IN PURSUIT OF “ABSOLUTE INTEGRITY”- Identifying Causes for Police Corruption - Sinhala by Transparency International Sri Lanka

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idOlhkaf.a iDKd;aul n,mEu yereKqúg" fmd,sia ¥IKh ms<n s | m%Yk a h úi£fï§ yuqjk b;du nrm;, ndOlh jkafka fmd,sia ld¾hhkaf.a iajNdjhu yd tla whl= úiska ksyv;djfha ’kS, neïu¶ (Blue Wall) jYfhka y÷kajk ,o ryiHNdjh" yqol,dNdjh" h:d¾:h yd tlai;aNdjh nj úfYaI{hka nyq;rhla úiska o ms<fs .k we;'” - The Thin Blue Line, Czheslaw Walek

’W;aÍ;r fmd,Sih s la¶ Wfoid fmd,sia ¥IKhkag fya;i = dOl y÷kd.ekSu

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;kfha m¾fhaIKhla

: (094) 011 2688328 : (094) 0112688327 : tisl@sltnet.lk : www.tisrilanka.org

ISBN : 955-1281-14-4

Kapila

uqøKh :

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m<uq uqøKh" 2006

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fþ'iS ' je,s s w uq K úOdhl wOHCIl 26'07'2006 7

fufyhqï lñgqj uydpd¾h tia'à' fyÜáf.a ( î'ta' ^f.!&" î'*s,a îudc úoHdj&" fld<U ú'ú'" mS'tÉ'ã' ûdkj úoHdj& fudkEIa ú'ú'" íafg%,h s dj iudc úoHd fcHIaG uydpd¾h .re wOHCIl" iudc m%;m s ;a;s ú.%y yd m¾fhaIK wdh;kh fld<U ú'ú' Tyq Y%S ,xld cd;sl úoHd mokfï iudc úoHd m¾fhaIK lñgqfõ iNdm;sjrhd f,i yd fld<U ú'ú' iudc úoHd iNdm;sjrhd f,i o lghq;= lrhs' Tyq Y%S ,xld iudc úoHd ix.ufha iNdm;sjrhd o fõ' iudchSh úIu;d" iudchSh m%;m s ;a;"s ;dreKHfha iudc úoHdj" iudchSh .eg¿ yd wOHdmkh hkd§ úúO úIhka ms<n s | .%k: a yd m%ldYk úYd, .Kkla Tyq úiska iïmdokh lr we;' wÑ,sia fcdaYma uhd ( úY%dñl ksfhdacH fmd,sim a ;s' 1956 isg Y%S ,xldfõ úúO m<d;aj, fiajh lf<ah' fudyq fmd,sia Wiia wNHdi úoHd,fha wOHCIl f,i lghq;= lf<ah' fmd,sia Wmfoia w;afmd;la iïmdokh lr we;' fmd,sia .eiÜ ksfõok iQÑhla o iïmdokh lf<ah' fmd,sia f;dr;=re ;dCIK wxYh msyg s ù q u i|yd uQ,l s ;ajh f.k lghq;= lf<ah' tlai;a rdcOdksfha mqyK q q wdh;kfha yd l<ukdldr úfYaI{ wdh;kfha idudðlfhls' jD;a;u s h iñ;s ixúOdkfha fmdÿ iqnfi; i|yd kS;s wdOdr lñgqfõ idudðlfhls' g%dkaifa markais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;kfha wOHCI uKav,fha idudðlfhls' ,xld Lksc f;,a ixia:dfõ udkj iïm;a ixj¾Ok úfYaI{ WmfoaYljrfhls' flhd¾ bkagkeIk,a wdh;kfha yd ,xld úÿ,sn, iud.fï o úfYaI{ WmfoaYljrfhls' Ydka fiakdkdhl ( t,a't,a'î'" kSk{ s " úfYaIfhkau udkj ysñlï .ek yd mßirh ms<n s |j Wkkaÿjla olajk kSk{ s jrfhls' ck;d iqnfi; kS;s mokfï yd kS;h s yd hql; a h s mokfï bÈßfm, l%h s dldÍ idudðlfhls' ;jo" Y%S ,xldfõ mokï wdh;kfha yd cd;sl <ud wdrCIl wêldßfha iïm;a odhlfhl= f,i l%h s d lrhs' Y%S ,xld fmd,sia fiajfha yd nkaOkd.dr fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ks,Odßka i|yd kS;s Wmfoia yd wdOdr imhhs' ck;d iqnfi; kS;s mokfï wOHCIjrfhla jYfhka ^1999-2003& yd tys iNdm;sjrhd jYfhka ^2002-2003& l%h s d lf<ah' ±kg Tyq kS;h s yd hql; a h s mokfï iNdm;s f,i l%h s d lrhs' ffjoHdpd¾h úkahd wdßhr;ak ( ffjoH úoHd wdpd¾h Wmdêh ms,m s k S fha o ,did,a úYaj úoHd,fha ^1989& uyck fi!LH ms<n s | Y%dia;%m;s Wmdêh tlai;a ckmofha fcdaka fydmalk s i a a úYaj úoHd,fha ^1990& tï'tia'iS' Wmdêh yd m%cd fi!LHh ms<n s | tï'ã' Wmdêh fld<U úYaj úoHd,fha mYapd;a Wmdê ffjoH wdh;kh" ,sjmQ,a ksj¾;k ffjoH úÿyf,a lÓldpd¾h moúhla o ±refõ' 2005 § ì%;dkH rch Tyqg fpjksx YsIH;ajh msßkud Tyqf.a Wiia fiajhg Wmydr ±laùh' miqj Tyq tlai;a rdcOdksfha ,Sâia úYaj úoHd,fha ffjoH úoHd mSGfha k*S,â a wdh;khg ne£ fiajh lf<ah' Tyq i¾fjdaoh Y%uodk jHdmdrfha úOdhl wOHCIljrhd f,i o lghq;= lrhs' ffjoHdpd¾h wdßhr;ak uy;d 8

jD;a;suh jYfhka m%cd ffjoH úoHdj$uyck fi!LHh ms<sn| úfYaI{ ffjoHjrfhls' uE;l isg Tyq idu m%h;akfha mqfrda.dñhl= f,i lghq;= lrhs' Tyq hqfrdamd úYaj úoHd, mSGfha idu wOHhk flakøa fha o fiajh lrhs' 2004 iqkdñ jHjikfhka miq Tyq i¾fjdaoh yÈis m%;p s dr wxYfha iïnkaëlrK ks,Odßhl= jYfhka l%h s d lf<ah' miqj Tyq iuia; m%;i s xialrK jHdmdrh Ndrj lghq;= lf<ah' iS'à' cEkaia uy;d ( î'tia'iS' ^,xld& fudyq nkaOkd.dr flduidßiajrhd f,i fiajh lr we;' ;x.,a, nkaOkd.drfha wú .nvdjg isrlrejka lvd je§ nkaOkd.dr ks,Odßka m%dK wemlrejka f,i ;nd.;a isoê a h ms,n s | mÍCIK mj;ajd jd¾;d lsÍug m;a lrk ,o ;%m s o q . a , lñgqfõ idudðlfhl= yd iNdm;sjrhd f,i lghq;= lf<ah' Nhdkl T!IO j¾. md,k cd;sl uKav,fha iNdm;s" udkj ysñlï ld¾h n,ldfha iNdm;s yd mjq,a m%;i s xialrK flakøa fha yd udkjhd i|yd mßirh ^Y%S ,xld& wdh;kfha mßmd,l jYfhka o Tyq l%h s d lrhs' wfia, oikdhl uhd ( fu;=ud fuu jHdmD;sfha wOHCIjrhd f,i lghq;= lrhs' 1965 cQ,s udifha§ Y%S ,xld fmd,sia fiajhg ne÷Kq fudyq wmrdO mßCIK fomd¾;fïka;=fõo fiajh lr we;' fmd,sih s g Tyq úiska lrk ,o úYsIG a fiajdjka ms<. s ekSula jYfhka 1993 foieïn¾ ui iqm%io s O a mQ¾K N+ñ iïudkh Tyq fj; msßkuk ,È' wmrdO mÍCIK fomd¾;fïka;f = õ fiajh l< ld,h ;=<§ Tyq kvq lsym s hla iïnkaOfhka tlai;a rdcOdksh" m%xYh" iaúÜi¾,ka;h" fydxfldx yd ;dhs,ka;h jeks rgj,a lsym s hl§u wmrdO mÍCIKj, ksr; jQfhah' fcHIaG fmd,sia wêldßjrhl= jYfhka fiajh lrk w;r;=r Tyq fmd,sia fiajfhka úY%du f.k tlai;a cd;Skfa .a hqO wmrdO mrSlI a ljrfhl= jYfhka úfoaY m;aùula Ndr .;af;ah' tu m;aùug wod<j Tyq fndiakh s d y¾isf.dùkdfõ i¾fþfjda k.rfha;"a fko¾,ka;fha fya.a k.rfha;a fiajfha fh§ isáfhah' Tyq 2004 cQks udifha§ tlai;a cd;Skfa .a ix.ufhka úY%du .;af;ah' geiS fikúr;ak uhd ( fudyq úY%dñl fcHIaG fmd,sia wêldßjrfhls' fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j ;=< ld¾hCIu;dj" iodpdrh yd wjxlNdjh ms<n s | fkdle<e,a úYsIg a jd¾;djla Tyq ;nd we;' kS;h s n,d;aul lsÍu ms<n s | jir 37 l m,mqreoaola Tyq i;=j we;' úY%du .ekSug fmr Tyq fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fõ nqoê a wxYfha m%Odkshd f,i lghq;= lf<ah' 2002 isg 2003 olajd Tyq ol=Kq wdishdfõ ¨yq wú wdhqO jHdmD;s úfrdaë jHdmdrfha le|jqïlre f,i lghq;= lf<ah' fifkúr;ak uy;d g%dkaifa markais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;kfha wOHCIjrfhls' tï'ã'ta' yer,aâ uhd ( fudyq 1963 § Y%S ,xld rdcH fiajhg ne£ tu fiajfha jir 40 lau .; lf<ah' bka jir 26 lau ú.Kldêm;s fomd¾;fïka;=fõ Tyq fiajh lf<ah' ú.Kldêm;s jYfhka jir 17 la o" iyldr ú.Kldêm;s f,i jir 6 la o" ksfhdacH ú.Kldêm;s jYfhka jir 3 la o Tyq fiajh lf<ah' iïm;a ixj¾Okh" rdcH ksfhdacHdh;k ú.KldêlrKh yd rdcH" m<d;a iNd 9

yd m,d;a md,k wdh;k ú.KdêlrKh yd úfoaY wruqo,a wdY%; s jHdmD;s o Tyqf.a md,kh hgf;a mej;=K's .KldêlrKh ms<n s | Wiia iqÿiqlï .Kkdjla Tyq ,nd we;' Tyq Y%S ,xld ixj¾Ok mßmd,k wdh;kfha" rcfha .KldêlrK wdh;kfha iy iemhqï yd NdKav l<ukdldr wdh;kfha lÓldpd¾hjrfhla f,i o lghq;= lrhs' fþ'iS' je,swuqK uhd ( fYa%IG a dêlrKfha yd wNshdpkdêlrKfha kS;{ S jrfhls' md¾,sfïka;= mk;a" rdcH j.lSï yd udkj ysñlï lvlsÍï wdY%; s iqm%io s O a wdKavl q %u jHjia:d kvq lsym s hla i|yd fudyq bÈßm;a úh' Tyq fld<U úYaj úoHd,fha kS;s ffjoH úoHd ämaf,daud Wmdêhla ,nd we;' Tyq ,ndf.k we;s úfoaY úoHd, Wmdê w;r m%xYfha iag%dian¾.a úYaj úoHd,fhka ,;a cd;Hka;r udkj ysñlï ms<n s | Wmdêhla o fõ' Tyq f,dal nexl=fõ ^fld<U ld¾hd,fha& flá ld,Sk WmfoaYl ;k;=rla o orefõh' udkj ysñlï ms<n s | ol=Kq wdishd;sl ld¾hxYfha idudðl;ajhla o Tyq orhs' j.lSu yd hymd,kh iy;sl lsÍu i|yd fhdað; wdKavl q %u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhka fhdackd lsÍfï ld¾hfha yd ¥IK úfrdaë wOHdmk úIh ud,djla ilia lsrfS uys,d Tyq ±kg ksr; ù isáhs' whsikayj¾ YsIH;aj,dNshl= jYfhka je,swuqK uy;d *s,fv,a*h s d yd f,dia wekac,Sia k.rj, fmd,sia ld¾h l%u yeoEßula o lf<ah' Tyq ±kg g%dkaifa markais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;kfha úOdhl wOHCIl OQrh Wiq,hs'

