Corruption in Education in Sri Lanka - Sinhala by Transparency International Sri Lanka

iudchSh wiudk;ajhla we;slrñka mdie,a wOHdmkfha ¥IKh ;Èka mj;sk úg wOHdmk l%uh iy hymd,kh ms<sn|j uyckhd w;r mj;sk iudc úYajdih ì£hhs' thska rfÜ ixj¾Ok l%shdÞuhg n,j;a ydkshla isÿfõ' túg ;reK msßi ¥IKh tÈfkÞ Ôjk rgdfõ fldgila f,i ie,lSug fm<fU;s' th rfÜ wkd.; wNsjDoaêhg wjYH iÞpdrh" wdpdrO¾u iy p¾hd w.hka f.dvke.Sug buy;a ndOdjls' tfukau th wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha fufyjfrys i|yka mßÈ zzmd¾Yjlrejka ;Dma;su;aNdjhg m;ajk whqßka ld¾hlaIu;dj yd Wiia .=Kd;aul;djhg fhduqjk wOHdmk l%uhla ;=<ska olaI mqrjeis msßila ìyslsÍfïZZ wNs,dIhg uy;a ;¾ckhls g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk lafIa;%fha ¥IK isÿjk wdldrh iy m%udKh ms<sn| wOHhkhla 2009 uehs

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld - 2009

ISBN 978-955-1281-25-0

m%ldYKh g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld 28$nq,¾ia mgqu. fld<U 07 ÿrl;kh 0 11 2506419 *elaia 0 11 2592287 B fï,aa tisl@tisrilanka.org fjí wvúh www.tisrilanka.org

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mgqk fmrjok 1' iïmsKavkh 2' ye`oskaùu 3' wruqKq iy wOHhkfha l%ufõoh 4' fy<sjQ lreKq 4'1 mdie,a uÜgfï ¥IK 4'1'1 mdie,a j,g we;=,;alsÍï 4'1'2 fm< fmd;a 4'1'3 .=Kd;aul fhojqï 4'1'4 miafjks fY%a‚fha YsIHdOdr 4'1'5 YsIHhskag úNd. ksjdvq 4'1'6 úYaj úoHd,hg we;=,aùfï Èia;%slal wkqmd; l%uh 4'1'7 .=rejrekaf.a yeisÍu iy mlaINckh 4'2 .dia;= iy f.ùï 4'2'1 .dia;= iy mß;Hd. 4'2'2 mdie,a ixj¾Ok lñgqj,g f.ùï 4'2'3 ,sms øjH ñ,§ .ekSu 4'2'4 .=rejrekag ;E.s fnda. 4'2'5 Wmldrl ^áhqIka& mka;s 4'2'6 fjk;a f.ùï 4'3 mßmd,kh yd iïnkaO ¥IKh 4'3'1 mdie,aj,g wÞ, m%Yak - fou< mßj¾;k 4'3'2 mdie,aj, iy wOHdmk ld¾hd,j, wl%ñl;djka 4'3'3 jegqma j¾Ol m%udoùu 4'3'4 ÿIalr §ukd 4'3'5 .=re Kh 4'3'6 udreùï 4'3'7 m;aùï 4'4 ¥IKhg tfrysj meñKs,s

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fmrjok g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;kfha fufyjr iqms<smka foaYhla f.dvke.Suhs' fuu wruqK bgqlr.ekSu iòyd rdcH iy fm!oa.,sl wxY fukau isú,a iudch;a ish l%shd mámdáhkays§ ¥IKh iy wiïu; jHjydrhka uq,skqmqgd ±óug W;aidyl< hq;=h' ¥IKh je<elaùfï Wmdh ud¾. ms<sfh, lsÍug kï ±kg mj;akd .eg¨j, iajNdjh iy m%udKh y÷kd.; hq;=h' Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól iy iudc j¾Okhg jeo.;ajQ lafIa;% ms<sn|j wOHhkh lsÍug wm wdh;kh Wkkaÿjkafka fï ksidh' 2009 jir ;=<§ m<flfrk m<uqjk jd¾;dj fuhhs' wOHdmk lafIa;%h ÿIKh uev,sh hq;= uQ,sl wxYhls' wfma <ud mrmqr ±kqu iy ksmqK;d ,nd.kafka;a" ish wkd.;h yev.id.kafka;a wOHdmkh ;=<sks' tneõka fuu lafI;%h ¥IKh iy wl%ñl;d j,ska ;=rkaj idOdrKj;a wmlaImd;j;a fiajh l< hq;=h' fuu jd¾;dfjka wkdjrKhù we;s lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduqlrñka ta ms<snòj idlÉPdlr wOHdmkfha ¥IKh uev,Sug ish¨ md¾Yjlrejka Wkkaÿjkq we;ehs n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjñ' iqms<smka foaYhla f.dvke.Sfï mrud¾:hg tA whqrska Tjqkag Þhlúh yel' fuu jd¾;dj ilialr we;af;a fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,fha uydpd¾h wurisß o is,ajdf.a uq,sl;ajfhka hq;= lKavdhula úiska" 2008 uehs udifha isg Tlaf;dan¾ udih olajd isÿlrk ,o wOHhkhlska tl;=lr.;a f;dr;=re wkqjh' uydpd¾h o is,ajd buy;a lemùulska ish ld¾hh ukdj bgqlsÍu .ek wm wdh;kfha lD;{;djh tA uy;dg msßkefï' wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha f,alï ksu,a nKavdr uy;d;a" wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha m%;sm;a;s ie,iqï ld¾hidOk iudf,dapk ms<snò w;sf¾l f,alï tia'hQQ'úfÊr;ak uy;d;a m¾fhaIK lghq;= ms<sn|j ±lajQ iyfhda.hg;a" wOHhkfhka fy<sjQ lreKq iy ks.uk .ek idlÉPd lsÍug wjia:djla i,id§u .ek;a fnfyúka ia;=;sjka; fjñ' wm wdh;kfha m¾fhaIK wxYh fï ld¾hh .ek ±rE fjfyi wmuKh' tu wxYfha idudðlhskag udf.a ia;=;sh mssßkefï' fÊ'iS'je,swuqK úOdhl wOHlaI

1. iïmsKavkh wOHdmkh Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól yd iudchSh ixj¾Okfha uQ,sl moku f,i ie,fla' <uqka wksjd¾hfhkau mdie,a heùfï kS;s we;=¨ wOHdmk l%uh úêu;a lsÍu i|yd kS;s Í;s úúO rchka úiska mkjd we;s w;r ish orejkag fyd| wOHdmkhla ,nd§u fouõmshka ish¨fokdf.au wfmalaIdjhs' b;du;a ÿmam;a fouõmshkao l,amkd lrkafka ÿ.Snúka ñ§ug we;s tlu u. ish orejkag fyd| wOHdmkhla ,nd§u njhs' ,xldfõ <uqkaf.ka ishhg 98 la muKu rcfha mdie,a 9"678 l ksoyia wOHdmkh ,n;s' bf.kSfuka m%;sM, ,nk ixLHdj jeäfjñka mj;S' flfiajqjo" miafjks fY%a‚h iy wOHdmk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% idudkH fm< iy Wiia fm< jeks úNd.j,ska ,efnk wid¾:l m%;sM, ksid wOHdmkh i;=gqÞhl uÜgulg meñK ke;s njg o iel my<fõ' m% ; s m ;a ; s u h

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idOdrK;ajh" .=Kd;aulnj iy ld¾hlaIu;dj we;slsÍuhs' tfy;a udOH jd¾;d wkqj kï" úfYaIfhkau idOdrK;ajh w;ska iudch iEySug m;aù ke;s nj fmfka' k.rno mdie,a iy .%dóh yd j;= mdie,a w;r myiqlï fukau isiqkaf.a ld¾h idOkh w;ska muKla fkdj .=rejreka m;alsÍu w;skao wiukdlï we;ehs jd¾;dfõ' iqÿiqlï fkdue;s .=rejreka m;alsÍfuka b.ekaùfï .=Kd;aul nj wvqù we;s nj fmfka' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh m<uqfjks fY%a‚hg <uqka n|jd .ekSfï§ whlr.; hq;= .dia;= kshu fkdlsÍu ksid fouõmshka ;=< wjq,a ;;a;ajhla mj;S' iuyr úÿy,am;sjre ys;=ukdmhg l%shdlrk nj lshkq ,efí' fujka lreKq ldrKd fya;=fjka wOHdmkfha idOdrK;ajh .ek úúO .eg¨ u;=ù we;' fï w;r" wl%uj;a f,i ks,OdÍka iy wOHlaIjreka m;alsÍu ksid wOHdmkfha mßmd,kh msßyS we;ehs fndfyda fokd l,amkd lr;s' zY%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk lafIa;%fha ¥IK isÿjk wdldrh iy m%udKhZ ms<sn| fuu wOHhkh uydpd¾h wurisß o is,ajd úiska 2008 uehs udifha isg iema;eïn¾ olajd mj;ajk ,§' lreKq ,nd.;af;a wyUqq f,i ksfjia oyilska f;dard.;a

fouõmshka iy .=rejreka ishhla" wOHdmk ks,OdÍka ishhla" .%du ks,OdÍ fldÜGdY 11 lska f;dard.;a 59 fofkl= iu. iïuqL idlÉPd meje;aùfuks' iólaIKh fhduqjQfha rcfha mdie,a j, m<uqfjks fY%a‚hg isiqka we;=,alsÍfï mgka Wiia fm< ^13 fjks fY%a‚h& olajd isÿfj;ehs lshk ¥IK iy wl%ñl;d iïnkaOjh' ksfjiaj, isá isiqka ixLHdj 1"800 ls' .%du ks,OdÍ fldÜGdY f;dard.kq ,enqfõ wkqrdOmqrh" .d,a," uykqjr" kqjrt<sh" nÿ,a, iy mq;a;,u Èia;%slal j,sks' ióCIKfha§ fy<sjQ lreKq fldgia y;rlg fjkal< yel( 1& mdie,a uÜgfï ¥IK 2& .dia;= iy f.ùï 3& mßmd,kh yd iïnkaO ¥IK 4& ¥IKhg tfrys meñ‚,s ¥IKh ryis.;j isÿflfrkakls' tneõka th jHdma;ù we;s wdldrh .ek ±k.ekSu wiSreh' ¥IK ms<sn| iólaIK j,§ f;dr;=re ,nd.kafka yeÕSï iy ¥IK w;a±lSï mokïlrf.kh' fy<sjk lreKq mßiaiñka w¾:l:kh l< hq;=h' Bg fya;=j yeÕSï yeuúgu i;Hh ms<sìUq fkdlsÍu;a" m<s.ekSï we;sùug we;s yelshdj ksid w;a±lSï fndfydaúg jd¾;d fkdùu;a ksidh' fujka wvqmdvqlï uOHfha jqjo" fuu wOHhkfhka ¥IK isÿjk wdldrh iy m%udKh .ek;a" wl%ñl;dj, rgdjka iy jHqyuh .eg¨ .ek;a lreKq fy<s ù ;sfí' g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;kh fuu iólaIKfha jákdlu olskafka furg wOHdmk lafIa;%fha fldgialrejka jk fouõmshka" .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍka yeufofkl=f.au woyia Bg wh;aj ;sîu ksidh' tneúka th uyck idlÉPdjg fhduqù wOHdmk m%;sm;a;s ieliSug bjy,afõ hehs wfmalaId lruq' Y%S ,dxlslhska yeufokdf.au m%fhdackh ;ld idOdrK Wiia uÜgfï wOHdmk l%uhla we;slr .ekSu wjYHh'

fy<sjQ lreKq rcfha mdie,a l%uh óg oYl lSmhlg by;§ mej;s ;;a;ajh wkqj n,k úg rcfha wOHdmk l%uh msßyS we;ehs fouõmshka" .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍyq mji;s' m;aùï iy udreùï we;=¨ wOHdmk l%uh foaYmd,k n,mEïj,g hg;aùu iy .=re jD;a;sh /lshdjla f,i muKla i,ld tys jD;a;Shuh w.h wvqlsÍu Bg fya;=jhs' • mdie,a l%uh ÿIs;hs( ksjeishka 21'5] tlÕhs • .=relfï t;rï jD;a;Shuh w.hla ke;( .=rejrka 30] iy ks,OdÍka 42] tlÕhs • m;aùï foaYmd,kSlrKh ù we;(fouõmshka 28'6] ks,OdÍka 55'8] tlÕhs

mdie,aj,g we;=,alsÍï mdie,aj,g we;=,alsÍï fnfyúka ¥Is; nj ish¨fokdu lshd isáhy' úÿy,am;sjrekag w,a,ia§u" foaYmd,k{hskaf.ka iy ks,OdÍkaf.ka Woõ me;Su" úYd, úhoula orñka w;rueÈhka fidhdhEu" wksis ×;s ix.%y iy mdie,a j,g yd mdie,a ixj¾Ok lñgqj,g Bkshd mß;Hd.§u wl%ñl;djka f,i fmkajdfokq ,eîh' zmÈxÑhZ ;u jdishg yrjd.ksñka mdie,aj,g we;=,alsÍï isÿjk ld,iSudfõ§ ¥IKh tÈfkÞ Ôú;fha fldgila njg m;afjhs' fujka isÿùï ksid iuyr <uqkag iqÿiq ;ek ke;sù hhs' • úÿy,am;sjrekag w,a,ia§u( .=rejreka 36] iy ks,OdÍka 34] mejiqfõ fouõmshka w,a,ia fok njhs • mdie,a ixj¾Ok lñgqj,g w,a,ia§u( fouõmshka 15'5] la tlÕhs • wOHdmk ks,OdÍkag w,a,ia§u( fouõmshka 7] la tlÕhs' .=rejreka 98] iy ks,OdÍka 89] la lSfõ w,a,ia WmldÍfjk njhs' • wksis ×;s ix.%y( .=rejreka 95] iy ks,OdÍka 85] la th isÿjk nj ms<s.kS • mÈxÑh yd iïnkaO ¥IK( .=rejreka 80] iy ks,OdÍka 81] la tlÕhs

mdie,g we;=,;alsÍfï .dia;="z.=Kd;aul fhojqïZ iy fm< fmd;a wOHdmk wud;HdxYh úiska isiqka mdie,g we;=,;alsÍfï .dia;= whl< yels wvqu iy jeäu iSudjka ms<sn|j pl%f,aL ksl=;a fkdlsÍu fya;=fjka úÿy,am;sjrekaf.a w;a;fkdau;sl ;SrK .ekSu ms<sn|j úúO woyia m<flre‚' tla isiqjl=g 2008 jif¾§ idudkHfhka remsh,a 3"977'09 ne.sska whflreKq nj fy<súh' •we;=,;alsÍfï .dia;= jeähs( fouõmshka 81'4]la tlÕhs' .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍka 90]lg jvd lSfõ .dia;= fouõmshkag nrla njhs • ßisÜ m;a ke;( (.=rejreka 10] iy ks,OdÍka 15]la tl`.hs • mdie,a wruqo,a" .dia;= yd m%Þk ú.Kkh lsÍula kE( .=rejreka 62'2] iy ks,OdÍka 86'3] tlÕhs z.=Kd;aul fhojqïZ hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka wOHdmk wud;HdxYh úiska mka;sj, b.ekaùu iy bf.k.ekSu i|yd fhdÞ.ekSug fjkalrk uqo,a m%Þkhkah' tAjd fjkaflfrkafka mdief,a YsIH ixLHdj wkqjh' mdie,a ,ehsia;=fõ YsIH ixLHdj jeäkï m%Þkho jeäh'fouõmshka 80]la fï .ek ±kisá kuq;a úfYaIfhkau .%dóh iy j;= mdie,aj, tAjd ksis wdldrhg mdúÉÑ lsÍu .ek iel my< l<y' - .=Kd;aul fhojqï ksis f,i md,kh fkdlsÍu( tfia úhyelshhs ksjeishka 35]la lS w;r .=rejreka 98] iy ks,OdÍka 91]la wksis md,kh ms<s.;ay' fm< fmd;a wOHdmk wud;HdxYh úiska uqøKh lr fkdñf,a fnÞfokqq ,efí' flfiajqjo" fndfydafokd tAjd isiqkag§u fukau fnÞyeÍu ms<sn| .eg¨ we;ehs lSy' isiqka álfofkla fmd;a j,g uqo,a f.jQ nj lSy' • fm< fmd;a( .%dóh iy j;= mdie,aj, isiqka 6'2]la fmd;a ,enqfKa ke;ehs lSy • fmd;a l,g fõ,djg ,eîu( isiqka 23'3] lg kshu fõ,djg fmd;a ,eî fkd;sìKs' • f.ùï( isiqka 3'5] la fmd;aj,g uqo,a f.jd ;snq‚'

idudkH fm< iy Wiia fm< isiqkag úNd. ksjdvq idudkH iy Wiia fm< úNd.hg fmkS isák isiqkag fofjks jir wjidkfha§ úNd.hg mdvï lsÍu i|yd ksjdvq ,enq‚' wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha fcHIaG ks,OdÍka lSfõ fuh wjir fkdue;sj isÿlrkakla njhs' • mdvï ksjdvq§u( .=rejrka 35] laa tlÕhs

iudk;d whs;sh W,a,x>kh lsÍu isiqka ish¨fokdgu tl yd iudk wOHdmkhla fkd,efnhs' wOHdmkfha iudk;dj wu;l lrñka fouõmsfhda Tjqkaf.a ;;a;ajh iy Tjqka ,nd we;s wOHdmkh wkqj ish orejkag jvd;a fyd| wOHdmkhla ,nd§ug fjfyfi;s' ;uka fmdfydi;a kï orejd fyd¢ka bf.k.kq we;ehs fndfydafokd úYajdi lr;s' fndfyda fofkl= ;rfha lshd isá ;j;a lreKla kï wOHdmkfha iudk;d m%;sm;a;shg mgyeksj k.rno mdie,a yd ii|dn,k úg .%dóh iy j;= mdie,aj,g ,efnk myiqlï fnfyúka wvq njhs' fouõmshka" .=rejreka fukau ks,OdÍkao fmkajdÿkafka myiqlï wvqfj;au isiqkaf.a ld¾h idOkh;a úNd. m%;sM,;a ÿ¾j, jk njh' ;j;a lemS fmkqKq ldrKhla kï ÿmam;a fukau uOHu mdka;slhska my< uÜgfï uOHu mdka;slhska ;rï ¥IKh .ek Wkkaÿjla fkdolajk njhs' rcfha mdie,a l%uh .ek jeä lelal=ula we;af;a my< uÜgfï uOHu mdka;slhskagh' • isxy, yd fou< mdie,a( fufia mdie,a j¾. lsÍu fjkialï lsÍula f,i;aa thska jd¾.sl tluq;=lug ydkshla isÿjk nj;a .=rejrka iy ks,OdÍka 80]lg jeä m%udKhla lshd isáhy'

orejkaf.a ld¾h idOkh ms<sn|j fouõmshkaf.a yeÕSï úúO .eg¨ iy ¥IK uOHfha ish orejka mdief,a§ fyd¢ka lghq;= lrk nj fndfyda fouõmsfhda lSy' • orejkaf.a ld¾h idOkh( fouõmshka 79'5]la iEySug m;aù isá;s' • úIh ud,d iïmQ¾K lsÍu( ksjeishka 75]la iEySug m;aù isá;s' • bx.%Sis udOHfhka b.ekaùu( ksjeishka 41'1]la iEySug m;aù ke;' • 6" 10 iy 11 fY%a‚ j,g y|kajd§ we;s kj wOHdmk l%uh(ksjeishka 80]la iEySug m;aù ke;' 07

