Contents Architecture As a Discourse Computers In Architecture Parametric Modeling
An Expression Of interest Ned khan Case Study 1.0 Formulating Discourse Doppler - Porosity Case Study 2.0 Preliminary Site Analysis Matrix of Transformation Mid semester Presentation
A Different Direction Maya Lin Wave Matrix Study Grasshopper Definition
Exploring Further Construction Detail Quadror Retaining Wall Season Change Regional Site Analysis Site Plan - Sections Feedback Conclusion
Hello my name is Tisara Samarasuriya. I’m
a 3rd year architecture student. Dint always want to be an architect, started my uni career off as an engineer but learned that I love design more than the engineering aspect. Looks like the engineering aspect has come back to haunt me with vectors. At least I can use some of the Experience gained in my first year. I’ve used basic forms of digital architectural programs such as sketch up 8 thus long for my Environments course. I’ve had a little Experience with Rhino and thus not completely alienated by it. Have never used grass hopper before and well dreading it and also intrigued by it. Some programs that I’ve heard about it revit and 3ds max which I’ve been meaning to learn in the future and have heard many design projects are based though this level and digital programming software. Although these programs help in the productivity, presentation and overall quality of the project I do believe that using digital architecture kills an individuals creativity to a certain length. I guess I’m antic but I do believe architecture to its purest form should be done using pencil and paper.
Architecture As a Discourse...
“Every time a student walks past a really urgent, expressive piece of architecture that belongs to his college, it can help reassure him that he does have that mind, does have that soul.� Louis Khan
B AWA
The Sri Lankan Architect Geoffrey Bawa is now
regarded as having been one of the most important and influential Asian architects of the twentieth century. Bawa’s work is characterized by a sensitivity to site and context. He produced “sustainable architecture” long before the term was coined, and had developed his own “regional modernist” stance well in advance of the theoreticians. His designs broke down the barriers between inside and outside, between interior design and landscape architecture and reduced buildings to a series Of scenographically conceived spaces separated by courtyards and gardens. 
At
Heritance Kandalama Bawa created an austere building that derives its beauty from the surrounding landscape. The simple geometry and lack of decoration help to highlight the natural environment. When he first built the hotel, he told the staff that one day it would peer out from under a canopy of lush vegetation. The staff didn’t fully grasp what he was describing. Ten years later, after Bawa was long gone, the staff say he had described the hotel exactly as it is today.
It can be Critically analyzed that through thinking
of bawa’s architecture in terms of a discourse that he had produced a style that blends buildings with nature without the hassle of drawing too much attention. The structures he creates does not get lost in the fusion of nature but sits well in its context and compliments it. This i think is why he’s considered one of the founding fathers of Tropical Architecture.
Z AHA
Overlooking the pearl River the Guangzhou Opera
House is the largest performing arts centre in South China, Designed by Zaha Hadid, a most inspiring and forceful architect this structure evokes her radical approaches and multiple perspectives to designing. Combining art and technology this design is unique as it holds traditional art and music while expressing a modern and ambitious outlook on the exterior. Hence creating this mixture of old and new which is a captivating idea for added analysisn within the Expression of Interest Proposal. Like pebbles in a stream smoothed by erosion, the Guangzhou Opera House sits in perfect harmony with its riverside location (Schumacher). This synthesis between the building and nature is will be a consideration that will be implemented and experimented with in connection with the Gateway Project and the Wyndham City.
omputers In rchitecture A C Computers, by their nature, are superb analytical engines. If correctly programmed, they can follow a line of reasoning to its logical conclusion (Kalay, 2004). Hence, the majority of computer-aided design research over the past fifty years has been directed toward developing computational systems that provide varying levels for assistance to human designers by taking care of smaller or larger parts of the design process (Kalay, 2004).