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25 25 26

1'3

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2' fmd,sia ¥IK 2'1 2'2

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28 29 32

3'1

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3'2 3'2'1 3'2'2 3'2'3 3'2'4 3'2'5

33 33 34 35 37

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3'4 3'4'1 3'5

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40 40 42 11

38 39 39

3'5'1 3'5'2

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64 65 65

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4'5 4'6 4'7 4'7'1

62 62 63 63 64 64 64

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5' fmd,sifs ha ld¾hka yd fmd,sia ¥IKh - jHjia:dms; wdlD;sh 5'1 5'2 5'3 5'4 5'5 5'6

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81 81 83 85 85 86

6'2 6'2'1 6'2'2 6'2'3

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86 87 90 91

6'3

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6'4 6'4'1 6'4'2 6'4'3

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95 95 95 98

6'5

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98 100

7'1

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100

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100 100 101 101

7'2 7'2'1 7'2'2 7'2'3 7'2'4

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101 101 102 103 103

7'3

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104

7'4 7'4'1 7'4'2

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105 105 105

8' ¥IKh uev meje;aùu i|yd f.k we;s mshjr

108

8'1

±kg Y%S ,xldfõ l%h s d;aul jk ¥IK u¾ok Wmdh ud¾. 109

8'1'1 8'1'2

cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñiu ^w,a,ia fldñiu& úfYaI úu¾Yk tallh

8'1'3 8'2

109 111 112

8'2'1 8'2'2 8'2'2'1 8'2'2'2

fmd,sim a ;sjrhd úiska uE;l§ l%h s d;aul l< mßmd,kuh fjkialï wNsu;h iSud lsÍu taldêldrhka ì| ±óu ta ta m%foaYhka ;=< fmd,sih s g ysñ taldêldrh fgkav¾ ms<n s | taldêldrh

113 113 113 114 114

8'2'3

j.lSï y÷kd.; yels l%u moaO;shla msyg s ù q u

115

8'3

Y%S ,xldfõ ¥IK u¾ok Wmdh ud¾. yd f.da,h S miqìu

115

8'4

±kg l%h s d;aulj mj;sk hdka;%Khkaf.a id¾:l;ajh

116

9' fmd,sia ¥IKhg tfrysj l%h s d lsÍu i|yd fjk;a rgj,aj, .kq ,nk l%uhka ms<n s | ;=,kd;aul wOHhkhla

120

9'1

¥IKh u¾okh lsÍu i|yd Wmfhda.s lr .kakd l%u

120

9'1'1

weußld tlai;a ckmoh ^ksõfhda¾la k.rfha fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j& ¥IKh yd j.lSu y÷kd.; yelsùu wNHka;r lghq;= ld¾hdxYh uyckhdf.ka ,efnk meñKs,s iajdëkj meje;afjk úu¾Yk fmd,sia ¥IK u¾ok fldñiu ¥IK u¾ok wNsfpdaokd ks,Odßka mqrjeis meñK,s úu¾Yk uKav,h

120 121 122 122 122 123 124 124

9'1'2'1 9'1'2'2 9'1'2'3 9'1'2'4

tlai;a rdcOdksh ^uQ,ia:dk fmd,sih s - The Metrop-olitan Police) ¥IK u¾okh i|yd fhdod .efkk hdka;%Khka ¥IK u¾ok lKavdhu wNHka;r úu¾Yk n,weKsh iajdëk fmd,sia meñKs,s fldñiu

125 125 125 126 126

9'1'3 9'1'3'1 9'1'3'2 9'1'1'3 9'1'4 9'1'4'1 9'1'4'2 9'1'4'3 9'1'5 9'1'5'1 9'1'5'2

fydxfldx rdcHh fmd,sih s g tfrys meñKs,s ld¾hd,h iajdëk fmd,sia meñKs,s uKav,h ¥IK u¾ok iajdëk fldñiu bkaÈhdj ¥IKh ms<n s |j l%h s d lsÍu i|yd hdka;%Khka uOHu mÍCIK ld¾hxYh flar<h mlsia:dkh m%;i s xialrK ¥IK u¾ok l%h s dud¾.

127 128 128 128 129 130 130 130 131 132 133

9'2

Y%s ,xldfõ fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ¥IKh msgq ±lSfï Wmdh ud¾. ms<n s o yd ;=,kd;aul ú.%yhla iajdëk mÍCIK yd wjxlNdjh úksYp a h lrk

134

9'1'1'1 9'1'1'2 9'1'1'3 9'1'1'4 9'1'1'5 9'1'1'6 9'1'1'7 9'1'2

9'2'1

9'2'2 9'2'3 9'2'4 9'2'5 9'2'6

10' ks.uk 10'1 10'1'1 10'1'2 10'1'3 10'1'4 10'1'5 10'1'6 10'1'7 10'1'8

ksÍCIK mqrjeis iudf,dapkh yd iyNd.s;j a h mÍCIK meje;aùï ksÍCIKh lsÍu foaYmd,k n,mEï lKsIG a ks,Odßka wdrCId lsÍu ¥IK úfrdaë ixialD;shla Y%S ,xldj ;=< m%j¾Okh lsÍu

134 135 135 136 136 137

yd ks¾foaY wdh;ksl cd,h jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu n|jd .ekSï jHqyh mqyK q j q Wiia lsÍï ia:dk udre jegqm"a fõ;k yd §ukd ;s<K s m%odkh yd ovqjï kshu lsÍu úkh md,k mámdáh

138 138 138 139 139 139 140 140 140 141 141 141 142 142 143

10'2'9

moaO;s ÿ¾j,;d úi|Su udkj ysñlï fmd,sih s yd m%cdj w;r iïnkaO;d wëCIKh m%udKj;a fkdùu ms<n s | úi÷ï iïm;a ysÕh fjk;a kS;s wdh;k ^wêlrKh" kS;m s ;s fomd¾;-fïka;=j& iu. iïnkaëlrKh ¥IKh msgq ±lSu cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu iajdëk úu¾Yk yd wjxlNdjh úksYp a h lrk mÍlaIK mqrjeis iudf,dapkh yd iyNd.s;j a h wNHka;r mÍlaIK lghq;= ksÍlaIK i`oyd fldñiu - lñgqj fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j yd cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu wëlaIKh lsÍu wjxlNdjh úksYp a h lsÍfï tallhka foaYmd,k n,mEï fcHIaG ks,Odßka fj;ska ,efnk kS;ú s frdaë ksfhda. yd lKsIG a ks,OdÍka wdrCId lsßu m%N+ msßiaj,g wdrCIdj iemhSu

10'3

iudma;sh

10'2 10'2'1 10'2'2 10'2'3 10'2'4 10'2'5 10'2'6 10'2'6'1 10'2'6'2 10'2'6'3 10'2'6'4 10'2'6'5 10'2'6'6' 10'2'7 10'2'8

143 144 144 144 144 144 144 145 145 146 146 146

flá fhÿï AG

–

Attorney General

AHRC

–

Asian Human Rights Commission

ASP

–

Assistant Superintendent of Police

CAPO

–

Complaints Against Police Officers

CBI

–

Central Bureau of Investigation

CCPC

–

Commission to Combat Police Corruption

CCRB

–

Civilian Complaints Review Board

–

Chief Inspector

CIABOC

–

Commission to Investigate Allegations of Bribery and Corruption

CID

–

Criminal Investigations Division

COMPSTAT

–

Computerized Database of Crime Statistics

DIG

–

Deputy Inspector General of Police

DIU

–

Disappearances Investigations Unit

–

Driving License

GCE (A/L)

–

General Certificate of Education (Advanced Level)

GCE (O/L)

–

General Certificate of Education (Ordinary Level)

IAB

–

Internal Affairs Bureau

ICAC

–

Independent Commission Against Corruption (in Hong Kong)

ICRC

–

International Committee of the Red Cross

IGP

–

Inspector General of Police

–

Inspector of Police

IPCC

–

Independent Police Complaints Commission

JVP

–

Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna

LST

–

Law and Society Trust

MPU

–

Missing Persons Unit

NGO

–

Non Governmental Organization

NHRC

–

National Human Rights Commission

NIBM

–

National Institute of Business Management

NIC

–

National Identity Card

NPC

–

National Police Commission

NYPD

–

New York Police Department

OIC

–

Officer In-Charge

–

Personal Assistant

–

Police Constable

PCA

–

Police Complaints Authority

PNB

–

Police Narcotics Bureau

POBO

–

Prevention of Bribery Ordinance

–

Passport

–

Police Sergeant

PSP

–

Police Service of Pakistan

PTA

–

Prevention of Terrorism Act

–

Sub Inspector of Police

SIU

–

Special Investigations Unit

–

Superintendent of Police

STF

–

Special Task Force

TISL

–

Transparency International Sri Lanka

USA

–

United States of America

UNICEF

–

United Nations Children’s Fund

UNHCR

–

United Nations Human Rights Commission

VIP

–

Very Important Person

VVIP

–

Very Very Important Person

WCD

–

Women’s and Children’s Desk

cd'fmd'fld g%d'b'Y%S','

cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

;=;'s ''æ wmf.a wjxl yd yDohdx.u ia;; = h s

pkaød m%kdkaÿ uy;d - fmd,sim a ;s ksu,a ueÈjl uy;d - ksfhdacH fmd,sim a ;s" uykqjr fmd,sia n, m%foaYh fþ' ;ka.fõ¨ uy;d - ksfhdacH fmd,sim a ;s" kS;s wfYdal úfþ;s,l uy;d - ksfhdacH fmd,sim a ;s" wmrdO úu¾Yk wxYh ã'ta' o f*dkafiald uy;d - ks'fmd,sim a ;s" fmd,sim a ;sjrhdf.a mqo. a ,sl iyldr ,d,a l=,fialr uy;d - fcH'fmd'w'" fmd,sim a ;sjrhdf.a mqo. a ,sl iyldr §md,a o,amodÿ uy;d - fcH'fmd'w' wOHCIl" fmd,sia Wiia wNHdi wdh;kh isir s fukaäia uy;d - fcH'fmd'w' wOHCIl" wmrdO úu¾Yk wxYh ßfhkais fmf¾rd uy;d - fcH'fmd'w' fmd,sia uyck in|;d wxYh wdkkao fyÜáwdrÉÑ uy;d - fcH'fmd'w' wkqrdOmqr" fmd'w'ú' ysgmq wOHCIl úúO wdldrfhka wmg iyh jQ fjk;a ish¿u fmd,sia ks,OdÍka fmd,sia m%cd in|;d ks,OdÍka ckdêm;s kS;{ S rxð;a wfíiQßh uy;d úY%dñl úksir q e wó¾ biauhs,a uy;d - w,a,ia fldñifï iNdm;s mshfiak rKisxy uy;d - wOHCI ckrd,a w,a,ia yd ¥IK fpdaokd ú' fld' fkú,a .=ref.a uy;d - m%Odk úu¾Yk ks,OdÍ" w,a,ia yd ¥IK fpdaokd ú'fld' flúka flá%þ uy;d - ;dCIKsl WmfoaYl" weursld tlai;a ckmofha kkaÈ wurfialr uy;d - wOHCIl" cd;sl ks¾udKlrejkaf.a ixúOdkh" uykqjr ir;a chj¾Ok uy;d - YdLd m%Odk" tlai;a cd;Skfa .a ñ;% ix.uh" uykqjr pkaøl s d u,aldka;s ñh - ksljeráh ldka;d fmruqK lkaomamd uy;d - fld,a¨msáh ckiúh iudc Y+NidOl ixúOdkh" wlalrm;a;=j iemhqï ióCIK yd uyck wdl,am ióCIKh id¾:l f,i meje;ajQ m%§ma mSßia uy;d we;=¿ fidaI,a bkaäflag¾ wdh;kfha Tyqf.a lKavdhu wmg iydh oelajQ iy wmj osru s ;a l< g%dkaifa markais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kfha ld¾h uKav,h wmf.a uqøKlre - lms, weâia wmg kka whqßka iyfhda.h ÿka ish¿u fokd

