Practical Science Series: Earth and Beyond, 10-12 year olds by Ready-Ed Publications

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Practical Science

Earth and Beyond

for 10-12 year olds ! Practical hands-on science activities ! Contains comprehensive teachersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; notes and lesson ideas

By Kevin Rigg

Ebook Code REAU4034

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview.

Written by Kevin Rigg. Illustrated by Terry Allen. Edited by Jane Bourke. Design & Typesetting by Shay Howard. Published by Ready-Ed Publications (2007) ÂŠ Ready-Ed Publications - 2007. P.O. Box 276 Greenwood Perth W.A. 6024 Email: info@readyed.com.au Website: www.readyed.com.au

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COPYRIGHT NOTICE Permission is granted for the purchaser to photocopy sufficient copies for non-commercial educational purposes. However, this permission is not transferable and applies only to the purchasing individual or institution.

ISBN 1 86397 676 0

Contents

Earth and Beyond

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. Teachers’ Notes Presentation Ideas Curriculum Links

........... page 4 ........... page 5 ........... page 6

Lesson 1: Soils Teachers’ Notes Activity

........... page 8 ........... page 9

Lesson 2: Soil Erosion Teachers’ Notes Activity

......... page 10 ......... page 11

Lesson 3: Soil Erosion Research Teachers’ Notes Activity

......... page 12 ......... page 13

Lesson 4: Our Earth Teachers’ Notes Activity

......... page 14 ......... page 15

Lesson 5: The Seasons Teachers’ Notes Activity

......... page 16 ......... page 17

Lesson 6: Living in Space Teachers’ Notes Activity

......... page 18 ......... page 19

Lesson 7: Features of the Universe Teachers’ Notes Activity

......... page 20 ......... page 21

Lesson 8: Catastrophes Teachers’ Notes Activity

......... page 22 ......... page 23

Answers

......... page 24

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Teachers’ Notes This book contains a package of photocopiable worksheets designed to be used to cover the Science learning area of “Earth and Beyond” with 10-12 year old students.

Earth and Beyond

Lesson Sheets Layout

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. Using the activities in this book, students will gather information about the earth and the effects of natural phenomena on the earth as a whole. Students will have opportunities to research natural events such as catastrophes, investigate how humans can cope with space travel, and study the features of the universe and gain an understanding of the seasons. They will also be involved in sampling soils, gathering data from various sources, drawing diagrams and conducting research into soil erosion.

STUDENT LESSON SHEET Lesson title Student learning activities

Each lesson has the potential to: • extend into more than one lesson by having separate parts to the lesson sheet. Some sections of a lesson may need planning on other paper before final copies are transferred to the lesson sheet. Some lessons may be too long for one lesson and could be completed at another time. • expand into other curriculum areas using a similar theme. There are ideas for crosscurricular integration with other learning areas. Sometimes a whole day’s work could be planned around one lesson sheet.

Science Materials and Equipment The equipment needed has been kept to a minimum to facilitate ease of planning. It is readily available in schools or is easily acquired. All lesson sheets are outcome linked to the various curriculum documents (see page 6). Answers are provided where necessary (see page 24). Other books in the Practical Science series:

• • • • 4

TEACHERS’ NOTES INCLUDE: (FOR EACH LESSON) Outcome links; Required materials; Lesson plan ideas including extension ideas and teaching tips;

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Energy and Change Life and Living Natural and Processed Materials Working Scientifically

Cross-curricular/integration ideas.

Presentation Ideas

Earth and Beyond

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. • Make a display using items used in the lesson and worksheets. Children could make labels for the items. • Make a frieze of drawings, cut outs and worksheets used in the lesson. Have different children label the pictures. • Take digital photos of the activity and print them for a language activity.

• Children could produce labels for the photos which can be used in a class book or display in the library. • Take photos in the classroom or the playground during the activity. Children create labels to put under the photos. • Display record pages alongside the data collection pages in a class display. • Collect photos from the children of activities, pets, homes, etc. • Cut the worksheets up into parts and display together with the children’s drawings. • Use art pieces as a backdrop to a display of the children’s worksheets. • Children could give talks to another class using the worksheets as a guide. • Hang models used to demonstrate from wire in the room and have children provide labels. • Hang posters and projects together / use posters, models and worksheets in a display. • Present the whole activity as a class talk at assembly using posters, graphs and data collected. • Display posters around the school, library or community.

