheRaipurdistrict'sriver Thephysico-chemicalpropertiesofsurfacewatercollectedfromfourlocations alongtheParmanandNagarRiverinKota,Raipur,wereanalyzed.
KEYWORDS:DrinkingWater,Groundwater,PhysicochemicalParameters.
1.INTRODUCTION:
Wateristhemostimportantcomponentofeveryecosystem.Rivers,lakes,glaciers, rainwater, groundwater, and other water sources are the most common. Asidefromdrinkingwater,waterresourcesareimportantinavarietyofindustries, including agriculture, animal production, forestry, industrial operations, hydropowergeneration,fishing,andothercreativeendeavours.Becauseofkey reasonssuchasrisingpopulation,industrialization,andurbanisation,theavail[1] ability and quality of water, whether surface or ground, has deteriorated Groundwaterisutilisedallaroundtheworldforhouseholdandindustrialwater supplies,aswellasagriculture.Thefastriseofpopulationandtheincreasedpace ofurbanizationhaveresultedinamassiveincreaseinthedemandforfreshwater duringthelastseveraldecades.Waterisresponsibleforaround80%ofallhuman [2] illnesses,accordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization Themostimportantnaturalresourceiswater Acceptingtheimportanceandlackofresourcesforbiological requirements, as well as supporting economic and growth activities of all [3] types,isamajorproblem Theavailabilityofhigh-qualitywaterisessentialfor preventionofdiseaseandimprovedqualityoflife.Impuritiesaredeliveredinto theaquaticsysteminavarietyofways,includingweatheringofrocksandleachingofsoils,dissolvingofaerosolparticlesfromtheatmosphere,andavarietyof humanactivities,includingasmining,processing,andtheusageofmetal-based [4] products Unwantedchangesinthephysical,chemical,andbiologicalfeatures ofair,water,andsoilposeaserioushazardtopeopleallovertheworld.Theseare [5] linkedtoanimalsandplants,andultimatelyhaveanimpactonthem Industrial development(eitherneworexistingindustryexpansion)resultsinthegeneration ofindustrialeffluents,andifuntreatedresultsinwater,sedimentandsoilpollu[6-7] tion
“Water pollution is defined as” theadditionofchemicalsorenergyformstoa waterbodythatadverselyaffectsitsauthorisedusagebyalteringthecharacterof the water body directly or indirectly." Pollution diminishes a body of water's capacitytodeliverecosystemservicesthatitmightotherwisegive.Lakes,rivers, [8] seas, aquifers, reservoirs, and groundwater are examples of water bodies Although this fact is widely recognized, pollution of water resources is a commonoccurrence.Potablewater,inparticular,hasbeenseverelyharmed,andin manycaseshaslostitsbasicpurpose.Therearemanydifferenttypesofwatercontamination, but there are two basic types: direct and indirect pollutant sources. Directsourcesincludeeffluentoutfallsfromindustries,refineriescontaminants thatentertowatersupply fromsoils/groundwatersystems andfromtheatmosphere via rain water Industrial solvents, volatile organic compounds, insecticides,pesticides,andfoodprocessingwastesareexamplesoforganicwatercontaminants. Metals, fertilisers, and acidity induced by industrial discharges are [9] examplesofinorganicwatercontaminants
Highlevelsofpollutantsinriverwatersystemscausesanincreaseinbiological oxygendemand(BOD),chemicaloxygendemand(COD),totaldissolvedsolids (TDS),totalsuspendedsolids(TSS),toxicmetalssuchasCd,Cr,NiandPband faecal coliform and hence make such water unsuitable for drinking, irrigation and aquatic life. Industrial effluent contamination of natural water bodies has emergedasamajorchallengeindevelopinganddenselypopulatedcountrieslike India.Estuariesandinlandwaterbodies,whicharethemajorsourcesofdrinking waterinIndia,areoftencontaminatedbytheactivitiesoftheadjoiningpopula-
tionsandindustrialestablishments
[10]
2.MATERIALANDMETHODS:
2.1StudyArea:
RaipurcityislocatednearthecentreofthevastandfertileChhattisgarhplain. 0 0 0 0 Thecityissituatedbetween2233'Nand2114'Nlatitudeand826'Eto8138'E longitude.Thecityaveragelysituated298mabovesealevelhasatotallandsize 2 ofabout226km Thewastewatersampleswerecollectedfromtheparmanand nagar,kota,Raipur,Chhattisgarhinafternoonbetween11.00amto12.00pm. Watersampleswerecollectedfromfourpointsforphysico-chemicalanalysis. 0 0 Thissiteissituatedin21.2618 Nlatitudeandin81.6056 Elongitude.
