Australian History Series Workbook 5: The Australian Colonies sample

Australian History Series Workbook 5: Ages 10-11 years

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The Australian Colonies

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Acknowledgements i. Clip art images have been obtained from Microsoft Design G ery Live and are used under the terms of Gallery the End U Userr License Agreement for Microsoft Word 2000. Plea Please refer to www.microsoft.com/permission. colle collection, 1600 Carling © 2012 Ready-Ed eady-Ed Publications Publicat Publicati ns ii. Corel Corporation collect Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, Ca Canada K1Z 8R7.

Printed in n Australia

Title: Australian n History Series Ser WORKBOOK WORK ORK OOK 5 The he Australian A tralian Colonies

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Author: Lisa Craig i C i Illustrator: Alison Mutton

iii. Wikimedia Wiki di Commons.

C Perm Permission P is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. iv.

Front cover image: courtesy of National Library of Australia.

Portrait of four children, possibly of the Brabyn family, carrying toys [picture] / painted by N.[?] Smith by Smith, N., fl. 1845.

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Contents SECTION 1: ESTABLISHMENT ES BLISHM B OF BRITISH RITISH COLONIES British ritish Penal Pen Colonies Colo es Colon es Student Page Stt d t IInformation f ti P Activity Page Van Diemen’s Land – The Sister ster Colony Student Information Page Activity Page Macquarie Harbour Student Information Page Activity Page 1 Activity Page 2 Moreton Bay, Brisbane Student Information Page Activity Page

Develo ment of the Sheep Industry Development Student Studen Information nformation Page Activity A ti it Page The Economy and the on th Sheep Industry Student Information Informatio Page P Activity Page The Shearers' Strike Student Information Page Activity Page 1 Activity Page 2

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10 11 12 13 14

SECTION 2: COLONIAL LIFE AND PATTERNS OF SETTLEMENT Inland Settlements Student Information Page 16 Activity Page 17 A New Life at Bathurst Student Information Page 18 Activity Page 19 Daily Life in Bathurst Student Information Page 20 Activity Page 21 The Wiradjuri of Bathurst Student Information Page 22 Activity Page 23 Bathurst Settlement and the Environment Student Information Page 24 Activity Page 25 Gold Fever Hits Bathurst!

Student Information Page 26 Activity Page 27 SECTION 3: EVENTS THAT AFFECTED COLONIES Frontier Conflicts – The Pinjarra Battle Student Information Page Activity Page Expansion of the Colonies Student Information Page Activity Page Charles Sturt and Internal Exploration p Student Information Page ormation P ge Activity Page e Ludwig Leichhardt and Internall Exploration Student Information Page Activity Page

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SECTION 4: AUSTRALIAN MIGRANTS Assisted Passengers Student Information Page Activity Page 1 Activity Page 2 Indentured Labourers Student Information Page Activity Page Muslim Cameleers Student Information Page Activity Page Australian Migrants Student Information Page and Activity Page SECTION 5: GREAT AUSTRALIANS Caroline Chisholm (1808-1877) Student Information Page Activity Page 1 Activity Page 2 Louisa Lawson (1848-1920) Student Information Page Activity Page 1 Activity Page 2 Indigenous Guides and Trackers Student Information Page Activity Page 1 Activity Page 2

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45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

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This book, The Australian stralian Coloni Colonie Colonies, is written for 10 to 11 ye yyear old West t who h are studying t ying History and fi finding di o Australian students nding out about life in Australia during early colonial times. It also focuses on the role of important individuals and how various migrant groups have contributed to our history.

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The first section will help you develop an understanding of the reasons why Britain decided to establish colonies in Australia after 1800.

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The second section of the book investigate daily life in colonial Australia for Indigenous Australians and convicts, and explores the affect of colonialism on the environment.

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The third section of the book examines frontier conflict, internal exploration of Australia and the expansion of farming.

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The fourth section enables you to share the experiences of different Australian migrants, such as assisted passengers, indentured labourers and those escaping the Irish Potato Famine and the Highland Clearances.

It also examines the contributions of particular migrants in Australia.

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The final section of the book looks at the contributions that Caroline Chisholm, Louise Lawson and indigenous guides and trackers made in shaping the Australian colonies.

The activities in this book are designed to help you learn more about how your country has developed and some of the people and groups who have contributed to this - we hope you enjoy finding out about these important concepts.

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Section 1: Establishment of British Colonies

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Student Information Page

British Penal Colonies In the 17t 17th and 18th centuries, 17 enturies, convicted criminal crimina criminals in n Britain were ttransported ans orted to far-off ansp ff penal colonies colonie in different parts of Britain’s tain’s Empire.

Empire The Th British government wanted to criminals o separate crim nals from law-abiding citizens in society society. It wa was hoped that the harsh punishment of being transported would make people think twice before committing crimes, even petty ones such as stealing food or clothes. During the 17th and 18th centuries, penal colonies had been set up in Georgia in North America, Bermuda, Ghana, the Andaman Islands and Singapore. New South Wales became a British penal colony in 1788.

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Fleet of transports under convoy c. 1788 National Library of Australia

Transportation was also a way of dealing with the problem of overcrowding in prisons. This problem was so serious that old ships, called hulks, were converted into floating prisons. Once convicts had been transported, they were forbidden to step foot in the Old Country again, even after serving out their sentences. Petty criminals were not the only ones marked for transportation. Political opponents, Tolpuddle Martyrs, Irish rebel leaders, orphans, mutineers and pirates found themselves bound for Botany Bay. Other reasons for setting up penal colonies in Australia after 1800: •

The North American colonies refused to accept British convicts after the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Britain needed a remote place to keep sending its convicts.

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To gain control over the huge Australian territory and prevent other European powers, in particular France, from establishing colonies on the continent.

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To use Australia’s location to promote trade with Asian nations like China.

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Cheap convict labour could build infrastructures that the colony needed, such as: roads, bridges and public buildings. Convicts could be assigned to settlers to work on farms.

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Britain could benefit economically from the industries developed in the Australian colonies lian colo ies with w wit convict labour. New South Wales was already producing from cing fine wool ool fr from merino sheep and quality wine, and a thriving whaling and sealing industry dustry was operating around Bass Ba Strait.

Strait

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Between 1788 and 1868 more than 165,000 convicts were transported to the Australian colonies.

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Section 1: Establishment of British Colonies

Activity

Locate

British Penal Colonies Colour the places where Britain set up penal colonies. Page 6 p yyou. Draw lines to connect these colonies to Britain. will help

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Andaman Islands

1. Which penal colony was the furthest away from Britain? ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Why did Britain want to send its criminals to far-away places in the 19th century? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 3. How did the transportation of convicts to the Australian colonies help Britain in the 1800s? _______________________________________________________________________

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_______________________________________________________________________ ________ ______ ______ ____ _________________________________________ ________________________________________ 4. Why do you think orphans were transported along with convicts to New South Wales? _______________________________________________________________________ Section 1: Establishment of British Colonies

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Student Information Page

Van Diemen’s Land – The Sister Colony Byy 1803 there were more convicts than free settlers colony in n the co ny of o New South outh Wales. Keeping law order was a maj major concern for Governor King and nd orde King.

He decided that another colony should be er penal colon established in Van Diemen’s (Tasmania), men’s Land (Ta (T mania), where hardened criminals could be sent to separate eparate them e from the general convict population in Sydney. Van Diemen’s Land was considered a “sister colony” of Sydney. In 1804 Governor King gave LieutenantTown Governor David Collins the task of establishing Hobart Town as the new penal colony (see map right).

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The French Threat There was another reason for King’s decision to set up a penal colony rapidly in Van Diemen’s Land. The British wanted to make it clear to the French that they were not welcome on Australian shores. French explorers had been on mapping expeditions around the Australian coastline shortly after the first landing at Botany Bay in 1788. Like the British, the French were empire builders in search of new territories with resources to exploit. The French had also established penal colonies in remote places, but their interest in Van Diemen’s Land seemed to be more of a scientific nature. In 1793 Bruni D’Entrecasteaux, a French navigator, spent five weeks exploring the Derwent River and Huon Valley area of Tasmania.

Scientists made contact with local Indigenous Australians to learn about their way of life. They mapped the area and sketched fauna and flora. The French even left behind a walled vegetable and herb garden that they had cultivated at Recherche Bay.

Risdon Cove In 1803 Britain and France were at war. Napoleon’s navy was active in the Pacific Ocean and Governor King wanted to prevent the French from setting up a military base in Van Diemen’s Land, so he put the young Lieutenant John Bowen in charge of preparing Risdon Cove on the Derwent River for a penal settlement.

Almost immediately, Bowen ran into difficulties: • Crops could not be grown in the poor soil and water was in short supply.

• Free e settlers settler disagreed disag ed with Bowen’s administration of the colony. disagr • Dangerous ngerous convicts onvict stole a boat and escaped from Risdon Cove.

Lieutenant Governor David Collins arrived in 1804 and ordered the Risdon Cove site to be closed. The first penal colony would be at Hobart Town under his command.

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Section 1: Establishment of British Colonies

Activity

Write

Van Diemen’s Land – The Sister Colony R Write Governor King’s reasons for setting up a penal colony in the space around him.

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We need a penal colony in Van Diemen's land because …

Wikimedia Commons

R Do you think any one reason was more important than the others? Circle the reason that you think is the most important and share your choice with classmates.

1. Explain why the first attempt to set up a penal settlement at Risdon Cove failed. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2. How did French explorers increase their knowledge about Van Diemen’s Land during their expeditions to the island? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______ _____ _________________________________________ ________

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3. Why might the FFrench explorers have created a walled vegetable garde garden at i ht th Recherche Bay? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Section 1: Establishment of British Colonies

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Student Information Page

Macquarie Harbour The pena penal settle p se settlement at Macquarie Harbour, Macquarie Harbour jailers lock on situated ituated o n the west coast oast of Van Diemen’s the sullen gates no more …

Land, had earned the reputation of being ei a lash strokes sound in every shock butt lash-strokes place of horror. Its inmates “some ates were “som e of the of ocean oon the dismal rocks most incorrigible criminals Kingdom”. nals of the Kin gdom”. along that tha barren shore.

During the 11 years that Macquarie Harbour

By Rex Ingamell operated as a penal station (1822-1833), 1,150 men and 30 women served out their sentences behind its “sullen gates”.

This is a Ready-Ed d Publications' ns book preview. e A Perfect Place For a Prison The main part of the Macquarie Harbour prison was situated on Sarah Island with other facilities on nearby islands. The prisons could only be reached by sea through a passage called “Hell’s Gate”. This route was dangerous due to the strong currents and rocks. The site was surrounded by rugged wilderness and was 240 kilometres away from the nearest settlement at Hobart Town. The British claimed that Macquarie Harbour was escape-proof.

