Corruption in Education in Sri Lanka - Tamil by Transparency International Sri Lanka

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Coy; fy;tp fw;gjd;; Nehf;fj;ijNa Njhw;fbf;fpwJ. Coy; tha;e;j fy;tp mikg;gpy; khzth;fs; fw;Fk; NghJ jkJ ehl;bd; nghUshjhuk;> r%fk; vd;gtw;wpw;F mh;j;jg+h;tkhd jkJ gq;if toq;ff; $ba jpwd;fisAk;> mwpitAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbahJ. ,sk; tajpNyNa mth;fs; Neh;ikj; jpwdw;w tho;f;if KiwNa Vw;Wf; nfhs;sj; jf;fJ vd;Wk; r%fk; KOtjpYk; ,e;j tpOkpaq;fs; ,ay;ghdJ vd;Wk; mwpe;J nfhs;fpwhh;fs; l;uhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lh;e\dy;

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,yq;ifapd; fy;tpj;Jiw: Coy;fSk; ghpkhzq;fSk; Nk 2009

Ma;T mwpf;if

l;uhd;];N;gud;]p ,d;lh;e\dy; =yq;fh ISBN 978-955-1281-26-7

ntspaPL l;uhd;];N;gud;]p ,d;lh;e\dy; =yq;fh ,y 28/1> Gs;sh;]; xOq;if> nfhOk;G 07. =yq;fh njhiyNgrp: 011 2506419 g;f;];: 011 2592287 kpd;dQ;ry;: tisl@tisrilanka.org kpd;jsk;: www.tisrilanka.org

Kd;ml;ilg; glk;

w\;f;fpd; Kfkl; Kdh/g; (TISL> Njrpa Nfypr; rpj;jpug; Nghl;b 2008)

gpd;ml;ilg; glk;

g;hPj;jp fd;dq;fu (TISL> Njrpa Nfypr; rpj;jpug; Nghl;b 2008)

cs;slf;fk; tiuglq;fs; ml;ltizfs; RUf;ff; FwpaPLfspd; gl;bay; Kd;Diu 1. nray; epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;fk; 2. mwpKfk; 3. Ma;tpd; Nehf;fq;fSk;> topKiwAk; 4. Ma;tpd; KbTfs; 4.1 ghlrhiy - kl;l Coy; 4.1.1 ghlrhiy mDkjp 4.1.2 ghlg; Gj;jfq;fs; 4.1.3 ju cs;sPL 4.1.4 Mz;L - 5 cgfhug; gzk; 4.1.5 khzth;fSf;fhd fw;if tpLKiw 4.1.6 gy;fiyf;fof mDkjpf;fhf khtl;l Nfhl;lh mikg;Gj; J\;gpuNahfk; 4.1.7 Mrphpah; elj;ijAk; jdpr;rYif fhz;gpj;jYk;. 4.2 fl;lzq;fSk;> nfhLg;gdTfSk; 4.2.1 fl;lzq;fSk; “md;gspg;GfSk;” 4.2.2 ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jp rq;fq;fSf;fhd nfhLg;gdTfs; 4.2.3 ghlrhiy cgfuzf; nfhs;tdT 4.2.4 Mrphpah;fSf;fhd md;gspg;Gfs; 4.2.5 jdpahh; tFg;G 4.2.6 Vida nfhLg;gdTfs; 4.3 eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd Coy; 4.3.1 ghlrhiyfs; njhlh;ghd gpur;rpidfs; jkpo; nkhopngah;g;Gfs; 4.3.2 ghlrhiyfspYk;> fy;tp mYtyq;fspYk; xOq;fPdq;fs; 4.3.3 rk;gs gbfspy; jhkjk; 4.3.4 f\;lkhd ,lq;fSf;fhd gb cah;T 4.3.5 Mrphpah; fld; jpl;lk; 4.3.6 ,lkhw;wq;fs; 4.3.7 epakdq;fs; 4.4. CoYf;F vjpuhd Kiwg;ghLfs; 5. fye;Jiuahly;fSk; KbTiuAk; crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; 01

02 03 04 05 07 15 24 32 34 34 40 41 43 43 44 46 48 48 50 52 52 53 55 56 56 57 58 59 60 61 67 72 74 82

tiuglq;fs; tiuglk; tiuglk; tiuglk; tiuglk; tiuglk;

1: 2: 3: 4: 5:

tiuglk; 6:

tiuglk; 7: tiuglk; 8: tiuglk; 9: tiuglk; 10: tiuglk; 11: tiuglk; 12: tiuglk; 13:

tiuglk; 14: tiuglk; 15:

tiuglk; 16: tiuglk; 17:

tiuglk; 18: tiuglk; 19:

tiuglk; 20:

tiuglk; 21:

fy;tp Jiwapd;; tbtikg;G 18 ,y;y khjphpfspd; ,dj;Jt tpepNahfk; 27 ,y;y khjphpfspd; Gtpapay; guk;gy; 28 Ma;T ,lq;fspdhy; ,y;yq;fspd; tFg;G epiyikfs; 30 ghlrhiyapy; gps;isapd; fy;tp gw;wpa ngw;Nwhhpd; czh;T 32 cq;fs; gps;is ghlrhiyf;F mDkjpf;fg;gl;lNghJ> ,tw;iw ePq;fs; nra;jPh;fsh/my;yJ vjph;nfhs;s Neh;;e;jjh? (Nfs;tp 3.9) 38 ghlrhiy mDkjp 38 ,e;jg; ghlrhiy Mz;by; khzth; ghlg;Gj;jfq;fis Neu fhyj;jpy; ngw;wduh? (Nfs;tp 3.1) 40 ju cs;sPLfs; (Nfs;tp 25.0) 42 ,y;yq;fspdhy; ghlrhiyf;F toq;fg;gl;l nfhLg;gdTfspd; RUf;fk; 49 tUlhe;j ruhrhpf; nfhLg;gdT 51 tFg;G epiyikg;gb jdpahh; tFg;Gf;fhd nryT 53 Kf;fpakhfj; jkpopy; gbtq;fs;> ,y;yhikahy; ghlrhiyfspypUe;J jfty; ngWtJ gzpg;ghsh;fshfpa vkf;Ff; fbdkhf cs;sJ(Nfs;tp13.4) 57 f\;lkhd gFjpapy; %d;W Mz;L Nritiag; g+h;j;jp nra;ahj epiyapy; ,lkhw;wq;fs; 62 %d;W Mz;L fhyg;gFjpia g+h;j;jp nra;tjw;F Kd;djhfNt rpwe;j gFjpfSf;F> f\;lg;gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J gy Mrphpah;fs; ,lkhw;wk; ngw;wpUg;gjhf ePq;fs; fUJfpwPh;fsh? (Nfs;tp 3.3) 63 cj;jpNahfj;jh;fis cq;fSf;Fj; njhpe;jpUg;gjhy; cq;fshy; ,lkhw;wk; ngw KbAk; ( Nfs;tp 3.5) 64 Mrphpah;fs; ,lkhw;wk; ngWtjw;F ,yQ;rk; nrYj;Jfpd;wdh; vd;gJ gw;wp ePq;fs; Nfs;tpg;gl;bUf;fpwPh;fsh? (Nfs;tp 3.4) 64 Mrphpah; ,lkhw;wk; mNefkhf> xU murpay;thjp %ykhfth Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ (Nfs;tp 3.7D) 65 mjpgh; gjtpfSf;F> epakdk;> my;yJ njhptpy; cs;s eilKiwapy; Kuz;ghLfs; ,Ug;gjhf ePq;fs; fUfpwPh;fsh? (Nfs;tp 33.6) 68 Gjpa fy;tpj; jpl;lg; gpufhuk; gy gzpg;ghsh;fs; ,Ug;gJ>jPh;TfSf;Fg; gjpyhf gpur;rpidfis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ vd;W ePq;fs; Vw;fpwPhf ; sh? (Nfs;tp 26.1) 70 fy;tpapy; Coy; Fwpj;J vg;nghOjhtJ ePq;fs; Kiwg;ghL nra;jpUf;fpwPh;fsh? (Nfs;tp 3.6 kw;Wk; Nfs;tp 3.4) 72

ml;ltizfs; ml;ltiz 1: CoYf;fhd fhuzq;fs; tbtq;fs;> tpisTfs; Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd cwTfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

ml;ltiz 2: Ma;tpd; cUthf;fy; fl;lj;jpy; Neh;fhzYk;> fye;JiuahlYk;.

RUf;ff; FwpaPLfspd; gl;bay; CIABOC DEO

,yQ;r my;yJ Coy; gw;wpa Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fis tprhuiz nra;Ak; Mizf;FO khtl;lf; fy;tp mYtyfk;

ESDPF

fy;tpj;Jiw mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lKk; fl;Lf; Nfhg;Gk;.

F.G.D

,yf;Ff; FO ciuahly;

MOE

fy;tp mikr;R

MSE METT NETS NIE PCS

ghlrhiyf; fy;tp mikr;R %d;whk; epiyf; fy;tp mikr;R Njrpa kjpg;gPl;L> ghpNrhjid Nritfs; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; khfhz rigfs;

PDE

khfhz fy;tpj; jpizf;fsk;

SPSS

r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jf;fhd epiyikahd nghjp

TISL

l;uhd;];N;gud;]p ,d;lh;e\dy; =yq;fh

ZEO

tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;

Kd;Diu ,yq;if l;uhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lh;e\dypd; gzpahdJ Neh;ikj; jpwDs;s Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GtjhFk;. ,e;j ,yf;if va;Jtw;F> r%fj;jpd; rfyJiwapdUk; - murhq;f jdpahh; JiwapdUk;> rptpy; r%fKk; - jkJ eltbf;iffspy; CoiyAk;> xOf;fKiwaw;w eilKiwfisAk; xopg;gjw;F Kaw;rp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Coiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ,yf;Ffis tFg;gjw;F> jw;NghJs;s gpur;rpidfspd; ,ay;G> gug;G vd;gd ,dq;fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tplak; njhlh;ghfNt> TISL ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu r%f mgptpUj;jpapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j Jiwfspy; fhzg;gLk; Coy; mghaq;fis kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;F gy Ma;Tfis Muk;gpf;fj; jPh;khdpj;Js;sJ. ,e;j mwpf;if> gpuRhpf;fg;gltpUf;Fk; njhluhd Ma;Tfspy; KjyhtjhFk;. fy;tpj;JiwahdJ Coiyf; fl;Lg;gLtjw;F xU Kf;fpa gFjpahFk; vjph;fhy nraw;FOTf;F jpwikiaAk;> mwpitAk; Gfl;LtNjhL> mLj;j re;jjpapdhpd; tpOkpaq;fisAk;> elj;ijfisAk; cUthf;FfpwJ. ,jdhy; fy;tpj;Jiwia Neh;ikAk; rkj;JtKk; cs;sjhfTk;> Coy;> xOf;fkw;w eltbf;iffs; ,y;yhjjhfTk;> jpfo;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjph;ghh;f;fpd;wdh;. fy;tpapy; Coiy vt;thW fl;Lg;gLj;jy;> vd;gJ gw;wp Mf;fg+h;tkhd tpthjj;ij Cf;Ftpf;f ,e;j mwpf;if gq;fspj;J> Neh;ikj; jpwDs;s Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;g> gy;NtW gq;Nfw;NghUk;; Nrh;e;J gzpahw;w mth;fis xd;wpizg;gjw;F tif nra;Ak; vd;W ehd; ek;GfpNwd;. ,e;j mwpf;if> Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofj;ij Nrh;e;j Nguhrphpah; mkurpwp b rpy;th jiyikapyhd FO> 2008 Nk khjk; njhlf;fk; Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapyhdJ. Nguhrphpah; mkurpwp b rpy;thtpd; ,e;j mwpf;ifia cUthf;Ftjpyhd mh;g;gzpg;G> njhlh;e;J mth; toq;fpa MjuT> mjpfhhpfisg; nghWj;j tiuapyhd mtuJ MNyhrid hPjpahd mZFKiw vd;gtw;Wf;F> vdJ ed;wpiaj; njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;. Ma;Tf;F MjuT toq;fpaikf;Fk;> vkJ Ma;tpd; KbTfis mikr;Rld;> gfph;tjw;F tha;g;gspj;jikf;Fk;> fy;tp mikr;rp;d; nrayhsh; jpU.epkhy; gz;lhuTf;Fk; fy;tp mikr;rpd; nfhs;ifj; jpl;lkply; Nkyjpf nrayhsh; jpU.v];.A.tp[auj;jpdTf;Fk; ehd; ed;wp nrYj;jf; flikg;gl;Ls;Nsd;.

,e; j mwpf; i fiaj; njhFg; g jpy; > nghWikAk; > njhopy; ; r hh; epGzj;Jtj;ijAk; fhz;gpj;j jpUkjp FKjpdp n`l;bahuhr;rpf;F tpNrl ed;wpfs;. TISL ,d; Ma;Tf;FOTf;F > Kf;fpakhf ,j;jpl;lf; FOTf;Fj; jiyik tfpj;j ngw;wpdhnkah;> juTg; gFg;gha;T> tiuGfs; vd;gdtw;Wf;F cjtpa \h;kpyp jw;gud;> gpd;dzp Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;l nrDuh MfpNahUf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpiaj; njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;. N[.rp.ntypaKd> epiwNtw;Wg; gzpg;ghsh; - TISL

1.nray; epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;fk; fy;tp ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu r%f mgptpUj;jpapy; xU Mjhufy; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. fy;tp mikg;ig tYg;gLj;Jtjw;F> rpWth;fs; fl;lhakhf ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;tij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; rl;lq;fs; cs;spl;l rl;lthf;fq;fis njhlh;e;J te;j murhq;fq;fs; mKy;gLj;jpa NghJ ehnlq;fpYKs;s ngw;NwhhpilNa jkJ gps;isfSf;F rpwe;j fy;tpia toq;Fk; xj;jpirT fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. nghUshjhuj;jpy; gpd; jq;fpa ngw;NwhUk; tWikapy; ,Ue;J tpLgLtjw;F xNunahU topahff; fy;tpiaf; fUjpdhh;fs;. ,yq;ifapy;

9>678

murhq;fg;

ghlrhiyfspy;

,ytrf;

fy;tp

toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;ghlrhiyfs; ehl;by; mNefkhd rpWth;fSf;F (98% gjpag;gl;l tpfpjk2;) fy;tp Gfl;Lfpd;wd. fw;wy; ngWNgWfs; mjpfhpj;J tUfpd;wd. vdpDk; juk; 5 ghPl;ir> kw;Wk; fy;tpg; nghJj;juhju rhjhuz> cah;jug; ghPl;irfspy; rpwe;J tpsq;fhik> fy;tp jpUg;jpfukhd kl;lq;fis mile;Js;sjh vd;w re;Njfj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. fy;tp mikr;rpd; Kf;fpa nfhs;if ,yf;Ffs;> rkj;Jtk;> juk;> jpwik vd;gdthFk;. Mdhy; Clf mwpf;iffspy; gpujpgypf;fg;gLk; r%fj;jpd; nghJg; GyZzh;T mbg;gilapy;> Kf;fpakhf rkj;Jtj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu ngUk;ghYk; mjpUg;jpNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. trjpfs;> khzthpd; fy;tpr; nraw;ghLfs; khj;jpuky;yhJ Mrphpah;fis epakpg;gjpYk; efug;ghlrhiyfSf;Fk;> fpuhkpa> ngUe;Njhl;lg; ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; NtWghL ,Ug;gij mwpf;iffs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. jFjpaw;w Mrphpah;fis epakpj;jik fy;tp Gfl;lypd; juj;ijg; ghjpj;Js;sJ. juk;1 ,y; gps;isfisr; Nrh;g;gjw;F fy;tp mikr;rpdhy; jpl;ltl;lkhf njhif Fwpg;gplg;glhik> rpy mjpgh;fs; jd;dpr;irahf nray;gl tif nra;Js;sjhf Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gLtjhy; ngw;NwhhpilNa Fog;gj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,e;j mk;rq;fs; fy;tpapy; rkj;Jtk; njhlh; g hf gy ftdpg; G f; f is <h; j ; J s; s d. XOq; f P d khf cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs;> gzpg;ghsh;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;lik fy;tp Kfhikj;Jt juk; Fiwtjw;F toptFj;Js;sjhf gyUk; fUJfpd;wdh;.

1. ghlrhiyf; fzf;nfLg;G 2007> fy;tpmikr;;R> ‘mwpTk; gz;Gk; nfhz;l vjph;fhy re;jjpapdh;…’fy;tp mikr;rpd; 2008 Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; 2009 ,d; cj;Njr jpl;lq;fs; 2. cyf tq;fp: ‘Treasures of the Education System of Sri Lanka’ (2005)

“,yq;ifapd; fy;tpj;Jiw: Coy;fSk; ghpkhzq;fSk;;” vd;w jiyg;gpyhd Ma;T> Nguhrphpah; mkurpwp b rpy;thtpdhy; 2008> Nk khjk; njhlf;fk; nrg;uk;gh; khjk; tiu Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. vOkhwhfj; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l 1000 FLk;gq;fspy; cs;s ngw;Nwhh;> 100 Mrphpah;fs;> 100 fy;tp mjpfhhpfs;> 11 fpuhk mYth; gphpTfspy; vOkhwhfj; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l 59 Ngh; MfpNahUld; elj;jg;gl;l Neh;fhzypd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;j Ma;thdJ juk;1 ,y; mDkjp njhlf;fk;> juk;13(fy;tpg; nghJj;juhju cah;juk;) tiuapyhd murhq;fg; ghlrhiy mikg;gpy; Coy; Fw;wq;fs;> Nkhrbfs; vd;gdtw;iw ,yf;fhff; nfhz;bUe;jJ. FLk;gq;fs; 1>800 ghlrhiyg; gps;isfis cs;slf;fpaJ. fpuhk Nrtfh; gphpTfs;> mEuhjGuk;> fhyp> fz;b> Etnuypah> gJis> Gj;jsk; khtl;lq;fisr; Nrh;e;jit. Ma;T KbTfs; ehd;fhf tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. (m) ghlrhiy kl;l Coy; (M) fl;lzq;fSk; nfhLg;gdTfSk; (,) eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd Coy; (<) CoYf;F vjpuhd Kiwg;ghLfs; Coy; ,ay;ghfNt ,ufrpaj;jd;ik tha;e;jjhy; mJ epyTtij mstpLtJ fbdkhFk;. GyDzh;T> kw;Wk; Coy; njhlh;ghd mEgtq;fs; thapyhfNt Coy; gw;wpa kjpg;gPLfSf;Fj; jfty;fs; jpul;lg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j ,U tiffspYkhd fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; ftdkhf vLj;Jiuf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. (m) GyDzh;T cz;ikj;jd;ikiag; gpujpgypf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gjpy;iy. (M)gopthq;fg;gLk; vd;w mr;rk; fhuzkhf mEgtq;fs; mNefkhf mwptpf;fg;glhkNy Nghfpd;wd. topKiwr; rthy;fisf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;shky;> ,e;j Ma;thdJ> Coy; eltbf;if tbtq;fisAk;> gug;igAk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. TISL, ngw;Nwhh;> Mrphpah;fs;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; Nghd;Nwhhpd; fUj;Njhl;lq;fisAk; cs;slf;Ftjpy; ,e;j Ma;tpd; ngWkjp jq;fpapUg;gjhf tYthf ek;GfpwJ. ,jdhy; ,e;j Ma;thdJ nghJ tpthjj;ij Cf;Ftpj;J mjd; %yk; ,yq;if kf;fs; midthpdJk; eyd; fUjp ePjpahd> cah;e;j juf;fy;tp mikg;ig> fy;tpf; nfhs;ifahf ngUk; nrhj;jhf;f cjTk; vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ.

Ma;T KbTfs; murhq;fg; ghlrhiy mikg;G murhq;fg; ghlrhiy mikg;ghdJ> gy jrhg;j fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dh; ,Ue;j epiyikAld; xg;gpLk; NghJ rPh;Fiye;Js;sJ vd;gNj FLk;gj;jpdh;> Mrphpah;fs;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; MfpNahUf;fpilapyhd ,zf;fg;ghlhd fUj;jhFk;. epakdq;fs;> ,lkhw;wq;fs;> cl;gl fy;tp mikg;ghdJ> murpay; kakhf;fg;gl;likNa> ,jw;fhd fhuzk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. fw;gpj;jy; xU tho;f;ifj; njhopy; vd;w fUj;jhdJ ,e;jj; njhopypd; kfj;Jtj;ijf; Fiwj;Js;sJ. •ghlrhiy mikg;G Coy; tha;e;jJ – 21.5% ,y;yq;fs;; Mk; vd;wd. •fw;gpj;jypd; kjpg;Gf; Fiwe;Js;sJ -- 30.6% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; rhpahdJ vd;fpd;wdh;.

Mrphpah;fSk;

42.4%

•epakdq;fs; murpay;kakhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ – 28.6% ,y;yj;jpdUk; 55.8% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; Mk; vd;wd.

ghlrhiyfspy; mDkjp ngWjy; Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rfy ,lq;fspYk;; %d;W jug;gpdUk; ghlrhiyfSf;F mDkjp ngWjy; $Ljyhd Coy; Nkhrb tha;e;jJ vd;Nw fUjpdh;. mjpgh;fSf;F ,yQ;rk; toq;Fjy;> murpay; thjpfs;> fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsh;fs; MfpNahhpd; rYifia ehLjy;> cwtpdUf;Fr; rYif fhz;gpj;jy; ghlrhiyfSf;F my;yJ ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jp rq;fq;fSf;F ngUe;njhifg; gzj;ij md;gspg;Gr; nra;jy; Nghd;wd Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fshf njhptpf;fg;gl;ld. ghlrhiyf;F mDkjp ngWifapy; trpg;gplk; xU mk;rkhff; fUjg;gLtJ njhlh;ghd Coy; Nkhrb gw;wpa jfty;fs; FiwthfNt njhptpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. ,e;j mikg;Gf;Fs; mfg;gLk; rpy rpWth;fs; tFg;giwf;F ntspNa tplg;gLfpd;wdh;.

•mjpgh;fSf;F ,yQ;rk; nfhLj;jy; -- 36% Mrphpah;fSk;> 34% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk;> ngw;Nwhh; ,yQ;rk; nfhLf;Fk; topiag; gpd;gw;Wtjhff; $wpAs;sdh;. •ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fq;fSf;F ,yQ;rk; toq;Fjy; -- 15.5% ,y;yj;jpdh; Mk; vd;fpd;wdh;. •fy;tp mjpfhhpfSf;F ,yQ;rk; toq;Fjy; -- 7% ,y;yj;jpdh; Mk; vd;wdh; - ,NjNtisapy;> 98% Mrphpah;fSk; 89% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; ,yQ;rk; cjTtjhfNt fUJfpd;wdh;. •cwtpdUf;fhd rYif – 95% Mrphpah;fSk;> 85% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; ,J fhzg;gLtjhff; $Wfpd;wdh;. •trpg;gplj; juj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; Coy; 80% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; ,zf;fk; njhptpj;Js;sdh;.

Mrphpah;fSk;

81%

ghlrhiy mDkjpf;fl;lzq;fs;> ‘ju cs;sPLfs;’> ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs; ghlrhiy mDkjpf; fl;lzk; gw;wp gyjug;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs; njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. fy;tp mikr;rpd; Rw;W epUgq;fs;> Mff; Fiwe;j my;yJ Mff; $Ljyhd njhifiaf; Fwpg;gplhjjhy;> mjpgh;fs; jd;dpr;irahfj; jPh;khdq;fq;fis vLf;fpd;wdh;. Ma;tpd; gpufhuk; xU gps;isf;fhd ruhrhp mDkjpf; fl;lzk; 2008 ,y; &gh3977.09 Mf ,Ue;Js;sJ. • mDkjpf;fl;lzk; kpfTk; cah;thdJ -- 81.4% ngw;Nwhh; Mk; vd;wdh;. 90% Mrphpah;fSk; cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk;> ,e;jf; fl;lzk; ngw;NwhUf;F ghhpa gOthf cs;sJ vd;wdh;. •gw;Wr; rPl;Lfs; ,y;iy -- 10% Mrphpah;fSk; 15% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; ,jid Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sdh;. •ghlrhiy

epjpak;>

fl;lzk;>

khdpak;

vd;gd

fzf;fha;T

nra;ag;gLtjpy;iy -- 62.2% Mrphpah;fSk; 86.3% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; ,jw;F ,zf;fk; njhptpj;jdh;. ‘ju cs;sPLfs;’ fy;tpmikr;rpdhy; ghlrhiyfspy; tFg;giwf;fy;tp Gfl;liyAk; fy;tp fw;wiyAk; Nkk;gLj;j xJf;fg;gLk; epjp kw;Wk; khdpaq;fs; MFk;. xt;nthU ghlrhiyapYk; cs;s khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if mbg;gilapy; ,it fzf;fplg;gLfpd;wd. gjpNtl;by;

vz;zpf;if

vt;tsT

$Ljyhf

cs;sNjh>

mjw;Nfw;g

khdpaKk;

$Ljyhf ,Uf;Fk;. 80% ,y;yq;fs; ju cs;sPLfs; gw;wpj; njhpe;Js;s NghjpYk; ngUe;Njhl;l kw;Wk; fpuhkpag; ghlrhiyfspd; mit gad;gLj;jg;gl;ldth vd;gJ Fwpj;J rhpahd jfty;fs; njhptpf;f jaf;fk; fhl;bdhh;fs; • ju cs;sPLfspd; jtwhd Kfhikj;Jtk; --

35% ,y;yq;fs; ,J

rhj;jpak; vd;Wk; 98% Mrphpah;fSk; 91% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; ,it J\;gpuNahfk; nra;ag;gl;ljhfTk; njhptpf;fpd;wdh;. ghlg; Gj;jfq;fs; fy;tp mikr;rpdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;L> mr;rbf;fg;gl;L ,ytrkhf tpepNahfpf;fpd;wd. vdpDk; ,jidg; ngWNthh; Gj;jfq;fs; vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLtJ rk;ge;jkhf khj;jpuky;yhJ> gpd; jq;fpa gFjpfspy; mtw;wpd; tpepNahfj;jpYk; gpur;rpidfs; ,Ug;gjhfj; njhptpf;fpd;wdh;. rpy gps;isfs;> ghlg;Gj;jfq;fSf;F gzk; nrYj;j Ntz;bAs;sjhff; $wpdh;. • ghlg;Gj;jq;fs; -- 6.2% gps;isfs; Kf;fpakhf> fpuhkpa ngUe;Njhl;l r%fq;fisr; Nrh;e;jth;fSf;Ff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. • rhpahd Neuj;jpy; ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs; -- 23.3% gps;isfSf;F rhpahd Neuj;jpy; ,it fpilf;ftpy;iy. • nfhLg;gdT nrYj;jpAs;sdh;

3.5%

gps;isfs;

ghlg;

Gj;jq;fSf;F

gzk;

fy;tpg; nghJj;juhju rhjhuz/ cah;ju khzth;fSf;F ghPl;irf;Fj; jahuhtjw;fhd tpLKiw. mNefkhd ghlrhiyfspy; fy;tpg; nghJj;juhju rhjhuz/cah;ju tFg;Gf;fspy; ghPl;ir vOjtpUf;Fk; khzth;fSf;F ,uz;lhtJ Mz;L Kbtpy; ghPl;irf;Fj; jahuhtjw;fhd tpLKiw toq;fg;gLfpwJ. fy;tp mikr;rpy; cs;s rpNu\;l cj;jpNahf;fj;jh;fs; ,e;j eilKiw> mjpfhu G+h;tkw;wJ vd;Nw fUjpdh;. •ghPl;irf;Fj; jahuhtjw;fhd tpLKiw -- 35% Mrphpah;fs; ,zf;fk; njhptpj;jdh;.

rkj;Jt tha;g;Gf;fhd chpik kPwy; fy;tpiag; nghWj;jtiu rfy gps;isfSf;Fk; rktha;g;Gf; fpilg;gjpy;iy vd;W ,e;j Ma;T %yk; njhpa te;Js;sJ. fy;tpapy; rkj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghL vd;w tifapy; gps;isfs; rPuhd fy;tp tha;g;Gf;fisg; ngWtjpy; ngw;Nwhhpd; me;j];Jk;> mth;fspd; fy;tp kl;lq;fSk; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wdh;. tPL vt;tsT nry;tr; nropg;Gld; ,Uf;fpd;wNjh mjw;fika gps;isfSk; fy;tpapy; rpwg;ghfr; nraw;gLtjhf Neh; fhzg;gl;l gyUk; jplkhf ek;Gfpd;whh;fs;. mLj;j mk;rkhdJ> fy;tpapy; rk tha;g;ig kPwp> efug; ghlrhiyfSld; xg;gpLifapy; ngUe;Njhl;;l kw;Wk; fpuhkpag; ghlrhiyfSf;F> mjpfhhpfshy; Fiwe;j trjpfNs toq;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJk; typAWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ngUe;Njhl;lg; ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; Vida ghlrhiyfSf;Fkpilapy; fhzg;gLk; ,e;j NtWghL khzth;fspd; jukw;w nraw;ghL> ghPl;irg; ngWNgW vd;gdtw;Wf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; ghjpg;ghf cs;sJ vd;W ngw;Nwhh;> Mrphpah;fs;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; MfpNahh; Fw;wk; rhl;Lfpd;wdh;. mur ghlrhiy mikg;Gld; $Ljyhf f\;lg;gLk; jho;e;j kj;jpa ju FLk;gq;fisg; ghh;f;fpYk;> twpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju tFg;Gf; FLk;gq;fs;> Coy; gw;wp mf;fiw nrYj;Jtjpy;iy vd;gJ ,e;j Ma;tpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l kw;WnkhU Rthu];akhd ngWNgwhFk;. •

rpq;fsg;

ghlrhiyfs;

jkpo;

ghlrhiyfs;

vd;W

ngahpLtJ

guhgl;rkhdJk;> ,dj;Jt xw;Wikf;Fg; ghjfkhdJ vd;Wk; 80% ,Yk; $Ljyhd Mrphpah;fSk;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; fUJfpd;wdh;.

gps;isfspd; nraw;ghL Fwpj;J ngw;Nwhhpd; GyDzh;T gy gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; Coy; vd;gd ,Ug;gpDk;> jkJ gps;isfs; ghlrhiyfspy; ed;F fy;tpr; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;tjhf ngUk;ghyhd ngw;Nwhh; fUJfpd;wdh;. • gps;isfspd; nraw;ghL -- 79.5% Md ngw;Nwhh; jpUg;jp njhptpf;fpd;wdh;. •ghlj; j pl; l k; G+h; j ; j p jpUg;gjpaile;Js;sd. •Mq;fpy nkhop njhptpj;Js;sd.