úfYaI i|yk

fkd?â wdh;kh yd u,ardð jkakw s drÉÑ uy;añh - WmfoaYl" fkdardâ ^fuu jHdmD;shg ÿka iyfhda.h fjkqfjka& ud¾f.damfoaYl lñgqj ^lKavdhu id¾:l f,i fufyhùu fjkqfjka& geiS fifkúr;ak uy;d - úY%dñl fcH'fmd'w' ^wdrïNl wÈhf¾§ jHmD;sh fufyhùu fjkqfjka& fj; msßkefï' 19

fmrjok fmd,Sifs ha ld¾hhka uyck;djf.a ffoksl Ôú;h yd ne£ mj;S' fmd,Sifs ha m%uL q ;u j.lSu ck;djg fiajh lsÍuhs' ck;djf.a yd iudcfha;a wfmaCIdjka bgq flfrk mßÈ .=Kd;aulNdjfhka Wiia jQ yd mdroDIHNdjfhka hql; a jQ fiajhla iemhSu fmd,Sifs hka wfmaCId flf¾' fmd,Sih s Y%S ,xldj we;=¨ fmrÈ. rgj, jvd;au ¥Is; rdcH wdh;kh jYfhka ie<flk nj g%dkaifa markais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh úiska mj;ajk ,o ¥IKh ms<n s | m%dfoaYh s l,dmSh ióCIKhl § ^2001-2002& fy<súh' fmd,sia fiajd moaO;sh jeä ÈhqKq lr" j.lsj hq;; a ka y÷kd.; yels ;sridr hdka;%Khka msyg s ù q fï wruqKk s "a fmd,sia fiajh we;=<; ¥IKhg fya;= jYfhka ie<lsh yels idOlhka ú.%y lsÍu i|yd ’ fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j ;=< ¥IKh ms<n s | .eUqre ú.%yhla ¶ keue;s jHdmD;shlaa g%d'b'Y%'S ,' úiska Èh;a lrk ,È' fuu jHdmD;sfha m%Odk ld¾hhka w;r my; i|yka tajd o úh' fmd,sia fiajdj ;=< mj;akd ¥IK uÜgu yd jHdma;h s ms<n s | iúia;rd;aulj fM;sydisl yd ixLHd;Sh f;dr;=re tla/ia lsÍu ±kg l%h s d;aulj mj;sk ld¾h mámdàka yd fr.=,dis wOHhkh lsÍu yd ±kg mj;akd ;;ajhka ¥IKhg wjldY imhkafka flfia±hs ksYp a h lsÍu ld¾h mámdàka yd fr.=,dis ±kg wkq.ukh flf¾o" ke;fyd;a tajd u.yer lghq;= flf¾±hs m%dfhda.l s f,i ksYp a h lsÍu' fuu wOHhkhg odhl ùug yjq,l a rejka fj; myiqlï ie<iSu fjk;a rgj,a iu. ikaikaokd;aul wOHhkhla lsÍu mdrdoDYHNdjh yd j.lSu ms<n s | mrudo¾Y m%ñ;Ska wNsnjd ¥IKh m%uL q ;djh .;a ksYÑ a ; wjia:d y÷kdf.k tajd mÍCIKhg Ndckh lsÍu fuu wxYh ;=< m%;i s xialrKh i|yd m%Odk fCI;% y÷kd .ekSu fM;sydisl yd ixLHd;Sh f;dr;=re fukau fmd,sia fiajfha yd uyckhdf.a wdl,am ms<n s |j lrk ,o ióCIKj,ska fy<s jQ f;dr;=re o i<ld n,d" fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j we;=<; mj;akd ¥IKhkag fya;k + a y÷kd.ekSu 20

i|yd ta ms<n s | Wkkaÿjla olajk whg wdOdr lsÍu fuu wOHkfha wruqK fõ' fuu jHdmD;sfha fldgila jYfhka ’hym;a fmd,sia fiajhla ms<n s | wdl,am¶ keue;s ióCIKh meje;aùu iajdëk iudchSh m¾fhaIK wdh;khla jk “fidaI,a bkaäflag¾¶ wdh;kh fj; g%d'b'•',x' úiska Ndrfok ,È' tu ióCIKh fldgia follska hql; a úh' m%:u jgh i|yd fmd,sih s iyNd.s jQ w;r ^fmd,sia ks,OdrSkfa .a u; úuiqu ms<n s | ióCIKh&" fojk jgh i|yd ^uyck u;h úuiSu ms<n s | ióCIKh& uyck iyNd.s;j a fhka isÿ lrk ,È' fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ks,Odßka yg uqyK q mEug isÿjk úúO m%Yk a ms<n s | Tjqkfa .a wdl,amhka yd woyia ±k .ekSu i|yd f;dr;=re iemhqï ióCIKhla ’g%dkaifa markais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld¶ wdh;kh fjkqfjka ’fidaI,a bkaäflag¾¶ wdh;kh úiska mj;ajk ,È' úúO miqìï iys; úfYaI{ lKavdhula ^iudc úod{hka" ysgmq fcHIaG fmd,sia ks,OdÍka" kS;{ s hska jeks& úiska ilia lrk ,o m%Yk a dj,shla fhdod .ksñka mj;ajk ,o iïuqL idlÉPdjka ud¾.fhka fuu ióCIKh l%h s d;aul lrk ,È' fuu ióCIKh 2005 fmnrjdß 05 jk od isg 08 jk od olajd yd 2005 fmnrjdß 10 jk od isg ud¾;= 03 jk od olajd;a mj;ajk ,È' Bg fmr lsis úfgl fkdmj;ajk ,o wdldrfhka jQ fuu ióCIKh i|yd fiajfha kshl q ; a fmd,sia ks,OdÍka 770 la wyUq f,i f;dard .kakd ,o w;r" Tjqka yg fomd¾;fïka;=j ;=< uqyK q §ug isÿjk m%Yk a yd .eg¿ ms<n s | Tjqkfa .a woyia ksoyia f,i m%ldY lsÍfï wjia:djla bka Tjqkg imhd fok ,È' fmd,sia fiajh iïnkaOfhka uyckhdf.a ;Dma;h s yd woyia úuid n,d" fmd,sia fiajh ms<n s | uyck wdl,amh ±k .ekSu i|yd uyck u; úuiSu ms<n s | ióCIKh mj;ajk ,È' úfYaI{ lKavdhula úiska iïmdÈ; m%Yk a dj,shla mokï lrf.k mj;ajk ,o fuu ióCIKh 2006 fmnrjdß 14 jk od isg 2006 ud¾;= 06 jk od olajd l%h s d;aul lrk ,È' by; iólaIK j,ska Wmqgd .kakd ,o fldgia fuu jd¾;djg we;=<;a lr we;' fuu ióCIKfha§" kqjr" l=reKE., yd ksljeráh we;=¿ Èjhsfka úúO m<d;aj,g f.dia ta ta m%foaYj, m%cd ixúOdk yryd idudkH ck;dj w;ßka f;dard.;a mqo. a ,hka 1000 la muK iu. idlÉcd lf<uq' tu idlÉcdj, mrud¾:h jQfha fmd,sih s yd uyckhd w;r mj;akd iïnkaO;dj ú.%y lsÍu yd uyckhd uqy q K q mdk .eg¿ y÷kd .ekSuhs' ta yryd /ia lr .kakd ,o f;dr;=re o fuu jd¾;djg we;=<;a lr ;sfí' fuu jHdmD;sh id¾:l f,i l%h s d;aul lsÍu i|yd mQ¾K iyfhda.h wm fj; ,nd ÿka fmd,sim a ;s jkaød m%kdkaÿ uy;d fj;;a" fmd,sia uQ,ia:dkfha Tyqf.a 21

ld¾h uKav,h fj;;" fmd,sia ia:dk Ndr ks,OdÍ uy;=ka we;=¿ ish¿u fmd,sia ks,OdÍ uy;=ka fj;;a" wmf.a yDohx.u lD;{;dj m%ldY lr isáuq' ;jo by; ióCIKhka id¾:l f,i meje;ajQ m%§ma mSßia uy;dg yd ’fidaI,a bkaäflag¾¶ wdh;kfha ld¾h uKav,hg;a wmf.a wjxl ;=;h s mqo lr isáuq' fuu jd¾;dfjka fy<sjk f;dr;=re yd tys ks.ukhka ú.%yhg Ndckh lsÍu ;=<k s "a fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j jeä ÈhqK q q lsÍu i|yd wjYH mshjr .ekSug wjia:djla m%;m s ;a;s ;SrKh lrk whg yd wod< fldgiaj,g ,efnkq we;ehs wms n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq' tfia isÿjqjfyd;a" iduh iyÔjkh yd kS;. s rel;ajh iys; rgla f.dv ke.Sug;a" ;sridr fi!Nd.Hhg ;=vq fok mßirhla we;s lsÍug;a yels jkq we;'

-m¾fhaIK lKavdhu

1 Y%S ,xldfõ fmd,sifs ha b;sydih 1'1 fmd,sifs ha wdrïNh 1'1'1 ,kafoais hq.h Y%S ,xld fmd,sifs ha b;sydih ,kafoais hq.fha miq Nd.h olajd úysfoa' fld<U k.rh ;=< kS;h s yd iduh wdrCId lsÍfï j.lSu ,kafoaik s a úiska yuqodj fj; Ndr lrk ,È' 1659 § fld<U k.r iNdfõ fhdackdjla wkqj" rd;%S ld,fha§ k.rh wdrCId lsÍu i|yd jegqma ,nk wdrCIlfhda m;a lrk ,oy' fuu wdrCIlfhda udisl jegqmla ,enQy' tfyhska fudjqka furg fmd,sifs ha fmr .uka lrejka f,i ie<lsh yelsh' m%:u fmd,sia ia:dk ;=k ,kafoaik s a úiska fld<U fldgqfõ" fldgqj yd msgfldgqj hd lrk Èhuxlv yd lhsuka fodrgqfõ msyg s j q k 1 ,È'

1'1'2 ì%;dkH hq.h ,kafoaik S a úiska Èjhsk ì%;dkH md,khg Ndrÿka Èk ^1796 fmnrjdß 16 od& isgu kS;h s yd iduh wdrCId lsÍfï j.lSu yuqodj fj; mjrk ,È' 1797 § msil a ,a ks,OdÍ ;k;=rla msyg s j q k ,o w;r" tu ks,Odßhdf.a ld¾h jQfha fmd,sih s mßCId lsÍuhs' tfy;a" fmd,sih s mßCId lsÍfï ld¾h Ndrh b;du;a Ndr¥r jQ fyhsk"a tu ld¾h ufyai; a %d;ajreka yd fmd,sia úksYp a hldrjreka fj; mjrk ,È' fï i|yd ufyai; a %d;ajrekag iydh ùu i|yd ,eialßkajre m;a lrk ,oy' wmrdO je<elaùug yd wmrdO mÍCIKh lsÍug wjYH;djla mek ke.=kq .ïno m%foaY i|yd fmd,sia úodfkajrfhla fyda fmd,sia fldia;dm,a jrfhla m;a lrk ,oy'2 fld<U k.rh fldÜGdi 15 lg fnod fjka lrk ,o w;r" ta tla tla fldÜGdih wëCIKh lsÍu i|yd fmd,sia fldia;dm,ajre m;a lrk ,oy'3 fmd,sia mÍCIl OQrh msyg s ù q u;a iu." ì%;dkH md,kh mej;s m%foaY ;=< id¾:l fmd,sia moaO;shla l%h s d;aul úh' fuu moaO;sh hgf;a fldia;dm,ajreka k.r uqr ixpdr l< w;r fmd,sia úodfkajre fyda fldia;dm,ajre .ïno m%foaY ;=< tu ld¾hh bgq l<y'

1 2 3 4

ta'iS' fvma" ,xld fmd,sia fiajfha b;sydih" 1 jk fj¿u" 1982 Y%S foaú" foysj," 6 jk msgqj 1806 wxl 06 orK fr.=,dish' 1806 wxl 14 orK mk; www.police.lk

1805 jk úg fmd,sifs ha ld¾hNdrhka meyeÈ,s f,i ks¾jpkh ù ;snQ w;r" uyck wdrCIdj yd iqj myiqj ie<iSu" wmrdO je<elaùu yd wmrdO mÍCIKh iy kS;h s yd iduh mj;ajdf.k hdu Bg we;=<;a úh'4

