Planning Report: 20 year strategic masterplan by Thi Bich Tho Nguyen

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Green future for THE CONNECTED CITY

•Report for 20 year strategic masterplan From Victoria Quays to Sky Edge •High Speed Two Proposal (HS2) 1

Thi Bich Tho Nguyen 150145497

Table of contents 1. Site analysis

1.1 History of the specific areas

7. Case study

1.2 Economic and social segments a) Economic status b) Social status c) SWOT analysis

5 5 6

8. References

1.2 Land use and housing changes

1.3 Transportation and movement

7.1 Emscher Park, Germany 7.2 Community led regeneration Toronto’s River Don 7.3 Car-free housing in Vienna ( “Autofreie Mustersiedlung”)

1.4 River and other built environment issues from the industrial period to modern time a) River power and its environment issues 9 b) SWOT analysis 10 1.5 Green infrastructure and open space 10 2.Vision

3. Strategic themes and 3.1 Regeneration of the river corridor 11 outcomes 3.2 Regeneration for the sustainable townscape and green space 12 3.3 Proposed car-free/ bike city housing 13

4. Review of policy

HS2 proposal with its pros and cons analysis

5. List of consultation

6. 20 year strategic masterplan

1. Site analysis: 1.1) History:

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Traced back to when they first came

Located at the East margin of Sheffield City Center, the study area has possessed a rich history for approximately 200 years from the day Sheffield Canal Basin, which now becomes a part of Sheffield and South Yorkshire Navigation, first opened its transshipment in 1814. As the result, new transport route was established to allow canal boats reach the heart of Sheffield from the navigable River Don. Unfortunately, with the rapid development of new types of transportation of train and lorry, the Canal business was declined by the 1970s. (Pennine Waterways, nd). With the redevelopment of Canal Basin in 1990s, new flat buildings were added and warehouses were restored, a hope for a thriving and lively community was built. This period of time witnessed the settlement of new shops, restaurants, hotels, pubs and attract more workers and residents. Nowadays, the basin has been rearranged with new pedestrian routes and become one of the Heritage location of Sheffield which attract lots of visitors each year. (Sheffield Telegraph, 2011). Thanks to the Supertram route, bus and train stations has shortened the distance from boaters and the basin. Since the day the Canal Basin was regenerated, it has become a leisure facility for most public people around that area and tourist attraction with the well-known name: Sheffield Victoria Quays.

Figure 1 (left): How busy it was in the late 1960s, early 1970s of the Canal commercial navigation (Sheffield History, 2014)

Figure 2 (right): Grain Warehouse now and then (Sheffield History, 2009)

Site boundary

Proposed HS2 station location

Disused station

During the mid of 1800s, Sheffield Victoria station which was opened in 1851 was the main Sheffield station on the Great Central Railway and once served people between Manchester and Sheffield. However, the beginning of 1950sâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; witnessed the decline of station as the growth of new road transports as well as the closeness of mills. Therefore, those coal trains become shorter and sporadic in service resulting the its closeness in 1970 when local and train service concentrated at Midland station. Along with this, the tracks though station were lifted and station buildings were demolished in 1989 in order to give space for extension to adjacent of Victoria Hotel complex which is now a luxury Victoria Holiday Inn Hotel. (Catford, 2016). 3

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Figure3: Sheffield Victoria Station in 1894 (Catford, 2016).

Figure 4 : Sheffield Victoria Station at the west in 1980 (Catford, 2016).

Impact of industrial history on the area landscape

Figure 5 : Sheffield Victoria Station in 2004, which is a hotel (Catford, 2016). Canal Basin 1960s

Canal Basin 1950s canal basin 1950s

Sheffield has been long-term extremely effected by the industry; hence, the area was predominantly occupied, abandoned, re-used. Particularly, it was altered dramatically in the last three decades of the twentieth century (Jones, 2000). The obliteration of industrial development with the formation of new transport route such as the Canal Basin has constituted to a new landscape. In the past century, water power was associated with the cutlery industry and was utilized widely in the grinding. The level of usage of the river Don was dramatically increased in the end of eighteenth century with the development of plenty water wheels along river tributaries. As a result, the exploitation of water for industry has negatively affected the river landscape in a long term. Nonetheless, the industry has created a large number of jobs for local people who played a vital role in the early development of the industry era (Watts, 2004). Besides, accompanying with the construction of water powered wheels, vast majority of tenants who were predominantly engaged with agriculture changed to pursued cutlery industry (Ball et all, 2006).

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Thi Bich Tho Nguyen 150145497 Figure 7: The figure shows the crime rate in March 2017 in the area around Victoria Quays

1.2 Economic and social segments a) Economic status

With the national statistic from Street Check (2011), the issues and opportunities of the site which stretches from Sheffield Victoria Quays to the top of Sheffield- Sky Edge will be analyzed through the economic and social status As shown in the pie chart, the Full-time employee mostly dominated the economic activity in the area (around Victoria Quays), which is made up by 37% in total, significantly different with unemployment rate (2.96%). In juxtaposition with regional unemployment rate which is much two-fold higher (5.8%) than that of this area. Among this figure, unemployed males are much higher than females during the period 2006-2016 (Office for National Statistic, 2016). Along with this, the development of retail industry leads to the highest type of employment in the entire area economy which accounts to 20% in total. There would be a future for economy of the region if Local Enterprise Partnership could promote the growth of economy by retransforming it structurally and taking advantages of the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s legacy of unemployment. Hence, over the next 10 years, there would be hopes to create additional 70,000 jobs for the city (Local Enterprise Partnership, 2014).