Kinetic Above the Corian Super-Surfaces Showroom by Amanda Levete Architects
was awarded the Interiors and Fit-Out Prize at the World Architecture Festival in Barcelona. Their idea came from a drop of water creating a series of ripples which became the metaphor for transforming space through movement. Corian Super Surfaces is about revealing the moment of change through visual complexity, creating dynamic kinetic effects. This concept of moving through the space, appearing to animate it is a exceptional concept which i will try to explore more
Advantages There are a plethora of Advantages in regards to the application
of computers in architecture. However singling some of the main points, the parametric modeling scheme has brought about tremendous change about what architecture can will be perceived as. Looking back 50 years, it was not possible to build such abstract shapes such as frank gehrys fallen house. Back then it might have been so alien to even think of such a structure, but now with the aid of computers and parametric modeling geometry with such complexity can be achieved. Another major innovation is the use of kinetic or responsive architecture. The ability of architecture to respond to invisible forces such as sound, light and movement, with adaptive features have many advantages associated within itself. This can be seen not only as an aesthetic purpose but can also be seen as functionality. For example the movement of shading devises according the can be associated with how well the building will perform throughout the year regarding to its heating and cooling needs.
Par ametric Modeling
Disadvantages All said and done, the
Practicality of using these techniques and the real world application has to be kept in mind. Although decorative design ideas and dream structures are a possibility thought parametric modeling, asking yourself key questions such as what is the cost involved ? , is it applicable the specific site? , Can you manufacture it? Should be considered. It also has to be said that there in a fine line between building your dream structure and its practical use in the real world.
This prooposed street furniture design’s concept
is based on the idea that a changing surface will accomodate for every person. Using parametric design this seat changes its geometry continuously. Instead of offering only one single static design, this scheme suggests multiple varying solutions that meet specific fitness criteria. The project “Urban Adapter” is based on a digital parametric model. At its core the model utilizes explicit site information and program- matic data to react and interact with its environment. That way the model’s DNA structure is capable of producing a variety of unique furniture results.
EVOLVE
ADAPT
Christoph Hermann is a London based designer who work in the realm
of parametric design. This project to the left in particular was called the ‘Mutant Museum’, a design for a building which at first appears to be a very standard, almost classically influenced building, er precision. It also facilitates the creation of much more radical and unconventional designs, as the forms that it can create are not limited by the constraints of a human mind. According to Hermann, the design philosophy was to create a form which “evolved” from a single cell into system where each element, or “cell” relies on what is in its immediate vicinity to create and entirely cohesive structure.
An Expression Of Interest...
“A man’s interest in a single bluebird is worth more than a complete but dry list of the fauna and flora of a town.” Henry Thoreau
It was not long ago that i completely disagreed
with the use of computational methods in the discourse of architecture. But i have to admit that thus far using parametric modeling techniques such as grasshopper , there can be some very interesting ideas which can be generated thought it. Although still a young grasshopper user the work we have done so far is very compelling and very addictive in a good way.
Ned Khan
During this time of discovery, we were introduced to
series of architectural disciplines such as kinetic, geometry , penalization etc. And it was during this time that I discovered the variety of architecture in the real world. I have always gone worth the mainstream architects such as ghery and hadid proper to the design studio and now there many wonderful architects that I have come to admire. One of them happen to be Ned khan. There seems to some magic about his work that compelled me and out group to follow in his footsteps to develop responsive and kinetic architecture. All his work from the articulated cloud to the fragmented sea has its own uniqueness about it. Khan can be viewed also as a artist , scientist and philosopher who experiments with different elements to produce work which has endless applications and push the boundaries of science fiction and reality. This is why I think we were completed to follow in his foot steps.
Case Study 1.0
Rotation based on Image for individual elements
Setting a rotation for base geometry
Increased U and V valu clarity
Setting a rotation for Individual elements
Rotation b bas
ues for
based on Image for se geometry
At this point we were not sure of all grasshopper definitions
and how to manipulate them to our liking. However we had a general idea of what direction we wanted to head in. And that was trying to imitate Ned khan’s architecture. Thus we chose to trend in the kinetic/responsive theme and tried to replicate and change elements in the first case study according to this discipline. The panels shown above explain how we tried to manipulate each object and used each element to rotate based on the vector output of an image. We also tried to create a series of attractors points to differentiate the image and alter the structure however this was not successful
Formulating Discourse Vertical Canal Ned Khan Rijkswaterstaat, Utrecht, Netherlands
Arch
Scie
Fragmented Sea Ned Khan Mesa Art Center
Probin
hitecture
ence
ng
Art
Ned khan is and inspiration architect/ artist that we
as group look forward to. As we looked to formulate an argument based on kinetic and responsive architecture we looked to him as a starting point and was hoping that his projects would lead us to formulate an solid argument in regards to the expression of interest in terms of the whydham city gateway project. Ned khan has done many fascinating projects mostly relating to kinetic architecture, what is a common theme among all his work is that the fact that his sculptures, facade and buildings all interact with nature, thus creates and intricate relationship between the object and the spectator. He has arranged his work into different groups which are Fog, water, wind, fire/Light and sand. All these themes names relate directly to how a person might perceive the building to be. Initially there were many attempts to formulate an argument for the EOI. Different ideas were generated in regards to kinetic architecture and its application to the gateway project. We decided that it was also in out interest that the history in whydham city has to be taken into account. The beauty of Ned khans work is that it is never out of place, everything seems to have a story behind it, every moving piece of his work seem to be interacting with the outside space and screaming out its relation and why its there. Thus as a group we decided that the best way to connect the dotted lines was to research on each field , thus more research on Ned khan ‘s projects, kinetic/responsive architecture and how it can correlate between the history of wyndham city was undertaken.