1'2 fmd,sia fiajfha j¾Okh yd m%;i s xúOdkh 1'2'1 ksoyi ,eîug fmr isÿùï uq¿ Èjhsku tlu md,khla hg;g f.k wd hq;= njg 1833 fld,anDDla fldñiu ks¾foaY lf<ah' tu ks¾foaYh wkqj lghq;= lrñka mßmd,kuh ld¾hka i|yd;a fmd,sia ld¾hhka i|yd;a ,xldj m<d;a 5 lg fnod fjka lrk ,§'5 fmd,si s h s wëCIKh lsÍfï n,hla Èid úksYp a hldrjreka fj; ysñ úh' fmd,sia ld¾hNdrhka ixúOdkh lsÍug yd wëCIKh lsÍug n,h we;s j.lsj hq;= ks,Odßhl= iys; fmd,sia fiajhla msyg s ù q u i|yd fhdackdjla fld<U uy k.r iNdj úiska tu jif¾§u iïu; lr .kakd ,È' ta wkqj" tjlg w.%úksYp a hldrjrhdf.a f,alï ;k;=r biqÆ o f;dauia Tiaúka uy;d m%:u fmd,sia wêldßjrhd ^iqmß s kafgkavkaÜ& f,i m;a lrk ,È' fmd,sia fiajfha m%Odkshdf.a ;k;=re kduh m%Odk fmd,sia wêldßjrhd f,i ye÷ka jQ kuq;"a 1867 § fmd,sia w{d mk; ixfYdaOkh lr tu moúkduh fmd,sim a ;s hkqfjka fjkia lrk ,È' bkamiq ld,fha§ hdmkh" ;%l s =Kdu,h" .d,a," ukakdru" l=reKE.," inr.uqj iy uykqjr hk k.rj, fmd,sia ia:dk msyg s j q d fmd,sia fufyhqï ld¾hhka mq¿,a lrk ,È'6 1858 È taldnoaO fmd,sia fiajhla msyg s j q k ,ÿj" 1865 jk úg furg fmd,sia ia:dk 55 la muK msyg s j q d ;snK q 's 1916 § Èjhsk mqrd fmd,sia ia:dk 138 la ;sìK' fuf,isk"a Y%S ,xld fmd,sia fiajh m%dfoaYh S uÜgul isg cd;sl fiajdjl ;;ajhg j¾Okh úh' fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a n,;, yd j.lSï kshu lsÍu i|yd 1865 § fmd,sia wd{d mk; mkjk ,o w;r" 1870 § wmrdO úu¾Yk wxYh ^CID& msyg s j q k ,È' weÕs,s i<l=Kq .ekSu" cdhdrEm.; lsÍu jeks kj l%u y÷kajd §u ;=<k s a iy fmd,sih s ÿria; ikakfs õok moaO;shla imhd§fuka yd cx.u fiajd i|yd

5 6

ta'iS' fvma" ’,xld fmd,sia fiajfha b;sydih¶ " 1 jk fj¿u" 1982 Y%S foaú" foysj," 186 jk msgj q 1813 wxl 06 orK fr.=,dish'

myiqlï iemhSfuka o fï ld, mßÉfþoh ;=< § fmd,sih s kùlrKh úh' ta w;ru wmrdO jd¾;d úu¾Ykh yd mÍCIK lghq;= jvd;a l%udkql, + lrk ,È' tys m%:m s ,hla f,i fmd,Sih s kj uqyK q jrla .eksK's

1'2'2 ksoyi ,nd .ekSfuka miq isÿùï 1948 § ksoyi ,eîu;a iu. yd m%:u Y%S ,dxlsl fmd,sim a ;sjrhd f,i Y%u S ;a ßpâ w¿úydf¾ uy;d m;a lsÍu;a iu. kj mshjrhka lsym s hlau .kakd ,È' kj mqyK q q l%u" fmd,sia ks,Odßkaf.a fiajd myiqlï jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu" úu¾Ykh" wmrdO je<elaùu yd mÍCIKh ms<n s | kùk l%u y÷kajd §u"7 uyck in|;d 8 ;r lsÍu yd ldka;d fmd,sia fiajh wdrïN lsÍu9 tu kùlrK mshjr w;r iuyrls' ffjoH m%;l s dr" ÿïßh m%jdykh" m%Odk mÍCIl fY%K a h s g wvq fYa%Ks i|yd f.j,a l=,S §ukd f.ùu" m%jdyk §ukd f.ùu iy fiajfhka úY%du .ekSfï§ úY%du jegqma f.ùu hkd§ jrm%ido 1955 isg fmd,sia ks,OdÍka fj; m%odkh lrk ,È' 1956 ka miq fmd,sifs ha ld¾hNdrh jHqyuh jYfhka yd wdl,amh S jYfhka o fjkia úh' tys ld¾hNdrh kS;sh yd iduh wdrCId lsÍug iy wmrdO je<elaùug yd mÍCIKhg muKlau iSud fkdù" fiajh i|yd lemjqKQ wdh;khla njg m;a fõ' fmd,sia Wiia wNHdi wdh;kh 1978 § wdrïN lrk ,È' fmd,sia úfYaI ld¾h n,ldh 1983 § msyg s j q k ,È' fmd,sifs ha f;dr;=re ;dCIK YdLdj 1993 § msyg s j q d" 1998 § fmd,sifs ha fjí wvúh wdrïN lrk ,È' ,kafoais hq.fha§ k.r wdrCIl fiajhla f,i wdrïN lrk ,o ,xld fmd,sia fiajh j¾udkh fmdÿ ck wdrCIdj yd iqj myiqj iemhSu" wmrdO je<elaùu yd mÍCIKh yd kS;h s yd iduh mj;ajd .ekSu hk m%Odk ld¾hka bgq lrk cd;sl fiajdjla f,i jeä ÈhqKq ù we;' fuu wdh;kfha j¾Okh i|yd kj mshjr /ilau .kakd ,o nj meyeÈ,sh'

1'3 fmd,sia fiajh ;=< ¥IKfha wdrïNh fiajd Wiiaùï fukau jegqma j¾ê;hka m%odkh lsÍu i|yd;a iQÿ fmd<j,a yd n,m;% rys; wrlal= wf,ú ie,a i|yd bv§u i|yd;a úêu;a igyka rys;j 7

1972 wf.daia;= 01 jk od fmd,sia mrSlaIK ld¾hdxYh msysgqjk ,È' 1973 § fld<U jxpd úu¾Yk ld¾hdxYh wrUk ,È' ikakf s õok lghq;= i|yd VHF .=jka úÿ,s hka;% Ndú;h werôKs 1966 Tlaf;dïn¾ 01 jk od fmd,sia uyck iïnkaO;d wxYh;a" 1969 ud¾;= udifha§ ixpdrl fmd,sia fiajh iy kS;ú s frdaë wd.uk wxYh;a msyg s j q k ,È 1952 § m%:u j;djg ldka;dfjda fmd,sia fiajhg n|jd .kakd ,oy

fmd,sia w;awvx.=jg .kakd ,o mqo. a ,hka uqod yeÍu i|yd;a w,a,ia .ekSu isÿjk njg idCIs 1856 § mjd ;sìK' mÍCIK meje;aùfuka miq jroldÍ ks,OdÍkaf.a fiajh w;ayg s j q k ,È' f,dkavka wdKavl q drjrhdf.a fiajd ld,fha§ fmd,sia fiajh ;=< ¥IKh yd wld¾hCIu;d ;snQ njg fpdaokd t,a, úh' 1879 mßmd,k jd¾;dj wkqj wld¾hCIu;djkag fya;=j jYfhka jeä jYfhkau fmkajd fok ,oafoa kqmy q K q q ks,OdÍka fiajhg m;a lsÍuhs'10 ,xld fmd,sia fiajh ;=< w,a,ia .ekSu isÿfõ±hs hkak 1883 § Y%u S ;a tiaukaâ a hg úiska ì%;dkH uyck uka;%S uKav,fha§ m%Yk a hla k.k ,È'11 fuu m%Yk ms<; s =re jYfhka leïn,a wdKavl q drjrhd mjid isáfha ;sia jirl Tyqf.a w;a±lSï ;=< ,xld fmd,sih s ;rï w,a,ia .ekSu wvq fjk;a wdh;khla Tyq fkdo;a njhs' w,a,ia .kakd whg kshu flfrk ±ä ovqjï tu ;;ajhg fya;= jQ nj m%ldY flßKs' ^ksoiqkla kï w,a,ia .;a wh uy;a wjudkhg m%d;% lr fiajfhka wia lrk ,oS& fmd,sia fiajh ;=< ¥IKh ms<n s | fpdaokd lsÍu i|yd 1906 fmd,sia fldñiu m;a lrk ,È' iema;eïn¾ 3 jk od isg Tlaf;dn¾ 13 jk od olajd fldñiu ieisjdr 12 la mj;ajd idCIslrejka 60 fofkl= úNd. l<y' fldñifï ks.ukh jQfha my< fY%K a j s , ks,Odßka kS;úfrdaê ;=gm q v q qre ,nd .kakd njhs' 1912 § lr;a;lrejkaf.a jevj¾ckfhka miq fmd,sifs ha ¥IKh mej;=K nj m%io s ê a fhau ms<. s eksK' ^fld<U k.rfha ùÓj,§ fmd,sia fldia;dm,ajreka úiska ßlafIdalrejkaf.ka kS;ú s frdaë uqo,a whlsÍï ,nd .kakd njg fpdaokd t,a, 12 úh & ¥IK l%h s d je<elaùu i|yd fcHIaG ks,Odßka úiska b;d ±ä l%h s d ms<fs j;la wkq.ukh lrk ,È' 1910 § w,a,ia ,nd .ekSfï fpdaokd u; fmd,sia ks,Odßyq 213 fofkla fiajfhka fkrmk ,oy' by; i|yka lreKqj,ska fmkS hkafka ,xld fmd,sia fiajfha wdrïNfha§ jqjo ¥IKh mej;s njhs' tfia jqjo ¥IKh msgq ±lSu i|yd .kakd ,o mshjr wkqj ¥IKfha nrm;,lu ld,fhka ld,hg wvq jeä úh'

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ta'iS' fvma ’,xld fmd,sia fiajfha b;sydih¶ " 2 jk fj¿u" 1866-1913" fld<U - 251 jk msgqj ta'iS' fvma ’,xld fmd,sia fiajfha b;sydih¶ " 2 jk fj¿u" 1866-1913" fld<U - 251 jk msgqj 1912 wf.daia;= 13 od “The Time” mqj;am;

fmd,sia ¥IK

hï wdh;khla ¥Is; fõkï foaYmd,kuh wd¾Óluh yd iudchSh Ôú;h úlD;s lsÍu ;=<k s a oßø;djh mq¿,a f,i me;srS hhs'13 hï wdh;khla fyda mqo. a ,hl= ¥Is; fõ kï mqo. a ,sl jdish i,ld ñi fmdÿ Y=N isoê a h i,ld ;SrK .kq fkd,nhs' fuys m%;M s ,hla jYfhka m%cd;;ak;%jdoh fukau wdh;khkaf.a kS;. s relNdjh o ÿ¾j, ù uyck úYajdih yd iyfhda.h ySk fõ' ta iu.u udkj ysñlï yd fmdÿ ckhd i;= iudchSh yd wd¾Ól whs;j s dislï W,a,x>kh ùug u. mE§ wjxl Ôúldjla lr .ekSfï ñksia whs;j s dislu lv fõ' ^fuh úfYaIfhkau ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj,a iïnkaOfhka wod< fõ& fujeks ;;ajhka hgf;a m%cd;ka;%jdoS iudchla ;=< kS;h s g yd iduhg úYd, ndOdjla we;s fõ' tfyhska ¥IKh m%cd;ka;%jdoh ÿ¾j, lrkq ,nkjd muKla fkdj Y=NidOl rdcHhl wruqK jk uyck Y=N isoê a hgo ydkshla we;s lrk nj meyeÈ,sh' fmd,Sih s ¥Is; kï Bg uyck iyfhda.h ,nd .; fkdyelsh' uyck iyfhda.h fkdue;sj fmd,Sih s g lsifs ia;a ish lghq;= id¾:lj bgql< fkdyel'14

2'1 fmd,sia ¥IKh hkq l=ula o@ fmdÿ ks¾jpkh wkqj fmd,sia ¥IKh hkq ;uka fj; fyda fjk;a whl= fj; mqo. a ,sl jdishla ,nd .ekSfï fÉ;kdfjka fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= úiska ;u n,;, wksis f,iska Wmfhda.s lr .ekSuhs'15 fmd,sia ¥IKfha m%Odk;u ,CIKh ’n,;, wksis f,i Wmfhda.s lr .ekSu¶ nj meyeÈ,s fõ' n,;, wksis f,i Wmfhda.s lr .ekSfï m%;M s ,h jkafka tu n,;, m%odkh lsÍfï wruqK bgq fkdùu fyda fmd,sia ld¾hkaf.a w¾:,dNshd úh hq;= fmdÿ ckhd fj; wys;lr m%;M s ,hla we;s ùuhs' fukhska n,k úg ¥IKh fya;= fldgf.k kS;s úfrdaë ls%hd md,kh lsÍug fmd,sishg we;s yelshdj ÿ¾j, jk nj muKla fkdj fmd,sia fiajfha .=Kd;aulNdjh jeä ÈhqKq lr .ekSug .; yels iEu mshjrlau wvd, jk nj o meyeÈ,s f,i wjfndaO fõ'

