Legal open data and documents: from legislative text to Linked Data Prof. Monica Palmirani – CIRSFID monica.palmirani@unibo.it
6 November 2013, Tilburg University, TILT C.I.R.S.F.I.D Alma Mater Studiorum UniversitĂ di Bologna Research Centre of History of Law, Philosophy and Sociology of Law, Computer Science and Law
Goal and Outline
Which relation between Open Legal Document and Legal Open Data? Is the “document” a old concept? Legal Open Data is enough for legal reasoning? Open Legal document – legal document modelling in Akoma Ntoso Open data and open government data Linked Opend Data – LOD LegalRuleML for legal reasoning Conclusions
LEGAL KNOWLEDGE MODELLING
Interdisciplinary group 10 people from legal, technical and economical background ICT Legal Sources Modelling modelling legal resources with legal XML and Semantic Web standards legal information systems using XML technologies & NLP e-Legislation, e-Parliament and e-Participation for modelling document management flow legal ontologies and reasoning legal rules modelling of law and judgment for legal reasoning with non-monotonic and nondeductive logic. e-Government and e-Justice e-Content; high-resolution images of rare law books from the 10th, 12th, and 13th centuries
Legal XML and Semantic Web
Africa
Latin America
Guidelines for Legislative Drafting for Pan-African Parliament AKOMA NTOSO Parliament XML standard – United Nations Kenya and South Africa
Senate of Uruguay for modelling bill lifecycle in XML IABD Interamerican Bank for Development: Legal XML for all the Latin American Parliaments
USA
LegalXML – OASIS
eCourt filing standard for courts Transformational Government Framework
Stanford University – Open Gov Initiative
CH Federal Chancellery of Switzerland for managing the publication of the official collection in XML Official Gazzette of Italy – XML and Semantic web annotation Senate of Italy, Chamber of Deputies, Supreme Court of Cassation
Use of XML in the Parliament ď€ ď€
Form the World e-Parliament Report 2012 43% declared to use XML in Parliament for bill and 35% declared to have the intention to use it in future
XML for other Parliamentary Docs
Why use XML in Parliament
The focus still on the web publication rather than on the legislative process, interoperability, cooperation, transparency Open issues:
Legal validity Preservation Legal Knowledge
Legal XML standards in the world 1997 1999 2001 2002
2003 2003 2004 2006
2008 2008 2009
EnAct - Tasmania, Australia, New Zealand e Canada 2013 FORMEX data model - EUR-LEX NormeinRete – Italy MetaLex and SDU BWB - Netherland LexDania – Denmark eLaw - Austria CHLexML - Swiss AKOMA NTOSO - United Nations for PanAfrican Parliaments Crown XML Schema for Legislation - United Kingdom Chile XML House of Representatives 2009
Akoma Ntoso design characteristics Document oriented – not data oriented
Self-contained Descriptive Independent Separation of levels – persistence Prescriptive content, metadata, presentation
Ontology-oriented
Workflow-oriented – to describe the steps of the legislative process
Akoma Ntoso principles
Accursio Accursio Magna Glossa Glossa Magna XI XI Corpus iuris iuris Corpus civilis civilis CODEX CODEX the best best the markup markup Original text
annotation
Current scenario Each body has a different XML standard
Data are locked Interoperability
Open Legal Document for transparent and effective legislative process
Open data: new paradigm
New Paradigm - 2009
Raw Data, Unlocked, Shared
Does make sense to have legal raw data?
Obama’s Open Gov Initiative 2009
“an unprecedented unprecedented level level of of openness openness in in government” government” “an “the public public trust trust and and establish establish aa system system of of transparency, transparency, “the public participation, participation, and and collaboration.” collaboration.” public
Open Governement data is a New Paradigm
New approach for the democracy and transparency New culture on data in the public administration New market in private sector Technology issues – Semantic Web and Rules Legal issues Economic ecosystem
New paradigm for the open legal data
Extreme use of open government data Critical quesitons: set – from US -Validity- Integrity -Reproduction -Preservation
2 1
3
4
From the dataset to the document
Characteristics of Open Data
Open format: CSV, JSON, XML, HTML, RDF Open licence: reuse, redistribution, derivation of new works, for commercial purposes, just eventually the by Creative commons Index-able: using the most important research engines e.g. google Personal data free and also quasi-identifiers: de-identification, de-anonymization Open dataset metadata (e.g. DCAT of the W3C or Dublin Core DCMI) Updated: the dataset should be updated periodically: right to oblivion, defamation, right to replicate Quality: the dataset must include correct and complete data
Linked Open Data quality: 5 stars
Legal Knowledge Shared Web of Document Legal Document
Semantic Web
Web of things
Web of data
Linked Data Network - today
From the metadata to the text SPARQL
SEMANTIC WEB
WEB1.0
RDF
HTML/XML Internet of Things
RDF concepts http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-primer/
It is a data model: a way for model relationship between data Data can model using triples <subject, predicate, object>
Bob lives in Bologna Bob knows Alice John knows Bob
we can deduct: John knows Alice Alice lives in Bologna
Legal Open Data
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/developer/formats
Parliament Open Data
http://www.ictparliament.org/open-data-and-open-standards-in-parliaments
New data approach Data=Value&Vocabulary&Metadata&Se mantic Akoma Ntoso XML
RAW DATA - from Document Art. 13 - bla bla VOCABULARY SEMANTIC RULES
<article> privacy definition
Akoma Ntoso XML-Schema ontology
penality in case of violation LegalRuleML
data+value+vocabulary for for the the reuse reuse data+value+vocabulary
Legal Document, Legal Rules, Legal Open Data Legal document in XML
Legal Ontology
Annotation Crowd-sourcing Citizen participation Market applications Civic media
Linked Open Data
Logic Rules ENGINE proof
Example US Code Title 17, Chap. 1, Section 101 URL-USC_sec_17_00000101-----000.html USC_sec_17_00000101-----000.html URL101.Definitions Definitions §§101.