Internet Use All websites listed in the Practical Science books are linked from the Ready-Ed website listed below. This saves the teacher and/or student from typing in the addresses each time. External websites referred to in this book will be updated through the Ready-Ed site below should they disappear or modify their address after publication.

Go to www.readyed.net www.readyed.com.au/urls/science

Bookmark this site for ease of use:

Curriculum Links

Earth and Beyond

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. The activities in Practical Science: Earth and Beyond can be linked to the following Science strands and learning outcomes for each state/territory.

State/Territory

Subject Area

NT, ACT and Tas. (National Curriculum)

Science

New South Wales Victoria (VELS)

Strands

Outcomes

Earth and Beyond · Earth, Sky and People · The Changing Earth · Our Place in Space

2.1, 3.1 2.2, 3.2 2.3, 3.3

Science and Technology

· Earth and its Surroundings

ES S2.6, 3.6

Science

· Science, Knowledge

and Understanding · Science at Work Earth and Space Sciences: The Changing Earth Our Place in Space

3.1 (CSF) 3.2 (CSF)

Queensland

Science

· Earth and Beyond

2.1, 2.2, 2.3 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

South Australia

Science

· Earth and Space

2.1, 2.2 3.1, 3.2

Western Australia

Science

· Earth and Beyond

EB 2, EB 3

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Earth and Beyond

This is aLesson Ready-Ed Publications' plans and activities for: book preview. •Soils •Soil Erosion •Soil Erosion Research •Our Earth •The Seasons •Living in Space •Features of the Universe •Catastrophes

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Lesson 1

Teachers' Notes

Earth and Beyond

Soils

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. Materials: Learning Outcome:

• Illustrates ways that use of the Earth’s resources changes the physical environment.

Each pair/group will need:

• • • • • • •

dessert spoons jars labelled 1 to 4 access to soil (within the school grounds) magnifying glasses scales to measure grams gloves for the children (optional) clipboard and paper for notes

Lesson Ideas: This activity can be done in pairs/groups. • Be sure to explain what this activity is about at the beginning of this lesson. Students will need to know the sorts of notes they should make as they collect their soil samples. • Children will need to visit the school grounds to collect their four soil samples. They should collect as wide a variety of soils as possible, e.g. sand from the sand pit, red dirt, garden soil, compost and so on. • Each pair/group needs to collect approximately two spoonfuls of each soil type and to label their samples carefully. Students should take notes (on clipboards) about where the particular sample was collected and what it is being used for (e.g. garden, path, etc.). • Children then return to the classroom to study the four soil samples. They should identify the type of soil (sand, clay, compost, etc.). Students will also need to weigh their samples. • Using magnifying glasses, students can have a closer look at their samples, observing any foreign bodies found in their collections. • In groups, students discuss any problems they had collecting and analysing the soil data. Children can write their own responses for the Reflection (section E) on the back of their worksheet. • If possible, take photos of the children at work and have the children write up captions for a class display. • Lesson 2: Soil Erosion is an ideal follow up to this activity and examines soil erosion in the school grounds.

Integration Ideas:

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English (Speaking and Listening): Children can present a talk on their data collection to a class/ group using the lesson sheet as a guide. Research: Children can conduct research on the different uses of soils in the school grounds and what is required for each use, e.g. sand in the playground, gravel on the driveway and so on. 8

Soils

Lesson 1

Earth and Beyond

You will be looking at different types of soils found in the school ground. Study each soil type and complete the details.

ThisA is a Ready-Ed Publications' B book preview. 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901

Soil A

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Soil B

Magnified View (pencil drawing)

Type: ________________________________ Description: __________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Colour match: ________________________ Where found: ________________________ Used for _____________________________ Mass of sample: ____________________ g

Draw and label some of the foreign bodies found.