¥IKls%shd ;=rka lsÍug l< hq;= foa mdie,a l%ufha ¥IK .ek meñ‚<s lf<a fyda ¥IK l%shdjka fy<slf,a fouõmshka" .=rejreka fyda ks,OdÍka w;f<diails' • ¥IKh .Kka fkd.ekSu( .=rejreka 62] iy ks,OdÍka 45]la tl`.hs • ¥IKh .ek meñ‚,s lf<a ksjeishka 21]la muKhs

.=rejrekaf.a jegqma jeäùï iy .=re udre jegqma j¾Ol ieliSu iy Kh ,nd.ekSu .ek .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍka fndfyda fofkla wi;=g m<l<y' tAjd fnfyúka foaYmd,kSlrKh ù we;ehs Tjqyq fpdaokd l<y' jegqma j¾Ol ieliSu m%udo jk nj fmkajdÿka tA wh jegqma j¾Ol blauka lr.ekSug w,a,ia Èh hq;= hhso tfia ke;akï foaYmd,k n,mEï l<hq;=hhs lSy' udreùïj,§o fjkialï flfrk nj;a' jir .Kkdjlaa ÿIalr m<d;aj, fiajh lr we;s .=rejrekag jvd k.rno mdie,aj, .=rejrekag jdisÞhl ;;a;ajhla WÞù we;s nj;a Tjqyq lSy' • jegqma j¾Ol ieliSfï m%udoh(.=rejreka 82] iy ks,OdÍka 75]l jegqma j¾Ol ieliSï m%udoù ;snq‚' tAjd blau‚ka ,nd.ekSu i|yd w,a,ia ÿka nj 10]la lSy' • foaYmd,k n,mEï u; blau‚ka jegqma j¾Ol ,nd.ekSu( .=rejreka 40] iy ks,OdÍka 34]la tlÕhs' • udreùï i|yd w,a,ia§u( .=rejreka 47'5] iy ks,OdÍka 34]la tA .ek wid ;snq‚’ • n,mEï u; udreùï( ks,Odßfhl=f.a kEhl=ùu fyda ±kye¢kf.k isàu m%fhdackj;a nj .=rejreka 79] iy ks,OdÍka 72]la tlÕ jQy' foaYmd,k n,mEï u; udreùï flfrk nj .=rejreka 85] iy ks,OdÍka 90]la lshd isáhy'

iafõÉPd .=rejreka" jevn,k úÿy,am;sjreka iy WmfoaYljreka idudkH yeÕSu jQfha iafõÉPd .=rejreka m;alsÍu .ek fr.=,dis ke;slu ksid úksúoNdjhlska f;drj mdie,a uÜgñka úÿy,am;sjre Tjqka m;alrk njhss' m%dfoaYSh uÜgñkao iqÿiqlï ke;s wh mjd jevn,k úÿy,am;sjreka iy fiajdia: WmfoaYlhska f,i foaYmd,kuh fya;+ka u; m;a lr ;sìKs' • iafõÉPd .=re m;aùï( úÿy,am;sjrekaf.a ×;Ska fyda Tjqka fyd¢ka okakd wh m;alrk nj .=rejreka 40] iy ks,OdÍka 45]la lSy' • jevn,k úÿy,am;s m;aùï( úYd, jYfhka foaYmd,k m;aùï flfrk nj .=rejreka 56] iy ks,OdÍka 62]la ms<s.;ay' • fiajdia: WmfoaYlhska iy wOHlaIjreka m;alsÍu( foaYmd,k m;aùï flfrk w;r fndfydafofkla kqiqÿiq mqoa.,hska nj .=rejreka 50] iy ks,OdÍka 60]la ms<s.;ay'

2 ye¢kaùu m%.;sh Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk lafIa;%fha m%.;sh m%YxikShh' ck.yKfha jeäysáhka w;r wl=re lshùfï yelshdfõ m%;sY;h 90'7] ls' fuh ol=Kq wdishdfõ wfkl=;a rgj,g jvd fnfyúka jeäh' wOHdmkfha m%.;sh fya;=fjka rfÜ udkj ixj¾Okh by< uÜgul mj;S' 20 fjks ishjfia§" Y%S ,xldfõ rcfha mdie,a úoaj;=ka yd kdhlhska /ila ìyslr we;' wo wjqreÿ 5 -14 olajd orejkag wOHdmkh wksjd¾hh' ÿ.S ÿmam;a isiqkag mjd m%d:ñl iy oaú;Sh wOHdmkh ,nd.kakg rch ish¨ myiqlï i,ihs' m%d:ñl uÜgñka mdi,a j,g we;=,alr .kakd m%udKh 98]ls' tA ish¨fokdu mdfya miafjks fY%a‚h wjika lr;s'

2007

jif¾ Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl iy oaú;Sh mdie,a .Kk 9"678 ls' YsIH ixLHdj ;sia kj ,laI y;<sia oyila muKh' .=rejreka .Kk 2"09"198 ls'

uqo,a 1990 oYlfha uq,a jirj, iudchSh ÈhqKqjg fya;=jQfha wOHdmkh i|yd lrk ,o jeo.;a wdfhdack nj ms<s.efka' Bg wu;rj" zieug wOHdmkhZ kñka 1990 oS m%ldYs; tlai;a cd;Skaf.a fcdïáhka m%ldYKh;a" (UN Jomtien Declaration) jir 2000 § zvld¾ f*%aïjla f*da welaYkaZ(Dakar Framework for Action) kue;s jevms<sfj,g wkql+,ùu;a ksid wOHdmk lafIa;%hg ,efnk wdOdr jeäúh' flfiajqjo" ±ka t;rï ie,lshhq;= uqo,a m%udKhla wOHdmkh i|yd fjka fkdflf¾' fjk;a wdishdkq rgj,a foi n,kúg" furg rch jehlrk uq¨ uqo,a m%udKfhka wOHdmkhg fjkaflrkafka b;du;a wvq m%udKhls' ^2005 § wOHdmkh i|yd fjkaflrefKa whjeh f,aLkfhka 6'8] ls&' miq.sh oYlfha§ foaYSh o< ksIamdokfhka wOHdmkh i|yd fjkaflrefKa 2]-3] m%udKhls' tA ol=Kq wdishdfõ idudkHh 3'5] laj mj;soa§h' fï w;r" tÈfkÞ úhoï jeäfjñka mj;sk neúka m%d.aOk wdfhdackj,g bvla fkdue;s ;rïh' tfiajqjo" .=re jegqma fnfyúka wvqh' tAl mqoa., cd;sl wdÞhfï iudkqmd;hla jYfhka bkaÈhdj" nx.,sfoaYh" uef,aishdj iy ;dhs,ka;h iu. ii|d n,kúg Y%S ,xldfõ .=rejrekag idfmaCIj ,efnkafka wvla fyda Bg wvq m%udKhls'

.=Kd;aul nj yd iudk;dj uE; ld,fha§ furg wOHdmk l%ufha .=Kd;aulNdjh ÈhqKqù we;;a cd;Hka;r úfYaI{hska lshkafka th t;rï i;=gqÞhl ke;s njhs' ixLHd;aul o;a; wkqj b.ekaùfï ÿ¾j,;d iy úhoï md,kfha ÿ¾j,;d fmkShhs( 2007 § idudkH fm< ^11 fYA%‚h& iu;ajQfha 49] ls' idudkH fm< 27] la iy Wiia fm< ^13 fY%A‚h& 35] la f,i m%Odk úNd. fY%a‚j, kej; jrla fmkSisá m%udKh jeäh' wOHdmkfha ,efnk m%;sM, ÿ¾j,h' m%d:ñl wOHdmkh wjik§ <uqka ;sfofkl=f.ka fofofkla NdIdj iy .Ks;h i|yd n,dfmdfrd;a;=jQ uÜgï ,ndf.k ;snqfKa ke;' 2005 § bx.%Sis j,ska kshñ; ksmqK;ajh ,nd isáfha 10]la mu‚' Èia;%slal iy m<d;a w;ro úYd, mr;rhla ;snq‚' ckm%sh mdie,a we;af;a k.rnojh' tAjdfha myiqlï jeäh' úYaj úoHd,j, ffjoH" bxðfkare iy úoHd mSG j,g YsIHhska jeä fofkla we;=,ajkafka k.rno mdie,aj,sks' fï ksid k.rno zfyd|Z mdie,aj,g we;=,aùug ;shqKq ;r.hla we;' úfYaIfhkau tA ;r.h we;af;a m<uqjk fY%a‚hg iy mfya YsIH;aj úNd.fhka miq yhfjks fY%a‚hg isiqka n|jd.kakd wjia:dfõ§h' fï w;r" 2005 § 30] lg wdikak mdie,a m%udKhl tla mdie,l isáfha ishhlg wvq isiqka msßils' mdie,a 15'8] isá isiqka .Kk mkyg wvqh' fuys m%;sM,h jQfha tAjdg ,efnk myiqlï wvqùuh' fïjd fndfyduhl úoHdj b.ekaùu i|yd myiqlï fkd;snq‚' miafjks fY%a‚h f;la mka;s we;s m%d:ñl mdie,a 775 la muK j;=lrfha we;' tAjdfha isiqkag k.rnoj fyda j;=lrfhka msg; we;s oaú;Sh mdie,aj,g we;=,aùu wiSreh' ÿr m%udKh" wd¾Ól m%Yak iy fjk;a whqßka ie,lSu Bg fya;=jhs' há;, myiqlï wvqùu" mdie,a fmd;a yd fjk;a WmlrK ys.h iy mqyqKq .=rejrka ke;slu ksid fï mdie,aj, úIh ud,dj, isÿlr we;s fjkialï l%shd;aul fkdfõ' W;=re kef.kysr hqoaOuh jd;djrKh fya;=fjka wOHdmk lghq;= j, jvd;a wiudklï mj;S'

mßmd,kh oekg mj;akd wOHdmk mrsmd,kh l%shd;aul ùu werTqfka 1987 m<d;a iNd l%uh hgf;ah' tA wkqj m<d;a wdh;k j,g iajhx md,kh ,eî ;SrK .ekSfï whs;sh mejfrk nj lsheúK' flfiajqjo" tA iu.u foaYmd,kSlrKh iy weÕs,s.eiSï jeäù we;ehs fuu wOHhkfha§ wkdjrKúh' ±ka mj;akd mßmd,k jHqyh miajeoEreïh( • wOHdmk wud;HdxYh • m<d;a iNd wOHdmk wud;HdxY iy fomd¾;fïka;= • l,dmSh wOHdmk ld¾hd, • fldÜGdY wOHdmk ld¾hd, • mdie,a ^m<d;a iy cd;sl& rcfha mdie,a j,ska 96] la l,dmSh wOHdmk ld¾hd, iy m%dfoaYSh wOHdmk ld¾hd, u.ska m<d;a iNd wgla úiska md,kh flf¾' .=re udre we;=`Mj m<df;a wOHdmk lghq;=j, l<ukdldß;ajh iy mßmd,kh m<d;a wOHdmk wOHlaIf.a md,kh hgf;a l%shd;auljk m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ j.lSuhs' m<d;a iNdj wOHdmk ie,eiau iy whjeh ms<sfh, lrhs' m<d;a uÜgñka .=rejreka" úÿy,am;sjreka iy md,k ks,OdÍka n|jdf.k fiajfha fhdohs' l,dmSh uÜgñka .=rejreka iy úÿy,am;sjrekaf.a udreùï iy Tjqka fiajfha fhoùu l,dmSh wOHdmk ks,OdÍkaf.a ld¾hhhs' flfiajqjo" l,dmSh iy fldÜGdY ld¾hd,o wOHdmk wud;HdxYhg jd¾;d l< hq;=h' ^1 fjks j.=j n,kak&

j.=j 1( wOHdmk ixúOdk jHqyh

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m<d;a wOHlaI wOHdmk wu;HdxYhg;a"m<d;a wOHdmk wu;HdxYhg;a j.lsj hq;=h' fuh md,kh lr .ekSug wiSre ldrKhls' m<d;a iNdj úiska m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=jg tys wOHdmk weu;sjrhd ud¾.fhka uQ,H iïm;a iy ld¾h uKav,h fjkalrk fyhska foaYmd,k n,mEï we;sfjkjd ksh;h' foaYmd,k Wmdhka fhdÞ.ksñka m<d;a uÜgfï .=re udreùï iy m;aùï i|yd fuhska bv ie,fia'

m%;sm;a;s jir 2006-2010 olajd ld, mßÉfþoh i|yd rch úiska ms<sfh, lr we;s wOHdmk lafIa;%fha ixj¾Ok ie,eiafï by; i|yka wNsfhda. fndfyduhla .ek i`oykafõ' widudklï yd wOHdmk .=Kd;aulNdjh fukau md,kfha ÿ¾j,;d lafIa;%fha .eg¨ jYfhka y÷kdf.k we;s w;r tAjd úi£ug úúO jev igyka ie,iqïlr we;' ixj¾Ok ie,eiafï f;aud b,lal y;rls( • tl yd iudk uQ,sl iy oaú;Sh wOHdmkhla ie,iSu • wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aulnj jeäÈhqKq lsÍu • iïm;a fjkalsÍfï§ ld¾hlaIu;dj iy iudk;dj jeälsÍu • wOHdmk md,kh iyd fiajd ie,iSu Yla;su;a lsÍu fuu ie,eiau l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j we;=¨ fjk;a wdh;k j,ska 2008-1012 ld,iSudj fjkqfjka remsh,a ì,shk 11'2 la §ug fmdfrdkaÿù we;' fï uqo,a wOHdmkfha iudkd;au;dj iy .=Kd;aulnj jeälsÍfï fhdackd l%u fjkqfjks'

¥IK iy wl%ñl;d wOHdmkh fõjd" fi!LHh fõjd" c,h fõjd - idudkHfhka ¥IKh iy ÿ¾j, md,kh fya;=fjka fiajd bgqlsrSfï§ ksfIaO n,mEula we;sfõ' fuu wOHhkfha i|yka fndfyda .eg¨ wOHdmk lafIa;%hg muKla iSudjQ tAjd fkdj ÿ¾j, md,kh iy rdcH wxYfha ÿ¾j, l<ukdldß;ajh fya;=fjka we;ssjk tAjdh' flfiajqjo" wOHdmk lafIa;%fha isÿjk ¥IKh wkd.; mrmqf¾ w.hka iy yeisÍug n,mEu ksid ;;a;ajh jvd;a nrm;,h' wOHdmkfha ¥IK iudcfha fjk;a wxYhkago n,mEu fya;=fjka tA ms<sn|j úfYaI ie,ls,a,la ±laúh hq;=fõ' ¥IKh wOHdmkhg úúO whqßka n,mdhs' mq¨,a jYfhka .;a l< ¥IKh rfÜ ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,shg n,mdhs' wOHdmkhg fjkaflfrk iïm;a úlD;s lrhs' há;, myiqlï iy ixj¾Ok jev igykaj,g kqiqÿiq whqre wdfhdack isÿflfrhs' l<ukdldß;ajh w;ska ksis iqÿilï ke;s .=rejreka m;alsÍfuka wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aulNdjhg n,mdhs' iuyrúg .=rejreka mdie,g meñK

ke;" ke;akï Tjqka W.kajkafka ke;' fm<fmd;a .=Kd;aulnúka wvqh" ke;akï tAjd l,g fõ,djg ,efnkafka ke;' tfia;a ke;akï flfiaj;a ,efnkafka ke;' mdie,aj,g isiqka we;=,;aa lsÍfï§ flfrk fjkialï ksid tl yd iudk m%fõYhla fkdue;' my< uÜgfï mdie,aj,g ,efnk myiqlï wvqh' fujka ;j;a úIu;d fndfydah' j.=j 2 ka ¥IKhg fya;=$úê iy m%;sM, ú.%y flf¾' j.=j 2( wOHdmkfha ¥IKhg fya;=$ úê iy m%;sM, ^WÞyrK& fya;=  foaYmd,k ys;jdÈlï

úê .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍkaf.a m;aùï yd udreùï j,§ mlaINckh



foaYmd,k ys;jdÈlï

idudkH l%shdmámdáfhka msg jevn,k úÿqy,am;sjreka m;alsrSu

 

foaYmd,k ys;jdÈlï fkdie,ls,a,



mdie,aj,g we;=,alsÍfï§ mÈxÑh ms< sn| kshuhkag fr.=,dis wmeyeÈ,shs

.=re Kh §fï§ mlaI Nckh .=re Kh §fï§ kshï; ñkqï wkq.ukh fkdlsÍu we;=,a lsÍfï§ jxpd isÿùu$mÈxÑh ms<sn| whq;= m%fhdac k .ekSu



m%;sM,  b.ekaù fï yd mßmd,kfha ÿ¾j,lï  iqÿiqlï we;s .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍkaf.a Wkkaÿj wvqùu  tA tA m%foaYj, .=rejreka ksishdldrj fnoS fkdhEu  mdie,a l<ukdldrs;ajh ÿ¾j,ùu  wOHdmk lghq;= ÿ¾j,ùu  .=rejrekaf.a Wkkaÿj m`Mÿùu  idOdrK;ajhla ke;slu  wOHdmk m%fõYfha§ idOdrK;ajhla ke;slu  iudchSh wiudk;ajhka Yla;su;a lsÍu  iudchSh wiudk;ajhka Yla;su;a lsÍu  ÿmam;=kag nrla megfõ  iudchSh wiudk;ajhka Yla;su;a lsÍu  ÿmam;=kag wjdis  iudchSh wiudk;ajhka Yla;su;a lsÍu

ckm%sh mdie,aj, ;shqKq ;r.h kshñ; mdie,a .dia;= ke;slu fr.=,dis fkdms<sme§u mfya YsIH;aj úNd.fhka miq ckm%sh mdie,aj ,g we;=,ùug;a ;D;Shsl wOHdmkhg;a ;shqKq ;r.hla wvq .=re jegqma md,khka l%shdfõ fkdfh§u

mdie,aj,g we;=,alsÍfï§ w,a,ia§u whq;=hs kS;Hdkql+, fkdfõ$ kS;súfrdaë .dia;= iy f.ùï

mdie,a foam ,j,ska whq;= m%fhdac k .ekSu



   

fkdie,ls,su;alu w×klu wmeyeÈ,s fr.=,dis fkdie,ls,su;alu

.=Kd;aul fhojqï jerÈ f,i fhdÞ.ekSu$wksis f,i fjkalsÍu



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

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

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

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miajeks fY%aKsfha YsIHdOdr f.ùï m%udoh