Kinetic Rain ART + COM Changi Airport Terminal
Following in the steps of Ned khan we tried to explore
many options of how to pursue the invisible effect. After some research and with the combination of science we stumbled upon a physics theory which ticked all boxes in our selection criteria. The Doppler effect, the theory behind the increase (or decrease) in the frequency of sound, light, or other waves as the source and observer move towards (or away from) each other.
Effect
Formulating Discourse After researching on a variety of kinetic projects
we narrowed it down to a scope of small but effective projects that can directly represent and formulate a good relationship to the whydham city gateway project. we wanted the to explore kinetics though some sort of invisible force. This was the base of our parti. Exploring this idea of invisible forces we stumbled upon two very interesting projects. One being the kinetic rain sculpture shown to the left and the BMW kinetic museum shown below. Both of these projects resemble what we hope to achieve with the whydham city gateway project.
Invisible
If this idea of an invisible force can somehow inter wine with projects such as the articulated cloud by Ned khan, results produced for the gateway project could be very interesting. And also if the resultant product can somehow relate to the history of the site , the project would succeed in filling all brackets of the whyndham city council design brief. This was however the thought process of the group.
BMW Museum ART + COM Munich
One of the key words to characterise the concept of porosity is how Porosity suggests movement, flow, openness, connections, fluidity, surprise, and accessibility. It further refers to the solidification, the secret spaces and crannies and twists inside the a certain rock.
Porosity
The Doppler effect
The Doppler effect can be described as the effect produced
by a moving source of waves in which there is an apparent upward shift in frequency for observers towards whom the source is approaching and an apparent downward shift in frequency for observers from whom the source is receding. This can be observed for any type of wave - water wave, sound wave, light wave, etc. And although we are most familiar with the Doppler effect because of our experiences with sound waves this analogy can be stretched to fit all aspects kinetics Taking this a step further, the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a moving object also shows the Doppler effect. The radiation emitted by an object moving toward an observer is squeezed and its frequency appears to increase and is therefore said to be blueshifted. In contrast, the radiation emitted by an object moving away is stretched thus redshifted
Surfa based samp
Surface pattern based on attractor points
Uncontrolled Rotation based on a surface
Surface divided evenly without any inputs
Controlled Surface Without Rotation
ace pattern d on image pler
Case Study 2.0 When re-engineering the articulated cloud project by Ned khan the main points to be extracted were how to identify the input association and output.
A panels and surface edge were taken as inputs with association being a image sampler or a series of attractor points. The resultant output is shown above where there were many different patterns generated through the use of these methods.
Case Study 2.0
In order to replicate and re engineer the articulated cloud by Ned khan, we used a combination using the provided grasshopper definitions and the Ex lab association videos. At the start the idea was to try mimic khan’s work by rebuilding one the facade panels and get a series of smaller geometry to fill the space. By filling the space up equally in rows and columns we then wanted to rotate these sections in one pedicular axis. After establishing the initial facade panel and taking the idea further we set out to try and alter the structure according to movement , just as the articulated cloud interacts with the wind, we set our definition to interact with multiple inputs with the first input being an image sampler and the other a series of attractor points.
Low Country Medium
Coast High
City
Preliminary Site Analysis
In
midst of different explorations we thought it would be good practice to do a preliminary site analysis. Research went into where to sculpture can be placed what were the deciding factors , the speed to vehicles traveling in each direction, the amount of traffic passing through with correlation which side traffic is more intense. However we decided that we will look into those factors in the site synopsis where all factors will come together, the site analysis to the left describes the location of where to place the sculpture and which direction in will be facing. The light blue section represents low porosity in relation to the country, medium porosity with the coast and high dense porosity with the city.