37%

42.26% 2.96%

30.35%

Figure 6: Economic activity based on resident aged 16-74 on census day 2011, who were in employment (Street Figure 8: Health in the UK is strongly associated with age, but also neighborhood has influence on people health, deprived areas often showing poorer standards of health. Check, 2017).

b) Social status

Located in the central city, the crime rate in the Victoria Quays area fluctuates every month, but most of the crime cases fell into Anti-social behavior whose activities could harm the environment and the community, followed by the crime rate of Bicycle theft (28 cases compared to 435 anti-social behavior cases in March 2017). Apart from this, the city center was also reported as the top crime hotspot in Sheffield (Thestar, 2016) compared to other areas. In 2105, there was a case to illustrate this point that a missing body was found in the Canal Basin right after Christmas time; this figure has clearly shown that this area is still unsafe area for people living there. Apart from this, health and well-being in the City has enhanced significantly over the last 40 years which are shown in the decrease of death rate and the increase of life expectancy. The proportion of residents having very good health is significantly dominant with 42% in total; however, this percentage seems lower than that of the average figure in the UK which is 47.1% Very Good.

As illustrated in the figure below, the number of people has no GCSEs considered as no qualification is the highest (30%), which is similarly comparative with those who possesses higher qualification (27.4%). There is no suspicion that this percentage of people with no qualification is slightly higher than that of the UK average census (22.9%). Hence, there is a link between the working-age population lacking of qualifications and unemployment rate (Watts, 2004).

27.4% 30%

Thi Bich Tho Nguyen 150145497 Similarity with the Victoria Quays area, most of people committed Sky Edge are anti-social behavior; however, the density of crimes looks denser, particularly around the Sky Edge field (figure ). That was a reason why Manor estate was labeled as “worst estate in Britain” by 1996 with the high depreciation, and drug dealers has moved since 1990s (Green Estate, 2016). On the contrast with the period 2011-2012, highest crime rates were criminal damage and burglary, which were higher than the city crime average. According to the IMD2010, this ward was considered the most deprived ward in the city with the overall deprivation score was double the city average (Manor and Castle Trust, nd).

c) SWOT analysis Opportunities: +The Victoria Quays might become a tourist attraction with the industrial history traces and the old arches could become the retails, shopping mall or marina. +Skye Edge has opportunity to become one of the largest green space in Sheffield where there is biodiversity with new landscape and provide a healthy playground for children or ideal place for public event. +The area on the top hill could become a new housing area for low-income people and resolve the housing density problem in the inner city. Manor-Castle was reported having household income 22% lower than the city average (Manor and Castle Trust, nd).

Threats: +The crime rate is still relatively higher; hence, this might threat the people coming to visit the heritage or monument of the area. +The fly-tipping is also a problem in Sky Edge area which is quite unwelcomed and unpleasant +Many stringy small playgrounds could be a gathering place for drug lovers and anti-social behaviors. Weaknesses: +Unemployment is a big concern for those people whom seek to skilled or qualified jobs +There still plenty of brownfield sites which might be planned to become a new public event place for people.

1.3 Land use and housing changes Figure 9: Number of crime cases inside the study area, from Canal Basin, Sheffield Midland Station to Sky Edge in March 2017 (Street Check, 2017). Figure 10: Index of Multiple Deprivation, by ward – Sheffield compared to the UK average, 2000 (Winkler, 2007).

The last two decades witnessed the enlargement and changes of Sheffield region. Predominantly, it has been largely affected by the industry during the past as the expansion of making steel factories at the enormous scale. Despites Sheffield is not the largest urban centre in South Yorkshire, its structure and townscape has changes complicatedly (Jones, 2000). During 19th century also saw the next development of the Sheffield-Rotherham railway which gave rapid accessibility to the York-London line in 1838 and followed by more rail tracks to the South and North of UK. Along with the development of railway industry and steel manufactures, more housing such as tightly packed terraced house surrounding workplaces appeared. In accordance with the expansion of urban generation, grey infrastructure was built such as widening streets to offices, shops, houses. Besides, new places of entertainment gradually turned up and formed commercial central area. The deterioration of heavy industry leaded to the development of new mix land uses which have been dominated by entertainment, supported by presence of M1 motorway and super tram networks.v The suburbanisation of the study area is also reflected by the changes of housing patterns around the city centre to the sloppy Park Hill and Sky Edge. Expansion of residential area to meet the growing demand of houses closed to workplace was inevitable result of the growth of population and industry. After world war, abundance of council housing grew up as the decision of City Council to separate the residential areas and industrial areas. Many tower blocks were constructed as a consequence of sum clearance and redevelopment in Sheffield’s city scape in the 20th century such as the internationally ‘known street’ at Park Hill (ibid). Placed near the railway station area, Park Hill was the most important development in the central city in the interest of providing accessibility for the out-of-centre-estates to the workplace or recreational facilities (Watts, 2004). Also, following the principles of the garden City, vast green spaces have been Figure 11: Patterns of industrial landuse in 1968 developed with gardens and public spaces towards Manor & (Winkler, 2007). 6

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land use map Castle. Until now, Green Estate has distributed largely to the life quality in Manor including recreate and manage the greenspaces. (Manor & Castle Development Trust, no date). Likewise, located in the city centre fringe, the study area also witnessed the replacement of modern buildings and the refurbished of older properties. For example, the Terminal Warehouse in former Canal Basin was transformed to flats or The Merchantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; were converted to offices now (Pennine, nd). Conjointly, the arches at Victoria Quays are running its business now with new offices and fully operational marina with boat moorings, shops and cafĂŠ. 1970s

2000

Waterways 2009

Business area

Residential area Figure 12: The figure shows the discrepany in the development progress of housing type from the view of Canal Basin over the Hyde Park flats. The flats still looks same over 30 years, but with the existence of tram bridge, the over view look much more different.