.=rejrekaf.a Wkkaÿj wvqfjhs isiqka iy .=rejrekaf.a Wkkaÿj wvqfjhs

   

 

.=rejreka mdie,a fj,dfjka miqj;a i;swka;j,;a áhqIka mka;s meje;aù u

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;kh ¥IKh" w¾: l:kh lrkafka zzmejÍ we;s n,h mqoa.,sl jdish iòyd wksis f,i mdúÉÑ lsÍuZZ hkqfjks' flfiajqjo" we;a; jYfhkau" ys;du;d n,h wksis f,i mdúÉÑ lsÍu" fkdie,ls,su;alu" fkdukd md,kh ^mqoa.,sl jdishla fkdue;sj n,h wksis f,i mdúÉÑ lsÍu&" iy i;H jYfhkau jerÈ isÿùu w;r fjkila ±lSu wiSreh' iuyr wjia:dj,§ isiqkaf.a wNsjDoaêh ;ld ks,OdÍka úiska l%shdmámdá iy fr.=,dis u.yeßh yelsh' flfiajqjo" rcfha fukau fm!oa.,sl ks,OdÍkaf.a wiïu; l%shdjka fya;=fldgf.k iïm;a iy fiajdjka ksis f,i mdúÉÉ fkdlsÍfukaa fjkiaalï lsÍï j,g ;=vqÈh yel' wld¾hlaIu;dj" fkdukd md,kh" iy ÿ¾j, l%shdYS,s;ajh ¥IKh yd w;sk; .kS' thska widOdrKlï j,g iy wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aulNdjfha W!k;djhg u. mEfoa' fujka l%shdjka idudkHfhka uyck wNsu;hg mgyeKsfõ' tneúka fuu wOHhkfha§ ¥IKh hkq ks,OdÍ n,h uyck iqNisoaêhg úreoaOj fhdÞ.ekSu f,i w¾: l:kh l< yel' Y%S ,xldfõ rdcH wOHdmk l%uh ms<snòj flfrk fuu wOHhkfha fndfyda wx. fuu w¾:l:khg hg;afjhs' .=rejreka" ks,OdÍka iy md,lhskaf.a fkdie,ls,su;alu" úkh msßySu" kS;sÍ;s yd fr.=,dis fkd;elSu"¥IK l%shd f,i ie,fla' tjka l%shdj,ska wOHdmk wud;dxYfha fufyjfrka lshefjk mßÈ zzmd¾Yjlrejka ;Dma;su;aNdjhg m;ajk whqßka ld¾hlaIu;dj yd Wiia .=Kd;aul;djh ìyslsÍuZZ W.ygh' ¥IKh iy thska ixj¾Okhg we;sjk m%;súmdl .ek rcfha ie,ls,a, fhduqjQfha 19 fjks ishjfia§h' 1883 isg w,a,ia .ekSu oKav kS;s ix.%yh hgf;a o~qjï ,eìh yels jrols' rdcH fiajfha w,a,ia wvqlsÍfï wruqKska 1954 § w,a,ia mk; kS;s.; lrk ,§' 1994 § w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj msysgqjkq ,enqfõ ¥IKh uev,Sfï mrud¾:fhks' flfiajqjo" oQIKh uev,Su iòyd uyckhdo oekqj;aj isàu jeo.;ah' wOHdmk whs;sjdislï .ek;a" idOdrKj yd .=Kd;aulj ;uka n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk uÜgñka wOHdmkh ,efnk njg;a Tjqka ±kqj;aj isáh hq;=h' ¥IKhg tfrysj l%shdlsÍu ms’Ksi mqrjeishkag ish rchka úiska bgqúhhq;= j.lSï .ek ±k.;yels jev ms<sfj,la wjYH nj cd;Hka;r ixúOdk mjd ms<s.ks;s' ¥IKh uev,Su iòyd ish j.lSï .ek isú,a iudch ±kqj;alsÍug fuu wOHhkh bjy,a jkq we;' tA w;ru wOHdmkfha hymd,kh" iudk;dj iy

.=Kd;aul nj Yla;su;a lsÍfï jev igyka ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd wOHdmk wud;HdxYhg wjYH jákd f;dr;=re ,nd§ugo fuhska woyia flf¾' wOHdmkfha iudk;dj iy .=Kd;aul nj i`oyd ¥IKh n,mdk wkaou .ek fuys§ úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq flßks' fuu uQ,sl b,lal bgqlr.ekSfï§ ¥IKfhaa yd Bg wÞ< wl%ñl;djkaf.a n,mEu úuis,a,g ,laúh'

3 wruqKq iy wOHhkfha l%ufõoh fuu wOHhkfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;=jkafkaa wOHdmk lafIa;%fha oQIKh uev,Sug;a" oQIK úsfrdaë l%shdud¾.hka ieliSug;a" wOHdmkhg jehlrk úhoï jvd;a M,Þhs whqßka fhdÞ.ekSug;aa" wOHdmk wud;HdxYhg m%fhdackj;a o;a; .nvdjla ,nd§uhs' tfukau uyckhd w;r fuh idlÉPdjg Ndckh lsrSu;a" iqÿiq

l%shdud¾.hka

.ekSug

úúO

md¾Yjlrejka

fm<Uùu;a

fuhska

n,dfmdfrd;a;=fõ'

wruqKq wOHhkh i|yd y÷kd.kq ,enQ wruqKq fufiah: 1' rdcH wOHdmk l%ufha we;s ¥IK j¾. yd rgdjka .ek wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu 2' rdcH wOHdmk l%ufha ¥IK j¾. jHdma;sh iy úYd,;ajh ;lafiare lsÍu 3' wOHdmkfha ¥IKh iïnkaOfhka isú,a iudch iy md¾Yjlrejka ±kqj;alr ¥IKh uev,Su i|yd úi`ÿï fiùug Tjqka Wkkaÿlrùug miqìu iemhSu

wOHhkfha l%ufõoh wOHhkh i|yd fhdÞ.;af;a .=Kd;aul iy m%udKd;aul l%u fofla ixl,khls' o;a; tl;=lrk ,oafoa wjê foll§h' tlla mQ¾j m¾fhaIK ks¾udK wjêhhs' wfkl m¾fhaIK wjêhhs' fï wjê folu wfkHdkH jYfhka fmdaIKhù tlsfklg iïnkaOfjhs' mQ¾j m¾fhaIK ks¾udK wjêfha§ o;a; tl;= lsÍug fhdÞ.kq ,enqfõ .=Kd;aul l%uhkah' tu.ska úp,H rgdjka y÷Kd.ekSug yelsjQ w;r m¾fhaIK wjêfha§ m%udKd;aul l%uhka Ndú;d lrk ,§'

mQ¾j m¾fhaIK ks¾udK wjêh mQ¾j m¾fhaIK ks¾udK wjêfha§ furg rdcH mdie,a l%ufha m%udKd;aul f;dr;=re u.ska úúO md¾Yjlrejka y÷kd.kakd ,§' ±kg bf.kqu ,nk .eyeKq msßñ YsIHhska" wdÈ YsIHhska" isiqkaf.a fouõmshka iy mjqf,a idudðlhska" .fï kdhlhska" .=rejreka iy l,dmSh" m<d;a iy wud;HdxY uÜgfï wOHdmk ks,OdÍka tA wh w;rjQy' md¾Yjlrejka iu. meje;ajQ iïuqL idlÉPd" idlÉPd iy .eUqre wOHhk lKavdhï idlÉPd u.ska ¥IK l%shdjkaf.a

úê" rgdjka" ld¾hhka iy ixúOdkh fukau N+f.da,Sh f,i fn§ hk wdldrh .ek f;dr;=re tl;=lr .kakd ,§' fuu fohdldrfha§u m%;spdrlhska y÷kd.;af;a ±kqj;alrejka wdY%fhks' tA tA úIhhka yd wkq lKavdhï j,g wÞ, ,sms f,aLk tl;=lsÍug wu;rj iEu ia:rhl§u wvqu jYfhka iïuqL idlÉPd 3-10 olajd;a" .eUqre wOHhk lKavdhï idlÉPd tlla fyda foll=;a mj;ajk ,o w;r ksÍlaIK u.skao lreKq tl;=lr .kakd ,§' mQ¾j m¾fhaIK ks¾udK wjêfha§ tl;=lr.;a f;dr;=re" m%Yakdj,s ms<sfh, lsÍug;a m%udKd;aul ks.uk ikd:lr.ekSug;a fhdÞ.kakd ,§' m¾fhaIK wjêfha§ mÍlaIK ;=kl§ ñkqï o;a; tl;=lrk ,oafoa f;dard.;a m%cd ksheÈ iu. meje;ajQ iïuqL idlÉPd u.sks' lafIa;% ld¾hhka weröug l,ska iydhlhska mqyqKqlr m%Yakdj,s w;ayÞne,Sfuka miq h<s tAjd ilialr uqøKh lrk ,§'

mdie,a isiqka

isiqkaf.a fouõmshka

wdÈ isiqka

isú,a iudc ixúOdk

.fï kdhlfhda

m<d;a iy l,dmSh wOHdmk ks,OdÍka

.=rejreka$ úÿy,am;s jreka

wOHdmk wud;HdxY$fomd¾; fïka;= ks,OdÍka

tl;=j

j.=j 3 mQ¾j m¾fhaIK ks¾udK wjêfha§ mj;ajk ,o iïuqL idlÉPd iy idlÉPd

m¾fhaIK wjêh wOHhkh meje;ajQ m%foaY wOHhkh meje;ajQ m%foaYj,g uykqjr Èia;%slalfha k.rno fmfoiaj, wvq wdÞhï ,nkakka" kqjrt<sfha j;=lrh" ol=fKa uqyqÿnv fmfoia ^wïn,kaf.dv iy yslalvqj&" wkqrdOmqrh" uyshx.kh iy .srd÷refldÜfÜ wvqfjka ixj¾Okhù we;s m%foaY" mq;a;,fï hqo .egqï j,ska fmf,k m%cdjo wh;aúh' iEu Èia;%slalhlskau .%du ks,OdÍ fldÜGdi folla wyUq f,i f;dar.kq ,enqfõ Èia;%slal f,alï úiska ,nd.;a ,ehsia;=jlsks' W;=r iy kef.kysr m<d;a fuu wOHhkfhka bj;alsÍug isÿjQfha tA m<d;aj, mej;s ;;a;ajh fya;=fldgf.kh' wkqrdOmqrh" .d,a," uykqjr" kqjrt<sh" nÿ,a, iy mq;a;,u Èia;%slal j,ska tllska ksfjia 200 ne.ska wyUq f,i f;dard.kq ,eîh' wOHhkh i|yd wOHhk m%foaY 11 l ksfjia ksheÈ oyila f;dard.kq ,enqfõ .%du ks,OdÍ ksfjia ,ehsia;= j,sks' ksfjia 200 g hula lula we;s uOHu mdka;sl mjq,ao wh;a jQy' .=rejreka ishhla f;dard.kq ,enqfõ fowdldrhlgh' uq,ska mdie,a ,ehsia;= j,ska mdie,a f;dardf.k bkamiq wyUq f,i .=rejreka f;dard.kq ,enQy' tla mdie,lska .=rejreka 10-15 olajd f;dard.kakd ,§' ishhlg jeäfhka isá mdie,aj,ska Bg jeä .Kkla f;dard.kq ,eîh' iEuúglu tA tA mdie,aj, úÿy,am;sjrekaf.a iydh ,nd .kakd ,§' .=rejreka i|yd fjku m%Yakdj,shla mdief,a§ fyda ksjfia§ fnÞfok ,§' lSmúgl§ f;dard.;a .=rejrekag m%Yakdj,sh ndrfokq ,enqfõ ta ms<sn`oj mx;shla mej;aùfuka wk;=rejh' wOHdmk ks,OdÍka ishh f;dard.kq ,enqfõ l,dmSh wOHdmk ks,Odß fldÜGdi j,sks' mx;shla mj;ajd iuyr ks,OdÍkag m%Yakdj,sh f;areïlrfokq ,enQ w;r iuyrekag th Wmfoia iys;j ndrfokq ,enqfõ kshñ; Èkl§ wdmiq Ndr fok f,i okajñks' iïmQ¾K ksheÈh 1200 la jqj;a ksjeishka" .=rejreka yd ks,OdÍkaf.a m%Yakud,d iïuqL idlÉPd fjka jYfhka ú.%ylrkq ,enqj;a WÑ; wjia:dj,§ tAjd tlg f.dkqlrk ,§'

ksheÈ ixhq;sh úúO;ajhlska ieÿKq ksfjia ksheÈh fouõmshka iy Ndrlrejka ^82]& mdie,ska msgjQ wh ^3'9]& isiqkaf.a ×;Ska ^4'8]& iy .fï kdhlhska ^6'9]& hkqfjka úúO fldgiaj,ska iukaú;úh' rEmh 1 ksfjia ksheÈfha jd¾.sl jHdma;sh 1%

14% isxy,

17%

fou< 67%

uqia,sï wfk;a wh ñY%

.=rejreka ishfhka 23 la uyshx.kfhks' 18 la uykqjrh' 8 la mq;a;,ñks' 12 la .d,af,ka iy 23 la kqjrt<sfhks' b;sß 16 fokd tA ia:dkj, mÈxÑlrejka jqj;a Tjqka b.ekajQfha úúO m<d;aj, mdie,aj,h( l=reKE., ^1& nÿ,a, ^5& wïmdr ^1& uvl,mqj ^1& ;%sl=Kdu,h ^4& fudKrd., ^2& iy ud;r ^1& jYfhks' ks,OdÍka uykqjr ^29& mq;a;,u ^14& kqjrt<sh ^17& wkqrdOmqrh ^30& iy .d,a, ^10& hk m%foaYj,sks' Tjqka w;r w;sf¾l f,alïjrfhlao wOHlaIjreka yh fofklao iyldr wOHlaIjreka 61 fofklao fjk;a ks,OdÍka 32 fofklao jQy'

rEmh 2( ksfjia ksheÈfha N+f.da,Sh jHdma;sh

10%

kqjrt<sh ^122&

12%

yegka ^64&

10%

mq;a;,u ^193& uyshx.kh ^49& .srd÷refldÜfÜ ^50&

12%

19%

uykqjr ^200& wkqrdOmqrh ^120& yslalvqj (103&

20%

wïn,kaf.dv (99&

ksheÈ .;s,laIK wOHhkhg f;dard.;a ksfjia tla oyfia mÈxÑlrejkaf.a .Kk 4934 la úh' idudkHfhkaa tla mjq,l m%udKh 4'93 ls' ksjil wvqu ixLHdj fofofkl= jQ w;r jeäu ixLHdj 19 ls' jeäfhka isá ksfjiaj, mjq,a folla fyda Bg jeäfhka isáhy' uykqjr wvq wdÞhula we;s ÿmam;a ksfjia j, mjq,a lSmhla mÈxÑù isá w;r wOHhkh i|yd f;dard.kq ,enqfõ tla mjq,la muKh' iuyr ksfjiaj, .DyuQ,slhka jQfha mdie,a hk orejkaf.a foïúmshka fkdj ksjfia whs;slrejQ iShd" wdÉÑ" udud flfkla fyda kekaÞ flfkla' foj;djla f.dia fouõmshka uqK fkd.eiqK wjia:dj,§ fjk;a fcHIaGhl= fyda m%;spdrlfhl=ùug leue;af;ka bÈßm;ajQ flfkla f;dard.kq ,eîh' b;du;a iq`M m%udKhla fouõmshkag msgia;rj <uqka /ln,d.;a wh yuqjQ wjia:dj,§ .DyuQ,slhdg Tjqkaf.a kElu i|yka lrk ,§' fï ksid ish¨u m%;spdrlhska fouõmshka fkdjk nj ie,lsh hq;=h'

mdie,a <uqka ksfjia oyfia isá mdie,a isiqka .Kk 1800 ls' tla isiqjlf.a isg isiqka y;r fofkl= olajd tl ksjil isáhy' isiqka y;rfokd ne.ska isáfha 7] lg wvq m%udKhlh' idudkHfhka isá .Kk fofofkls'

wdÞhu w;ska j¾. lsÍu my< mdka;sl ksfjiaj,ska mdie,a hk <uqkaf.a ixLHdj jeähehs fmkS.sh;a mka;s j,g fn§u;a" mdie,a hk <uqkaf.a ixLHdj;a w;r t;rï iïnkaOhla ke;ehs lsj yel' wOHhkfha§ fy<sjqKq mdie,a fkdhk <uqka 45 fokd my< uOHu iy my< mdka;sl ksfjia j,sks' ksfjia fldgia ;=klg j¾. lrk,§' tA my<" my< uOHu" iy uOHu hkqfjks' fufia j¾. lrkq ,enqfõ úÿ,sh weoao" mdkSh c,h ,nd.kafka flfiao jeks lreKq fukau YS;lrKhla$rEmjdysŒ hka;%hla iy ÿrl;khla jeks myiqlï ish ksfjiaj, Ndú;d flfrkafka±hs úuid ne,Sfuks' fuf,i j¾.lsÍu wOHhkhg f;dard.;a ksheÈfha iudc wd¾Ól rgdj f;areï .ekSug m%udKj;aa úh' tfia y÷kd.;a ksfjia tA tA fldgiaj,g fnÿfKa fufiah( rEmh 3( wdÞhï wkqj mka;s j,g j¾.l< úg ksfjia m%udKhka

ksfjia ksheÈfha jeä m%;sY;hla uOHu mka;shg wh;aùu fya;=fjka wOHhkfha wjika m%;sM,j,g hïlsis n,mEula isÿjkakg we;' fï ksid m%;sM, fidaÈisfhka úuid ne,sh hq;=h' tAjd idudkHfhka rfÜ ck.yKh ksrEmKh fkdjk nj ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h'

fouõmshkaf.a wOHdmkh fouõmshka w;=ßka uõjre 24'7] la iy mshjre 27'9] la bf.kf.k isáfha 9 fjks fY%a‚h olajdh' ;j;a uõjre 25'2] la iy mshjre 22'4] la 11 fjks fY%a‚h fyda Bg by< wOHdmk iqÿiqlï iïmQ¾Klr isáhy' mshjre 41'1] la iy uõjre 44] la 9" 10 fyda 11 fY%A‚h iïmQ¾K lr ;snq‚' wOHdmkhla fkd,enQjka isáfha mshjre 0'3] iy uõjre 1'3] la mu‚' fiiq jd¾.sl fldgia yd ii|dn,k úg fou< iy uqia,sï fouõmshka ,nd isáfha wvq wOHdmkhls' fou< fouõmshka Nd.hla muK ^uõjre 47'3] la iy mshjre 47'3] la& o uqia,sï uõjre 45'5] la iy mshjre 49] la wOHdmkh ,nd isáfha 9 fjks fY%a‚h olajd fyda Bg wvqfjks' uqia,sï uõjre 0'7] la 13 fjks fY%a‚h olajd wOHdmkh ,nd isá w;r tlu msfhl=j;a tlS ÿr wOHdmkhla ,nd isáfha ke;' fou< fouõmshka w;=ßka 13 fjk fY%A‚h olajd fyda bka Tíng bf.kqu ,nd isáfha mshjre 0'6] la mu‚' iudc wd¾Ól rgdfõ úúO mka;s iy wOHdmk uÜgfï ks;e;skau iïnkaOlula ;snq‚' 9 fjks fY%a‚hg jvd wvqfjka wOHdmkh ,nd isá mshjreka w;=ßka uOHu mka;shg wh;ajQfha 17'6] ls' 13 fjks fY%a‚hg fyda Bg jvd wOHdmkh ,;a mshjreka 79'2] la uOHu mdka;slhka jQy' uõjreka w;=ßka 13 fjks fY%a‚hg fyda Bg jvd wOHdmkh ,;a uõjre 86'7] la uOHu mka;shg wh;a jQy'

