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EDITORIAL
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 6 | Issue 07 | May 2020
Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology
Crystal gazing into the livestock industry’s future With the world continuing to face the COVID -19 challenge, the Horizons in different aspects of growth and development are shifting faster than any time earlier in our history. That of course, is true for the livestock industry as well. This was the most interesting point discussed during the annual conference by Alltech, attended by 21000+ attendees, which went virtual for the first time in its history of 36 years. I personally found this is so apt in the present times and the way industry is responding to the change. With most of the regular works shifted to a concept of work from home, even the biggest authorities like Prime Minister of India are having virtual meetings, adoption of AI in different industries, block-chain technology to ensuring animal feed safety and production, etc. There was a series of interesting presentations and keynote speakers starting from an Astronaut to global economist to other international experts. The interesting paradox was about Europe, which is increasing its footprint of organic farming, while it needs to import 70% of its animal feed from Brazil, which has undergone maximum deforestation in the last 40-50 years. Can it make the positive impact of organic farming? They might need to think again. Universal learning is that the business with big wallets is going to exist in the long run and further consolidation is on cards which proved to be correct, with the latest international development of DSM acquiring Biomin and Romer Labs with a deal closed at ₏980 million. How does that going to impact the new entrepreneurs with innovative ideas in this contracting economy? Only time will write their fate. All in all, the trends will be centering around gaining consumer trust and the way consumers associate with brands.
Prachi Arora
Publisher & Editor
Managing Editor
Prachi Arora prachi.a@thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in
Dr. T.K. Walli Former Head, Dairy Cattle Nutrition, NDRI
Marketing, Designing & Subscription Head Ashwani Verma info@thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in
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EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Dr. Dinesh T. Bhosale Former Chairman, CLFMA of India
Dr. Suhas Amrutkar Subject Matter Specialist, Animal Nutrition, MAFSU, Parbhani
Dr. S.P. Vinil Poultry Expert
Dr. SN Mohanty Former Principal Scientist, CIFA
Dr. R Gnana Sekar Lead Consultant, GS Dairy Farm Consulting
Mr. Amit Sachdev Indian Representative, US Grain Council
Dr. Meeta Punjabi Mehta Agricultural Economist
Dr. Suraj Amrutkar Assistant Professor, Dept. of ILFC, SKUAST-J, Jammu
Dr. P.E. Vijay Anand US Soybean Export Council
Raghavan Sampath Kumar Commodity Expert
Dr. Swamy Haladi Feed Additive Expert
Monthly Magazine for Feed & Feed Technology
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 6 | Issue 07 | May 2020
Vollume 1 | Issue 10 | August 2015
Contents R&D
INDUSTRY NEWS
05 Blockchain technology to ensure transparency animal feed safety and production ARTICLE
08 Control measures to reduce ammonia production in poultry houses during monsoon 16 Beta-Glucans: A Crucial Weapon to Modulate Poultry Immune System INTERVIEW
12 First Indian feed mill company adopting new normal INDUSTRY THOUGHT 20 Factors fuelling growth of Indian poultry and livestock industry in post-COVID19
06
Chicken prices bounced back but Maize prices yet to get a similar recovery
19
Animal feed import in Vietnam reduced
22
Corn Beginning and Ending Stocks Up Slightly: WASDE reports
24
Biomar collaborates for expansion in Chinese aquafeed market
26
New Zealand reliance on five countries for animal feed
28
Responsible Aquafeed – Best Aquaculture Practices agenda
30
IGC forecasts for world grains crop in 2020/21
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Image Source: Feed Strategy
R&D
Blockchain technology to ensure transparency animal feed safety and production
Based in San Francisco and New York City, Ripe technology enables companies in the food industry to use its blockchain technology platform to ensure transparency in their food supply chain. A form of digital technology, the platform “chains” together “blocks” of information to create a permanent, unalterable record. In the food and livestock industries, blockchain could be used to create the history of products and animals as they go through their entire production cycles. Through its newly formed partnership, Neogen will adapt ripe.io's blockchain technology to use in its food safety diagnostics and animal genomics. When fully integrated with Neogen's
Analytics platform, which enables its customers to automate food safety workflows, the companies believe the two technologies will form the basis for advanced data-driven decisions for its customers. “Blockchain has tremendous potential throughout the food and livestock industries, both to verify the authenticity of premium products, such as cage-free eggs, and enhance the traceability of issues that require correction, such as those that lead to product recalls,” said John Adent, Neogen's CEO. Adent added: “There are countless potential benefits to adopting the technology. For example, the genomic profile of a dairy cow could be connected with the feed the animal eats, its medical history, barn environment, quantity and quality of the milk it produces, etc. Blockchain can serve to optimise the entire supply chains of many of the markets that Neogen serves.” Raja Ramachandran, ripe.io's CEO, said: “Neogen's diagnostics and DNA expertise can add the highest degree of transparency and factual correctness for critical issues around authenticity and accuracy on food recalls. We believe this will change the game in food transparency for improved quality assessment from the beginning of the supply chain all the way to consumers.” Source: online media
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Neogen Corporation, a company focuses on animal safety and production, partners with Ripe Technology to bring blockchain technology to its food safety diagnostics and animal genomics.
05
INDUSTRY NEWS Image Source: Currency Live
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 6 | Issue 07 | May 2020
Chicken prices bounced back but Maize prices yet to get a similar recovery
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The price of chicken that had slumped owing to rumours linking its consumption with COVID-19, has bounced back, though the price of maize, a key ingredient in production of poultry feed that had moved southwards during this period, has failed to show a similar recovery.
06
Maize is cultivated on over 14 lakh hectares across Karnataka. The price of maize that was at ? 1,800 per quintal in February had slumped to ? 1,100 per quintal in March. As a major chunk of the maize cultivated here goes into production of poultry feed, the decline in the price of chicken caused a corresponding decline in its price. The farm gate price of chicken that was around ? 75 per kg in January and February had dropped to around ? 25 per kg in March due to the rumours. Many poultry owners had reduced their livestock then to mitigate the loss. With misconceptions cleared now and lockdown restrictions withdrawn, the demand for chicken has escalated and the farm gate price has reached around ? 140/kg now.