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Soil C

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Soil D

Magnified View (pencil drawing)

Draw and label some of the foreign bodies found.

to www.readyed.net Reflection E Go How did the soil analysis go? Explain any problems you had collecting the

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data on the soil samples. Write your answers on the back of this sheet. 9

Teachers' Notes

Lesson 2

Earth and Beyond

Soil Erosion

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. Learning Outcomes:

• Illustrates ways that use of the earth’s resources changes the physical environment. • Relates changes in the physical environment to physical processes.

Materials: • examples of wind and water erosion in the school ground • digital camera (optional)

Lesson Ideas: • Children discuss and write down what they think is meant by the terms “water erosion” and “wind erosion”. • Explore the school grounds as a whole class to give students the opportunity to examine real life examples of the effects of erosion. • Students will need to take notes on selected examples of water and wind erosion using the worksheet headings as a guide for their observations. If possible, students could take photos to print and use on the lesson sheet. • Discuss how the erosion problems could be fixed. Children could use small diagrams to demonstrate their solutions.

Integration Ideas: English (Writing): Students write a recount of the activity. The Arts: Children draw or paint the area affected by erosion as they think it might look if it were to be fixed up.

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Lesson 2

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Soil Erosion

Earth and Beyond

Find one example of wind erosion and one example of water erosion in the school grounds. Complete an analysis of the erosion samples you found.

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. WATER EROSION

How can water cause erosion?

WIND EROSION

How can wind cause erosion?

___________________________________

Draw or paste a photo of the chosen site. Use labels.

Location: ___________________________

Soil type: ___________________________

Cause of the erosion:

___________________________________

Problems which the erosion is causing.

___________________________________

How do you think this erosion could be stopped?

___________________________________

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Lesson 3

Teachers' Notes

Earth and Beyond

Soil Erosion Research

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. Learning Outcomes:

• Illustrates ways that use of the earth’s resources changes the physical environment. • Relates changes in the physical environment to physical processes.

Materials: • library resources on the subject of erosion, e.g. posters, pictures, books • Internet access • computer (PowerPoint) for presenting project material

Lesson Ideas: • Children use the Internet and the library to research soil erosion using the lesson sheet as a guide for taking notes. Some useful websites: www.botany.uwc.ac.za/Envfacts/facts/erosion.htm cse.cosm.sc.edu/erth_sci/Erosion/EIntro.htm www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/quick/dirtmeister/erosion.html library.thinkquest.org/05aug/01448/ - Water Erosion (ThinkQuest site) • Children summarise notes and later expand on their notes to produce a project. The project could be presented on a piece of art paper or on sheets of paper and students can work in pairs or groups. • This research project could also be prepared as a PowerPoint presentation.

Integration Ideas: English (Speaking and Listening): Children use the lesson sheet as a guide for preparing and presenting talks on soil erosion.

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Lesson 3

Soil Erosion Research

Earth and Beyond

Research Checklist:

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. Design a cover for your project. Include the title, your name, the date and your class. Include a Contents page and a list of your information sources.

Use paper/computer and available library resources to complete the following research. 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901

Define Soil Erosion

Remember that erosion is a natural phenomenon. Use drawings or pictures to help explain. What are some activities (practices) that people do that can cause erosion? E.g. farming practices. What are the effects of erosion on farms? 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901

Different Types of Soil Erosion

Draw, cut and paste, or print pictures of different types of soil erosion. Label each type and write a brief description.

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Select two of the main types of soil erosion to study in detail. Answer these questions for each:

Sample 1:

Sample 2:

How does this erosion affect the environment, both natural and human?

What farming activities contribute to this type of erosion?

What can farmers do to limit the amount of erosion?

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Extra Information: Add some more information of your own.

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Lesson 4

Teachers' Notes

Earth and Beyond

Our Earth

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. Learning Outcome:

• Illustrates patterns of change observable on the earth caused by the relationship between the sun, earth and moon.