%ykhd

nra; a g; g Ljy; fy;tp

41.1%

75%

,y; y q; f s; ;

,y;yq;fs;;

mjpUg;jp

•6> 10> 11 juq;fspy; Gjpa fy;tp mikg;G -- Rkhh; 80% ,y;yq;fs;; mjpUg;jp njhptpj;Js;sd.

Coiy xopg;gjw;nfd vLf;fg;gl;l epthuz eltbf;if xU rpy ngw;Nwhh;> Mrphpah;fs;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; MfpNahNu ghlrhiy mikg;gpy; Coy; eltbf;iffs; gw;wp Kiwg;ghL my;yJ mwptpj;jy; nra;Js;sdh; vd;gJ ,e;j Ma;T %yk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. •Coy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ -- 62% Mrphpah;fSk; 45% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sdh;.

Mrphpah; Ntjdg; gbfs;> ,lkhw;wq;fs; ,e;j mikg;G nghpJk; murpay; kag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gjhy; rk;gs Ntjdq;fs;> fld;fs; njhlh;ghf Mrphpah;fs; kw;Wk; cj;jpNahfj;jh;fspilNa nghpJk; mjpUg;jp fhzg;gLfpwJ. Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xt;nthU ,lj;jpYk; Ntjdg;gbf; nfhLg;gdtpy; jhkjk; gw;wp mwpa te;Js;sd. gbia tpiutpy; ngWtjw;F> ,yQ;rk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;> my;yJ murpay; nry;thf;ifg; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;W gy Mrphpah;fSk;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; $wpAs;sdh;. ,lkhw;wy; mikg;Gk; guhgl;rkhdJ vd;gNj nghJthd fUj;jhFk;. gy Mz;Lfs; f\;lkhd gpuNjrq;fspy; gzp Ghpe;jth;fisg; ghh;f;fpYk;> efug; gFjpg; ghlrhiy Mrphpah;fSf;F rYif toq;fg;gLtjhf gyh; Fw;wk; rhl;bAs;sdh;. •Ntjdg;gb jhkjk; -- 82% Mrphpah;fSk; 75% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; ,j;jhkjj;ij vjph;Nehf;fpAs;sdh; - ,Nj Ntisapy;> ,jidj; Jhpjg;gLj;Jtjw;F 10% Mrphpah;fSk;;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; ,yQ;rk; nrYj;jpajhf Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. •fld; ngWjiyj; Jhpjg;gLj;j murpay; nry;thf;F -- 40%

Mrphpah;fSk;

34% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; ,jid Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sdh;.. •,lkhw;wj;Jf;F ,yQ;rk; -- 47.5% Mrphpah;fSk; 34% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; ,j;jifa rk;gtq;fs; Fwpj;Jf; Nfs;tpg;gl;Ls;sd. •nry; t hf; f pdhy; ,lkhw; w k; -79% Mrphpah; f Sk; 72% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; xU cj;jpNahfj;ijj; njhpe;njLj;jy; my;yJ cwtpduhf ,Uj;jy; Kf;fpakhd mk;rk; vd;W xg;Gf;nfhz;Ls;sdh;. 85% Mrphpah;fSk; 90% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; murpay; nry;thf;fpd; NghpNyNa ,lkhw;wq;fs; toq;fg;gLtjhff; fUJfpd;wdh;. 13

njhz;lh; Mrphpah;fs;> gjpy; mjpgh;fs; kw;Wk; Mrphpa MNyhrfh;fs; njhz;lh; Mrphpah;fis Ntiyf;fkh;j;Jtjw;fhd xOq;F tpjpfs; ,y;yhikahy;> mjpgh;fs; mth;fis ntspg;gilahd eilKiwiag; gpd;gw;whJ ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; epakpf;fpd;wdh;. khfhz kl;lj;jpYk; $l> gy gjpy; mjpgh;fs;> Mrphpa MNyhrfh;fs; gjtpfs;> juhjuk; ngwhjth;fshf ,Ug;gpDk;> murpay; hPjpahd epakdq;fshf ,Ug;gjhf njhpa te;Js;sJ. • njhz;lh; Mrphpah;fs; epakdq;fs; -- mjpgh;fs;> jkJ cwtpdh;fis> my;yJ jkf;F neUq;fpath;fis epakpj;jjhf Rkhh; 10% Mrphpah;fSk; 45% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; $Wfpd;wdh;. • gjpy; mjpgh; epakdq;fs; -- murpay;; hPjpahd epakdq;fNs gutyhff; fhzg;gLtjhf 56% Mrphpah;fSk; 62% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; njhptpj;jdh;. • Mrphpa MNyhrfh;fs; epakdk; -- ,it murpay; epakdq;fs; vd;Wk;> gyh; juhjuk; ngwhjth;fs; vd;Wk; 50% Mrphpah;fSk; 60% gzpg;ghsh;fSk; fUJfpd;wdh;.

2. mwpKfk; fy;tpapy; rhjidfs; ,yq;ifapd; fy;tpr; rhjidfs; ghhpajhFk;. taJ te;Njhh; gbg;gwpT tpfpjk; 90.7% vd;gjhy;> ,yq;if njw;fhrpa ehLfspy; cah;e;j ,lj;ij 3

tfpf;fpwJ. fy;tpapy; ,yq;ifapd; rhjidfSf;F ed;wp njhptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kf;fpakhf jdp egUf;fhd nkhj;j cs;Sh; cw;gj;jpAld; xg;gpLk;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; kdpj mgptpUj;jp cah;e;j kl;lq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,yq;ifapd; murhq;fg; ghlrhiyfs; Fwpg;ghf 20MtJ E}w;whz;by; Gj;jp[PtpfisAk;> jiyth;fisAk; cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ,d;W murhq;fk; 5 – 14 taJs;s rfy rpWth;fSf;Fk; fl;lhaf; fy;tpia toq;FfpwJ. trjpaw;w FLk;gq;fspy; ,Ue;JtUk; gps;isfs; cl;gl rfyUf;Fk; Muk;g ,ilepiy fy;tp fpilf;f tif nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. mNefkhf rfy gps;isfSk; juk; 5I g+h;j;jp nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy; Muk;g 4

epiyapy; ghlrhiyf; F mDkjpf; f g; g LNthh; tpfpjk; 98% fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,yq;if I.eh kpNydpak; mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rp epuypy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l “rfyUf;Fk; fy;tp” vd;w ,yf;if mila ,Uf;fpd;wJ.5

2007Mk; Mz;by;> ,yq;ifapy; 9>678 Muk;g> ,ilepiy ghlrhiyfSk;> ,tw;wpy; 3.94 kpy;ypad; khzth;fSk;> 209>198 Mrphpah;fSk; ,Ue;jdh;.6

fy;tp epjp 1990 ,d; Kw;gFjp tiuapyhd r%f mgptpUj;jpapyhd rhjidfSf;F fhuzk; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp vd;w hPjpapy; fy;tpapy; nra;ag;gl;l ePz;l 7

fhy KjyPLfs;; MFk;. NkYk;; 1990 I.eh. n[hk;hpd; gpufldj;jpd; fPo; rfyUf;Fkhd fy;tp mwpKfk; kw;Wk;> 2000 Mk; Mz;L lhf;fh eltbf;iff;fhf fl;Lf;Nfhg;gpy; murhq;fq;fspd; cWjpg;ghLfs;; vd;gd fy;tpj; Jiwf;F> cjtp toq;Fk; ehLfspd; mDruizia mjpfhpj;jJ. vdpDk;> ,d;W fy;tpapy; murhq;f KjyPL xg;gPl;lstpy; ruhrhpahfNt cs;sJ. Vida Mrpa ehLfSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ> ,yq;ifapy; murhq;fr; nrytpy; fy;tpf;fhd nrytpd; tPjk;; kpff; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 3. kdpj mgptpUj;jpr;Rl;nlz; 0.743 cld; 2007/2008 UNDP mwpf;ifapy; ,yq;if 177 ehLfspy; 99 tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ. http://hdrstats.undp.org/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_lka.html 4. cyf tq;fp: ‘Treasures of ...... 2005’. 5.fy;tp mikr;R: ‘mwpTk; gz;Gk; nfhz;l vjph;fhy re;jjpapdh;…’ 6.fy;tp mikr;R: ghlrhiyf; fzf;nfLg;G 2007> ‘mwpTk; gz;Gk; nfhz;l vjph;fhy re;jjpapdh;…’ 7.cyf tq;fp: ‘Treasures of ...... 2005’.

(2005 ,d; tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;jpy; 6.8%) fle;j jrhgj;jpy; njw;fhrpa ruhrhp 3.5%8 Mf ,Ue;j NghJ ,yq;ifapy; nkhj;j cs;Sh; cw;gj;jpapy; 2-3% khj;jpuNk fy;tpf;fhfr; nrytplg;gl;lJ. ,j;Jld; kPstUk; nrytpdk; KjyPl;Lj; njhiff;Fr; rw;Wk; ,lkspf;fhky; mjpfhpj;J tUfpd;wJ. vt;thwhapDk;> Mrphpah; Ntjdk; kpff; FiwthfNt cs;sJ. Njrpa jdpegh; tUkhd tPjj;jpd; gpufhuk; ,e;jpah> gq;fshNj\;> kNyrpah> jha;yhe;J Nghd;w ehLfisg; ghh;f;fpYk; ,yq;ifapy; Mrphpah;fs; miuthrp my;yJ mjw;Fk; Fiwthd 9

rk;gsj;ijNa ngWfpwhh;fs;.

fy;tpapy; juKk; rkj;JtKk; mz;ika tUlq;fspy; Nkk;ghL fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk; ,yq;ifapy; fy;tpj; juk; jpUg;jpfukw;wJ10 vd;Nw rh;tNjr epGzh;fs; fzpj;Js;sdh;. ,jidf; fPo;fz;l Gs;sp tpguq;fs; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. I. juk; Fiwe;j fw;if/fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; nrytpd Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; rPuw;w jd;ik : fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjuk; (juk; 11) rpj;jpnaa;jpath;fspd; tpfpjk; 2007 ,y; 49% Kf;fpa ghlq;fspy; kPs; ghPl;irf;Fj; Njhw;WNthh; tpfpjq;fs; cah;e;jjhf cs;ssd> fy;tp nghJj; juhju rhjhuz juk; 27% fy;tp nghJj; juhju cah;juk; (juk; 13) 35%

Ii. fy;tpg; ngWNgWfs; kpff; FiwthdjhFk;; Muk;gg; ghlrhiy Kbtpy; nkhop> fzf;Fj; jpwd;fspy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l ,yf;Ffis 2/3 tpfpjkhd rpWth;fs;

milatpy;iy.

2005

,y;

10%

j;jpdNu

eph;zapf;fg;gl;l

Mq;fpynkhop epGzj;Jt ,yf;if mile;jpUe;jdh;. khtl;lq;fspYk;> khfhzq;fspYk; rhjidfspy; ngUk; NtWghL fhzg;gl;lJ. $Ljyhd trjpfSld; gpugy ghlrhiyfs; efug; gFjpfspy; ,Ug;gjhy; efh; rhh;e;j epiyik fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j efug; ghlrhiyfspy; ,Ue;Nj gpujhdkhf khzth;fs;> kUj;Jt> nghwpapay;> my;yJ tpQ;Qhd fw;iff;F gy;fiyf;fof mDkjp ngWfpwhh;fs;. ,jdhy; Kf;fpakhf ghlrhiyapy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; juk; 1> juk; 6 (5k; Mz;Lg; Gyikg; ghprpypd; gpd;dh;) Mfpatw;wpy; Nrh;tjw;F ,e;j rpwe;j efug; ghlrhiyfspy; mDkjp ngWtjpy; khzth;fspilNa fLk; Nghl;b fhzg;gLfpwJ. 8. cyf tq;fp: ‘Building the Sri Lankan Knowledge Economy’ (2007) 9. cyf tq;fp: ‘Treasures of ...... 2005’ 10. `h;\h mj;JUghNd: ‘Has the Holy Grail of education been sighted?’ rz;Nl iuk;]; 6 [Piy 2008. 11. cyf tq;fp: ‘Treasures of ...... 2005’ 12. cyf tq;fp: ‘Treasures of ...... 2005’

,Nj Ntisapy; 2005 ,y;> Rkhh; 30% ghlrhiyfspy; xt;nthd;wpYk; 100 khzth;fSf;Fk;

FiwthfNt

,Ue;jdh;.

15.8%

ghlrhiyfspy;

xt;nthd;wpYk; 50 khzth;fSf;Fk; Fiwthf ,Ue;jdh;.13 ,jd; tpisthf nghUshjhu msT vd;w fhuzj;jpd; Nghpy; kpff; Fiwe;j trjpfNs ,g;ghlrhiyfSf;F toq;fg;gl;ld. mNdfkhd ghlrhiyfspy; tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpf;F trjpfs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,jdhy; gps;isfs; ,U klq;F ghjpg;Gf;F cs;shfpdh;. ngUe;Njhl;lg; gFjpfspy; 775 Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfs; (juk; 5 tiu) cs;sd. Mdhy; J}uk;> nghUshjhu mk;rq;fs;> ghFghL vd;gd fhuzkhfr; rpWth;fs; efu my;yJ Njhl;lg; Gwkpy;yhj ghlrhiyfspy; mDkjp ngWtJ f\;lkhfTs;sJ. Fiwe;j cl;fl;likg;G mgptpUj;jp> ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs;> cgfuzq;fs;> gapw;wg;gl;l Mrphpah;fs; gw;whf;Fiw vd;gtw;wpd; fhuzkhf ,e;jg; ghlrhiyfspy;> ghlj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;G gydspg;gjpy;iy. tlf;fpYk; fpof;fpYk; Aj;jk; fhuzkhf fy;tpapy; gpuhe;jpa NtWghLfs; mjpfhpj;Js;sd.

fy;tp mikg;gpd; Kfhikj;Jt tbtikg;G. ,yq;ifapy; jw;NghJs;s fy;tp mikg;gpd; Kfhikj;Jt tbtikg;G 1987 ,y; khfhzrigfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; mKYf;F te;jJ. ,e;jg; gutyhd eph;thf mikg;G> jPh;khdk; vLf;Fk; topKiwapy; $Ljyhd Rje;jpuj;ijAk;> cs;Suhl;rp rigfs; gq;Fgw;WjiyAk;> $Ljyhf;Fk; vd;W $wg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;> ,J murpay; kakhf;fiyAk;> jiyaPLfisAk; mjpfhpj;jjhf TISL Ma;Tf;F cl;gl;l gyh; mwptpj;Js;sdh;. jw;NghJs;s gutyhf;fg;gl;l Kfhikj;Jt tbtkhdJ> Ie;J gphpTfs; xd;Wld; xd;W njhlh;Gs;s gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. • fy;tp mikr;R (MOE) • khfhz rig mikr;Rfs;/fy;tpj; jpizf;fsq;fs;. • tyaf; fy;tp mYtyq;fs; (ZEO) • khtl;lf; fy;tp mYtyfq;fs; (DEO) • ghlrhiyfs; ( khfhz kw;Wk; Njrpa) 96% murhq;fg; ghlrhiyfs;> vl;L khfhz rigfSk;> jkJ ,ilepiy fy;tp Kfth;fshd tyaf; fy;tp mYtyh;fs;> khtl;l fy;tp mYtyfq;fs; %yk; eph;tfpf;fpd;wdh;. khfhz fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsh;

13. fy;tp mikr;R: ghlrhiyf; fzf;nfLg;G 2005. ,e;j kjpg;gPl;bd; gpufhuk; 50% ghlrhiyfs; xt;nthd;wpYk; 200 f;Fk; Fiwe;j khzth;fNs cs;sdh;.

jiyikapyhd khfhzf; fy;tpj; jpizf;fsk; khfhzj;jpy; Mrphpah; ,lkhw;wk;> cl;gl Kfhikj;Jtk;> fy;tp epfo;r;rpfspy; eph;thfk; vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; nghWg;ghf cs;sJ. khfhz rigfs;> fy;tpj; jpl;lq;fisAk;> tuT nryTj; jpl;lq;fisAk; tFg;gJld; Mrphpah;fs;> mjpgh;fs;> eph;thfj;jpdh; MfpNahiu khfhz kl;lj;jpy; Ntiyf;F mkh;j;JtJ> ePf;FtJ vd;gtw;iwAk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. tyaf; fy;tp mjpfhhpfs;> tyaq;fSf;fpilapy;> Mrphpah;fs;> mjpgh;fs; MfpNahiu ,lkhw;wk; nra;jy;> epakpj;jy; Mfpatw;iw Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.14 vdpDk;> tya kw;Wk; gpuNjr mYtyq;fs;> tiuglk; 1 ,y; fhz;gpf;fg;gl;lthW fy;tp mikr;Rf;F mwptpj;jy; toq;Ffpd;wd. tiuglk; 1 : fy;tp Jiwapd;; tbtikg;G

President of Sri Lanka National Education Commission

National Level Prime Minister/ Cabinet

MSE

MOE

MTET

Provincial Council

NIE NETS

Provincial Ministry of Education

Provincial Department of Education (8)

Zonal Education Office

(94) Provincial Level

Divisional Education Office (300)

National Schools

Provincial Schools

%yk;: fy;tp mikr;R ,izaj;jsk; http://www.moe.gov.lk/Education_his_3.html 14. cyf tq;fp: ‘Treasures of the Education System of Srilanka 2005’

khfhzg; gzpg;ghsh; fy;tp mikr;rpw;Fk;> khfhz fy;tp mikr;rpw;Fk; nghWg;Gf; $w Ntz;bAs;shh;. ,jdhy; ifahs;tjw;Ff; fbdkhf xU epiyik cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. epjp tsq;fSk; MszpAk;> xt;nthU khfhzf; fy;tp mikr;rh; %yk; xJf;fPL nra;ag;gLtjhy; murpay; nry;thf;F jtph;f;f Kbahjjhf cs;sJ. ,e;j epiyikahdJ> khfhzq; f spy; murpay; hP j pahd Mrphpa epakdq; f isAk; > ,lkhw;wq;fisAk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F cfe;jjhf cs;sJ.

fy;tpf; nfhs;if murhq;fk;

2006

–

2010

tiuapyhd

fhyg;gFjpf;nfd

fy;tpj;Jiw

mgptpUj; j pj; jpl; l j; i jAk; > fl; L f; Nfhg; i gAk; (ESDPE) mKy;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,J Kd;nrhy;yg;gl;l fy;tpj;Jiw vjph;Nehf;Fk; rthy;fis vjph;Nehf;f toptFj;Js;sJ. ,j;Jiwapy; rkdw;w mDkjp> juk; Fiwe; j fy; t p> eph; t hfk; vd; g d gpur; r pidfshf ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sNjhL mtw;iwj; jPh;g;gjw;F gy ,yf;FfSk; jpl;lq;fSk; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ESDPE ,d; ehd;F njhdpg; nghUs; ,yf;Ffs; tUkhW. • mbg;gil> ,ilepiyf; fy;tpf;F rkdhd mDkjpia Cf;Ftpj;jy;. • fy;tpj;juj;ij rPuhf;fy; • ts xJf;fPl;bd; jpwidAk;> rkj;Jtj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;Jjy; • fy;tp eph;thfj;ijAk; Nritg; guk;giyAk; tYg;gLj;jy;. ,e;jf; fl;likg;Gf;fhd ntspahh; MjuT Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpAk;> Vida cjtp toq;Fgth;fSk; fy;tpapy; rkj;Jtk; juk; mj;Jld; ey;y eph;thfj;ijAk; mjpfhpf;Fk; Nehf;Fldhd jpl;lq;fSf;F 2008 – 2012 tiu

11.2 gpy;ypad; &ghit toq;f

cWjpaspj;Js;sd.

15. fy;tp mikr;R: ghlrhiyf; fzf;nfLg;G 2007> ‘mwpTk; gz;Gk; nfhz;l vjph;fhy re;jjpapdh;…’

CoYk; - Coy; eltbf;iffSk; nghJthf fy;tp> Rfhjhuk; my;yJ ePh; Nghd;w Nrit tpepNahfj;jpy; CoYk;> jukw;w Kfhikj;JtKk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. ,e;j Ma;tpy; tpghpf;fg;gl;Ls;s gy gpur;rpidfs; fy;tpj;Jiwf;F gpuj;jpNafkhdit my;y. Mdhy; jukw;w eph;thfk;> jukw;w nghJj;;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gtw;wpd; tpisthFk;. vdpDk;> fy;tpapy; fhzg;gLk; CoyhdJ vjph;fhy re;jjpapdhpd; tpOkpaq;fspYk;> elj;ijapYk;> jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. fy;tpapy; CoyhdJ r%fj;jpd; rfy JiwfisAk; ghjpf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ,jw;F tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;bAs;sJ. Coy;> fy;tpia gy;NtW topfspy; ghjpf;fpd;wJ. ghhpa kl;lj;jpy;> Coy; ehl;by; jPh;khdk; vLf;Fk; topKiwiag; ghjpf;fpd;wJ. fy;tpf;fhd ts xJf;fPl;il rPh;Fiyar; nra;J> fl;likg;G> mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F jFjpaw;w KjyPLfs; nra;ag;gLtjw;F toptFf;;fpwJ. Kfhikj;Jt kl;lj;jpy;> juk; Fiwe;j Mrphpah;fs; epakpf;fg;gLk; NghJ fy;tpapd; juk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ Mrphpah;fs; tUif juhik> my;yJ fw;gpf;fhik> ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs; Fiwe;j juKs;sdthf ,Uj;jy;> mit jhkjkhf; fpilj;jy; my;yJ fpilf;fhkNy Nghjy;> vd;gdtw;whYk; fy;tpj;juk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ghlrhiy mDkjpfs; jd;tpUg;gg;gb khw;wpaikf;fg;gLk; NghJ fy;tpfw;Fk; re;jh;g;gk; rkkhff; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. Fiwe;j me;j];j;Js;s ghlrhiyfs;> Fiwe;j mstpyhd tsq;fisg; ngWjy; Nghd;wit ,lk;ngWk;. Coy; vd;gJ

“nrhe;j ,yhgj;jpw;fhf xg;gilf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuj;ij

J\;gpuNahfk; nra;jy;” vd;W TISL tiutpyf;fzk; $WfpwJ. vdpDk; eilKiwapy; cs;Nehf;fq;fj;Jld; mjpfhuj;ij J\;gpuNahfk; nra;jy;> Gwf;fzpg;G> jtwhd Kfhikj;Jtk;> (jdpg;gl;leyd; ,y;yhkNy mjpfhuj; J\;gpuNahfk; nra;ag;gLjy;) kw;Wk; cz;ikahd jtWfs; vd;gtw;Wf;F ,ilNa NtWghl;il tiuaWg;gJ mNefkhff; fbdkhdjhFk;. rpy rkaq;fspy; ghlrhiy khzth;fspd; eyd;fUjp> ey;nyz;zj;Jld; eilKiwfSk;> gpukhzq;fSk;> khw;wg;glyhk;. vdpDk;> ajhh;j;jj;Jf;F Gwk;ghd murhq;f/jdpahh; cj;jpNahfj;jhpd; elj;ij – ghFghl;Lf;F topahf;Fk; tpjj;jpy;> tsq;fs; Nritfs; vd;gdtw;iw ngWtjw;Fj; jil Vw;gLj;jyhk;. jpwikapd;ik/jtwhd Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; jukw;w njhopy; Nfhl;ghLfs; CoYld; Nrh;e;J rkj;Jtkpd;ik> fy;tpapy; juf;FiwT vd;gtw;wpw;F toptFf;ff;$Lk;.