However, the price of maize that had dropped from ? 1,800 per quintal in February to ? 1,100 owing to a decline in the demand for chicken and eggs in March, has reached ? 1,400 now. H.R. Basavarajappa, honorary president, Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha, told that the present retail chicken price is higher than what prevailed in last week of February. Though normalcy has been restored in the poultry market, the delay in recovery of maize price sheds light on the vulnerability of agriculture produce to market forces. Though maize growers are main stakeholders in the poultry industry, the benefit of recovery of chicken price is yet to reach them. Maize is being purchased for a 23% lesser price now compared to price in February. On the announcement by the State of providing ? 5,000 to each maize grower, Mr. Basavarajappa said the government is offering a paltry sum. He said that the farmers were also not much benefited from the announcement to procure maize for poultry production units of The Karnataka Cooperative Milk Producers' Federation (KMF) Ltd., as the quantum of produce procured in this case was not substantial. Demanding that the State government commence procurement of maize at minimum support price of ? 1,850 announced by the Centre, he said this would pave way for a recovery of the price of the produce in the open market. Source: The Hindu
ARTICLE
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Dr. Sanjay Gapat
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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 6 | Issue 07 | May 2020
Control measures to reduce ammonia production in poultry houses during monsoon Dr. Sanjay Gapat, Alivira Animal Healths drawing the water. As all of you know humidity levels play a pivotal role in ammonia production, as higher humidity Humidity is a part of everyday life. enhances the bacterial generation of ammonia. High When it rains, it will increase the humidity levels prevent faecal and urinary desiccation and relative humidity because of the provide the optimal setting for bacterial propagation and evaporation. The air where the rain is subsequent ammonia production. falling may not be completely saturated with water vapor. However, the longer it Recommended Ammonia Level rains, the more the humidity will Considering both human and poultry health, guideline increase because of the air constantly exposure levels for ammonia is set to 20-25ppm in many Humidity and Monsoon
Image Source: Woods Hole Oceanographic
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 6 | Issue 07 | May 2020
should not exceed 20 ppm over an eight-hour period or 35 ppm over any ten-minute period during the poultry production cycle. Ammonia and Poultry Ammonia in a poultry house comes from the birds themselves. Unused nitrogen is excreted as uric acid (80%), ammonia (10%), and urea (5%). When ammonia gas is exposed to moisture, it reacts and forms a basic, corrosive solution called ammonium. This aqueous ammonium solution causes harm to birds. The ammonium corrodes the lining of the chickens' respiratory tract and paralyzes or even destroys the cilia of the epithelial cells. In such conditions, the mucus on the mucosal surface of the trachea cannot be cleared by the cilia and thus bacteria become trapped. When the bacteria reach the lungs or the air sacs, they cause infections. Effects of ammonia emission on birds
Ammonia is a strong oxidative stressor that can cause inflammation. Trials have shown that high concentrations of ammonia can alter the normal organ function of birds, impair energy metabolism, and cause mitochondrial damage in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. The result is an economic loss to the grower and integrator. Scientific ways to reduce ammonia production in poultry Dietary manipulation This technique involves reducing the nitrogen intake per bird by reducing the crude protein in the poultry diet. This works on the concept that ammonia is formed by the
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countries. However, in practice, the concentration of ammonia in some broiler houses may easily exceed 30-70 ppm, particularly in monsoon and wintertime. Ideally, NH3 concentration
Ammonia gas has a characteristic pungent odour. At high concentrations it is irritating to mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and the conjunctivae and corneas of the eyes. Damage to the mucous membranes of the respiratory system increases the susceptibility of birds to bacterial respiratory infection, especially E. coli infection. Problems occurring due to high-performance genetics, feed formulation and medication can lead to production of wet manure causing increased ammonia. High levels also have a negative impact broiler performance, feed efficiency, overall liveability, weight gain, feed conversion, condemnation rate at processing and the immune system of the birds.
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ARTICLE
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 6 | Issue 07 | May 2020
Ammonia Production Cyvle in Poultry Shed
Excretion through Faeces
Metabolism Protein in Feed
Uric acid and Urea
Droppings rich in urea/uric acid +Urease producing bacteria
Humidity in Poultry House
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Uric acid transformed into ammonia
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breakdown of undigested protein and uric acid in the manure. Therefore, a 1% reduction of CP in the poultry diet resulted in 10–22% reduced NH3 emission in poultry houses. One extra benefit of reduced protein will be the reduced requirement for water intake because excess protein requires water as part of the excretion process. If the protein level in the diet decreases consumption of water is also reduced which results in drier litter and consequently less moisture and ammonia in the air.
excretion is reduced and finally, it reduces ammonia emission. This process utilizes beneficial microbes and enzymes which can convert uric acid and urea rapidly into ammonia which can then be lost out thereby reducing the ammonia levels before chicks are placed in the poultry house. Commercial microbial products or Yucca schidigera extract as a natural feed additive were reported to significantly lower ammonia levels. Mitigating ammonia by using yucca extract could be achieved by the modification of gut microbiota, enhancement in digestion, and absorption of nutrients, leading to better growth and production performance of poultry.
Gut Acidification
Addition of urease enzyme inhibitors
There are some additives that can be added to the diet to cut off ammonia. The acidification of the diet helps to reduce the ammonia production problem.
Inhibitors are also used in poultry litter to slowly convert uric acid and urea to ammonia by the process of inhibiting enzymes and microbial activities. Phosphorodiamidate was reported to inhibit urease activity and this reduced the conversion of urea into ammonia.