Educational area

Retial area

Vacant area

Open space

Heritage area

Employment area

Figure 13: Different types of landuse in the study area 7

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1.4 Transport and movement

Proudly, the Canal Basin once developed as one of the main transport route from Tinsley to Sheffield heart. Nowadays, with the presence of M1 and junction 33, it shortens the distance between them and Victoria Quays by fiveminute drive (CvMarine, 2015). It is much convenience for visitors from outside of Sheffield to access the recreational facilities in the Canal Basin such as boat moorings which are hold every week.There was also significant regeneration of City Council in improving the region infrastructure to stimulate the economy (Watts, 2004). The successful Super Tram with two core lines Yellow and Blue has links the out-of-center Meadowhall with city center via the study area Park Square and South Street Park. According to one research of peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s journey to work in different modes, car driver (52.4%) accounts for the largest proportion of in every City Center district, followed by bus (17.8%), walk (10.4%). Besides, in Sheffield, the tram network only accommodates 0.7% of the journey to work. Cycling is a minority group, which is not commonly used in Sheffield compared to other district because of the hilly topography (Sheffield City Region, 2011). Therefore, in order to encourage people to use public transport, walking or cycling instead of private cars, there must be ongoing maintenance of highway assets such as street lighting, signage, footpaths, providing a safe journey for people by reducing traffic noise with well maintenance. Furthermore, the Manor & Castle Ward which is formed by the A630 Sheffield parkway in the north east, facing Midland Railway at the west also has poor transport links with underprivileged street layout as well as steep slopes. Hopefully, there was a â&#x20AC;&#x153;Green Estate Transformational Project to provide people accessibility to green space at the sloping parkland from Park Hill to the railway.Additionally, over half proportion of households in this ward cannot afford a car; hence, walking and using public transport is the common modes to access schools, health service, etc. (Castle & Manor Development Trust, nd).

The Manor Castle Ward

Tram route

Arbourthorne

Waterways Potential rails Existing primary road A57 Existing primary road B670

Site boundary

Figure 14: The map shows the green route and potential routes in the future (SCC, 2017).

Figure 15:

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1.4 River and other built environment issues from the industrial period to modern time a) River power and its environment issues The study area laid parallel to the river Don which once powered the steel industry of Sheffield in the history; moreover, business of canal basin which hit its heyday during 1800s became a vital role in carrying boats between the navigable city centre to Tinsley canal. It is unsuspicious that people’s activities have negatively affected water and marine creatures and its biodiversity. Particularly, it was tragic that fish population decreased dramatically leading to the imbalance in ecosystem. As ECMT (2006) mentioned that canal and river systems play important role as waterways in functioning the wetlands ecosystems, land drainage and water supply. In 11th century, the river Don was opened with complexity of vegetation consisting of reed beds, willow carrs and with enclosed shallow pools supporting homes for a wide range of fish and mammalian predators (Firth, 1997). Undoubtedly, industrial and sewage pollutants along with the human waste which was from household and streets flushed directly into streams and rivers during 17-20th centuries. At that time, river Don was called as “black and foul smelling” because of its unpleasant scent and was amplified as a sewer. Despite there was a rehabilitation of Don catchment during 1960’s and new environmental legislation with the closure of majority of factories later in 1980s to improve the quality of water, the river could never become to its full naturalised originality. Partly, the efforts of reintroducing fish into disused dams has supported the return of wildlife such as kingfishers, herons, otters and increased fish population (Wild, Missen & Lord, 2014). There are some parts of waterways have been vulnerably neglected due to rubbish and flooding along the banks. Therefore, responsibility of communities along riverside plays a vital role in maintaining and management their waterways.

Figure 16: The River Don was heavily polluted in the industrial legacy

Waterways located in the study area

Figure 18: The figure shows the different tributaries of river in Sheffield (Wild, Missen & Lord, 2014).

Figure 17: Flood in Sheffield in 2007, the River Don broke its banks (BBC News, 2014).

http://www.wikiwand.com/ uk/%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE https://www.pinterest.com/explore/chimb%C3%B3i-c%C3%A1/?lp=true

https://www.hlf.org.uk/about-us/media-centre/pressreleases/jumping-joy-river-don

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b) SWOT analysis Strengths and Opportunities +The river is connected with Sheffield’s rich industrial history => ideal for visitors and local people. +Water also connects city with the suburban area, provide broad accessibility to the open spaces and recreation. + Regeneration in the riverside has well recovered the water quality. +The river has encouraged people to contribute themselves to manage and maintain waterways. +The Five Weirs Walk routes next to the study area has provided accessibility for walkers, cyclists, helped to link the broader path networks together (ibid). Besides, the Five Weir Walk helps to encourage people to discover the history and ecological wildlife along the river Don (Sheffield City Council, 2014).