Materials: • a globe of the earth • a torch

Lesson Ideas: • Children will need to view an explanation of how the earth rotates, revolves, is tilted and how these characteristics all function together to give us days, years and seasons. The following websites provide good starting points. Audio/visual explanations: www.school-for-champions.com/science/earthmotion.htm www.ncsu.edu/scivis/lessons/earthinspace3d/earth2.html www.onr.navy.mil/focus/spacesciences/observingsky/motion1.htm Descriptions of the earth: www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/ www.kidsastronomy.com/earth.htm • A demonstration using a globe, light source and a dark room will also do. • Children write their own explanations for section A. They should show “day/night” in their explanation. • Students then represent a “year” in diagram form and complete a written explanation of a year. They should also include an explanation of a “leap year”. • Leave the globe and light source set up in the room and have groups provide labels to hang around it explaining the phenomena.

Integration Ideas: The Arts: Students divide a large piece of art paper in half. One side can be used to paint or draw a landscape scene during the day and the other half can show the same scene at night. English (Spelling): Create a list of “earth” words for a spelling/word study activity. Students could also create a crossword/word search using these words. Maths: Conduct a lesson on time differences around the world.

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Lesson 4

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Our Earth

Earth and Beyond

Complete written explanations for each of these processes below. Draw a diagram to illustrate.

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. The earth rotates: (show the sun)

The earth is tilted:

The earth revolves:

_______________________

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Draw a labelled diagram and give a written explanation describing what a YEAR is.

Checklist of things to include: heading labels the sun the earth an orbit line written explanation

What is a year? ______________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 15

Lesson 5

Teachers' Notes

Earth and Beyond

The Seasons

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. Learning Outcome:

• Illustrates patterns of change observable on the earth caused by the relationship between the sun, earth and the moon.

Materials:

• globe of the earth • dark room

• torch • Internet access (optional)

Lesson Ideas: • Children will need to view an explanation of how the earth goes through seasons. Explain how the northern and southern hemispheres experience seasons at opposite times of the year. • A demonstration using a globe, light source and a dark room would do. Also, check out these websites: www.astro.uiuc.edu/projects/data/Seasons/seasons.html www.scienceu.com/observatory/articles/seasons/seasons.html • Students then attempt to write their own explanations and show how the seasons occur in diagram form. Further Research: Explanation and diagram: www.crh.noaa.gov/fsd/astro/season.php Interactive demonstration of the seasons: www.ioncmaste.ca/homepage/resources/web_resources/CSA_Astro/files/ content/html/unit3/lessons/lesson1_seasons/lesson1.html (Shows the seasons for the northern hemisphere but is very easy to follow.) scienceworld.wolfram.com/astronomy/SummerSolstice.html scienceworld.wolfram.com/astronomy/WinterSolstice.html • Children can complete the activities by researching the answers.

Integration Ideas: The Arts: Using papier-mâché, create models of the four earths and a sun to hang as an explanation of seasons. English (Spelling): Create a list of “season” words for a spelling activity or word search. Maths: Graphing activity on seasonal average temperatures from world cities. Collect information from this website: www.worldclimate.com/

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The Seasons

Lesson 5

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Earth and Beyond

Draw a labelled diagram explaining why the earth has seasons. Draw the earth four times to show the four seasons.

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. Checklist of things to include: diagram heading and labels the sun the four earths an orbit line lines showing the sun’s rays written explanation

Written explanation: __________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901

Explain why it is dark at the poles for months at a time.

___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

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Explain these terms:

Summer solstice _____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Winter solstice _______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

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Complete the tables of the seasons by writing in the months: SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

Summer

Autumn

Winter

NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

Spring

Summer

Autumn

Winter

Spring

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Lesson 6

Teachers' Notes

Earth and Beyond

Living in Space

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. Learning Outcomes:

• Examines ways scientists investigate the earth, the solar system and the universe.

Materials:

• resources for children to research (library/ Internet) Internet starting points: www.pbs.org/spacestation/station/living_spacesuit.htm www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/index.html www.esa.int/esaHS/ESAGO90VMOC_astronauts_0.html

Lesson Ideas: This lesson requires access to Internet sites and can be done as an independent activity / library research activity or in the classroom with small groups. • Students attempt the spacesuit activity on their own. Download the PDF files on spacesuits from ILC Dover’s website: www.ilcdover.com/products/aerospace_defense/spacesuits.htm • Children research the answers to the astronaut questions in groups. Students should take notes from the website and then write up the final draft onto their worksheet. Alternatively, students could use the worksheet as a note taking tool and produce the final copies on separate paper as a written report.