Convicts at Macquarie Harbour were there to work and be reformed. The Huon pine forests near the colony provided timber to build more than 120 ships of all sizes for the British government. The diagram below shows other types of convict work carried out at the penal station.

CONVICT WORK Hard labour • • • • •

Chain gang with leg irons Cutting and hauling trees Road building Crushing rocks Ploughing land without oxen

Skilled • • • • •

Blacksmiths Carpenters Gardeners Ship builders Overseers

Females • • • • •

Servants to officers Laundry work Seamstresses Nurses in prison hospital Cooks, bakers

Punishment If convicts behaved well and worked hard during their time at Macquarie Harbour, they cou could from d earn rewards like conditional pardons or paid work fro settlers. For would severe – or those who w ould uld not be disciplined, the punishments were se floggings of more than 50 lashes confi l h and d solitary l finement in a tiny windowless d cell for a month at a time with reduced rations of food. Convict women were also flogged and had their heads shaved.

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Section 1: Establishment of British Colonies

Macquarie Harbour 1

Activity

1. Read the verse from Rex Ingamell’s poem Macquarie Harbour on page 10. Look up the meanings of 'sullen', 'lash', 'dismal' and 'barren'. Describe the atmosphere that the h poet po t wanted wa bour bour. to create about Macquarie Ha Harbour.

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. ________________________ __ _______________________________________________________________________ ____________ ____________________ __________________ _______________________________________________________________________ it ffor establishing t bli hi penal stations?

2. Why was Macquarie Harbour an ideall site

_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

Convicts

R Answer the questions below using the information on page 10 and the image below by Lempriere, showing convicts on Philip’s Island in Macquarie Harbour (c. 1828).

Allport Library and Museum of Fine Arts, Tasmanian Archive and Heritage Office

3. Do you think these convicts had committed serious crimes? What evidence do you have for your answer? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. Why would it have been difficult to escape from the Philip’s Island penal site? __________________________________________________________________ _______ _____ ________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________ Use an internet mapping tool to visit the Sarah Island penal site.

The coordinates are: 42.387889°S 145.448611°E. Section 1: Establishment of British Colonies

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Macquarie Harbour 2

Activity

R Read about the amazing and bloodcurdling escape from the Sarah Island penal station in 1822 by the Irish convict Alexander Pearce.

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November 25th 1824 Novemb 824

hed our shores Shocking news has reached men’s Land.

Land from Hobart in Van Diemen’s Our journalist has chilling details about the capture and execution of the “cannibal convict” Alexander Pearce.

There was nothing to indicate that the young Irishman standing in the docks of the Supreme Court in Hobart had “banqueted on human flesh.” Pearce was an ordinary looking man of 34 years with brown hair, hazel eyes, skin pockpitted, and a mere 5 foot 3¼ inches tall.

Two years ago, Pearce escaped with seven other convicts from the Sarah Island penal station, whose reputation as a hellhole is known to all in the civilised world.

For nine weeks Pearce and his companions tackled the harsh terrain of cool rainforests and mountains on their escape route towards Hobart Town. Not used to living off the land, the starving convicts turned on each other.

One by one, weaker convicts were an their flesh killed as they slept and devoured. Finally it came down to just Greenhill and Pearce. After eight sleepless nights, Pearce found Greenhill napping and killed him with an axe.

Pearce stumbled upon a settled area and was taken in by an ex-convict who knew nothing of Pearce’s murderous ways. Pearce soon returned to his life of petty crime and stole sheep and robbed farms on the outskirts of Hobart. When captured by police, no-one believed that Pearce had stayed alive by eating his companions! The convict was simply returned to Macquarie Harbour.

A few months later Pearce made another bid for freedom with Thomas Cox, but it only lasted 11 days. When Pearce was recaptured he had human remains in his pocket and confessed to killing Cox. On July 19th this year, Pearce was hanged in the yard of Hobart Town Gaol. His body was given to doctors for medical dissection.

1. Why do you think it would have been hard for the convict escapees to find food? _______________________________________________________________________ 2. Why wasn’t Pearce hanged after his first escape from Sarah Island in 1822? _______________________________________________________________________ 3. Why do you event ou tthink that thiss e e t made ade tthe e news e s in tthe e New e York o Chronicle C o c e in 1824?

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_______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________ _

Extra 12

Create a WANTED poster for Pearce on another sheet of paper, based on the description in the news article. Police offered a £10 reward for his capture.

Section 1: Establishment of British Colonies

Student Information Page

Moreton Bay, Brisbane The h Jaggera Ja gera g and Turrbal rrbal Aboriginal clans had m made de river,r, creeks, the riv cre ks, ks, mangroves mangroves and islands of Moreton Mor on Bay their 10,000 years. They h traditionall home for over 10 000 year years h MORETON BAY lived well off the shellfi ellfi fish, fish and an birds that flourished Redcliffe in its waterways. Captain and Matthew Flinders ptain Cook an had observed the presence of Indigenous Australians in the area during their voyages of exploration along Australia’s east coast in the late 18th century. In 1824, Brisbane the surveyor John Oxley explored more than 80 kilometres of the Brisbane River. Oxley proposed that Brisbane River the fertile soil, ready supply of timber for building and abundance of fresh water would make Moreton Bay an ideal place for a convict colony. Redcliffe was the first site chosen for the colony (see map), but it was abandoned in 1825 for the more reliable water supply found at Brisbane.

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The Moreton Bay Penal Establishment The Brisbane penal colony was offlimits to free settlers. It was forbidden to come within 80 kilometres of the walled prison. Like Macquarie Harbour, Moreton Bay was the destination for convicts from Sydney who had repeatedly committed crimes. From 1825 to 1839 about 2,200 men and 135 women were transported to Moreton Bay.

Convict Barracks, Moreton Bay 1832 Wikimedia Commons

The early commanding officers of Moreton Bay did not make much progress and were soon replaced. In 1826 Captain Patrick Logan took charge and declared that under his command convicts would be well-disciplined. He was known to have ordered floggings with 150 lashes for convicts who did not want to work.

Logan quickly developed the penal site by: •

planting acres of cornfields to supply food for the penal colony;

•

building today. lding a ccommissariat m mmis ariat store and windmill, which hich are still in use tod

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On October 17th 1830, Captain Logan was killed by Indigenous Australi Australians tober 17 h 1830 183 as he was exploring the upper reaches Brisbane River. Hi His party h had h off the h B ib Ri been warned to leave the area by Indigenous Australians because they were trespassing on traditional hunting grounds.

Section 1: Establishment of British Colonies

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Activity

Moreton Bay, Brisbane R Highlight the different penal stations mentioned in the poem.

MORETON BAY

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1. What did the he convict miss about his homeland? homelan l ?

One Sunday m morning orning ass I w went nt walking

by Brisbane waters I chanced tto stray, t I heard a convict his fate bewailing iling as on the sunny river bank I lay. y.

I am a native from Erin's island but banished now from my native shore, they stole me from my aged parents and from the maiden I do adore.

_____________________________________ ___________________ _____________________________________ 2. Make a list of the cruel punishments this convict received at Moreton Bay.

I've been a prisoner at Port Macquarie, at Norfolk Island and Emu Plains, at Castle Hill and at cursed Toongabbie, at all these settlements I've been in chains.

But of all places of condemnation and penal stations in New South Wales, to Moreton Bay I have found no equal, excessive tyranny each day prevails.

_____________________________________ _____________________________________ R Use the information on page 13 to answer these questions.

For three long years I was beastly treated, and heavy irons on my legs I wore, my back from flogging was lacerated and oft times painted with my crimson gore.

And many a man from downright starvation lies mouldering now underneath the clay and Captain Logan he had us mangled all at the triangles of Moreton Bay.

3. Why was Moreton Bay a good site for a penal colony? _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________

Like the Egyptians and ancient Hebrews we were oppressed under Logan's yoke, till a native black lying there in ambush did deal this tyrant his mortal stroke.

My fellow prisoners be exhilarated that all such monsters such a death may find and when from bondage we are liberated our former sufferings will fade from mind.

_____________________________________ _____________________________________ 4. Why were settlers forbidden to come within 80 kilometres of the penal site? _____________________________________

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_____________________________________ ______________________________

HOLD A DEBATE 14

Was Captain Logan a “cruel tyrant� or was he simply doing a difficult job?

Section 1: Establishment of British Colonies

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Section 2: Colonial Life and Patterns of Settlements

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Student Information Page

Inland Settlements The pena penal colon p ccolony at Sydney dney expanded rapidly in th tthe 1800s as more free set settlers Europe boarded oarded ships hips iin Eur Eu pe to make a new life in the wilds ilds of Australia. Land bour and adventure tu were the big attractions. Free settlers, grants, free convict labour merchants and pardoned formed ed convicts fo med a society that soo soon wanted to have more say in the way that at the colony was as being administered by its military governors.

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The increase in population also meant that more food had to be produced. Settlers and ex-convicts wanted to find good farming land further away from the Port Jackson area, but the steep cliffs of the Blue Mountains to the Scene in the Blue Mountains west were an impassable barrier. No European National Library of Australia explorer had been able to find a way over the Blue Mountains, which formed part of the Great Dividing Range.

On the 11th May 1813, Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworth set out from St Marys in Sydney’s west, to find a way over the Blue Mountains (with the permission of Governor Lachlan Macquarie). They were better prepared than earlier explorers for the task and took an indigenous guide with them and a six-week supply of food. After 21 days, the party reached the top of Mount Blaxland. From there, the explorers found what they had been searching for. Blaxland wrote in his journal in 1823, “All around, forest or grass land, sufficient in extent … to support the stock of the colony for the next thirty years”. The colony’s settlers celebrated when they heard the good news.

The crossing of the Blue Mountains allowed settlers to move into the western plains of New South Wales. In 1815, Governor Macquarie declared that Bathurst would be the first inland settlement and ordered a road to be built with convict labour through the mountains. Macquarie described the Bathurst site as, “One of the finest landscapes I have ever visited … the soil is uncommonly good and fertile fit for every purpose of cultivation and pasture, being extremely well-watered red and thinly t inly wooded”. The explorer explorer expl er William Wi Wil am George Evans was amazed at, “the exceedingly large fish that are caught in the river”.

Bathurst

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Blue Mountains

Section 2: Colonial Life and Patterns of Settlement

St Mary' Mary's Parramatta

Sydney

Activity

Inland Settlements

1. Why did the settlers in the Port Jackson area celebrate when they heard that Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson had crossed the Blue Mountains?