Ml;ltiz 1: fy;tpapy; CoYf;fhd fhuzq;fs; tbtq;fs;> tpisTfs; (cjhuzq;fs;) 

fhuzq;fs; murpay; MjuT

tbtq;fs; Mrphpah;fs;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; epakdq;fs;> ,lkhw;wq;fspy; jdpr;rYit.

  



 



murpay; MjuT

murpay; MjuT Gwf;fzpg;G

ghlrhiyia mDkjpf;F tjptpl tpjpKiw vd;w xOq;Ffs; filg;gpbf;fg; glhik

gjpy; mjpgh;fs; toikahd eilKiwf;Fg; Gwk;ghf epakpf;fg;gLjy; Mrphpah; fld;fs; toq;Ftjpy; jdpr;rYif. Mrphpah; fld;fs; toq;Ftjpy; tpjpKiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;glhik. ghlrhiy mDkjpapy; Nkhrb/ tjptpl tpjpKiw J\;gpuNahfk;

     

tpisTfs; fw;gpj;jy;> eph;thfk; vd;gtw;wpy; Fiwe;j juk;. juk;ngw;w Mrphpah;fs;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; Cf;Ftpf;fg;glhik Gtpapay; gFjpfspy; Mrphpah;fs; rkhe;ju Kiwapy; epakpf;fg;glhik juk; Fiwe;j ghlrhiy eph;thfk; juk; Fiwe;j fy;tp Mrphpah;fs; Cf;fg;gLj;jg;glhik rkepiy gw;whf;Fiw fy;tpia ngWtjpy; rkepiy ,y;yhik r%f rkj;Jtkpd;ik kPz;Lk; mKyhf;fg;gLjy;. r%f rkj;Jtkpd;ik kPz;Lk; mKyhf;fg;gLjy;



gpugy ghlrhiyfSf;fhd ghhpa Nghl;b

ghlrhiy mDkjpapy; ,yQ;rk;



fpukkhd ghlrhiyf; fl;lzk; ,y;yhik tpjpKiwfisg; gpd;gw;whj FiwghL 5Mk; Mz;L ghPl;ir %yk; Njrpa ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; %d;whk; epiyf; fy;tpf;Fk; mDkjp ngWtjpy; ghhpa Nghl;b. Mrphpah;fSf;F Fiwe;j Ntjdk; fl;Lg;ghLfs; mKy; nra;ag;glhik

Njitaw;wJk; rl;l tpNuhjkhdJk; / rl;ltpNuhj fl;lzk; / nfhLg;gdTfs; gpujhd fw;gpj;jy; cs;s Mrphpah;fs; ghlrhiy Neuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh; my;yJ thu ,Wjp ehl;fspy; jdpahh; tFg;Gf;fis elj;Jjy;.

 

Viofs; kPJ gO r%f rkj;Jtkpd;ik kPz;Lk; Vw;gLj;jg;gly;



ViofSf;F rhjfkw;w epiy r%f rkj;Jtkpd;ik kPz;Lk; Vw;gLj;jg;gly;

ghlrhiyr; nrhj;J J\;gpuNahfk;



murhq;fj;Jiwapy; Neh;ikj; jpwd; Fwpj;J ek;gpf;if ,og;G

   

Gwf;fzpg;G mwpahik njsptw;w gpukhzk; Gwf;fzpg;G

J\;gpuNahfk; /juq;fs; cs;sPl;By; jtwhd xJf;fPL.



juk; Fiwe;j fw;gpj;jy;



juk; Fiwe;j fw;gpj;jy;



Gwf;fzpg;G

ghlg; Gj;jfq;fs; tpepNahfj;jpd; xOq;fPdq;fSk; jhkjpg;Gk; Ntjdg; gbfs; nfhLg;gdtpy; jhkjk;.



Mrphpah;fs; rhptu Cf;Ftpf;fg;glhik



Gwf;fzpg;G

Ie;jhk;; Mz;L Gyikg; ghprpy; mwf;nfhilf; nfhLg;gdtpy; jhkjk;



khzth;fSk; ngw;Nwhh;fSk; rhptu Cf;Ftpf;fg;glhik.

 



,jdhy;> ,e;j Ma;tpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf CoYf;F nghJ eyDf;F vjpuhf cj;jpNahfg+h;t mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;Jjy; vd;W tiutpyf;fzk; $wyhk;. ,e;jg; gue;j tiutpyf;fzk;> ,yq;ifapy; mur fy;tp mikg;G gw;wpa ,e;j Ma;tpy; fye;Jiuahlg;gLk; mNdfkhd mk;rq;fis cs;slf;FfpwJ. mj;Jld; nghJkf;fspd; tpUg;gk; my;yJ nghJ eyDf;F vjpuhd ve;j tpjkhd cj;jpNahfg+h;t nraw;ghl;ilAk; CoYf;Fs; cs;slf;FfpwJ. ,e;j tiutpyf;fj;jpd; fPo;> Gwf;fzpg;G> xOq;fPdk;> tpjpfs; > gpukhzq; f is myl; r pag; g Lj; j y; > Mrphpah; f s; > cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs;> eph;thfj;jth;fs; MfpNahhpd; mh;g;gzpg;Gg; gw;whf;Fiw> vd;w ahTk; CoyhfNt fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j mk;rq;fs; fy;tp mikr;rpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;F mika mf;fiwAilNahhpd; jpUg;jpia cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpyhd “jpwik rkj;Jtk;;> nraw;ghl;by; cah;e;j juk;” 16

vd;gtw;wpy; fy;tpapyhd nghJ mf;fiwia rPh;Fiyf;fpd;wd.

19MtJ E}w;whz;bNyNa murhq;fk;> Coy; gpur;rpid> mgptpUj;jpapy; mjd; jhf;fk; vd;gd gw;wp mwpe;jpUe;jJ. ,yQ;rkhdJ 1883Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; Fw;wtpay; Nfhitapd; fPo; jz;lizf;Fhpa Fw;wkhFk;. murhq;f Nritapy; ,yQ;rj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;j 1954 ,y; ,yQ;r mjpfhu rl;lk; tFf;fg;gl;lJ. 1994k; Mz;L Coiy jLj;J> tprhuiz nra;antd ,yQ; r my; y J Coy; Fw; w r; r hl; L f; f is tprhhpf; f ntd Mizf;FOnthd;W (CIABOC) mikf;fg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;> Coiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;j nghJkf;fspilNa tpopg;Gzh;Tk; mtrpak;. fy;tp chpikfs; gw;wpa nghJkf;fs; tpopg;Gzh;T> fy;tpahdJ Neh;ikahfTk;> rpwe;j juj;jpYk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ vd;w vjph;ghh;g;G Mfpait fy;tpapy; Coiyj; jLg;gjw;F Kf;fpakhditahFk;. Coiy vjph;f;Fk; eltbf;ifahf jkJ murhq;fq;fsplk; nghWg;Gj; jd;ikia gpui[fs; NfhUtjw;F xU fl;Lf; Nfhg;gpd; mtrpaj;ij rh;tNjr ];jhgdq;fSk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,e;j Ma;thdJ Coiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F rptpy; r%fk; mjd; nghWg;ig mwptjw;fhd Njitia g+h;j;jp nra;Ak; xU Kaw;rpahf cs;sJ. ,uz;lhtjhf> ghpghydk;> rkj;Jtk;> fy;tpj;; juk; $Ljyhd gyidj; jUjy;> jw;NghJs;s fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F (ESDPF) NkYk; ngWkhdj;ijr; Nrh;j;jy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd jpl;lq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy;

16. http://www.moe.gov.lk/about_us.php 04-10-2008 ghh;itaplg;gl;lJ

fy;tp mikr;Rf;F ngWkjpahd jftiy toq;FjyhFk;. ,e;j gpujhd fy;tp ,yf;Ffis va;Jtjpy; Coy;fs; njhlh;ghd jtwhd eltbf;iffs; vd;gtw;wpd; ghjpg;ig kjpg;gPL nra;tjd; %yk;> ,e;j Ma;thdJ> rkj;Jtk;> fy;tpapd; juk; vd;gd kPJ Coypd; ghjpg;G Fwpj;J Kf;fpakhf ftdk; nrYj;jpAs;sJ.

3. Ma;tpd; Nehf;fq;fSk;> topKiwAk; fy;tpapy; Coiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;> Coy; vjph;g;G eltbf;iffis tFj;jy;> fy;tp kPjhd nrytpdj;jpd; ngWkjpia Nkk;gLj;jy; vd;gd njhlh;ghf fy;tp mikr;Rf;F tYthd juT mbj;jsk;> ey;y MjhuKs;s tpje;Jiufis toq;FtJk; ,e;j Ma;tpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. nghJ tpthjj;ij J}z;LtJk;> gy;NtW mf;fiwAilNahhpd;;> nraiy Cf;Ftpg;gJk; $l ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

Nehf;fq;fs; ,e;j Nehf;fj;ij va;Jtjw;F> gpd;tUk; ,yf;Ffs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. 1. mur fy;tp mikg;gpy;> fhzg;gLk; Coy; tiffisAk;> tbtq;fisAk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy; 2. mur fy;tp mikg;gpy;> ,j;jifa Coy; ,Ug;gijAk;> mjd; msitAk; kjpg;gpLjy;. 3. rptpy; r%fj;jpw;Fk;> mf;fiwAilNahUf;;Fk; fy;tpapy; Coy; gw;wpAk;> mjidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd rhj;jpakhd jPh;Tfs; gw;wpAk; mwpt+l;l MNyhridj; jpl;lk; xd;iw mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd jsk; xd;iw toq;Fjy;. topKiw ,e;j Ma;tpd; topKiwahdJ> gz;G rhh; kw;Wk; msT rhh; vd;gdtw;wpd; fyitahFk;. ,t;tha;thdJ ,uz;L fl;l juT Nrfhpg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ – cUthf;fk;> kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,it gu];guk; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUg;gJld;> xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlh;Gilait. cUthf;fy; fl;lk;> juT Nrfhpf;fntd gy;NtW tiffs; kw;Wk;> khjphpfs; vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fhZtjw;F gz;Grhh; topKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jpaJ> Ma;Tf; fl;lkhdJ> mstPLfSf;F juT Nrfhpf;f msTrhh; topKiwfis filg;gpbj;jJ.

cUthf;fy; fl;lk; cUthf;fy; fl;lj;jpy;> gz;Grhh; jfty;> ,yq;ifapy; murhq;f ghlrhiy mikg;gpy; cs;s gy;NtW mf;fiwAilNahiu ,dq;fz;lJ. ,th;fspy; MZk;> ngz;Zkhf ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapy; gy;NtW kl;lq;fspy; jw;NghJs;s kw;Wk; gioa khzth;fs;> jw;Nghija khzth;fspd; ngw;Nwhh;> FLk;gq;fs;> fpuhkj; jiyth;fs;> Mrphpah;fs;> tya> khfhz mikr;R kl;lj;jpyhd fy;tp cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; vd;Nghh; mlq;Fth;. Coy; eilKiwapd; ufk;> tbtq;fs;> mikg;G> Gtpapay; tpepNahfk;> vd;gd Fwpj;J jfty; jpul;lntd mf;fiwAilNahUld; Neh;fhzy;> fye;Jiuahly;> ,yf;Ff; FOepiyf; fye;Jiuahly; (Focus Group Disscussion) vd;gd elhj;jg;gl;ld. ,e;j xt;nthU topKiwfSk;> mf;fiwAilNahh; ‘Snowball’ khjphp %yk; ,dq;fhzg;gl;ldh;. xt;nthU epiyapYk; Mff;Fiwe;jJ 3-10 Neh;fhzy;fs;> xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L FOepiyf; fye;Jiuahly;> kw;Wk; mtjhdpg;Gfs; ,lk;ngw;wd. Nkyjpfkhf ,e;jg; gphpTfs; my;yJ cg FOf;fSld; njhlh;Gila Mtzq;fspd; Nrfhpg;Gk; ,lk;ngw;wd. cUthf;fy; fl;lj;jpy; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l jfty;> tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fs; cUthf;Ftjw;Fg;; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Ma;Tf; fl;lj;jpy; mstPl;Lj; jfty; %d;W kjpg;gPLfspy; ngwg;gl;lJ. jftyhdJ njhpT nra;ag;gl;l khjphp r%fq;fSld; Neh;fhzy;; %yk; ngwg;gl;lJ. fs Ntiyia Muk;gpg;gjd; Kd;djhf> cjtpahsh;fs; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ldh;. tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fs;; fsj;jpy;; ghpNrhjpf;fg;gl;L rpq;fsk;> jkpo; kw;Wk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;L mr;rbf;fg;gl;lJ.

Mrphpah;f s; mjpgh;f s;

fy;tp mikr;Rk;> fy;tp jpizf;f s cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk;

nkhj;jk;

Neh;fhzYk;>

khfhz tya fy;tp cj;jpNahfj;jh;f s;

fl;lj;jpy;

fpuhkj; jiyth;fs;

cUthf;fy;

rptpy; r%f mikg;Gfs;

khzth;f spd; ngw;Nwhh;

Ma;tpd;

gioa khzth;fs;

jw;Nghija khzth;fs;

ml;ltiz 2: fye;JiuahlYk;.

nrhe;j

nkhopfspy;

vOjg;gl;l

gz;Grhh;

jfty;

Mq;fpyj;jpy;

nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;L ml;y]; /Ti Programme %yk; gFg;gha;Tf;nfd fzdpkag;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gFg;gha;T 26 gpujhd gphpTfSf;Fs; 78 Code Segments I ,dq;fz;lJ. SPSS Programme jfty; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;lJ.

I gad;gLj;jp msTrhh;

Ma;Tf; fl;lk; Ma;Tg; gFjpfs;. fz;b khtl;lq;fs;> Etnuypahtpy; Njhl;lj;Jiw> fhypapy; njw;F mk;gyhq;nfhl> `pf;fLt fiuNahug; gFjpfs;> Fiwe;j mgptpUj;jp ngw;w mDuhjGuk;> k`paq;fd> gJisapy;> fpuhe;JUf; Nfhl;il> Gj;jsj;jpy; Aj;jj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfs; Nghd;w Fiwe;j tUkhdKs;s efug; gFjpfspy; Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk;> Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjr nrayhshpdhy; toq;fg;gl;l gl;baypypUe;J Mq;fhq;F ,uz;L fpuhk Nritahsh; gphpTfs; ngwg;gl;ld. ,e;j Ma;tpy; tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khtl;lq;fs; mq;F fhzg;gl;l epiyik fhuzkhf Nrh;f;fg;gltpy;iy.

khjphp fpuhk Nritahshpd; ,y;yg; gl;baiy khjphpf; fl;Lf;Nfhg;ghfg; gad;gLj;jp> mDuhjGuk;> fhyp> fz;b> Etnuypah> gJis> Gj;jsk; (11 Ma;Tg; gFjpfs;) vd;W MW khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s fpuhk Nritahsh; gphpT xt;nthd;wpypUe;Jk;> mq;Fkpq;Fkhf ghlrhiyg; gps;isfs; cs;s 1000 ,y;yq;fs; (Households) nkhj;jkhf khjphpahfj; njhpT nra;ag;gl;ld. mq;Fkpq;Fkhfj; njhp;T nra;ag;gl;l 200 khjphpfspy;> r%fj;jpy; ey;y epiyapy; cs;s ,y;yq;fs; $Ljyhd tpfpjkhf ,Ue;jd. mth;fspd; r%f nghUshjhu epiyapd; mbg;gilapy; xg;gPl;L Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf trjpAs;s ,y;yq;fs; eLj;ju tFg;ghf Ma;tpy; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 100 khjphp Mrphpah;fspd; njhpthdJ> ,uz;L fl;l topKiwahf ,lk;ngw;wJ. Kjypy; ghlrhiyfs; njhpT nra;ag;gl;L gpd;dh; me;jg; ghlrhiyg; gl;baypy; ,Ue;J Mrphpah;fs; njhpT nra;ag;gl;ldh;. xt;nthU ghlrhiyapy; ,Ue;Jk; gj;J njhlf;fk; gjpide;J Mrphpah;fs;

njhpT nra;ag;gl;ldh;. rpy ghlrhiyfspy; 100 Mrphpah;fs; ,Ue;jdh;. $Ljyhd Mrphpah;fs; mq;Fkpq;Fkhfg; ngwg;gl;ldh;. rfy re;jh;g;gq;fspYk;> Fwpg;gpl;l mjpghpd; MNyhrizAk;> MjuTk; ngwg;gl;lJ. Mrphpah;fs; ghlrhiyapy;> my;yJ mth;fspd; ,y;yq;fspy; NtW tifahd tpdhf;nfhj;J %yk; Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;. rpy jlitfspy; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l Mrphpah;fs; tpdhf; nfhj;J eph;thfj;jpw;nfd tFg;giwf;F miof;fg;gl;ldh;. Fwpg;gpl;l Ma;Tg; gFjpfspy; cs;s tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfq;fspy; 100 khjphpf; fy;tp cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; mq;Fkpq;Fkhfj; nra;ag;gl;ldh;. rpyUf;F> tFg;giw mikg;gpy;> tpsf;fj;Jldhd nfhj;J toq;fg;gl;lJ. VidNahUf;F Fwpg;gpl;l jpdj;jpy; mDg;Gk;gbahd Ntz;LNfhSld; tpdhf; nfhj;J toq;fg;gl;lJ.

,Ue;J njhpT tpdhf; jpUg;gp

nkhj;j khjphp 1> 200 tpdhf;nfhj;J Neh;fhzy;fshf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> ,y;yj;jth;fs;> Mrphpah;fs;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; MfpNahh; jdpj;jdpahfg; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;ldh;. Mdhy; Njitahdtplj;J mth;fs; Ma;tpy; xd;W Nrh;f;fg;gl;ldh;.

khjphp mikg;G khjphpfspy;

,y;yk;

guhkhpg;ghsh;fs;

gyjug;gl;ljhf

(82%)

ghlrhiy

,Ue;jJ. tpl;L

ngw;Nwhh;>

ntspNawpNahh;

(3.9%)

khzth;fspd; cwtpdh;fs; (4.8%) fpuhkj; jiyth;fs; (6.9%) vd;W gy;NtW juj;jpdiuf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ; tiuglk; 2: ,y;y khjphpfspd; ,dj;Jt tpepNahfk; 1% 1% 14% 17% 67%

rpq;fsk; jkpo; K];ypk; VidNahh; fyg;G

100 Mrphpah;fspy; 23 Ngh; k`paq;fidapYk;> 18 Ngh; fz;bapYk;> 8 Ngh; Gj;jsj;jpYk;> 12 Ngh; fhypapYk;> 23 Ngh; EtnuypahtpYk; ,Ug;gth;fs; Vida 16 Mrphpah;fSk;> xNu ,lj;jpy; trpg;gth;fs;. Mdhy;> FUzhfy; (1)> gJis (5) mk;ghiw (1) kl;lf;fsg;G (1)> jpUNfhzkiy (4)> `k;ghe;Njhl;il (1)> nkhdwhfiy (2)> khj;jiw (11) Mfpa ,lq;fspy; cs;s ghlrhiyfspy; fw;gpj;jth;fs;. Neh;fhzg;gl;l cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs;> fz;b (29)> Gj;jsk; (14) Etnuypah (17) mDuhjGuk; (30)> fhyp (10) Mfpa ,lq;fisr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; ,th;fspy; xU Nkyjpf nrayhsh;> 6 gzpg;ghsh;fSk;> 51 cjtpg; gzpg;ghsh;fSk;> 32 Vida cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; cs;sdh;. tiuglk; 3: ,y;y khjphpfspd; Gtpapay; guk;gy;

10%

Etnuypah

12%

`l;ld;

(64)

Gj;jsk; (193)

10%

(122)

k`paq;fid (49) fpuhe;JU Nfhl;il (50)

12%

fz;b (200)

19%

mDuhjGuk;( 120) fhyp - `pf;fLt 20%

(103)

fhyp mk;;gyhq;nfhl(99)

khjphpf; Fzhjpraq;fs; 1000 ,y;y khjphpfspy; nkhj;j rdj;njhif 4>934> ruhrhp FLk;g msT 4.93 kpfr; rpwpa ,y;yq;fspd; ,uz;L NgUk; kpfg; nghpa ,y;yj;jpy; 19 NgUk; trpj;jdh;. nghpa ,y;yq;fspy; ,uz;L my;yJ $Ljyhd FLk;gq;fs; ,Ue;jd. fz;bapy; twpa Fiwe;j tUkhdKs;s ,y;yq;fspy; gy FLk;gq;fs; tho;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa re;jh;g;gj;jpy;> Ma;Tf;F xU FLk;gNk mq;Fkpq;Fkhf njhpT nra;ag;gl;lJ.

rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy;> ghlrhiyg; gps;isfspd; ngw;Nwhh;> FLk;gj; jiyth;fshf ,y;iy. ghl;ld;> ghl;b my;yJ tPl;Lf;Fr; nrhe;jf;fhuuhd khkh my;yJ khkp ,y;yj; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhh;. kjpg;gPl;bw;F ngw;Nwhh; ,y;yhjNghJ> ,U tp[aq;fspd; gpd;dh;> rpNu\;l my;yJ tpUk;gpj; jfty; ju Kd;te;j xUth; Neh;fhzg;gl;lhh;. rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ngw;Nwhh; my;yhjth;fs; rpWth;fisg; guhkhpj;jNghJ> mth;fs; ,y;yj;jpd; jiyth;f shff; fUjg;g l;ldh;. ,jdhy; jfty; toq;f pNahh; ngw;Nwhuhfj;jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w mtrpakpy;iy. ghlrhiy rpWth;fs; Mapuk;

,y;yq;fspYk;

,Ue;j

nkhj;j

ghlrhiy

khzth;fspd;

vz;zpf;if 1>800. mJ xU ,y;yj;jpw;F 1 – 4 rpWth; vd;W NtWgl;lJ. rpy ,y;yq;fspy; (70% Fiwe;j) xt;nthd;wpYk; ehd;F ghlrhiy khzth;fs; ,Ue;jdh;. xU ,y;yj;jpd; ruhrhpahd ghlrhiy khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if ,uz;lhFk;. tFg;G epiyik jho;e;j tFg;Gf; FLk;gq;fspy; ghlrhiy khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if $Ljyhf ,Ug;gJ Nghy; Njhd;wpdhYk;> ,y;yq;;fspd; tFg;G epiyikf;Fk;> ghlrhiyr; rpWth;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk; ,ilapy; njhlh;G ,Ug;gjhfj; njhpatpy;iy. ghlrhiy nry;yhj khzth;fs; vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;l 45 rpWth;fSk;> ngUk;ghYk; jho;e;j- kj;jpa kw;Wk; jho;e;j tFg;G ,y;yq;fisr; Nrh;e;jth;fs;. ,y;yq;fs; %d;W juq;fshf tFf;fg;gl;ld - jho;e;j> jho;e;j-kj;jpaju> kj;jpaju tFg;Gf;fs;. kpd;rhuk;> FbePh; tsk;> xU Fsph;rhjdg; ngl;b> xU njhiyf;fhl;rp> xU njhiyNgrp ,th;fspd; ,y;yj;jpy; ,Ug;gij itj;Nj ,e;jj; juq;fs; tFf;fg;gl;ld. khjphp [dj;njhifapy; tFg;G NtWghl;il mstpLtjw;F ,e;j Ie;J NtWghLfSldhd th;f;f msT rpwe;jjhFk;. ,jdhy; th;f;f msT gpd;tUk; ,y;yq;fis milahsg;gLj;jpaJ.

Tiuglk; 4: Ma;T ,lq;fspdhy; ,y;yq;fspd; tFg;G epiyikfs

,y;yq;fspd; khjphpfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit kj;jpaju tFg;Gf;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;ljhy;> kjpg;gPl;by; xU jhf;fk; Vw;gl;bUf;fyhk;. ,jdhy;> ,e;jf; fz;L gpbg;Gf;fs; ftdkhfg; ghprPypf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nghJthd ,yq;if [dj;njhifapd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; vd;w Nghh;itapy; ,it mikatpy;iy. ngw;Nwhh; fy;tp ngw;Nwhhpy; Rkhh;

24.7% jha;khh;> 27.9% je;ijkhh; MfpNahh; juk; 9

my;yJ mjw;Ff; Fiwthd fy;tpiaNa ngw;Ws;sdh;. NkYk;

25.2%

jha;khh;> 22.4% je;ijkhh;> juk; 11 my;yJ mjw;Fk; cah;e;j tFg;Gf; fy;tpiag; g+h;j;jp nra;Js;sdh;. Rkhh; 41.1% je;ijkhUk;> 44% jha;khUk; juk; 9> 10 my;yJ 11 I g+h;j;jp nra;Js;sdh;. jha;khUk; khj;jpuNk fy;tp fw;ftpy;iy.

0.3% je;ijahUk;> 1.3%

Vida ,dj;Jtf; FOf;fSld; xg;gpLifapy; jkpo;> K];ypk; ngw;NwhNu Fiwe;j fy;tpiag; ngw;Ws;sdh;. jkpo; ngw;Nwhhpy; Rkhh; miuthrpg;Ngh; 47.3% jha;khUk; 47.3% je;ijahUk;> K];ypk; ngw;Nwhhpy; 45.5% jha;khUk; 49%

je;ijahUk;>

juk;

my;yJ

mjw;Ff;

FiwthfNt

fy;tp

ngw;Ws;sdh;. K];ypk; ngw;Nwhhpy; 0.7% jha;khUk;> je;ijkhhpy; vtUk; juk; 13 tiu fy;tp fw;ftpy;iy. jkpo; ngw;NwhhpilNa ve;j xU jhAk; 0.6% jfg;gd;khUk; juk; 13 my;yJ mjw;Fk; $Ljyhfg; gbf;ftpy;iy. je;ijapd; fy;tp kl;lk; jhahhpd; fy;tp kl;lj;Jld; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpjj;jpy; xj;jpUe;jJ. ngw; N whhpd; tFg; G epiyAk; > fy; t p kl; l Kk; mNefkhfj; njhlh;Gilaitahff; fhzg;gl;lJ. kj;jpaju tFg;gpd; juk; 9 f;Ff; Fiwe;j fy;tp kl;lj;jpy; 17.6% je;ijkhNu ,Ue;jdh;. juk; 13 tiuapy; my;yJ mjw;Fk; $Ljyhf fy;tpfw;w 79.2% je;ijkhh; kj;jpaju tFg;igr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; jha;khhpd; fy;tpiaf; ftdj;jpw;F vLf;ifapy; fy;tp kl;lk;> juk; 13 my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;ljhf ,Ue;j> 86.7 rjtPjkhNdhh; kj;jpa ju tFg;igr; Nrh;e;jth;fs;. Ntiy tha;g;G 896 ,y;yq;fspy; (89.6%) tPl;Lj; jiyth; Ntiy tha;g;Gg; ngw;wpUe;jhh;. cah;juj;jpyhd Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fs; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;ifapy; (5.5%) th;j;jfk;> tpahghuk; Mfpa njhopy;fspy; 19.8% ,Ue;jdh;. $LjyhNdhh;> ,ae; j pukakhd njhopy; f spy; ,Uf; i fapy; > njhopyhsh; f s; > Ntiyaw;Nwhh; 22% ,Ue;jdh;. tFg;G epiyikAk; Ntiy tha;g;Gj; juq;fSk; ntFthf xd;iwnahd;W nghpJk; rhh;e;jpUe;jd.