13 14

mSg¾ whs.ka - iNdm;s" ’g%dkaiafmarkaia bkagkeIk,a ¶ m;%l s dj 1970 21 jk ieis jd¾;dj - 1970 cQ,s ui fmd,sia fldñifï wjidk jd¾;dj ^niakdhl fldñIka jd¾;dj& rcfha uqøKd,h y¾uka f.d,aâiaghska" “Policing a Free Society” m%:u ixialrKh" flaïì%þ" 1977

rfÜ kS;sj,g .re lrk f,ig;a tu kS;s ms<smÈñka Ôj;ajk f,ig;a uyckhdf.ka wdhdpkh lr isàug kS;s l%h s d;aul lrkakka jYfhka fmd,sih s g whs;j s dislula we;' kS;s lvlrkakka w;awvx.=jg .ekSug;a" ßudkaâ Ndrfha r|jd ;nd .ekSug;a" Tjqka Widú fj; bÈßm;a lsÍug;a n,;, fmd,sih s fj; mjrd we;' fuu ld¾hh id¾:l f,i bgq lsÍug kï" fmdÿ ckhd w;r fmd,sih s ms<n s | m%;r s Emh jvd hym;a f,i ;sîu w;HjYH fõ' ¥IKh u.ska fmd,sifs ha úYajdikShNdjh ÿ¾j, fõ' tjeks ;;ajhla hgf;a kS;. s rel iudchla hkq yqÿ isyk s hls' fmd,sih s g jegqma f.ùu i|yd uqo,a ,ndfok nÿ f.jkakka fmd,sifs hka wfmaCId lrkafka kS;h s lv lsÍu je<elaùuhs' kuq;a w,a,ila ,nd .kakd fmd,sia ks,Odßhd we;a; jYfhkau kS;h s lv lsÍu Èßu;a lrhs' w,a,ia .eksug weíneys jQ fmd,sia ks,Odßyq iudc úfrdaê .;s mej;=ï m;=rej;s' fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= ndysr md¾Yajhl uqo,a n,hg hg;a ù isàkï fmd,sifs ha úêu;a mßmd,k jHqyh ÿ¾j, fõ'16 ¥Is; fmd,sia ks,Odßyq fmd,sia ld¾hhka bgq fkdlr;s' Tjqkfa .a wruqKq ck;djf.a wNsjDoaêhg lghq;= lsru S fkdjkq we;' fmd,sifs ha fcHIaG ks,Odßhl= ¥Is; kï Tyq hgf;a isák fiajlhka md,kh lsÍug Tyq wiu;a fõ' tys m%;M s ,hla jYfhka mßmd,kh ì| jeà uq¿ fmd,sia fiajfhau m%;r s Emh flfrys whym;a n,mEula we;s lrhs' tu ksid wm rfÜ m%cd;ka;%jdoh jvd Yla;u s ;a lsÍug;a" fmdÿck whs;j s dislï wdrCId lsÍug;a" fmd,sih s ;=< ¥IKh uev meje;aùu b;d jeo.;a fõ'

2'2 fmd,sia ¥IKhg jvd;au bvlv we;s fCI;% fmd,sia ¥IKfha m%fNao /ils' ish¿ oE ,ehsi; a =.; lsÍu Wlygh' bka b;du iq,N fCI;%hla kï iellrejka w,a,ia u; kS;h s bÈßhg f.k tafuka je<lS 17 a ,hkaf.ka w,a,ia ,nd f.k Tjqka kS;fs ha / isàuhs' îu;aj ßh meojQ mqo. yekg yiq fkdlrf.k ksoyfia isàug bv yeÍu ms<n s | wjia:d úYd, ixLHdjla jd¾;d ù we;' fmd,sia ¥IKfha ;j;a tla iajrEmhla kï úu¾Ykhla fyda mÍCIKhla iïmQ¾K ùug fmr w;ayer ±óug tlÕ ùuhs'18 fuys m%;M s ,h jkafka wmrdO jeäùu yd fmd,sih s flfrys uyck úYajdih ySk ùuhs' úu¾Ykhla w;r ueo kj;d ±ófuka jrolreg ovqjï §u je<flkq muKla fkdj whym;a wdo¾Yhla o we;s fõ' 16

17 18

iekaä iañ;a" “You Can’t Expect Police on the Take in Take Order” iÕrdj" 1968 foieïn¾ 06" 40 jk msgqj y¾uka f.d,aâiaghska ” “Policing a Free Society” m%:u ixialrKh" flaïì%þ" 1977 y¾uka f.d,aâiaghska" “Policing a Free Society” m%:u ixialrKh" flaïì%þ" 1977

tf,iu kS;h s yd iduh lv flfrk njg ljqre;a okakd ia:dk fukau fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= isáhfyd;a kS;ú s frdaê l%h s d wvq jk njg okakd ia:dk o" mÍCIKhg Ndckh lsÍfuka je<lS isàu o fmd,sia ¥IKh ksid isÿ fõ' ksoiqkla jYfhka ±lajj q fyd;a uqo,a w,a,ila fyda hï mqo. a ,sl jdishla wmrdOlrejka fj;ska ,nd .kakd fmd,sia ks,Odßka iuyrúg wmrdOlrejka .ejfik njg okakd ia:dkj,g wjYH fõ,djkag uqr ixpdr fkdlr isáh yelsh' fmd,sia ¥IKh isÿúh yels ;j;a fCI;%hla kï fpdaokdjl nrm;,lu wvq lsÍug fm<öuhs' uqo,a w,a,ila ,nd .ekSu ksid fyda fjk;a mqo. a ,sl m%fhdackhla ;ld fyda tfia;a ke;fyd;a jrolre yd fmd,sia ks,Odßhd w;r mj;akd mqo. a ,sl 19 in|;djla ksid l< jrog jvd wvq jrolg fpdaokd bÈßm;a flf¾' fuys m%;M s ,hla jYfhka jrolreg Tyq l< jro i<ld n,k úg idfmaCIj wvq ovqjula kshu flf¾' fmd,sia ¥IKh olskk a g yels ;j;a wjia:djla kï wjYH m%udKhg jvd wêl jQ fmd,sia wdrCIdjla iemhSug lghq;= lsÍuhs'20 fuys m%;M s ,h kï fmd,sia ks,Odßka ysÕh fya;=fjka jvd jeo.;a fmd,sia ld¾Hhka u. yeÍhduhs' fmd,sih s g wh;a foam, wksis f,i mßyrKh lsÍu wo fndfyda úg olakg ,efí' ksoiqkla f,i .;fyd;a fmd,sia r:jdyk ks;r ks;r fmd,sia rdcldß fkdjk fjk;a lghq;= i|yd fhdod .efka' kshu fmd,sia rdcldß i|yd wjYH r:jdyk fï ksid ,nd.; fkdyels ;;ajhla Woa.; fõ' fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ryiH ,sms f,aLk ,nd §u yd tu ,sms f,aLk jxpdldß f,i fjkia lsÍuo fmd,sia ¥IKfha ;j;a me;slvls'21 fmd,sia jd¾;dj, ryiHNdjh ì£fuka fmd,sifs ha ryiH nqoê a f;dr;=re wxYh ÿ¾j, úh yelsh'

19 ta'fla' jkaøldka;" ^ysgmq ksfhdacH wOHCI ckrd," CIABOC& úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o" ’w,a,i yd ¥IKh je<elaùu” keue;s foaYk m;%h¶ 01'01'2004 20 y¾uka f.d,aâiaghska" “Policing a Free Society” m%:u ixialrKh" flaïì%þ" 1977 21 ta'fla' jkaøldka;" ^ysgmq ksfhdacH wOHCI ckrd,a" CIABOC& úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o’w,a,i yd ¥IKh je<elaùu¶ keue;s foaYk m;%h" 01'01'2004

3 wdh;ksl jHqyh yd mámdáuh wdlD;sh fmd,sia fiajh ;=< ¥IKh me;sÍ we;s m%udKh ;lafiare lsßug kï fmd,sifs ha wdh;ksl jHqyh yd mámdáuh wdlD;sh ms<n s | ukd wjfndaOhla ;sîu b;d wjYHh' fmd,sifs ha wdh;ksl jHqyh" Wmpdrhka yd mámdáka iy wNHka;r fr.=,dis yd ksfhda. fuu mßÉfþofha úia;r flf¾'

3'1 OQrdj,sh yd ks,OdÍ ixLHdj 2005'12'31 Èk fmd,sia fiajfha idudðl ixLHdj 63"79722 la úh' iaÓr fiajl ixLHdj .eiÜ lrk ,o fcHIaG ks,OdÍ ;k;=re fmd,siam;s 1 fcHIaG ksfhdacH fmd,siam;s 6 ksfhdacH fmd,siam;s 28 fmd,sia wêldß ;k;=re fcHIaG fmd,sia wêldßka 83 fmd,sia wêldßka - 144 ldka;d fmd,sia wêldÍjrshka - 1 iyldr fmd,sia wêldßka - 197 ldka;d iyldr fmd,sia wêldÍjßhka - 9 .eiÜ lrk ,o ks,Odß ;k;=re m%Odk fmd,sia mÍCIljreka - 249 ldka;d m%Odk fmd,sia mßCIljßhka - 6 fmd,sia mÍCIljreka - 1691 ldka;d fmd,sia mÍCIljßhka - 52 Wm fmd,sia mÍCIljreka - 4830 ldka;d Wm fmd,sia mÍCIljreka - 562 .eiÜ fkdlrk ,o ks,Odß ;k;=re fmd,sia ierhka fïc¾jreka 68 fmd,sia ierhkajre - 8434 ldka;d fmd,sia ierhkajßhka - 811 fmd,sia fldia;dm,ajreka - 42"378 ldka;d fmd,sia fldia;dm,ajßhka - 4247 22

2005'12'31 Èkg wod< ixLHd - fmd,sia uQ,ia:dkfha mqo. a , yd jd¾;d wxYh ^fuf;la m%ldYhg m;a lr ke;&

3'2 lD;Hd;au 3'2'1 wmrdO mÍCIK fomd¾;fïka;=j wmrdO je<elaùu yd wmrdO úu¾Ykh lsÍu fmd,sifs ha m%Odk ld¾hka fõ'23 Y%S ,xldfõ fmd,sia fiajfha wmrdO úu¾Yk wxYh nrm;, wmrdO ms<n s | úu¾Yk lghq;= bgq lrhs' wmrdO úu¾Yk wxYfha m%Odk ld¾hhka my; i|yka fõ'24 nrm;, wmrdO iy wdrCIdjg wod< wmrdO mÍCIK lsßu remsh,a ñ,shk 3 lg wêl jdKscuh wmrdO" nqoê a uh foam,j,g iïnkaO wmrdO yd uqo,a wh:d f,i mßyrKh lsÍï ms<n s | mÍCIK lghq;= lsÍu iy uQ,Huh .Kqfokq jd¾;d lsÍu wmrdO úu¾Yk wxYfha iydh b,a,k ,ÿj" tu iydh imhk f,i fmd,sim a ;sjrhdf.a ksfhda. ,;a úg wmrdO úu¾Yk wxYh mÍCIK lghq;= i|yd ta ta fmd,sia wxYhkag Wmldr fõ' fï yereKq úg cd;Hka;r fmd,sia ixúOdkhkag iydh ùuo tys ;j;a ld¾hls' nrm;, ;%i; a jd§ wmrdO mÍCIKh" ;%i; a %jd§ l%h s d ms<n s | ryiH f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu yd ;%i; a jd§ka uqo,a ,nd .kakd l%u ms<n s |j f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu ckdêm;sjrhd" ksfhdacH wdrCIl weu;sjrhd" wdrCIl wud;HxYfha f,alïjrhd iy fmd,sim a ;sjrhd fj;ska ,efnk ksfhda. wkqj fjk;a ´kEu jeo.;a lreKla úu¾Ykh lsÍu' kS;m s ;sjrhd" wêlrK wêldßka yd úfYaI ckdêm;s fldñIka iNd úiska ;uka fj; fhduq flfrk lreKq mßCId lsÍu' rcfha fiajfha ks,Odßka w;r ¥IKh yd cd;sl wd¾Ólh fj; n,mE yels ¥IK lghq;= úu¾Ykh lsßu

fmd,sia wd{d mkf;a 56 jk j.ka;h s 1998 jir i|yd fmd,sim a ;sf.a mßmd,k jd¾;dj ^2003 § m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o& iy wmrdO úu¾Yk wxYfha fcHIaG ks,OdÍka yd mj;ajk ,o iïuqL idlÉPdjla