The addition of Orthophosphoric acid in the poultry diet helps to improve protein digestion and controls ammonia emission. Orthophosphoric acid takes part in the initiation of protein digestion at early stage of digestion. It contributes to protein digestion by supplying H+ ions which activate pepsinogen, the precursor to proteolytic enzyme pepsin. After activation of the pepsin enzyme, it breaks down the proteins in the feed which helps in digestion. Due to improved protein digestion nitrogen
Ensure proper ventilation
Microbial and enzymatic treatment of litter
Adjust the ventilation rate – if ammonia levels increase, more ventilation is needed. Over time, higher ventilation rates will tend to reduce litter moisture levels, which in turn will reduce the ammonia generation rate, which in turn leads to lower ammonia levels. However, this should only be in accordance with the climate and temperature of the poultry house. Record the relative humidity in your houses each morning. If you see the relative humidity climbing, make larger increases. Bottom line: don't wait until you have an ammonia problem to try to solve it. After all, “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Note: References are available on request
INTERVIEW Image Source: Star Beacon
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 6 | Issue 07 | May 2020
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Abhay Shah
12
First Indian feed mill company adopting new normal Abhay Shah, Spectoms Engineering Private Limited Spectoms-the first Indian company to launch animal feed plants in India, can you please share its journey starting back in 1974 to date? Although Spectoms started business in 1968 as a small company, it got registered by ROC in 1974 as Spectoms Engineering Pvt Ltd. with two Directors Mr. Arvind Shah and Mr. Navin Shah. Initially, the company was involved in taking up medium-sized jobs for
private feed and food plants and Erection and Commissioning of Cattle Feed Plants for NDDB and other Government unions/Federations with the supply of balancing equipment like Elevators, Conveyors and Hoppers/Bins. Thereafter it also entered into manufacturing the main machines for Feed plants which were otherwise imported. Since then the company started supply of total feed plants on turnkey basis to NDDB and other Cooperatives. Further, the company also started turnkey execution of Poultry Feed Plants. The company executed more than 300 plants of various designs and
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 6 | Issue 07 | May 2020
export side, the company supplied plants and machinery to Bangladesh, Nepal, Srilanka, Syria, Myanmar, Seychelles, and Bhutan. Presently the Company is leading in the feed plant manufacturing field. The company started its journey with cattle feed plants, but the Indian poultry feed industry reached a different height and the Indian aquafeed industry is also expanding. What is your opinion on the hindrance to the growth of the cattle feed industry? Although there is a sizable growth in the Cattle Feed Industry, the Cattle Feed Industry needs large and continued support from the Government and Cooperatives. The required development of the cooperative sector did not take place in the states other than Gujarat and Karnataka. That is the reason that the growth of the cattle feed industry is less. There are multiple Indian and International technology companies catering to the Indian feed sector, how does Spectoms itself differentiate from the competition? SPECTOMS since its inception has maintained the quality standards in manufacturing the feed mill machinery and equipment. It has never cut corners as far as quality is concerned. In this process, the company could not offer lower prices but in the long run, money spent on SPECTOMS machines has paid for it. The global epidemic has interrupted every business, the Indian poultry sector was first to get its shock, how has been its impact on the new feed mill projects? Definitely there is an impact on the feed mill projects. The projects which were under negotiation stages are kept on hold. However, we expect to come out of this situation very soon. COVID-19 has created a lot of awareness for food and feed safety, some players have even started feed safety audits, how do you see its importance in India?
Automation is disrupting every business, where does Indian feed industry stand in terms of adopting it? Automation is playing a big role in feed plants as it brings consistency of feed and avoids human errors. Also, it accelerates the feed making process thereby increasing the overall plant capacity without adding machines and power. Where do you see Indian feed industry 10 years down the line? Where Spectoms would be? There is a very bright future for the Indian feed industry in the coming 10 years and SPECTOMS would be the strong and dependable partner to the feed mill owners.
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capacities during the journey of 50 years. Every assignment undertaken is different and suited to the needs of the client. It received repeated opportunities to serve the same customers and they signify their continued reliance on the company's service and engineering skills. It also entered into other diversified sectors like Aqua and Fish Feed Plants, Storage Silo Systems, Premix and Mineral Mix Plants, Soybean processing plants, and Salt Iodisation Plants. Assignments undertaken by SPECTOMS included large and medium, Government and Private clients in India and many small and large assignments abroad. On the
Although the food and feed industry have realized the importance of safety after COVID 19, it was always a necessary area to be given the best attention. Blessing in disguise COVID 19 alerted the Industry on Safety issues and now some of the players have started safety audits.
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INDUSTRY THOUGHT
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 6 | Issue 07 | May 2020
Animal feed flavour market forecast Image Source: OKCHEM
supply, and demand and production capability across different countries. Companies having major role in the flavor industry: Agri-Flavors, Alltech, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, DuPont, Kemin Industry, Kerry Group Plc, Norel, Nutriad, Origination O2D, Pancosma, Prinova Group The Feed Flavors Market provides qualitative and quantitative research to provide a complete and comprehensive analysis of the Competition, Covid-19 Impact on Industry Insights for Feed Flavors Market. It is a detailed report that focuses on primary and secondary factors, market share, top divisions, and regional analysis. It is a series of empirical analysis based on past data, current and future estimates, and predicted Feed Flavors Market developments. Research on various sectors including high-leading players 'opportunities, volume, growth, technology, demand, and the trend has been reviewed. The research covers following key points: ·Estimated growth rate of the market for the forecast
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The latest Feed Flavors market study offers an all-inclusive analysis of the major strategies, corporate models, and market shares of the most noticeable players in this market. The study offers a thorough analysis of the key persuading factors, market figures in terms of revenues, segmental data, regional data, and country-wise data. It can be described as the most wideranging documentation that comprises all the aspects of the evolving Feed Flavors market.