4. Ma;tpd; KbTfs; tPL NjhWk; nkhj;j kjpg;gPL> nghJthf fy;tp mikg;G cah;e;j juj;jpy; jpUg;jpfukhf ,Ug;gijg; Gyg;gLj;jpaJ. tFg;gpy; jkJ gps;isfspd; nraw;ghl;il itj;Nj ngw;Nwhh; fw;gpj;jy; gw;wpa mgpg;gpuhaj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sdh;. tFg;gpy; Kjy; 20 – 25% j;jpw;Fs; gps;is tUkhdhy; ngw;Nwhh; fw;gpj;jiy rpwe;jjhf fUjpdh;. Mrphpahpd; tUif> tPl;Lg; ghlNtiy eph;thfk;> ghlj; jpl;lk; g+h;j;jp nra;ag;gly;> fw;gpj;jypy; njspT vd;gd ngw;Nwhiu topelj;Jk; Vida mk;rq;fshFk;. kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l 1000 ,y;yq;fspy; 968 ,y;yq;fs; (1756 ghlrhiyg; gps;isfis cs;slf;fpaJ.) tFg;giw fw;gpj;jy; gw;wpa tpdhTf;F tpilaspj;jdh;. ,th;fspy; Rkhh; 80 rjtPjkhNdhh; jpUg;jpfuk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;. tiuglk; 5: ghlrhiyapy; gps;isapd; fy;tp gw;wpa ngw;Nwhhpd; czh;T.

,e;jg; nghJthd Mf;fg+h;tj; jftiy tpLj;J Neh;fhzy;fs;> fy;tpapy; gy tifahd Coy; xOq;fPdq;fs; epyTtijg; Gyg;gLj;jpd. Fwpg;ngLg;gij Rygkhf;f> Ma;Tg; ngWNgWfs; gpd;tUk; ehd;F gphpTfSf;Fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

4.1 ghlrhiy kl;l Coy; ,e;jg; gue;j jukhd tplaq;fis cs;thq;Ftjpy; gytPdkhd epjp> eph;thfKk;> Kfhikj;JtKk;> ghlrhiyr; nrhj;ij J\;gpuNahfk; nra;jy;> Mrphpah;fs;> jdpahh; tFg;Gf;fis elj;JjYk;> tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jiy Gwf;fzpg;gJk;> Mrphpahpd; jukw;w elj;ij> jdpr;rYif fhz;gpj;jy;> mjpgh;fs;> cwtpdh;fis njhz;L Mrphpah;fshf epakpj;jy; vd;gd ghlrhiy mDkjp njhlh;ghd gpujhd gpur;rpidfshFk;.

4.2 fl;lzq;fSk; nfhLg;gdTfSk; gy;NtW nfhLg;gdTfs; rpy fy;tp mikr;rpdhy; mq;fPfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lit. Vidait mq;fPfhuk; ngwg;glhjit. ,tw;iw ,dq;fhz;gjd; %yk; ,y;yq;fSf;fhd fy;tpr; nryit eph;zapf;f ,e;jj; jug;gphptpy; Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. cah;e;j rkdw;w nryTf;fhd xU fhuzk; mjpgh;fSf;Fk;> ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jp rq;fq;fSf;Fk;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSf;Fk;> ghlrhiy mDkjpapy; jdpr; rYiffSk;> ghlrhiy mjpfhhpfspd; ed;kjpg;igg; ngWjy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhf nrYj;jg;gLk; ,ufrpaf; nfhLg;gdthFk;. ,e;j nfhLg;gdTfis ep&gpg;gJ fbdnkdpDk;> ghlrhiyapy; gps;isfis itj;jpUg;gjpy; ngw;NwhUf;F ,J jlq;fyhfyhk;. vdNt ,e;jf; nfhLg;gdTfs; fy;tpiag; ngWtjpy; rpWth;fspd; rkj;Jt chpikapy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

4.3 eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd xOq;fPd eilKiwfs;. ,J tya> khfhz> mikr;R kl;lq;fspy; Kf;fpakhf Mrphpah;> mjpgh; ,lkhw;wq;fs;> epakdq;fs;> gjtp cah;Tfs; njhlh;ghf xOq;fPd eilKiwfs; gw;wpaJ. Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fs;> mNdfkhf> cah; eph;thfg; gjtpfSf; F juhjukw; w Mdhy; > murpay; njhlh; G s; s cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSf;Nf gjtp cah;Tfs; toq;fg;gLtjhff; $wpdh;.

4.4 CoYf;F vjpuhd Kiwg;ghLfs; Coy; njhlh;ghd Nghf;Ffs;> nghJthf xOq;fPd eltbf;iffs;> nghJkf;fs; ,tw;iw vt;thW vjph;nfhs;fpwhh;fs;> mth;fs; Kiwg;ghL nra;fpwhh;fsh? my;yJ nksdkhf ,Uf;fpwhh;fsh vd;gJ ,e;jj; juj;jpd; fPo;tUk;.

4.1

ghlrhiy kl;l Coy;

,g;gphptpyhd fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;> ghlrhiy mDkjp Nghd;W rpWth;fs; kPjhd ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; ghhpa mstpyhd mf;fiwfs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. tjptpl tpjp> ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs;> ju cs;sPL kw;Wk; trjp Fiwe;j khtl;lq;fspypUe;J tUk; khzth;fSf;F gy;fiyf;fof mDkjp nfhLf;fntd mKy; nra;ag;gl;l ~~khtl;l Nfhl;lh” mikg;G vt;thW J\;gpuNahfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;gd ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. nkhj;jkhf> ngUk;ghyhd ,y;yq;fs; (57.1%) fy;tp mikg;G nghJthf Coy; epiwe;jJ vd;w fUj;ij epuhfhpj;Js;sd. murhq;fg; ghlrhiy mikg;G> mNefkhf Coy; epiwe;jJ vd;gij 21.5% (Ie;jpy; xU klq;F) ,y;yq;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ld. 21.4% ,y;yq;fs; gf;fr;rhh;gw;w fUj;ijj; njhptpj;jd. 1970 fSf;F Ke;jpa rfhg;jj;Jld; xg;gpLifapy; ghlrhiy mikg;G rPh; Fiye;;J tpl;ljh vd;W Nfl;fg;gl;lnghOJ> 29% ,y;yq;fs; Mk; vd;wd> 30.6% Mrphpah;fSk;> 42.4% fy;tp cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk;> fw;gpj;jy; xU njhopy; vd;gjpy; tPo;r;rp fz;Ls;sJ vd;W xg;Gf; nfhz;ldh;.

4.1.1 ghlrhiy mDkjp rpWth;fspd; ghlrhiy mDkjp> Kf;fpakhf juk; xd;wpw;F kw;Wk; mjpy; Coy; ,lk;ngWtJ vd;gd ghlrhiy mikg;Gf;Fs; mjpfk; Ngrg;gLk; tplakhFk;. rl;l tpNuhjkhff; nfhLg;gdTfs; Nkw;nfhz;lik my;yJ ghlrhiyapy; gps;isfis mDkjpf;f nry;thf;ifg; gad;gLj;jpaik Nghd;wd kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gl;l gyUk; njhptpf;ftpy;iy. gps;isfSf;fhd juk; xd;wpw;fhd mDkjp gw;wpg; ngw;Nwhh; ftdpf;ifapy; ghlrhiyfspd; gpurpj;jk; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. ghPl;irg; ngWNgWfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf ghlrhiyapd; gpurpj;jk; (cah;e;j juj;jpyhd ghlrhiyah?) ghltpjhdj;Jf;F Gwk;ghd eltbf;iffs;> tpisahl;L trjpfs; kw;Wk; Mq;fpyk; fw;gpj;jy; vd;gdtw;iw jkJ gps;isfSf;F ghlrhiy mDkjp NfhUk;NghJ kj;jpaju ,y;yq;fs; ftdj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhz; l d. gy ngw; N whh; jkJ gps; i sfs; ghP l ; i rfspy; rpj;jpailahtpl;lhYk; rpwe;j ghlrhiyapd; gioa khzth;fshf ,Ug;gpd;> jdpahh; Jiwapy; Ntiytha;g;igg; ngw KbAk; vd;w fUj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;;.

rpwe;j ghlrhiyfSf;fhd fpuhf;fp ngUk; Nghl;bf;F toptFj;jJ. ,J ghlrhiyfspilNa NtWghLfis cUthf;fpaJ. Ie;jhk; Mz;Lg; Gyikg; ghprpy; ghPl;ir kw;Wk; fy;tpg; nghJj;juhju rhjhuzjuk;> fy;tp nghJj; juhju cah;jug;; ghPl;ir vd;gdtw;wpy; khzth;fspd; nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; gpujpgypj;jJ> Ma;tpd;; gpufhuk;> mjpfhpj;j Nghl;b CoYf;F toptFj;jJ vd;W 50% mjpfhhpfs; xg;Gf; nfhz;ldh;. ghlrhiy mDkjpfSf;fhd eilKiwiaj; njhpag;gLj;Jk; fy;tp mikr;rpd; Rw;W epUgk;; 2006/20 ,y;; trjpf;fl;lzk;> ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fj;jpw;fhd fl;lzk; jtph;e;j NtW fl;lzk; mwtplg;gLtij jil nra;Ak; gphpT 1.5> vd;gd kPwg;gl;lij ,J Rl;bf; fhl;LfpwJ. Rw;W epUgj;jpy;> Mff;$ba my;yJ Mff;Fiwe;j fl;lz vy;iy eph;zapf;fg;glhjpUg;gJ epiyikia NkYk; Nkhrkhf;fpAs;sJ. 4.1.1.1 tjptpl tpjpKiwj; J\;gpuNahfk; nra;jy;

ghlrhiyf;F mz;ikapy; trpg;gJ xU Kf;fpa mk;rk; vd;w tifapy;> juk; xd;wpf;fhd mDkjp eilKiw gps;isfs; Fwpg;gpl;l tpjpKiwia g+h;j;jp nra;Ak; Njitiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J vg;gbNah CoYf;F toptFj;Js;sJ. Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F Kd;djhfNt rpy rkaq;fspy; gps;is gpwe;jTlNdNa ghlrhiy mDkjpf;F gy ngw;Nwhh; Vw;ghLfs; nra;tij ,t;tha;thdJ Gyg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ghlrhiyf;F mz;ikapy; tPl;ilf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;> Fj;jiff;F vLj;jy; my;yJ thliff;F vLj;jy; vd;gJ xU Kaw;rpahf cs;sJ. gy ngw;Nwhh; FWf;Ftopfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. ,j;jifa nraw;ghLfs; CoYf;fhd topKiwahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mNefkhf> FLk;gk; ghlrhiyf;F mz;ikapy; trpf;fpwjh vd;W fpuhkNrtfhpd; mj;jhl;rpg; gj;jpuk; Njitg;glhj NghjpYk;> tjptplk; gw;wp cz;ik epiyiag; ghh;f;Fk;gb fpuhkNrtfh;fis mjpgh;fs; Nfl;gJz;L. ,J rpyNtisfspy;> ngw;Nwhh; rhd;wpjio ngw Kw;glhJ tpiy nfhLj;J thq;Ftjw;F topaikj;Js;sJ. tjptpl tpjpahdJ> thliff;F my;yJ Fj;jiff;F vLf;fg;gLk; tPLfspy; trpf;Fk; ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd rpWth;fisAk;> Mq;fhq;F rpjwp thOk; twpa FLk;gr; rpWth;fisAk; ghjpj;Js;sjhf 90% Mrphpah;fSk;> 95% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; xg;Gf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. Kf;fpakhf fz;bapd; gpurpj;j ghlrhiyfSf;F rkPgkhf ghuk;gupakhd Myaq;fSf;Fr;

nrhe;jkhd fhzpapy;> gy FLk;gq;fs; thliff;F my;yJ Fj;jiff;F trpj;J tUfpd;wd. vdpDk;> tjptplj;ij ep&gpf;f jFe;j Mtzq;fs; ,y;iy vd;w mbg;gilapy; ,th;fs; mUfpy; cs;s gpurpj;j ghlrhiyfSf;F mDg;gpa tpz;zg;gq;fs; epuhfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. tjptplj; Njit gy FiwghLfisf; nfhz;bUg;gjhff; 80% Mrphpah;fSk; 81% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; fUJfpd;wdh;. 60 – 70% Mrphpah;fs; ,J CoYf;F toptFf;Fk; vd;W Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sdh;. ghlrhiy mDkjpj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; xU gps;isf;F toq;fg;gLk; Gs;spfs; Fwpj;Jk;> rpy ngw;Nwhh; Nfs;tp vOg;gpAs;sdh;. 4.1.1.2 jufh;fspd; tfpghfk;

rpy gFjpfspy; jufh;fs; fl;lzk; mwtpl;Lf; nfhz;L Njitahd Mtzq; f isj; jahh; nra; t Jld; ghlrhiy mDkjpf; f hd cj;juthjj;ijAk; toq;Ffpd;wdh;. mjpgh;fs;> mDkjpf;fhd Neh;fhzy; rig cj;jpNahj;jh;fs; MfpNahUld; neUf;fkhd cwitf; nfhz;bUg;gjhf fUjg;gLk; ,e;jj; jufh;fs;> ngUe;njhifg; gzj;ij rpy rkaq;fspy; gy yl;rk; &ghf;fis> mwtpl;Ls;sdh;. ,th;fspd; tfpghfk; gw; w p Vida gFjpfisg; ghh; f ; f pYk; fhypapy; $Ljyhf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jg; gFjpapy; xU gpurpj;jkhd ghlrhiyapy; vdJ kfis mDkjpg;gjw;fhf xU jufUf;F ehd;; 80>000 &ghitf; nfhLj;j NghjpYk; mJ rhj;jpakhftpy;iy. jufh; rpW jtizf; fl;lzkhf me;jg; gzj;ij kPsr; nrYj;jp tUfpwhh;. kj;jpa kiyg; gFjpiar; Nrh;e;j xU ngw;Nwhh;

njhlh;e;J me;juq;fkhfg; Ngzg;gLk; vd;W cWjpnkhop toq;fg;gl;l NghjpYk;> ghlrhiy mDkjp gw;wpa Nfs;tpf;Fg; gjpy; mspg;gjpy;> kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhh;> jaf;fk; fhl;LtJ njhpa te;Js;sJ. mth;fspd; rpWth;fs; Vw;nfdNt ghlrhiyapy; fy;tp fw;gjhy; mth;fs; gopthq;fg;gLthh;fNsh vd;W gaj;jpd; fhuzkhf gjpyspf;f tpUk;gtpy;iy.

4.1.1.3 gzKk; nry;thf;Fk;

rpy ,y;yq;fs; (8.1% my;yJ 81 ,y;yq;fs;) mjpgh;fSf;F ,yQ;rk; nfhLj;jjhf xg;Gf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,th;fspy; 38% fz;bapy; ,Ue;Jk;> 18.5% mDuhjGuj;jpy; ,Ue;JkhFk;. Vida Fwpg;gpl;lj;jf;f ,lq;fs;> fhyp/`pf;fLit>

Etnuypah

vd;gdthFk;.

mjpgh;fSf;F

,yQ;rk;

toq;fpa Rkhh; 57% ,y;yq;fs; kj;jpa ju tFg;igr; Nrh;e;jit. 14% Mrphpah;fSk;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; $l jkJ gps;isfis mDkjpg; g jw; F ngUe; n jhifg; gzj; i j mjpgh; f Sf; F k; /ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; toq;fpAs;sdh;. gpurpj;j ghlrhiyfspy; mjpgh;fs;> vt;thW jdpg;gl;l thfdq;fis itj;Jf; nfhz; L k; > Mlk; g u tPLfspy; tho; e ; J nfhz; L k; ,Uf; f pwhh; f s; ? ehnky;NyhUk; xNu msT rk;gsj;ijj;jhd; ngWfpNwhk;. f\;lg;gFjpapy; cs;s ghlrhiy mjpgh;.

ghlrhiy mDkjp njhlh;ghf mjpgh;fSf;F ,yQ;rk; nfhLj;j FLk;gk; gw;wpj; njhpAkh vd;W Nfl;fg;gl;lnghOJ> 36% Mrphpah;fs;> 34% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; Mk; vd;W gjpyspj;jdh;. ghlrhiyfSf;F rpWth;fis mDkjpg;gjw;F mjpgh;fs; toikahf ,yQ;rk; thq;Ffpd;wdh; vd;gNj 89% Mrphpah;fspdJk; 81% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fspdJk; fUj;jhFk;. 90% Mrphpah;fSk; cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; Rthu];akhd tplakhFk;.

,jidf;

fz;bj;jpUg;gJ

Rkhh; 155 ,y;yq;fs; (15.5%) jhk; ngUe;njhifg; gzj;ij ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jpr;

rq;fq;fSf;F

toq;fpajhfTk;>

Rkhh;

jhk;

murpay;thjpfisj; njhlh;G nfhz;ljhfTk;> 7% cah; fy;tp mjpfhhpfis ehbajhfTk; njhptpj;jdh;. ngw;Nwhh; murpay;thjpfSld; njhlh;G nfhz;l rk;gtq;fs; gw;wp jkf;Fj; njhpe;jpUe;jjhf 19% Mrphpah;fSk;> 41% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; njhptpj;jdh;. ghlrhiyfspy; rpWth;fis mDkjpg;gjw;F njhpe;j FLk;gq;fSf;Fk;> cwtpdh;fSf;Fk; fy;tp cj; j pNahfj; j h; f s; cjTtjhf cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; mwptpj;Js;sdh;.

98%

Mrphpah; f Sk; >

89%

tiuglk; 6: cq;fs; gps;is ghlrhiyf;F mDkjpf;fg;gl;lNghJ> ,tw;iw ePq;fs; nra;jPh;fsh/ vjph;nfhs;s Neh;;e;jjh? (Nfs;tp 3.9)

gps;isfSf;F mDkjp ngWtjw;F ngw;Nwhh; ghlrhiyfSf;F mNefkhd md;gspg;Gf;fis toq;fpdh;. rpyh; me;jf; nfhLg;gdTfSf;Fk; mg;ghy; nrd;W tFg;giwfis mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jdh; my;yJ ghlrhiyf;Fj; jsghlq;fis nfhs;tdT nra;J nfhLj;jdh;. ,it Coy; eltbf;iffsh vd;W Nfl;lNghJ> 21.4% Mrphpah;fSk;> 23% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; ,t;thW epidf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy;> ghlrhiyfis Nkk;gLj;jj; ~~jhkhf tpUk;gp toq;fpa md;gsp;g;Gfs;|| vd;Nw fUjpdhh;fs;. vdpDk;> vQ;rpa 78.6% Mrphpah;fSk;> 77% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk;> ,e;j eilKiwfs;> Coiy rpwpJ Gyg;gLj;Jtjhf xg;Gf; nfhz;ldh;. tiuglk; 7 : ghlrhiy mDkjp (Nfs;tp 2.0) vJTkpy;iy fzprkhf

rpy rkaq;fspy; vg;nghOJk;

mNefkhf gjpyspf;fg;gltpy;iy

100% 80% 60%

gjpy; (%) 40% 20% 0%

,yq;ifapy; ghlrhiy mikg;gpy; mDkjp eilKiwapy; cwtpdUf;fhd rYif xU toikahd nraw;ghL

ghlrhiyfSf;F rpWth;fis mDkjpg;gjw;F mjpgh;fs; gzk; thq;FtJ ,ay;ghdjhFk;.

mwpf;iffs; 38

Ma;Tf;Fl;gl;l gyUk; Fwpg;gpl;lJNghd;W> ghlrhiy mDkjpf;F “jFe;j” jpl;lk; ,y;yhik gy;NtW tifahd CoYf;fhd fhuzkhf cs;sJ. 2008/21

Rw;W

epUgj;jpy;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;lgb

Gjpa

mDkjp

eilKiw>

gpur; r pidfSf; F toptFf; F k; vd; W 80-85% Mrphpah; f Sk; cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; fUj;Jifapy;> ghlrhiyfSf;F mz;ikapy; trpg;gth;fSf;Fk;> ghlrhiyg; gioa khzth;fSf;Fk;> jkJ gps;isfis mDkjpg;gjpy; ,J cjttpy;iy vd;W ngw;Nwhh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. ghlrhiyf;F rPnke;J nghjpfis toq;fpa ngw;Nwhhpd; gps;isfSf;F mDkjpapd;NghJ Nkyjpf Gs;spfs; toq;fg;gl;ld. xU jhAldhd Neh;fhzy;.

mDkjp eilKiwapy; cs;s gpur;rpidfshy;> rpy gps;isfs; ghlrhiy Neuj;ij rpy rkak; Xuhz;L tiu ,oe;jdh;. Rkhh; 8% Mrphpah;fSk; 22% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; ,j;jifa gps;isfs; gw;wp mwpe;jpUg;gjhfj; njhptpj;jdh;. mDkjp tpjpKiwapy; FiwghL> gpurpj;j ghlrhiyfSf;fhd mDkjpapy; jPtpu Nghl;b vd;gdtw;wpdhYk; ghlrhiy mDkjpapy; xOq;fPd eltbf;iffs; ,Ug;gJ njhpfpwJ. ,J rpWth;fs; fy;tpiag; ngWtjpy; khj;jpuky;yhJ rkj;Jtj;jpYk;> ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ. fhuzk; trjpahd ngw;Nwhh;> ghlrhiyfspy; jk; gps;isfis Nrh;g;gjw;F ,yQ;rk; toq;fTk;> my;yJ nry;thf;ifg; gad;gLj;jTk; Kbe;j epiyapy; VidNahh; ,jdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldh;. fy;tpg; nghJj;juhju rhjhuzk; rpj;jpaile;j vd; kUkfd;> njw;fpy; xU ghlrhiyap y ; mDkjp ngw Kad; w NghJ mjp g h; 75>000 &gh Nfl; l hh; . FLk;gj;jpdhplk; mt;tsT gzk; ,y;iy vd;W nrhd;dJk;> khfhzg; gzpg;ghshplkpUe;J fbjk; nfhz;LtUk;gb Nfl;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;> mjidf; nfhLj;jJk;> tFg;giw xd;iwf; fl;Ltjw;F kPz;Lk; gzk; Nfhug;gl;lJ. tFg;giwiaf; fl;bj; jUjy; my;yJ gzj;ijr; nrYj;Jjy; vd;gNj filrpf; Nfhhpf;ifahFk;. ,d;dKk; tptfhuk; jPh;f;fg;glhJ khztd; ghlrhiyapy; mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. fy;tp mikr;rpd; cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs;.

4.1.2 ghlg; Gj;jfq;fs;. tpepNahfj;jpy; jhkjKk;> juk; Fiwe;j ghlg;Gj;jfq;fSk;> Coy; vd;W tFf; f g; g l Kbahtpl; l hYk; > ,e; j g; gpur; r pidfs; mikg; G j; jpwikapd;ikiaAk;> rhpahd jpl;lkply;> Nkw;ghh;it Nghd;wd ,y;yhjikiaAk; fhz;gpf;fpd;wd. ,yq;ifapy;> murhq;fk; ghlrhiyg;; gps;isfSf;F ,ytrkhfg; ghlg; Gj;jfq;fisAk;> rPUilfisAk; toq;FfpwJ. ,y;yq;fspy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

kjpg;gPl;by;>

96.7%

gps;isfspd;

fhg;ghsh;fs; (1>741) ,e;j tplak; njhlh;ghf gjpy; mspj;jdh;. 6.2% ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs; fpilf;ftpy;iy vd;Wk;> 23.3% Neufhyj;jpy; mit fpilf;ftpy;iy vd;Wk; njhptpj;jdh;. 95% $Ljyhd Mrphpah;fSk; cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk;> ghlg;Gj;jf tpepNahfj;jpy; jhkjk; ,Ug;gjhfTk; mJ fy;tpiag; ghjpj;jjhfTk; $Wifapy; 58% Mrphpah;fSk;> 56% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; Nghf;Ftuj;J Vw;ghLfNs fhuzk; vd;W Fw;wk; rhl;bdh;.

rPuw;w

tiuglk; 8: ,e;jg; ghlrhiy Mz;by; khzth; ghlg;Gj;jfq;fis Neu fhyj;jpy; ngw;wduh? (Nfs;tp 3.1) Neufhyj;Jld; fpilj;jJ

Neufhyj;jpy; fpilf;ftpy;iy .

gpuNjr mbg;gilapy;

3% 3%

77%

23%

3% 6%

Gj;jsk; fpuhkpa - rpq;fsg; gFjp

fhyp - `pf;fLt

fz;b

`l;ld;

Etnuypah

fpuhe;JU Nfhl;Nl

Etnuypah> `l;ld;> fz;b Mfpa gpuNjrj;ijr; Nrh;e;j rpW vz;zpf;ifapyhd khzth;fNs jhk; ghlg; Gj;jfq;fSf;F gzk; nrYj;j Ntz;bapUe;jjhff; $wpdhh;. ghlg;Gj;jf nfhs;tdT my;yJ gpujp vLj;jy; njhlh;ghd nfhLg;gdT gw;wpa kjpg;gPl;by;> 2008 ,y; xt;nthU khztUk;> khjhe;jk; ruhrhp 525 &ghit nrytpl;Ls;sik njhpa te;Js;sJ. ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs; ,y;yhik> my;yJ mtw;iw tpiyf;F nfhs;tdT nra;jy; vd;gdtw;why; rpwpa vz;zpf;ifapyhd khzth;fNs ghjpf;fg;gl;l NghjpYk;> tpepNahfj;jpy; jhkjk;> fy;tpj; juj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

4.1.3 ju cs;sPL ju cs;sPLfSf;fhd khdpak; vd;gJ ngw;NwhUf;F tYitr; Rkj;jhky;> tFg;giwapy; nray; KiwfSf;fhd cgfuzq;fs;> Nkyjpf fw;gpj;jy; cgfuzq;fs;> Nghd;w E}y;fs; jtph;e;j Vidatw;iwf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;fhfNt toq;fg;gLfpwJ. gy Rw;W epUgq;fSk;> xU ifNaLk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld; tya> khfhz kl;lq;fspy; mjpgh;fSf;Fk;> Mrphpah;fSf;Fk; ju cs;sPLfis vt;thW gad;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J gy gapw;rp newpfs; elj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j Kaw;rpfspd; tpisthf ,y;yq;fspy; $Ljyhd rjtPjkhdit ju cs;sPL gw;wp njhptpj;Js;sd. ,y;yj;jth;fsplk; Mrphpah;fs;> mjpgh;fs; %yk; ju cs;sPLfs; J\;gpuNahfk; nra;Ak; rhj;jpak; cs;sjh vd;W Nfl;fg;gl;lNghJ 20% Mdth;fSf;F khj;jpuNk mJ ,Ug;gJ gw;wpj; njhpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. 35% ,y;yq;fs; khj;jpuNk> ,e;j khdpaq;fs; jtwhf Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk; rhj;jpak; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;ld. ngw;Nwhh; Mrphpah; rq;fj;jpd; jPtpu cWg;gpdh; xUth;> jdf;F ju cs;sPLfs; gw;wp njhpahJ vdf; $wpdhh;. ngw;Nwhh; Mrphpah; rq;fg; nghUshsh;> ngw;NwhhpypUe;Nj toikahf epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. (kjpg;gPL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rkak;) mg;gFjpiar; Nrh;e;j gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdh; epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhh;. fle;j ngw;Nwhh; Mrphpah; rq;ff; $l;lj;jpy;> ehd; fzf;Ffs; gw;wp gy tpdhf;fis vOg;g tpUk;gpaNghjpYk;> je;jpukhd Kiwapy; tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;ij> ,e;j murpay;thjp tpiutpy; mq;fPfhpf;fr; nra;jjpy; Nfs;tp Nfl;f ehd; mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. Mrphpauhf ,Ue;j cjtpg; nghUshsh;> %yg; gw;Wr; rPl;Lf;fisj; njhiyj;J tpl;ljhff; fhuzk; fhl;b ghlrhiyf;F ehd; nfhs;tdT nra;j cgfuzq;fSf;F Gjpa gw;Wr; rPl;Lf;fisg; ngWtjw;F vd;dplk; gy jlitfs; te;Js;shh;. ju cs;sPLfSf;F vd;d ele;jpUf;Fk; vd;gij vd;dhy; czu Kbe;jJ. mLj;j ngw;Nwhh; Mrphpah; rq;ff; $l;lj;jpy; ,it gw;wp ehd; tprhhpg;Ngd; xU ngw;Nwhh;

njhz;Z}w;nwl;Lr; rjtPj Mrphpah;fSk;> 91% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk;> ju cs;sPLfspy;

rpy

tifahd

tpuak;

,Ug;gjhff;

$wpdhh;.