Playing field

Threats and weaknesses: +The water towards city centre, the river is likely unwelcoming with derelict buildings and unmanaged landscape which bring to pass-byers fears of unsafety. +The urban city centre is also disengagement with canal basin and the river Don. The poet Chris Jones also stated that “elbows the city centre” (Sheffield City Council, 2014). +In general, even though the overall view of riverside quality looks also good, it still lacks of visual image and existence of vandalism and litter as well as antisocial behaviours. +There is still not much connection between communities and people. +Risk of flooding is become a big issue for the running business and investors

Brownfield Allotments

1.5 Green infrastructure and open space

According to Natural England, green infrastructure which is a strategically planned network consisting of green spaces and other built environmental features is able to provide communities sustainably natural and ecological services and better quality of life. It is the connection of multifunctional green space between urban and rural, old and new (Natural England, 2009). Unlike the west side of city in which there are vast area of fine parks and idyllic woodland, the Canal Basin waterway in the centre seems not appear to be safe or pleasant. Most of the rivers are hidden underneath stone and hard material channels in the urban areas and inaccessible, Sheffield Canal Basin at Victoria Quays is much more appealing with active water space, wildlife interest, and visual attractiveness (Sheffield City Council, 2014). There are key allurements in the Canal such as using vegetation to define the visual limits of the canal corridor or active usage of water for boating entertainment, houseboats, hotel on boats, angling. Despites woodlands and green spaces in Sheffield play a significant role in cooling the air and reducing the temperature in UK during summer, there are still wealth of poor local green spaces which stop residents regularly visiting them (Sheffield City Council, 2007). Apart from the canal basin area, green infrastructures at Sky Edge area are still under condition with lot of brownfield site and vacant local playgrounds. Additionally, in the Sheffield Park Regeneration Strategy 1993, City Council had proposed to identify potential contribution of the inner city parks in terms of improving life quality in most deprived area, and the importance of green infrastructure in economic development (Barber, 1993). Also, if green space is well maintained and managed, the area’s ecology will be enhanced. For example, the pictorial meadows around the Park Square Roundabout not only add vibrant colour to urban spaces but also inhabit conditions for bees and other pollinating insects. Another regeneration project is open amphitheatre in South Street park behind the Rail station which holds outdoor events occasionally with staging performance and ideal location for students and residents surrounding. A park with rich biodiversity features abundance of tree species such as sessile oaks, apple, plum, apricot and hazel trees and semiwild planting (Sheffield telegraph, 2015). Green spaces in this area has potential to become an economic landscape if there would be productive land-use generation with the opportunities to become tourist attraction such as Cholera Monument Grounds or recreation such as South Street Park.

Connect with amenity green spaces in the residential areas

Amenity green space Large open green space Park

Figure 19: Different types of green infrastructure in the study area

Connect with other green space in Norfolk Heritage Park 10

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of users on the landscape. Every resident has opportunity to reshape the urban canal waterfronts and help to improve their quality. Hence, waterways become a new beautiful place to live, work and play in the future. The network of riverside can act as link up the nature reserves a with wildlife rich green corridor. The waterways in Sheffield plays a key role in regeneration to both connect city life and river and provide strategical potential for commercial and residential establishment. Also, the restoration of waterways generates a sense of ownership amongst community, increase the aesthetic values so that investors and tourism of region will be empowered and boosted up.

The priorities and needs to be achieved:

_ The local business and local residents alongside the river and canal banks coorperate with each other in terms of hosting the recreational activities to gather people and raise their awareness about maintaining and keeping the riverside clean. This action also helps to stimulate the economic growth of the area. _ There should be trees and vegetation alongside the riverbank to improve visual image and mitigate flood risk _ Enhancing accessibility to river and creating new active riverside walkways _ Remove the invasive speices to encourage natural habitat to grow up in order to balance the ecosyste and function the ecological network. _ Reconnecting citizens with river _ Open access along waterways with a wide network of parkways, pedestrian and cycle paths.

Figure 20: Green spaces and parks in the regional scale (SCC, 2014)

2.Vision Based on the analysis, the study area still possesses hidden potential opportunities to be developed and generated sustainably eco-friendly and economically. Because of the fragmentation of green infrastructure in urban area, the proposal vision aims at connect the wider green corridor networks which environmentally benefit people and wildlife. Also, there would be enhancement of river corridor which will be the unique identity and memorable heritage for local community. Besides, the overall townscape of study area will be planned to provide an attractive image which is underpinned by open accessibility and provided facility assets. More importantly, a new car-free and bike city housing will be proposed to solve the housing shortage issue in the future when HS2 would be placed at the Victoria Station. In every mission, there not only attempt of local authority but also be there collaboration between local residents.

3. Strategic themes and outcomes 3.1Regeneration of the river corridor

Referring to the analysis, the industrial revolution still has had influence on the overall picture of waterway regardless of many attempted regenerations occurred. It is still unwelcoming and unattractive for people because of the vandalism and littering problems at the surrounding Canal Figure 21: Regeneration of Victoria Canal Basin where there would be more green spaces leisure activity space for as well as the River Don. There should be more actions balancing the ecology and the demands people.Vegetation implemented would enhance the view over the old basin and benefit the wildlife. Alongside the waterways, footpaths would be more attractive with seasonal tree avenues. Open laws are in which people could 11 host picnic or outdoor barbecue.