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. ________ _____ __ ____ ___ __ ________________________ _______________________ _____________________________ ___________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ he indigenous indigenou guide helped the explor explo 2. How do you think the explorers on the crossing?

_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

3. The Sydney Gazette newspaper published proclamations (or announcements) from Governor Macquarie that informed settlers of important events in the colony. Write Macquarie’s proclamation declaring Bathurst as the first inland settlement of New South Wales. Your proclamation should include Macquarie’s reasons for choosing Bathurst and the advantages that the area offered for settlers.

SYDNEY GAZETTE

Proclamation by his excellency Lachlan Macquarie __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ____ _______ _ _____ _________________________________________ __________________

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__________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________ __ __________________________________________________________________

God save the King.

Section 2: Colonial Life and Patterns of Settlement

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Student Information Page

A New Life at Bathurst Hous Houses

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Many of tthe e fre free settlers sett rs who made their way to sett Bathurst and the western New ern plains off N w South ms in the Sydn Wales already had farms Sydneyy area. They were looking for opportunities t iti tto expand and thei their farming ventures. The wide open plains were ideal for growing grain and raising sheep and cattle. Convict labour was used to clear land, build roads and erect houses for the pastoralists and their farm workers and servants. Wealthy landowners constructed Georgian style homes in brick, stone or hardwood timber with wide verandahs as shown in the image above.

Settlers with smaller land grants, many of whom were exconvicts, built their one or two-roomed homes from what natural materials they could find in the area. Their simple huts were made using the wattle and daub technique.

A wooden frame was built and the walls were latticed with acacia sticks. Mud mixed with dry straw was then plastered on the walls. The floor consisted of slabs of stone or flattened earth.

What Did the Settlers Eat? It took four days to travel by horse from Bathurst to Sydney Town in the 1830s and longer by ox and cart over the rough-cut mountain roads. Settlers had to depend on the food that they could grow on their farms and the plants and animals available in the region.

Food produced or bought by farmers • beef, mutton and pork (salted or dried to preserve the meat) • flour to make damper, potatoes • tea, honey, sugar • rum, wine, beer made from locally grown hops

Local fauna and flora • • • •

black swans, ducks, geese, pigeons kangaroos, emus, possums fish, eels, freshwater crayfish quandong, native cherry, wild tomato

In the 1850s rabbits, hares and fallow deer were introduced into the Australian environment.

They thrive thrived pastures ment. The d living in the woodlands and grain-growing past pas st Settle ed d hunting these animals as it reminded them of their of Bathurst.

Settlerss enjo enjoyed life in the Old Country and added a different flavour to the cooking pot.

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Section 2: Colonial Life and Patterns of Settlement

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A New Life at Bathurst

Activity

1. How did assigned convict labour help the early settlers at Bathurst? _______________________________________________________________________

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_______________________________________________________________________ ________ ______ ____ ___ ________________________ _______________________ ____________________________ ___________________________ 2. Compare a wealthy landowner’s h house ouse with the house of o a small farm owner. Draw sketches of the houses ses under the headings. eadings.

Wealthy Landowner

Farmer

Description of house

Description of house

__________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ T Imagine that you are a wealthy settler hosting a dinner party for an important public figure from Sydney Town. Prepare a menu to impress your guest based on the food resources produced on your farm and those available from the Bathurst district.

MENU

Section 2: Colonial Life and Patterns of Settlement

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Student Information Page

Daily Life in Bathurst Settle sset abo Settlers about building ding a future on the land for fo themselves hemselves an and their day’s hard work in the fi elds, making children. hildren. After fter a day’ day fields, mak g clothes or preserving ffruits, i there h h id was some time left for leisure activitie activities. Th The B Bathurst countryside provided pastimes such rocks h as collecting butterflies and moths, moths collecting c that contained gems and nd fossils and going oing for a dip in a loca local waterhole.

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Children in the 1800s loved toys, nursery rhymes and games just as much as children do today. People believed at this time though that games should be educational.

This is why board games often focused on teaching science, history, geography and religion. Books were still quite rare in the colony and would have only been found in the homes of wealthy free settlers. Poorer settlers may not have known how to read and education was not compulsory for children.

Other Popular Games and Pastimes • •

Card games and jigsaw puzzles Hopscotch and follow the leader

• • •

Playing quoits and skittles Making scrapbooks Playing jacks (knucklebones)

• • •

Playing with tin and clockwork toys Skipping, hula-hoops Making wooden pullalong toys

Clothing Women on homesteads had the job of making clothes for the family. Hard-wearing fabrics like calico, denim and muslin were used so that clothes lasted longer. The Bathurst climate meant that farmers had to work outdoors in the hot, dry summer and the cold, icy conditions of winter. Cotton shirts and trousers kept them cool in summer and for winter a woollen jacket and hat were added.

National Library of Australia

In the 19th century, children’s clothing was a miniature version of what their parents wore.

Boys aand g girls Wealthier ore. Boy rls wore frocks with pantaloons oons underneath. Wea We settlers could ord order cotton ould affo d to o der items from Sydney Town such as silk and cott stockings, ffancy vests and wool frock coats with tails. Women wore long sk skirts, blouses and lace-up boots. They would carry parasols to protect them from the hot sun and wore bonnets for church and decorated hats for social occasions.

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Section 2: Colonial Life and Patterns of Settlement

Activity

Games and t Pastimes

Daily Life in Bathurst R Look at the games and pastimes on page 20 that were popular with the Bathurst settlers and complete the following following. in the 1800s an

This is a Ready-Ed R Publications' book p preview.

1. Make a list of the activities that tha are still popular today today. Use a dictionary to help you with unfamiliar words. familiar word Leisure activities that are still popular today

2. How have games and pastimes changed over the last 200 years? Give some examples to support your answer. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. Suggest two reasons for settlers’ clothes being made out of long-lasting fabrics.

• ______________________________________________________________________ • ______________________________________________________________________ 4. Study the image of the children (right). In what ways are they dressed to look like small adults? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ National Library of Australia 5. Do you think that the clothing of the early settlerss wa suited was su ed to the e he climate and environment nt of Bathur Bathurst?

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_______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________ __ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Section 2: Colonial Life and Patterns of Settlement

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Student Information Page

The Wiradjuri of Bathurst The Wirad Wiradjuri W uri p u people have lived in the “Badri” Badri area area, which is now known as overr 40 40,000 goanna.

Bathurst, athurst, for or ov 00 years. Their totem is the g oanna. Wiradjuri territory is the New South rivers: the Macquarie, h llargest iin N S th Wales and is bordered b by three h i h M i the Lachlan and the Murrumbidgee. urrumbidgee When Europeans began urrumbidgee. bega settling at Bathurst, an estimated 12,000 Wirad Wiradjuri wide territory. ri were living in the wid

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The Wiradjuri built simple huts from the softened bark of trees. When they moved on to another part of their territory to hunt, they constructed new shelters. The name “Badri” means “a cold, frosty place”. During winter months people would seek shelter in the various caves and overhanging rock ledges Simple bush shelter found around Bathurst. European settlers marvelled at the possum-skin coats that the Wiradjuri wore to keep them warm.

The Wiradjuri feasted on a varied diet provided by their surroundings. The rivers, creeks and billabongs teemed with fish and water fowl. Nutritious tubers and lilies grew in the waterways. Kangaroos and emus grazed on the grassy plains and the many species of eucalyptus and acacia trees supplied flowers filled with nectar. Honeycombs were the Wiradjuri’s special treat. The plants and trees also produced natural bush medicines like ground bark for toothaches and ferns to relieve stings. Food was cooked by roasting on hot coals and shared in a family group around the campfire.

Wiradjuri children spent part of their day learning Dreaming stories and bushcrafts from their Elders. They were given different responsibilities such as fetching water, digging for yams or looking for ant larvae. They enjoyed playing games made from objects near their campsite. Balls made from sewn kangaroo skins were thrown and kicked in team games. Ropes made from fibres were used for skipping. Hide and seek was played with a special object such as an animal claw. To prepare boys for their role as hunters, spear and boomerang throwing competitions were held.

Bathurst and its plains were the life-blood of the Wiradjuri. The people had a deep knowledge of the land and managed its resources for future generations.

The Bathurst settlers’ first encounters with the Wiradjuri urst rst settl uri were friendly and soon Wiradjuri words m made their borrowed ade th ir way into Australian English. Among the borrow words are:

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kookaburra kookaburra

22

corella cockatoo

boggi blue-tongue skink

Section 2: Colonial Life and Patterns of Settlement

billabong waterhole

quandong native peach

The Wiradjuri of Bathurst

Activity

1. How was the lifestyle of the Wiradjuri different to the settlers? Complete the table with notes.

This Thi T i is is is a Ready Ready-Ed R d Ed Ed Publications Publications' P bli ti ' book preview. e Settlers

Leisure

Diet

Shelter

Wiradjuri

2. Apart from food, give three examples of things from the environment that the Wiradjuri used in their daily lives.

3. What did the Wiradjuri Elders teach their children? ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________ ____ ______ _ ___________________________ __

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________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Section 2: Colonial Life and Patterns of Settlement

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Student Information Page

Bathurst Settlement and the Environment From 181 1815 to 1824 18 1 an area of 100 kilometres by 200 2 20 kilometres Bathurst. kilometre ilometre was cleared ear d for pastures around Bathu t. The early settlers built fences ces around theirr p properties tto keep their livestock from straying. aying. Farms ccovered vered traditional Wiradjuri hunting grounds cattle and sheep used the unds and cattl watering holes. Carved trees that marked the burial sites of Wiradjuri ancestors were also chopped down or destroyed in bushfires. Some settlers found it difficult to understand that sacred sites on their farms had to be visited by Wiradjuri people for clan meetings and ceremonies. It was not long before violent conflicts occurred.

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How Settlement Changed the Bathurst Landscape With the increase in settlers in the Bathurst region, the ancient Wiradjuri practices of managing the land through fire-stick farming began to die out.

Fire-stick farming was useful for two reasons: •

After setting fires, the grasses grew back quickly and more abundantly. New shoots appeared on plants and seeds opened to generate more trees. This new plant growth provided food for people, animals and birds.

•

The practice of fire-stick farming helped to prevent bushfires.

The settlers were quick to put out fires caused by lightning strikes and to stop the Wiradjuri from practicing fire-stick farming. They were afraid of losing their homes, crops and livestock. However, one result of this decrease in fires was the dying out of trees along the floodplains of rivers and an increase in soil erosion.

Other Changes to the Bathurst Environment

24

•

Settlers introduced species such as rabbits, hares, foxes and domestic cats and dogs. Cats, dogs and foxes preyed on native animals such as wallabies, possums and bilbies.