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The research report provides deep insights into the global market revenue, parent market trends, macro-economic indicators, and governing factors, along with market attractiveness per market segment. The report provides an overview of the growth rate of Feed Flavors market during the forecast period, i.e., 2020–2027. Most importantly, the report further identifies the qualitative impact of various market factors on market segments and geographies. The research segments the market on the basis of product type, application, technology, and region. To offer more clarity regarding the industry, the report takes a closer look at the current status of various factors including but not limited to supply chain management, niche markets, distribution channel, trade,
period 2020–2027 and the market size during the estimated period. ·Key driving forces responsible for shaping the fate of
the Feed Flavors market during the forecast period. ·Major market vendors and what are the winning
strategies that have helped them occupy a strong foothold in the Feed Flavors market. ·Prominent market trends influencing the
development of the Feed Flavors market across different regions. ·Major threats and challenges likely to act as a barrier
in the growth of the Feed Flavors market. ·Major opportunities the market leaders can rely on to
gain success and profitability. Asia Pacific is estimated to be one of the fastest growing markets for Feed Flavors market. Major countries in the Asia Pacific region are China, Japan, South Korea, India and Australia. These economies in the APAC region are major contributors in the Food and Beverages, Chemical, manufacturing and transaction sector. In addition to this, government initiatives to promote technological advance Feed Flavors in this region are also one of the key factors to the growth of Feed Flavors market. Middle East and rest of the World are estimated to be emerging regions for Feed Flavors market. The global Feed Flavors market is expected to grow in terms of value during the forecast period at a CAGR percent. The study tells market scenario of Feed Flavors market in various segments based on geographical distribution along with analysis of the market for current market situation and its potential to grow globally during the forecast period. Source: Online media
ARTICLE Image Source: Dynavyte NZ
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 6 | Issue 07 | May 2020
Beta-Glucans: A Crucial Weapon to Modulate Poultry Immune System Dr. Bharat Sadarao, Dr. Partha Das, Dr. Venket Shelke & Dr. R Chanthirasekaran, Kemin Industries
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Introduction
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With continuous increase in the economic value of the poultry industry, a deeper understanding of the nature and functioning of the avian immune system is important. The immune system enables the body to mount a defense against foreign organisms and antigens. However, the chicks' immune system is underdeveloped and immature immediately after hatching, rendering them highly vulnerable to infectious threats present in the environment. The nutritionally balanced feeding program along with antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs') in poultry diets played a significant role in achieving faster production success. Nevertheless, faster growth is likely to
have a negative impact on the immune system due to decreased tolerance towards infectious diseases, thereby increasing the incidence of early chick mortality. In addition, the indiscriminate long-term usage of antibiotic growth promoters created a threat of bacterial resistance with major impacts on the future efficacy of these essential drugs. Consequently, due to the emergence of poultry welfare and environment protection concerns several countries have banned or reduced the prophylactic use of antibiotics as feed additives. This reduced the use of antibiotics in poultry production system, increased the demand for finding of alternate feed compounds along with a nutritious diet that can enhance gut health and immune function. To address this need, a wide range of products are available in the market today which can help to modulate the innate immune system. One innovative approach that has been thoroughly studied is the use of beta-glucans in poultry diets. Although reports concerning the
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 6 | Issue 07 | May 2020
significance of beta-glucans in poultry are gaining popularity, still there seems to be some confusion in the poultry producers' mind as to which source is better, how much is needed to improve immunity and what price is fair. The aim of this review was to give guidance on the major types of beta-glucans, their functional properties, and the option in choosing the best source with the potential to modulate the immune response in birds.
Figure 1: Structure and sources of beta-glucans.
Sources and Structure of Betaglucans
Mechanism of Action and Functionality of Beta-glucans The immunomodulatory ability of Betaglucans has received increasing attention as one of the potential alternatives to AGPs without adversely affecting the bird performance. Betaglucans belong to a group of physiologically active compounds termed biological response modifiers, because of their ability to stimulate the immune system. Beta-glucans such as algal beta-glucans are not naturally present within animal cells. When animals are supplemented with betaglucan, it enters the small intestine and pass through the Peyer's Patches in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Their immune cells (Phagocytes) recognize the beta-glucan molecules as a pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through a specific set of receptors called pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). The PRRs
such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Dectin-1 present on the surface of phagocytes, including macrophages, heterophils, dendritic cells and natural killer cells primarily facilitate the activation of innate immune system through a cascade of signaling pathways resulting in enhanced phagocytosis of foreign pathogens (Figure 2). Furthermore, beta-glucans have demonstrated the ability to augment the secretion of several cytokines and have antitumor, antibacterial and antiviral effects. A reported significant increase in both Newcastle Disease (ND) and Infectious Bronchitis (IBV) specific antibody titers in birds supplemented with beta-glucan was also observed. An increase in the size of primary and secondary lymphoid organs had shown with dietary beta-glucan supplementation, providing further evidence of their immunomodulating capabilities. As a result, beta-(1,3)glucan can improve the resistance to infections by enhancing: (i) non-specific immunity that can protect animals from infection, (ii) host defense mechanism, and (iii) growth rate and mortality reduction. Thus, beta-glucan may be used as a replacement for dietary antibiotics in animal feed in combination with one or two other AGP alternatives. Most Proficient Beta-glucan for Poultry A wide structural variation in the functional properties of beta-glucans is directly related to their origin/source, which may influence their efficacy in modulating the Figure 2: Simplified mode of action of algal beta-glucans. 1
ALGAL BETA GLUCAN Peyer’s Patch, gut associated lymphoid tissue GALT
4 2
MACROPHAGES + DENDRITIC CELLS INGEST BETA GLUCAN 3
BETA GLUCAN GRANULE DIGESTED AND FRAGMENTS RELEASED
IMMUNE SYSTEM ACTIVATED Enhanced phagocytosis of other foreign particles ? Modulates cytokine/chemokine ? production (signalling molecules) ? Activates Natural Killer Cells, T Cells and B Cells ? Recruits immune cells to the intestinal lining
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Beta-glucans are naturally occurring polysaccharides found in the cell walls of bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae, and cereals (such as barley, oats, and rye). However, the structure of beta-glucans varies among the different sources and considers the variations in their physiological role as shown in Figure 1. Beta-glucans consist of beta-D-glucose molecules linked by (1,3) or (1,4)glycosidic bonds. Glucan obtained from bacteria and algae shows a linear structure, whereas, beta-glucan extracted from yeast, mushrooms, oats, and barley exhibits branched structure. Fungal beta-glucans have short branches, while they are long in yeast. The beta-glucans are not branched in barley, as with most cereal grains, but linked with twisted linear beta-(1,4) and beta-(1,3) glycosidic bonds.