94%

Mrphpah;fSk;> 98% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk;> mtw;wpd; ghtid gw;wp gy ghlrhiyfs; njspthfj; njhpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. mjdhy;> Kfhikj;Jt xOq;fPdk; fhzg;gLtjhfTk; xg;Gf; nfhz;ldh;. Kf;fpakhf ngUe;Njhl;lj;jpYk;> gpd;jq;fpa fpuhkpag; ghlrhiyfspYk;> ju cs;sPLfs; jtwhfg; gad; g Lj; j g; g l; L s; s jhf cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; fUjpdhh;fs;.

89%

Mrphpah; f Sk; >

86%

fy; t p mikr; r pd; topfhl; l y; f s; ,Ue; j NghjpYk; mjpgh; f s; epjpg; gpukhzq;fisapl;L mr;rk; nfhz;bUg;gjhy;> xJf;fg;gl;l gzkhdJ cgNahfpf;fg;glhky;> ju cs;sPLfs; tpuakhfptpLfpwJ. gy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; mjp g h; f sp d ; mwp a hik my; y J myl; r p a k; fhuzkhf gp u r; r p i dfs; vOe;Js;sd. Nghypg; gw;Wr;rPl;Lf;fs; toq;Ftjd; %yk;> Mrphpah;fSk;> mjpgh;fSk; J\; g p u Nahfk; nra; t jhy; ju cs; s P L fsp d hy; khzth; f s; ed; i k miltjpy;iy. ,e;jg; ghlrhiyfs;> tFg;gpy; ifapUg;gpy; itg;gjw;nfd;W jtiz Muk;gj;jpy;> ngd;rpy; Nghd;w cgfuzq;fisf; nfhz;L tUkhW khzth;fis Nfl;fpd;wd. Mdhy; ,jpy; rpwpa msNt khzth;fSf;F tpepNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ. vQ;rpa ifapUg;Gf;F vd;d elf;fpwJ vd;W vkf;Fj; njhpatpy;iy. Mrphpah;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;

tiuglk; 9: ju cs;sPLfs; (Nfs;tp 25.0)

ju cs;sPLfs; gad;gLj;jg;glhik> ju cs;sPl;L khdpaq;fis jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jy; my;yJ J\;gpuNahfk; nra;jy;> ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jpr; rq;f $l;lq;fspy; ,e;jf; fzf;Ffis rkh;g;gpf;fhik> ju cs;sPLfs; gw;wp ngw;NwhUf;F mwpTWj;jhik vd;gd mjpgh;fs;> Mrphpah;fisg; nghWj;jtiu Coy; eltbf;ifahFk;. ,JTk;> fy;tpapd; juk; gw;wpa tpdhf;fis vOg;gpAs;sJ.

4.1.4 Mz;L - 5 cgfhug; gzk; mbf;fb Fwpg;gplg;glhtpbDk;> Viog; gps;isfSf;F Neufhyj;jpy; Mz;L5 cgfhug; gzk; toq;fg;glhik vd;gJk; CoyhfNt fUjg;gLfpwJ.

4.1.5

khzth;fSf;fhd fw;if tpLKiw

mNefkhd ghlrhiyfs;> Kf;fpakhf fy;tpg; nghJj; juhju rhjhuz juk; kw;Wk; fy;tpg; nghJj; juhju cah; juk; tFg;Gf;fspy; fw;Fk; khzth;fSf;F fw;if tpLKiw toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ghPl;irfs; elf;ftpUf;Fk; ,uz;lhtJ Mz;L Kbtpy;> rpy rkaq;fspy; %d;W khjq;fSf;F NkyhfTk; ,J toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J fy;tp mikr;rpd; 2006/45 Rw;W epUgj;jpw;F KuzhdJ. rpNu\;l fy;tp mikr;R mjpfhhp xUtUldhd Neh;fhzypd; NghJ jtizf; filrpj; jpdk; tiu khzth;fSf;F fy;tp Nghjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; ,e;j yPT toq;fg;gLkhapd; ghPl;ir vOJtjw;F 80% tUif Njitia g+h;j;jp nra;tJ f\;lk; vd;Wk; Rl;bf;fhl;bdhh;. ve;j xU ghlrhiyahtJ fw;if tpLKiwapy; khzth;fis mDg;Gkhdhy;> mJ tpjpKiwfis ghuJ}ukhf kPWtJld;> Coy; eltbf;ifAkhFk; vd;Wk; mth; fUJfpwhh;. khzth;fs; fy;tpg; nghJj; juhju cah;jug; ghPl;ir vOJtjw;F Kd;djhf %d;W khjq;fSf;F fw;if tpLKiw toq;fg;gLfpwJ. Mrphpah;fs; vd;d nra;fpwhh;fs;? mNefkhf mth;fs; jdpahh; tFg;Gf;fis elj;Jfpwhh;fs;. gy Mrphpah;fs; fhiyapy; jk;kplk; gapYk; mNj khzth;fSf;F gpw;gfypy; jdpahh; tFg;Gfis elj;Jfpwhh;fs;. ,J Nfhl;ghLfis kPWtjhFk;. ,J xU tif Coy; eltbf;ifNa. FGD apy; xU r%f mikg;G

fy;tpg; nghJj; juhju rhjhuzk;;> fy;tp nghJj; juhju cah;ju tFg;G khzth;fSf;F xU khjk; njhlf;fk; %d;W khj fhy fw;if tpLKiwiaj; jkJ ghlrhiyfs; toq;Ftjhf> Rkhh; 35% Mrphpah;fs; $Wfpd;wdh;. 25% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; ,e;j xOq;fPdk; gw;wp mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. Mdhy;> ,ijj; jLf;f vt;tpj eltbf;ifAk; vLf;ftpy;iy. fw;if tpLKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; khzth;fsplk; Mrphpah;fs; fl;lzk; ngw;W jdpahh; tFg;G elj;Jtjhf rptpy; r%f mikg;G xd;W Fwpg;gpl;lJ.

4.1.6

gy;fiyf;fof

mDkjpf;fhf

khtl;l

Nfhl;lh

mikg;Gj;

J\;gpuNahfk;. Fiwe;j trjpfSilajhff; fUjg;gLk; ,uz;L khtl;lq;fshd Etnuypah kw;Wk; nkhdwhfy Mfpatw;wpypUe;J fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; cah;jug; ghPl;ir vOJk; khzth;fSf;F mth;fspd; Gs;spfs; gy;fiyf;fof mDkjpf;;nfd ftdpf;fg;gLifapy; tpNrl rYiffs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. nfhOk;G> fhyp my;yJ fz;b Nghd;w epiwe;j trjpAs;s khtl;lq;fspy; fw;Fk; kzth;fs; ghPl;ir vOj mq;F tUfpwhh;fs; vd;W Ma;thdJ Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,e;j khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s ghlrhiyfspy; ,j;jifa khzth;fSf;F ,lk; mspg;gjpy; mjpgh;fSk;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; ,yQ;rk; ngWtjhf Fw;wQ; rhl;lg;gLtjhfTk; Ma;T njhptpf;fpwJ. ,e;j mk;rj;ij Ma;T nra;j cj;jpNahfj;jh; xUth;> Fwpg;gpl;l khtl;lj;jpypUe;J fy;tpg; nghJj;juhju cah;jug; ghPl;irapy; rpj;jpnaa;jp gy;fiyf;fof mDkjp ngw;w khzth;fs; mNefkhf NtW khtl;lq;fis tjptplkhff; nfhz;lth;fs; vd;W fz;lwpe;jhh;. ,th;fspy; rpq;fs jkpo; khzth;fs; ,Ue;jdh;. rpyh; mfjpfs; vd;w Nghh;itapy; te;jth;fshth;. khtl;lj;jpd; gy ghlrhiyfspy; tpQ;Qhd> fzpj Mrphpah;fs; ,y;iyahjyhy;> khtl;lj;jpy; my;yJ ntspNa jdpahh; tFg;GfSf;Fr; nry;tjw;fhf khzth;fs; ghlrhiyfSf;Fr; nry;tjpy;iy. ghPl;irf;Fj; Njhw; W tjw; F khztUf; F 80 % ghlrhiy tUif Njitg; g Ltjhy; > Mrphpah;fs; mth;fSld; Nrh;e;J mth;fs; tUif je;jjhf gjpT nra;J tpLfpd;wdh;. FGD apy; khfhz cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs;

nfhOk;G> fz;b kw;Wk; Vida khtl;lq;fisr; Nrh;e;j nry;te;jg; ngw;Nwhh; Etnuypah> nkhdwhfiy khtl;lq;fspy; fhzp> tPL vd;gtw;iwf; nfhs;tdT nra;J> jkJ gps;isfs; fy;tpj; nghJj; juhju cah;ju tFg;gpy; rpj;jpnaa;jpaJk;> ey;y tpiyf;F mNdfkhfj; jk;ikg; Nghd;w Njit Vw;gl;l NtW ngw;NwhUf;F tpw;W tpLtjhf kjpg;gPL Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,e;j Njit fUjpNa me;j khtl;lq;fspy; tPLfs; tpiyf;F my;yJ ePz;l fhyf; Fj;jiff;F ,Ug;gjhf gj;jphpiffspy; tpsk;guq;fs; tUfpd;wd.

fy;tpg; nghJj; juhju cah;jug; ghPl;irf;F ,uz;lhtJ jlit Njhw;Wtjw;F Kd;djhf gpd;jq;fpa khtl;lq;fisr; Nrh;e;j khzth;fs;> tsh;r;rpaile;j khtl;lq;fshd fz;b my;yJ khj;jisf;F jdpahh; tFg;GfSf;Fr; nry;fpd;wdh;. Mdhy;> jkJ khtl;lq;fspypUe;Nj ghPl;ir vOJfpd;wdh;. ,J mth;fSf;F ghPl;irapy; Nghl;b hPjpahf xU rhjf epiyia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. jhk; mq;F trpg;gjhf

Mtzq;fisr; rkh;g;gpg;gjw;fhf kf;fs; twpa

gFjpfspy; tPLfis thliff;F mkh;j;jpa re;jh;g;gq;fs; vkf;Fj; njhpAk;. ,J jpl;lkplg;gl;l Fw;wr; nrayhFk;. ViofSf;F toq;fg;gLk; rYifia ,th;fs; mDgtpf;fpwhh;fs;. FGD ,y; murrhh;gw;w mikg;G tsh;r;rpaile;j khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s kf;fs;> jhk; mq;F trpg;gth;fshf ,dk; fhz;;gpj;J rpak;gyhz;Lt> nkhduhfiy Mfpa ,lq;fspy; thliff;F tPLfis mkh;j;jp gps;isfis mq;Fs;s ghlrhiyfSf;F mDg;Gfpwhh;fs;. cz;ikapy; mth;fs; fz;b> khj;jiw kw;Wk; nfhOk;Gg; ghlrhiyfSf; F mDg; G fpwhh; f s; > ,Wjpahf mth; f s; nkhwhfy khtl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ghPl;ir vOJfpwhh;fs;. nkhdwhfiy gFjpapy; ,uz;lhtJ jlitahf fy;tpg; nghJj; juhju cah; ju tFg;Gg; ghPl;ir vOJNthh; fz;b> fhyp> khj;jisf;F tFg;Gf;F tUfpd;whh;fs;. nkhdwhfiy khtl;lj;jpYs;s rpy gpd;jq;fpa ghlrhiyfspNy cs;s Mrphpah;fSk;> mjpgh;fSk; ,J njhlh;ghf Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl Ntz;bath;fs;. mth;fs; fy;tp mikr;ir jpUg;jpg;gLj;j Kaw;rp nra;tJld; jkJ ghlrhiyapy; Njitahd vz;zpf;ifapy; khzth;fs; ,Ug;gjhfTk;> fy;tpg; nghJj;jhuhju rhjhuz cah;jug; ghPl;irfspy; rpwe;j ngWNgWfs; fpilg;gjhfTk; fhz;gpf;f mth;fs;

Mjpgh; jh;fSlDk; ,ize; J Mrp ngw;hN khtl; Kaw;f rpSlDk; nra;fpw> hh;cj; fs;j. pNahfj; gps;isfsp d; ngw;>Nwhh; ,e;j pawhh; h;fSf; Fk; l mjpgh;fSf;Fk; gy ghpRfisAk; rd;khdq;fisAk; toq;Ffpwhh;fs;. ,J Coy; eltbf;ifahFk;. r%fj; jiyth; 45

Nfhl;lh mikg;ig ,t;thW J\;gpuNahfk; nra;jy;> f\;lkhd #oypy; fy;tp fw;Fk; khzth;fs; %d;whk; epiyf; fy;tpia ngWtijj; jLf;fpd;wJ.

4.1.7 Mrphpah; elj;ijAk; jdpr;rYif fhz;gpj;jYk;. Mrpah;fs; ghlj; jpl;lq;fis jahhpf;Fk; NjitAs;sJld; midj;J Mrphpah;fs; kw;Wk; cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; ,jid mq;fPfhpj;Js;sdh;. vdpDk;> gy Mrphpah;fs; ,jidf; filg;gpbg;gjpy;iy vd;W 61.6% Mrphpah;fSk;> 82% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; njhptpj;Js;sdh;. mNdfkhf Mrphpah;fs; jahh; nra;ahkNyNa jkJ tFg;Gf;fSf;F nry;tjhf Mrphpah;fs;> mjpgh;fs;> fy;tp mjpfhhpfs; MfpNahh; fUJfpd;wdh;. ghlj; jpl;lk; g+h;j;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ Fwpj;J vOgj;ije;J rjtPj ngw;Nwhh; jpUg;jp njhptpj;Js;sik> fw;gpj;jy; jpl;lj;jpd; ntw;wpf;F mwpFwp vd;W Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;glyhfhJ. jFe;j topKiwfs; Nghd;w Vida fw;gpj;jy; mk;rq;fisAk;; ftdj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba NjitAs;sJ. ,NjNtisapy;> ghpR toq;fy;> khzth; jiyth;> tpNrl epfo;TfSf;F khzth;fisj; njhpT nra;jy; vd;gdtw;wpy; jdpr; rYiffs; fhz;gpf;fg;gLtjhf gyUk; njhptpj;Js;sdh;. khztj; jiyth;fs;> Mrphpahpd; jdpr; rYif cs;sth;fspy; ,Ue;jh njhpT nra;ag;gLfpwhh;fs; vd;W tpdtpajw;F mt;thWjhd; vd;W 68% Mrphpah;fSk;> 87% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldh;. ghprspg;G itgtj;jpy; jpwik fUjhJ Mrphpah; njhpT nra;j khzth;fSf;Nf ghpR toq;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;g J 68% Mrphpah;f spdJk;;> 79% cj;jpNahfj;jh;f spdJk; mgpg;gpuhakhFk;. ghpR ngWNthh;> fpukkhd jtizg; ghPl;ir mbg;gilapy; my;yhJ> rpy rkaq;fspy; tpNrl ghPl;ir %yk; njhpT nra;ag;gLtJ Ma;tpypUe;J GydhfpwJ.

ngw;Nwhh;> jkJ gps;isfSf;F> khztj; jiyikg; gjtp kw;Wk; ghpRfs; toq;Ftjw;Fkhf Mrphpah;fisf; fth;tjw;F md;gspg;Gfis mth;fSf;F toq;Ffpd;wdh;. xU itj;jpahpd; kfd; Mq;fpyj;jpw;fhd ghpir ,e;j tpjj;jpy; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lik vy;NyhUf;Fk; njhpe;jNj. khztj; jiyth;fis njhpT nra;ifapy; Mrphpah;fSk; thf;fspf;fpd;wd. mjpy; jdpr; rYif cz;L. Mq;fpy jpdk; my;yJ tpohf;fs; ,lk;ngWifapy;> itj;jpah;fs;> cah;

fy; Y}hp epwq; fs;N ahUf; (tpisahl; Nghd; tw;w pw;Fd ) ; me; jFjpahd mjp f hhp f s; Mfp F Kd; DL hpfs; i k toq; f p > wngw; N whhp j ]; J mbg;gilapNyNa rpWth;fs; njhpT nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. jhahUldhd fye;Jiuahly; 46

khzth;fSf;F

toq;fg;glhik

my;yJ

jhkjpf;fg;gl;lik

Nghd;w

re;jh;g;gq;fs; ,Ue;jjhf Rkhh; 65% Mrphpah;fs;> 74% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; njhptpj;jdh;. Rkhh; 30-35% ,y;yq;fs;> ,j;jifa xOq;fPdq;fs; gw;wpj; njhptpj;jpUe;jdh;. gz;Grhh;;> Neh;fhzy;fs; gw;wpg; Ngrg;gLifap;y; khzth;fSf;F ghpRfSk;> gjtpfSk; toq;Ftjpy;> xOq;fPdq;fs; ,Ue;jJjhd; vd;W fUj;J ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ghlrhiyfspy; KOjhf jhNk fw;gpf;fhky; Mrphpah;fs; khzth; gq;Nfw;wiyAk;> ngw Ntz;Lnkd;w Gjpa fy;tp mikg;ghdJ Mrphpah;fs; ghlj;jahhpg;ig Fiwj;J fy;tpapd; juj;jpy; gpujhd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpajhf Ma;T Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ. Kf;fpakhf cz;ikahfTk;> Neh;ikahfTk;> cah; jhh;kPf juq;fisf; nfhz;L Kd;khjphpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;ba Mrphpah;fs;> jdpr; rYif fhz;gpg;gJ> vJTk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sj; jf;fJ vd;W ek;g ,lkspf;Fk; tifapy; rpWth;fspd; kdjpy; ePz;l fhyj; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.

4.2 fl;lzq;fSk;> nfhLg;gdTfSk; ,yq;ifapy; nghpJk; ngUikahfg; Ngrg;gLk;; ,ytrf; fy;tp mikg;gpd; fPo; gps;isfs; juk; xd;W njhlf;fk; juk; 13 tiu ghlrhiy nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. fy;tp mikr;rpdhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; fl;lzq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf fy;tpj;Jiwapy; kiwe;jpUf;Fk; nryT gw;wp ,e;jg; gFjpapy; Muhag;gLfpwJ. fl;lzk; vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; Coy;eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW Kuz;ghLfs; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. fy;tp mikr;rpdhy; Mff;$ba vy;iy eph;zapf;fg;glhjjhy;> mDkjpf; fl;lzkhf xU khzth; vt;tsT nrYj;j Ntz;Lnkd;gijapl;L> Mrphpah;fspdJk; mjpgh;fspdJk; fUj;J NtWgl;Ls;sJ. trjpf;fl;lzk; kw;Wk; ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jp rq;ff; fl;lzk; jtph;e;j NtW fl;lzk; vJTk; ngw;NwhhplkpUe;J mwtplg;glyhfhJ vd;W 2006/20 Rw;W epUgk; $Wfpd;w NghjpYk; cz;ikapy;> mNdfkhf eltbf;if mbg;gilapy; gy;NtW fl;lzq;fs; mwtplg;gLfpd;wd. Rkhh; 21% ,y;yq;fs;> fy;tpf;fhd nryT kpf cah;thdJ vd;W fUJifapy;> kj;jpaju FLk;gq;fs; gyTk; mt;thwpy;iy vd;W khw;Wf; fUj;ijj; njhptpj;Js;sd. ,j;jifa fl;lzq;fs; ,y;yhky; ghlrhiyfs; mtw;wpd; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s ,ayhJ vd;W ,th;fs; thjpLfpd;wdh;. Fiwe;j mgptpUj;jp cs;s r%fq;fshd> Gj;jsk; fpuhkpa rpq;fsg; gFjp> `w;wd; jkpo; gFjp fpuhe;JU Nfhl;il> k`paq;fid> fhyp> `p;f;fLt> fz;bapy; cs;s Fiwe;j tUkhdk; ngWk; r%fq;fSk; fl;lzk; cah;thdJ vd;W fUJfpd;wdh;.

4.2.1 fl;lzq;fSk; “md;gspg;GfSk;” khzth;fs; juk; xd;wpw;F mDkjpf;fg;gLifapy; murhq;fj;jhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l fl;lz mikg;G vJTk; fpilahJ gpukhzq;fs; gw;wp ngw;Nwhh; mwpe;jpuhikahy;> ghlrhiyf;Fj; jkJ gps;isfis mDkjpf;ifapy; rfy fl;lzq;fisAk;; my;yJ mwtPLfisAk; mth;fs; “mDkjpf; fl;lzk;” vd;Nw mioj;jdh;. gy khzth;fs; gy;NtW njhiff;fhd nfhLg;gdT nra;Js;sdh;. rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ,it kpfg; ghhpa njhifahf ,Ue;Js;sJ. kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gl;l 62% gps;isfs;> jhk; mDkjpf; fl;lzk; nrYj;jpajhff; $wpdhh;. 52% khj;jpuNk jhk; nrYj;jpa njhif gw;wp mwptpj;jdh;. 2008 ,y; ruhrhp mDkjpf; fl;lzk; 3>977.09 &ghthFk;. 48

Ma;thsh;fs; ,e;jj; njhiffis tFj;Jg; ghh;f;ifapy; fhyp/`pf;fLit> fz;b> Etnuypah Mfpa ,lq;fspy; cs;s khzth;fs; $Ljyhd fl;lzq;fis nrYj;jpAs;sdh;. Gj;jsk; fpuhkpa jkpo; efug; gFjpfs;> fhyp/mk;gyhq;nfhl Mfpa fl;lzj;ij nrYj;jpAs;sdh;.

,lq;fspy;

cs;sth;fs;

Fiwthd

Rkhh; 91% Mrphpah;fSk;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk;> ,j;jifa fl;lzq;fs; ngw;Nwhh; kPJ gOit Rkj;jpajhff; $wpdh;. vdpDk;> ghlrhiyfs; mDkjpf; fl;lzk; mwtpLtjpy; rpwe;j kl;lj;jpy; ntspg;gilj;jd;ik ,Ue;jjhfj;

njhpfpwJ.

57%

cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs;>

gw;Wr;

rPl;Lf;fs;

toq;fg;gl;ljhf $wpdhh;. Mdhy; 10% Mrphpah;fSk;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; gw;Wr; rPl;Lf;fs; toq;fg;gltpy;iy vd;wdh;.