3'2'2 fmd,sia u;aøjHkdYl wxYh úI u;aøjH Wjÿr iudchg nrm;, ;¾ckhla njg m;aj we;' th fi!LHuh iudchSh yd wd¾Ól .eg¿ we;s lrhs' uyd mßudK fydr cdjdrïlrejka ksid úI u;aøjH Wjÿr b;d iS>%fhka me;sfrñka mj;S' fuu fydr cdjdrïlrefjda cd;Hka;r jYfhka l%h s dldÍ fj;s' fuu Wjÿr u¾okh lsÍfï jeo.;alu jgydf.k 1973 wfm%, a a 01 jk od fmd,sia u;aøjHkdYl wxYh msyg s j q k ,È' 1936 fha úI øjH" wìx iy Nhdkl T!IO wd{d mk;g yd 1984 wxl 13 orK tu wd{d mkf;a ixfYdaOkhkag iïnkaO ish¿u lghq;= fufyhùu yd iïnkaêlrKh lsÍu fmd,sia u;aøHkdYl wxYh úiska isÿ flf¾' fuu wd{d mk; hgf;a úI u;aøjH kS;s n,d;aul lrk ks,OdÍka fj; mq¿,a n,;, mejÍ ;sfnkq muKla fkdj tu kS;s W,a,x>kh lrk wh fj; b;d ±ä ovqjï kshu lr we;' fmd,sim a ;sjrhdf.a ksfhda.hla ,ofyd;a úI øjH" wìx yd Nhdkl U!IO wd{d mk; hgf;a ´kEu m%foaYhl meje;afjk úu¾Yk lghq;= ;uka fj; mjrd .ekSug n,h fuu ld¾hxYhg ysñ fõ'25 úI u;aøjH wdY%; s wmrdO je<elaùu" fidaÈis lsÍu iy Y%S ,xldj ;=< fukau úfoaYj,o tu wmrdO yd wmrdOlrejka ms<n s | ryiH f;dr;=re tla/ia lsÍu fmd,sia úI u;aøjH ld¾hxYfha ld¾hNdrhg wh;a fõ'26 úI u;aøjH ms<n s | l%h s d lrk uOHu tallh jYfhka úI u;aøjH kS;s n,d;aul lsÍu ms<n s | ish¿u ld¾hka iïnkaëlrKh lsÍu fuu ld¾hdxYfha j.lSu fõ' fï yereKq úg kS;m s ;s fomd¾;fïka;=j iu.;a úI u;aøjH u¾okfha fh§ isák f¾.=j" iqrdnÿ fomd¾;fïka;=j hkd§ rcfha úúO wxYhka iu.;a tla ù úI u;aøjH fidaÈis lsÍfï lghq;= j, o fuu ld¾hxYh ksr; fõ' Bg wu;rj úI u;aøjH kS;s n,d;aul lrk cd;Hka;r ixúOdk iu. o iyfhda.fhka l%h s d lrhs' fmd,sia u;aøjHkdYl wxYfha tallhla fld<U nKavdrkdhl cd;Hka;r .=jka f;dgqfmdf<a o msyg s j q d we;' wod< o;a; yd ixLHd f,aLk tla /ia lsÍu" wod< jd¾;d ksis f,i mj;ajdf.k hdu tajd ú.%yhg Ndckh lsÍu iy jeo.;a f;dr;=re cd;sl yd wka;¾cd;sl ksfhdacHdh;k iu. fnod .ekSu fmd,sia u;aøa jHkdYl wxYfha hq;=lï fõ' mdie,a" úYaj úoHd," rcfha ixúOdk yd rcfha fkdjk ixúOdk jeks iudcfha úúO wxYhkaj, isik q a yd fmdÿ ckhd fjkqfjka foaYk u;aøjH úfrdaê jHdmdr" Ñ;% m%o¾Yk jeks jevigyka u.ska úI u;aøjH Ndú;fha wdÈkj wjfndaO lr §ug fuu wxYh lghq;= lrhs'

25 26

www.police.lk www.police.lk

3'2'3 ldka;d yd <ud ld¾hdxYh ´kEu rgl wmrdOj,g f.dÿre ùug bvlv we;s jvd;au lKavdhï kï ldka;djka yd orejkah' iudch ;=< Tjqkg ysñjk wvq ;;ajh Tjqka Ndckh jk wmyiq;d iy Tjqkg iudk whs;j s dislï fkd,eîu fuu ;;ajhg m%Odk fya;k + a f,i ms<. s efka'27 ldka;djkag yd orejkag uqyK q mEug isÿjk úfYaI m%Yk a .ek fmd,sifs ha ie<ls,, a fhduq ùug wdrïN jQfha b;d uE;l§h' 1970 fõ oYlhg fmr wmrdOhkag f.dÿre jQ ldka;djka fyda orejka fj; lsiÿ s úfYaI ie<ls,, a la fkdolajk ,È' wmrdOj,ska ldka;djka yd orejka wdrCId lr .ekSfï wjYH;dj ms<n s |j bÈßm;a lrk ,o ;¾l yd cd;Hka;r n,mEïj, m%;M s ,hla jYfhka 1979 § fld<U k.rh ;=< ldka;djka yd <uqka fjkqfjka ld¾hd,hla msyg s j q k ,È' ldka;djkag yd <uqkg a tfrysj isÿ flfrk wmrdO .ek fuu úfYaI ld¾hdxYh fj; meñKs,s l< yels úh' fuu ld¾hdxYh ldka;d fmd,sia ks,OdßKshka úiska fufyhjkq ,nk ksid meñKs,s lsÍug meñfKk ldka;djkag yd <uqkg a wdrCIdj yd ksis u. fmkaùï ,nd .ekSu myiq fõ' ;jÿrg;a mshjr .ekSu wjYH fõ kï Tjqyq wod, fomd¾;fïka;= fj; fhduq flfr;s' ldka;djkag yd <uqkg a muKla fjka lrk ,o ldka;d yd <ud tallhla iEu fmd,sia ia:dkhlu msyg s ù q fï b;d jeo.;a mshjrla 1994 § fmd,sia uQ,ia:dkh 28 úiska .kakd ,È' m%:u ldka;d yd <ud tallh msyg s j q k ,oafoa .,ali s i a fmd,sia ia:dkfhah' fuu úfYaI tallhkaf.a id¾:l;ajh iy;sl lsÍfï woyiska fjku fmd,sia wxYhla fld<U k.rh ;=< msysgqjd tu wxYh fcHIaG fmd,sia wêldßjrhl=f.a hg;g m;a lrk ,È'29 fuu úfYaI wxYh <uqka ;reK ;reKshka yd ldka;d wmfhdack je<elaùfï ld¾hdxYh hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' fuu ld¾hxYfha m%Odk hq;=lï my; i|yka fõ' ldka;djkag ;reK ;reKshkag yd <uqkg a tfrysj isÿ flfrk wmrdO úu¾Ykh lsÍu by; i|yka wmrdO iïnkaOfhka fmd,sia ia:dk u.ska .kq ,nk mshjr ms<n s |j miq úmrï ld¾hh bgq lsÍu yd wëCIKh lsÍu fuu wmrdO .ek u. fmkaùï yd Wmfoia wjYH jk úg fmd,sia ia:dkj,g tu Wmfoia ,nd §u fujeks wmrdO je<elaùu i|yd uyckhd w;r ±kqj;alu m%j¾Okh lsÍu'30 27 28

29 30

www.police.lk wxl 1117$94 orK fmd,siam;sf.a pl%f,aLh yd wxl 13$94 orK wmrdO wxY pl%f,aLh ^1'11'94& 1998'08'04 yd wxl 1416$98 orK fmd,siam;sf.a pl%f,aLh www.police.lk

fuu úfYaI tall ish,a,u jdf.a l%h s d;aul jkafka ldka;d fmd,sia ks,OdÍKshka hgf;ah' Tjqkfa .ka jeäfokd ldka;d lghq;= wud;HdxYh" hqkfs i*a wdh;kh fyda ldka;djka yd <uqka wdY%; s rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhka úiska fufyhjk úfYaI mqyK q q mdGud,d ;=klaj;a yeoErE ldka;d Wm-fmd,sia mÍCIljßfhda fj;s' Èjhsk mqrd ±kg <ud yd ldka;d ld¾hdxY tall 36 la msyg s j q d ;sfnk w;r tajd wëCIKh lsÍu i|yd iydhl fmd,sia wêldßyq 36 fofkla isá;s'31 uyck wdl,amhka ióCIKhl§ fy<s jQ mßÈ <uqkfa .a yd ldka;djkaf.a m%Yk a hka iïnkaOfhka wjYH mshjr .ekSu i|yd fmd,sia ia:dkj, fjku wxYhla msyg s ù q u ’b;d jeo.;¶ nj ióCIKhg iyNd.s jQ whf.ka nyq;rhla ^72’1]& úYajdi lr;s' ^my; i|yka j.=j n,kak& f md, s i ai a : dk ; = uq k a y d l dk a dj k a i | y d fmd,s ia ia :dk ;=<< <<uq ka yd ldka;;djka i|yd f j k u wxY h l a ; s î u f l ; r ï j eo. ; a o@

fjku wxYhla ;sîu fl;rï jeo.;ao@

100 80

72.1

60 % 40 14.2

11.5 2.2

b;d Ve r y jeo.;a I mp or t a nt

;rula jeo.;a o Smewh ta

fldfy;au jeo.;a fkdfõ

Not a t la l

s sp r = one se Nomsr<e; fkd,eìKs

fmdÿfõ i<ld n,k úg iEu m<d;lu nyq;r ck;dj úfYaI <ud yd ldka;d wxYhla ;sîu jeo.;a fia i<l;s' tfia jqjo tu jeo.;alu W!j ^96'4]& inr.uqj ^83'4]& ol=Kq m<d; ^76'1]& jhU ^74'9]& yd niakdysr ^68'5]& b;d by<ska ie<flk w;r W;=re ueo m<df;a ^56'9]& iy uOHu m<df;a ^60'9]& tys idfmaCI jeo.;alu t;rï by<ska fkdie<lsK's fjku <ud yd ldka;d wxYhla ;sîu jeo.;a nj m%ldY lrkak a kaf.a ;¾lh kï tjeks úfYaI wxYhla ;sîfuka <uqkfa .a yd ldka;djkaf.a iqrCIs;Ndjh iy;sl jk nj yd ldka;djka yg ks¾Nhj yd ksoyia f,i ;u meñKs,s bÈßm;a l< yels njhs' Bg wu;rj my; i|yka fya;k + a o i|yka flreKs' mqo. a ,sl iajNdjhla .kakd m%Yk a idlÉPd lsßug ksoyi ;sîu ldka;djl úiska lrk ,o meñKs,, a la .ek f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu myiq ùu" ldka;djkg Tjqkfa .a m%Yk a j,g 31

www.police.lk

blauka úi÷ula ,nd .ekSug yels ùu ldka;djkaf.a yd <uqkfa .a m%Yk a fj; jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsßug yels ùu" meñKs,, a la lsÍu i|yd jeä ksoyila yd wd;au úYajdihla ,nd §u' ±kg Èjhsk mqrdu tjeks úfYaI <ud yd ldka;d wxYhka we;af;a 36 la muKs' tfyhska iEu fmd,sia ia:dkhlgu úfYaI <ud yd ldka;d wxYhla ne.ska msyg s ù q u ks¾foaY flf¾' mqyK q q ldka;d fmd,sia ks,OdßKshka fiajhg n|jd .; hq;= nj;a iy Tjqkg Tjqkfa .a rdcldß ms<n s | jeäÿr mqyK q j q la Èh hq;= njo b;d wjOrkfhkaa ks¾foaY lrkq ,efí' wmrdOj,g f.dÿre ù iydh m;d meñfKk ldka;djkag yd <uqkg a iykh ,nd §ug yelsjk mßÈ fuu ldka;d ks,OdßKshka yg WmfoaYkh yd ufkda úoHdj ms<n s | mqyK q j q la §u b;d wjYHh' ;jo fuu <uqka yd ldka;djka ms<n s | úfYaI wxYj, rdcldß lghq;=j, m%.;sh we.hSu i|yd udisl mÍCIK meje;aú a h hq;= h'

