ANZAC CENTENARY

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By Lindsay Marsh

Title: ANZAC Centenary © 2015 Ready-Ed Publications Printed in Australia Author: Lindsay Marsh Illustrator: Alison Mutton

Acknowledgements i. Clip art images have been obtained from Microsoft Design Gallery Live and are used under the terms of the End User License Agreement for Microsoft Word 2000. Please refer to www.microsoft.com/permission. ii. Wikimedia Commons.

Copyright Notice

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Every copy made clearly shows the footnote, ‘Ready-Ed Publications’.

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Any copying of this book by an educational institution or its staff outside of this blackline master licence may fall within the educational statutory licence under the Act. The Act allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of the pages of this book, whichever is the greater, to be reproduced and/or communicated by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that

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For details of the CAL licence for educational institutions contact: Copyright Agency Limited Level 19, 157 Liverpool Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) 9394 7600 Facsimile: (02) 9394 7601 E-mail: info@copyright.com.au

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educational institution (or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under Act.

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The purchasing educational institution and its staff have the right to make copies of the whole or part of this book, beyond their rights under the Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act), provided that:

Reproduction and Communication by others Except as otherwise permitted by this blackline master licence or under the Act (for example, any fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review) no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, communicated or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission. All inquiries should be made to the publisher at the address below.

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d.net Published by: Ready-Ed Publications PO Box 276 Greenwood WA 6024 www.readyed.net info@readyed.com.au

ISBN: 978 186 397 909 2 2

Contents 4

The Anzacs In World War I

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Activity Page 1

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Activity Page 2

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Activity Page 3

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Activity Page 4

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Activity Page 5

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Teachers’ Notes

The Anzacs In Gallipoli 11-12 13

Activity Page 2

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Activity Page 3

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Activity Page 4

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Activity Page 5

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Activity Page 1

Remembering The Anzacs 18 Activity Page 1

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Activity Page 2

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Answers

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Teachers’ Notes This book is written for all primary school students living in Australia. It is designed to help young Australians develop an appreciation of Australia’s servicemen and servicewomen who have risked their lives in all wars, conflicts and peacekeeping operations.

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This book can be used in the lead up to the Anzac Centenary on the 25th April, 2015. This day marks the 100th year since the Anzacs landed on the shores of Gallipoli and began an eight month campaign. The book can also be used in the years beyond the Centenary, to raise an awareness of the part that Australia played in World War I, and of the exceptional role that the Australian military still play today in defending Australian values around the globe.

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The first part of the book helps students to understand how the word Anzac developed, by tracing Australia’s involvement in World War I. The middle section of the book focuses on the conditions that the Anzacs in Gallipoli endured, and the final part highlights the importance of Anzac Day as a day of remembrance.

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The information pages in this book are intended to be used to help students to complete the activity pages. For younger students, these information pages can be read as a class to ensure understanding. The activity sheets can be completed independently or with teacher assistance.

The answers to the activities can be found at the back of the book to make life easy for the teacher.

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Student Information

The Anzacs In World War I

Read the information to help you to complete the activity pages which follow.

World War I began in 1914 and ended in 1918. The war was between two sets of allies – the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. Russia, France, Britain, Australia and New Zealand were allies and were known as Allied Powers. Italy, Austria-Hungry, Germany and The Ottoman Empire (which included Turkey) formed a quadruple alliance – this alliance was known as Central Powers. As the war progressed, more countries took sides. When Germany surrendered on 11th November 1918, the war came to an end. This day became known as Armistice Day and later as Remembrance Day.

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The Anzacs departed by ship from Albany, Western Australia on November 1st, 1914. Before they landed in Gallipoli, they travelled to Alexandria in Egypt (near Cairo) for four and a half months of training.

They then travelled from Egypt via ship to Gallipoli in Turkey and landed at a spot now known as Anzac Cove on 25th April, 1915.

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ANZAC stands for Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. This corps refers to a group of 20,000 Australian and New Zealand servicemen and servicewomen who volunteered to serve their country in World War I and were sent to Gallipoli in Turkey in 1915.