Integration Ideas: English (Writing): Creative writing with topics/story starters such as: My Day in a Spacesuit, The Man At The Door Had a Spacesuit On! English: Students write explanations for the part descriptors of spacesuits using the information they have gathered from the Internet. E.g. “Primary life support subsystem” or “O² control actuator”. The Arts: Children paint a space scene with a spacesuit in it or make a spacesuit out of available materials (e.g. aluminium foil, cotton wool, pipe cleaners, papier-mâché and so on).

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Lesson 6

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Living in Space

Earth and Beyond

Draw lines to match the labels to this space-suited astronaut.

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. Primary life support system

Display and control module Lower torso / leg assembly

Hard upper torso assembly Helmet / extra-vehicular visor assembly Arm assembly 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901

Internet Research Research answers to these questions. Use diagrams and description.

What reasons are there for space exploration? List three reasons.

How have people on our planet benefited from space exploration? List three ways.

What do astronauts do for relaxation in space?

How do astronauts sleep in space? What do they use to sleep on?

What sorts of food do astronauts eat? How do they eat it?

What sorts of experiments have been carried out in space? List three examples.

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Lesson 7

Teachers' Notes

Earth and Beyond

Features of the Universe This is a Ready-Ed Publications'

book preview.

Learning Outcomes:

• Locates and describes features of our universe.

Materials: • research resources (library loan, Internet) • classroom Internet access (optional)

Lesson Ideas: • Discuss the activity requirements and organise the research materials for the students. • Conduct a class brainstorm on the terms in section A before allowing the children to work on their own answers. • Children research answers to these terms using the available books and websites. • For section B, children should be able to describe a “light-year” and also be able to understand the distance involved. • There are many websites suitable for research: www.kidsastronomy.com/ www.worldalmanacforkids.com/explore/space.html coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu//cosmic_kids/AskKids/def_lightyear.shtml www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/stars/startypes.shtml members.aol.com/_ht_a/bobalien99/stardiff.htm www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/features/ www.scitech.org.au/planetarium/links.html – Scitech links • Children should draw a diagram of the star, label it and write a description. If possible, children could use the lesson sheet to plan a mini-project about stars.

Integration Ideas: English (Spelling): Create a list of “universe” words for a spelling/word study activity. The Arts: Children create, in groups, a model of each type of star using papiermâché. Excursion: Visit a planetarium. Maths: Use the speed of light (300 000 km/sec) to complete calculations for the distance of a light-year (e.g. 300 000 x 60 x 60 x 24 x 365).

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Lesson 7

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Features of the Universe

Earth and Beyond

Explain the meanings of these common astronomy terms:

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. galaxy: _____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

planet: _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

comet: _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ meteor: ____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ asteroid: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

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Measuring distance in outer space is quite complicated!

Explain how our planet distances are calculated. _______________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Explain what a light year is. __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901

STARS: Explain how all these star types differ. Use diagrams and labels to help you.

Red Dwarf Star

Yellow Star

Blue Giant Star

Super Giant Star

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Lesson 8

Teachers' Notes

Earth and Beyond

Catastrophes

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. Learning Outcomes:

• Identifies changes in the atmosphere and the interior of the earth that cause catastrophic events.

Materials: • research materials for children on the theme of catastrophes (library books, posters, websites, newspapers, magazines, etc.) • computer access to prepare presentations using programs such as MS Word or PowerPoint • large piece of art paper for each child • project stationery (card, pad paper)

Lesson Ideas: • Discuss the definition of “catastrophe” and provide some recent examples of natural catastrophic events, e.g. Asian Tsunami, Hurricane Katrina, Cyclone Larry. Children choose a particular event for individual research and begin the plan of their project. • Using the sections from the worksheet, students plan where the items will be placed on the final project sheet. • When finished, the plan should be checked and the children can begin to collect the information for each section. Starting points for research: • There are many websites for research, for example: www.nationalgeographic.com/forcesofnature/interactive/index.html earthquake.usgs.gov/4kids/ – Earthquakes www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/avalanche/ – Avalanches www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/hawaii/ – Hawaiian Disasters

Integration Ideas: English (Speaking and Listening): Children can present their projects as a talk. English (Spelling): Collect a list of the glossary words to use in a spelling or word study activity. English (Writing): Creative writing using the catastrophe theme. Story titles can include The Day After, Disaster! and so on. Society and Environment (SOSE / HSIE): Children collate data on a world map showing where all the catastrophes occur. Ideally, create a class wall map that students can draw on.