3'2'4' udkj ysñlï wxYh jeäfjñka mj;akd udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh lsÍï fj; wm%udo wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu i|yd Y%S ,xld rch úiska udkj ysñlï ms<n s | fmd,sia wxYh msyg s j q k ,oafoa ’udkj ysñlï ms<n s |j wud;Hjrekaf.a l%h s dldß lKavdhu¶ úiska lrk ,o ks¾foaYhla wkqjhs' udkj ysñlï ms<n s | fmd,sia wxYfha rdcldß lghq;= w;rg my; i|yka tajd we;=<;a fõ' fmd,sim a ;sjrhd ud¾.fhka ’udkj ysñlï ms<n s | weu;sjrekaf.a l%h s dldß lKavdhu¶ úiska fuu wxYh fj; fhduq flfrk udkj ysñlï wdY%; s lreKq fj; wm%udo ie<ls,, a fhduq lsÍu furg fmd,sia ks,OdÍka w;r udkj ysñlï ms<n s | ±kqj;alu m%j¾Okh lsÍu cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r udkj whs;j s dislï ixúOdkhka w;r iïnkaëlrK lghq;= bgq lsÍu furg udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh lsÍï ms<n s | jd¾;d mj;ajd .ekSu udkj ysñlï wdY%; s wOHdmksl jd¾;d mj;ajd .ekSu32 fmd,sifs ha udkj ysñlï wxYh fmd,sim a ;sjrhdf.a fmdÿ wëlaIKhla hgf;a l%h s d lrhs'

www.police.lk

fmd,sih s fj; mejÍ we;s n,;, .ek i,ld n,k úg fmd,sifs ha rdcldß lghq;= lsÍu iïnkaOfhka udkj ysñlï iq/lSu .ek úfYaI wjOdkh fhduqúh hq;=h' tfyhska udkj ysñlï ms<n s | ±kqj;anj fmd,sia ks,Odßka w;r j¾Okh lsÍu fuu wxYfha úfYaI ld¾h fõ' fmd,sia ks<OdÍka w;r udkj ysñlï ms<n s | ±kqu ;j ;j;a jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu;a" fuu wxYh Èjhsk mqrd jHdma; lsru S ;a" jvd Yla;u s ;a lsÍu;a" udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh lrk fmd,sia ks,OdÍka ms<n s |j wm%udoj úkh mshjr .ekSu;a" b;d wjYH nj ks¾foaY lrkq ,efí' udkj ysñlï yd ta wdY%; s lreKq .ek fmdÿ ckhdf.a ±kqj;alu j¾Okh l< hq;= nj o ;jÿrg;a ks¾foaY lrkq ,efí'

3'2'5

wmrdO je<elaùu iy uyck in|;d ms<n s | fmd,sia ld¾hdxYh

fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fõ fiajdjka .ek jvd hym;a wdl,amhla yd ñ;%Y, S S wjfndaOhla we;s lsÍfï wruqKk s a fmd,sih s yd fmdÿ ck;dj w;r in|;djh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd uyck in|;d wxYh msyg s j q k ,È' fï úIhg wod<j fmd,sia ks,Odßka i|yd jevigyka fukau fmdÿckhd yd mdie,a isik q a i|yd foaYk o fuu wxYh u.ska ixúOdkh flf¾' fmd,sia uyck iïnkaO;d ld¾hdxYhg wu;rj fmdÿ ckhd iu. iïnkaëlrK lghq;= bgq lsÍu i|yd Èjhsk mqrd fmd,sia ia:dkj, fiajh i|yd fmd,sia uyck in|;d ks,Odßka jYfhka WmdêOdÍyq 400 la fofkl= m;a lrkq ,en isá;s' iïm;a ysÕlu" úfYaI; s mqyK q j q la u|lu" wvq uÜgfï jegqma yd iuyr m%foaYj, fmd,sia ia:dkj, ks,Odßkaf.ka iydh fkd,eîu hkd§ ÿIalr;djka lsym s hlgu ;uka uqyK q md isák nj uykqjr m%foaYfha fmd,sia uyck iïnka|;d ks,OdÍka iu. mj;ajk ,o iïuqL idlÉPdj,§ fy<s úh' m%cdj fj; fuu ks,Odßkaf.ka isÿjk fiajh Wmßu lr .ekSfï mrud¾:h we;sj Tjqky a g úfYaI mqyK q j q la yd jegqma jeä lsÍula ,ndÈh hq;= njg ks¾foaY lrkq ,efí' ;jo fuu ks,Odßkaf.a ld¾hNdrh jeo.;a f,i ms<fs .k fudjqka iu. iyfhda.fhka l%h s dlrk f,ig fmd,sia fiajfha ks,Odßka fj; Wmfoia Èh hq;f = õ'

3'2'6 úfYaI ld¾h n,ldh fmd,sia úfYaI ld¾h n,ldh Y%S ,xld fmd,sia fiajfha w¾O yuqod tallh f,i ie,lsh yelsh' fuu n,ldh fhdojkq ,nkafka úfYaIfhkau ;%i; a jd§ u¾ok lghq;= yd ler,s u¾ok ld¾hka i|yd iy m%N+ mqo. a ,kayg wdrCIdj ie<iSu i|ydh'33 fmd,sia úfYaI ld¾h n,ldh 1983 § msyg s j q k ,È' fuu n,ldh i|yd tjlg fmd,sia fiajfha kshl q ; a jQjka f;dardf.k Tjqkg wú Ndú;h ms<n s |j yd ’jk.; fufyhqï¶ ms<n s |j úfYaI mqyK q j q la yuqodj úiska ,nd fok ,È' miqj" fmd,sia úfYaI ld¾h n,ldfha idudðl ixLHdj jeälrk ,ÿj" fld<U Èia;l %s l a fha w;sYh jeo.;a ia:dk wdrCId lsÍu yd ckdêm;s" w.ue;s yd leìkÜ weu;sjreka yg mqo. a ,sl wdrCIdj iemhSu o fuu n,ldfha ld¾hka njg m;a úh'

3'2'7 .%dudrCIl fiajh 1980 oYlfha uq,a Nd.fha n,mej;ajQ ler,sldr ;;ajh fya;= fldgf.k .ïno m%foaYj, wdrCIdj i|yd l=vd Ng lKavdhï msyg s j q d tajdfha idudðlhka fj; wú iemhSfï l%h s d ud¾.hla rch úiska l%h s d;aul lrk ,È'34 fuu .%dudrCIl fiajh ±kg wdrCIl wud;HdxYh hgf;a l%h s d;aul fõ' 1987 j¾Ifha wfm%, a a udih jk úg Èjhsk mqrd .%dudrCIl Nghka 12"000 la isá nj jd¾;d fõ'

3'3 fmd,sia fiajhg n|jd .ekSfï mámdáh fmd,sia fiajfha my; i|yka ;k;=re i|yd iDcq m;a lsÍï isÿ lrkq ,efí (35

wOqkl s wOqkl s fmd,sia ldka;d fmd,sia

iyldr fmd,sia wêldß Wm fmd,sia mÍCIl fldia;dm,a fmd,sia fldia;dm,a fldia;dm,a ßhÿre

fmd,sia fjí wvúfha ±lafjk mßÈ fmd,sia fldia;dm,ajrhl= jYfhka fmd,sia fiajhg n|jd .ekSu i|yd wju iqÿiqlu jkafka m%:u j;dfõ úIhka 05 lska idud¾:hka iu. .Ks;h yd udOH NdIdj we;=¿ úIhka 06 lska ^02 g fkdjeä jdr .Kkl§& wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^idudkH fm<& úNd.h iu;a ùuhs'

www.police.lk allrefer.com/country.guide-guidesri-lanka/sri-lanka177.html 35 www.police.lk 34

fmd,sia Wm-mÍCIljrhl= jYfhka fmd,sia fiajhg we;=¿ ùug wjYH wju iqÿiqlï jkafka .Ks;h" udOH NdIdj yd ;j;a úIhhka folla i|yd iïudk idud¾:hka iys;j udOH NdIdj yd .Ks;h we;=¿j úIhka yhlska wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^idudkH fm<& úNd.h tla jrl§ iu;a ùu iy wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm<& úNd.h tla jrl§ úIhka 3 lska iu;a ùu' iyldr fmd,sia wêldß ;k;=rej,ska 25]la újD; ;r. úNd.hl m%;M s , u; mqrjkq ,efí' fuu úNd.h i|yd bÈßm;a úh yelafla ms<. s ;a úYaj úoHd,hl WmdêOdÍkag muKs' úNd. flduidßia ckrd,ajrhd úiska meje;afjk ,sÅ; mÍCIKhlg yd rdcH fiajd fldñIka iNdj úiska m;a flfrk iïuqL mÍCIl uvq,, a la bÈßfha meje;afjk iïuqL mÍCIKhlgo iyNd.s ùug wfmaCIlhkag kshu fõ' m%Odk fmd,sia mÍCIljreka yd jir 10 l fiajd ld,hla we;s fmd,sia mÍCIljreka i|yd meje;afjk iSñ; ;r. úNd.hl m%;M s , wkqj mqrmamdvqj,ska ;j;a 25] la mqrjkq ,efí' fuu úNd.h o ,sÅ; mÍCIKhlska yd iïuqL mÍCIKhlska iukaú; fõ' mqrmamdvqj,ska 50] la mqrjkq ,nkafka ;u ;k;=rej, iaÓr lrk ,o m%Odk fmd,sia mÍCIljreka w;sßks' fudjqka o iïuqL mÍCIKhlg fmkS isáh hq;= fõ'36 fmd,sia fiajdfõ .=Kd;aulNdjh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍugkï fmd,sih s g n|jd .efkk ks,Odßkaf.a .=Kd;aulNdjh ^miqìu wdÈh& o Wiia úh hq;= nj meyeÈ,s fõ' tf,fiu n|jd .ekSfï mámdáka o mdroDYH úh hq;=h'37

3'4

mqyK q j q

3'4'1 mqyK q q lsÍfï l%h s doduh m%Odk fmd,sia wNHdi úÿy, l¿;r" lgql=rekafoa msyg s d we;' Bg taldnoaO jQ YdLd ;=kla we,amá s fha" ksljeráfha yd jeyer msyg s d ;sfí' fuu YdLdj, o m%Odk wNHdi úÿyf,a isÿ flfrk ld¾hhkau isÿ flf¾' w¨;ska fiajhg n|jd .efkk wdOQkl s iyldr fmd,sia wêldrjreka" wdOqkl s Wm-fmd,sia mÍCIljreka$jßhka" fmd,sia fldia;dm,ajreka$jßhka" fmd,sia fldia;dm,a ßhÿrka yd wdrCIl iydhlhka i|yd wjYH mqyK q j q fuu úÿy,aj,oS iemfhk w;r" l%h s dldÍ fiajh i|yd Tjqyq iQodkï lrkq ,efí' iyldr wêldÍka" Wm-mÍCIlhka" fldia;dm,ajreka" fldia;dm,a ßhÿrka yd wdrCIl iydhlhka i|yd wdrïNl mdGud,d fuys§ meje;afõ' 36 wdrCIl wxYh" n|jd.ekSfï yd Wiia lsÍfï jevms<sfj, - fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fõ .eiÜ lrk ,o fcHIaG ks,OdÍka 1998'08'20 37 iïuqL idlÉPdj - weÑ,sia fcdaYma uhd" úY%dñl fcHIaG ksfhdacH fmd,siam;s" ud¾f.damfoaYl ldrl iNd idudðl