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ARTICLE
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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 6 | Issue 07 | May 2020
immune systems. Before the betaglucans can be incorporated in poultry diets, one must first understand the function and effectiveness of different beta-glucans on the avian immune system and the similarities and differences with the mammalian system. The features and differences between beta-glucans from yeast, oat & barley, and algae were further described below.
This adversely affects the nutrient digestion, absorption, and composition of microflora in the gut by altering the intestinal morphology, decreasing endogenous enzyme production, and increasing susceptibility to disease. Various studies acknowledged mixed performance and immune response discrepancies in the published results with yeast-derived beta-glucans. Similarly, based on the comprehensive analysis of various studies, the content of beta-glucan from different sources, which gave a clear idea of the concentration of this valuable ingredient is shown in Table 1.
It is generally accepted that beta-(1,3)(1,6)-glucans derived from yeast and fungi are considered the most effective source in terms of stimulating the immune system due to their highly complex branched structure. Numerous investigators have widely studied the effects of yeast cell wall beta-glucans on broiler performance as an immune modulator against infectious agents compared with antibiotic growth promoters. Whereas, the immunemodulating effect of beta-(1,3)-(1,6)glucan from yeast depends on its native molecular structure, which is immersed in the other cell wall components of yeast beta-glucans and must be released in its intact form by an appropriate isolation technique. However, the extraction techniques developed by various manufacturers are laborious and result in a large amount of variability and inconsistency in the final products. Thus, the betaglucans isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) achieve an optimized yield of only 5–7 % dry weight due to a complicated process of chemical degradation of glucans. In the same way, the low molecular weight (around 190-200 kDa) and degree of polymerization (1500) of beta-(1,3)(1,6)-glucan from yeast imparts less binding affinity and is responsible for minimal or no biological activity.
The numerous inconsistencies and varying results with fungal and yeast cell wall, and cereals derived beta-glucan opens the way for research expertise to assess the efficacy of alternative beta-glucan sources in achieving consistent results. Recently, another source of beta-glucans that has gained increasing attention by industry manufacturers is paramylon, an algal beta-glucan from the microalgae Euglena gracilis. In contrast to yeast, this algae has a high concentration of beta-(1,3)-glycosidic linkages and does not contain branches of beta-1,6 branches that are typical of yeast beta-glucan products. In contrast to yeast, the algae beta-(1,3)-glucan (Paramylon) has a high molecular weight (larger than 500 kDa) and is responsible for high biological activity along with greater binding affinity. Hence, this linear high molecular weight beta-(1,3)-glucan, when cultivated under optimal conditions, accumulates more than 90% of the cell mass as paramylon, and it does not require any expensive extraction methods like that of yeast beta glucans. Similarly, the linear structure and small particle size (1-3 microns) of algal beta-(1,3)-glucan Table 1. Content of beta-glucan from different sources.
Food Source
Content (%)
Oats (Cereals)
4.5-5.5
Barley (Cereals)
4.5
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yeast)
5-7
Euglena (Algae)
90
Sparassis crispa (Fungus)
43.6
Inonotus obliquus (Fungus)
3.1
Coriolus versicolor (Mushroom)
46.5
interact directly with immune cells, while the branched structure and other cell material from yeast cell wall beta(1,3)-(1,6)-glucan clump together. Another major factor Whereas, cereal beta-glucans, such as that has traditionally generated more research interest is oat and barley fall short as immune the higher bioavailability and ease in production of the regulators, because they are structurally algal beta-glucans when compared to branched betadistinct than those of fungal and yeast glucans. Since the branched beta-(1,3)-(1,6)-glucan in beta-glucans and are not recognized as yeast is bound to other components of the cell wall, such PAMP by the immune system of as chitin and mannoprotein, and not available to be taken animals. The researchers also concluded up by gut-associated lymphoid tissues such as Peyer's that chicks fed with barley beta-glucans patches. In addition, the beta-glucan product produced in the corn-based diet result in poor from the algae was more consistent and cost effective as it chick performance due to the increase exists as granules within the algal cell and does not in viscosity of the intestinal contents. require to be extracted due to the lack of a thick cell wall.
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It is concluded that all the beta-glucans are built from the same building block of polysaccharides, but the activity of different beta-glucan ingredients depends first and foremost on the source organism from which the compound is isolated, ultimately on the method of isolation and structure of beta-glucans.Though the beta-(1,3)(1,6)-glucan from baker's yeast is found to have some immune modulation
action, it has its own deficiencies in terms of poor bioavailability, poor recognition by the immune cells, and broader dose range. With the more knowledge on the efficacy of beta-(1,3)-glucan in modulating immunity, the algal beta-glucan is in use these days with high promising results. The algae Euglena gracilis can accumulate extremely at high concentrations of beta-(1,3)-glucan paramylon intracellularly, it offers the function of immune modulation at a more economical cost and represents as one of the efficient AGP alternative products for usage in the poultry industry. References available on request
Image Source: ShippingWatch
Vietnam spent more than 1.4 billion U.S. dollars importing animal feeds and materials for animal feed production in the first five months of this year, down 12.5 percent against the same period last year, according to the General Department of Vietnam Customs recently. Its largest suppliers included Argentina, China, the United States and Thailand. Between January and May, Vietnam
imported more than 1.4 million tons of wheat worth 363 million U.S. dollars, seeing respective year-on-year surges of 40.3 percent and 26.9 percent, and spent 633 million U.S. dollars importing over 3 million tons of corn, down 26.5 percent and 26.6 percent respectively. Last year, Vietnam spent more than 3.7 billion U.S. dollars importing animal feeds and materials for animal feed production, down 5.1 percent on-year, with the biggest import markets being Argentina, Brazil, China and the United States, said the department. Source: Online media
INDUSTRY NEWS
Animal feed import in Vietnam reduced
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Conclusion
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Image Source: Politico EU
INDUSTRY THOUGHT
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Factors fuelling growth of Indian poultry and livestock industry in post-COVID19
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By Indian Federation of Animal Health Companies (INFAH) Fear, Uncertainty, and Chaos have been part of most of us ever since the pandemic of COVID-19 observed across several nations. Amidst all these the people have spread Hope, Happiness, and Assurance of a great future, trying to bring positivity and faith across the World. The Animal Health Industry too had a great impact during these unprecedented times. Though the organizations were trying to maintain