In Gallipoli, the Anzacs’ job was to knock the Turkish out of the war by forcing them to surrender. They were to do this by capturing the Gallipoli Peninsular – an area almost completely surrounded by water, so that they could secure a point from which to capture Constantinople (now known as Istanbul) and open up the Dardanelles (a narrow strait/waterway) which the Turkish army were occupying and blocking.

However, when the Anzacs landed they were met by a well-organised and well-armed Turkish force. The Anzacs’ attempts to break through the Turkish lines and the Turks’ attempts to drive the Anzacs off the Gallipoli Peninsular both ended in failure and a stalemate ensued. The Anzacs were evacuated from Gallipoli on the 19th and 20th December 1915.

The Anzacs fought against the Ottoman Turkish army for over eight months and sadly over 8,000 brave and loyal Anzacs were killed during this time.

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Activity Page 1

Activity

Complete this activity page after reading the information on page 5.

1. Complete the acronym.

A_ ____________ N_______ Z___________ A__________C_ _________

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2. Mark on the map using a red pen the sea journey that the Anzacs took and show how long the Anzacs spent in Egypt and Turkey.

Turkey

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Egypt

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3. Write names of countries inside the circles below to show the alliances that were formed during World War I.

Allied Powers

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central Powers

Activity Page 2

Activity

Complete this activity page after reading the information on page 5.

Constantinople (Istanbul)

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Sea of Marmara

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Dardanelles

Anzac Cove

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2. Why is Anzac cove significant?

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1. On the map, colour the waterway that the Turkish army were occupying and that the Anzacs wanted to clear. _____________________________________________________________________

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3. Find a picture of Anzac Cove and draw or paste it here. Describe the picture.

4. Why do you think that people visit Anzac Cove each year?

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Activity Page 3

Complete this activity page after reading the information on page 5.

1. The Anzacs comprised both men and women. What roles do you think that the men and women played?

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2. Give two possible reasons why the Anzacs would have needed four and a half months of training in Egypt. _____________________________________________________________________

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_____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

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3. There were over 8,000 Australians killed during their time in Gallipoli. Use your research skills to record in a graph or in table form below the number of men and women killed in World War I. You could record this information by country.

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tHE NUMBER of men and women killed during WORLD WAR 1

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Activity Page 4

Activity

Complete this activity page after reading the information on page 5.

1. Study the picture (right) which depicts the Anzacs after they had left Gallipoli. The image shows a New Zealand soldier on the left and an Australian soldier on the right.

They are holding the flags of their own countries and the Union Jack is shown in the middle. King George’s words are quoted underneath. Say how this image suggests the Anzacs’ role in the war affected the relationship between Britain and Australia. ____________________________________

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Source: Wikimedia Commons

1. Use your research skills to find out about Australia’s contribution to World War I after the Gallipoli campaign. Where did those who survived go? _____________________________________________________________________

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2. Unscramble the words.

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Activity Page 5

Activity

Complete this activity page after reading the information on page 5.

You are a reporter in Australia during World War I. You have a five minute spot that you need to fill. Create your report here.

And now, news just in from ...

Location: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Date: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Introduction: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Graphic to support your story: Details:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

...............................................................................

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............................................................................... ...............................................................................

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A one-liner to end your story: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Complete the acrostics. Aim to convey what the words mean to you.

A N Z A C

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______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

G ______________________ A ______________________ L ______________________ L ______________________ I ______________________ P ______________________ O ______________________ L ______________________ I ______________________

Student Information

The Anzacs In Gallipoli

Read the information to help you to complete the activity pages which follow.

Contrary to the Anzacs’ expectations, when they arrived on the shores of Gallipoli at dawn, the beach was not surrounded by flat terrain, but by rugged hills, ridges and steep cliffs. It has been claimed since, that the Anzacs did not land at the intended spot, and that they should have landed further south at Brighton Beach which had a friendlier terrain.

GREECE Sea of Marmara

TURKEY

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The Narrows

North Beach An Burnu Anzac Cove Brighton Beach

Aegean Sea

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Almost immediately on arrival, the Anzacs were bombarded by heavy gunfire from the Turkish army, and it is on this day that many Anzacs’ lives were lost. Captain William Annear of Subiaco, Western Australia was the first Australian soldier to fall. He was shot through the head as he climbed onto Plugge’s Plateau from the beach. The second Anzac to fall was Lieutenant Mordaunt Reid of Coolgardie, Western Australia who was hit through the thigh while helping assist others advance up the cliffs from the beach.