Figure1:StudyAreaforwatersampleCollection
2.2 Samplecollection: Thewastewatersamplesweretakenintheafternoonsbetween11a.m.and12
p.m.duringthemonthofFebruaryForphysico-chemicalanalysis,watersamples were obtained at four places. The grab water samples were collected in plastic bottles. The bottles were completely cleaned with hydrochloric acid, rinsedtwicewithdistilledwater,rinsedagainwiththewatersampletobecollected,andthenfilledwiththesample,leavingjustalittleairspaceatthetop. Stoppardsamplebottleswereused,andparaffinwaxwasusedtosealthem.
3.RESULTSANDDISCUSSION:
The physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electric conductivity, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolve solid, turbidity, biological oxygen demand, nitrateandtotalhardnessofwaterwereanalysedforthewatersamplescollected fromtheparmanandnagarPond,Raipur
3.1pH:
Thestrengthofanacidicorbasiccharacterofasolutionatacertaintemperature isdefinedaspH.Thenegativelogarithmofhydrogenionconcentration(pH=+ log[H ])isusedtocalculatepH.ThepHofwatersamplesrangesfrom7.5to 8.3,anditissignificantforbioticcommunitiessincemostplantandanimalspeciescansurviveinalimitedrangeofpHfromslightlyacidictoslightlyalkaline [11] conditions
3.2TotalDissolvedSolids(TDS):
Total dissolved solids (TDS) is a measurement of the molecular, ionised, or micro-granular(colloidalsol)suspendedcontentofallinorganicandorganic compoundspresentinaliquid.TDSlevelsarefrequentlyexpressedinpartsper million (ppm). TDS concentrations in water may be measured with a digital [12] meter Inthemeasuredwater,totaldissolvedsolidsvariedfrom230to237 mg/l. Due to the inclusion of organic matter and solid waste, the maximum TDSobservedwas237mg/landthelowestTDSreportedwas230mg/l.
3.3ElectricalConductivity(EC):
Watercapabilitytotransmitelectriccurrentisknownaselectricalconductivity [13] andservesastooltoassessthepurityofwater Thisabilitydependsonthe presenceofions,theirtotalconcentration,mobility,valence,relativeconcen[14] trationsandtemperatureofmeasurement Theelectricalconductivityranged from 236 to 244 us/cm.The highest electrical conductivity was reported 244 us/cmduetotheadditionofdomesticwastageandlowest236us/cm.
3.4Alkalinity:
Theabilityofwatertowithstandacidificationisknownasalkalinity It'snotto be confused with basicity, which is a pH scale absolute measurement. The strengthofabuffersolutionmadeupofweakacidsandtheirconjugatebasesis [15-16] referredtoasalkalinity It'scalculatedbytitratingasolutionwithanacid like HCl until the pH changes suddenly, or until it hits a specified endpoint. Alkalinity is expressed in units of concentration, such as meq/l (milliequivalents per liter), μeq/kg (microequivalents per kilogram), or mg/l CaCO (milligramsperlitercalciumcarbonate).Eachofthesemeasurements 3 correspondstoanamountofacidaddedasatitrant.[17].TheAlkalinityinthe watersamplesrangedfrom158to166mg/l.thehighestalkalinityrecordedwas 166 mg/l due high nutrients in water and lowest recorded alkalinity was 158 mg/l.
3.5
Dissolvedoxygen(DO):
The amount of oxygen dissolved in water is referred to as dissolved oxygen (DO). The atmosphere and aquatic vegetation both provide oxygen to water bodies.Runningwater,suchasafast-movingstream,dissolvesmoreoxygen thanmotionlesswater,suchasthatfoundinapondorlake.Theamountoffree, non-compoundoxygencontainedinwaterorotherliquidsisreferredtoasdissolvedoxygen.Freeoxygen(O),alsoknownasnon-compoundoxygen,isoxy- 2 [18] gen that is not bound to any other element The dissolved oxygen in water samples, highest amount recorded was 5.44 mg/l and the lowest dissolved recordedwas5.32mg/l.
3.6
BiochemicalOxygenDemand(BOD):
Thequantityofdissolvedoxygen(DO)required(i.e.requested)byaerobicbiologicalorganismstobreakdownorganicmaterialpresentinagivenwatersample at a particular temperature during a certain time period is known as biochemicaloxygendemand(BOD).TheBODvalueisgenerallyrepresentedin milligrammes of oxygen used per litre of sample over a 5-day incubation periodat20°C,anditisfrequentlyusedasaproxyforthedegreeoforganicpol[19] lutioninwater Thebiochemicaloxygendemandreportedfromwatersampleswasrangedbetween5.12to5.23mg/l.Thehighestdemandofoxygenin thewaterwasrecordedwas5.23mg/l.Thelowestdemandwasrecordedwas 5.12mg/l.