/lshdj .DyuQ,slhdf.a /lshdj i|ykalr ;snqfKa ksfjia 896 la ^89'6]& muKh' Wiia hhs iïu; /lshd l< wh isáfha 5'5] la jeks iSñ; m%udKhls' jHdmdr iy fj<|dfï kshq;=jQjka 19'8] ls' jeäu msßila hdka;%sl /lshdj, fh§ isá w;r lïlrejka iy /lshd fkdue;s .Khg wh;ajQ m%udKh 22] ls' mka;s iy /lshd w;r fnfyúka iïnkaOlula fmkq‚'

4 fy<sjQ lreKq iuia;hla jYfhka ksfjia wOHhkfhka fy<sjQfha wOHdmk l%uh ms<sn|j idudkHfhka ljqre;a fnfyúka iEySug m;aj isák njhs' b.ekaùu .ek fouõmshka ±rE u;h /`§ ;snqfKa mka;sfha§ ish orejka ,;a m%;sM, wkqjh' mka;sfha§ ish orejd uq,a 20 - 25] w;rg meñKqfka kï b.ekaùu fyd|hehs Tjqyq ms<s.;ay' .=rejreka mka;sj,g meñŒu" f.or§ lrk mdie,a jev mÍlaIdlr ne,Su" úIh ud,d wdjrKh iy b.ekaùfï meyeÈ,slu jeks lreKqo .Kka .ekq‚' mdie,a isiqka 1"756 la isá wOHhkhg ,lajQ ksfjia tla oyfika 968 la mka;sj, b.ekaùu .ek m%;spdr ±lajQy' ishhg 80 la lSfõ ;uka iEySug m;aù isák njhs' rEmh 4( orejkaf.a mdie,a wOHdmkh .ek fouõmshkaf.a yeÕSï'

m%;spdr ]

iEysug m;afjkjd

iEySug m;ajkafka kE

okafka kE

mka;sfha ld¾h idOkh

bx.%Sis udOHfhka b.ekaùu

o;a; ke;

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% mka;sfha§ b.ekaùu

úIh ks¾foaY iïmQ¾K lsÍu

msgia;r jev

kj wOHdmk l%uh

m%ldY

fujka ksh; woyia m<fjoa§ wOHdmkfha úúO ¥IK yd wl%ñl;d we;ehs iïuqL idlÉPd j,ska fy<súh' myiqfjka lreKq yeoEÍu i|yd m¾haIKfhka fy<sjQ lreKq fldgia y;rlg fjkal< yel(

4'1 mdie,a uÜgfï ¥IK fuu mq¨,a fldgig mdie,aj,g isiqka we;=,;alr .ekSu ms<sn| .eg¨" ÿ¾j, uQ,H mßmd,kh iy .=Kd;aul fhojqï l<ukdldß;ajh" mdie,a foam, wksis f,i mßyrKh lsÍu" .=rejreka mka;sfha§ b.ekaùu mfil ;nd áhqIka §u" .=rejrekaf.a yeisÍfï ÿ¾j,;d yd mlaINckh" iy úÿy,am;sjreka ish kEoEhska iafõÉPd .=rejreka jYfhka n|jd .ekSu wh;afõ'

4'2 .dia;= iy f.ùï wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhka kshu flreKq fyda tfia fkdl< f.ùï y÷kdf.k wOHdmkh fjkqfjka ksfjiaj,g ±Íug isÿjk úhoï fuu fldgiska mÍlaId flßKs' jeä úhoula ±Íug isÿjk tla fya;=jla kï úÿy,am;sjrekag" mdie,a ixj¾Ok iñ;sj,g yd ks,OdÍkag fydr ryfia flfrk f.ùï úh yelsh' fujka f.ùï lrkafka mdie,g we;=,;alsÍï i|yd jdishla wfmalaIdfjka fyda mdie,a wêldÍka iu. ydolï meje;aùfï n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjks' tjka f.ùï Tmamq lsÍug wiSre jqj;a tAjd fouõmshkag ish orejka mdief,a r|`jd .ekSug WmldÍjkakg mq¨jk' fuu f.ùï orejkag idOdrKj wOHdmk myiqlï ,eîfï whs;shg n,mEï l< yelsh'

4'3 mßmd,kh yd iïnkaO ¥IKh fuhska úia;r jkafka l,dmSh" m<d;a iy wud;HdxY uÜgñka isÿjk wl%ñl;djkah' fïjd úfYaIfhkau .=rejrekaf.a iy úÿy,am;sjrekaf.a udrelsÍï" m;aùï iy Wiiaùï yd iïnkaO fjhs'

4'4 ¥IKhg tfrys meñ‚,s ¥IK yd wl%ñl;d ms<sn| wdl,am iy fuu .eg¨ .ek uyckhd meñ‚,s lrkafkao ke;akï WÞiSk njla olajkafkao hkqfjka uyckhd m%;spdr olajk wdldrh fuu fldgiska úu¾YKh flf¾'

4'1 mdie,a uÜgfï ¥IK fuu fldgiska wjOdkh fhduqjkafka <uqkag n,mdk ldrKd iuQyhla ms<sn`ojh' ldf.a;a l;dnyg ,laù we;s mosxÑh ms<sn`o fldkafoais we;=¨j isiqka mdie,aj,g we;=,;alsÍfï .eg¨" fm< fmd;a" .=Kd;aul fhojqï fukau myiqlï wvq fmfoiaj, isiqkag úYaj úoHd,hg we;=,aùug w;§ula f,i wdrïN l< Èia;%slal wkqmd; l%uh wksis f,i fh§u jeks lreKq fuys§ idlÉPd flf¾' mka;sfha§ isÿjk mlaINckh jeks ldrKdo wjOdkhg fhduqflf¾' iuia;hla jYfhka ksfjia jeä m%udKhla ^57'1]& lSfõ l%ufha ¥IKhka ke;s njh' mfyka tlla ^21'5]& lSfõ rdcH mdie,a l%uh ¥Is; njh' ;j;a 21'4] la me;a;la fkdf.k isáhy' 1970 g fmr ;snQ ;;a;ajhg jvd ±ka mdie,a l%uh msßyS we;a±hs úuiQúg ksfjia 29] la lSfõ msßySula we;s njhs' .=rejreka 30'6] la iy ks,OdÍka 42'4] la .=re jD;a;sh msßyS we;ehs lSy'

4'1'1 mdie,a j,g we;=,;alsÍï úfYaIfhkau m<fjks fY%a‚hg isiqka we;=,;a lsÍfï§ we;sjk ¥IK mdie,a l%uh ;=< fnfyúka l;dnyg fhduqjk ud;Dldjls' flfiajqjo" m%;spdrlhska jeäfofkla kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk f.ùï lsÍu fyda n,mEï lsÍu .ek i|yka lf<a ke;' fouõmsfhdaa m<fjks fY%a‚hg ish orejka we;=,alsÍfï§ mdie,aj, lS¾;sh yd fyd| ku ie,ls,a,g .ks;s' uOHu mdka;sl fouõmsfhdaa mdie,l úNd. m%;sM,j,g wu;rj úIh ud,djg msgia;rj flfrk lghq;=" l%Svd myiqlï" iy bx.%Sis b.ekaùu .ek ie,ls,su;a fj;s' ;ukaf.a orejka úNd. j,ska wiu;ajQj;a fyd| mdie,l wdÈ YsIHhka kï fm!oa.,sl wxYfha /lshd ,nd.ekSug mq¨jkehs fndfyda fouõmsfhda l,amkd lr;s' kï ±rE mdie,a j,g we;s fuu b,a¨u ksid fnfyúka ;r.ldÍ ;;a;ajhla we;sfjhs' tys m%;sM,h mdie,a w;r wiudklï we;slsÍuhs' tA nj mfya YsIH;aj iy idudkH yd Wiia fm< úNd. m%;sM, j,ska fmkShhs' ;r.ldÍ;ajh jeäfj;au" mdie,a j,g we;=,alsÍfïÈ wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%shd mámdáh ms<sn| wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha 2006$20 wxl pl%f,aLh;a" myiqlï .dia;= iy mdie,a

ixj¾Ok iñ;sj,g f.jk .dia;= yefrkakg fjk;a .dia;= whlsÍu ;ykï lrk 1'5 fldgi;aa W,a,x>kh lsÍfuka ¥IKhg fÞr wefrk njg ks,OdÍka 50] la tlÕjQy' 4'1'1'1 zmÈxÑhZ whq;= m%fhdackhg .ekSu m<fjks fY%a‚hg isiqka we;=,;alsÍfï fldkafoais w;r mdie,g kqÿßka isàu jeo.;a tlls' th ¥IKhg ;=vqfok lreKlaù we;' fndfyda fouõmshka ish orejka mdie,aj,g we;=,;alsÍug iQÞkïjkafka kshñ; ld,hg jvd fndfyda l,skah' iuyrúg orejd bmÿkq fõf,a isguh' jeäfhkau isÿ flrefKa mdie,g kqÿßka ksjila ñ,§ .ekSu" l=,shg .ekSu fyda noaog .ekSuhs' flá ux fijQq fndfyda fouõmsfhda tA .ufka§ ¥IKhg fm<Uqky' mdie,g kqÿre ia:dkhl mÈxÑh ;yjqre lrk .%du ks,Odßfhl=f.a iy;slhla wjYH fkdjqj;a mÈxÑh mÍlaId lrk f,i úÿy,am;sjre .%du ks,OdÍkag lSy' fuhska iuyrúg isÿjQfha iy;sl lrjd.ekSulg jvd fouõmshka úiska ñ,§ .ekSuls' wfkla w;g" .=rejreka 90] la iy ks,OdÍka 95] la lshd isáfha mÈxÑh ms<sn| fldkafoaish l=,shg fyda noaog .;a ksfjia j, isá <uqkag;a wkjirfhka mÈxÑù isg ÿmam;a mjq,aj, <uqkag;a n,mE njhs' fndfyda mjq,a mrïmrd .Kkdjka uq`M,af,a uykqjr ckm%sh mdie,a wjg mkai,aj,g wh;a bvïj, l=,shg fyda noaog isáho" zkshudldrZ ,shú,s fkdue;slu ksid mÈxÑh ;yjqre lsÍug neßùfuka Tjqkaf.a orejkag tu mdie,a j,g we;=,aùug neßjQ wjia:d .ek i|yka flre‚' mÈxÑh ms<sn| fldkafoaisfha wvq¨yq~qlï we;ehs .=rejreka 80] la iy ks,OdÍka 81] la woyia m<l< w;r Tjqka ishhg 60 - 70 la th ¥IKhg fm<Uúh yelshhs ms<s.;ay' <uqka mdie,a j,g we;=,;alsÍfï ,l=Kq l%uh .ek iuyr fouõmsfhda m%Yak l<y' 4'1'1'2 w;rueoshkaf.a l%shd l,dmh iuyr m<d;aj, wjYH ,shú,s ilialrÿka w;rueÈfhda" .dia;=jlg <uhd we;=,alr§ugo

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l÷lrfha msfhla fufia lshhs( uf.a ÿj m<df;a ckm%sh mdie,lg we;=,;alrjd.kak remsh,a wiQ oyila f.jqj;a jevla jqfKa kE' fmdfrdkaÿjQ ;eke;a;d ±ka fldgia jYfhka uqo,a wdmiq f.jkjd'

lshk ldrKd ryis.;j ;nd.kakd nj fld;rï lSj;a fndfydafokd <uqka we;=,;alsÍu .ek lshkakg ue,sùu lemSfmkqKq ldrKhls' ish orejka ±kg mdi,aj,g we;=,aù isá ksid hula lSfuka ;ukaf.ka m<s.kakg mq¨jka hehs is;d tA wh l;dlsÍug ue,sjQy'

4'1'1'3 uqo,a iy n,mEï ksfjia 81 ^81'1]& l fouõmsfhda ;uka úÿy,am;sjrekag w,a,ia ÿka nj ms<s.;ay' Tjqka w;=ßka 38] la uykqjßks' 18'5] la wkqrdOmqrfhks' fiiq whf.ka jeäfofkla yslalvqfjka iy kqjrt,sfhks' w,a,ia ÿka whf.ka 57] la uOHu mdka;slhkah' .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍkaf.ka 14] lao ;ukaf.a <uhska we;==,;alrjd .ekSug úÿy,am;sjrekag w,a,ia § we;' ÿIalr m<d;l mdie,l úÿy,am;sjrfhla( ckm%sh mdie,aj, úÿy,am;sjre jdyk kv;a;= lrkafka fldfyduo@ tA wh iqfLdamfNda.S f.j,aj, bkafka fldfyduo@ wms fof.d,a,kagu yïn fjkafka tlu mäh' úÿy,am;sjrekag w,a,ia § we;s mjq,a .ek okakjd±hs weiQ úg .=rejreka 36] la iy ks,OdÍka 34] la lSfõ tjeks mjq,a .ek okakd njhs' .=rejreka 89] la iy ks,OdÍka 81] la lSfõ <uqka mdie,aj,g we;=,;a lsÍug úÿy,am;sjreka w,a,ia .kakd nj hs' .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍka 90] lau fï mqreoao fy,d±laldy' ksfjia 155 l ^15'5]& m%;spdrlhska lSfõ ;uka úYd, uqo,la mdie,a ixj¾Ok iñ;sj,g ÿka njhs' 5] la muK foaYmd,k{fhl=f.a Woõ me;+ nj;a 7]la Wiia wOHdmk

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foaYmd,k{hskaf.a ud¾.fhka orejka we;=,alrjd .ekSug ;e;al< fouõmshka .ek ;uka okakd nj .=rejreka 19] la iy ks,OdÍka 41] la lshd isá w;r

.=rejreka 98] la iy ks,OdÍka 89] la lSfõ wOHdmk ks,OdÍka mjq,j,g iy {d;Skag Woõl< nj okakd njhs' rEmh 5( Tfí orejd mdie,g we;=,;alsÍfï§ my; i|yka isoaëkag uqyqK ÿkakdo@

m%l dY mÈxÑh wdÈh Tmamq lsÍug fydr ,shú,s ms,sfh, lrkakjqkd

wud;HdxYfha Wiia ks,Odßhl= u.ska fyda wOHlaIjrfhl= u.ska úÿy,am;sg n,mEïl<d

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uqo ,a f.dvla ixj¾Ok lñgqjg ÿkakd

uqo ,a f.dvla úÿy,am;sg ÿkakd

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16%

m%;spdr ]

fndfydaúg fouõmshka mdie,aj,g uqo,a ;E.sl< w;r iuyre mka;s ldur idÞÿkay' ke;akï mdie,g mqgq fïi ,ndÿkay' fïjd ¥IK ls%hd fkdfõoehs weiQúg .=rejreka 21'4] la iy ks,OdÍka 23] la lSfõ tAjd mdief,a ÈhqKqjg wdOdr jYfhka iafõÉPdfjka ÿka tAjd f,i i,lk njhs' flfiajqjo" fiiq .=rejreka 78'6] la ks,OdÍka 77] la tAjd ie,l=fõ ¥IKhkag bÕshla lrk l%shdjka yeáhgh'

rEmh 6( mdie,aj,g we;=,;alsÍu lsisfia;a ke;

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m%;sp dr ] 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% <uqka we;=,;a lsÍfï§ whq;= ×;s ix.%y$mlaINckh idudkH mqreoaola

<uqka we;=,;a lsÍug úÿy,am;sjreka uqo,a .ekSu idudkHfhka isÿjk fohla

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mdie,aj,g we;=,;alsÍu .ek úêu;a jev ms<sfj,la fkdue;slu ksid úúOdldrfha ¥IK we;sjk nj fndfyda fofkl=f.a u;h úh' .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍka 80-85] lf.a woyijQfha isiqka we;=,;alsÍfï 2008$21 kj pl%f,aLh .eg¨j,g ;=vqfok njh' thska mdie,a wdikakfha isák whg fyda mdief,a wdÈ YsIHhskag jevla ke;ehs fouõmsfhda l,amkd l<y'

ujlf.a lshukla( biafldaf,g isfuka;s ÿkak fouúmshkaf.a <uhskag jeämqr ,l=Kq ,enqKd'

we;=,;alsÍfï .eg¨ ksid iuyr <uqkag wjqreoaola muK ld,hla jqj;a mdie,ahEug neßúh' tjeks <uhska .ek okakd .=rejreka 8] la iy ks,OdÍka 22] la isáhy'

jeä m%udKhla jd¾;d fkdjqj;a mdie,aj,g <uqka we;=,;alsÍfï§ whq;= l%shdjka isÿjk nj fmfka' we;=,;alsÍfï fldkafoaisj, we;s ÿ¾j,;d fukau ckm%sh mdie,aj,g <uqka we;=,;alsÍug we;s ;shqKq ;r.h ¥IKh jeälsÍug fya;=fjhs' fuhska <uqkag wOHdmkh ,nd.ekSug we;s bv m%ia:d weysfrkjd muKla fkdj fmdfydi;a fouõmshkag w,a,ia§fï yelshdj;a hï hï whf.ka Woõ ,nd.ekSug we;s yelshdj;a ksid wfk;a whg wjdisÞhl ;;a;ajhla we;sùfuka idOdrK;ajho ke;sfjhs'

wOHdmk wud;HdxY ks,Odßfhla: uf.a nEKd flfklaa idudkH fm< by,ska iu;afj,d ol=fKa cd;sl mdie,lg we;=,;aùug ;e;al<du úÿy,am;s remsh,a ye;a;EmkaÞyla b,a¨jd' t;rï uqo,la fokak neßhhs lSjdu m<d;a wOHlaIf.ka ,smshla f.akak lsõjd' ,shqu ,ndf.k bÈßm;al<;a mka;s ldurhla yokak lshd wdhs;a ierhla uqo,a b,a¨jd' wka;sug lsõjd mka;s ldurhla yÞfokak ke;akï uqo,a f.jkak lshd' ;ju tys wjidkhla kE' YsIHhd mdie,g wrf.k;a kE'