the supplies of animal feed, medicines, and management products, the challenges were many. Despite the great demands of animal-based products like meat, dairy, and aqua produce, the availability of products at consumers' point was affected due to hampered supply chain. Impacting the sales and businesses of farmers, dairy owners, poultry farms, and aquacultures. The rumors of the spread of coronavirus through consumption of chicken meat had a very negative impact on overall demand and affected the entire poultry industry. The stakeholders, the industry representatives, and the government pitched-in to clarify the rumors through
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additives faced challenges, primarily on account of delay in testing and clearance from the customs. Even the locally manufactured raw materials faced challenges on account of transportation. Some of the raw materials were either not available while some had a major surge in prices. Many of the association members faced problems with logistics of packing material, as the local authorities were not having clarity regarding the same being part of essential items. The availability of Manpower is another aspect that has impacted manufacturing. The mass exodus of migrant laborers hindered production. In view of stringent lockdown protocols, these migrant workers began returning to their native lands, leaving the distribution, supply chains, and production severely impacted. Hence, major manufacturers in animal Health and feed industry are left with a significantly reduced workforce. Logistics and supply chain remained badly impacted across the country. Reduced air freight capacity, port congestion, roadblocks, and logistic disruptions hampered the availability of essential medicines, nutritional supplements and animal feed especially in secondary and tertiary markets/ towns. The days ahead will not be smooth, but with the opening of businesses we believe there will be an improvement in raw material supplies, manpower availability, and supplychain. We are also confident of improvement in demand and supplies of animal produce.
Animal Health product manufacturing faced its own challenges. While in certain states manufacturing was allowed, at the same time in some states the association members were not allowed to resume manufacturing. It took some efforts to convince the local authorities that animal health products including Feed Supplements, additives, and Ayurvedic products are part of essential services as the same is used for treatment and maintaining health of animals. The situation has eased a bit now post our representation to MOH and MOFAHD.
In current evolving scenario the animal health industry is prepared to be more responsible and dynamic for bringing innovative solutions. By ensuring support for better growth and production of animal assets, the animal health industry will contribute greatly in realizing the dream of doubling the farmer's income. Animal Health Industry would conduce more to food security through quality and hygienic animal protein for human consumption.
Raw materials' supplies were hampered. We will continue our efforts for bringing joy, happiness, and prosperity to farmers, animal health stakeholders and The raw materials which are imported society with our motto of Healthy Animals- Healthy India. especially pertaining to feed and feed
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several awareness drives at the consumers' level. The Industry is slowly recovering from the dent it caused.
The Indian Animal Health Industry will surely fight back and recover in months to come. The growth opportunities for the industry will come from healthy growth in the consumption of animal-based food. The significant animal population and technological advancements in animal farming will further fuel the growth of the Industry. The strengthening of co-operative networks, entry of new players in milk procurement, processing, and marketing /distribution will open new avenues for the dairy and animal feed industry. The government initiatives triggering the growth are increasing investment in animal disease control and infrastructure, improving husbandry skills and awareness about animal health management practices, and lucrative incentives for farmers. The export potential of the industry is huge, innovative initiatives and schemes will help in taking a great share in the global market.
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INDUSTRY NEWS Image Source: World Grain
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Corn Beginning and Ending Stocks Up Slightly: WASDE reports
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COARSE GRAINS: This month's 2020/21 U.S. corn outlook is little changed from last month, with fractional increases to beginning and ending stocks. Beginning stocks are raised, as a 45-million-bushel reduction in estimated production for 2019/20 is largely offset by a 50-million-bushel reduction in projected corn used for ethanol. Corn used for ethanol is lowered reflecting a slower-thanexpected rebound in ethanol production as indicated by Energy Information Administration data during the month of May and into early June. For 2020/21, with supply up slightly and no changes to projected use, ending stocks are 5 million bushels higher at 3.3 billion bushels. The season-average farm price is unchanged at $3.20 per bushel.
United Kingdom that is partly offset by a reduction for France. Barley production is raised for Australia, but lowered for Ukraine, India, and Russia. For 2019/20, Brazil corn production is unchanged, as higher indicated area is offset by a reduction in yield. Yield prospects for much of the Center-West are generally favorable in contrast to the South where conditions have been poor. Major global trade changes for 2020/21 include a larger corn export forecast for Zambia, with increases in corn imports for Thailand and Honduras. Barley exports are lowered for Australia, based on a reduction in projected imports for China. For 2019/20, corn exports are raised for Argentina but lowered for Brazil for the local marketing year beginning March 2020 based on observed data through early June. Foreign corn ending stocks for 2020/21 are lowered from last month, mostly reflecting reductions for China, Argentina, South Africa, and Paraguay that more than offset increases for Brazil and India.
OILSEEDS: This month's U.S. soybean supply and use projections for 2020/21 include higher beginning stocks, The global coarse grain production higher crush, and slightly lower ending stocks. Beginning forecast for 2020/21 is raised 3.2 million stocks are raised 5 million bushels with higher crush for tons to 1,484.6 million. This month's 2019/20 more-than-offset with lower production and a foreign coarse grain outlook is for lower export forecast. Lower 2019 production reflects the larger production, increased use, and latest re-survey by NASS for North Dakota. The 2019/20 lower stocks relative to last month. soybean crush is raised 15 million bushels reflecting Brazil corn production is raised based increased domestic soybean meal use. Soybean exports on higher expected area. Barley are reduced 25 million bushels on increased competition production is raised for the EU, based from South America. Increased beginning stocks for mostly on a forecast increase for the 2020/21 are more than offset with a higher soybean crush
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to this month's U.S. cotton supply and demand estimates is a 200,000-bale decrease in 2019/20 mill use, to 2.5 million bales. U.S. mill use in 2020/21 was also revised downward by 100,000 bales, and ending stocks are now projected at 7.3 million bales in 2019/20 and 8.0 million bales in 2020/21. While the 43 percent stocks-use ratio projected for 2020/21 is marginally higher than the year before, and is substantially above recent levels, it would still be below the 55 percent ratio realized in 2007/08.