•

European species of trees and plants like willow, poplar and blackberry were planted on farms and along riverbanks as windbreaks. These species pushed out native trees so habitats for native animals and birds were lost as well as fruit, seeds and bush medicines. Matted willow roots along g riverbanks caused problems blems for platypuses latyp ses trying to build burrows.

•

The hard hooves of sheep plant life at watering heep and cattle trampled the delicate de w holes and creeks, destroying the habitats of small animals, insects and reptiles.

•

Hunting native animals and birds for sport led to a decrease in their numbers.

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s s'

Activity

Settlement and the Environment

Consequences q

R Complete the flow diagrams to show the consequences of the development of the Bathurst q p An example has been done for you. area in the 1800s. A

This T his is a Ready-Ed R y Publications' bo ook o o preview. w w.

Large flocks of sheep competed d with kangaroos for food.

Kan aroos moved Kangaroos away awa to live in more thickly forested areas.

The kangaroos were more difficult for the Wiradjuri to hunt.

Settlers planted willows as windbreaks on farms.

Cattle gathered in large numbers around billabongs to drink.

The practice of firestick farming was stopped by settlers.

1. Why did the Wiradjuri ignore fences around settlers’ properties? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2. What lessons can we learn today from the experience at Bathurst in the 1800s about looking after our environment?

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_______________________________________________________________________ ________ _______ ______________________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Section 2: Colonial Life and Patterns of Settlement

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Student Information Page

Gold Fever Hits Bathurst!

The first rrumours m mou about ut gold go finds near Bathurst began b gan circulating in the colony co when James ecks of gold in n 1823 w en JJa mes O’Brien ’Brien found tiny fl flecks g d in the Fish River. Governor Thomas Brisbane kept this news ews from the gener general population because he feared f that there would be a convict revolt. numbers of people revolt Gold rushes sent huge n flocking to an area to make their fort fortune. often resulted in ne. This gold frenzy oft lawlessness that was difficult for authorities to control.

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Edward Hargraves Edward Hargraves had recently returned from the gold rushes in California and learned various methods of prospecting for gold such as panning, cradling and excavation. He made comparisons between the Californian and Bathurst landforms and believed that gold could be found in the region’s rivers. On February 12th 1851, Hargraves was prospecting around the Lewis Pond Creek area with John Lister and James Tom. He found a few nuggets of gold and named the site Ophir.

Within days, news of the gold find attracted people to the Ophir area. In June 1851 more than 2,000 diggers camped along creeks and the road over the Blue Mountains was packed with cartloads of miners on their way to Ophir. People from How did Bathurst develop all walks of life were willing to live in tents after the discovery of gold? or sleep in the open to strike it rich.

• Bathurst became the national Most people returned home emptyheadquarters of the Cobb & handed from Ophir. Some disappointed Co. coach transport company diggers insulted Edward Hargraves and in 1862. tried to mob him. Hargraves did not find much gold either, but he had been given a handsome £10,000 reward for his discovery. Finding gold at Bathurst began the rush to find gold in other parts of Australia. Diggers with gold fever soon bundled up their tents to race southwards to the goldrush towns ldrush drus to wns of Bendigo and wn Ballarat in Victoria. n Victoria

•

The Main Western Railway from Sydney was extended to Bathurst in 1876.

•

A coal-mining industry developed.

•

People p decided to stayy in the towns Bathurst area and new tow better were established with bett roads. Private and public schools were built.

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26

Section 2: Colonial Life and Patterns of Settlement

Activity

Gold Fever Hits Bathurst!

R Read this letter printed in the Maitland News in August 1851. Highlight the difficulties that Mr. Smith faced on the goldfields at Turon River.

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Mr. Smith, Mr Smit of Smi of the th Falls Falls writes to his wife as follows: "Tur Fall "Turon n River River, Bathurst August 17th 17th. I take yo and nd send you a li little of the pr this opportunity to send a letter to you, produce which gold digging d come here; wh w yields. You say you would whatt do you think I could do w with you in such a place? I 'l n the morning, and climb tthe rocks before day-light know you could not get upp att ttwo o'clock in with me, which we are obliged to do in order to find more profitable places to dig in. You have no idea what this place is like, or you would not for a moment think of such a thing. I am very well contented with what I am doing. I am getting from £1 to £3 per week, and more, and I see others who are running about from place to place doing nothing, while some are making £2 per day. But as long as I can get what I do at present, neither cold, wet weather, or the hard work, will drive me away. We expect to leave this place soon for a new digging, forty miles distant, which is just found out. If we do go I will write from there as soon as possible. Our reason for shifting is this; there are so many coming here from the upper diggings and from all parts that there is no room to move…”

1. Was Mr. Smith disappointed with the amount of gold that he had found? Quote from the letter to support your answer. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2. Finish this sentence with your opinion.

Mr. Smith had / did not have gold fever because … ______________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 3. Read the information on page 26. Why were earlier reports of gold finds in the Bathurst region kept a secret from the public? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______ ______ ________ _____ _________________________________________

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4. How did transport improve rove in Bathurst after the discovery sco of gold in the 1850s? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Section 2: Colonial Life and Patterns of Settlement

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Section 33: Events That Affected Colonies

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Student Information Page

Frontier Conflicts – The Pinjarra Battle From o tthe e first rs years of European settlement in Australia, A stralia, stra clashe oke out between Indigenous A Au tralians and clashes had b broken Australians l i A h h art off the h confl flicts flicts was the land lla d and d its i colonists.

At the heart resources. When the Australia e Swan River ccolony ony of Western Austra Australi was founded in 1829, Nyungar people saw colonists 9, the Nyunga moving into their ancient territory with i h cattle l and d sheep h ((see map right). Led by Yagan, the Nyungar began to fight for their land and the resources that they needed to survive.

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Perth

Swan River

Canning River

Pinjarra Territory

Growing Tensions From 1830 to 1834 reaction

Colonists hunted wildlife for food.

Colonists built fences and farm buildings.

Soldiers issued flour rations to Nyungars.

Three Nyungars arrested for theft. Sent to Fremantle for trial. Found guilty and flogged in public.

Nyungar hunted farm animals. reaction Nyungar used firestick farming. Crops and farm buildings destroyed.

Nyungar men stole 445 kilograms of flour from reaction Shenton Mill.

Calyute plans revenge for flogging by trying to reaction ambush Thomas Peel, an influential colonist. Killed Nesbitt, a soldier instead. Nyungar people go into hiding..

Thomas Peel wanted to develop fertile land deep in Nyungar territory at Pinjarra.

Governor Stirling, with mounted police, accompanied Peel to survey this land.

Captain Ellis was sent with troopers to talk to a group of Indigenous Australians spotted near a river bank. Ellis recognised some of the Nyungars involved in Nesbitt’s death. Stirling surrounded the Nyungar campsite with troopers and on hearing Ellis’ signal that they were indeed Nyungar, opened fire. The exact death toll on the 28th October 1834 is not known. Stirling’s report to the British authorities stated that about 15 warriors were killed, but no women and children. Ellis was to die two weeks later from a spear wound. Nyungar people maintain that many more people lost their lives that day, including women and children.

Consequences of the Pinjarra Battle •

The death of so many Nyungar people meant that the totem animals and lants of these t es ese people people could not be eaten for a year so food sources were w plants mited. Rival Ri al clans clan challenged the weakened Nyungar. limited.

•

The Nyungars came to with t a truce t ith the th colonists. l i t Both B th sides id agreed d not to provoke or harm each other. After some time, the Nyungar began to work for colonists on the land that once belonged to them.

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• Section 3: Events That Affected Colonies

29

Activity

Frontier Conflicts – The Pinjarra Battle

T Put the needs of the Nyungar and the British settlers in the Venn diagram.

T Thi i a Ready-Ed Ed d Publicati Publicationss s' book preview. pre e Nyungar

Settlers

Shade on the diagram the needs that the Nyungar and settlers had in common.

R Use the Venn diagram above and the information on page 29 to help you answer the questions.

1. What caused the conflicts between the Nyungar and the Swan River colonists? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2. Complete the sentence with your opinion on the punishment given to the Nyungar men after the Shenton Mill incident.

I think / don’t think that the Nyungar men were punished fairly because … _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

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3. Why did Governo Governor Stirlin Stirling’s ’ss troopers open fire on the Nyungar at Pinjarra?

_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 30

Section 3: Events That Affected Colonies

Student Information Page

Expansion of the Colonies

T

Byy 1820 182 most m of the mos e available land within a 250 kilometre ilometre reach of Sydne Sydney had been ttaken ken up up for fo farming arming and grazing. Governor Govern r Darling tried to stop settlers occupying land beyond boundary because it was almost yond the 250 kilometre lo boun impossible to police e these areas. Settlers ettlers in remote place places could be attacked

by Indigenous Australians menaced convicts and bushrangers. ralians or men ced by escaped convict convic Darling’s efforts to control new settlements outside the set boundary, however, were not successful.

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Influential and well-respected pastoralists pushed further into the interior of the country in search of more land to claim for their sheep-runs and cattle.

Squatters established cattle stations on Crown Land without any legal right to own the property. Darling knew it would be difficult to remove these pastoralists.

In 1836 the government passed the “Squatting Act,” which gave squatters the opportunity to settle on land beyond the boundaries for an annual licence fee of £10.

Why Was Colonisation Expanding Throughout Australia?

After the 1820s, settlers were moving into new areas of the colony of New South Wales at a rapid rate. News had reached Britain and other European nations that Australia was the land of opportunity for “hardworking men”. Ships regularly arrived at Australian ports with assisted and non-assisted migrants, who hoped to start a new life away from the social and political problems in Europe at the time. There was also a call to end the “hateful lash” of convict transportation to the Australian colonies.

Migrants were attracted to the Australian colonies because of: •

the exploration of the interior of the Australian continent which opened up new areas for settlement;

•

the growth of new settlements at Port Phillip Bay in Victoria, the Swan River in Western Australia and Adelaide in South Australia;

•

the development he develo pment of the sheep-grazing industry, which was booming in the low-rainfall he low-ra nfall regions rregions ions of the colony. The colony had already earned the reputation of producing first-class l fine merino wool;l

•

the discovery of gold and other valuable minerals.

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31

Expansion of the Colonies

Activity Settlement

T Complete the annotations on this map using information about settlement p patterns in the 1820s and 1830s on p page g 31.

This T hi is i a Ready-Ed Publications' s book b kp preview preview. r e It was d dangerous tto set settle outside the 250km llimit because … lim

For 10 pounds F d squatters could …

gR rlin

_____________________

Da

_____________________

hR ag ere stl Ca eR uari Maq an R Bog

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________ Lachlan R

_____________________ Murrumbidgee R

Settlers moved further inland because …

Mur

ray R

Sydney

_____________________ _____________________ Most of Sydney's farming land …

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

1. Why couldn’t Governor Darling stop pastoralists settling outside the boundaries that he had set? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2. What attracted people to migrate to the Australian colonies in the 1800s? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 3. Why was the shee sheep-grazing p graz ng industry growing in the new colony colony?