4'1'2 fm< fmd;a Y%S ,xldfõ mdie,a isiqkag fm< fmd;a iy mdie,a ks, we÷ï fkdñf,a fnÞfokq ,efí' fm< fmd;a fnoSfï§ we;sjk m%udo iy fm< fmd;a j, uqøK ÿ¾j,lï ¥IK f,i ye¢kaúh fkdyelsjqj;a thska ixúOdkd;aul wld¾hlaIu;djh fukau ie,iqï l%shdj,sfha;a wëlaIKfha;a we;s ÿ¾j,;d biau;=fjhs' fï ms<sn|j isiqkaf.a Ndrlrejka 96'7]la ^1"741& m%;spdr ±lajQ w;r 6'2] lg fmd;a fkd,enqK nj;a" 23'3] lg l,g fõ,djg fmd;a fkd,enqK nj;a mejiQy' .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍka 95] lg jvd fm< fmd;a fn§fï§ m%udohka isÿjk nj ms<s.;ay' .=rejreka 58] la iy ks,OdÍka 56] la lSfõ Bg fya;=j m%jdyKfha ÿ¾j,;d njhs'

rEmh 7( jir ;=< <uqkag kshu fõ,djg fm< fmd;a ,enqKdo@

fj,djg ,enqKd fj,djg ,enqfKa kE fj,djg ,enqKd mq;a;,u .%dóh$ isxy, fmfoia

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23%

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fm< fmd;aj,g uqo,a f.jQ nj lSfõ lSmfofkl= muKh' tfia lS wh jeäfhka kqjrt<sh" yegka iy uykqjßks' fmd;a .ekSug fyda Pdhd msgm;a ,nd.ekSug tla isiqjl= 2008 § idudkHfhka uilg remsh,a 525 la jehlr we;' fm< fmd;a ke;sj isáfha" tfia ke;akï tAjd ñ,§ .;af;a iq¨ msßila jqj;a fmd;a fnÞyeÍfï§ we;sjQ m%udohka wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul njg n,mEfõh'

4'1'3 .=Kd;aul fhojqï .=Kd;aul fhojqï j,g uqo,a fokq ,nkafka fouõmshkag nrla ±Íug bv fkd;nd isiqkag mx;sfha§ m%dfhda.sl lghq;= i|yd wjYH fmd;a yer fjk;a ,sms øjH" b.ekaùug wjYH wu;r Wmldrlhka jeks uQ,sl wjYH;d imqrd,u i|ydh' .=Kd;aul fhojqï ms<sn|j pl%f,aL lSmhlau ksl=;alr we;s w;r l,dmSh iy m<d;a uÜgñka úÿy,am;sjrekag iy .=rejrekag mqyqKq jev igyka .Kkdjlau mj;ajd we;' fï fya;=fjka ksfjia úYd, m%udKhla .=Kd;aul fhojqï .ek ±kissáhy' .=rejreka iy úÿy,am;sjreka fï uqo,a wksis f,i mdúÉÑ lrkjd weoa±hs weiq úg fouõmshka 20] la tA .ek ±kisáfha ke;' 35] la muKla tu uqo,a wksis mdúÉÑ lsÍug bv we;ehs lSy'

msfhl=f.a lshukla( uu .=re fo.=re ix.ufha l%shdldÍ idudðlfhla' .=Kd;aul fhÿjqï .ek uu okakjd' .=re fo.=re ix.ufha uqo,amd,l f;dardm;alr.kafka fouõmshka w;=frka' ±ka ^wOHhkh meje;afjk ld,iSudfõ§& tA ;k;=r orkafka m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ uka;%Sjrfhla' miq.sh /iaùfï§ .sKqï ms<n|j m%Yak lsÍug uu iQÞkïj isáh;a foaYmd,k{hd blaukg fydfrkau jdf.a .sKqï wkqu;lrjd .;a;d' iyldr uqo,a md,l yeáhg lghq;= lf<a .=rejrfhla' Tyq lSmj;djlau uf.a idmamqjg weú;a idmamqfjka mdie,g .;a; ,sms øjH yd fjk;a foaj,a j,g ÿkak ßisÜ ke;sfj,d lsh,d w¨;a tAjd b,a¨jd' ug t;fldg f;areKd .=Kd;aul fhÿjqï i,a,s j,g fudkjd fjkak we;so lsh,' uu fï .ek B<Õ /iaúfï§ wykjd'

.=Kd;aul fhojqïj, kdia;shla ;sfnk nj .=rejreka 98] la iy ks,OdÍka 91] la ms<s.;ay' fndfydaa mdie,a fï uqo,a flfia mdúÉÑl< hq;= ±hs yßyeá wjfndaOhla fkdue;slñka ukdj md,kh fkdjk nj .=rejreka 94] la iy ks,OdÍka 98] la lshd isáhy' .=rejreka 89] la iy ks,OdÍka 86] la lSfõ úfYaIfhkau j;=lrfha iy fnfyúka msáir m<d;aj, mdie,a .=Kd;aul fhojqï kqiqÿiq whqre Ndú;dlrk njhs' .=rejreka iu. idlÉPdjlska( wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhka Wmfoia § we;;a uqo,a fr.=,disj,g ìfhka úÿy,am;sjreka fï uqo,a mdúÉÑ fkdlsÍu ksid .=Kd;aul fhojqïj,g fjkaflrk

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rEmh 8( .=Kd;aul fhojqï ks,OdÍka - Tõ

.=rejreka - Tõ

m%ldY j;=lrfha iy fnfyúka msáir m<d;aj, mdie,a .=Kd;aul fhojqï kqiqÿiq whqre Ndú;dflf¾

fndfyda mdie,aj, .=Kd;aul fhÿjqï .ek meyeÈ,s wjfndaOhla ke;

.=Kd;aul fhojqïj, hï m%udKhl kdia;shlaùug mq¨ jk

80 %

85 %

90 %

95 %

100 %

m%;sp dr ]

uqo,a mdúÉÑ fkdlsÍu" .=Kd;aul fhojqï uqo,a wksis f,i mdúÉÑ lsÍu" mdie,a ixj¾OK lñgq /iaùïj,§ .sKqï bÈßm;a fkdlsÍu" .=Kd;aul fhojqï .ek fouõmshka ±kqj;a fkdlsÍu jeks ¥IK ls%hd úÿy,am;sjreka iy .=rejreka w;ska isÿfõ' fuhskao wOHdmk .=Kd;aulNdjfha we;s .eg¨ biau;=fjhs'

4'1'4 miafjks fY%a‚fha YsIHdOdr jeä fofkla i|yka fkdl<;a" miafjks fY%a‚fha YsIHdOdr l,g fõ,djg fkd,nd§u ¥IKhla f,i fmkajd fokq ,eîh'

4'1'5 YsIHhskag úNd. ksjdvq idudkH iy Wiia fm< úNd.hg fmkS isák isiqkag fofjks jir wjidkfha§ úNd.hg mdvï lsÍu i|yd iuyrúg ;=ka udihla mjd ksjdvq ,enq‚' fuh wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha 2006$45 pl% f,aLhg mgyeKsh' fcHIaG wOHdmk wud;HdxY ks,Odßfhl= lS wkaoug wjika jdrfha wjika Èkh olajd b.ekaùfï

lghq;= l< hq;=h' úNd. ksjdvq §fuka isiqkag úNd.j,g fmkSisàug wjYH 80] l mdie,g meñKSfï wjYH;djh iïmQ¾K lr .ekSu wiSreh' Tyq lshk mßÈ isiqka úNd. ksjdvq msg heùu kS;s W,a,x>kh lsÍula fukau nrm;, ¥Is; ls%shdjls' isú,a iudc ixúOdkhla lS foa( Wiia fm< úNd.hg l,ska YsIHhkag ;=ka udihla ksjdvq ,efnkjd' t;fldg .=rejreka lrkafka fudllao@ fndfydaúg Tjqka áhqIka mka;s mj;ajkjd' fndfyda wh Wfoa ;ukaf.a mka;sj,g tk YsIHhskag yjiajrefõ áhqIka mka;s mj;ajkjd' fuh wdpdr O¾u j,g fnfyúkau mgyeKshs' tA jf.au fïl ¥IKhla'

idudkH iy Wiia fm< isiqkag udihl isg udi ;=kla olajd ;ukaf.a mdie,aj, ksjdvq fok nj .=rejreka 35] la lshd isáhy' ks,OdÍka 25] la fuu l%shdj ±k isáh;a tA .ek lsisÿ l%shdud¾.hla wkq.ukh lf<a ke;' isú,a iudc ixúOdkhla lSfõ .=rejreka uqo,a whlrñka ksjdvq msg isák isiqka i|yd áhqIka mka;s mj;ajk njhs'

4'1'6 úYaj úoHd,hg we;=,aùfï Èia;%slal wkqmd; l%uh úYaj úoHd,j,g we;=,aùï i|yd ,l=Kq .Kka .ekSfï§ wOHdmk myiqlï wvqhehs ie,flk kqjrt<sh iy fudkrd., Èia;%slalj,ska Wiia fm< úNd.hg fmkS isák isiqkag úfYaI iyk ,efí' fï fya;=fjka jeä myiqlï we;s fld<U" .d,a, fyda uykqjr jeks fmfoiaj, isiqka fuys meñK úNd.hg fmkS isá;s' úÿy,am;sjreka iy ks,OdÍka w,a,ia f.k fuu Èia;%slalj, mdie,aj,g tA wh we;=,alr .kakd nj wOHhkfha§ fy<súh'

m%dfoaYSh ks,OdÍka idlÉPdjl§ lS foa( tla Èia;%slalhlska Wiia fm< úNd.fhka iu;afj,d úYaj úoHd,hg we;=,ajqKq YsIHhka fndfyduhla fjk;a Èia;%slalj,ska meñKs wh nj fï .ek fidhdneÆ ks,Odßfhl=g fmkS .shd' isxy, iy fou< <uhs fï wh w;r isáhd' iuyre weú;a isáfha irKd.;hska yeáhg' fï Èia;%slalfha yqÕla mdie,aj, úoHd fyda .‚; .=rejreka ke;s ksid isiqka mka;s zlÜZ lr, Èia;s%lalfhau ke;akï msg m<d;aj, áhqIka mka;sj,g .shd' úNd.hg fmkS isákak 80] la meñKSu ;sfhkak ´k ksid .=rejreka iu. tl;=fj,d tA wh meñKSu ,l=Kq lr ;sfnkjd'

fld<U" uykqjr iy fjk;a Èia;%slalj, fmdfydi;a fouõmshka kqjrt<sh iy fudKrd.,ska bvï yd f.j,a ñ<§ f.k <uhska úNd.hg iu;ajQ miq tAjd jeä .Kkg úl=Kd ±uQ nj;a fy<súh' tAjd úl=Kkakg we;af;a tjeksu fjk;a fouõmshkag jkakg mq¨jk' tA Èia;%slalj, f.j,a úlsŒug fyda nÿ §ug mqj;am;a ±kaùï m<jQfha fï ksidh' rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhla iu. meje;ajQ idlÉPdjl§'' fkdÈhqKq Èia;%slalj, YsIHhska úfYaIfhkau fofjks j;djg Wiia fm< úNd.hg fmkS isákakg l,ska uykqjr" ud;r jf.a ;ekaj, áhqIka mka;sj,g .syska bf.k .kakjd' yenehs úNdf.g fmkS bkafka tA wh mÈxÑ Èia;%slalj,ska' fuhska tA whg úNd.fha§ jdishla ,efnkjd' wms okakjd mÈxÑh Tmamq lrkak fkdÈhqKq Èia;%slaj, f.j,a l=,shg .kak wh .ek' fïl f,dl= wmrdOhla' ÿmam;=kag ,nd§, ;sfhk myiqlula whq;= f,i m%fhdackhg .ekSula'

m%cd kdhlfhla( ÈhqKq m%foaY j, wh ishU,dKavqj" fudkrd., jf.a me;sj,ska f.j,a l=,shg wrka tA wh tA me;sj, mÈxÑldrhskah" <uhs hkafka tfy mdie,aj,gh lshd lshkjd' we;a; jYfhkau <uhs hkafka uykqjr" ud;r ke;akï fld<U mdie,aj,g' yenehs úNdf. .kafka fudkrd., Èia;%slalfhka' fofjks j;djg fudkrd.,ska Wiia fm< úNd.hg fmkS isák YsIHfhda mka;s j,g hkak kqjrg .d,a,g ud;rg hkjd' fï ;;a;ajh .ek fudkrd., Èia;%slalfha fkdÈhqKq mdie,aj, .=rejrekag;a úÿy,am;sjrekag;a fÞia lshkak ´kE' ;ukaf.a mdie,aj, we;s;rï YsIHhska bkakjdh" idudkH" Wiia fm< úNd.j, fyd| m%;sM, ,nkjdh lshd tA wh wud;HdxYhg fmkajkjd' tA whg fouõmshkaf.ka jákd ;E.s fnda. ,efnkjd' fïl we;a;gu ¥IKhla'

fouõmshka fufia .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍka iu. tl;=ù l+g Wml%u fhdÞ.ekSfuka isÿjkafka wudrelï uOHfha bf.k.kakd isiqkag Wiia wOHdmkhla ,eîfï wjia:dj .s,syS hEuhs'

4'1'7 .=rejrekaf.a yeisÍu iy mlaINckh .=rejreka mka;sfha b.ekaùug fmr mdvï ie,iqï ms<sfh, lr.; hq;=h' fïjdfha wjYH;djh ish,qu .=rejreka iy ks,OdrSka ms<s.;a kuq;a .=rejreka 61'6] la iy ks,OdrSka 82] la lSfõ fïjd isÿfkdflfrk njhs' fndfyda .=rejreka mka;sj,g hkafka lsisÿ iQÞkula fkdue;sjhehs .=rejreka" úÿy,am;sjreka iy wOHdmk ks,OdÍkaf.a u;h úh' úIh ud,d iïmQ¾K lsÍu .ek fouõmshka 70] la iEySug m;aj isàu b.ekaùfï id¾:l;ajfha i,l=Kla f,i ie,lsh fkdyel' iqÿiq l%ufúohka wkq.ukh lsÍu jeks fjk;a lreKqo ie,ls,a,g .;hq;=h' fï w;r" mdie,a ;E.s iy YsIH kdhlhska m;alsÍfï§ fukau úfYaI wjia:d i|yd isiqka f;aÍfï§ mlaINckh isÿjk nj fndfyda fofkla lSy' YsIH kdhlhska m;aflfrkafka .=rejreka leu;s wh w;=frka oehs weiQúg .=rejreka 68] la iy ks,OdrSka 87] la Bg tlÕjQy' ;E.s m%Þfkda;aijfha§ ;E.s fokq

,enqfõ iqÿiqlï j,g jvd .=rejreka f;arE whg hehs .=rejreka 68] la iy ks,OdrSka 79] la lSy' ;E.s i|yd f;dard.kq ,enqfõ ks;sm;d meje;afjk jdr úNd. wkqj fkdj úfYaI úNd.hla meje;aùfuks' ujl iu. idlÉPdjl§'' YsIH kdhllï ,nd.kag;a" mdie,a ;E.s ,nd.kag;a fouõmshka .=rejrekag ;E.s fokjd' fÞia;r flfkl=f.a mqf;la bx.%Sis ;E.a. Èkd.;af;a tA úêhg nj ljqre;a okakjd' YsIH kdhlhka f;dard.kak .=rejreka Pkafo fokjd' t;fldg mlaINckhla we;sfjkjd' bx.%Sis Èkh ke;akï úúO m%ix. mj;ajkfldg tAjdg <uhs f;dard.kafka fouõmshkaf.a ;;a;ajfha yeáhg' jeäfhkau f;arkafka fÞia;rjrekaf.a ke;akï Wiia ks,OdÍkaf. <uhs'

.=rejreka 65] la iy ks,OdÍka 74] la lS yeáhg l%Svdj,g msßkefuk mdie,a j¾K iy ;E.s" iqÿiqlï we;s isiqkag fkd,efí' tAjd m%Þkh lsÍu m%udo lrk wjia:do we;' fujeks wksis l%shdjka .ek fouõmshka 30-35] la muK ±k isáhy' .=Kd;aul iïuqL idlÉPdj,§;a fuu wksis l%shdjka fy<súh' mka;sj, b.ekaùu i|yd iQÞkula fkdue;slu wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul njg n,mdk nj fuu wOHhkfha§ fmkSs.sh ldrKhls' úfYaIfhkau kj wOHdmk l%uh hgf;a mdvï lshd§ug jvd isiqkaf.a iyNd.s;ajh we;sj mka;s meje;aúh hq;= fyhska fuh fnfyúka n,mdhs' wfkla w;g" .=rejreka hqla;sh iy idOdrK;ajh úoydmdñka Wiia iÞpdrd;aul pß;hla f,i fmkSisáhhq;= jqj;a" mlaINckfhka lghq;=lsÍu ksid <uqkaf.a isf;a uefjkafka fudkjd l<;a m%Yakhla ke;s njhs'

4'2 .dia;= iy f.ùï furg ksoyia wOHdmk l%uh hgf;a <uqka m<fjks fY%a‚fha isg 13 fjks fY%a‚h olajd mdief,a isáh hq;=h' fï fldgiska fmkajdfokq ,nkafka wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhka kshu lr we;s .dia;= j,g wu;rj wOHdmkh i|yd jehl< hq;= fjk;a úhoïh' .dia;= j, kdufhka úúO ¥IK ls%hdjka isÿjk njg idOl we;' wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhka Wmßu .dia;= kshulr fkd;sîu ksid isiqfjl=f.ka whl< yels we;=,;alsÍfï .dia;= ms<sn`oj .=rejreka iy úÿy,am;sjre úúO woyia m<l<y' myiqlï .dia;= iy mdie,a ixj¾Ok lñgqjg f.úhhq;= .dia;= j,g wu;rj fjk;a .dia;= whl< fkdyelshhs wxl 2006$20 pl%f,aLfhka kshu lr we;;a" we;a; jYfhkau fjk;a úúO j¾.fha .dia;= whflf¾' fndfydaúg tu .dia;= fkdfhl=;a lghq;= uq,alrf.k whflfrk tAjdh' ksfjia 21] la lSfõ wOHdmkhg hk úhou wêl njhs' tfy;a uOHu mdka;sl mjq,a th tfia fkdjk nj lSy' Tjqka lshd isáfha tjeks úhoï orkafka ke;sj mdie,a lghq;= lrf.k hd fkdyels njhs' úhoï wêlhehs lSfõ mq;a;,fï isxy, .eñ fmfoia" yegka fou< m%foaY" .srd÷refldaÜfÜ" uyshx.kh iy yslalvqj jeks m%foaYj, wvq ÈhqKqjla ,nd we;s m%cdj iy uykqjr wvq wdÞhï ck fldgiah'