Math Functions
Multiple Math Functions
Curve Attractor
Image Sampler + Math Functions
Math Panel
Multiple Panel
Curve Panel
Image Panel
M atrix
x
Extrusion based Final Sample
Math Functions based Extrusion
Attractor + Image Sampler based Rotation
Rotation based final Sample
of Tr ansformation
Mid Semester Model which was based on a extrusion sample
In
light of our mid semester presentation the group was disappointed with the outcome. Our presentation did not go well and out model did not convey the ideas of porosity density and the Doppler. The idea of placement based on the amount of traffic direction was considered poor and the only bright side was our design direction been open change. After the mid semester presentation we set out goals to establish our selves again. We thought of visiting the site to maybe gain some direction, researched mainly focusing on porosity and the Doppler and started to open doors that were not opened by out previous attempt.
“It seems a fantastic paradox, but it is nevertheless a most important truth, that no architecture can be truly noble which is not imperfect.� John Ruskin
After having many brainstorming sessions we have narrowed our search for an appropriate direction to 2 venues.
One was a case for a series of kinetic panels that are planted along the highway with a receding thickness. Thus articulating the idea of compression which in tun conveys the idea of the Doppler. The kinetic panels will consist of a system of wires which will have the straw like pipes which responds the wind. The second case was a tunnel like structure which has one continuous surface from start to finish. The surface was to be altered with a patterns based on porosity and the Doppler where holes would be penetrating the structure from start to finish. The beginning of the structure was to have large holes with relative low frequency and the end have the complete opposite conveying the Doppler as a spatial experience.
After experiencing a failure we picked ourselves up and were ready to push on to the rest of the semester. We were already behind and had no help during the mid semester to get feed back on the strategies that we have come up with so far. Eager to communicate these ideas we head in..
A different Direction...
“Failure is the key to success; each mistake teaches us something.� Unknown
Due to the lack of direction in our previous project we sought out a different
direction to take our kinetic sculpture further. Many different venues were thought about and 2 main Parti’s were chosen. The first was to design a series of panels with receding density so the idea of the Doppler can be experienced. The other venue was to create a optical spatial illusion based on the Doppler through a landform pattern. In due course we thought we’ll go ahead with the landform pattern since it had many different possibilities and was open to various from of design strategies
Further exploring this idea we came across many different precedents which cemented our idea to create a landform pattern. The group was divided into research of design principles and the research of a possible matrix which would enable us to generate a certain pattern. An interesting precedent came across us while researching this idea and that American architect mays lin’s landscape work. Due to the striking similarities of our design strategy and her work we decided to further explore her work in detail.
Maya Lin is an world-renowned American architect and artist. IN 1982, when she was an
undergrad student at Yale, Lin entered a competition to design a memorial to the Vietnam War. Despite the publicity the competition received, and the amount of entries which were submitted by architectural firms, at just the age of 21, her design won The Wavefield is comprised of seven rows of undulating, rolling waves of earth and grass. The waves range in height from ten to fifteen feet, with a trough-to-trough distance of approximately forty feet. The work at Storm King is the largest site-specific art installation that Lin has created, and it marks a culmination in her series dedicated to the exploration of water-wave formations. Because it is executed in the same scale as an actual set of waves, the viewer’s experience is similar to that of being at sea, where one loses visual contact with adjacent waves. Compound curves allow for a complex and subtle reading of the space in the form of an environment that pulls the viewer into its interior and creates a sense of total immersion.
With the idea of the wavefeild, we set out strategies to how we can take her design principles further. One such method was to redo a matrix study based on waves that can be generated. We had to come up with a grasshopper definition which would allow us to generate a Doppler wave but also a pattern which can be applied to landform surface.
LIN
Start End Result Exploring Wave patterns based on Math functions
Generating Wave pattern Based on sine curves with the aid of lofting
Exploring Dopp patterns with t mapping and si
pler Wave the use of Graph ine curves
Preliminary Result
Altering the obtained result with the use of drawn curves in rhino as inputs
Final Result
Wave Matrix Study
Gr asshopper Definition
Each line was referenced into GH
where a ceratin number of waves were inserted and manipulated the position of these waves with the use of a graph mapper. After the manipulation each wave line was given a height and this process continued onto the other lines. After the initial set up process the lines were then lofted in a logical manner. The wave lines were broken down to 4 main components and each component was lofted separately.