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Catastrophes

Lesson 8

Earth and Beyond

Design Brief: Design an information project using a large piece of art paper on a selected catastrophe. Draw up a layout plan on the back of this sheet and mark off each section as you include it. Choose one of these types of catastrophes:

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. earthquake

cyclone/hurricane

SECTIONS TO INCLUDE:

volcano

tsunami

Use the space below to write planning notes for each section:

Causes: Explanation of how this type of catastrophe happens using diagrams and descriptions. How much warning do people usually have?

________________________________________

Distribution: World map showing where these catastrophes are most likely to occur.

________________________________________

Effects: What effects does such a catastrophe have on peoples’ lives? How do they cope and what sorts of damage is there to peoples’ property?

________________________________________

History: News items from papers on the catastrophes. Include a list of the main disasters that have occurred. The Internet will be useful for this section of your project.

________________________________________

Glossary: Include a list of “catastrophe” words and their meaning.

________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________

Extra ideas of your own.

________________________________________

Resource: Include a list of books and websites used to gather information.

________________________________________ ________________________________________

Go to www.readyed.net

________________________________________

Presentation: Try to use •drawings •photos •borders •special fonts •coloured pencils •coloured paper • typed notes If possible you can also present your work as part of a PowerPoint presentation. 23

Answers Lesson 5: The Seasons

Earth and Beyond

Lesson 7: Features of the Universe

This is a Ready-Ed Publications' book preview. A) The seasons:

Equinox March 21 Sun over Equator

Solstice December 21 Sun over Tropic of Capricorn

A) galaxy: Large collection of stars, planets and rocks held together by gravity. planet: Large object which rotates around a star. comet: Small collection of dust and gas which revolves around a star. meteor: Small rock which enters the earth’s Solstice June 21 atmosphere and burns up, e.g. a “shooting Sun over Tropic of Cancer Equinox September 21 Sun over Equator star”. asteroid: Small rock which rotates around a B) The tilt of the earth means no part of star. the pole is facing the sun for several B) By bouncing radar off nearby planets, and months. (Note: Use a globe and torch by also using the known distances between to illustrate.) some planets, the other distances can be C) The summer solstice is the longest calculated. day of the year, i.e. the length of time The distance light travels in one year. elapsed between sunrise and sunset (Approximately 9,460,536,207,068 km.) on this day is the maximum for the year. The sun has reached its furtherest point C) Red Dwarf: A small and relatively cool star which emits very little light. These types of south (Southern Hemisphere). stars have an enormous lifespan and slowly The winter solstice is the shortest contract and heat up until all their hydrogen day of the year. The sun has reached is consumed. its furtherest point north (Southern Yellow Star: An example of a yellow star is Hemisphere). the sun. Yellow stars are medium-sized stars D) Southern Hemisphere: with medium temperatures. They will not live •Summer: December, January, February; as long as red dwarfs – only about 10 billion •Autumn: March, April, May; years or so. Near the end of a yellow star’s •Winter: June, July, August; life, this medium-sized star swells up and becomes very large. •Spring: September, October, November. Blue Giant: These are giant stars. They Northern Hemisphere: are far more massive than our sun (about 10 •Summer: June, July, August; times bigger), and burn at far hotter •Autumn: September, October, November; temperatures. A blue giant’s lifetime is much •Winter: December, January, February; shorter than that of the sun. •Spring: March, April, May. Super Giant: A super giant star is an expanding yellow star. It’s much hotter and Lesson 6: Living in Space the extra heat makes the outside stretch further. A super giant in our solar system A) would extend all the way to the planet Uranus! When a supergiant explodes it becomes very bright at its centre. This massive explosion is known as a supernova. It’s on its way to burning and will turn into a black hole. No light can escape from a collapsed star.

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