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_______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________ __ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 32

Section 3: Events That Affected Colonies

Student Information Page

Charles Sturt and Internal Exploration John O Oxley, xley, tthe surveyor-general veyor-general of New South Wales, was convinced thatt a huge convin ed th uge inland sea existed in the heart eart of the continent. In 1818 18 he tried to navigate na the Macquarie River to its source. His journey en ended ed in an impassable se sea of reeds that was named Macquarie amed the Mac uarie Marshes. Captain Charles Sturt (see image right) was given the task by Governor Darling to finish Oxley’s work. Between 1828 and 1846, Sturt led expeditions into the interior of Australia with the aim of solving two mysteries:

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• •

National Library Did an inland sea really exist in the heart of the of Australia Australian continent?

Where did the western rivers of New South Wales flow into the sea?

Timeline for Sturt’s Expeditions 1828-1829 Followed the Macquarie River to the Macquarie Marshes. Headed north, then west to cross the Castlereagh and Bogan rivers. Explored a flowing river (The Darling) for 64 kilometres until it turned into a dry riverbed.

1829-1830 Traced the Murrumbidgee River until it joined with the Murray River.

Discovered that the Murray flowed into the ocean at Lake Alexandrina.

Sturt and his party had rowed over 2,900 kilometres along the rivers.

1838

Sturt trekked overland from Sydney to Adelaide with 300 head of cattle in 40 days. He proved that the “Hume” River was actually the Murray River.

1844-1846 Last attempt to find inland sea. Followed the Darling River to Milparinka to head into central Australia. Discovered the Grey, Stokes and Barrier Ranges, the Diamantina River and Eyre and Cooper Creeks. Pressed on to the Stony (now Sturt) Desert and reached the Simpson Desert. Could not pass the nine-metre high sand hills so Sturt was forced to turn back to Adelaide.

Sturt’s Contribution to Australian Exploration Sturt’s expeditions added greatly to the geographical knowledge of Australia. He settled the question once and for all that there was no inland sea, only immense inland deserts. He found that the Darling and Murrumbidgee both ran into the Murray River and that the Murray emptied into the Southern Ocean at Lake Alexandrina. He navigated the rivers by boat and demonstrated that people and goods could exploring but oods cou d be ttransported nsported on these waterways. Sturt loved explo he paid for his discoveries. He almost lost his sight and suff d a high price rice fo ffered illhealth for the rest of his llife. death his right-hand man f He also l witnessed d the h d h off h h h and friend, James Poole, from scurvy on the trek back from the heart of Australia.

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33

Activity

Charles Sturt and Internal Exploration

Sturt's Expeditions T Using diff ffere ff er ntt erent colour olour d pen pe cils: coloured pencils: - Trace the route of Sturt’s urt s u first expedition 1828-1829.

- Label and shade the Macquarie Marshes.

- Trace the route of Sturt’s second expedition 18291830.

- Label Lake Alexandrina.

gR rlin

hR ag ere stl Ca eR uari Maq an R Bog

is a Ready-Ed eady-Ed Publication Publications' s bo o .

Da

T

Bathurst

Sydney Lachlan R

Murrumbidgee R Mur

ray R

1. Why was it important for the colony that the western rivers could be navigated? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Sturt used a notebook to record what he observed each day, for example: “Great heat. Seldom under 100 °F (38° C) at noon. Relays of natives still following".

2. Study the painting by J. Macfarlane, then write Sturt’s notes about this day’s events. __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________

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__________________________________ _________________________ __________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________

Sturt threatened by Aborigines at the junction of the Murray and Darling (c.1890).

__________________________________

National Library of Australia

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Section 3: Events That Affected Colonies

Student Information Page

Ludwig Leichhardt and Internal Exploration The Colonial Office would not g give Ludwig g Leichh rdt th tthe e au orisation that he needed fo Leichhardt authorisation for an expedition from Brisbane near exped on ffr mB sbane to Port Essington, nea ne Darwin. The determined ined explorer decided ecided that he would organise and fund his o own n expedition expedition.

Leichhardt departed from the Darling ng Downs n on October 1st 1844 with a nine-man team, 17 horses, 16 bullocks and enough flour, tea and sugar to hopefully last them during the trek.

Explorer profile profi file

T This is a Ready-Ed P Publications' s book preview. w Leichhardt’s inexperience as a bushman and explorer soon had disastrous results. Among the difficulties the party faced were: - not enough food supplies for all to complete the journey; two men had to turn back to Brisbane; - the party was frequently getting lost; - Leichhardt had two teeth knocked out in a fight; - horses drowned after crossing Roper River and research and specimens were lost; - Indigenous Australians attacked the party, badly wounding two men and killing John Gilbert.

After 15 gruelling months, Leichhardt crossed Arnhem Land and headed towards Port Essington.

On the 16th December 1845, the 4,827 kilometre journey was over for the six remaining men.

Leichhardt was thankful “the Almighty had enabled me to perform such a long journey...”

Name: Friedrich Wilhem Ludwig Leichhardt.

Birth Bir Birth: a farmer’s son born in 18 1813 in Trebatsch, Prussia.

Education: studied languages and natural sciences at universities in Berlin, Paris and London.

Reason for migration: did not want to do military service. Came to Australia in 1842 to continue his research in natural sciences.

Interests: collecting rocks, studying plants and fish, learning about indigenous culture, the sheep industry.

Ambition: to find an inland route from New South Wales to Darwin (Port Essington).

Leichhardt’s Achievement National Library of Australia

Despite the hardships Leichhardt’s expedition experienced, the discoveries made on the trek were valuable for the future development of the Gulf Country of northern Australia. Leichhardt opened up a line of communication between the east coast of Australia Gulf region’s rivers, tralia and an the G lf of Carpentaria. He described many of the regio which would p provide excellent ovide vide water ater for settlements, and declared the land, “an e country, available, almost in its whole extent, for pastoral purposes”. In 1848 Leichhardt vanished during a third expedition on the Darling Downs.

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35

Activity

Ludwig Leichhardt and Internal Exploration 2

1. Look at Leichhardt’s Explorer Profile on page 35. Makes notes in this plus and minus table about Leichhardt’s qualifications to be an expedition leader to the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Carpenta a.

This is Plus a Ready-Ed y Publications' Minus b kp book preview. i

2. Choose two problems that Leichhardt faced on the expedition. Explain how Leichhardt’s inexperience as an explorer might have contributed to the problems.

Problem 1: ________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Problem 2: ________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Read Leichhardt’s own words about the importance of his trek to the Gulf of Carpentaria.

“Should a harbour be found at the head of the Gulf of Carpentaria, which might allow ships to approach and moor in safety, it would not only open this fine country to colonisation, but would allow the produce of the high land of the York Peninsula to be brought down to the Gulf of Carpentaria as well as to the east coast. Cattle and horses could be easily driven from coast to coast, and they would even fatten, as water and feed are everywhere abundant”.

3. Highlight in the text the benefits a good g harbour would bring g to the Gulf Country.

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4. Leichhardt’s disappearance dt’s disap pearan eara ce e in 1848 is an unsolved mystery. Discuss with a partner what you think might have h happened him. W Write below. d to hi i your theory h b l _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 36

Section 3: Events That Affected Colonies

Student Information Page

Development of the Sheep Industry The h first r flocks oc of sheep eep in the colony were used use for meat and no not Macarthur and other n for ttheir eir fleece. ece. In 1797 John Macarthu landowners introduced New l d t duced Spanish merino sheep into t N South Wales. By 1805 was landowner 5 Macarthur w as the biggest landow landown in the colony and hiss 5,000-acre p property operty at Camden Park on the Nepean River had over 4,000 almostt pure merino i sheep. h The sheep had adapted well to the hot climate and produced exceptional wool that was exported to Europe. Elizabeth Macarthur (see image right) had always taken a keen interest in the flocks and ran the sheep farms capably when her husband John was absent for lengthy periods from the colony and after his death in 1834.

Wikimedia Commons W Wi

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Inland explorers such as Hume, Hovell, Oxley, Sturt and Mitchell reported back to the Colonial Office about the new areas of pastoral land that they had discovered. Settlers and squatters reacted to the news by quickly occupying large tracts of land for sheep grazing. By the end of the 1830s, the sheep industry had been established in every Australian colony (see timeline).

Transporting Wool to the Market

Growth of the Sheep Industry

After shearing, farmers had to transport their fleece in bales to markets. This was made easier 1788 Port Jackson, Sydney as transport systems began to improve in the 1803 Van Diemen’s Land colonies. Firstly, the bales were loaded on to 1815 Bathurst district bullock drays and driven over rough roads to a wharf on the Murray River. The bales were kept 1824 Moreton Bay, Brisbane in wool stores until paddle steamers transported 1829 Swan River, Perth them along the river to the ports of Adelaide 1837 Port Phillip Bay, and Melbourne. The river boats picked up bales, Melbourne transported passengers and delivered supplies 1838 Adelaide and mail to people waiting at wharves along the river. This system was so efficient that many of the wool producers of New South Wales preferred to ship their bales via the Murray to Melbourne, rather than by bullock dray to Sydney. In 1874 there were 240 boats using the port at Echuca each week. The wool was then shipped to European markets on “clippers.” These ships were faster than other sailing ships.

A voyage England age to En land could could take as little as ten weeks, instead of seven months. m

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The first steam railways Victoria in the il s began operating in New South Wales and Victo late 1850s. This was important for the sheep industry because rail transport was faster. It also meant the beginning of the end for Murray River boat trade.

Section 3: Events That Affected Colonies

37

Activity

Development of the Sheep Industry

T Use the information on page 37 to sequence the process of transporting wool to the markets. The first one has been done for you.

This is a Ready-Ed Ready Ed Publications' Publica a book preview preview. w Bales were Bale wer stacked in wool stores near we ne nea the t wharf until the boat’s boat s arrival. ar val.

Clippers transported ansported the wool to overseas markets.

Steam railways were to provide a faster way of transporting wool bales.

The fleece was sorted and pressed into wool bales of about 110 kilograms.

1

River boats transported the wool bales along the river to shipping ports.

Bullocks, horses or camels transported the wool by drays to river ports.

Echuca Wharf

T Look at the image of Echuca Wharf (1864), then answer the questions.