The design extracted from the matrix had to be altered in many ways in order
for us to generate a possible model and design for the gateway project. In order to this we imported a scaled site plan into rhino and began to draw out the main lines that orchestrate and determine the final outcome. It was very important that we get this right mainly because out project corresponds to a landform pattern. Thus getting the boundaries of each road was crucial. After accurately drawing out each site boundary we referenced each line into grasshopper to generate the pattern. However after doing so we realized that the pattern lacked depth and the idea of the Doppler did not convey though the design. Therefor we decided to reference more lines in between the primary boundaries into grasshopper to generate the desirable pattern.
Landform A
Landform C
Landform B
Landform D
The
grasshopper definition was organized into a logical manner to better understand the mechanics of the designs function. As the image depicts the definition os broken down into 4 main subsections. Landform A-D. Each section was lofted separately and altered to better adapt to the primary design. Landform A was the main section so we made the pattern in this section the most prominent where the Doppler effect is most visible. Each line in this section was manipulated with different number of waves in each line and different heights to generate the best possible Doppler function. Landform B was the mid section of the site. Thus we wanted to keep this section proportional on each side since motorists can experience this from each side. Landform C and D were added to enhance the spatial experience by enclosing the environment arounf the landform pattern.
D
C
B A
We have finally made a breakthrough. Our design principles were good, direction was solid and are matrix was average. We had problems with coming up with the Doppler wave in grasshopper, however with persistence we will get there finally. The only task now was to further take our design, where decision had to be made, these were materials, plan, sections and the spatial experience its self.
Exploring Further...
“Success is not final, failure is not fatal, it is the courage to continue that counts.� Winston Churchill
Construction Detail
November
March
July
December
April
August
January
May
February
June
Season Change One of our key themes of the project was to create a landscape that not only aesthetically stimulates one period of time. But a structure that will grown with the city of whydham and change according to the seasons. The above stop motion represents how the structure responds to seasonal change. September - October
The terminology is that darkened areas or
densely populated the image shows how urban density gradually increases along the highway, where the CBD is the most dense, and thus the darkest.
In order for our design to blend well with the surrounding landscape, a regional site analysis had to be undertaken. The above map trys to articulate our initial basis of design pattern, and why we placed the structure the way we placed it.
The basis of our design was the Doppler effect. And this dictates that a wave will start off with a low frequency gradually increasing and finally becoming a very condensed one. We took this basis and tried to apply it to the regional scale, and what we came up with is how the urban density increases as one goes north along the princess highway. Hence we wanted to place the structure in a manner that represents the regional density of the site, and i believe we were successful in using the Doppler to articulate this idea.
The
structure was set to be 11om along the princess highway and 25m across it. This however only corresponds to landform A which was the largest and the most time consuming which will be built. Land from B was restricted to 15m across mainly due to the boundaries been already set by the highway. Landform C spans 20m across.
Feedback From Final Presentation
The final presentation went well. The feedback received after the presentation was constructive and reflected the way i thought about the design process of our project.
Firstly the practical application of the landform pattern to be used as rain water collection tank is too far shot. In my opinion the application of such system can be carried out with considerable research. The model also lacked depth where the initial design ideas of creating an optical illusion did not come across. The reason might have been connected to the lack of thought going to the retaining wall because this was the main connection to the road. In terms of the created Doppler pattern, the condensed waves could have been more thicker to aid construction.
Final Model Billabong
After taking the final critism into consideration some design solutions were applied to the final structure. However the static nature of the model constrained us to not alter the model based on the new solutions. First solution was to reduce the number of waves that are generated. Simply because of the cost of construction. The other solution is to change the construction method from a reinforced concrete waffle to a set of concrete contours which is the basis of the model built.
Final Render of the Structure
The Billabong Billabong. A landfrom pattern for the everchanging
landscape of whydham city. The structure has the ability to harvest rain water to re distribute it to the sourrounding farms for irrigation purposes.