Figure 22: The Victoria Quays looks active and busy where more commercial shops opened, bring a healthy and happy life to residents, improve the regional economy.

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Enhanced pathways to the hill with new flower meadows, rich wildlife. Children can immerse in nature, stay a healthy life.

3.2 Regeneration for the sustainable townscape and green space Nowadays, it is clearly that accessibility to the natural open space in the area is fairly deteriorted because of the expansion of urban settlements, leading to the fragmentation of natural landscape, and they have become much more isolated. Hence, there is rising concern amongst peple about the loss of green space. Therefore, in this area, green corridor would be established as the green trails, pedestrian or cyclist pathways. This intervention partly acts as the wildlife corridor linking different habitat areas. Green insfrastructure is also determined through the stormwater management which is help to control the water surface runoffs and filter it before pouring into the river and stream, keep the enviroment sustainably. In turn, with the regeneration, people could even experience the green environment on the way to work, school, etc. Green open space is the community space where community can get closer toghether in turn to build up a healthy and strong community by engaging in a wide range of activities such as growing vegetation.

Priorities and needs to be achieved:

_ Transforming existing pathways into eco-friendly trails with implemented different types of vegetation to provide the natural experience inside the urban space. _ Converting the empty brownfield sites into large open space or play ground with facilities _ Encouraging community invlovement by cleaning brownfield sites and replacing with new range of flona to increase the citizent stewardship.

_ Creating connection between people and wildlife. _ Maintaining the existing playground, placing signal post and lighting system to prevent anti-social behaviours. _ Clearing up the invasive species that spread out the paths _ Placing littering bins around the parklands _ Multi-functional green space

Figure 23: All the roads should be repaired and green features would be added as the rain gardenstormwater management, separating pedestrians lanes and cycle paths

3.3 Proposed car-free/ bike city housing

This type of housing project was conducted in many European countries such as Germany, Austria, the Netherlands. Research has shown that car-free housings has lower impact on the environment than other types in terms of used energy and ground transportation (Ornetzeder, M et all, 2008). These projects are the catalyst for the sustainable urban life with the enhanced life quality and open green spaces. Hence, in the study area, there would be proposal of this housing model around the brownfield Sky Edge or around the Victoria Station. The project will encourage every house to use “green infrastructure” features such as green roof, renewable energy and reuse surface water. In addition, this project will aim to create an ecological community as a reinforcement of mainly using bicycles, or on foot rather than private car or even public transport. This model of sustainable community will educate people environmental protection and help to eliminate the increasing dominance of automobile (Kushner, 2005). The communities between these will share their broadly ecological values such as transforming the parking space to a multifunctional open space for recreational use or allotments in hopes to provide the rural green experience for the urban. Furthermore, plenty of community spaces for activities and service such as café, educational and recreational programme, bicycle repair shops would be created. The car-free housing would promote living in ecological lifestyle with the environmental element such as using rainwater for toilet flushing. The engagement of community in using garden allotment or eco-roofs would encourage natural drainage and control water-runoff. The would be a relationship between social and environmental impacts because car-free housing project would create a small village within the city where people could get closer and enhance the social life. They can exchange the knowledge about ecological awareness to each other.

Priorities and needs to be achieved:

_ Providing educational programme for residents about ecolocial elements of this housing _ Creating the sustainable and ecological community _ Community inlvolvement _ Using multi-functional green infrastructure elements as well as reuse energy.

4. Review of policy

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High Speed Two (HS2) is the proposed high speed rail network that will connect London with the West Midlands, also run lines through Manchester and Leeds. (High Speed Two Limited, 2013). Nevertheless, there was an announce from Government in January 2013 with the preferred route for the High Speed Two (HS2) in South Yorkshire that Sheffield Victoria station as well as Sheffield Midland station was selected as the second alternative option route, whilst Meadowhall would be the initial preferred one as based on their advantage and disadvantage location as well as feasibility (High Speed Two, 2016). However, Sheffield City Council has believed that should be HS2 located in Sheffield city center to maximize the benefits in Sheffield City Region (Volterra, 2013). According to the general vision of HS2, the advanced high-speed rail network is aim to connect people in a quicker and more reliable way that have never had before in the UK. In the project, there will be involvement and establishments of new services, stations and trains; therefore, there will be more changes in the country’s townscapes and landscapes. Along with the greater connectivity, news jobs and homes will be placed (HS2, 2017). Research has shown that the quantity of population and employment in Tyneside accounts for the largest amount; however, the size of these markets in Leeds is double than that in Sheffield City Region. In turn, if HS2 will be constructed in South Yorkshire, there will be greater connectivity in the global market between South Yorkshire and other parts of UK (North and South). Moreover, this would drive the economy of South Yorkshire grow as well as the local aspirations to develop and support the new generations. Also, travel time between London and Sheffield would be reduced to half (Department for Transport, 2016). Additionally, based on the identification illustrated in the, Sheffield is made up the highest demand to Leeds and London with the population roughly 550,000; and it is predicted to dramatically increase over next 30 years (ibid). Furthermore, long-distance demand from/to London, Leeds and Manchester is significantly larger than that to Nottingham, Birmingham and Liverpool as it performs for the main market for the high speed rail and business as well as leisure travelling (MVAconsultancy, 2013).The figure shows that there is a highest concentration of demand around the south and west of city center and the medium demand around the Meadowhall to the north east of Sheffield. Apart from this, there is majority of people using public transport access the Sheffield Midland station (12,000 passengers) which is much higher than the people access by car (1,900 passengers). As presented in the figure, most of people travelling by car originate from the south-west and around the margin of Sheffield, whilst those access by public transport generally coming from broader area to the west of Sheffield (ibid). As a result, the level of demand is greatest from the city center and along the corridor to the south-west of Sheffield. Figure 24 : The proposed Victoria Station and other surrounding infrastructure (The Star, 2015).