1. How were wool bales loaded onto the river boats? ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________

State Library Of Victoria

2. Why can wharf’s pylons an the w arf s p ylons be easily seen in this image?

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___________________________________________________________________ 3. Who else might be waiting at the Echuca Wharf and why? ___________________________________________________________________ 38

Section 3: Events That Affected Colonies

Student Information Page

The Economy and the Sheep Industry The w wool wool pro pr produced in the Australian Australia colonies was boug boughtt in increasing volume coloni colonie bou

by Britain. The first auction of Australian ra wool took place at Garraway’s Coffee House in London in 1821 1821. These aauctions ctions attracted buyers from as far away as Japan.

In 1843 Thomas Sutcliffe Mort held the first regular wool auctions in Sydney. Demand for the fine merino wool was so great that manufacturers of textiles from France and Belgium set up permanent offices in the colony so that they could buy directly from the wool producers.

T This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book prev vi view.

Thee Courier, Hobart 1856 Th

FOR SALE extensive sheepFiery Creek known run on Fi as YALLA-Y-PORRA. 65,000 acres and 29,000 sheep and capable of carrying double that number. As a proof of the quality of the wool clipped this season, the Agents are authorised to state that it has been sold at l shilling 6 pence per lb. Terms. £10,000 cash.

The wool was manufactured into goods in British factories and sold all over the world. This was very profitable for Britain. The Australian colonies prospered economically as well and important decisions concerning their future began to be made.

Changes in Colonial Life in the Late 19th Century - In 1852 self-government was granted to the colonies. There was a general feeling that if the colonies co-operated more with each other, services like the post, transport and trade could be improved for all colonists.

- British troops left the colonies and convict transportation ended in 1868.

- The colonies advertised for migrants. Australia’s population grew from 430,000 in 1851 to 1.7 million in 1871. Rural towns sprang up with impressive colonial buildings. Universities were established in Sydney and Melbourne.

- The Suez Canal was opened in 1872. Wool and other colonial products could be shipped faster to Europe. It also made migration easier and safer.

The expression “riding on the sheep’s back” describes how the wool industry supported the economy of the new colonies. In a short time, people e saw a big b g improvement imp impr vement in their standard of living. g. Sheep grazing grazin razin was to expand steadily in the 19th century despite eff e the effects ffects of devastating droughts, floods and economic recessions.

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Activity

The Economy and the Sheep Industry

T Complete the diagram with bullet-point notes.

T This is a Ready Ready-Ed Publications' Pub s Benefi Benefits fits of theEd colonies' colonies' sheep-gr zing industry sheep-grazing book o preview. preview vie vi v for Britain

for the Australian colonies

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________

1. What evidence is there in the advertisement for the sale of the Yalla-Y-Porra sheep farm near Hobart, that it was a valuable property? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2. How do we know that wool produced in Australia was of very high quality? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 3. In your own words explain what the expression "riding on the sheep's back" means.

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_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

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Section 3: Events That Affected Colonies

Student Information Page

The Shearers’ Strike Ass the sheep h heep try boomed so did the industry numb eare . The image of a swagman number of sshearers. tramp g alo ng a bush ush track and sleeping unde und tramping along under e an icon of o A stralian the stars has become Australian arer was not aalways ways easy. culture. Being a shearer ttation to find They had to travel from station to station work. Woolsheds could be noisy, suffocating places, particularly during the summer heat that could reach 50ºC. Sheds were often infested with A shearer lice as was the basic lodging given to the men. To earn £1, a shearer had to take the fleece off 100 sheep. He had to obey the boss’s woolshed rules or he risked not receiving his wages. A shearer’s day was spent bent over sheep for hours with clippers in hand. As many as 80 men could be on a shearing floor at one time.

National Library of Australia Nat Nati

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In 1890 the Shearers’ Union had many thousands of members and was negotiating for better pay and conditions. When shearers from the Jondaryan woolshed in Queensland went on strike, employers called in non-union labour to do the job. Dock workers from the Rockhampton wharves supported their fellow unionists and refused to load the wool from Jondaryan. However, pastoralists did not give up. They formed the Pastoralists’ Federal Council and continued with their push for a contract of “free labour”. This gave the employers the freedom to select their own workers. The Shearer’s Union wanted only union workers in the woolsheds.

WOOLSHED RULES

- Working hours to be mutually agreed on.

- Employers will choose their own shearers.

- Ewes are to be carried from the pens to the shed.

- No swearing or singing during working hours. Smoking at intervals only.

- Cut or nicked sheep are to be treated immediately.

- Dismissed shearers will payy backk £1 per week food and we k for foo fo board. rd.

During 1891 shearers on various sheep stations put down their shears and went on strike. Clashes occurred between shearers and non-union labour that had been called in to work by pastoralists.

Angry shearers set fire to grazing pastures, tore down fences and torched woolsheds and houses.

It was feared that a civil war could break out after shearers and unionists were arrested and jailed. Many striking shearers were penniless and hungry. In August 1891, the Shearer’s Union and Pastoralists’ Union signed an agreement.

Surprisingly, the agreement permitted pastoralists union or to employ the workers they wanted – un non-union. From this struggle, however, the Australian Party tookk root. Th The workers A li LLabor b P felt their rights could only be protected through political representation.

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- Shearers’ tallies to be posted each morning. Any objections must be made at this time only.

Section 3: Events That Affected Colonies

41

Activity

The Shearers’ Strike 1

T Imagine that you are a young shearer working on a sheep station in the 19th century. Write “a postcard from the woolshed” to your family. Use the information 1 and an your y s arer s life was like. on page 41 senses to describe what a sh shearer’s

This is a Ready-Ed Publications'

T What were the causes of the Shearer’s Strike in 1891? Write down arguments from both the shearers’ and the pastoralists’ points of view.

Read the “Woolshed Rules” on page 41 to help you.

Pastoralists' case

Shearers' case

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Section 3: Events That Affected Colonies

Activity

The Shearers’ Strike 2

1. Were the “Woolshed Rules” fair in your opinion?

Cho se tw o ex mples to justify your answer Choose two examples answer.

T This is a Ready-Ed Pu book preview.

E Example 1 __________________________________________________________ ____________ ____________________ __________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Example 2 __________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

2. Why do you suppose the Shearers’ Union finally agreed to the demands of the pastoralists for a free labour contract? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ T Discuss this question with a partner: What if the Shearers’ Union had not signed an agreement to end the strike in 1891?

Fill in the possible consequences with the ideas that you have discussed.

If the shearers had continued their strike . . .

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43

T

Section 44: Australian Migrants

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s s'

Student Information Page

Assisted Passengers From ro 1830 830 to 1850 there were various schemes 83 scheme European the that as aassisted isted Euro ean citizens to migrate to th Australian colonies. The majority of tthese migra migrants were British so strong ng links could be e preserved with the mother country, untry, but the schemes chemes also included people from Ireland. By the end of the 1850s more than 188,000 settlers had migrated to Australia under the assisted passage scheme (see poster right).

T This is a Ready-Ed Publications' ublications book preview w Assisted Migration Migrants were searching for a better life outside of Europe. The Industrial Revolution and its new technologies such as steam powered machinery did not require as much manual labour. This left many rural workers without jobs. Unemployed labourers drifted from the countryside into large manufacturing cities like Manchester and Birmingham to find poorly paid work in factories. The workers lived in slums that were often riddled with disease. Crime and poverty ruled people’s lives. There were also events that forced people from their homes, sometimes in desperate circumstances. Some of these events were: - the Irish Potato Famine (1845-1852) was caused by a potato disease. It led to mass migration from Ireland and a million deaths from starvation; - the Highland Clearances in Scotland saw farmers (crofters) evicted from their lands so that wealthy landowners could expand their sheep farms; - Lutherans from Prussia looking for the freedom to practice their religion migrated to the United States and Australia.

Many of Australia’s future migrants could not afford to pay their passage on ships. It had worried the Colonial Office for some time that good farming land in New South Wales was being granted or occupied by squatters without any payment. In 1831 Lord Goderich decided that land could be sold by auction and that half the proceeds would be used to pay for “suitable” poorer migrants on assisted passages. Shipping agents in Europe were paid a bounty for every skilled man a or woman theyy brought g to employers p y in the Australian colonies.

Migration posters advertised colonies: “...they tion post rs adv rtised the type of people wanted in the colonies must be good labourers e of go goo d character, char cha cter, ter, honest, sober and industrious men…real lab going out to work in the Colony, of sound mind and body…not less than fifteen and not more than thirty and married…the sisters of married applicants are allowed to go free, if they are of good character”.

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45

Activity Sabrina

Assisted Passengers 1 T Read the following news item about the assisted migrant ship Sabrina docked at Moreton Bay in 1865.

This T hi is his is a Ready Ready-Ed Ed Publications' Publication s Moreton M t B Bay,, N November b 28th book preview.

The SABRINA left Liverpool pool on the 9th August ugust with 278 ts Th Throughout Government Immigrants. roughout tthee voyage there has been much sickness on board. There have been ten deaths in all, four children and six adults. Four of the deaths were from typhus fever, and one from smallpox of a virulent character. There were three cases of typhus fever reported to be still on board and the vessel of course, has been quarantined. Fresh provisions, vegetables and fruit have been sent down to the ship. There seems to have been some complaints of bad provisions on board ‌

1. Use a dictionary to look up the underlined words in the news item.

Why was the Sabrina put into quarantine when it arrived at Moreton Bay? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. What were conditions like on board the migrant ship Sabrina? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

USE THE INFORMATION ON PAGE 45 TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS.

3. Why were assisted migrants willing to risk the long voyage to Australia? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

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_______________________________________________________________________ _______ ______________________________________________ ________________________________________ 4. How did the Australian colonies raise money for the assisted migrant scheme? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 46

Section 4: Australian Migrants

Activity

Assisted Passengers 2

T Look at this list of people from Ireland who were affected by the Potato Famine.

Consult an atlas to find the locations of the Irish counties.

This his is a Re his Ready eady Ed E Public Publications' cations s book book bo k pre preview. eview i Name N ame Age Patrick Deegan 24 Michael Dillan 36 John O’Neill 23 Patrick Scullion 15 Bridget Kelly 34 Eliza Payne 20 Mary Yates 31

County Galway wa Clare Cl e Wicklow Wi ow Clare Louth Kilkenny Wexford

Marital M rital status Single Married, 6 children chil ch Single Single Widow, 3 children Single Married

Occupation Labourer Carpenter Herdsman Labourer Servant Servant Servant

T Write a letter from one of the people on the list applying to migrate to Australia under the assisted migrant scheme. Convince Mr Truro, the employers’ agent in London, that you are a good candidate for assisted migration. Read the descriptions of the types of people colonial employers were looking for on page 45 to help you. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________ ________ _______ ______________________________________________ _______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

Section 4: Australian Migrants

47

Student Information Page

Indentured Labourers Queensla d be Queensland Quee became a separate colony from South Wal Waless in 1859.