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Under the command of General William Birdwood, the Anzacs set to work building endless miles of deep and narrow trenches which is where, those who made The Dardanelles it out alive, lived for the next 8 months.

The Anzacs created these trenches by digging through the terrain and using an infinite number of sandbags in an attempt to ensure that they were well-shielded from enemy fire.

All of the Anzacs at Gallipoli were volunteers - many of them signed up to fight because they were in search of an adventure, travel, excitement and glory. The majority of the Anzacs were not prepared for the conditions that faced them in Gallipoli.

During the summer months the Anzacs faced soaring temperatures which attracted flies and maggots which fed on their open wounds. By the time winter arrived, most of the men’s uniforms and boots were worn. Freezing blizzards and frost meant that some soldiers froze to death at their stations and others had their toes and feet amputated due to frostbite. Torrential rain also posed a

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Student Information

The Anzacs In Gallipoli

challenge for the Anzacs. The trenches were often hit by floods and the stagnant water left behind attracted lice, mosquitos and rats. As the war progressed and dead bodies became rife, disease spread quickly. Several truces were in fact called by both sides to give one another time to bury the dead and alleviate the smell of rotting flesh.

The Anzacs’ diet was poor. Clean water was scarce and often had to be shipped in. Soldiers were rationed to just over two litres of water a day. This was usually drunk in the form of tea and any tea that was left over was used for shaving.

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The soldiers mainly ate bully beef (canned meat), hard biscuits (so hard that soldiers report losing teeth trying to bite through them), tea, sugar and jam.

Occasionally the Anzacs would receive small amounts of bread, bacon and cheese. Vegetables were scarce. Sleep was also difficult because the trenches were so narrow - numerous men slept upright due to the overcrowding.

Although the trenches were fairly well-built, lives were still lost from enemy fire which made its way through flimsy sand bags or came from above.

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Countless letters, diary and journal entries written by the Anzacs during their 8 months in Gallipoli indicate that it was the conditions of the trenches as well as the actual warfare which they battled. The Turkish soldiers on the other-hand were more accustomed to the climate and were able to access better food, such as vegetables from inland farms.

Anzac encampment at Anzac Cove in 1915.

Source: Wikimedia Commons

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Activity Page 1

Activity

Complete this activity page after reading the information on pages 11and 12.

1. The Anzacs in Gallipoli now and again did receive mail. Between them, the men and women wrote hundreds of letters intended for their loved ones back home. Some of these letters are now historical artefacts displayed in museums, and they help us to understand more about the Anzacs’ experiences. Use the image and information on the previous pages to describe in your own words the trenches and the terrain at Anzac Cove in 1915. Write it in the form of a letter as if you are an Anzac. ______________________________________________________________

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2. Go to 4www.anzacsite.gov.au/ and trawl through the many transcripts of letters that were left behind when the Gallipoli campaign came to an end. Find a transcript of a letter which interests you that was received or sent by an Anzac during the Gallipoli campaign. Write it out on the back of this sheet or in your workbooks. There were many written by nurses as well as soldiers on this site.

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Activity Page 2

Activity

Complete this activity page after reading the information on pages 11 and 12.

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1. On the first plate below, draw a typical meal eaten by an Anzac in 1915 in Gallipoli.

On the second plate, draw how a Turkish soldier’s plate may have looked.

Meal for an Anzac soldier

Meal for a Turkish soldier

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bully beef corpses rations tea sandbags volunteers frostbite maggots blizzards floods rats mosquitos Brighton Beach terrain William Birdwood trenches

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2. Complete the word search below. Tick the words off as you find them.

Activity Page 3

Activity

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You are bored in the trenches and decide to fill some time playing The Anzac Memory Game with your mate. Colour then cut out the cards and turn them face down. Take turns turning each card over to create a pair.

You can create your own cards to add to these.

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Activity Page 4

Activity Many Anzacs left their mark in the trenches by leaving keepsakes that they knew would be found years later. It is your turn to face the enemy and emerge from the trenches firing. Before you go,

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1. Write your name and date of birth.