15%

tiuglk; 10: ,y;yq;fspdhy; ghlrhiyf;F toq;fg;gl;l nfhLg;gdTfspd; RUf;fk;

,y;yq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

nfhLg;;gdTfs; nra;j

,y;yq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

nfhLg;gdTfspd; tiffs;

16% Mrphpah;fSk;> 19% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk;> ghlrhiyfisg; guhkhhpf;fTk;> Nkyjpf ghlrhiy eltbf;iffSf;Fk; fl;lzk; mtrpak; vd;wdh;. ngUk;ghyhd

Mrphpah;fspd;

(60.2%)

mgpg;gpuhag;gb

ghlrhiyf;

fl;lzq;fspd; fzf;Ffs; ngw;Nwhh; Mrphpah; rq;fk;/ ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jp rq;fk; Mfpatw;Wf;F njhpag;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ghlrhiyfSf;F nrYj;jgl;l khdpaq;fs; vd;W ghlrhiyfSf;F tUkhdkhff; fpilj;j gy;NtW epjpaq;fs; fzf;Fg; ghpNrhjiz nra;ag;gltpy;iy vd;W 62.2% Mrphpah;fSk;> 86.3% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; njhptpj;jdh;. Vida nfhLg;gdTfisg; nghWj;j tiu 349 rpWth;fs; cs;s 22.1% ,y;yq;fs;> xU gps;isf;F Mz;Lf;F ruhrhpahf 1>543 &gh vd;w ngWkjp md;gspg;Gf;fis toq;fpd. mNdfkhf K];ypk;fs; ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapy; cs;s Gj;jsk; efug;gFjpapYs;s ,y;yq;fs; 4 &gh njhlf;fk; 20> 000 &gh tiuapyhd NtWgl;l ngWkjpahd md;gspg;Gf;fs; toq;fpapUe;jd. fz;b> fhyp/`pf;fLit> mDuhjGuk; vd;gtw;wpy; ,J Fiwe;j kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. `w;wd;> fpuhe;JUNfhl;Nl> mk;gyhq;nfhil gFjpfspy; rpwpjsT md;gspg;Gfs; gw;wpNa mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Gj;jsk; khtl;lj;jpy; rpq;fs> jkpo;> gFjpfspy; cs;s ,y;yq;fs; vt;tpj md;gspg;GfisAk; toq;ftpy;iy. xU ePjpgjp ghlrhiyapd; ePr;ry; Fsj;jpw;F gspq;Ff; fw;fis toq;fpa gpd;dNu mtuJ kfSf;Fj; juk; vl;by; mDkjp fpilj;jJ xU ngw;Nwhh;

4.2.2 ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jp rq;fq;fSf;fhd nfhLg;gdTfs; ngw;Nwhh; Mrphpah; rq;fq;fs; ,y;yhky; Ngha;> ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jp rq;fq;fs; mtw;Wf;Fg; gjpyhf mikf;fg;gl;l NghjpYk;> ngw;Nwhh; ,uz;L rq;fq;fs; gw;wpAk; Fog;gkhd vz;zj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. ngw;Nwhh; Mrphpah; rq;fkhdJ> xt;nthU jtizf;fhy ,Wjpapy; re;jpj;J khzth; nraw;ghL> gpur;rpidfs; gw;wp fye;JiuahLk; cj;jpNahfg;gw;ww;w rigahFk;. ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jp rq;fkhdJ> njhpT nra;ag;gl;l jiyth;> nrayhsh;> nghUshsh; cs;s cj;jpNahfg+h;t rigahFk;. ,J ghlrhiy eltbf;iffSf;F epjp Nrfhpg;gjpy; ngUk; gq;F tfpg;gJld; tUlhe;jf; $l;lq;fisAk; elj;JfpwJ. 50

FLk;gj;jpw;F

ruhrhp

1>021

vd;w

tifapy;

ngw;Nwhh;

Mrphpah;

rq;fj;jpw;F (94 ,y;yq;fspypUe;J) Rkhh; 10% rpWth;fs; gzk; toq;fpAs;sdh;. ,e;jj; njhif> xU Ma;T ,lj;jpypUe;J NtW Ma;T ,lj;jpw;F NtWgl;lJ. $Ljyhd nfhLg;gdTfs;> mk;gyhq;nfhl> fz;b> Etnuypah ,y;yq;fspypUe;J nrYj;jg;gl;ld. fz;b> Gj;jsk; efug; gFjp fhyp> mk;gyhq;nfhl> `pf;fLt> mDuhjGuk; Mfpatw;wpy; $Ljyhd vz;zpf;ifapy; 66% gps;isfspd; ghJfhtyh;fs; ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jp rq;fq;fSf;F gzk; nrYj;jpAs;shh;. 1>198 gps;isfs; cs;s 689 ,y;yq;fs; jhk; ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jp rq;fq;fSf;F gzk; nrYj;jpajhff; $wpd. Mdhy; 999 gps;isfs; cs;s 597 ,y;yq;fs; khj;jpuNk nrYj;jg;gl;l njhifiaj; njhptpj;jd. xU gps;isf;nfd nrYj;jg;gl;l ruhrhpj; njhif 794 &gh. ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jp rq;ff; fl;lzq;fs;> fpuhkpag; ghlrhiyfisg; ghh;f;fpYk;> efug; ghlrhiyfspNyNa mwtplg;gl;ljhfTk;> Vida tFg;gpdiug; ghh;f;fpYk;> kj;jpaju tFg;igr; Nrh;e;j ngw;NwhNu gzk; nrYj;jpajhfTk; Ma;T Gyg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fj;jpw;F rpq;fstUk;> K];ypk;fSNk gzk; nrYj;jpa Kf;fpa ,dj;Jtf; FOf;fshFk;. tiuglk; 11: tUlhe;j ruhrhpf; nfhLg;gdT nfhLg;gdTfspd; t iffs;

ruhrhp tUl ,y;yq;fspd; nfhLg;gdT

Vida nfhLg;gdTfs; my;yJ nryT cgfuzq;fSf;fhd nryT ghJfhg;Gf; fl;lzk; tpisahl;L tpohTf;fhd nfhLg;gdTfs; rpukjhd eltbf;iffSf;f hd nfhLg;gdT ghlrhiyfSf;F ntspapyhd jdpahh; tFg;Gfs; Vida cj;jpNahfg;gw;ww;w nfhLg;gdTfs; ghlrhiyf;fhd md;gspg;G Mrphpah;fSf;F md;gspg;G fzdp E}yf fl;lzk; jdpahh; tFg;Gf;fspd; Mrphpah;fSf;fhd nfhLg;gdTfs; ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lzk; ngw;Nwhh; Mrphpah; rq;fk; mDkjpf; fl;lzk; 0

2000

4000

6000

njhif (& gh)

8000

10000

4.2.3

ghlrhiy cgfuzf; nfhs;tdT.

58.9% ,y;yq;fs; ghlrhiy cgfuzq;fspd; nfhs;tdTf;F gzk; toq;fpAs;sd. Mz;nlhd;Wf;F xU khztUf;fhd ruhrhp nryT 3>653 &gh MFk;. tFg;giwg; gzpfSf;fhd ghlrhiy cgfuzq;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;AkhW Mrphpah;fs; gps;isfisf; Nfl;ljhf 55% jho;;e;j kw;Wk; jho;e;j eLj;ju tFg;igr; Nrh;;e;j Rkhh; 50% kj;jpaju tFg;gpdUk; njhptpj;jdh;. ,e;j Ntz;LNfhs;fs; ngw;NwhUf;F ngUk; gOthff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

4.2.4 Mrphpah;fSf;fhd md;gspg;Gfs;. 702 rpWth;fs; cs;s 41.2% ,y;yq;fs;> gzk; cl;gl md;gspg;Gfis Mrphpah;fSf;F toq;fpAs;sd. gy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ngw;Nwhh;fs; xd;W Nrh;e;Jk; md;gspg;Gf;fis nfhs;tdT nra;Js;sdh;. xt;nthU md;gspg;GfSf;Fk; xU khztUf;F ruhrhpahf 250 &gh (,J 5 &gh njhlf;fk; 5>000 &gh tiu NtWgLfpwJ) nryT Vw;gLk; tpjj;jpy; Mrphpah;fSf;F md;gspg;G toq;fpa $Ljyhd ,y;yq;fs; Gj;jsk; efug; gFjp> mDuhjGuk;> fhyp> `pf;fLit> fz;b> Etnuypah gFjpfisr; Nrh;e;jitahFk;. juk; xd;wpy; vd; gps;is ,Ue;jNghJ> tFg;G Mrphpia xU ml;bifiaf; fhz;gpj;J mJ Nghd;w md;gspg;igf; Nfhhpdhh;. vdpDk;> rpy ngw;Nwhh; fy;tp mikr;Rf;F ,J gw;wpj; njhiyNgrpapy; njhptpj;jJk; me;j Mrphpia vr;rhpf;fg;gl;lhh;. Mrphpah;fSf;F md;gspg;G toq;Fjy; juk; xd;wpy; ,Ue;J juk; ehd;F tiu Kf;fpakhd xU gof;fkhfptpl;lJ. njw;fpy; ,Ue;J xU ngw;Nwhh;.

ed;wpf; flidAk;> ghuhl;ilAk; njhptpf;F Kfkhf milahs md;gspg;G toq; F jy; (cjhuzkhf ntw; w piy) ghlrhiy mikg; g py; toikahdjhFk;. vdpDk;> md;gspg;Gfs; tpiy cah;e;jitahfTk;> Mrphpah;fspd; nry;thf;ifg; ngWKfkhfTk; toq;fg;gLjy; xU Coy; eltbf;ifahf fUjg;glj;jf;fJ.

4.2.5 jdpahh; tFg;G fl;lzj;jpw;fhd jdpahh; tFg;Gf;fs; toikahd jdpahh; tFg;G Mrphpah;fshy; khj;jpuky;yhJ> ghlrhiy Mrphpah;fshy; elj;jg;gLtjhf Ma;tpy; njhpa te;Js;sJ. rpy ghlrhiy Mrphpah;fs; jkJ tFg;G khzth;fisj; jkJ jdpahh; tFg;Gf;fSf;F tUkhW typAWj;jpAs;sdh;. fy;tp mikr;rpd; Rw;W epUgk; 2006/45 ,j;jifa eltbf;iffisAk;> ghlrhiy Neuj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dUk;> thu ,WjpapYk; jdpahh; tFg;Gf;fs; elj;jg;gLtijAk;> jil nra;fpd;w NghjpYk;> ,e;j tFg;Gfs; ghlrhiy Neuj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. jdpahh; tFg;Gf;fs; rhjhuz tho;f;if KiwahfpAs;sJ. 1>118 gps;isfs; cs;s 68% ,y;yq;fs; gzk; nrYj;jpAs;sd. Mz;nlhd;Wf;F> xU khzth;> ruhrhp jdpahh; tFg;Gf; fl;lzkhf 4>695 &ghitr; nrYj;jpAs;shh;. ,e;jj; njhif ,y;yq;fspd; tFg;G epiyikfSf;F Vw;g NtWgLfpwJ. (tiuglk; 12 Ig; ghh;f;fTk;) tiuglk; 12: tFg;G epiyikg;gb jdpahh; tFg;Gf;fhd nryT.

ghlrhiyapNyNa ghlrhiy Neuj;jpd; gpd;duhd jdpahh; tFg;Gf;F> Mrphpah;fSf;F fl;lzj;ij 107 gps;isfs; cs;s Rkhh; 9% ,y;yq;fs; (82) nrYj;jpAs;sd. ,J Mrphpah;fs; toikahd tFg;Gfspy; ghlj; jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa gFjpfis fw;gpf;fhJtpLjiy Cf;Ftpj;jJld;> khzth;fis jdpahh; tFg;Gf;fSf;F nry;tij eph;g;ge;jpj;Js;sJ. ,j;jifa jdpahh; tFg;Gf;F ruhrhpf; fl;lzk; Mz;nlhd;wpw;F 1>760 &ghthf 2008 ,y; ,Ue;Js;sJ. Mrphpah;fs; jkJ jdpahh; tFg;Gf;fSf;F tUk; khzth;fSf;F rpwe;j Gs;spfisAk;> ghpRfisAk;> toq;fpdh;. rpy re;jh;g;gq;fsp;y; NtW jdpahh; tFg;GfSf;F khzth;fs; nrd;why;> mth;fs; ghlrhiyf;F tUif juhik gw;wp tprhuiz Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. kj;jpa gFjpapy; khfhz cj;jpNahfj;jh;. xU ghlrhiyapy; > tzpfg; g hlj; i j fw; g pg; g jpy; Nghl; b Nghl; l ,U Mrphpah;fshy;> fy;tpg; nghJj; juhju rhjhuz kw;Wk; cah;ju khzth;fs; jdpahh; tFg;GfSf;Fr; nry;YkhW eph;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;ldh;. ,e;j tFg;GfSf;F khzth;fs; nry;yhtpl;lhy;> mth;fs; gopthq;fg;gl;ldh;. FGD apy; r%fj; jiyth;fs;

,e;jr; rk;gtq;fs; gpujhdkhf jkpo; khzth;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikahf cs;s Etnuypah> `l;ld;> Gj;jsk; efug; gFjpfspy; ,lk;ngw;wd. f\;lkhd gFjpfspy; gzpahw;Wk; Mrphpah;fs; ghlrhiy Neuj;jpd; gpd;dh; jdpahh; tFg;Gf;fis elj;Jtij ,J fhz;gpf;fpd;wJ. jdpahh; tFg;Gf;fis elj;jpa Mrphpah;fs;> mjpy; fw;Fk; khzth;fSf;F jdpr;rYif fhz;gpj;J ghprspg;G itgtq;fspy; my;yJ jtiz/tUlhe;j ghPl;irfspy; $Ljyhd Gs;spfis toq;fpa re;jh;g;gq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ngUk; g hd; i kahd eilKiwia

Mrphpah; f Sk; >

mq;fPfhpf;ftpy;iy

cj; j pNahfj; j h; f Sk; > vd;gJk;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

,e; j 40%

Mrphpah;fSk;> 46% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; ghlrhiyf;F ntspNa jdpahh; tFg;G elj;JtJ Vw;fj;jf;fjy;y vd;Nw $wpdh;. xU tFg;ghrphpah; ghlrhiy Neuj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dUk;> thu ,WjpapYk; jdpahh; tFg;G elj;jpdhYk;;> mJ Coy; eltbf;if vd;gij Rkhh; 65% Mrphpah;fSk;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldh;. 54

4.2.6 Vida nfhLg;gdTfs;. ,J rpukjhd kw;Wk; tpisahl;L eltbf;iffs;> E}yfk;> fzdpg; ghtiz> ghJfhg;Gg; guhkhpg;Gf;fhd nfhLg;gdTfis cs;slf;FfpwJ (tiuglk; 11Ig; ghh;f;fTk;) fl;lzq;fs; my;yJ md;gspg;Gfs; Nghd;w mNefkhd nfhLg;gdTfs;> ngw;NwhUf;F gOthfp> gps;isfs;> ghlrhiyia tpl;L tpyf toptFf;fpd;wd. fy;tpaikr;Rk; trjpf;fl;lzk; kw;Wk; ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jpr; rq;ff; fl;lzq;fSf;F Mff;$ba vy;iyia tFf;fhikAk;> mjpgh;fs; jd;dpr;irahf jPh;khdq;fis vLg;gJk; Coy; tsu topaikf;fpd;wd. jkJ gps;isfSf;F fy;tp toq;fntdg; ngw;Nwhh; fzprkhd nryitr; nra;tjhf Ma;T KbTfs; njhptpf;fpd;wd. ,yq;if> mjd; ,ytrf; fy;tp mikg;Gf; Fwpj;J ngUikg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy;> cz;ikapy; fy;tp ,ytrkhdjh? murhq;fk; fy;tpf;nfd xJf;fPL nra;Ak; njhif Fiwthf ,Uf;ifapy;> jkJ gps;isfSf;F jukhd fy;tpia toq;f> ngw;NwhNu kiwKfkhf nryT nra;fpwhh;fs;.

4.3 eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd Coy; Mrphpah; ,lkhw;wq;fs;> rk;gs cah;Tfs; my;yJ fld;fs mDkjp ngWtjw;F nry;thf;F my;yJ ,yQ;rk; nfhLf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,J Fwpj;J Mrphpah;fs; kj;jpapy; JauKk; tpuf;jpAk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. cwtpdh;fSf;fhd MjuT> murpay; kak; vd;gdTk; ,e;j mikg;GfSf;Fs; CLUtpAs;sJ. ,J mjpgh;fshy; njhz;lh; Mrphpah;fis fPo; tFg;Gf;fSf;F epakpg;gJ njhlf;fk; gjpy; mjpgh;fs;> gzpg;ghsh; vd;w cah; epakdq;fs; tiu ,dq;fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Coy; mjpfhpg;gjw;F> murpay;kak;> gpujhd fhuzpahf cs;sJ. ghlrhiyfspYk; fy;tp mikr;rpYk;> epakdq;fs; murpay; hPjpahdit vd;W 28.6% ,y;yq;;fSk;; Vw;Wf; nfhs;ifapy; 15.5% khdit vjpuhd fUj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sd. epakdq;fSk;> gjtp cah;TfSk; murpay; hPjpahdit vd;W fUJgth;fs; Kf;fpakhf kj;jpa ju tFg;gpdUk; jho;e;j tFg;igr;

Nrh;e;jth;fSk;

41.1%

,y;yq;fs;>

juhjuKs;sth;fs;;

epakpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy vd;Wk; 13% epakdq;fs; jpwik mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjhfTk; njhptpj;jd. tFg;gpdh; gw;wpg; gFg;gha;T nra;jnghOJ Kd;ida fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fisg; Nghd;wjhfNt ngWNgWfs; ,Ue;jd. fy;tpj; jpl;lkply; mjpfk; murpay; kakhdJ vd;Nw 31.4% ,y;yq;fs;; fUjpdh;. mLj;jLj;J te;j murhq;fq;fspdhy; fy;tp mikg;G murpay; hPjpahfNt ifahsg;gl;lJ vd;gJ gz;Grhh; Neh;fhzy; mgpg;gpuhaq;fshy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

4.3.1 ghlrhiyfs; njhlh;ghd gpur;rpidfs; - jkpo; nkhopngah;g;Gfs; jkpo; NgRk; gFjpfspYs;s> Njitahd ghlrhiyfs;> tya mYtyfq;fs; Mfpatw;wpw;F Rw;W epUgq;fs;> kw;Wk; Mtzq;fspd; jkpo;nkhop ngah;g;Gfs; toq;fg;glhik my;yJ jhkjkhf toq;fg;gly; ghugl;rkhdJ vd;W Etnuypah> Gj;jsk; Mfpa gFjpfspy; cs;s tyag; gzpg;ghsh;fs; fUjpdh;. nfhOk;gpy; cs;s rpNu\;l fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsh; xUth; ,e;jj; jhkjq;fSf;F fy;tp mikr;rpy; xNunahU jkpo;nkhop ngah;g;ghsh; ,Ug;gNj fhuzk; vd;whh;.

,J jpl;lkplYf;F ,ila+whf ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ 56% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fspd; fUj;jhFk;. jkpopy; jFe;j gbtq;f s; fpilf;f hjikapdhy;> ghlrhiyfspy; ,Ue;J jfty; ngWtJ f\;lkhf ,Ue;jJ vd;W ,th;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;bdh;. jkpopy; Rw;W epUgq;fSk;> Vida Mtzq;fSk; fpilf;fhjjhy;> gy Mrphpah;fs;> mjpgh;fs; kw;Wk; cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; gpukhzq;fis mwpahjth;fshf eilKiwfisg; gpd;gw;whjpUe;jdh; mth;fs; jkf;F fpilf;f Ntz;ba tsq;fisAk; ngw KbahjpUe;jdh;. ,J gy eph;thfg; gpur;rpidfis cUthf;FfpwJ. kj;jpa kl;lj;jpy; fy;tpj; jpl;lkpliyAk; fy;tpr; rkepiyapy; ghjpg;igAk; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,jdhy;> rpq;fsg; ghlrhiyfSld; xg;gpLifapy;> jkpo; ghlrhiyfSf;F rhjfkw;w epiy Vw;gLfpd;wJ. tiuglk; 13: Kf;fpakhfj; jkpopy; gbtq;fs;> ,y;yhikahy; ghlrhiyfspypUe;J jfty; ngWtJ gzpg;ghsh;fshfpa vkf;Ff; fbdkhf cs;sJ (Nfs;tp 34.1)

21%

KOikahf Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sd miuthrpahf Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sd XusT Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sd Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy.

27%

6% 6% 11%

29% KOikahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdh; vdf;Fj; njhpatpy;iy

4.3.2 ghlrhiyfspYk;> fy;tp mYtyq;fspYk; xOq;fPdq;fs;. tptrhag; gFjpfspy; cs;s fpuhkg; ghlrhiyfs; cj;jpNahfg+h;tkhf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l eilKiwfSf;F Vw;wjhf gaphpLtjw;Fg; gy Vf;fh; fhzpfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. vdpDk;> mNefkhd mjpgh;fs; ,e;jf; fhzpfis jdpahh; gaph;r; nra;ifahsUf;F Fj;jiff;F tpl;L mth;fsplkpUe;J gzj;ijj; jhNk ngw;Wf; nfhs;tij 32% Mrphpah;fSk;> 27% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; mwpe;jpUe;jdh;.

eph;khzg;

gzpfisg;

nghWj;jtiu

mjpgh;fs;>

Coy;

eltbf;if

Nkw;nfhs;fpwhh;fs; vd;w fUj;ij 54.8% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; epuhfhpj;jdh;. 30.5% eph;khz gzpapy; Coy; epyTk; ghlrhiy xd;W gw;wp ehk; mwp;e;jpUg;gjhf $wpdhh;. ,NjNtisapy;

fy;tp

mYtyfq;fspy;

NritfSk; ngwg; g LtJ gw; w p cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; mwpe;jpUe;jdh;.

mehtrpakhf

77%

nghUl;fSk;>

Mrphpah; f Sf; F

63%

4.3.3 rk;gs gbfspy; jhkjk;. rk;gsf; nfhLg;gdT> gbfis eph;zapj;jy; vd;gtw;wpy; jhkjk; Vw;gLtJ> Coiyf; Fwpf;fhtpbDk;> mit xOq;fPdq;fis tsh;g;gjw;F mDkjpf; F k; eph; t hfj; jpwkpd; i kf; f hd NeuwpFwpahfTs; s d. jpiwNrhpapy; ,Ue;J fy;tp mikr;Rf;F epjp jhkjkhf nrYj;jg;gLtjhYk; ,J Vw;glf;$Lk;. 82% Mrphpah;fSk; 75% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; gb cah;Tj; jhkjj;ij vjph;nfhz;lhh;fs;;. gz;Grhh; Neh;fhzypy; gq;Fgw;wpa Mrphpah;fs; 2-4 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; gjtp cah;T ngw;w NghjpYk;> jkJ khjhe;j rk;gsj;jpy;> gb cah;T Nrh;f;fg;gltpy;iy vd;wdh;. KOg;gb cah;Tk;> mth;fspd; khjhe;j rk;gsj;jpy; Nrh;f;fg;gLk; tiu rpy Mrphpah;fs; gb cah;tpy; Fwpg;gpl;l rjtP j j; i j ngw Kbe; J s; s jhf 52% Mrphpah; f Sk; 37% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; fy;tp mikr;Rf;F Kiwg;ghL nra;Js;sdh;. Rkhh; 10% Mrphpah; f Sk; > cj; j pNahfj; j h; f Sk; > eilKiwiaj; Jhpjg;gLj;Jtjw;nfd ypfpjh;fSf;F ,yQ;rk; toq;fpajhf xg;Gf; nfhz;Ls;sdh;. tPl;Lf;F vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; rk;gsj;njhif Fiwthf ,Ue;jjhYk;; rk;gs cah;T toq;Ftjpy; jhkjk; Vw;gl;ljdhYk;> ngUksT Mrphpah;fs;; tpuf;jp mile;Js;sdh; vd;gJ gyuJ fUj;jhFk;.

rk;gsg; cah;Tfs; ePz;lfhyj;jpw;Fr; nra;ag;gLtjpy;iy. ypfpjh;fs; ,e;j tplaq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jtjpy;iy. eilKiwiaj; Jhpjg;gLj;j mth;fs; ,yQ;rj;ij vjph;ghh;f;fpwhh;fs;. mjpgh;fSk;> Mrphpah;fSk; ypfpjh;fsplk; nrd;W> gj;jpuq;fis jahh; nra;tjw;F VjhtJ nfhLf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,J Mrphpah;fspdJk;> mjpgh;fspdJk;> me;j];jpw;Fr; rhpahdjy;y. 2004 njhlf;fk; xU mjpgh;

2I epiyapy; ,Ue;jNghjpYk; rk;gs cah;itg;

ngwtpy;iy. FGD apy; Mrphpah;fs; ehk; rk;gs cah;Tfisg; ngWk;NghJ> rhpahd rk;gsj;ij eph;zapg;gjpy; Xuhz;Lf;Fk; $Ljyhd fhyk; vLf;fpd;wJ. ,J mNefkhd Mrphpah;fs; vjph;Nehf;Fk; ghhpa gpur;rpidahFk;. Mrphpah;fSldhd Neh;fhzy;.

4.3.4. f\;lg; gpuNjr gb cah;T. 2007 ,lkhw;wf; nfhs;ifapd; ( 2007/20 - 2007/12/13) fPo; Mrphpah;fSk; cj; j pNahfj; j h; f Sk; jkJ KjyhtJ epakdj; j pd; N ghJ> f\;lg;gpuNjrj;jpy;; 3-5 Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,j; jpl;lg; gpufhuk;> mth;fs; midtUf;Fk; Nkyjpfkhf f\;lg; gpuNjrg;gb fy;tp mikr;rpdhy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. Rkhh; 76% Mrphpah;fSk;> 70% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; jhk; f\;lkhd gpuNjrq;fspy; gzpahw;wp cs;sjhf $wpAs;sdh;. 46% Mrphpah;fSk;> 38% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk;> ,e;jg;gb jkf;F toq;fg;gltpy;iy vd;W njhptpf;fpd;wdh;. Neh;fhzypYk;> Mrphpah;fs;> ,e;jg; gbia eilKiwg;g Lj;Jtjpy; jdpr;r YifAk;> murpay; nry;t hf;Fk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjhfTk;> rpyNtisfspy; jk;ikj; jz;bg;gjw;fhf jhkjg;gLj;jg;gLtjhfTk; $wpdh;. ,J Mrphpah;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjpy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jp> jhh;kPf FiwitAk; tFg;giwapy; juk; Fiwe;j fw;gpj;jiyAk;> Vw;gLj;j toptFf;fpd;wJ.