4'2'1 .dia;= iy mß;Hd. isiqka 1 fY%AKshg we;=<;al< úg f.úh hq;= .dia;= ms<sn|j rch wkqu; l< hq;= .dia;= l%uhla fkdue;' fouõmshka wÞ< fldkafoais fkdokakd neúka ish orejka mdie,g we;=,;alsÍfï§ f.jQ ish¨u uqo,a ye¢kajQfha zwe;=<;alsÍfï .dia;=Z jYfhks' fndfyda isiqka úúO .Kka f.jd ;snq‚' iuyreka f.jd ;snQ .Kka fnfyúka wêlh' 62] la we;=,;alsßfï .dia;= f.jq nj lS w;r yßhgu f.jQ .Kk lSfõ 52] ls' idudkHfhka tla <ufhl=g úhoïjQ .Kk remsh,a 3"977'09 ls' mq;a;,fï fou< m%foaY iy kd.ßl m%foaY fukau wïn,kaf.dv isiqka f.jq uqo,a yd ii|d neÆ úg yslalvqj" uykqjr iy kqjrt,sfha isiqka b;d jeäfhka uqo,a f.jd ;sn‚'

.=rejreka iy ks,OdÍka 91] la muK lSfõ fuu .dia;= fouõmshkag nrla njhs' flfiajqjo" isiqka we;=,;alsrSfï .dia;= iïnkaOfhka fnfyúkau úksúonjla olakg ;snq‚' ks,OdÍka 57] la lSfõ fuu .dia;= i|yd ßisÜ m;a ksl=;aflreKq njhs' .=rejreka 10] la iy ks,OdÍka 15] la ßisÜ m;a ksl=;a fkdflreKq nj lSy' rEmh 9( mdie,aj,g fouõmshka l< f.ùï

mdie,aj, kv;a;=j iy bf.kSfuka msgia;r lghq;= i|yd .dia;= wjYHhehs .=rejreka 16] la iy ks,OdÍka 19] la lSy' .=rejreka jeä m%udKhla ^60'2]& lS wkaoug mdie,a .dia;= ms<sn| .sKqï jd¾;d .=re fo.=re iñ;s yd mdie,a ixj¾Ok iñ;s j,g bÈßm;a flf¾' .=rejreka 62'2] la iy ks,OdÍka 86'3] la lSfõ úúO wruqo,a" .dia;= iy m%ido uqo,a ú.Kkh fkdflfrk njhs' fjk;a f.ùï ms<sn|j isiqka 349 la fjkqfjka fouõmshka 22'1] la tla <ufhl=g jirlg idudkHfhka remsh,a 1"543 la f.jd ;snq‚' mß;Hd. jYfhka jeä jYfhka uqia,sï cd;slhska isák mq;a;,u kd.ßl m%foaYfha fouõmshkao" wvq uÜgulg uykqjr" yslalvqj iy wkqrdOmqrfha fouõmshkao remsh,a 4 isg

remsh,a 20"000 olajd uqo,a f.jd ;snq‚' yegka" .srd÷refldaÜfÜ iy wïn,kaf.dv m%foaYj,ska flreKq mß;Hd. wvqh' mq;a;,u Èia;%slalfha isxy, iy fou< m%foaYj, lsisÿ f.ùula lr ke;' msfhla( mdief,a msyskqï ;gdlh bÈlsÍug l`M.,a ,ndÿka kvqldrjrfhl=f.a ÈhKsh 8 fjks fY%A‚hg we;=,;a l<d'

4'2'2 mdie,a ixj¾Ok lñgqj,g f.ùï mdie,a ixj¾Ok lñgq msysgqùfuka miq .=re fo.=re iñ;s wfydais lrk ,o kuq;a fouõmshka w;r fuu iñ;s fol .ek jHdl+, ;;a;ajhla mj;S' .=re fo.=re iñ;sh mdie,a jdrh wjik§ ish orejkaf.a bf.kSfï jevj, m%.;sh iy .eg¨ .ek l;dnia lsÍug /iajQ ñ;%YS,S ixúOdkhls' mdie,a ixj¾Ok iñ;sh úêu;a f,i iNdm;sjrfhl=" f,alïjrfhl= iy NdKavd.drjrfhl= f;dardm;alr.kq ,nk ixúOdkhls' iñ;sfha jd¾Isl /iaùï meje;afjk w;r mdie,a lghq;= i|yd wruqo,a tl;=lsÍu ms<sn|j fjfyfihs' ksfjia 94 l isák isiqka 10] la muK .=re fo.=re iñ;s j,g idudkHfhka mjq,lg remsh,a 1"021 la f.jd we;' m%foaY wkqj f.jQ uqo,a m%udKh fjkiajQ w;r jeäfhkau uqo,a f.jd we;af;a wïn,kaf.dv" uykqjr iy kqjrt<sh m%foaYj,sks' orejka 66] l muK Ndrlrejka mdie,a ixj¾Ok iñ;s j,g f.ùï isÿlr we;' tfia lr we;s jeäu mjq,a ixLHdj uykqjr" mq;a;,u kd.ßl m%foaYh" wïn,kaf.dv" yslalvqj iy wkqrdOmqrfhks' isiqka 1"198 la fjkqfjka ksfjia 689 la mdie,a ixj¾Ok iñ;s j,g uqo,a f.jQ nj lSj;a f.jQ m%udKh lSfõ isiqka 999 fofkl= isá ksfjia 597 la muKls' tla <uhl= fjkqfjka f.jk ,o idudkH uqo, remsh,a 794 ls' mdie,a ixj¾Ok iñ;s j,g f.ùï jeäfhka kshu flrefKa k.rno mdie,aj,sks' jeäfhkau f.jqfõ uOHu mdka;sl fouõmshkah' jeäfhka f.ùñ lf<a isxy, iy uqia,sï fouõmshkah'

rEmh 10( jd¾Isl f.ùï uOHkHh f.jk ,o uqo,

f.ùï j¾. fjk;a f.ùï$úhoï ,sms øjH i`oyd úhoï wdrlaIl .dia;= l%Svd W;ai jhg f.ùï Y%uÞk jevg f.ùï mdie,ska msg; áhqIka mka;s fjk;a f.ùï mß;Hd. .=r ejrekag ;E.ss mß.Kl iy mqi a;ld, .dia;= áhqIka i|yd .=r ejrekag f.jk .dia;= ixj¾Ok iñ;ss .dia;= .=r e fo.=r e iñ;s .dia;= we;=,;alsr Sfï .dia;= 0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

f.jQ .Kk ^remsh,a&

4'2'3 ,sms øjH ñ,§ .ekSu ksfjia 58'9] la ,sms øjH i|yd uqo,a f.jd ;snq‚' tA i|yd idudkHfhka YsIHfhl= fjkqfjka jirlg jeh l< uqo, remsh,a 3"653 ls' mka;s jev i|yd ,sms øjH f.fkk f,i .=rejreka lS nj my< iy my<-uOHu mdka;sl ksfjia 55] la iy uOHu

mdka;sl ksfjia 50] la lSy' fuia flfrk b,a,Sï fouõmshkag iEfyk

nrls'

4'2'4 .=rejrekag ;E.s fnda. isiqka 702 la isák ksfjia 41'2] la lSfõ uqo,a we;=`Mj .=rejrekag fkdfh;=;a ;E.s fnda. fok njhs' fndfydaúg fouõmshka tl;=ù ;E.s ñ<§ .;ay' jeäfhkau ;E.s § we;af;a mq;a;,u kd.ßl m%foaYh" wkqrdOmqrh" yslalvqj" uykqjr iy kqjrt,sh m%foaY j,sks' tla ;E.a.lg isiqjl= f.jQ uqo, idudkHfhka remsh,a 250 ls' ^th remsh,a mfya isg remsh,a 5"000 la w;r wvq jeä úh&

ol=fKa msfhla( uf.a <uhd m<fjks fY%A‚fha bkak fldg .=re;=ñh ud,hla fmkakd tA jf.a tlla b,a¨jd' fldfydu jqK;a iuyr fouõmsfhda wud;HdxYhg meñ‚,s l<du wehg wjjdo flrejd' m<fjks fY%‚fha isg y;rfjks fY%a‚h olajd ;E.s b,a,Su .=rejre mqreoaola lrf.k ;sfhkjd'

nq,;a §u mdie,a l%ufha pdß;%hla' tA flf<ys.=Kh iy m%idoh fmkaùug lrk fohla' jákd ;E.s §u .=rejrekaf.ka jdishla n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka n,mEula lsÍfï is;ska lrk fohla kï tys ¥IKh .eíù we;'

4'2'5 Wmldrl ^áhqIka& mka;s uqo,a whlr áhqIka mka;s mj;ajkafka tAjdgu lemjQ .==rejreka muK;a fkdj mdi,a .=rejrekao nj wOHhkfha§ fy<súh' iuyr .=rejre ;ukaf.a mka;s j,g tk f,i isiqkag n,l<y' mdie,a fú,dfjka miqj;a i;s wka;fha fukau wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha wxl 2006$45 pl%f,aLh fkd;ld mdie,a fõ,dfõo fï mka;s mj;ajk wjia:d jd¾;dúh' áhqIka ±ka Ôjk rgdjla' ksfjia 68] l isiqka 1"118 la uqo,a f.jd fï mka;sj,g .shy' idudkHfhka jirlg tla isiqjl= jeh l< uqo, remsh,a 4"695 ls' tA tA mjq,aj, wdÞhï ;;a;ajh wkqj fuh wvq jeä úh' ^rEmh 11 n,kak& rEmh 11( wdÞhï mka;s wkqj áhqIka i|yd úhou mjq,a .Kk 120 100 remsh ,a 950 g wvq

remsh ,a 951-3000

remsh ,a 3001-9150

remsh ,a 9151 g jeä

20 0 my< mka;sh

my<-uOHu mdka;sl

uOHu mdka;sl

ksfjiaj, wdÞhu wkqj j¾. flreKq mka;s

isiqka 107 la isák ksfjia 9] la ^82& áhqIka mka;s i|yd uqo,a f.jQy' mdie,a fõ,dfjka miqj mka;s meje;ajqfKa mdief,a§uh' idudkHfhka mka;s meje;afjk fõ,dfú§ wjYH foa W.kajkafka ke;sj áhqIka mka;shg tAug isiqka fm<Uùug fuh Wml%uhla lr.kakg mq¨jk' fujeks mka;s i|yd tla isiqjl= 2008 § jeh l< uqo, remsh,a 1"760 ls' uOHu m<df;a m%dfoaYSh ks,OdÍka lSfõ'''' .=rejreka ;ukaf.a áhqIka mka;s j,g tk YsIHhskag jeä ,l=Kq fokjd' ;E.s j,g f;dard.kakjd' neßfj,dj;a fjk flfkl=f.a mka;shlg .sys,a,d wyqjqfKd;a mdief,a ysáfha ke;af;a wehso lshd m%Yak lrkjd' idlÉPdjl§ m%cd kdhlhkaa lSfõ''' tl mdie,l jd‚cH b.ekajQ .=rejreka fokafkla ;r.hg idudkH iy Wiia fm< YsIHhskag Tjqkaf.a áhqIka mka;sj,g tkak n,l<d' mka;sj,g kdfjd;a YsIHhskaf.ka m<s.;a;d'

fï isoaëka jd¾;djQfha kqjrt<sh" yegka iy mq;a;,u kd.ßl m%foaYj,sks' tA m<d;aj, jeämqr isáfha fou< isiqkah' thska fmkShkafka ÿIalr m<d;aj, .=rejreka mdie,a fõ,dfjka miq áhqIka mka;s mj;aajk njhs' áhqIka mka;s mj;ajk .==rejreka tAjdg meñfKk <uqkag ;E.s m%Þfkda;aijfha§ ;E.s ,eîug iqÿiaika f,i f;dard.ekSfuka iy jdr iy jd¾Isl úNd.j,§ jeä ,l=Kq §fuka lD;{;djh m<l<y' .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍka jeäfofkla fï mqreoao wkqu; fkdl<y' .=rejreka 40] la iy ks,OdÍka 46] la lSfõ jd‚cuh mokulska mdie,ska msg; áhqIka mka;s meje;aùu ms<s.; fkdyels njhs' mdie,a fõ,dfjka miqj;a i;s wka;j,;a mka;s ndr .=rejrhd áhqIka mka;s meje;aùu ¥IK l%shdjla nj .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍka 85] la lshd isáhy'

4'2'6 fjk;a f.ùï fjk;a f.ùï .Khg wh;ajQfha Y%uÞk iy l%Svd lghq;=" mqia;ld,h" mß.Kl mdúÉÑh iy wdrlaIl lghq;= h' ^rEm 10" 11 n,kak& fujeks f.ùï fouõmshkag nrlajQ w;r iuyr isiqka mdie,g fkdmeñK isàugo fya;= úh' wud;HdxYh myiqlï iy mdie,a ixj¾Ok lñgqj,g f.jk .dia;= kshu fkdlsÍu fya;=fjka ¥IKh me;=reKq w;r úÿy,am;sjre ys;=ukdmhg ;SrK .;ay' fuu wOHhkfhka fmkShkafka ish orejkag wOHdmkhla ,nd§u i|yd fouõmshka iEfyk úhoula ork njh' ksoyia wOHdmkhla ,nd§u .ek Y%S ,xldj Woïfjhs' tfy;a we;a; jYfhkau ksoyia wOHdmkhla ;sfíoehs m%Yakhls' wOHdmkh i|yd rch fjkalrk uqo, w,am ksid ish orejkag fyd| wOHdmkhla ,nd§u i|yd ieÕjqKq úhoï ish,a, orkafka fouõmshkah'

4'3 mrsmd,kh yd iïnkaO ¥IKh udreùï" jegqma j¾Ol fyda Kh ,nd.ekSu i|yd w,a,ia§ug;a" n,mEï lsÍug;a isÿù ;sîu ksid .=rejreka w;r we;af;a uy;a l,lsÍula yd fÞïkils' úÿy,am;sjreka

úiska

;djld,sl

.=re

m;aùï

§fï

mgka"

jevn,k

úÿy,am;sjreka isg wOHlaIjreka olajd Wiia m;aùï iïnkaOfhka ×;s;ajh iy foaYmd,kSlrKh n,md we;' foaYmd,kSlrKh ¥IKh jeäùug m%Odk fya;=j jYfhka fmkajdfokq ,eîh' mdie,aj,;a wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha;a m;aùï foaYmd,k m;aùï nj ksfjia 28'6] la lS w;r 15'5] la lSfõ tfia fkdjk njh' m;aùï iy Wiiaùï foaYmd,k tAjd hehs lS jeäfokd uOHu mdka;slhkajQ w;r wfkla wh wvq wdÞhï ,nkakjqkah' ksfjia 41'1] la iqÿiqlï we;s wh m;a fkdflfrk nj lS w;r" 13] la lSfõ fhda.H;djh wkqj m;aùï fok njh' mka;s jYfhka fn§fï§ ,enqfKao by;ska i|ykajQ m%;sM,uh' wOHdmk ie,iqïlrKh fnfyúkau foaYmd,kSlrKh ù we;ehs ksfjia 31'4] la lSy' m%udKd;aul iïuqL idlÉPdj,§ m<jQfhao tjeksu woyils' iEu rchlau wOHdmk l%uh foaYmd,kuh jYfhka yiqrejk nj lsheúK'

4'3'1 mdie,aj,g wÞ, m%Yak - fou< mßj¾;k fou< l;dlrk fmfoiaj, wjYH mdie,aj,g;a l,dmSh ld¾hd,j,g;a pl%f,aLj, fou< mßj¾;k ,ndfkd§u fjkialï lsÍula f,i kqjrt<sh iy mq;a;,fï l,dmSh wOHlaIjre ie,l+y' fld<U fcHIaG wOHlaIjrfhl= lS yeáhg m%udoùï isÿùug fya;=j fou< mßj¾;lhska tlaflfkla muKla isàuh' ks,OdÍka 56] la lSfõ fï fya;=fjka ie,iqïlrKhg ndOd we;sjQ njhs' fou< niska fmdaru fkdue;slu ksid mdie,aj,ska f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSu wiSre lreKla úh' pl%f,aL iy fjk;a ,shú,s fou< niska fkd;sîu fya;=fjka fndfyda .=rejreka" úÿy,am;sjreka iy ks,OdÍka fr.=,dis .ek fkd±kisàu ksid kshñ; l%shdj,shka wkq.ukh lf<a ke;' tfukau ;ukag ,eîug ;snqKq iïm;a .eko jegySula fkd;sîu ksid tAjd ,nd.ekSug neßúh' fuhska fkdfhl=;a mßmd,kuh .eg¨ j,g ;=vqÿka w;r wOHdmk ie,iqïlrKhg;a" wOHdmkfha idOdrK;ajhg;a ndOl we;sjQfha isxy, mdie,a yd ii|dn,k úg fou< mdie,a j,g wjdishla we;sjkakg mq¨jka neúks'

rEmh 12( zzfou< niska fmdaru ke;slu ksid wOHlaIjreka jYfhka wmg f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSu fnfyúka wiSreúhZZ

iïmQ¾Kfhka tl`.hs

21%

27%

fndfyda ÿrg tl`.hs

;rula ÿrg tlÕhs

tlÕ kE

11%

29%

iïmQ¾Kfhkau tlÕ kE fkdokS

4'3'2 mdie,aj, iy wOHdmk ld¾hd,j, wl%ñl;djka lDIsld¾ñl m%foaYj, we;s .%dóh mdie,a i;=j wlalr .Kka bvï we;' fïjd ks, jYfhka wkqu;lr we;s l%shd mámdá hgf;a j.dl< yel' tfy;a fndfyda úÿy,am;sjreka fuu bvï fm!oa.,sl f.dùkag nÿ § ;uka uqo,a ,nd.;a nj .=rejreka 32] la iy ks,OdÍka 27] la ±k isáhy' bÈlsÍï lghq;=j,§ úÿy,am;sjreka ¥Is;hehs lSu ks,OdÍka 54'8] la m%;slafIam l< w;r bÈlsÍï yd iïnkaO ¥IK isÿjk mdie,la .ek ;uka okafkahehs lSfõ 30'5] la mu‚' fï w;r" .==rejreka 77] la iy ks,OdÍka 63] la lshd isáfha wOHdmk ld¾hd,j,g wkjYH nvquqÜgq iy fiajdjka ,nd.kakd njhs'