The 2020/21 global oilseed supply and demand forecasts include slightly higher production and lower ending stocks compared to last month. Higher peanut, soybean, and sunflower seed production is partly offset by lower cottonseed output. A notable revision to production is for EU canola, lowered 0.2 million tons to 16.8 million, based largely on lower yields for Germany. The EU revision is offset by higher Australian canola production. The 2020/21 soybean ending stocks are lowered 2.1 million tons to 96.3 million, mainly reflecting lower carrying due to revisions to 2019/20 balance sheets. For 2019/20, soybean exports are increased 1 million tons each for Argentina and Brazil based on the recent pace of shipments and reflect increased crush demand and imports for China. Partly offsetting is reduced 2019/20 U.S. exports. These revisions result in higher stocks for China and lower stocks for South America.
Source: Agweb
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forecast, which is raised along with increased domestic soybean meal use. With higher soybean crush more than offsetting higher beginning stocks, 2020/21 ending stocks are projected at 395 million bushels. The 2020/21 season-average soybean and product price forecasts are unchanged this month.
The 2020/21 world cotton projections include slightly smaller production, reduced consumption, and higher beginning and ending stocks. World ending stocks are 5.2 million bales higher this month, reflecting cuts to world consumption of slightly more than 2 million bales each in 2019/20 and 2020/21, and revised production estimates for Argentina starting with 2017/18 that added an additional 930,000 bales to stocks. World production in 2020/21 is revised downward by 215,000 bales as higher production in Argentina and Tanzania is offset by reductions for Turkey, Uzbekistan, and some smaller countries. World consumption in 2020/21 is revised downward due to changes in a number of countries, led by a 1-million-bale reduction in the forecast for China and a 500,000-bale reduction for India. At nearly 105 million bales, world ending stocks in 2020/21 are expected to be their largest since 2014/15.
COTTON: The most significant revision
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INDUSTRY NEWS
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Biomar collaborates for expansion in Chinese aquafeed market A new feed mill jointly owned and operated by BioMar and Tongwei has now begun commercial production of feeds for the aquaculture industry. The greenfield factory supports BioMar's existing feed mill in the south of China, and will provide feeds for species including sturgeon, rainbow trout, Californian sea bass and large yellow croaker
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The new BioMar-Tongwei feed mill
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“We are very happy with this important next step to expand our activities. We have established a good business in China through a combination of local production and imported products. We are serving traditional customers as well as customers striving to bring new value propositions to retailers and end consumers. The Wuxi factory will allow new possibilities for customers with advanced product requirements through all production life stages,” explains Carlos Diaz, CEO of BioMar Group. “We have experienced an incredible dedication from employees in our JV, as
well as from the supporting project team. During the corona-crisis, we have managed to find new ways of collaborating and bringing people together across the globe, exchanging process knowledge, formulation experience and innovation ideas. It has been amazing to witness, how we can work closely together, while at a distance, and obtain such high product quality. I envision a 'new normal' in terms of global collaboration, when we open up borders and countries,” he adds. During the commissioning phase of the new Wuxi factory, BioMar has been able to achieve product nutritional values and physical quality comparable to the standards seen in high-performing, well established aqua feed factories. Key customers have started to place orders in the new factory for products previously delivered from Denmark. “After some delays in the construction of the factory, we are extremely happy to have come through an uncomplicated commissioning phase, where we obtained a consistently high nutritional and physical quality. Feeds for sturgeon, rainbow trout, Californian sea bass and large yellow croaker are ready for the market. We have agreed with our customers, that we will start moving some orders from the BioMar factory in Denmark to now be produced in China,” concludes Alan Xiaoqing Qian, general manager of BioMar-Tongwei. Source: Biomar
INDUSTRY NEWS
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New Zealand reliance on five countries for animal feed Image Source: nutritechfeeds.com
Argentina and 6 per cent from the United States. PKE price jump In its latest update, MPI's economic unit said demand for palm kernel expeller, used primarily as high-protein feed for dairy cows, had pushed spot prices jump up almost a third to $380 a tonne during March, reflecting not only high demand from NZ but also the stoppage in plantation and mill activity in Indonesia and Malaysia. MPI said while the PKE pricing had since returned to normal, NZ's "susceptibility to the PKE spot price jump highlights the potential impact of single market dependency, especially for inputs the agricultural industry relies on and have limited affordable substitutes for." PKE is NZ's largest animal feed import, at about 68 percent of total animal feed imports by volume. NZ agriculture is also highly dependent on Argentina, which supplies 98 percent of NZ's soy derivatives, the country's second biggest animal feed category, and Australia, from which NZ buys about 98 percent of its wheat and 76 percent of its molasses.
The covid-19 crisis and drought conditions have highlighted New Zealand agriculture's reliance on a handful of countries for feed to supplement its grass-fed system, the Ministry for Primary Industries said. The warning, included in MPI's Economic Update for the Primary Industries, comes as the sector remains on track for a 4.5 per cent increase in export receipts for the year ended June on the back of NZ dollar weakness and improved dairy exports.
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The latter were up $512 million yearon-year over the past quarter.