Conclusion Overall looking back at the design process from week 1 to week 12 there’s a long journey starting to unravel. Going back to the start of the semester when we were introduced to Rhino and Grasshopper I definitely believed that I would never figure them out. But looking back today I believe that in my opinion I have achieved something and gained an immense amount of knowledge from this course. As I have had no experience with Grasshopper and it was a big change from the usual studios that are held. Also a major difference that everyone encountered was that basically the entire design and form finding was to be done in groups. Working in groups specially for as long as 10 weeks can become quite demanding but it definitely helps grow ideas and learning to work with many people. The final design that my group produced wasn’t exactly as hoped for but it definitely was a huge improvement from the preliminary designs that we started off with. There was a time constraint since most models had to be laser cut and it was very time consuming and had to cater to all the students in the course along with other subjects. This did prevent further explorations which I would have liked to go forth with. Although this was an issue that related to real life situations where there are deadlines and time constraints when working with such projects. The theme of spatial experience and engagement with the landscape was the key considerations in the design of the Gateway Project. Looking into all these different precedents proved quite inspirational where I gained alot of knowledge and made me think outside the normal boundaries of design. The Doppler effect that dominated my design was something that I was very interested in and when researching about it further came across many studies that incorporates similar strategies in architecture. I believe the final design outcome does satisfy the Wyndham City Council design brief while there are definitely more improvements and further explorations that could be done. Creating a moment in time where you have an experience that is ever changing in form and movement is quite extraordinary. When this experience engages with the landscape where everything around you is transforming the illusion generated will be phenomenal. My only hope is that our structure conveyed this ideology effectively.
Learning Outcomes The learning curve of this studio is very steep. I believe in my studies in architecture i have never been exposed to so much architectural elements. Although the initial stages were hard to get our head around it is safe to say that programs such as grasshopper have definitely changed the way i design. What I gained alot of insight into was stop motion photography, something I have never done before and was completely new to me. I was very interested in it and wish I had more time to experiment with it and produce better stop motions. I was also forced into learning programs such as 3ds max, Photoshop and InDesign which will help me in my further studies in the bachelor of environments. The only downside i had was the matrix study. i hoped that it could have been better explained at that start where everyone was a little vague on what to do. Nevertheless everything worked out well and i hope to hon my skills that i have learned in this studio.
Final Model Birds Eye Billabong
References Architecture As a Discourse
Oxman, Neri, 2008, Material Computation: Higher Integration in Morphogenetic Design Architectural Design, John Wiley & Sons. Schumacher, Patrik, 2011, Introduction: Architecture as Autopoietic System, The Autopoiesis of Architecture, Chichester: J. Wiley. Williams, Richard, 2005, Exploring Visual Culture: Definitions, Concepts, Contexts, Architecture and visual Culture, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Images
Kandalama Hotel, Sri lanka 2008 viewed Aug 05 12 http://www.greenroofs.com/projects/pview. php?id=555 Guangzhou Opera House, China 2012, viewed Aug 05 12 http://www.hiddengarments.cn/index. php/2011/03/guangzhou-opera-house-intergalactic-zaha-hadid-architects/ Corian Super-Surfaces Showroom, viewed Aug 05 12 http://www.worldbuildingsdirectory.com/ project.cfm?id=1447 Urban Adapter viewed Aug 05 12 http://www.dezeen.com/2010/01/08/urban-adapter-by-rockerlange-architects/
An Expression Interest
Kalay, Yehuda E, 2004, Architecture’s New Media : Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aid- ed Design, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
Images
Ned khan Projects 2002 viewed Aug 17 12 http://nedkahn.com/ Kinetic Rain Sculpture, Singapore 2012, viewed Aug 05 12 http://designplaygrounds.com/deviants/ kinetic-rain-by-art-com/ BMW kinetic Showroom, viewed Aug 05 12 http://www.autoblog.com/2008/07/09/video-bmwmuseum-takes-kinetic-to-a-new-dimension/
A Different Direction Burry, Mark, 2011, Scripting Cultures: Architectural Design and Programming, Chichester: Wiley. Wyndham City Council, 2012, Competition Document, Werribee, Wyndham City. Wydham City Council, 2012, About Wyndham City: Statistics, viewed 12 May 2012, <http:// www.wyndham.vic.gov.au/>
Images
Maya Lin Projects viewed Nov 10 12 http://www.mayalin.com/
Exploring Further
Drzach & Suchyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, 2009, Architonic, viewed on 20 May 2012, <http://www.architonic.com/let- ter/8800141>
Images
Maya Lin Projects viewed Nov 10 12 http://www.mayalin.com/