http://www.dac.dk/en/daccities/sustainable-cities/ all-cases/transport/viennabike-city-housing-projectstimulates-soft-mobility/ http://customandselfbuildtoolkit.org.uk/ case-studies/vienna/#

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Advantages + The location is right at the city center, so it enables city to asset development as well as offers the better opportunity for regeneration. Hence, it maximizes the economic benefits and catch the financial benefits from the redevelopment of in vicinity for contraction cost (Sheffield City Council, 2014). + The local bus service network also enables easy accessibility. + In terms of employment and homes: The Sheffield Victoria station is forecasted to contribute to approximate 9,700-12,600 jobs and 1,100-1,400 residential units (Department for Transport, 2016). Additionally, the

residents from vicinity of Sheffield might approach for the jobs in city center, and more jobs will be created in the central part, which results to the main employment location in the wider region (Volterra, 2013).

Disadvantages + The existing rail track is not well connected with the Midland station and costs 10-minutes to transfer passengers by trams to Midland station, that is why a new junction required for connectivity. + It requires the new additional station because of its old dated to link with Northern Powerhouse programme (Department for Transport, 2016). + It costs similar the Meadowhall option to operate, but it is much cheaper than the Sheffield Midland. Thereby, this Victoria station option is believed to be taken forward (MVAconsultancy, 2013). Consequently, there are two ways to provide additional connectivity and enhanced accessibility such as redirect service but terminate at Medowhall to serve Sheffield Midland instead or provide another service to cater the demand of city center.

+ According to the research, it is predicted that there would be the greater demand of passengers for Sheffield Victoria station than the Meadowhall. Hence, this will in hope brings more benefits for Sheffield area such as the incremental economic benefits would be ÂŁ480 million with the revenue increase to ÂŁ190 million. However, the big constraint for this station option is the additional substantial cost for HS2 in Sheffield area. (ibid). + Sheffield Victoria station plays a part in supporting the Transport to the North faster, particularly, between Sheffield and Leeds city centers (ibid). Its location is ideal and accessible for businesses relocating to the north (Volterra, 2013). + It creates the potential regeneration for riverside area which plays an important part in the development of the city. The Victoria station could go align with the regeneration of Sheffield City Center, cater the successful economic of Core City and City Region (Sheffield City Council, 2014).

Sheffield Midland station in terms location is also an ideal option because of its potential growth for the city center employment as well as the frequent service demand for transportation. However, its additional cost is too significantly huge to add in; it is far away the overall affordability of HS2. In summary, although Meadowhall was identified as a preferred option for the high speed rail at Sheffield region with the lower-cost development, this station option is quite at a great distance with Sheffield city center. In the contrast, Sheffield Victoria station would bring more pros and more services can have chance to be allowed to stop at Sheffield while not to be penalized. In addition to that, this option would enable to serve the city center directly. Figure 26 : New connection routes from/to Victoria Station (SCC, 2014)

Figure 25 : The public plaza from the Wicker entrance to propsed Victoria Station (SCC, 2014) 14

5. List of consultation Who ?

Where ?

How ?

River Don Stewardship Company Green Estate Sheffield River Trust SCC PLACE Strategic and City Centre What ? English Heritage (Yorkshire Region) Sheffield City Region Local Enterprise Partnership SCC PLACE Environment and Regulatory SCC CYPS Capacity Planning and Development South Yorkshire police SCC PLACE Strategic and City Centre Services Environment Agency

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Activities to be done: _ Informal: Online campaign, competitions, games, outdoor festival, visits to educational institution _ Formal: Meetings with adults

_ A few weekends to catch Product fairs, university campus, common people attention about the houses, open space around (amphitheater projects. When ? South Street Park) _ A couple of weekdays to attract different groups of people _ Distribute leaflets, posters to every houses _ Social networking websites _ Information boards _ Newspapers _ Bus, tram stops

6. 20 year strategic masterplan 20 year strategic plan Time phrase Regeneration of Regeneration for the river corridor the townscape and green space Short phase (Year 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Year 4)

By Year 1: establish the guideline framework for area around the prioritisation, along the river waterways and river banks.

with clear signposts and lighting system, also By Year 2: widen the construct more steps and pathways and open new ramps for disabled people. rails for both cycling and pedestrians alongside the By Year 2: repair the streets for easy access. river. increase security mode.