4.3.5 Mrphpah; fld; jpl;lk;. gy Mrphpah;fs; jkJ khjhe;j nryit <Lnra;tjw;F jkJ rk;gsk; NghjhJ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;ldh;.17 f\;lg; gpuNjrq;fspy; gzpGhpNthh; thu ,Wjpapy; jkJ tPLfSf;Fg; gazpg;gjw;nfd thue;NjhWk; 1>000 &ghit my;yJ khjhe;jk; 5>000 &ghit nrytopj;jdh;. czT> jq;Fkplk; vd; g tw; W f; f hd nfhLg; g dTfis Nkw; n fhz; l gpd; d h; > Vida nryTfSf;F mth;fsplk; xU rpy &ghf;fNs vQ;rpapUe;jd. jdpahh; tFg;Gf;fis elj;j Kw;gLtJld; rfy Mrphpah;fSk; murhq;ff; fld;fSf;F tpz;zg;gpf;fpd;wdh;. (Mrphpah;fspdJk; FLk;gj;jpduJk; kUj;Jt nryTf;fhd mf;u`hu fhg;GWjp> mdh;j;jf; fld;fs;> 7 Mz;L nrhj;Jf; fld; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; tPlikg;Gf; fld;fs;) mdh;j;jf; fld;fs; Neufhyj;jpy; toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy. tya mYtyfk; jpizf;fsk; vd;gtw;Wld; neUf;fkhd njhlh;igf; nfhz;bUg;gth;fSf;F Kd;Dhpik toq;fg;gLfpwJ. mz;ikapy; tpz;zg;gpj;j mYtyf fhtyhsp 80>000 &ghit mdh;j;jf; fldhf ngw;whh;. Mdhy; gy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;djhfNt tpz;zg;gpj;j mjpgh; xUthpd; ngah; ,d;dKk; vjph;ghh;j;jpUg;gth; gl;baypy; cs;sJ. FGD ,y; Mrphpah;

,e;jf; fld;fisg; ngWtJ f\;lkhf ,Ue;jjhfTk; gzk; iff;F te;J Nrh;tjw;F gy Mz;Lfhyk; nrd;wjhfTk; nghJthff; $wg;gl;lJ. ,e;jf; epiyik fhuzkhf murpay; jiyaPL> ,yQ;rk; cs;spl;l Coy; eltbf;iffSf;F ,lkspf;fg;gl;lJ. tUlhe;j tl;b kpff; Fiwe;j 4% tPjkhf toq;fg;gl;ljhy; tPlikg;Gf; fld; f Sf; F > ngUk; Nghl; b fhzg; g l; l J. murpay; nry; t hf; F s; s Mrphpah;fshy; khj;jpuNk ,f; flidg; ngwf; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ. murpay; nry;thf;Fs;s Mrphpah;fshNyNa fhj;jpUf;Fk; gl;baiyAk; kPwp> mf;u`hu fhg;Gwjpiag; ngw Kbe;jJ. Xuhz;L fhyj;jpy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhNdhUf;F toq;fg;gl;l mdh; j ; j f; fld; f s; > $LjyhNdhuhy; ehlg; g l; L > Coy; ep i we; j jhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,tw;iw murpay; nry;thf;Fs;s Mrphpah;fs; my;yJ rpwe;j njhlh;Gfis nfhz;bUg;gth;fNs ngw;wdh;. ,e;jf; fld;fisg; ngw Kbahj Mrp h p a h; f s; > cj; j p N ahfg; gw; w w; w top f shd “rPl; L ” my; y J fld; toq;Fgth;fshd nry;te;j Mrphpah;fsplkpUe;J (jdpahh; tFg;G elj;Jk; Mrphpah;fs;) fld;fisg; ngw Ntz;bapUe;jJ. MrphpiaAldhd Neh;fhzy; 17. ,yq;ifapy; Mrphpah;fspd; rk;gsk; > njw;fhrpahtpy; kpff; FiwthdJ -- cyf tq;fp 2005

murpay; nry;thf;F fld;fs; ngWk; eilKiwiaj; Jhpjg;gLj;jpaJ. ,jid 40% Mrphpah;fSk;> 34% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk;; xg;Gf; nfhz;ldh;. ePz;l fhyk; fhj;jpUf;Fk; gl;baiyj; jtph;j;J ,t;thNw Mrphpah;fs; tpiuthff; fld;fisg; ngw;wdh;. mf;u`hu fhg;GWjp ngWtjw;F> murpay; nry;thf;F mtrpak; vd;W 30% Mrphpah;fSk; cj;jpNahfjh;fSk; $wpdh;. khfhz eph;thfj;Jld; njhlh;Gs;s Mrphpah;fs;> fld; tpz;zg;gq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jiy Jhpjkhf;f Kbe;Js;sJ vd;W

60%

mrphpah;fSk;

41% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; $wpdh;. khfhzj;jpy; cs;s Rkhh; 10>000 tiuapyhd Mrphpah;fSk;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk;> Vida Copah;fSk;> fy;tp mikr;rplkpUe;J khfhz rig %yk; fld;fisg; ngw;wdh;. jtiz mbg;gilapy; xt;nthU khjKk; ,th;fs; flidj; jpUg;gpr; nrYj;jpdhy; mJ ghhpa njhifahFk;. ,e;jj; njhif> Njitahd Vida Mrphpah;fSf;F Gjpa fldhf Rygkhf toq;fj; jf; f J. Mdhy; khfhz mikr; r p d hy; > ,e; j f; nfhLg; g dTfs; kP s ; nrytp d khf gad; g Lj; j g; g Ltjhy; > flDf; f hf tp z ; z g; g k; nra; A k; Mrphpah;fs; mjw;F mq;fPfhuk; ngWtjw;F gy Mz;Lfs; fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,J rpwe;j eilKiway;y. mz;ikf; fhykhf fz;b khfhzrigahdJ> ,e;jf; fld;fs; toq;fg;gLtij epWj;jpAs;sJ. ,J Mrphpah;fSf;Fk; cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSf;Fk; ghjfkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsUldhd Neh;fhzy;

4.3.6 ,lkhw;wq;fs; ,lkhw;wk; NfhUk; xU Mrphpah;> Mrphpah; ,lkhw;wf; nfhs;ifg; gpufhuk;> kpff; f\;lkhd my;yJ f\;lkhd ghlrhiyapy; Mff;Fiwe;jJ %d;W Mz;Lfs;> cfe;jjhf ,y;yhj ghlrhiyapy; Mff;Fiwe;jJ ehd;F Mz;Lfs;> rYiffs; cs;s ghlrhiyapy; Mff;$Ljyhf vl;L Mz;Lfs;> Mff;$ba rYiffs; cs;s ghlrhiyapy; Mff;$Ljyhf MW tUlq;fs; gzpGhpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. nghJj; jug;gLj;jy; mbg;gilapy;> ghlrhiyfs; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j tptfhuq;fs; Fwpj;J tyaf; fy;tp cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSf;F mwpTWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

xOq;fhw;W mbg;gilapy;> kUj;Jt rigfspd; tpje;Jiug;;gpd; Nghpyhd ,lkhw;wq;fs;> f\;lkhd ghlrhiyfSf;F> cfe;j ghlrhiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd gu];gu ,lkhw;wq;fs; Nghd;w tpNrl re;jh;g;gq;fspyhd Mrphpah; ,lkhw;wq;fSk; epfo;e;Js;sd. ,lkhw;wq;fs; epWj;jg;gl;l rk;gtq;fs;: fh;g;gpzp Mrphpah;fs;> Mz;> ngz; Mrphpah;fspy; 53 taJf;F Nkw;gl;lth;fs;> Mrphpiafspy; xU taJf;Fl;gl;l Foe;ij cs;sth;fs; nra;j Nkd;KiwaPLfspd; Nghpy; ,lkhw;wq;fs; epWj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. tiuglk; 14: f\;lkhd gFjpapy; %d;W Mz;L Nritiag; g+h;j;jp nra;ahj epiyapy; ,lkhw;wq;fs;

tpgukhd Rw;W epUgh;fs; ,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> Mrphpah; ,lkhw;wj;jpy; Coy; Kf;fpa mk;rkhf ,Ue;jjhf Mrphpah;fSk;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; tYthf ek;gpdhh;fs;. ,lkhw;wf; nfhs;if Kw;W KOjhff; filg; g pbf; f g; g ltpy; i y

vd; W

67.7%

Mrphpah; f Sk; >

58%

cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; fUjpdh;. 85% $Ljyhd Mrphpah;fSk;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; Mrphpah; ,lkhw;wk; Coy; tha;e;jJ vd;W jhk; Nfs;tpg;gl;ljhfTk; $wpdh;. 4% Mrphpah;fSk;> 2% cj;jpNahj;jh;fSk; khj;jpuNk ,lkhw;w mikg;G Coyw;wJ vd;W fUjpdh;.

fy;tp mikr;rpy; Mrphpah; ,lkhw;wKk;> Vida ,lkhw;wq;fSk; jFe;j Kiwapy; eilngwtpy;iy. mjpy; gy xOq;fPdq;fs; ,Ue;jd. murpay;thjpfs; juk; Fiwe;j Mrphpah;fis Nkyjpfg; gzpg;ghsh;fshf Neubahfg; gjtp cah;T nra;jdh;. kj;jpa khfhzj;jpy; ,J Nghd;w 120 Gjpa gjtpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. fy;tp Nkyjpf gzpg;ghsh;.

f\;lg; gpuNjrq;fspy; ,Ue;J Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F Kd;djhfNt ,lkhw;wq;fs; nra;ag;gl;lik Coy; eltbf;ifahfNt fUjg;gl;lJ. gy Mrphpah;fs;> Fwpg;gpl;l %d;W Mz;L fhyk; Kbtiltjw;F Kd;djhfNt mgptpUj;jpaile;j efug; gFjpf;F ,lkhw;wq;fis ngw Kaw;rp nra;Js;sdh;. ,J murpay; nry;thf;F %yk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ vd;gJ 66% Mrphpah;fspdJk;> 86% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fspdJk; fUj;jhFk;. Mrphpah; tpepNahfj;jpy; ghhpa rkepiy ,d;ikAld;> ,lkhw;wj; jpl;lj;jpy; xOq;fPdq;fs; fhuzkhf NkYk; $Ljyhf efu fpuhkpag; ghlrhiyfSf;fpilapy; NtWghl;il Vw;gLj;jp> fy;tpj; juj;ij rPh; Fiyj;Js;sJ. tiuglk; 15: %d;W Mz;L fhyg;gFjpia g+h;j;jp nra;tjw;F Kd;djhfNt rpwe;j gFjpfSf;F> f\;lg;gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J gy Mrphpah;fs; ,lkhw;wk; ngw;wpUg;gjhf ePq;fs; fUJfpwPh;fsh? (Nfs;tp 3.3) Mrphpah;fs;

cj;jpNahfj;jh;f s;

tpfpjk; (%) 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Mk;

,y;iy

njhpahJ

gjpy;fs;

,lkhw;wk;

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F

,yQ;rk;

toq;fg;gl;lJ

Fwpj;J

jhk;

Nfs;tpg;gl;ljhf 47.5% $Ljyhd Mrphpah;fSk; 34% Fiwthd cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk;; njhptpj;jdh;. ,lkhw;wk; nra;tjpy; mYtyfk; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jJ. cj;jpNahfj;jh; xUtiu njhpe;jpUg;gJ my;yJ cwtpduhf ,Ug;gJ> ,lkhw;wj;jpw;F cjtpajhf 79% Mrphpah;fSk;> 72% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; njhptpj;jdh;. ,yQ;rj;ijg; ghh;f;fpYk; Neubj; njhlh;Gfs; $Ljyhd gaidj; je;jpUg;gjhf $wg;gLtJ Rthu];akhdJ. cwTr; rYif> jdpg;gl;l rYif vd;gd gzg; ghpkhw;wj;ijg; ghh;f;fpYk; nghJthd Coy; tiffshf ,Ue;jjhf Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. tiuglk; 16: cj;jpNahfj;jh;fis cq;fSf;Fj; cq;fshy; ,lkhw;wk; ngw KbAk; ( Nfs;tp 3.5) Mrphpah;fs;

njhpe;jpUg;gjhy;

cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs;

tpfpjk; (%) 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Mk;

,y;iy

njhpahJ

gjpy;fs;

tiuglk; 17: Mrphpah;fs; ,lkhw;wk; ngWtjw;F ,yQ;rk; nrYj;Jfpd;wdh; vd;gJ gw;wp ePq;fs; Nfs;tpg;gl;bUf;fpwPh;fsh? (Nfs;tp 3.4) Mrphpah;fs;

cj;jpNahfj;jh;f s;

tpfpjk; (%) 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Mk;

,y;iy

njhpahJ

gjpy;fs; 64

murpay;thjpfs; %yk; Mrphpah; ,lkhw;wq;fs; epfo;e;Js;sd vd;gij 85% Mrphpah;fSk;> 90% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sdh;. Mrphpah;fs; murpay; nry;thf;ifg; gad;gLj;jpaik> Rw;Wg;Gwq;fspy; cs;s Njitahd ghlrhiyfSf;F ,lkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLtjw;F Fe;jfkhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. efu/gpurpj;j ghlrhiyfspy; cs;s Mrphpah;fs;> cah;e;j njhlh;Gfisf; nfhz;l FLk;gq;fshd> itj;jpah;fs;> nghwpapayhsh;fs;> gy;fiyf;fof Mrphpah;fs; Nghd;Nwhhpd; tho;f;ifj; Jizahf ,Ug;gjhf 50-60% Mrphpah;fSk; cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; fUjpdh;. mth;fspd; mjpfhuKk; njhlh;GfSk; xNu ghlrhiyapy; Nritf;fhyk; KOtJk; ,Ug;gjw;F cjtpAs;sJ. ,NjNtisapy; f\;lg; gpuNjrq;fspy; Ie;J Mz;LfSf;Fk; $Ljyhf gzpGhpe;j gy Mrphpah;fs; mNj ghlrhiyfspy; ,lkhw;wk; ngwhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W vd;W 65 –75% Mrphpah;fSk;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; njhptpj;jdh;. ,lkhw;wf; nfhs;ifia mKy; nra;tjw;F njhopw;rq;f eltbf;ifAk; jilahf ,Ue;jjhf 50-60% Mrphpah;fSk; cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; $wpdh;. Rkhh; 85% Mrphpah;fSk; cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk;> ,lkhw;w mikg;G nfhs;if rPuhf mKy; nra;ag;gLtjw;F murpay; jiyaPL fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ vd;W njhptpj;jdh;. glk; 18: Mrphpah; ,lkhw;wk; mNefkhf> xU murpay;thjp %ykhfth Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ (Nfs;tp 3.7D) Mrphpah;fs;

tpfpjk; (%)

cj;jpNahfj;jh;f s;

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Mk;

,y;iy

gjpy;fs;

njhpahJ

,NjNtisapy; tyaj;jpy; Mrphpah; ,lkhw;wk; njhlh;ghf> tya khfhz fy;tp mYtyfq;fSf;fpilapy;> rhpahd xUq;fpizg;G ,y;iy vd;W 50% Mrphpah;fSk;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; fUjpdh;. khfhz mYtyfq;fs; nra;j ,lkhw;wq;fs; Fwpj;J> tya mYtyfq;fSf;F mwptpf;fg;glhjjhy; gy gpur;rpidfs; vOe;jjhf mth;fs; fUjpdh;. ghlrhiyfis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F tyag; gzpg;ghsh;fs; Kaw;rp nra;ifapy; mh;g;gzpg;Gldhd Mrphpah;fs;> jpBnud NtW ghlrhiyfSf;F> khfhz mYtyfj;jhy; khw;wg;gLtjhy;> tyaq;fspy; fy;tp mikg;gpd; Kd;Ndw;wk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. eph;thf cah;gPlj;jpy; cs;s Fiwe;j kl;l cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; Kf;fpa Kfhikj;Jt topKiwapy; Nghjpa mstpy; <Lglhjjhy; mth;fs; jkJ gq;if Mw;w Kbahj mikg;G hPjpahd gpur;rpid cs;sjhy;> njhlh;ghly; gw;whf;Fiw ,Ug;gij ,J Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ. ,J Fiwe;j kl;l cj;jpNahfj;jh;fspilNa jpwikapd;ikAld; tpUj;jpiaAk; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. mth;fs; jk;khypad;w msT nraw;gLtjd; %yk; ed;ik vijAk; ngw KbahjpUf;Fk;. ghuhSkd;w eph;thf Mizahsh; (Myhl;rp mjpfhhp) fyhepjp Mh;.gp.uzuh[h18 jhk; Nky; khfhz fy; t p r ; nrayhsUf; F vOjp a fbjj; j p y ; Mrp h p a h; Kfhikj;Jtk; njhlh;gf 16 gpur;rpidf;Fhpa gFjpfis ,dq;fz;Ls;shh;. 1. Mrphpah; my;yJ ,lkhw;w rigiaf; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;shky; Mrphpah;fis ,lkhw;wk; nra;jy; 2. Nghjpa mwptpj;jy; ,y;yhky; Mrphpah;fis ,lkhw;wk; nra;jy;. 3. vt;tpj eph;thfj; NjitAkpy;yhky; Mrphpah;fis ,lkhw;Wjy;. 4.vt;tpj xOq;fhw;W xOq;fPdKk; Nkw;nfhs;shj Mrphpah;fis ,lkhw;Wjy;. 5. Ntiy ml;ltiz toq;fhky;> my;yJ mth;fs; Kd;dh; tfpj;j tfpghfj;ij tpl;Ltplr; nra;J ,lkhw;Wjy;; 6. jkJ tfpghfj;ij tplhky;> ,lkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l jpdj;jpy; ,Ue;J Gjpa gjtpapy; gzpGhpa mDkjpahJ ,lkhw;wk; nra;jy;. 7. xU jtizapd; eLg;gFjpapy; ,lkhw;wk; nra;jy;. 8.tyag; gzpg;ghsh; my;yJ mjpguhy; tpUk;gg;glhjth;fSf;F> ghlrhiyfspy; Ntiy toq;fg;glhik.

18. fyhepjp Mh;.gp.uzuh[h 2008 Nk 28k; jpfjpaplg;gl;l fbjj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F tha;%y mDkjpia toq;fpAs;shh;.

9. rpy ghlq;fSf;nfd tpNrl gapw;rp toq;fg;gl;lth;fSf;F> fw;gpj;jYf;F mg; ghlq;fs; toq;fg;glhik. 10. Fiwe;j juhjuKs;s Mrphpah;fSf;F gjtp cah;T toq;fg;gl;L> juhjuk; cs;s Mrphpah;fSf;F mit toq;fg;glhik. 11.tFg;giwapy; fw;gpj;jYf;F juhjuKk; gapw;rpAk; ngw;w Mrphpah;fs; E}yfh;fshf mDg;gg;gly;. 12.,lkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l Mrphpah;fs; ghlrhiyfspy; vt;tpj NtiyAkpd;wp ,Uf;Fk; epiyia Vw;gLj;jy;. 13. Mrphpah; ,lkhw;wj;ij> khztpfSk;> ngw;NwhUk; gpur;rpidfshff; fUJjy;. 14. 60 taJf;F Nkw;gl;Nlhiu vt;tpj fhuzKkpd;wp Nritapy; itj;jpUj;jy; 15.gzpg;ghsh;fs; rkh;g;gpf;Fk; mwpf;iffs; ftdj;jpw;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;glhik. 16. ,j;jifa xOq;fPdq;fs; gw;wp Myhl;rp mjpfhhpf;F Mrphpah;fs; mwptpf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; mjw;F vjph;g;Gj; njhptpj;jy;.

4.3.7 epakdq;fs; 4.3.7.1 njhz;lh; Mrphpah;fs;. njhz;lh; Mrphpah; epakdkhdJ> $Ljyhd Coy; cs;s gFjpahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. rl;lG+h;tkhf> njhz;lh; Mrphpah;fSf;F Vw;ghL fpilahJ. Mdhy; tlf;fpYk;> fpof;fpYk; Mrphpah; gw;whf;Fiw fhuzkhf mikr;ruitapd; mq;fPfhuj;Jld; fle;j fhyj;jpy; ,j;jifa epakdq;fs; nra;ag;gl;ld. njhz;lh; Mrphpah;fs;> mjpgh;fspd; tpje;Jiuapd; Nghpy; epue;jukhf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;djhf ghlrhiyfspy; %d;W Mz;Lfs; gzpGhpa Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. mjpgh;fs; ntspg;gilahd eilKiwiag; gpd;gw;whky;> mNefkhf cwtpdh;fis my;yJ neUf;fkhdth;fis njhz;lh; Mrphpah;fshf epakpg;gjhf njhpa te;Js;sJ. 39% Mrphpah;fSk;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk;; ,jid Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sdh;.

45%

,e;j epakdq;fs; Coy; jd;ikAilait. mjpgh;fs;> njhz;lh; Mrphpah;fs; gzp gw;wpa gjpNtl;il itj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gy Mz;Lfspd; gpd;dNu mth;fs; Mrphpah;fshf Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mz;ikf;fhyk; tiu mjpgh;fs; ,e;j eilKiwf;F mikar; nraw;gl;ldh;. Mdhy; ,dp mt;thwpy;iy. njhz;lh; Mrphpauhf epakpf;fg;gLtjw;F xUth; fy;tpg; nghJj;juhju cah;jug; ghPl;irfspy; 3 ghlq;fspy; rpj;jpnaa;jp ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ghlrhiyap y ; xU ntw; w p l k; ,Uj; j y; Ntz; L k; . juhjuKs; s th; f s; ,g;nghOJ fpilf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;ifapy;> mjpghpd; cwtpdh;fs; ,e;j epakdq;fis ngWfpd;wdh;. rpy njhz;lh; Mrphpah;fs; epakdj;jpd; gpd;dh; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;tjpy;iy. Mdhy; gjpNtl;Lg; gjpTfis mjpgh;fSf;F ,yQ;rk; nfhLj;Jg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l re;jh;g;gq;fs; mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. njhz; l h; Mrp h p a h; f Sf; F vt; t hW fw; g p g ; g J vd; W njhp a hJ. ,J khzth;fs; kPJ ghhpa ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. FGD apy; Mrphpah;fs;

4.3.7.2 gjpy; mjpgh;fs;/mjpgh;fs;. mjpgh;fs;> juhjuk; ngWk; ghPl;irf;Fg; gpd;dh;> mjpgh; Nrit %yk; epakdk; ngWfpd;wdh;. vdpDk;> ,e;jg; ghPl;irf;Fj; Njhw;whj gjpy; mjpgh;fNs 9>678 ghlrhiyfspy; miuthrpapy;> ,t;twpf;if vOjg;gl;l Neuj;jpy; jiyikg; gjtp tfpj;jdh;. gjpy; mjpgh;fis jil nra;Ak; fy;tp mikr;rpd; 34/2000 Rw;W epUg Vw;ghLfSf;F ,J KuzhdJ. tiuglk; 19: mjpgh; gjtpfSf;F> epakdk;> my;yJ njhptpy; cs;s eilKiwapy; Kuz;ghLfs; ,Ug;gjhf ePq;fs; fUJfpwPh;fsh? (Nfs;tp 33.6)

KOikahf Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sd miuthrpahf Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sd XusT Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sd

9% 32%

26%

Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy. 26%

KOikahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdh; vdf;Fj; njhpatpy;iy

gjpy;

mjpgh;fspd;

Mrphpah;fshYk;>

62%

murpay;

epakdq;fs;

ghhpa

cj;jpNahfj;jh;fshYk;

Coyhf

fUjg;gLfpwJ.

56% 50%

Mrphpah;fSk; 62% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk;> juhjuKs;s Mrphpah;fs; ,e;jg; gjtpfSf;F epakpf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpdh;. fy;tpj;Jiwapy; mNefkhd

Kf;fpa

gjtpfs;

murpay;

epakdq;fs;

vd;W

50%

Mrphpah;fSk; 60% gzpg;ghsh;fSk; fUjpdh;. mNefkhd gjpy; mjpgh;fs; juhjukw;wth;fs;> murpay; hPjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;lth;fs;> rpNu\;l> juhjuKs;s Mrphpah;fSf;F gjtp cah;T toq;fg;gltpy;iy. gjpy; mjpgh; epakdj;jpw;F jFe;j mikg;G ,y;iy. rpyNtisfspy; mjpgh; f s; Mizf; F Otpdhy; my; y hJ ,th; f s; murpay;thjpfshy; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;. xU cah;kl;l murpay;thjp> mj;jifa epakdq;fisr; nra;jhh;. “nyhf;F khj;jah”tpd; tpUg;gj;jpd;gb vy;yhk; eilngw;wd.

,j;jifa nraw;ghL> fw;gpj;jy; juj;jpd; kPJ ghhpa ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ. juhjukw;wth;fis murhq;f Nritf;Fs; nfhz;L te;Js;sik> fpukkhd Kiwapy; epakpf;fg;gl;l mjpgh;fspd; jhh;kPfj;ijAk;> Cf;fj;ijAk; ghjpj;jJ. 4.3.7.4 gzpg;ghsh;fSk; Mrphpa MNyhrfh;fSk;. Ma;tpy;> kpff; $Ljyhf fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsh;fSk;> Mrphpa MNyhrfh;fSk; (Fwpg;gpl;l ghlq;fspy; fw;gpj;jy; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk; mDgtk; kpFe;j Mrphpah;fs;) epakpf;fg;gLtjhf Mrphpah;fSk; mjpgh;fSk; fUJfpd;wdh;. ghlrhiyfspy; gzpahw;Wtjhf vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLk; rpy Mrphpa MNyhrfh;fs; mt;thW gzpGhpahj re;jh;g;gq;fs; mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mth;fs; jdpahh; tFg;G (hpA+rd;) Mrphpah;fs; vd;Wk; $Ljyhf ntspf;fs my;yJ tp[ak; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Neuj;ij jdpahh; tFg;Gfspy; nrytpl;ljhf Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ma;Tf;nfd njhpT nra;ag;gl;l tyag; gFjpapy;> gy Nkyjpf gzpg;ghsh;fSk;> Mrphpa MNyhrfh;fSk; ,Uf;ifapy; rpy ghlrhiyfspy; Nghjpa Mrphpah;fs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

Gjpjhf epakpf;fg;gl;l gzpg;ghsh;fspy; gyUk;> gjtpfis tfpg;gjw;F juhjuj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ 50%

Mrphpah;fspdJk; 55%

cj;jpNahfj;jh;fspdJk; fUj;jhFk;. Gjpa fy;tp mikg;gpd;19 gpufhuk; mjpfkhd gzpg;ghsh;fs; ,Ug;gJ jPh;thf ,y;iy. ,J xU gpur;rpidahf cs;sJ vd;W 44% Mrphpah;fSk;> 18% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; fUjpdh;. tiuglk; 20: Gjpa fy;tpj; jpl;lg; gpufhuk; gy gzpg;ghsh;fs; ,Ug;gJ> jPh;TfSf;Fg; gjpyhf gpur;rpidfis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ vd;W ePq;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwPh;fsh? (Nfs;tp 26.1)

Mrphpa MNyhrfh;fs; tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsh;fspd; Nkw;ghh;itapd; fPo; cs;s NghjpYk;> jdf;F mth;fs; kPJ fl;Lg;ghL ,y;iy vd;W tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsh; xUth; $wpdhh;. ,J tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsh;fs Mrphpa MNyhrfh;fs;; kPJs;s mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;j jaq;fpaik my;yJ jkJ mjpfhuk; Nkw;ghh;it tfpghfk; Mfpad gw;wp mwpahjpUg;gij ntspf;fhl;LfpwJ. ntspf;fs tp[aq;fspd;NghJ Mrphpa MNyhrh;fis fz;fhzpf;f eilKiwia mKy;gLj;j rk;ge;jg;gl;l tyag; gzpg;ghsh; Kaw;rp nra;jNghJ> mJ mtuJ nghWg;G my;y vd;W mth;fs; vjph;g;Gj; njhptpj;Js;sdh;. jpwikapd;ik> kdpj epjp tsq;fspy; tpuak; vd;gdtw;wpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; eph;thf mikg;G> mjpfhu topfs; vd;gd kPJ Fog;gk; Njhd;WfpwJ. 19. fy;tp mikr;R Gjpa fy;tp mikg;gpd; fPo; khzth; - ika fw;if Kiwfis ghlrhiyfspy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. KjyhtJ Kd;Ndhbf;fl;lk;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l Mrphpah;fSf;F tpNrl gapw;rpAld; juq;fs; 6>10>11 Mfpatw;wpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

Kbthf> Nritapy; cs;s MNyhrfh;fspd; neUq;fpa Nkw;ghh;it %yk; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpj; juj;ijr; rPuhf;Ftjw;F fy;tp mikr;R vLf;Fk; eltbf;iffs; ghuhl;lj;jf;fit. Mdhy; nray; hPjpahf gy gpur;rpidfs; vOe;Js;sd. nkhj;jkhf Ma;Tf;Fl;gl;lth;fspilNa epiyik Fwpj;J vJTk; nra;ag;gl KbahJ vd;w tYthd vz;zk; cs;sJ. ,J juhjukw;w> Cf;fkw;w kf;fshy; jukw;w fw;gpj;jy;> epakdq;fsp;y; khj;jpuky;yhJ> ,lkhw;wq;fs;> fld; jpl;lq;fs; vd;gdtw;wpYk; murpay; nry;thf;ifg; GFj;jp fy;tp mikg;gpy; ngUk; FiwghLfis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

4.4. CoYf;F vjpuhf Kiwg;ghLfs; gps;isfisAk; ,y;yq;fisAk; ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpYk;> Mrphpah;fs;> mjpgh;fs;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; MfpNahiu eph;thf kl;lj;jpYk;> ghjpf;Fk; gy gpur;rpidfs; cs;sd. rpyh; Coy; gw;wpf; Nfs;tpg;gl;bUf;fpwhh;fs;. VidNahh; mDgtpj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. mth;fs; vjidr; nra;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;? 72%

Mrphpah;fSk;;> 54% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; Kiwg;ghL vjidAk;

nra;atpy;iy. 8% Mrphpah;fSk;> 7% Nfs;tpf;Fg; gjpy; jutpy;iy.

cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; ,e;jf;

,y;yq;fspy; 21% my;yJ Ie;jpy; xU gq;fpdh;> Coy; gw;wp Kf;fpakhf mjpgh;fsplk; my;yJ Mrphpah;fsplk; Kiwg;ghLfs; nra;jdh;. 78.3% khNdhh; mt;thW nra;atpy;iy. tiuglk; 21: fy;tpapy; Coy; Fwpj;J vg;nghOjhtJ ePq;fs; Kiwg;ghL nra;jpUf;fpwPh;fsh? (Nfs;tp 30.6 kw;Wk; Nfs;tp 3.4)

Mk;

,y;iy

gjpy; $wg;gltpy;iy

gjpy;fs; (%) 100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

Mrphpah;fs;

cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs;

,y;yq;fs;

Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;lth;fs;

Ma;Tf;Fl;gl;Nlhh;> ,jw;F epthuzk; Nfl;fj; jaq;Fifapy;> xOq; f P d q; f s; NkYk; fpukkhf jz; b f; f g; g lNtz; L k; vd; W ngUk; g hd; i kahNdhh; ek; g pdh; . xOq; f P d q; f s; vg; n ghOJk; ; jz;bf;fg;gLtjpy;iy vd;W 75% cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk;> Mrphpah;fspd; xOq;fPdq;fs; gw;wp gzpg;ghsh;fs; rkh;g;gpj;j mwpf;iffs; jPtpukhff; ftdpf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;W mth;fspy; miuthrpg;NgUk; fUjpdh; vd;Wk;> 41.7%

,y;yq;fSk; 42.7%

cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk;> Mrphpaj; njhopypy;

jtwpioj;jth;fs; jz;bf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> 19.6% jz;bf;fg;glj; Njitapy;iy vd;W $wpdhh;fs;. ,e;j Ma;tpd; KbTfs;> xU gpur;rpid my;yJ Coiy vjph;nfhs;Sk;NghJ Kiwg;ghL nra;J jkJ rptpy; chpikia gpuNahfpf;f my;yJ gpuNahfpf;f ,ayhky; ngUk; tpfpjj;jpyhd Mrphpah;fSk;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk; ngw;Nwhh;fSk; ,Ue;jjhfj; njhptpj;Js;sd. Kiwg;ghL nra;tjw;F chpik cs;sJ. nghJ eyd; fUjp mt;thW nra;Ak; NjitAs;sJ. epWtd hPjpahd mikg;G ,y;yhik Mfpa fhuzpfs; ,e;jr; nraw;ghl;il ghjpj;jpUf;ff; $Lk;.