4'3'3 jegqma j¾Ol m%udoùu jegqma f.ùu iy jegqma j¾Ol ms<sfh, lsÍu m%udoùu ¥IKh yd iïnkaOhehs ks;HjYfhka lsj fkdyel' fuu m%udoùï mßmd,k wld¾hlaIu;djh fya;=fldgf.k isÿùfuka is;=fia whq;= l%shdj,g ux mEfohs' NdKavd.drh m%udoù wOHdmk wud;HdxYhg uqo,a heùu fya;=fjkao fuh isÿúh yel' .=rejreka 82] la iy ks,OdÍka 75] lf.a jegqma j¾Ol m%udoù we;s w;r .=Kd;aul iïuqL idlÉPdj,g iyNd.sjQ .=rejreka lSfõ wjqreÿ 2-4 lg l,ska Wiiaùï ,enqKo ;ukaf.a udisl jegqma j,g jegqma j¾Ol we;=,;alr fkdue;s

njhs' .=rejreka 52] la iy ks,OdÍka 37] la wOHdmk wud;HdxYhg meñ‚,s l< w;r iuyr .=rejrekag iïmQ¾K j¾Ol udisl jegqmg tl;= lrk ;=re bka fldgila muKla ,enq‚' .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍka 75] la muK j¾Ol ,nd.ekSu blaukalr .ekSug ,smslrejkag w,a,ia ÿka nj ms<s.;ay' jegqma j¾Ol m%udoùu ksid ;ukag udih wjikoS ,efnk jegqm ie,lshhq;= m%udKhlska wvqùu fya;=fjka .=rejreka w;r we;af;a buy;a l,lsrSuls' lKavdhï idlÉPdjl§ .=rejreka ''''' jegqma j¾Ol tl;=lrkak §¾> ld,hla .;fjkjd' tA .ek ,smslrefjda Wkkaÿjla olajkafka kE' Tjqka m.djla n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkjd' úÿy,am;s ke;skï .=rejre ,smslre <Õg .sys,a, .;ukdjla §, ;uhs jefâ lrj .kafk' tAl .=rejrekaf.j;a úÿy,am;sjrekaf.j;a ;;a;afjg .e,fmkafka kE' 2004 b|, mä jeäfkdjqKq úÿy,am;sjrfhla bkakjd' mqyqKq .=rejßhla'''' wmsg jegqma jeäjqkdu yßhg mäh yokak wjqreoaola ú;r hkjd ' fïl wmsg uqyqK mdkakfj,d ;sfhk f,dl= m%Yakhla

4'3'4 ÿIalr §ukd 2007 cd;sl udreùï m%;sm;a;sh 2007$20 - 2007$12$13 hgf;a .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍka uq,ajrg m;aùï ,enQ úg wjqreÿ ;=fka isg my olajd ld,iSudjla ÿIalr m%foaYhl fiajh l< hq;=h' fï l%uh hgf;a wOHdmk wud;HdxYh úiska Tjqkag wu;r zÿIalr §ukdjlaZ f.jkq ,efí' .==rejreka 76] la iy ks,OdÍka 70] la ;uka ÿIalr fmfoiaj, fiajh lr we;ehs lS w;r .==rejreka 46] la iy ks,OdÍka 38] la ;ukag ÿIalr §ukdj ,eî ke;ehs lSy' .=Kd;aul iïuqL idlÉPdj,§;a .=rejreka lshd isáfha fuu §ukdj f.jkq ,enqfõ mlaINckh iy foaYmd,k ±kye÷kqïlï u; njh' iuyr wjia:dj,§ m<s.ekSfï wdhqOhla f,io fuh mdúÉÑ flre‚' fuhska .=rejrekaf.a Wkkaÿj ySkfjhs' túg th b.ekaùfï lghq;= j,go n,mdhs'

4'3'5 .=re Kh ;ukag ,efnk mäh udfia úhoug mjd m%udKj;a fkdfõhhs fndfyda .=rejre lSy' ^Y%S ,xldfõ .=re jegqma ol=Kq wdishdfõ wvqu jegqma nj f,dal nexl=j 2005 § fmkajd ÿkafkah&' ÿIalr m<d;aj, fiajh lrk iuyr .=rejre i;s wka;fha§ ish ksfjia lrd hEug i;shlg remsh,a 1"000 la muK ke;akï uilg remsh,a 5"000 la muK úhoï lr;s' lEu îu iy b÷ï ysgqï j,g úhoï l<dhska miq wfkla úhoï i|yd b;sßjkafka iq¨ uqo,ls' áhqIka §ug wu;rj .=rejreka ish¨fokdu mdfya rcfhka Kh ,nd.kakg b,a¨ï lr;s'

^.=rejrekag iy

Tjqkaf.a mjqf,a whg f,v frda. i|yd úhoug zw.%ydrZ kñka we;s rlaIK l%uh hgf;a uqo,a o" wdmÞ Kh iy y;a wjqreÿ foam< KhZ hkqfjka ye¢kafjk ksjdi Kh o ,nd.kakg mq¨jk&' lKavdhï idlÉPdjl§ .=rejrfhlaa ''''' wdmÞ Kh l,g fõ,djg f.jkafka kE' l,dmSh ld¾hd,hg fyda fomd¾;fïka;=jg lsÜgq whg m%uqL;ajh ,efnkjd' fï <Õ§ tla ld¾hd,hl uqrldrhdg remsh,a wiQÞyla ,enqKd' wjqreÿ .Kkdjlg l,ska b,a¨ïl< úÿy,am;sjrfhla ;ju;a n,dbkakjd' idudkHfhka ljqre;a lSfõ fï Kh ,nd.ekSug fnfyúka wiSre nj;a" uqo,a w;g ,eîug wjqreÿ .Kka

.;fjk nj;ah' b,a¨u jeäùu;a iu. foaYmd,k

n,mEï iy w,a,ia j,g bvlv ie,fia' .=rejßhla iu. iïuqL idlÉPdjl§''' ksjdi Kh i|yd whflfrkafka wjqreoaolg 4] la jeks iq¨ fmd,shla' fï ksidu b,a¨u jeähs" Kh ,nd.kak f,dl= ;r.hla ;sfhkjd' Kh ,nd.kak mq`Mjka foaYmd,k n,hla we;akï muKhs' w.%ydr rlaIKh;a tfyuhs' fmdfrd;a;= f,aLkfhka msg;ska .syska foaYmd,k n,hla ;sfhkak ´kE' wdmÞ Kh j,g;a f,dl= b,a¨ula ;sfhkjd' tA jf.au ¥IKh ;sfhkj lsh,;a lshkak mq¨jka' wdmÞ Kh fokafka wjqreoaolg iSñ; m%udKhla' tAjd ,efnkafka foaYmd,k n,h ;sfhk ke;akï yß iïnkaOlï ;sfhk whg' fï Kh ,nd.kak neß .=rejre tlaflda iSÜgq oukjd' ke;akï fmd,shg i,a,s fok áhqIka udiag¾, <Õg hkj

foaYmd,k n,mEï u; Kh blau‚ka ,nd.kak mq`Mjka nj .=rejreka 40] la iy ks,OdÍka 34] la lSy' È. fmdfrd;a;= f,aLkfhka msg mek fndfyda .=rejreka Kh ,nd.;af;a tA whqßks' w.%ydr rlaIK ,nd.ekSug foaYmd,k n,mEula wjYH hehs .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍka 30] la fmkajdÿka w;r .=rejreka 60] la iy ks,OdÍka 41] la lSfõ m%dfoaYSh mßmd,kh iu. iïnkaOlï we;akï blaukska b,a¨ï m;% ilialr.; yels njhs' wOHdmk wOHlaIjrfhl= iu. iïuqL idlÉPdjlska'''' fï m<df;a fiajh lrk .=rejreka" ks,OdÍka iy fjk;a ld¾h uKav, oyÞyla muK m<d;a iNdj ud¾.fhka wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhka Kh ,ndf.k ;sfnkjd' fï yeu flfklau udiam;d uqo,la wdmiq f.jkjd' thska úYd, uqo,la udislj tl;=fjkjd' fï uqo,a j,ska f,aisfhkau ;j;a .=rejrekag Kh fokak mq¨jka' t;a wdmiq ,efnk uqo,a m%dfoaYSh wud;HdxYh tÈfkÞ jev j,g fhdojk ksid Kh ,nd.kak bkak .=rejrekag wjqreÿ .Kka n,dbkakfj,d' <ÕÈ b|ka uykqjr m<d;a iNdj Kh oSu kj;aj,d' tal .=rejrekag;a ks,OdÍkag;a f,dl= mdvqjla'

4'3'6 udreùï .=re udre m%;sm;a;sh hgf;a udreùula ,nd.ekSug kï .=rejrhl= wvqu .Kfka jir ;=kla zw;s ÿIalrZ fyda zÿIalrZ mdie,l fyda jir y;rla fhda.H ke;ehs ie,flk mdie,l" ke;akï jir wgl Wmßu ld,iSudjla jrm%ido we;s mdie,l" tfia;a ke;akï jir yhl Wmßu ld,iSudjla jvd;a jrm%ido we;s mdie,l fiajh lr ;sìh hq;=h' idudkH ks¾kdhl wkqj wOHdmk wud;HdxYh úiska mdie,a j¾.SlrKh lr we;s w;r tA ms<sn|j l,dmSh wOHdmk ld¾hd, ±kqj;a lr we;' tA yer udreùï isÿflfrk úfYaI wjia:do fjhs' úkhdkql+, fya;+ka u; fyda ffjoH wëlaIK uKav,j, ks¾foaY wkqj;a udreùï isÿflf¾' wmyiq;d we;s mdie,a iy jvd;a fhda.H mdie,a j, fiajh lrk .=rejreka wfkHdkH tlÕ;djfhka udreùï ,nd.kakd wjia:do we;'

.¾NkS .=rejßhka úiska flfrk wdhdpkd" jhi 53 g jeä.=rejreka fyda .=rejßhka fukau wjqreoaolg wvq orejl= isák .=rejßhka lrk wdhdpkd i,ld n,d udreùï w;aysgqjkq ,nhs' rEmh 13( jir ;=kla iïmQ¾K lsÍug l,ska isÿflfrk udreùï §ukdj ,efnkafka kE

ÿIalr m<d;aj, fiajh l<d

m % ; spdrlhska

ks,OdÍka

.=rejreka

20 %

40 %

60 %

80 %

100 %

m % ; spdrh ]

úia;rd;aul pl%f,aL ksl=;alr we;;a .=re udreùï iïnkaOfhka ¥IK isÿjk njg yeÕSula .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍka w;r mj;S' udreùï ms<sn| m%;sm;a;sh wl=rgu ms<smÈkafka ke;ehs .=rejreka 67'7] la iy ks,OdÍka 58] la lSy' .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍka 85] la lshd isáfha .=re udrùï j,§ ¥IK isÿjk nj Tjqka wid we;s njhs' udreùï l%ufha ¥IK ke;ehs lSfõ .=rejreka 4] la iy ks,OdÍka 2] la muKh' w;sf¾l wOHdmk wOHlaIjrfhla'''' .=re udre iy wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha fjk;a udreùï yßyeá isÿlrkafka kE' wl%ñl;d tughs' foaYmd,k{hska ;=kafjks fY%A‚fha .=rejreka fl,skau w;sf¾l wOHdmk wOHlaI ;k;=rej,g m;alrkjd' uOHu m<df;a tA jf.a w¨;a m;aùï 120 la muK lr, ;sfhkjd'

wiSre m<d;aj, isg fjk;a m<d;aj,g kshñ; ld, iSudj iïmQ¾Kùug l,ska isÿl< m;aùï ¥IKhg hg;aj flreKq tAjd f,i ie,fla' .=rejreka jir ;=fka ld, iSudjg l,ska ÈhqKq kd.ßl fmfoiaj,g udreùï idÞ.;a wjia:d tugh' .=rejreka 66] la iy ks,OdÍka 86] la lSfõ fujeks udreùï foaYmd,k n,mEï u; isÿflreKq tAjd njhs' .=rejreka mdie,aj,g fnÞ yeÍfï§ we;s wiudklï j,g wu;rj udreùï j,§ isÿjk wl%ñl;d k.rno iy .ïno mdie,a w;r mr;rh ;j;a jeälrhs' th wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul njg n,mdhs' rEmh 14(

fndfyda .=rejreka kshñ; ;=ka wjqreoq ld,iSudjg l,ska ÿIalr

fmfoiaj,ska jvd;a fyd| fmfoiaj,g udreùï idÞ.kakjd±hs Tn is;kjdo@ is h hg m%udKh (%) 100% 80% 60%

.=rejreka

40%

ks,OdÍka

20% 0% Tõ

okafka kE

m%;sp dr

udreùï ,nd.ekSug w,a,ia fok nj .=rejreka 47'5] la iy ks,OdÍka 34] la wid ;snq‚' wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha" ke;akï m<d;a fyda l,dmSh ld¾hd,fha ks,Odßfhl= ±k ye¢k f.k isàu udreùula ,nd.ekSug WmldÍ úh' ks,Odßfhl= ±k.ekSu fyda ×;sfhl=ùu m%fhdackj;a nj .=rejreka 79] la iy ks,OdÍka 72] la lshd isáhy' w,a,ia §ug jvd mqoa.,sl ±kye÷kqïlu M,ÞhS nj Tjqyq lSy' .=re udreùï j, ¥IKh isÿjkafka uqo,a .Kqfokqj,g jvd ×;s ix.%y iy mlaINckh u; hehs lshkq ,eîh'

rEmh 15( ks,OdÍka okakd y÷kk ksid udreùula ,nd.kak mq¨jka ish hg m%udKh( %)

80% 70% 60%

.=rejreka

50% ks,OdÍka

40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Tõ

okafka kE

m%;sp dr

rEmh 16( w,a,ia §fuka udreùï lr.kakd nj Tn wid ;sfío@ is h hg m%udKh (%) 50% 40% 30%

.=rejreka

20%

ks,OdÍka

10% 0% Tõ

okafka kE

m % ; spdr

.=re udre foaYmd,k{hska u.ska lr.kakd nj .=rejreka 85] la iy ks,OdÍka 90] la lshd isáhy' foaYmd,k n,mEï lsÍug .=rejreka i;=j mj;ajd n,h fya;=fjka" .=rejreka wjYH tfy;a myiqlï w;ska wvqhehs ie,flk mdie,aj,g .=rejreka udrelr heùu .eg¨jlaù we;' .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍka 90] la muK lSfõ k.rno iy ckm%sh mdie,aj, .=rejreka" Wiia iïnkaOlï we;s mjq,aj, wh nj;a" ffjoHjreka" bxðfkarejreka" úYaj úoHd, lÓldpd¾hjreka jeks whf.a Nd¾hdjka fyda iajdñ mqreIhka nj;a h' ;ukaf.a n,mq`Mjkaldrlu iy

iïnkaOlï ksid tA wh .=re jD;a;sfha fh§ isák uq`M ld,fhau W.kajd we;af;a tlu mdie,lh' fï w;r" mia wjqreoaolg jvd ÿIalr fmfoiaj, fiajh l< fndfyda .=rejrekag udreùï ,nd.ekSug neßj tA mdie,aj,u fiajh lsÍug isÿjQ nj .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍka 65 - 75] la lSy' jD;a;Sh iñ;sj, l%shdud¾.hka ksido udreùï m%;sm;a;sh yßhdldr f,i l%shdfõ fh§ug wmyiq nj .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍka 50] la fmkajdÿkay' foaYmd,k weÕs,s .eiSï ksid udreùï m%;sm;a;sh ksis whqßka l%shd;aul l< fkdyels hhs .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍka 85] la muK lSy' rEmh 17( foaYmd,k{hl= u.ska .=re udre yÞ.kakjd lshd Tn is;kjdo@ ishhg m%udKh

.=rejreka

ks,OdÍka

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Tõ

okafka kE

m%;sp dr

fï w;r" l,dmSh .=re udre iïnkaOfhka l,dmSh iy m<d;a wOHdmk ld¾hd, w;r iïnkaO;dj ÿ¾j, njg .=rejreka iy ks,OdÍka 50] la tlÕjQy' mdie,aj, ;;a;ajh jeäÈhqKq lsÍug l,dmSh wOHlaIjreka ;e;al< wjia:dj,§ wemlemù lghq;= lrk .=rejreka yÈisfhau m<d;a ld¾hd,h u.ska udrelsÍu fya;=fjka tA lghq;= wvd,fjhs' fuhska ld¾hd, w;r ikaksfõokh w;ska hï hï wvqmdvq we;s nj fy<súh' mßmd,k jHqyfha my< uÜgfï ks,OdÍka l<ukdldß;ajfha fldgialrejka fkdùu ksid Tjqkag ish rdcldßh yßyeá bgqlsÍug wmyiqúh' fuhska wld¾hlaIu;djhkag ;=vqfokjd muKla fkdj my< uÜgfï ks,OdÍyq ;ukag Wmßu jYfhka ish yelshdjka m%fhdackhg .ekSug neßùu ksid wffO¾hg m;a fj;s'

.=re l<ukdlrKhg wÞ, .eg¨ 16 la mßmd,kh iïnkaO md¾,sfïka;= flduidßia ^Tïnqâiauka& wdpd¾h wd¾'î' rKrdcd úiska niakdysr m<df;a wOHdmk f,alï fj; hjd we; ,smshl i|ykafõ' tAjd kï( 1 .==rejrhdf.a fyda .=re udre uKav,hl b,a,Sula fkdue;sj .=rejreka udrelsÍu 2 m%udKj;a ld,iSudjla fkdue;sj .=rejreka udrelsÍu 3 lsisÿ mßmd,kuh wjYH;djhla fkdue;sj .=rejreka udrelsÍu 4 úkhdkql+,j lsisÿ krl yeisÍula fkdue;sj .=rejreka udrelsÍu 5 kshñ; jevigykla fkd§ ke;akï Tjqka l,ska l, jev w;ayeÍug bvfoñka .=rejreka udrelsÍu 6 udreùï n,meje;afjk Èkfha isg w¨;a ;k;=f¾ jevlsÍug bvfkdfoñka .=rejreka udrelsÍu 7 jdrhla ueo§ .=rejreka udrelsÍu 8 l,dmSh wOHlaIjrhd fyda úÿy,am;s wleue;s .=rejrekag mdie,aj, jev fkd§u 9 we;eï úIhhka b.ekaùug úfYaI mqyqKqjla ,nd isák .=rejrekag tu úIhhka b.ekaùug bv fkd§u 10 iqÿiqlï jeä .=rejreka isáh§ iqÿiqlï wvq .=rejreka Wiia lsÍu 11 iqÿiqlï we;s" mka;sj, b.ekaùug mqia;ld,hdêm;sjreka f,i heùu

mqyqKqjla

,;a

.=rejreka

12 udrelr we;s .=rejrekag mdie,aj, lsisu jevla fkdlr ks±,af,a isàug bv§u 13 isiqka iy fouõmshka .=re udre" m%Yak f,i bÈßm;a lsÍu 14 jhi wjqreÿ 60 blaujQ wh lsisÿ fya;=jla fkdue;sj fiajfha r|jd .ekSu 15 wOHlaIjreka bÈßm;alrk jd¾;d ie,ls,a,g fhduq fkdlsÍu 16 .=rejreka fujka wl%ñl;d .ek meñ‚,s l< úg Bg úreoaOùu

2008 uehs 28 Èkh orK fï ,smsh fuu jd¾;dfõ m<flfrkafka wdpd¾h wd¾'î' rKrdcdf.a wjirfhks'