New Sou 859. The new colony needed industries d d to develop d i dustries to help it grow economically. Sugar cane ne had been produced roduced successfully in northern Wales n New South W ales for some time so the Queensland government supplied large tracts of land to farmers for sugar cane production.

INDENTURED LABOU LABOUR An indentured worker was brought Australia b ht tto A t li under d contract to work for an employer period of time, usually for a set pe one to three thre years, they then had to return to their islands. The South Sea Islanders were paid about 10 shillings a month. They were given food rations and basic lodgings on the cane farms.

is a Ready-Ed Publications' ns book preview.

Even before transportation to the Australian colonies ended in 1868, pastoralists were finding it difficult to find labourers to work on their properties. Farmers proposed that convict transportation should be brought back. It was first suggested that Indians could be brought in to work. Then a solution much closer to home was found - South Sea Islanders from Vanuatu, Samoa, Papua New Guinea and the Torres Strait would be employed as indentured labourers to clear land and cut the cane.

A group of sugar cane farmers took it upon themselves to bring South Sea Islanders to the colony to work. There were concerns about how some sugar cane growers had contracted the South Sea Islanders. It was known that slavetraders operated in the South Pacific. They obtained workers by luring them aboard ships and kidnapping them. To stop kidnapping, the Polynesian Labour Act became law in 1868. This required ships’ captains to carry a document signed by a British consul stating that the South Sea Islanders had come to work of their own free will.

From 1863 to 1904 about 60,000 South Sea Islanders were brought to the Australian colonies. The Islanders soon became expert in all areas of sugar production. The introduction of mechanical cane cutters at the end of the 19th century put an end to the need for indentured workers. Most of the South Sea Islanders returned to their island homes, but some decided to stay and make a new life in Australia.

The South Sea Islanders’ Contribution to Australian Life Indentured workers from the South Sea Islands played an important role in the development ment of Queensland Queens ueen nd in the 1800s. South Sea Islanders contributed to: -

48

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the establishment establishment ent of o a prosperous sugar cane industry in Queensland; the development of the grazing, timber, mining and pearling industries; the building of railway and telegraph networks; the multicultural heritage of Australia.

Section 4: Australian Migrants

Activity

Indentured Labourers

1. How were working conditions for an “indentured worker” different to those of other workers in the Australian colonies?

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. ________ ______ ____ ___ ___ ________________________ _______________________ _____________________________ ____________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ____________ ____________________ __________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2. Why was the Polynesian Labour Act of 1868 passed into law in Queensland? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ T Read this extract from a letter by J.F. Kelsey to the editor of the Sydney Morning Herald (March 16th 1869). Answer the questions. "….the South Seas’ natives are admirably adapted for farm labour; they work with comfort and profit to themselves and to the satisfaction of their employers.

I would not stay a month in this country if I did not have this labour and I know this is the feeling of many others who are farming in North Queensland. I have always found the white men in my service pleased with the natives and the assistance given by them in the more tedious and laborious parts of the work. I never keep either “crawlers” or “skulkers” on my grounds as I know that class of man is opposed to the employment of the island isla boys. y

3. According to Mr. Kelsey, what were the South Sea Islanders like as workers?

I hearr that ma manyy of th the natives who returned to their islandss have come back to Queensland. That in itself speaks volumes.”

___________________________________ ___________________________ ____________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 4. Why did the author say, “I would not stay a month in this country if I did not have this labour”? ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 5. Who did not approve of the South Sea Islanders working in Queensland?

Suggest a reason why.

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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Section 4: Australian Migrants

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Student Information Page

Muslim Cameleers Early inla inland inl d ex exp explorers like ike Edward John Eyre, Robe Robert William Willss experienced problems in Burke urke and an Willia Willi mW crossing Australia’s huge interior. Horses mules ge interior se and mule were not ideally suited to carry supp supplies es for explorers over the pebbled plainss and high sand sa d dunes. They needed water regularly and became easily exhausted in the intense heat.

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview It was suggested that camels could be the key to unlocking the secrets and fortunes of Australia’s inland.

In 1840 camels brought from Afghanistan and British India were given a trial in desert expeditions. This trial was so successful that between 1870 and 1900, more than 15,000 camels were imported. To look after the camels, 2,000 Afghan and British Indian cameleers were offered three-year contracts to train and work with Australia’s new desert transport. The cameleers spoke different languages from their home regions but they shared the Islam religion.

Making Progress in Australia Camel transport helped to develop the Australian colonies in many ways.

Camel trains carried supplies for: - exploration expeditions – explorers using camel transport discovered large inland areas suitable for agriculture and farming; - the Overland Telegraph – completed in 1872, the telegraph line connected Port Augusta in South Australia with Darwin. The telegraph line made it faster for Australia to contact the rest of the world; - railway construction – The Ghan railway, named in honour of the cameleers, ran from Port Augusta to Alice Springs, making it easier to transport people and goods; - mining and wool companies – transported ore and wool to markets; - stations and indigenous communities – cameleers transported supplies and brought news to people living in remote communities and livestock stations.

When the railwayy network across Australia improved, camel transport was phased out. majority Some ut. The m ajority of cameleers returned home to their families. Som married Indigenous Australians ndigeno s Aus Aust alians lians and European colonists and remained in Australia. The cameleers were Muslims. Australia’s oldest mosque was built by Afghans and Indians around 1891 in Broken Hill, New South Wales.

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Section 4: Australian Migrants

Activity

Muslim Cameleers

1. Why were cameleers offered contracts to work in Australia? ________ ______ ____ ___ ___ ________________________ _______________________ _____________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview.

_______________________________________________________________________ m cameleers h p to improve commun communi 2. How did the Muslim help communications in Australia?

_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ T Use the image of cameleers visiting a remote property (about 1885) and the information on page 50 to answer the questions.

State Library Of Victoria

3. Describe what the people are doing in this scene. How do the different people react to the cameleers’ visit? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. Did the cam cameleers adapt dapt well to outback life? Give ive a reason for your aanswer.

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__________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________ __ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

Section 4: Australian Migrants

51

Activity

Australian Migrants

R Read the poem by Henry Lawson entitled An Australian Advertisement. It’s about the type of migrant Lawson felt Australia needed. Then answer the questions.

This is a ReadyReady-Ed Publications' book preview. p WE WANT thee man ma who will ill lead the van, the man who will pioneer. eman, We have no use for the gentleman, or the cheating Cheap-Jack here here.

We have no room for the men who shirk the sweat of the brow. Condemn the men who are frightened to look for work and funk when it looks for them.

We’ll honour the man who can’t afford to wait for a job that suits, but sticks a swag on his shoulders broad and his feet in blucher boots, and tramps away o’er the ridges far and over the burning sand to look for work where the stations are in the lonely Western land.

1 Hi 1.

High Highlight h ht iin th the poem th the positive iti qualities a man ma migrating to Australia should have. In a different colour highlight the ttype of man that hi hli ht th Australia has “no room for”.

2. Write down words or phrases from the poem that suggest Australia can be a tough place in which to live. __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________

He’ll brave the drought and he’ll brave the rain, and fight his sorrows down, and help to garden the inland plain and build the inland town.

And he’ll be found in the coming years with a heart as firm and stout, an honoured man with the pioneers who lead the people out.

__________________________________ 3. What kinds of jobs are mentioned in the poem? __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________

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4. The poett didn’t m mention 1800s. ention the type of women that Australia needed in the 1 What qualities do you think nk pioneer women would have av needed? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 52

Section 4: Australian Migrants

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Section 5: 5 Great Australians

53

Student Information Page

Caroline Chisholm (1808-1877)

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ns' n s

During the voyage to New South Wales in 1838, Mrs Chisholm experienced first-hand Portrait of Caroline Chisholm the appalling conditions on board for young girls migrating to Australia. Things did not improve after arriving in the colony – many of the girls had nowhere to live, no employment and no prospects for the future. Caroline took girls into her own home and rolled up her sleeves to raise support and funds to establish a Female Immigrants’ Home. In the short space of two years, Caroline had found jobs for more than 1,000 young women. Her employment agency also demanded contracts for the girls with agreed working conditions and pay so that they could not be mistreated by employers.

Caroline and Archibald were the parents of nine children. In Mrs Chisholm’s mind, family and faith were the base of a civilised society. Thousands of men had migrated or been transported to the Australian colonies without their families.

The Chisholms returned to England in 1846 to find a way to reunite families of former convicts and promote Australia as an ideal destination for hard-working people.

Chisholms’ Other Achievements - In 1849 Caroline helped to set up the Family Colonisation Loan Society in England. The Society provided loans to enable families to migrate to Australia.

Help was also given to find employment.

- By the 1850s, the Chisholms had helped thousands of poorer migrants, mostly from Ireland, to make new lives in Australia. She campaigned to get cheap farming land for these migrants. This did not please the powerful squatters, who did not want to share their land holdings.

- Caroline fought tirelessly for the improvement of conditions on migrant ships.

Her eff fforts sa ssaw w the passing p ssing of the Passenger Act of 1852 into British law.

- In 1857 857 Caroline Caro Carol nee arranged arranged ged shelters to be built for gold miners in Victoria.

Caroline Chisholm died in England in 1877. Her work to give opportunities and hope to women and migrants has been commemorated on bank notes and stamps and in the many institutions in Britain and Australia which bear her name.

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Section 5: Great Australians

National Library of Australia N

Caroline Jones was born in England g in 1808.

She he could have had ad a comfortable life after Archibald marrying Captain apta n Ar Arc ibald Chisholm in 1832. Instead, she wanted wrongs ted to right w ongs wherever she found them. em. When Archibald Ar Arc ibald and Caroline were stationed India, d in Madras, d s India they set up a school for the daughters of European soldiers.

Activity

Caroline Chisholm 1

1. Study the image of Caroline Chisholm on page 54. What impression do you get of Mrs Chisholm’s feelings toward Australia and her work?

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. _______________________________________________________________________ ________ _______ ____ ___ ________________________ _______________________ _____________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ____________ ____________________ __________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2. Use the information on page 54 to construct and annotate a timeline for Caroline’s life’s work.

3. Give two examples of how the Chisholms’ religious faith and love of family might have influenced the work that they did in the Australian colonies.

Example 1 _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________ ___ __ _____ ________________________________________ __________________

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Example 2 _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Section 5: Great Australians

55

Activity

Caroline Chisholm 2

R Read this letter that Mrs Chisholm wrote to the Sydney Morning Herald in 1843.