Car-free/ Bike city housing

By Year 1: design guidelines By Year 1: introduce established for green and new housing project to open space residents and plan the framework carefully By Year 1: reduce anti- how to design it. social behaviours by using rangers engaging in the By Year 2: clean up By Year 1: place urban activities for teenagers the brownfield area to construct the facilities surround the river and canal such as By Year 2: open the green foundatoin of housing. lighting and bins to pathways up to the hill

By Year 2: clear up the riparian river bank to enhance the aesthetic value and to stop invasive weeds taking place of healthy- ecology species. By Year 3: plant new types of vegetation like shrubs or tree avenue to create more biodiverse habitat.

By Year 2: steps and how to use energy as reclaimed elements.

introduce guidelines renewable well as physical

By Year 3: involve growing By Year 3: enhance and community maintain the available vegetable in shared playground facilities for allotments local children. By Year 4: shared such as By Year 4: set up storm facilities water management with bycicle parking, garden playing rain gardens and SUDs allotments, area, activity rooms schemes. contructed. By Year 4: educational visits for schools and host groups activities to grow trees in the brownfield sites.

By Year 4: implement approaches to soil erosion on the riparian margin and flood management to improve By year 4: grow meadow ecosystem and conserve flower along the way to monument heritage as a natural environment landmark of the site. Medium phase By Year 5: recreational (Year 5 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Year 10) and commercial business area established along the canal basin, old building used for these activities as the key local heritage feature. By Year 6: develop new ways to communicate with citizens through social networking or commercial shop websites. By Year 6: attract investors

By Year 5: accessible green By Year 5: energy walking and cycling routes consumption declined developed. By Year 5: people By Year 6: volunteering change perspective communities established about using renewable with regular activities host enerygy, they get used in public space and cleaning to it compaign. By Year 6: large quantity By Year 8: local identity of carbon emission characterised by green reduced trails to historical heritage. By Year 8: cyclist By Year 10: maintained path maintained and habitat in the local repaired 15

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and develop tourism.

reservation Clay Wood.

By Year 10: catalyst for By Year 6: accessible ByYear 10:flower meadows housing development in walking and cycling grow and managed by the other parts of city trails maintained and community involvement. t developed.

Reestablish riverside with new range of tree species

Green corridors, link with other areas. Improve streetscpae with ecological green pedestrians, cycle paths

By Year 8: trees and shrubs established and managed by volunteers and local residents By Year 10: link riverside with Five Wire Walk and other areas with cyclist or footpaths. Long phase By Year 12: active By Year 14: sustainable area By Year 13: a small (Year 11 – Year riverfront and become with rich wildlife values ecological “rural” village 20) an tourist attraction and high quality lifestyle. established with closed community. By Year 14: sustainable By Year 16: erosion and ecological environment flood risk eliminated By Year 14: with well-managed significantly, control the environmental impact habitat. water runoff to the flat significantly decreased. area down the hill. By Year 16: flood risks By Year 16: resistant to minimised and resilient By Year 20: brownfield climate change to climate change sites covered by trees and multifunctional community By year 20: house ByYear 20: core economic playground. catalyst for housing area for the regeneration development in Sheffield of city

Proposed communal spaces around new housing

Proposed new car-free housing

Flower meadows on the way up to the hill as the welcomed entrance Improve large green open space with new planted vegetation, community involvement

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7.2 Community led regeneration Toronto’s River Don

7. Case study 7.1 Emscher Park, Germany

Thanks to the strong support from the community and smart partnership network, Toronto Don which was Emscher Park, Germany: Transformation from derelict to the landmark of the city The environment in Ruhr district was once devastated and polluted by the industry, but now it becomes the new predominantly polluted by the industry period was developed significantly. The project was aim at restoring the industrial landmarks both catering the recreational demands for users and creating the new green image of the natural water processes; hence, there had should been solidarity between government, business and citizens of that city. region as well as keeping the area’s characteristics and identity. “Watershed Regeneration Council’ has gathered voluntary groups, academics and residential business with There were collaborations between the State Government of NorthRhine-Westphalia and many agencies to redevelop the Emscher Park to boost the economic, ecological and urban regeneration of the region. The the local authority to work out the restorations, stewardship activities and access improvements. Besides, other vision under the “International Building Exhibition” (IBA) at the Emscher Park was established to create a “green organizations also took part in this project such as introducing the green roofs or water storm management connector” between the settlements alongside the river of Rhur valley and the greenspace which was abandoned schemes alongside the road as well as the green car parking. industrial areas. This green corridor also joins to the north-south greenbelts. In addition, brownfields located in the Lesson for Sheffield: Sharing responsibilities is a key feature in waterways regeneration park was regenerated with the reused forest has given the comprehensive green infrastructure for the region. Many small scale of biotope installation into the planting design act as the green curtain of the district, new lease of life was spread out. Reclaiming the existing infrastructure such as steel work, muscular structure and covered them with art work, commercial areas and offices has saved huge amount of money, also convert them into a sustainably active area. Besides, the steel frames of factories were used for stage concerts. Using vegetation as the link connecting different segments of the park. Regeneration the river was also the important goal of the project which has improved the overall profile of river, and enhanced the flood management. Native planting was grown along the river bank to encourage the ecosystem in the area (DAC&CITIES, 2014)

http://68.media.tumblr.com/729c4ea763c608da0bd58f7cb20a411a/tumblr_inline_ nls26eQ2Wz1s2td7r_500.jpg

http://news.uoguelph.ca//wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Don-River-sized.jpg