5. fye;Jiuahly;fSk; KbTiuAk;. fy;tpapd;

juj;ijAk;>

rkj;Jtj;ijAk;

NgZjy;

nghJeyDf;fhf

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mwtplg;gLk; fl;lzj;jpw;F xU cr;rtuk;G ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ghlrhiy mDkjpf;fhd tjptpltpjp njhlh;ghd tpz;zg;gq;fspy;> Nkhrbiaf; Fiwg;gjw;F Kaw;rpfs; tYg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. jdpahh; tFg;Gfs;> gy;fiyf;fof mDkjpNfhUk; khzth;fSf;F Kf;fpakhf njhopy;rhh; gl;lk; ngw Kaw;rpg;NghUf;F ed;ikaspg;gjhFk;. jdpahh; tFg;Gf;fs;> cah; tUkhdKs;s FLk;gq;fSf;F ed;ik mspj;J mjidg; ngwKbahj efu ikaq;fspy; my;yhJ fpuhkpa njhiy J}uq;fspy; trpf;Fk; Vio khzth;fSf;F ghugl;rj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ghlrhiy Neuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh;> jkJ nrhe;j khzth;fSf;Nf jdpahh; tFg;ig xU fl;lzj;jpw;F elj;Jtjw;F Fiwe;j rk;gsKk; xU fhuzpahf ,Uf;fyhk;. ,e;jr; nray;Kiw KuzhdJ> fhuzk; Vio khzth;fSf;F rhjfkw;w tpjj;jpy; Mrphpah;fs; ,jidj; J\;gpuNahfk; nra;atpaYk;. mT];jpNuypah> rpq;fg;g+h; Nghd;w gy ehLfspy; ,Ug;gJ Nghd;W ,e;j rl;lg; gytPdj;ij> Mrphpah;fs; jkJ nrhe;j khzth;fSf;F jdpahh; tFg;G elj;Jtij jil nra;tjd; %yk; rhp nra;ayhk;. ju cs;sPLfs; Kfhikj;Jtj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu mjpgh;fs; ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jp rq;fq;fSf;F fzf;Ffis toq;Fjy;> ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jp rq;fq;fspd; $l;lq;fspy; mtw;iw rkh;g;gpj;jy; my;yJ ghlrhiy mwptpg;Gg; gyifapd; fzf;Ffis ntspg;gLj;jy; vd;gd %yk; $Ljyhd ntspg;gilj; jd;ikia Vw;gLj;jyhk;. ju cs;sPl;L khdpaq;fspd; gpuNahfj;ij jpl;lkpLifapy;> ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jp rq;fq;fspd; MNyhridfs; ngwg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.21 ghlrhiy Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; Kf;fpakhf epjpfspy; Neh;ikj; jpwd; Fwpj;J nghJkf;fspd; ek;gpf;if Fiwthf cs;sjhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. Mrphpah; f spdhYk; > mjpgh; f spdhYk; mjpfhuj; J\; g puNahfk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLifapy;> jkJ ftiyia ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; $Ljyhd ek;gpf;ifiag; ngWk; tpjj;jpy; khzth;fSf;Fk;> ngw;Nwhh;fSf;Fk;> mjpgh;fSf;Fk;> Mrphpah;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; neUf;fkhd ,izg;G Vw;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ghlrhiy Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; $Ljyhd gq;fspg;ghdJ> jpl;lkpliy khzth;fspd; NjitfSf;F $Ljyhd Vw;Gilajhf mikar; nra;Ak; ghlrhiy epjpfis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;Ak; tfpghfk;> nghWg;Gfs; Fwpj;J ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jp rq;fq;fs;> ghlrhiy eph;thff; FOf;fs;; vd;gtw;Wf;F mwpTWj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. 21. gpNwa;.vk; -jdpahh; tFg;Gf;fspdhy; ghhpa ghjpg;Gf;fs;.

ghhp];: And];Nfh/IIEP>2003.

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Rw;W epUgq;fs;> gpukhzq;fs; vd;gd nrayw;W my;yJ mKy; nra;ag;glhik> fhuzkhfNt ehk; fhZk; rpy Coy;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; rl;lq;fSf;Fk;> gpukhzq;fSf;Fk;> jtwhd Kiwapy; tpsf;fkspf;fg;gLfpd;wd. NtW rpytw;wpy;> mjpfhhpfs; mtw;iw mKy; nra;tjpy;iy. cjhuzkhf khfhzj;jpy; Mrphpah; epakdq;fs;> ,lkhw;wq;fs; vd;gdtw;wpy; khfhz rigfs; murhq;f Nrit Mizf; F OTf; F r; rkkhf mjpfhuj; i j gpuNahfpg; g jw; F vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; murpay; fhuzq;fspdhy;> MSdh;fs;> Kjyikr;rh;fs;> khfhz mikr;rh;fs; MfpNahh; ,e;j Mizf;FOf;fs; my;yJ FOf;fs; rk;ge;jkhf jPh;f;fkhd gq;if tfpf;fpd;wdh;. Mrphpah;fs;> mjpgh;fs;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; MfpNahiu Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjpy; gy gpur;rpidfs; ,Ug;gjhf ,e;j Ma;T Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ. Mrphpah; ,lkhw;wq;fspy; Njitaw;w nry;thf;Fg; gpuNahfk;> xU nghJ tplakhfTs;sJ. ,lkhw;wj;jpw;F murpay;thjpfs;> cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; MfpNahUldhd njhlh;Gfs;> Kf;fpa fl;lis tpjpfshf cs;sd. nfhs;if mKyhf;fj;jpw;F jw;NghJs;s epWtd hPjpahd fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gk; (Njrpa> khfhz ,lkhw;w rigfs;) Mrphpah; ,lkhw;wf; nfhs;if vd;gd cs;s NghjpYk;> ,e;j eltbf;iffs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ftdj;ij <h;f;Fk; kw;WnkhU Jiw njhz;lh; Mrphpah;fs;> gjpy; mjpgh;fs; epakdkhFk;. gapw;wg;glhj Mrphpah;fs; njhlh;e;j gjtpf;F mkh;j;jg;gLfpd;wdh;. (2006 22

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fy;tp mikr;R jPh;f;f Kw;gLfpwJ.23 vdpDk; vjph;fhyj;jpy; rl;lg+h;tj; NjitfSf;F Vw;wjhf epakdq;fs; nra;ag;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F NkYk; $Ljyhd eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gLk; NjitAs;sJ. ,yq;if fy;tp eph;thf Nrit> mjpgh; Nrit> Mrphpah; Nrit> Mrphpag; Nghjdhrphpah; Nrit vd;gdtw;Wf;fhd gjtp epakdq;fs;> eph;thff; Nfhit 1999 ,yq;if mjpgh; Nritf; Nfhit> 1995 Mrphpah; Nritf; Nfhit vd;gdtw;Wf;F mikthfr; nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. murpay; epakdq;fisj; jtph;g;gjw;F> Njrpa murhq;f Nrit Mizf;FO> mjd; me;j];j;Jf;F Vw;g nraw;;glf; $bajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. khfhz murhq;f Nrit Mizf;FOf;fs;> g+uz Rje;jpuj;Jld; nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; NghJkhd tsq;fSk; xJf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. epakdq;fs; khj;jpuky;yhJ> fy;tpapy; rfy jPh;khdnkLj;jYk;> murpay; kakw;wjhf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. fy;tpj; jPh;khdq;fs;> ,yf;F cs;sjhfTk;> rkepiy NgZtjhfTk;> ghugl;rk;> tpUg;G ntWg;G vd;gd mw;wjhfTk;> ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. nkhj;jkhfg; ghh;f;Fkplj;J> fw;gpj;jy; juk; Fwpj;Jg; ngw;Nwhh; jpUg;jpaile;Js;sjhfj; njhpfpd;w NghjpYk;> Mrphpah;fSldhd> Neh;fhzy;fs;> fy;tp Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; ghhpa msT tpuf;jpiaNa Gyg;gLj;jpaJ. fy;tpapy;Mrphpah;fs; kpf Kf;fpakhd tsk; vd;gjhy;> ,J ghuJ}ukhd tplakhFk;. murhq;fk; 2006 – 2010 fhyg;gFjpapy; mjd; fy;tpj;Jiw mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lj;jpYk;> fl;Lf; Nfhg;gpYk;> Mrphpah; mgptpUj;jp Nkk;ghl;bw;F xU flg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. Mrphpah; jpwik Nkk;ghLk;> mh;g;gzpg;Gk;> Mrphpah; Cf;Ftpg;G> jpwd;fs;> nraw;ghLfs; vd;gtw;iw Cf;Ftpg;gJk; ,e;jf; fl;Lf;Nfhg;gpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,yl;rpaq;fshFk;. ,e;j Kaw;rpfs; xOq;fPdkhd epakdq;fs;> gjtp cah;Tfs;> Vd; ePjpaw;w ve;jtpj Kaw;rpahYk;> jho;TgLj;jg;gly; MfhJ. Mrphpah;fs;> rPuhf ,aq;Ftjw;F mth;fs; epahakhfTk;> rkj;JtkhfTk; elj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. mth;fs; ed;F gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;L> njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fs; nfhLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mth;fSf;F Nghjpa rk;gsKk;> gbfSk; Neufhyj;Jld; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. fpukkhd eilKiwfSf;F mg;ghy; nra;ag;gLk; epakdq;fs;> ghlrhiy mDkjpapy; jiyaPLfs; vd;gd %yk; rl;lk; mKy; nra;ag;glhik> mbf;fb epfo;fpd;wJ. rpy rkaq;fspy; tpopg;Gzh;Tg; 23. fy;tp mikr;rpd; MNyhrfuhd gp.lgps;A+ FzNrfuTldhd njhiyNgrp Neh;fhzy; 17 ngg;uthp 2009

gw;whf;Fiw fhuzkhf gpukhzq;fs; mKy; nra;ag;glhjpUj;jy; $Lk;. gpukhzq;fs; rhptu mKy; nra;ag;glhikf;F> jkpopy; Rw;W epUgq;fs; fpilf;fg; ngwhik Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. rfy Rw;W epUgq;fSk; nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;L> tya fy;tpkl;lq;fspYk;> fy;tp mikr;rpd; ,izaj; jsj;jpYk;> ,lk;ngw itg;gjd; %yk; ,e;jf; FiwghL jpUj;jg;glyhk;. ,e; j Ma; T Coy; rk; g e; j khf Fiwe; j mstpNyNa mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sikiaf; fhz;gpf;fpd;wJ. vt;thwhapDk; Coiy jPh;f;fkhd Kiwapy; jLg;gjw;F J\;gpuNahfj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fs;> gop thq;fg;gLthh;fs; vd;w mr;rkpd;wp Nkhrb eltbf;iffis mwptpf;ff; $bajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;lth;fSf;F> ghugl;lrkw;w tprhuiz cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;. Kf;fpakhf khfhz> tya kl;lq;fspd; Kiwg;ghl;L newpKiwia tYg;gLj;Jjy; $Ljyhd ntsp;g;gilj; jd;ikf;fhd Kf;fpa gbf;fy; MFk;. fpukkhd eilKiwfSf;F mg;ghy;> nra;ag;gLk; epakdq;fs;> ghlrhiy mDkjpfspy; jiyaPL vd;gd rl;lq;fs; mKyhf;fg;glhik mbf;fb epfo;tjw;fhd rhd;Wfshf cs;sd. rpy rkaq;fspy;> tpopg;Gzh;T ,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhy; gpukhzq;fs; mKy; nra;ag;glhky; Nghfyhk;. mwptpj;jy; topfs; njspthf ,y;yhtpl;lhy; (Mrphpa MNyhrfh;fs; tyag; gzpg;ghshpd; Nkw;ghh;itapyh? ,y;iyah? vd;gJ xU cjhuzk;) Kfhikj;Jtk; rPuhf ,Uf;f khl;lhJ. Cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij gpuNahfpf;f tpUk;ghjpUg;gJk;> gpukhzk; mKy; nra;ag;glhikf;F kw;WnkhU fhuzkhFk;. rpwe;j ghpghyhdk; cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; jkJ gzpfis epiwNtw;wTk;> mjpfhhpfs; jkJ flikfisg; gpuNahfpf;fTk; Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjph;ghh;f;fpwJ. fl;Lg;ghL> xOq;fhw;W eltbf;if vd;gd ,y;yhjtplj;J mjpfhu J\;gpuNahfk; msTf;F kPwp ,lk;ngWk;. eilKiwapy; cs;s rl;lq;fSk;> gpukhzq;fSk;> nray;gLj;jg;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;JtJ fl;lha NjitahFk;. eilKiwapy; cs;s rl;lq;fis mKy; nra;aTk;> rl;ltpNuhj eltbf;iffSf;Fj; jz;liz toq;fTk; NkYk; $Ljyhd Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

gps;isfs; ghlrhiyfspy; mDkjpf;fg;gLifapy;> Gj;jfq;fs;> cgfuzq;fSf;fhd nryT> fl;lzk;> cs;spl;l nfhLg;gdTfs; vd; g tw; w py; ghlrhiyf; fy; t papy; epyTk; rkj; J tkpd; i k ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,it ,y;yq;fspd; tFg;G epiyikNahL njhlh;Gilait. ghlj;jpl;lk; g+h;j;jp nra;ag;gLjy; Nghd;w Kf;fpa tptfhuq;fs;> jho;e;j tFg;Gg; ngw;Nwhiug; ghh;f;fpYk; nry;te;j ,y;yq;fSf;F (kj;jpa ju tFg;gpdh;) ngUk; mf;fiwia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. kj;jpaju tFg;Gg; ngw;Nwhh; $Ljyhf <LgLtij> ghlrhiy njhlh;ghd ngw;Nwhh; gq;Fgw;Wk; epfo;Tfs; fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ghlrhiyf;F ntspNa thu ,Wjpapy; jdpahh; tFg;G kPjhd nryT Nghd;w tptfhuq;fspYk;> rkj;Jtkpd;ik njhpfpwJ. fy;tp hPjpahd rkj;Jtkpd;ikia gpujpgypf;Fk;> FLk;g tFg;G epiyik cah;e;j gjtpfis tfpf;Fk;> my;yJ th;j;jfk; nra;Ak; je;ijkhh;fis cila FLk;gq;fspy; cs;s gps;isfs; rpwe;j ghlrhiyfspy; mDkjp 24

ngWfpwhh;fs;;. ,j;Jld; ,y;yq;fspd; fy;tp> nghUshjhug; gpd;dzpAld; Coy; gw; w pa GyDzh; T k; mwpTk; NtWgLfpwJ vd; W fhz;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. twpa ,y;yq;fs;> Coy; gw;wp mwpe;jpUg;gjpy;iy. mJ gw;wp myl;bf;nfhs;tJkpy;iy. kj;jpaju tFg;gpdUk;> ,J gw;wpj; njhpe;jpUe;Jk; fy;tpapy; Coy; rk;ge;jkhd tptfhuq;fis mwptjpy; Mh;tk; fhz;gpg;gjpy;iy. Vnddpy; ,j;jifa gpur;rpidfs; mth;fSf;F Vw;gLtjpy;iy my;yJ mtw;iwr; rkhspg;gjw;F ed;F eph;zapf;fg;gl;l toptiffis nfhz;lth;fs; mtw;iwj; jkf;Fr; rhjfkhf;f $bath;fshf cs;sdh;. jkJ gps;isfSf;F rPuhd fy;tpf;fhf mNefkhfg; NghuhLk; jho;e;j> kj;jpaju tFg;igr; Nrh;e;j ,y;yq;fNs ,J gw;wpf; $Ljyhf mf;fiw nrYj;Jfpd;wd. ,th;fs; murhq;f> jdpahh;Jiw Copah;fs;> tpahghhpfSk; th;j;jfh;fSNk. ,th;fs; mNdfkhf efug; gFjpfspy; trpg;gth;fshf jkJ gps;isfis fw;gpg;gjpy; Mh;tk; nfhz;lth;fshf> mth;fis gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> cah; fy;tp epWtdq;fSf;F mDg;Ggth;fshf cs;sdh;. ,e;j ,y;yq;fs; jkJ cah;e;j mgpyhirfs; fhuzkhf> murhq;f ghlrhiy mikg;Gld; njhlh;e;Jk; Nghuhb tUfpd;wdh;. ,th;fs; jkJ ,y;y tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;jpy; ngUe;njhifia gps;isfspd; fy;tpf;Fk;> Nkyjpf fw;gpj;jy; jdpahh; tFg;Gf;fSf;Fk; KjyPL nra;fpd;wdh;.

24. FLk;g gpd;dzpf;Fk;> fy;tpj; jPh;khdj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd kpfj; njspthd Mf;fG+h;tj; njhlh;ig vkJ ngWNgWfs; fhz;gpf;fpd;wd. nry;te;jf; FLk;gq;fspd; gps;isfs; ,ytrf; fy;tp %yk; $Ljyhd ed;ik ngWtjhfj; njhpfpd;wJ. Kf;fpakhf> “fy;tpj; jPh;khdj;jpy; jhapd; fy;tp ngw;Nwhhpd; tUkhdk; vd;gd tYthd ghjpg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sd.”(uzrpq;f kw;Wk; `hh;nlhf; 2002)

murhq;f ghlrhiy ehlfj;jpy; gpujk ebfh;fshf ,Uf;Fk; jho;e;j kj;jpa ju tFg;gpdNu> [dj;njhifapy; ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapy; ,Ug;gjhy; ,e;jf; FLk;gq;fspy; ghhpa rjtPjj;jpdh; Ma;T khjphpf;fhf cs;slf;fg;gl;ldh; ,e;j Ma;T cah;;e;j tUkhdk; cs;s my;yJ cah; kj;jpa tFg;gpdiu cs;slf;ftpy;iy. fpuhkpa twpa kf;fspd; fy;tpf;F trjp nra;antd murhq;fk; mKy; nra;Js;s Ie;jhk; Mz;Lg; Gyikg;ghprpy; jpl;lk;> ,g;nghOJ kj;jpaju jho;e;j kj;jpa ju tFg;gpduhy; Nghl;b fhuzkhfj; jkJ ed;ikf;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wJ. murhq;fg; ghlrhiyf; fy;tp mikg;gpy;> r%f hPjpahd tFg;G> gps;isapd; jpwikf;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpl;Lf; nfhLg;gjhy; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapy; rkre;jh;g;gk; mr;RWj;jYf;F cs;shfp ,Uf;fpwJ. Kf;fpakhf r%f rkj;Jtkpd;ik vd;w tpisTld; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapy;> Coy; ngUkstpy; fhzg;gLifapy;> ehl;bd; nkhj;j mgptpUj;jp Kiwapy; ngUk; jhf;fj;Jld; fy;tp mikg;G> rpwe;j ghpghydk; vd;gd njhlh;ghf kf;fs; itj;jpUf;Fk; r%f ek;gpf;if mope;JtpLk; mghaKs;sJ. ,isQh;fSk;> taJ te;NjhUk;> CoyhdJ xU tho;f;if Kiw my;yJ rh;t rhjhuzkhdnjhd;W vd;W vz;zj; njhlq;Fth;. ,J ,d;iwa> ehisa Fbrdj; njhifapdUf;F jhh;kPfk;> Nfhl;ghL> elj;ij tpOkpaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw toq;Fk; fy;tpapd; mbg;gilf;Fk; mf;fiwAilNahhpd; jpUg;jpia cWjpg;gLj;Jk; nraw;ghl;by; jpwik> rkj;Jtk;> cah;juk; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd cj;juthjj;ij toq;Fk; fy;tp mikr;rpd; gzpf;Fk;> ghhpa mr;RWj;jyhfTs;sJ.25

25. http://www.moe.gov.lk/about_us.php

04-10-2008 y; ghh;itaplg;gl;lJ

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; 1. Amarasiri.M.W De Silva. Funding for Education Advocacy: Report on the CEF program in Sri Lanka (Evaluation Report submitted to CEF-UK and Save the Children Colombo), 2006. 2. Anwar Shah and Schacter Mark.“Combating Corruption: Look before You Leap.” Finance and Development. International Monetary Fund 41(4) (2004): 40–43. 3. Athula Ranasinghe and Hartog Joop. “Free-education in Sri Lanka. Does it eliminate the family effect? ” Economics of Education Review, Volume 21, Issue 6, (December 2002): 623-633. 4. Bray M. Adverse effects of private tutoring. Paris: UNESCO/IIEP, 2003. 5. Daniel S. Treisman. The Causes of Corruption: A Cross National Study. Los Angeles: Department of Political Science, University of California, 1999b. 6. Ewa Tomaszewska and Shah Anwar. Phantom Hospitals, Ghost Schools, and Roads to Nowhere: The Impact of Corruption on Public Service Delivery Performance in Developing Countries. Washington,DC: Working Paper, Operations Evaluation Department, World Bank, 2000. 7. George T. Abed and Davoodi. R Hamid . Corruption, Structural Reforms, and Economic Performance in the Transition Economies. Washington: IMF, 2000. 8. Griffin.M and Meier.B. Stealing the Future. Corruption in the Education Sector. Berlin: Transparency International, 2005. 9. Hallak Jacques and Poisson Muriel. Corrupt schools, corrupt universities: what can be done? Paris: IIEP Series on Ethics and corruption in education, 2007. 10. Harsha Aturupane. Has the Holy Grail of education been sighted? Colombo: The Sunday Times, July 2008.

11. Lambsdorff, Graf Johann, Taube Markus and Schramm Matthias, eds. The New Institutional Economics of Corruption. London: Routledge, 2005. 12. Lambsdorff, Graf Johann. Corruption in Empirical Research: A Review. Durban, South Africa: Paper presented at the Ninth International Anticorruption Conference, 1999a. 13. Lambsdorff, Graf Johann. The Impact of Corruption on Capital Accumulation. Germany: Department of Economics, Gottingen University, 1999b. 14. Ministry of Education. A future generation Endowed with Wisdom and virtues… - 2008 Progress of the Ministry of Education and Proposed Programmes for 2009. Colombo: Ministry of Education, 2009. 15. Ministry of Education. Education for Economic Development and Prosperity. Colombo: Ministry of Education, 2005. 16. Ministry of Education. School Census 2007.

Colombo: Ministry of

Education, 2007. 17. Sanjeev Gupta, Davoodi Hamid, and Tiongson Erwin. Corruption and the Provision of Health Care and Education Services. Washington, DC: IMF Working Paper 00/116, 2000. 18. Shamsul Haque. “Recent Transition in Governance in South Asia: Contexts, Dimensions, and Implications In.” International Journal of Public Administration, Volume 24, issue 12 (November 2001): 1405 – 1436. 19. Transparency International. Corruption in the Education Sector. Berlin: Transparency International , Working Paper No. 04/2007 , 2007. 20. UNDP Human Development Report 2007/2008.

21. Vincent Greaney and Kellagham Thomas. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Assessing National Achievement Levels in Education.â&#x20AC;? The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank Vol 1, (2008). 22. Vito Tanzi and, Hamid R Davoodi. Corruption, Public Investment, and Growth. IMF Working Paper No. 97/139, October 1997. 23. Wijetunge.L.S Perera, de Silva. W. A. and Navaratne. A. A. Achievement after Four Years of Schooling. National Assessment of Achievement of Grade Four Pupils in Sri Lanka: National Report. Colombo: National Education Research and Evaluation Centre, University of Colombo, 2004. 24. World Bank. Mainstreaming Anticorruption Activities in World Bank Assistance: A Review of Progress since 1997.Washington, DC: World Bank, 2004. 25. World Bank. Performance Audit Report Sri Lanka General Education Project (Credit 2072-Ce). Operations Evaluation Department. Report no 18010, June 11, 1998. 26. World Bank. Treasures of the Education System in Sri Lanka: Restoring Performance, expanding opportunities and enhancing prospects. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2005.

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