<SECTION> 101.Definitions Definitions <SECTNO> §§101.
Exceptas asotherwise otherwise Except providedin inthis thistitle, title,as as provided usedin inthis thistitle, title,the the used followingterms termsand andtheir their following variantforms formsmean meanthe the variant following: following: An“anonymous “anonymouswork” work”isisaa An workon onthe thecopies copiesor or work phonorecordsof ofwhich whichno no phonorecords naturalperson personisis natural identifiedas asauthor. author. identified
</SECTNO>
<p> Except
asotherwise otherwise Except as providedin inthis thistitle, title,as as provided Metadata usedin inthis thistitle, title,the the used qualification: following terms andtheir their following terms and definition variantforms formsmean meanthe the variant following: </p> following: An“anonymous “anonymouswork” work”isisaa <p> An workon onthe thecopies copiesor or work phonorecordsof ofwhich whichno no phonorecords naturalperson personisis natural identifiedas asauthor. author. </p> identified
Rule: IF X has not an author THEN it is a anonymous work
Class </SECTION> of the legal concept of anonymous work
LegalRulML 2013 Digital Millennium Copyright Act Digital Millennium Copyright Act NEW VERSION
Metadata of Context <lrml:Rulekey="rule1"> key="rule1"> <lrml:Rule <lrml:if>...</lrml:if> ...</lrml:if> <lrml:if> …. …. <lrml:then>...</lrml:then> </lrml:then> <lrml:then>... </lrml:Rule>... </lrml:Rule>...
Rules as interpretation of the text
Metadata of Context Metadata of Context Metadata of Context
<lrml:Rulekey="rule2-v1"> key="rule2-v1"> <lrml:Rule <lrml:if>...</lrml:if> ...</lrml:if> <lrml:if> …. …. <lrml:then>...</lrml:then> </lrml:then> <lrml:then>... </lrml:Rule>... </lrml:Rule>...
Metadata of Context T2 <lrml:Rulekey="rule2-v2"> key="rule2-v2"> <lrml:Rule <lrml:if>...</lrml:if> ...</lrml:if> <lrml:if> …. …. <lrml:then>...</lrml:then> </lrml:then> <lrml:then>... </lrml:Rule>... </lrml:Rule>...
Conclusions
Legal Open Documents ≠ Legal Open Data Legal Open Documents are important for fostering cooperation, coordination, monitoring of the legislative and democratic process (liquid democracy) Legal Open Data is a fundamental instrument for enriching Legal Open Documents and for permitting deliberative participation without affecting the legal validity of the original digital sources (crowd-sourcing, annotation, etc.) Legal XML standards are the necessary base for permitting a rapid circulation of the vocabulary, meaning, context regarding the legal document and data Legal Open MetaData standard is necessary for sharing semantic concepts
Linked open data is not enough for legal reasoning
LegalRuleML models legal rules for legal reasoning
References Legal Open Data and Documents legislative.gov.uk Senate of Italy Open Data Chamber of Deputies of Italy Open Data Senate of Brazil Open Data Switzerland Federal Assembly Open Data US Code Legal Open Data and Documents Cooperative Projects AT4AM for all Open Parliamento
LegalLeaks
M5S party in Regione Lazio http://edemocracia.camara.gov.br/ http://www.europarl.europa.eu/aboutparliament/en/00533cec74/Petitions.html http://ec.europa.eu/yourvoice/ http://civic.mit.edu/ Legal XML Standards US Challenges on Akoma Ntoso Akoma Ntoso and LegalDocML TC-OASIS LegalRuleML TC -OASIS
Questions? Thanks for your attention. monica.palmirani@unibo.it