2. Write where you are from.

3. Draw the Australian flag.

4. Draw the last meal that you ate.

5. Write what qualities you need in war.

6. Write down the names of those you have left behind.

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you want to leave a keepsake on Gallipoli soil in case you do not return. Decorate the box by following the numbered steps.

Leave your box in the trench.

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Once you have decorated your box…

• cut out the box and fold tabs along the dashed lines; • glue the sides together to create the box.

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Another Idea!

Put something inside this box which symbolises your time in Gallipoli.

Activity Page 5

Activity Internet Research

The Anzacs were made up of not only soldiers, but of lots of men and women who played different roles. One Anzac who has gone down in history for his exceptional bravery during the Gallipoli campaign is John Simpson Kirkpatrick – a stretcher bearer.

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Go to 4www.anzacs.net/Simpson.htm to read about his story and complete his profile below. You could also use other websites to gain further information.

Name: ___________________________ D.O.B:____________________________ Role:_ ___________________________ Donkey’s name: ________________________________ Describe his heroic acts: ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ The Victoria Cross: ________________________________ ________________________________ Details of his death: ________________________________ ________________________________ How we remember him (statues, paintings, etc.) : ________________________________ John Simpson with his donkey, bearing a wounded soldier. ________________________________ Source: Wikimedia Commons ________________________________ Extra! Use your research skills to find out more about General William Birdwood.

Was he a good leader? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 17

Remembering The Anzacs

Student Information

Every year on the 25th April all Australians celebrate Anzac Day. This day marks the anniversary of the day that the Anzacs landed at Anzac Cove in Gallipoli. The 25th April, 2015 is an important date because it marks 100 years since the landings. On Anzac Day, Australians remember all servicemen and servicewomen who have served in all wars, conflicts and peacekeeping operations. Anzac Day is an official public holiday in all states and territories in Australia so that Australians can take the time to remember the people who have risked their lives for our country. Anzac Day is also observed in the Cook Islands, Niue, Pitcairn Islands and Tonga.

It is tradition in many Australian cities for there to be an Anzac march. Those who march are often current and past servicemen and women. Dawn services at local memorials and other remembrance services are other traditional ways of celebrating Anzac Day.

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Although poppies are traditionally worn on Remembrance Day, not Anzac Day, it is tradition for wreaths of poppies to be placed at memorials and honour boards on Anzac Day. Poppies flowered in Turkey at the time that the Anzacs landed.

Anzac Day parade in Darwin.

Source: Wikimedia Commons

A remembrance service in Melbourne, Victoria. The Last Post is played – this is a bugle call traditionally used to commemorate those who have been killed in war.

Source: Wikimedia Commons.

An Anzac Day National Service at the Australian War Memorial, Canberra in 2008. Many dignataries are in attendance including the current Prime Minister of Australia Kevin Rudd.

Source: Wikimedia Commons

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Activity Page 1

Activity

Complete this activity page after reading the information on page 18.

1. Mark Anzac Day on the calendar.

APRIL

2. Why is it on this day?

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3. Who do we remember on Anzac Day? _____________________________________________________________________

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4. What is a public holiday and why is Anzac Day a public holiday? _____________________________________________________________________

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5. Explain the ways in which people are celebrating Anzac Day in each picture.

Colour the one that shows how you celebrate Anzac Day.

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6. Where is your local war memorial?

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Activity Page 2

Complete this activity page after reading the information on page 18.

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1. Create a stamp to celebrate Anzac Day.

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2. Soldiers who have fought in wars, conflicts and peacekeeping operations often receive medals for their bravery. Use your research skills to find a picture of a real Anzac medal. Draw it here. You might want to draw the Victoria Cross.

3. Find out what people are doing for the Anzac Centenary.

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Extra! Log on to 4www.anzacday.org.au/interactives/childhood/puzzles/main. html and complete the ‘click and drag’ puzzles.

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Answers P6 1) Australian (and) New Zealand Army Corps.

2) Students should draw a red line from Albany in Western Australia to Egypt then to Turkey.

Students should note that the Anzacs spent 4.5 months in Egypt and 8 months in Turkey.

3) Students should write: Australia, Russia, France, Britain and New Zealand inside the circle under Allied Powers. Students should write: Turkey, Italy, Austria-Hungry and Germany inside the circle under Central Powers.