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But farmers' reliance on imported supplement feed for animals, particularly during drought conditions, with limited supply options, makes the country dependent on external supply dynamics. NZ imports an average of 2.9 million tonnes of animal feed a year, with a value of about $734 million. More than 81 per cent of that is sourced from only three countries, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia, with another 10 per cent coming from
The MPI report said that based on "single, or limited, market dependency for a number of other key agricultural imports, our susceptibility to shortages and price volatility is likely to impact the agricultural sector when future crises happen." Subsidies It suggests however, that the recovery for dairy may be affected by the impact of increased subsidies in the US and the European Union. In red meat, despite the slowdown in processing resulting from social distancing measures at plants, the industry impacts were muted, while slowdowns in exports into China resulting from covid-19, were offset by exports to the US, which also had processing constraints as a result of the pandemic. The outlook is "complex" for red meat, however, as strong import demand from China and reduced global supply due to herd rebuilding in Australia may combine to maintain higher prices. "However, this may be offset by drought in NZ and an uncertain demand for food serviceoriented cuts." The forestry outlook is far from certain, however, as European spruce represents a competitive option for Asia and the extent of Chinese construction activity remains uncertain. The MPI outlook remains fundamentally positive for fresh fruit, with strong harvests boosting volumes and consumer demand holding up even through trade disruptions related to the covid-19 response. Source: NZME
INDUSTRY NEWS
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Image Source: Intrafish
Responsible Aquafeed – Best Aquaculture Practices agenda
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BAP-certified feed mills are also being called on to play their part in combatting antimicrobial resistance by excluding the use of antibiotics designated by the World Health Organization (WHO) as critically important for human medicine. In addition, the BAP criteria for safe feed production have been enhanced and the social accountability requirements have been expanded to provide even greater assurance against child labor as well as forced and bonded labor. There are also new requirements that relate to the sourcing of certified soy ingredients and palm oil. These will help to bolster certification programs for terrestrial ingredients, such as ProTerra, Round Table on Responsible Soy (RTRS), U.S. Soy Sustainability Assurance Protocol (SSAP) and Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), so the aquafeed industry can have a disproportionate and positive impact on sustainable food chains. However, the greatest impact of the BAP Feed Mill Standard will come via its support for responsibly sourced marine ingredients because aquafeed standards can help incentivize responsible fishery management. The new BAP standard bakes in requirements for responsible ingredients such as those certified to the MarinTrust standard. MarinTrust, which has just gained full ISEAL
recognition, has set itself the goal of getting 75 percent of global marine ingredients, certified, in assessment or in FIPs by 2025. Reflecting this level of ambition, the new BAP Feed Mill Standard also requires a minimum of 75 percent of marine ingredients to be from certified sources, or FIPs, from 2025, thus raising its current 50 percent bar. This 75 percent target applies straight away for the producers of feeds for salmonids, who continue to play a leading role in this arena. Any uncertified marine Ingredients must, at a minimum, be free from IUU (illegal, unreported and unregulated) material. The industry for new and alternative feed ingredients is becoming increasingly important in supporting the expansion of global aquaculture. The BAP program, through its farm standards and their requirements for maximum FIFO (fish in, fish out) ratios, incentivizes the inclusion of new and alternative ingredients and the efficient usage of marine ingredients. “The seafood marketplace continues to call for comprehensive supply chain assurances and we are charged with responding. BAP-certified feed mills are central to delivering the quantities of four-star BAP product demanded by the retail and foodservice sectors, so we are delighted to launch this new standard,” said BAP Standards Coordinator Dan Lee. GAA is grateful to its Feed Technical Committee, chaired by Dr. Ron Hardy of the University of Idaho, for crafting the new standard, which is freely available on the BAP website. There is a one-year transition period before Issue 3.0 of the BAP Feed Mill Standard becomes mandatory, meaning any feed mill that applies for certification or recertification will be required to abide by Issue 3.0. Pilots are expected to begin in about six months. Source: Best Aquaculture Practice
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IGC forecasts for world grains crop in 2020/21
International Grains Council (IGC) projected world grains production at an all-time high of 2.230 billion tonnes. The first rise in global grains stocks for four seasons was predicted, while world grains trade was expected to be a record.
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Members of the International Grains Council (IGC) convened for the 51st IGC Council Session on 8th June 2020 via video conference because of the COVID-19 travel restrictions and current UK government recommendation on social distancing. The meeting was chaired by Ms. Nathalie Dubé, MinisterCounsellor, High Commission of Canada, London.
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World total grains production in 2020/21 was projected at an all-time high of 2,230m t (+54m y/y), including record harvests of wheat (+4m) and maize (+50m). The first rise in global grains stocks for four seasons was predicted, while world grains trade was expected to be a record. Given prospects for a much larger US crop, 2020/21 global soyabean production was predicted to rise by 8% y/y, to 363m t. With another increase in China's purchases anticipated, world trade was projected to expand by 4% y/y. Tied to anticipated acreage increases in Asia, the 2020/21 world rice outturn was predicted at a peak of 506m t, up 9m y/y, with accumulation in key exporters pushing up global carryovers to a record of 182m. A recovery in African demand could boost trade by 4% y/y in 2021. The Council considered recent changes in national policies, the effect of
governments' COVID-19 protective measures on grains, oilseeds and rice trade as well as activities of other international organisations relating to the grains trade. The Council officially welcomed the Republic of Serbia's membership of the IGC and acknowledged the UK's application letter to join the IGC from 1 January 2021, in accordance with the Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, signed by Lord Zac Goldsmith, UK's Minister of State for DEFRA, DFID and FCO. It was agreed that the programme of work for 2020//21 would continue to concentrate on its core economic and statistical activities: The Secretariat updated the Council on its ongoing projects which include: Updating of the 5-year S&D forecasts for the main commodities, particularly demand for feed, food and Industrial use; ·Publishing a balance sheet for pulses for main
exporters; ·Implementing Market Dashboards for the 4 main
commodities (wheat, maize, soybeans and rice) to show market developments (prices, margins, trade). ·Developing a methodology for building supply and
demand balances for maize-based ethanol, starting with the major producers; ·Developing potential new partnership with
organisations from Eurasia and Sub-Saharan Africa. At the Council session members agreed to the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between the IGC and MED-AMIN which would include sharing information on harvests, pulses and the C&F price monitoring system for the Mediterranean region. The Council appointed Ms. Corinne Roux, Policy Advisor, Trade Relations Unit, Federal Office for Agriculture (FOAG), Switzerland as IGC's Chairperson for 2020/21. Mr. Taras Kachka, Deputy Minister for Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture, Trade Representative of Ukraine was appointed as Vice Chairperson for 2020/21. Source: reuters