7.3 Car-free housing in Vienna ( “Autofreie Mustersiedlung”) Initiated by: Christoph Chorherr, Green Member of City Government Realisation: Planning since 1994, completed in 1999/2000 Location: Nordmanngasse 25-27, A- 1210 Wien (21st district) 244 apartments were built up for those who contractually restricted themselves not to own a car. Large space of parking was placed by new housing buildings regulated by law. This law amended played a role in cutting down a quantity of space for car garage, encouraging the connection with public transport. Common spaces were constructed for communities such as fitness rooms, children playgrounds, roof gardens or even a sauna, etc. The community were set up through activities, as a result healthy and strong community was built up. http://www.landezine. com/index.php/2011/08/ post-industrial-landscapearchitecture/

http://www. fcmanrique.org/ imageDetail. php?idImagen=1121

Using solar pannels

Thi Bich Tho Nguyen 150145497 _HS2 Ltd. (2013) Sheffield Meadowhall Station. [Online]. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/ system/uploads/attachment_data/file/381967/HS2_Phase_Two_Sheffield_Meadowhall_station_factsheet.pdf. [Accessed 15 _ Jones, M., (2000) The making of the South Yorkshire Landscape. Wharncliffe Books: South Yorkshire. _ Kushner, J, A. (2005) Car-Free Housing Developments: Toward Sustainable Smart Growth and Urban Regeneration Through Car-Free Zoning, Car-Free Redevelopment, Pedestrian Improvement Districts, and New Urbanism. UCLA Journal of Environmental Law and Policy, 23(1). [Online]. Available at: http://escholarship.org/uc/ item/86g8p4w5. [Accessed 15 May 2017].

_ MVA Consultancy. (2013) Option for Phase Two of the light speed rail network _ demand and appraisal report. [Online]. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/365151/20130709_Demand_and_appraisal_report_MVA__final.pdf. [Accessed 15 May 2017]. _ Natural England. (2009) Green Infrastructure Guidance. [Online]. Available at: http:// Communal publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/35033. [Accessed 20 May 2017]. http://www.auboeck-karasz.at/project/car-free-model-housingdevelopment park _ Nomis .(2017) Labour Market Profile_Sheffield City Region. [Online]. Available at: https://www. nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/lep/1925185559/report.aspx. [Accessed 15 May 2017]. _ Manor Castle Development Trust. (nd) Manor Castle Community First Plan. [Online]. Available at: http://www.manorandcastle.org.uk/upload/file/manor_and_castle_community_first_plan.pdf. [Accessed 15 May 2017]. _ Ornetzeder, M., Hertwich, E.G. and Hubacek, K. (2008) The environmental effect of car-free housing: A case in Vienna. Ecological Economics, 65 (3). pp. 516-530. ISSN 0921-8009. [Online]. Available at: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/51126.pdf. [Accessed 15 May 2017]. _ Pennie Waterways. (nd) Sheffield Canal Basin_ Victoria Quay [Online]. Available at: http://www. Allotments on the penninewaterways.co.uk/sheffield/sy21.htm. [Accessed 15 May 2017]. roof top _ Sheffield Telegraph. (2011) In search of the Quay. [Online]. Available at: http://www. sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/news/in-search-of-the-quay-1-3774699. [Accessed 15 May 2017]. _ Sheffield City Region. (2014) Strategic Economic Plan_ A focus 10 year plan for Private Sector Growth 2015-2025.[Online]. Available at: http://www.scci.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/ _ ARUP. (2014) South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive Sheffield City Region High Speed 2 Connectivity. Connectivity report. [Online]. 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Sheffield: Sheffield City Wildlife Trust. Sheffield%20City%20of%20Rivers.pdf. [Accessed 15 May 2017]. _ Catford, N., (2016) Disused station Site Record. [Online]. Available at: http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/s/ _ Sheffield Telegraph. (2015) Sheffield park goes from strength to strength. [Online]. Available sheffield_victoria/.[ Accessed 15 May 2017]. at: http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/news/environment/sheffield-park-goes-from-strength-to_ CvMarine .(2015) Victoria Quays Marina. Available at: http://cvmarine.co.uk/victoria-quays/. [Accessed 10 May strength-1-7305569. [Accessed 15 May 2017]. 2017]. _ The Star. (2016) Video: Sheffield’s top crime hotspots exposed_ Is your area in the top 10. _ DAC&CITIES .(2014) Emscher park: From dereliction to scenic landscapes. Available at: http://www.dac.dk/en/ dac-cities/sustainable-cities/all-cases/green-city/emscher-park-from-dereliction-to-scenic-landscapes/ [Accessed 18 [Online]. 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8. References

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_ Watts, D. (2004) Discovering Cities Sheffield. Geographical Association: Sheffield. _ Wild, T.C., Missen, K. and Lord, J. (2014) City of rivers. [Online]. Available at: https://www. sheffield.gov.uk/content/dam/sheffield/docs/planning-and-development/conservation/Sheffield%20 Waterways%20Strategy.pdf. [Accessed 15 May 2017]. _ Votterra Partners. (2013) Sheffield City Council_ An Assessment of the case for a city centre high speed rail station in the Sheffield City Region. [Online]. Available at: https://volterra.co.uk/ wp-content/uploads/2014/03/An-assessment-of-the-case-for-a-city-centre-high-speed-rail-stationin-the-Sheffield-City-Region.pdf. [Accessed 14 May 2017].

Image:

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