P7 1) Students should colour the Dardanelles.

2) Anzac Cove is significant because it is the exact spot where the Anzacs landed and set up camp. This is the base from which they fought for 8 months.

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3) Contemporary pictures might show that Anzac Cove has now become a place of remembrance and commemoration. Modern day pictures may include flags which fly there to acknowledge the countries involved in the battle; plaques and grave stones. Older pictures may show the Anzacs’ encampment. You can discuss both types of images in class and consider what stories the images tell.

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4) People visit Anzac Cove because it is a place which tells a story about our past and so is historically significant. Many Australians plan to travel to Anzac Cove in 2015 (the Anzac Centenary) to attend a remembrance service which will be held there to honour the Anzacs and those who have come after them. It is claimed that there will be 8,000 passes to the service reserved for Australians.

1) The men and women played a variety of roles in Gallipoli. Some of these roles included: soldiers, nurses, doctors, orderlies, generals, runners and stretcher bearers. Students may find different roles than the ones listed. Encourage them to research these roles and say what they involved. For example, it is known that only physically strong men were given the role of stretcher bearers, and men who were excellent at sprinting were given the role of runners.

The movie Gallipoli focuses on the role of runners in particular.

2) The first reason is because the Anzacs were made up of solely volunteers and so they had no military background or training – they simply had to pass a medical. Other reasons may have been to possibly get the Anzacs accustomed to a similar environment as Gallipoli, and because there was no room to train them in England due to an accommodation crisis. (Other answers may be acceptable.)

3) Students’ graphs/tables may vary depending on the sources that they use.

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Answers P9 1) The image suggests that the relationship between Australia and Britain was strengthened after the Anzacs’ role in the war. It also implies that the British admired Australians more after the war.

2) Following Gallipoli, Australian forces fought campaigns on the Western Front and in the Middle East.

3) Albany, Turkey, evacuated, allies, Constantinople, stalemate, Gallipoli, Egypt, Dardanelles, surrender.

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P17 Internet Research: Name: John “Jack” Simpson Kirkpatrick – he served under the name of John Simpson.

D.O.B: 6th July 1892 Donkey’s name: Known as “Duffy”, “Murphy” or “Abdul”.

Role: Stretcher bearer (this role was only given to physically strong men).

Describe his heroic acts: Soon after he landed in Gallipoli the story goes that he found a stranded donkey and used it to carry wounded soldiers from the front line to the beach for evacuation. Diaries and journal entries mention that he would sing and whistle as he carried these soldiers ignoring the bullets flying through the air. Simpson worked day and night and knew no fear as he moved among the shrapnel and fire.

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Answers The Victoria Cross: Simpson was never granted a Victoria Cross medal, but reports indicate that in 2011 he was one of 13 servicemen considered for the award.

Details of his death: Simpson was killed by machine gunfire on 19th May, 1915 only three and a half weeks after he arrived in Gallipoli. He is buried at Beach Cemetery.

How we remember him: There are many paintings, sculptures and articles depicting John Simpson. There is even a film entitled “Murphy of Anzac” and a song about him.

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Extra! Answers will vary depending on the students’ sources used. Many sources describe Birdwood as a good leader because he was very visible and mingled among the troops.

Reports claim he placed himself in danger and in positions open to Turkish shelling, as he often went swimming and was seen in the trenches. He was affectionately known as “Birdie”.

He commanded the troops until the end of the campaign and visited Australia when the war came to an end. It was said that he hoped to become the Governor-General of Australia, but the position was never offered to him. He died in 1951.

P19

1) Students should mark the 25th April on the calendar.

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2) It is on this day because it marks the day that the Anzacs first landed at Anzac Cove in Gallipoli.

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3) We remember all men and women who have served in wars, conflicts and peacekeeping operations.

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4) A public holiday is a special day when Australians do not attend work or school. Anzac Day is a public holiday because it gives Australians the time to attend services, marches and other commemorative events which remember and honour the Australian military – past and present.

5) By visiting a local memorial; by attending an Anzac march; by eating Anzac biscuits.

P20 3) There are a lot of organised events for the Anzac Centenary. More information can be found at http://www.anzaccentenary.gov.au/

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