3.7
ChemicalOxygenDemand(COD):
The oxidation of reduced compounds in water is measured by the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). It is often used to quantify the quantity of organic compoundsinwaterinanindirectmanner CODisametricthatdeterminesthe amountoforganicmaterialsinwater Asaresult,CODmaybeusedtodetect [20] organic contamination in surface water The COD in water samples are recordedinrangedbetween9.2mg/lto9.9mg/l.
3.8Turbidity:
Turbidity,likesmokeintheair,isthecloudinessorhazinessofafluidgeneratedbyavastnumberofsmallparticlesthatarenormallyundetectabletothe humaneye.Turbidityisanimportantindicatorofwaterquality Turbidity(or haze)isatermusedtodescribetheappearanceoftranslucentsubstancessuch asglassorplastic.Hazeisdefinedasthefractionoflightdeflectedmorethan [21] 2.5degreesfromtheenteringlightdirectioninplasticmanufacture Theturbidity in water samples are recorded in range between 2.87 (NTU) to 2.97 (NTU).
3.9TotalHardness:
Waterwithahighmineralconcentrationisreferredtoashardwater(incontrast with"softwater").Hardwateriscreatedwhenwaterpercolatesthroughdepositsofcalciumandmagnesiumcarbonates,bicarbonates,andsulphatesfoundin limestone, chalk, or gypsum. Drinking hard water may provide some health benefits.Inindustrialsettings,wherewaterhardnessismonitoredtominimise costlybreakdownsinboilers,coolingtowers,andotherwater-handlingequipment,itcancauseseriousdifficulties[22].Thetotalhardnessinwatersamples arerecordedinrangebetween 217to225.
Table1: Physico-ChemicalParametersofcollectedWaterSamples
Parameters Sample-1 Sample-2 Sample-3 Sample-4 Average value
EC(mg/l) 236 239 240 244 240
TDS(mg/l) 230 233 234 237 234 pH 7.5 7.8 7.9 8.3 7.9
Alkalinity(mg/l) 158 161 163 166 163 DO(mg/l) 5.32 5.36 5.38 5.44 5.38 BOD(mg/l) 5.12 515 5.17 5.23 5.17 COD(mg/l) 9.2 9.4 9.5 9.9 9.5
Turbidity(NTU) 2.87 2.90 2.93 2.97 2.93
TotalHardness 217 220 221 225 221 TemporaryHardness 137 139 141 146 141 PermanentHardness 81.4 82.9 83.0 84.6 83.0
3.9.1Temporaryhardness: Thepresenceofdissolvedbicarbonatemineralscausestemporaryhardness (calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate). When these minerals 2+ 2+ aredissolved,theyproducecalciumandmagnesiumcations(Ca ,Mg )as 2 well as carbonate and bicarbonate anions (CO - and HCO -). Water 3 3 becomes hard due to the presence of metal cations. Unlike the permanent hardnessgeneratedbysulphateandchloridecompounds,however,this"temporary"hardnessmaybedecreasedbyboilingthewateroraddinglime(calcium hydroxide) to the water through the lime softening process. Boiling encourages the synthesis of carbonate from bicarbonate and the precipitation of calcium carbonate out of solution, resulting in softer water when [23] cooled The temporary hardness in water samples are recorded in range between137to146.
3.9.2Permanenthardness: Boilingisoftendifficulttoeliminatepermanenthardness(mineralcontent). The presence of calcium sulfate/calcium chloride and/or magnesium sulfate/magnesiumchlorideinthewater,whichdonotprecipitateoutwhenthe temperature rises, is frequently the cause. A water softener or an ionexchangecolumncanbeusedtoremoveionsthatcausepersistenthardness [24] inwater Thepermanenthardnessinwatersamplesarerecordedinrange between81.4to84.6.
4.CONCLUSION:
The study reveals that the water samples which are collected from Parmanand Nagar,Pond,kota,Raipur(C.G) isdeterioratedverybadlyasaresultofaddition ofurban,domesticandindustrialwastes.Directdischargeofhumanandanimal wastenotonlyimpartsthequalityofwaterbutalsoaffectsthehealthofthepeoplebecausethesewaterisusedforwashing,bathingandsometimesfordrinking purposes.Thewatersampleswhicharetestedanditsparametersarerecordedas follows:thepHrangefrom7.5to8.3.TheTDSrangedfrom130to137(mg/l) andAlkalinity,BODandCODarerangesfrom158to166(mg/l),5.12to5.23 (mg/l)and9.2to9.9(mg/l)respectively Itisveryessentialandimportanttotest thewaterbeforeitisusedfordrinking,domestic,agriculturalorindustrialpurpose.
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