Gentlemen, Gentlem n, aving no funds unds to t pay pay for or advertisements, I rely on you Having your usual courtesy to me to give this d t db letter publicity. The office conducted byy me iin B Bentt St Street will re-open on Monday next, the nce will be from 10a.m to 4p.m. On each en 25th, the hours of attendance engagement a charge of one shilling will be made to the employer employer; no fee will be charged to tth the servant.

I need not state that my efforts to introduce labour into the interior of the colony will be of no use if I cannot obtain free transport for all servants who may be employed, and I must, therefore request that the country settlers will have the goodness to permit me to send a few persons by each of their return drays.

I have to further request that all parties writing to me for servants will be particular in paying the postage of their letters as well as giving an accurate description of the sort of servants required and the wages they will give.

In conclusion, I beg to state that I shall spare neither time nor trouble, and that both employment offices will be kept open as long as they appear to be necessary.

Your obedient servant, Caroline Chisholm

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' s book preview.

1. Why did Mrs Chisholm write to the editor of the Sydney Morning Herald? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2. Fill in the table with evidence in the letter that tells you that: Mrs Chisholm did not have much money

Mrs Chisholm was asking for help

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Section 5: Great Australians

Student Information Page

Louisa Lawson (1848-1920) Against Again g st the th Odds ds in Sydney

LIFE IN THE BUSH

T This is a Ready-E Ed Publications' E s book pre eview. e Louisa was d determined term ned to provide a term hild i Sydney.

Syd y better life for her children in e, As well as running a boarding ho house, Louisa washed and sewed for oth otherr people to make ends meet. Life turned out to be a struggle in Sydney. However, Louisa’s world was changing. She met people from all walks of life and became interested in politics, the role of women in society and fighting poverty. She continued to write poetry and prose – a passion which she shared with her eldest son, the poet Henry Lawson.

Lou Louisa L ou a Albury was born on a farm near g New South Wales in 1848. She Mudgee loved school but bu often stayed at home to look ook after aft fter the 10 younger children in the family. When she was 18 she married Peter Lawson. Louisa spent the next few years on the goldfields at Grenfell with her husband.

Peter Lawson was often away from home. He worked as a station hand and travelled around. At times he returned to the goldfields to try his luck. Louisa was left to raise four children on a small farm with little money or help. To support her family, Louisa looked after cattle, opened a store and ran a post office at Eurunderee.

With the little money she had saved, Louisa bought shares in a small newspaper called Republican that supported federation of the Australian After a severe drought, Louisa made a colonies. Louisa and Henry wrote articles decision. She would take her children to for the paper and learned about the Sydney and start a new life away from publishing business. In 1888 Louisa the bush and its hardships. In 1883 Peter launched her own women’s magazine and Louisa went their separate ways.

The Dawn using only female labour.

She said her magazine would fight for women’s rights, particularly the right for women to vote. It was a very successful magazine that ran for 17 years and was sold not only in Australia, but also overseas.

Louisa Lawson’s Other Achievements National Library of Australia

- Louisa was interested in women’s health and held meetings in her house to educate women about healthy lifestyles.

- She was a keen supporter of the temperance movement, which campaigned for moderation in alcohol consumption.

Drunkenness was seen as a threat to the family and the development velopmen of society. so soc ety.

- Louisa uisa Lawson Laws n has been een called the “mother of suff ffrage (the Portrait of Louis Louisa Lawson, ca. 1880 right to vote) in New South Wales.” When the vote was granted to Australian women in 1902, Louisa had seen one of her life-long dreams come true – women taking a more active and independent role in Australian society.

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57

Activity

Louisa Lawson 1

1. Write down four questions that you would like to ask Louisa Lawson about her early life in the bush.

TQuestio This s Question uestio is 1 a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview.

Question 2 _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________

Question 3 _______________________________________________________ Question 4 _______________________________________________________ Interview “Louisa Lawson” on the hot seat with your questions.

Take notes on Louisa’s answers on the back of this sheet.

2. Find two events in Louisa’s early life in the bush that show she cared deeply for her family.

Event 1 _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________

Event 2 _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3. Louisa Lawson worked hard to bring changes to the lives of women in Australian society. Choose two of Louisa’s actions and explain how these actions show that she had leadership qualities.

Example 1 _______________________________________________________

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________________________________________________________________ ______________ ____ _________________________________________ ________________________________________

Example 2 _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 58

Section 5: Great Australians

Activity

Louisa Lawson 2

R Read the poem Sunset written by Louisa Lawson, then complete the tasks below. the 1. Check h he meaning h m g of the underlined words in the he poem with a dictionary. diction

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. reading partner then discuss your opinions about 2.. Take turns t rns re din the poem aloud to a partne din the poem.

I love at eve to wander ander alone upon the hills, while nature, with her myst’ries, my soul with wonder fills.

A king in robes of crimson and ermine seeking rest, the sun in golden splendour, sinks in the solemn west.

His grandeur awes and thrills me.

I kneel upon the sod, bow down my head and worship his mighty Maker – God.

3. What is the sunset co compared to?

_________________________________________ _________________________________________ 4. How does the sunset make the poet feel? _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________

R Read Louisa’s views on women’s health printed in The Dawn (July 1889).

“It has come to be believed that corsets are really necessary due to the support and bracing together of a woman; are women when grown so limp and invertebrate? If anyone is unable to remain perpendicular without a steel waistcoat it is clear that the muscles responsible for her natural support have had no opportunity to develop.”

“If husbands when they return home ask their wives what they have had to eat in their absence, ninety in every hundred replies would be – “tea and bread-and-butter.” This may tend towards spirituality and the maintenance of that “dear delicate little woman” variety of the “clinging” species so prized by some men, but the world would be none the worse, for a more robust, healthier, stronger type of woman, nor should we be sorry if we could see the tea merchants transformed into market gardeners and the milliners driven into the food supply trade.”

Copyright poem + article : http://setis. library.usyd.edu.au (Lawson Np00062)

Wikimedia Commons

What advice was Louisa offering g to her female readers?

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Student Information Page

Indigenous Guides and Trackers The e early settlers e ettle in Australia stralia found themselves in a place that was very different diff fferent European according to Adam Lindsay Gordon, to o the Eu pean continent. con nent. It was a place, accordin where, “b “bright songless birds bright" bright". The bush where ght blossoms b ossoms are scentless and songles could be a dangerous place filled wit with dark silence. Settlers wi strange animals and da observed the remarkable Indigenous Australians. ble bush knowledge know edge and skills of Indig Indige Their ability to find water and food in th missing people in the the desert and track mi rugged country became legendary in Australia.

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Indigenous Guides The First Australians had a deep knowledge of the land, built up over many hundreds of generations. When the colonists arrived, they wanted to explore the continent to discover agricultural land and mineral deposits. Explorers soon realised that they could not do this without the help of Indigenous Australian guides.

Successful Expeditions - Mokare was a Nyungar man who accompanied various explorers in the early days of settlement in the Albany area of Western Australia. In 1821, Mokare guided Phillip Parker King on his expedition to King George Sound. Mokare informed the military garrison in Albany about indigenous customs and beliefs. This resulted in a peaceful relationship between the groups.

- Edward John Eyre and Wylie, his indigenous guide, made an epic trek across the Nullabor Plain from Fowler’s Bay to Albany (1840-41). Both men almost died from starvation and heat in the desert, but Wylie’s bush skills were an important factor in keeping them alive to complete this incredible journey.

Indigenous Trackers The bush skills of Indigenous Australians were also put to use in tracking fugitive convicts, criminals and bushrangers. Trackers were called in to search for people who had become lost in the bush. On many occasions, trackers were able to locate missing people in a few hours by reading the “signs” in the forest or desert. Some famous trackers in the 1800s were: - Mogo and Mollydobbin, who, in 1834 tracked various missing persons in the Fremantle area mantle a ar a of Western W stern Australia.

Australia - Djungadjinganook ngadjing nook or ngadjinga o “King Richard” who tracked the missing Duff ff children childr in 1864 near Natimuk in western Victoria. He found them safe after 9 days.

- Wannamutta and Werannabe who were instrumental in tracking Ned Kelly to the final showdown at Glenrowan in 1880.

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Section 5: Great Australians

Activity

Indigenous Guides and Trackers 1

R Read page 60 and answer the following questions: Explain 1. Explai x w the Australian why stralian bush for the first settlers set se ers was a place where, where “blossoms blossoms scentless are sc sce tless and nd songless s ngless birds bright”.

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. _______________________________________________________________________ __________ ____________ ____________________ _ _______________________________________________________________________ ____________ ____________________ ___________________ 2. Discuss this question with a partner then make a list.

Why might it have been easy for early settlers to become lost in the bush? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 3. Use your knowledge of Indigenous Australians to help you complete this table of bush skills that would have been useful to early explorers. Some examples have been given to start you off.

Finding Water •

Obtaining Food

Observed the flight of birds

Making Shelters

Using Bush Resources •

Tea tree oil for antiseptic

4. Why did indigenous guides knowledge of the id indige indig nous g uides and trackers have such a thorough knowled territory which ry in wh h they the lived? ived?

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_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Section 5: Great Australians

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Activity

Indigenous Guides and Trackers 2

R Study the illustration by Samuel Calvert (1891) and read the extract from Edward John Eyre’s journal about his trek with Wylie to Albany in 1840.

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May 18th - THI THIS morning mo ing we had to travel mor nd moved slowly and an upon a soft heavy beach, and ree of the horses w ere with difficulty along, and three were r ad. continually attempting to liee down on the road.

At twelve miles, we found some nice green grass, and although we could not procure water here, I determined to halt for the sake of the horses.

The weather was cool and pleasant. Having seen some large kangaroos near our camp, I sent Wylie with the rifle to try and get one. At dark he returned bringing home a young one, Eyre’s Journey to Albany large enough for two good meals; upon this we feasted at night, and for once Wylie admitted that his belly was full. He commenced by eating a pound and a half of horse-flesh, and a little bread, he then ate the entrails, paunch, liver, lights, tail, and two hind legs of the young kangaroo, next followed a penguin, that he had found dead upon the beach, upon this he forced down the whole of the hide of the kangaroo after singeing the hair off, and wound up this meal by swallowing the tough skin of the penguin; he then made a little fire, and laid down to sleep, and dream of the pleasures of eating, nor do I think he was ever happier in his life than at that moment.

1. How does the artist show that the journey to Albany had been hard on Eyre and Wylie? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2. What problems were the explorers experiencing at this stage of their journey? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 3. Do you think that Eyre could have completed this journey without Wylie?

Give reasons with your answer.

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_______________________________________________________________________ _______ ______ _____ ____ _________________________________________ ________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

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Section 5: Great Australians

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