4'3'7 m;aùï 4'3'7'1 iafjÉPd .=rejre iafjÉPd .=rejreka m;alsÍu ¥IKfhka msÍmj;akd úIhhla f,i ie,fla' kS;Hdkql+,j iafjÉPd .=rejreka m;alsÍug bvla ke;sjqj;a W;=r yd kef.kysr .=re ys.h ksid weu;s uKav,fha wkque;sh we;sj tjeks m;aùñ flre‚' úÿy,am;sjrekaf.a ks¾foaYh msg iafjÉPd .=rejrekaa iaÓr lsÍug fmr Tjqka jir ;=kla mdie,a j, fiajh lr ;sìh hq;=h' iólaIKfhka fy<sjQfha fndfydaúg úÿy,am;sjreka lsisÿ úksúoNdjhlska f;drj ish kEoEhska fyda okakd y`ÿkk wh iafjÉPd .=rejreka f,i m;alrk njhs' .=rejreka 39] la iy ks,OdÍka 45] la fï nj ikd: l<y' lKavdhï idlÉPdjl§ .=rejreka lSfõ'''' fï m;aùï ¥Is;hs' iafõÉPd .=rejrekaf.a jev .ek jd¾;d fmd;a ;ndf.k tA wh .=rejreka yeáhg n|jd.; hq;af;a wjqreÿ lSmhlg miqjhs' uE;la jk ;=re úÿy,am;s fufia l<;a ±ka tfyu isoaOfjkafka kE' iafõÉPd .=rejreka jYfhka m;aùula ,nkak úIhhka ;=klska Wiia fm< iu;afjkak ´kE' tA jf.au mdief,a wenE¾;=jla ;sfhkak ´kE' ±ka iqÿiqlï we;s wh isáoa§ m;aùï fokafka kEoEhskag' iuyr iafõÉPd .=rejre m;aùu ,enqKdg miafiu mdie,g weú;a kE' Tjqka úÿy,am;sjrekag m.d§,d jd¾;d fmd;a ,nd.kakjd' iafõÉPd .=rejreka W.kajkak okafka kE' wl=rej, yevhj;a okafka kE'fuhska YsIHhskag isoaOjkafka n,j;a wmrdOhla'

4'3'7'2 jevn,k úÿy,am;sjre$úÿy,am;sjre úÿy,am;sjreka m;aflfrkafka úNd.hlska miq úÿy,am;s fiajdj ud¾.fhks' fuu jd¾;dj ms<sfh< l< wjêfha§ mdie,a 9"678 ka nd.hl muK fiajh lrk jevn,k úÿy,am;sjreka fï úNd.hg fmkS fkdisá whh' fï m;aùï jevn,k úÿy,am;sjreka m;alsÍu iïnkaOj wOHdmk wud;HdxYh úiska ksl=;alr we;s 34$2000 pl%f,aLhg mgyeKsj l< tAjdh'

rEmh 18( úÿy,am;s m;aùï iy f;aÍï isÿlsÍfï l%shdud¾.fha úIu;d we;ehs Tn is;kjdo@

iïmQ¾Kfhka tlÕhs

fndfydaÿ rg tlÕhs

32%

;rulaÿ rg tlÕhs

26%

tlÕ fkdfõ

26%

iïmQ¾Kfhkau tlÕ fkdfõ uu okafka kE

jevn,k úÿy,am;sjreka m;alsÍfï§ úYd, jYfhka ¥IKh isÿjk nj .=rejreka 56] la iy ks,OdÍka 62] lf.a u;h úh' fï ;k;=rej,g m;alsÍu i|yd iqÿiqlï we;s .=rejreka isák fyhska tA wh m;al<hq;=j ;snQ nj .=rejreka 50] la iy ks,OdÍka 62] la lshd isáhy' wOHdmk lafIa;%fha fndfyda jeo.;a ;k;=re j,g flfrk m;aùï foaYmd,k tAjd hehs .=rejreka 50] la iy wOHlaIjreka 60] la lSy' lKavdhï idlÉPdjl§ .=rejreka lSfõ'''' fndfyda jevn,k úÿy,am;sjrekag iqÿiqlï kE' tAjd foaYmd,k m;aùï' fcHaIaG" iqÿiqlï we;s .=rejrekag Wiiaùï kE' jevn,k úÿy,am;sjreka m;alsÍu .ek úêu;a jev ms<sfj<la kE' iuyrúg úÿy,am;sjreka m;alrkafka

foaYmd,k{hska

ñi

fldñiu

fkfjhs'

Wiia

fmf<a

foaYmd,k{fhla tA jf.a foaYmd,k m;aùï lrkjd' f,dl= uy;a;hg ´ke úáhghs Tlafldu flfrkafk

fuho b.ekaùfï .=Kd;aulNdjhg ;Èkau n,mdhs' thska iqÿiqlï ke;s wh rcfha fiajhg tlafjkjd muKla fkdj ks;H úêhg m;ajQ úÿy,am;sjrekaf.a Wkkaÿj iy Woafhda.h o ke;slr ouhs'

4'3'7'3 wOHlaIjreka iy fiajdia: WmfoaYljreka ´kEjg jvd wOHlaIjreka m;alsÍu iy tA tA úIhhka j, .=Kd;aulNdjh jeäÈhqKq lsÍug hhs lshñka m<mqreÿ .=rejreka fiajdia: WmfoaYlhska f,i m;alsÍu;a .=rejrekaf.a iy úÿy,am;sjrekaf.a úfõpkhg ,laúh' mdie,aj, fiajh l< hq;= jqj;a

iuyr fiajdia: WmfoaYlhska mdie,aj,g fkdhk nj

jd¾;dù we;' Tjqka áhqIka mka;s mj;ajk nj;a ;ukaf.a zlafIa;%Z .uka fõ,dfõ§ ld,h .;lf<A áhqIka mka;sj, nj;a lsheúK' fuu wOHhkhg ,lajQ tla

l,dmSh

fmfoil

fndfyda

w;sf¾l

wOHlaIjreka

fiajdia:

WmfoaYljrka isá w;r .=rejreka m%udKj;a ;rï fkdisáhy' .=rejreka 50] la iy ks,OdÍka 55] la lSfõ w¨; m;aflreKq wOHlaIjreka tA ;k;=re ±Íug wjYH iqÿiqlï fkdue;s mqoa.,hska njhs' isiqka yjq,alr.kakd bf.kSfï l%u wvx.= kj wOHdmk l%uh hgf;a fndfyda wOHlaIjreka isàu .ek weiQ úg .=rejreka 44] la iy ks,OdÍka 18] la fmkajd ÿkafka th .eg¨jla ñi úi|qula fkdjk njh' fiiq wh mriamr u; ±rEy' rEmh 19( kj wOHdmk l%uh ;=< wOHlaIjreka fndfydaafofkla isàu ksid úi`ÿïj,g jvd .eg¨ u;=ù ;sfíhhs Tn tlÕjkafkao@

fiajdia: WmfoaYljreka l,dmSh wOHlaIjrekaf.a wëlaIKhg hg;a jqj;a tla l,dmSh wOHlaIjrfhla lSfõ ;uka Tjqka md,kh fkdlrk njh' fuhska yeÕkafka l,dmSh wOHlaIjreka ish n,h mdúÉÑ fkdlsÍu fyda ;ukaf.a n,;, iy wëlaIK ld¾hh .ek wjfndaOhla ke;s njhs' fuu l,dmSh wOHlaIjrhd fiajdia: WmfoaYljreka isák ia:dk ±k.ekSu i|yd jev ms<fj,la y|qkajd§ug ;e;al<úg Tjqka Bg úfrdaOh m<lrñka lshd isáfha th Tyqf.a j.lSula fkdjk njh' mßmd,kuh j.lSï iy n,;, ms<sn|j wjq,a iy.; ;;a;ajhla mj;S' fï ksid udkj iy uQ,H iïm;aj, wld¾hlaIu njla iy kdia;shla olakg mq¨jk' fiajdia: WmfoaYljrekaf.a wëlaIKh u.ska mdie,a wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aulnj jeälsÍug wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ork m%h;akh m%Yxid;aul jqj;a we;a; jYfhkau thska .eg¨ mek ke.S we;s nj fmkq‚'

l`ÿlrfha l,dmSh wOHlaIjrfhla ''' fiajdia: WmfoaYlhska ld¾hd, fõ,dfõ§ áhqIka mka;s mj;ajkjdh" fjk;a fm!oa.,sl jevj, fhfokjdh lshd fpdaokd t,a,fjkjd'

iuia;hla jYfhka fndfyda m%;spdrlhska fmkajdÿkafka fï ;;a;ajh .ek l<hq;= lsisjla ke;s njhs' thska wOHdmk l%ufha we;sjk m%;súmdl tugh' iqÿiqlï ke;s" lsisÿ Wkkaÿjla fkdolajk ÿ¾j, .Kfha mqoa.,hska úiska b.ekaùu my;g weo oukq ,nk w;r foaYmd,k n,mEï m;aùï j,g muKla fkdj udreùï iy Kh§fï l%u j,g mjd n,md we;'

4'4 ¥IKhg tfrysj meñKs,s mdie,a hk orejkag iy fouõmshkag fukau .=rejrekag;a úÿy,am;sjreg;a mßmd,khg iïnkaO ks,OdÍkag;a uqyqKmdkalg isÿjk .eg¨ tugh' iuyre ¥IKh .ek wid we;' ;j;a iuyre ¥IKh .ek okafka w;a±lSfuks' Tjqka tA .ek l=ula lf<ao@ .=rejreka 62] la iy ks,OdÍka 45] la lSfõ ¥IKhg tfrysj lsisjla fkdl< njhs' ks,OdÍka 63] la lsisÈfkl meñ‚,a,laj;a lf<a ke;' .=rejreka 12] la iy ks,OdÍka 3] la m%Yakhg ms<s;=re iemhQfõj;a ke;' ksjeishka w;=ßka 21] la fyj;a mfyka tlla ¥IKhg tfrysj .=rejrekag iy úÿy,am;sjrekag meñ‚,s l<y' 78'3] la meñ‚,s lf<a ke;' fndfydafofkla jerÈj,g hïlsis iykhla ,nd.ekSug ue,sjQ w;r ;j;a wh is;=fõ wksis yeisÍï j,g ks;sm;d o~qjï Èh hq;= njh' wksis yeisÍï j,g yeuúgu o~qjï kqÿka nj ks,OdÍka 75] la lSy' nd.hla muK lSfõ .=rejrekaf.a yeisÍu .ek wOHlaIjrekag hjk jd¾;d .Kka .;af;a ke;s njhs' flfiajqjo" ksjeishka 41'7] la iy ks,OdÍka 42'7] la lshdisáfha .=re jD;a;sfha jerÈlrkakkag o~qjï Èhhq;= njh' 19] la Bg tlÕjQfha ke;' .=rejreka" ks,OdÍka iy fouõmshka fndfyduhlg m%Yakhla we;sjQúg fyda ¥IKhg wÞ, isoaêhla iïnkaOfhka" ;uka i;= meñ‚,s lsÍfï whs;sh wkqj l%shdlsÍug neßù we;s nj iólaIKfha§ fy<súh' tfia;a ke;akï Tjqkag tfia lsÍug ´kElula fkd;snq‚' fufia l%shdlsÍug fya;=j tjka whs;shla ;uka i;=j we;s nj fyda uyck iqNisoaêh ;ld tfia l<hq;= nj fkd±k isàu úh yel' wdh;ksl uÜgñka ixúOdkhla fkd;sîuo Bg fya;=úh yel'

remh 20( wOHdmk lafIa;%fha isÿjk ¥IK ms<sn|j Tn ljÞ fyda meñ‚,a,la lr ;sfío@ m % ; spdr] 100 % 80 % 60 %

Tõ

40 %

kE W;a;rhla kE

20 % 0% .=rejreka

ks,OdÍka

ksjeishka

m % ; spdr ±laj Qfjda

5 ks.uk uyck iqNisoaêh i|yd wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aulNdjh iy idOdrK;ajh mj;ajdf.khEu wjYHfõ' wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha ±lauo thhs' ¥IKfhka .=Kd;aulnj wvqfjhs' mdie,aj,g we;=,aùug thska widOdrKhla isÿjk w;r wjik§ iudchSh wiudk;ajhla we;sfõ' fuu wOHhkfha§ fy<sjQ wkaoug fnfyúkau ¥IK jd¾;d ù we;af;a <uqka mdie,aj,g we;=,;alsÍu iy .=rejreka" úÿy,am;sjreka iy ks,OdÍkaf.a m;aùï" Wiiaùï iy udreùï iïnkaOfhks' fïjdfha wl%ñl;d fya;=fjka .=rejrekaf.a iy ks,OdÍkaf.a Ñ;a; ffO¾hh" Wkkaÿj iy fm<Uùu ì|jefÜ' tys m%;sM,h b.ekaùfï Wmßuh fkd,eîu;a ÿ¾j, wOHdmk l<ukdldß;ajh;ah' ixúOdkd;aul ÿ¾j,lï fyda md,kuh ÿ¾j,lï ksid ;j;a fndfyda foa isÿfjhs' mdie,aj,g isiqka we;=,;alsÍfïÈ whflfrk .dia;= jeks ldrKd ms<sn| pl%f,aL fyda kS;s Í;s yßhdldr f,i l%shdfõ fkdfh§fuka iudcfha wiudk;dj we;sfjhs' thska mSvd ú¢kafka ÿmam;a iy my<-uOHu mdka;sl mjq,ah' wjik§ tys M,úmdl ú`oSug isÿjkafka orejkagh' fm!oa . ,s l

Wmldrl

^áhq I ka &

mx;s

úYa j

úoHd,j,g

we;= , a ù ug

n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk isiqkag m%fhdackj;ah' úfYaIfhkau jD;a;Shuh Wmdê úIhhkag tajdhska fi;la ie,fia' fï mx;s jeä wdÞhï mjq,aj, isiqkag jdishls' tfy;a f.ùug uqo,a ke;s" k.rfhka tmsg .%dóh iy ÿr neyer fmfoiaj, isiqkag thska wdidOdrKhla isÿfjhs' wvq mä ,eîu fya;=fjka .=rejre ;ukaf.au isiqkag mdie,a fõ,dfjka miq áhqIka mx;s meje;aùug fm<fU;s' fufia áhqIka mx;s meje;aùu .=rejreka úiska ÿmam;a isiqkag flfrk ydkshla úh yels ksid th újdohg ,laj we;' ´iafÜ%,shdfõ iy isx.mamQrefõ fuka ;ukaf.a mka;sj, isiqkag fuu mx;s meje;aùu ;ykï lsÍfuka tu W!k;dj u.yrjd .; yelsh' .=rejreka we;=¨ fjk;a iïm;a ksishdldr f,i fnÞfkdyeÍu ie,lshhq;= whqßka furg wOHdmk lafIa;%hg n,md we;' fjk;a fndfyda rgj, fuka Y%S ,xldfõo wE; fmfoiajj, mdie,aj, wjYH ;rï .=rejreka ke;s w;r k.rno fmfoiaj, ´kejg;a jvd jeäfhka .=rejre isá;s' .=rejrekaf.a ys.h ksid wOHdmkfhka ,efnk M,h w,amh' .%dóh isiqkag th wjdishls' WÞyrKhla

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References 1. Abed, George T and Hamid, Davoodi R. Corruption, Structural Reforms, and Economic Performance in the Transition Economies. Washington: IMF, 2000. 2. Aturupane, Harsha. Has the Holy Grail of education been sighted? Colombo: The Sunday Times, July 2008. 3. Bray, Mark. Adverse effects of private tutoring. Paris: UNESCO/IIEP, 2003. 4. Davoodi, Hamid R and Vito Tanzi. Corruption, Public Investment, and Growth. IMF Working Paper No. 97/139, October 1997. 5. De Silva, Amarasiri.M.W. Funding for Education Advocacy: Report on the CEF program in Sri Lanka (Evaluation Report submitted to CEF-UK and Save the Children Colombo), 2006. 6. De Silva. W. A, Perera, Wijetunge.L.S, and Navaratne. A. A. Achievement after Four Years of Schooling. National Assessment of Achievement of Grade Four Pupils in Sri Lanka: National Report. Colombo: National Education Research and Evaluation Centre, University of Colombo, 2004. 7. Ewa, Tomaszewska and Shah Anwar. Phantom Hospitals, Ghost Schools, and Roads to Nowhere: The Impact of Corruption on Public Service Delivery Performance in Developing Countries. Washington,DC: Working Paper, Operations Evaluation Department, World Bank, 2000. 8. Greaney, Vincent and Kellagham, Thomas. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Assessing National Achievement Levels in Education.â&#x20AC;? The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank Vol 1, (2008). 9. Griffin, Michael and Meier, Bettina. Stealing the Future. Corruption in the Education Sector. Berlin: Transparency International, 2005.

10. Gupta, Sanjeev, Davoodi, Hamid, and Erwin, Tiongson. Corruption and the Provision of Health Care and Education Services. Washington, DC: IMF Working Paper 00/116, 2000. 11. Hallak, Jacques and Poisson, Muriel. Corrupt schools, corrupt universities: what can be done? Paris: IIEP Series on Ethics and corruption in education, 2007. 12. Haque, Shamsul. “Recent Transition in Governance in South Asia: Contexts, Dimensions, and Implications” in: International Journal of Public Administration, Volume 24, issue 12 (November 2001): 1405 – 1436. 13. Hartog, Joop and Ranasinghe, Athula. “Free-education in Sri Lanka. Does it eliminate the family effect?” Economics of Education Review, Volume 21, Issue 6, (December 2002): 623-633. 14. Lambsdorff, Graf Johann, Taube, Markus and Schramm, Matthias, eds. The New Institutional Economics of Corruption. London: Routledge, 2005. 15. Ministry of Education. A future generation Endowed with Wisdom and virtues… - 2008 Progress of the Ministry of Education and Proposed Programmes for 2009. Colombo: Ministry of Education, 2009. 16. Ministry of Education. Education for Economic Development and Prosperity. Colombo: Ministry of Education, 2005. 17. Ministry of Education. School Census 2007.

Colombo: Ministry of

Education, 2007. 18. Schacter, Mark and Shah Anwar .“Combating Corruption: Look before You Leap.” Finance and Development. International Monetary Fund 41(4) (2004): 40–43.

19. Tilakaratne, Ganga et al. Educational Opportunities for the Poor in Sri Lanka: Assessing Spatial Disparities. Colombo: Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka, 2008. 20. Transparency International. Corruption in the Education Sector. Berlin: Transparency International, Working Paper No. 04/2007, 2007. 21. Treisman, Daniel S. The Causes of Corruption: A Cross National Study. Los Angeles: Department of Political Science, University of California, 1999b. 22. UNDP Human Development Report 2007/2008. 23. World Bank. Mainstreaming Anticorruption Activities in World Bank Assistance: A Review of Progress since 1997. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2004. 24. World Bank. Performance Audit Report Sri Lanka General Education Project (Credit 2072-Ce). Operations Evaluation Department. Report no 18010, June 11, 1998. 25. World Bank. Treasures of the Education System in Sri Lanka: Restoring Performance, expanding opportunities and enhancing prospects. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2005.

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