fï yereKq úg" m%N+ wdrCIdj yd l%h s dkaú; rdcldß ms<n s | mqyK q q mdGud,dj kjuq mdGud,d" m%j¾Ok mdGud,d iy wmrdO úu¾Ykh" iqúfYaI úu¾Yk iy r:jdyk md,kh ms<n s | úfYaI mqyK q q mdGud,d o fuys meje;afõ' fmd,sia ffjoH fiajhg wh;a ffjoHjreka fjkqfjka o mqyK q q mdGud,d mj;ajkq ,efí' ;jo fuu úÿy,a N+ñfha msyá s fiajdia: l%h s dkaú; mqyK q q wxYh hkqfjka ye¢kafjk úfYaI tallh u.ska úúO ;k;=re orK fmd,sia ks<OdÍka i|yd wú wdhqO Ndú;d lsÍfï mqyK q j q ,nd foa' uQ<l s fmd,sia mqyK q j q g wu;rj úúO fCI;%j, mqyK q j q la o fmd,sia ks,Odßyq ,nd .ks;'s fuu úfYaI mqyK q q fCI;%hka iuyrla kï ( wmrdO úu¾Ykh" r:jdyk md,kh" weÕ,s i<l=K"q wYajdfrdayl wxYh" úI u;aøjH" m%N+ wdrCIdj" ikakfs õokh" m%jdykh ^hdka;l %s &" f;dr;=re ;dCIKh" nyq udOH" fmd,sia jdol lKavdhu ^ix.S;&" úfYaI ld¾h n,ldh" w¾O yuqod tall" ffjoH fiajd" kdjql fiajd" cSú; wdrlaIl fiajd" fmd,sia iqkL wxYh" kS;s wxYh hkdoS fõ''38 ;u ;ukaf.a wOHdmk uÜgu jeä ÈhqKq lr .ekSu i|yd;a mqyK q j q i|yd úfoaY YsIH;aj ,nd .ekSu i|yd;a úúO fCI;%hkays iajfoaYh S mqyK q q mdGud,dj,g ne£ug;a wjia:d ;sfí' fmd,sifs ha Wiia wNHdi wdh;kh Wm-fmd,sia mÍCIl fY%K a fs ha isg Bg by< fYa%Kj s , fmd,sia ks,Odßka i|yd mqyK q q mdGud,d mj;ajhs' tu mdGud,d my; i|yka úIh fCI;%hkag wod< fõ' mßmd,kh" l<ukdlrKh yd wëCIKh" udkj ysñlï" ldka;d yd <ud whs;j s dislï" kS;h s ms<n s | uQ,O¾u" nqoê a uh foam," f;dr;=re ;dCIKh" uQ,H l<ukdlrKh wdÈh'39 fuu ks,Odßka i|yd kejqïlrK mdGud,d o meje;afõ' fuu mqyK q q mdGud,d mj;ajkq ,nkafka Y%S ,xlsl fukau úfoaYh S wdh;kj, o fufyhùfuks' ksoiqkla ±lajj q fyd;a kS;s wdOdr moku úiska ¥IK u¾okh yd wdY%; s ud;Dld ms<n s | tlaÈk mdGud,djla ia:dk Ndr ks,OdÍka i|yd mj;ajk ,È' Wiia wNHdi wdh;kfha mdGud,d jeä jYfhkau mj;ajkafka isxy, udOHfhks' bx.%i S s udOHj, mdGud,d o iuyrúg meje;a fõ'40 fou< udOH mdGud,d fkdmeje;aùu úYd, wvqmdvqjla f,i fmkajd Èh hq;h = ' 2006 j¾Ih ;=<§ kshdul jHdmD;shla f,i läkï fou< NdId mdGud,djla hdmkfhA wdrïN lsÍug wdishd moku úiska ±kg lghq;= iQodkï lrñka ;sfí'

www.police.lk fmd,siam;sf.a mßmd,k jd¾;dj" 1998" fld<U" rcfha m%ldYk wxYh" 2003 40 fmd,siSfha Wiia wNHdi wdh;kh" wOHCIl fcHIaG fmd,sia wêldÍ §md,a o,amodÿ uhd iu. fmd,sia uQ,ia:dkfha§ 2006'02'13 Èk mj;ajk ,o iïuqL idlÉPdjlska 39

fou< udOH mdGud,d o meje;aùug lghq;= fhdok f,i ñka ks¾foaY lrkq ,efí' uyck iïnkaO;d .ek;a" udkj ysñlï .ek;a mdGud,d y÷kajd Èh hq;=h' ;jo ld¾hCIu;d jeä ÈhqKq lsßfï jevigyka yd jd¾Isl kejqïlrK mdGud,d o y÷kajd Èh hq;= fõ'

3'5 Wiia lsÍï 3'5'1 Wiia lsÍï mámdáh hï ;k;=rl jir 5 l fiajd ld,hla iïmQ¾K lrk ´kEu fmd,sia ks,Odßfhla Wiia ùula ,eîug iqÿiqlï ,nhs'41 Wiia lsßï l%uj;a lsÍu i|yd Wiia lsßï ms<n s | mámdá kshu lr we;' ksoiqkla olajf;d;a" 2 jk fY%K a fs ha fmd,sia wêldß OQrhg Wiia lrkq ,eîug kï iyldr fmd,sia wêldß OQrfha jir 8 l fiajr lr ;sîu;a tu OQrfha iaÓr lrkq ,en isàu;a yd fkdle,e,a jd¾;djla ;sîu;a w;HjYH fõ' wfmaCIlhka f;dard .kq ,nkafka rdcH fiajd fldñIka iNdj úiska m;a lrk ,o iïuqL mÍCIl uKav,hla úiska iïuqL a fs ha fmd,sia wêldÍjrhl= f,i jir 5 la mÍCIKhla ;=<k s 's 42 2 jk fY%K fiajh iïmQ¾K l< úg" fcHIaG;d moku u;" 1 fY%K a fs ha fmd,sia wêldß OQrhg Wiia lrkq ,eîug iqÿiqlï ysñ fõ' fï yd iudk mámdáka fmd,sia fiajfha wka iEu ;k;=rlgu Wiia lsÍu i|yd kshu lrkq ,en we;'

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fmd,siSfha Wiia wNHdi wdh;kh wOHCIl fcHIaG fmd,sia wêldÍ §md,a o,amodÿ uhd iu. fmd,sia uQ,ia:dkfha§ 2006'02'13 Èk mj;ajk ,o iïuqL idlÉPdjlska 42 wdrCIl wxYh n|jd.ekSfï yd Wiia lsÍfï jevms<f s j, - fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fõ .eiÜ lrk ,o fcHIaG ks,OdÍka

fmd,sia fiajhg ne£fuka miq ;ukag Wiia ùula ,enqKq nj m%ldY lf<a ióCIKhg Ndckh lrk ,o fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.ka 39'4] la muKs' nyq;rhla ^60'6]& lshd isáfha fiajhg ne£fuka miq Tjqka lsiÿ s Wiia ùula fkd,enQ njhs'43 by; i|yka lrk ,o Wiia lsÍï mámdàka kshu lr ;sfnk kuq;"a ióCIKfhka fy<s jkafka Bg jvd fjkia ;;ajhla we;a; jYfhkau mj;sk njhs' fuh wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= úYd, m%Yk a hls' tjeks fjkia ;;ajhla ;sîu ksid fmd,sia ks<OdÍkaf.a /lshd ;Dma;h s ySk jkq muKla fkdj" ¥IKh i|yd ud¾.ho bka újr fõ' ;jo Wiia ùï ,enqKq nj mjik fmd,sia ks,Odßka jeäfokd §¾> ld,hla fiajfha isá wh nj iemhqï iólaIKhg wkqj fmkS hhs' jir 21 yd 25 w;r ld,hla fiajfha kshl q ; a j isá whf.ka 86'4] la yd jir 26 lg wêl fiajhla we;s whf.ka 84'6] la o" fiajhg ne£fuka miq Wiiaùï ,enQ nj mji;s' jir 5 la fyda Bg wvq ld,hla fiajfha kshl q ; a whf.ka 6'4] la" jir 6 yd 10 w;r ld,hl fiajh iys; whf.ka 7'7] la o" fiajhg ne£fuka miq Tjqkg Wiiaùï ,enqKq nj mji;s' jir 5 la fyda Bg wvq ld,hla fiajh l< whf.ka 93'6] la yd jir 6 yd 10 w;r ld,hl fiajhla iys; whf.ka 92'3] la lshd isákafka fiajhg ne£fuka miq Tjqka lsiu s Wiiaùula fkd,;a njhs'44 fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j ;=< l%h s d;aul flfrk WiialÍ s ï mámdáh .ek 60'2] ;rï úYd, ixLHdjla l<lsÍ isák nj wkdjrKh úh' tu mámdáh .ek iEySulg m;aj isákafka 30'7] la muKls'45 j¾;udk Wiia ls ß ï mámdáh .ek Tn fl;rï ÿrg iEyS u lg m;a j ka f ka o @

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43-45

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fiajfha isák ks,OdÍka 770 la wyUq f,i f;dard iïuqL idlÉPd meje;aùfuka 2005 fmnrjdß 05 isg 08 Èk olajd;a" fmnrjdß 10 isg ud¾;= 03 olajd ’fidaI,a bkaäflag¾¶ wdh;kh úiska ’g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh¶ fjkqfjka mj;ajk ,o iemehqïldr ióCIKh

3'5'2 foaYmd,kuh wruqKq iys; Wiiaùï §u yd ¥IKh wdÈh je<elaùu i|yd .kq ,nk mshjr foaYmd,kuh fya;k + a u; Wiia ùï §u yd wka;fkdau;sl wdldrfha Wiiaùïj,g tfrysj flfrk igfka jvd;au m%.;sY, S s mshjr f,i cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu msyg s ù q u ie<lsh yelsh' cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï n,;, w;r fmd,sia ks,OdÍka ^fmd,sim a ;s yer& Wiia lsrfS ï n,ho fõ' tfia jqjo" fmd,sim a ;sjrhdf.a fomd¾;fïka;=j md,kh lsÍu Tyqgu NdrÈh hq;=h hk úYajdih u; msyg s d" fmd,sim a ;s hg;a ks,OdÍka ms<n s | úkhdkql, + md,kh Tyqgu Ndr§ug cd'fmd'fld' úiska .kakd ,o ;SrKh ksid fldñiu ms<n s | wdrïNfha§u we;s jQfha n,dfmdfrd;a;= ì| jegqK's fuf,i Wiia lsÍï yd ia:dkudre ms<n s |j l%h s d lsÍug iajdëk fmd,sia fldñiula m;a lsÍu i|yd 17 jk ixfYdaOkh u.ska we;s lrk ,o fjkialï j,ska lsiÿ s m%;M s ,hla fkd,eìKs' 2003 jif¾ cQ,s udih olajd cd'fmd'fld' úiska bgq lrk ,oafoa meñKs,s Ndrf.k" tajd úu¾Ykh i|yd fmd,sih s fj; fhduq lsÍu muKls'46 tfy;a 2004 j¾Ifha ueo §" fmd,sim a ;sjrhd yereKq úg" wfkla ish¿u fmd,sia ks,OdÍka iïnkaOfhka 17 jk ixfYdaOkh u.ska úOdkh lrk ,o n,;, mejÍu fldñiu' úiska wfydais lrk ,È'47 fuys m%;M s ,hla jYfhka fmd,sim a ;sjrhdf.a n,;, iSud jQ w;r" tu fya;=fjka fmd,sim a ;sjrhd yd fldñiu w;r hï wukdmhla f.dv ke.=K's fldñifï wdhq ld,h 2005 jif¾ fkdjeïn¾ udifha§ wjika úh' kj cd'fmd'fld' m;al, wdldrh jeros iy.; iy w;a;fkdau;sl nj fndfyda fokdf.a u;hhs' Wiia lsÍï mámdá mdroDYH úh hq;= njg;a" Wiia ùï §fï§ cd'fmd'fld' l%h s dldÍ ld¾h Ndrhla bgq l< hq;= njg;a" ñka ks¾foaY lrkq ,efí' fï yereKq úg" iEu fmd,sia ks, uÜglu ksfhdað;hl= ne.ska iukaú; yria lD;Hd;aul uKav,hla yd fmd,sim a ;sjrhd úiska kï lrk ,o WmfoaYlhka tla/ia ù Wiia lsÍï ms<n s | m%;m s ;a;s flgqïm;a iïmdokh l< hq;=h'48 ks,OdÍkaf.a ld¾hCIu;dj we.hSfï§" ufkda uQ,l s úksYp a hka u; fkdj" úIh uQ,l s Wmudkhka u; mokï lrk rdcldß bgq lsÍï-l<ukdlrKh l%ufõohla wkq.ukh l< hq;=fõ' ’i;=gqodhlhs¶ ’fyd|hs¶ yd ’úYsIaGhs¶ hk jpk iïmQ¾Kfhkau mqo. a ,sl úksYp a hka u; mokï ù ;sfnkq ñi" lsiÿ s úIh uQ,l s 49 idCIs u; r|d fkdmj;S' fujeks mqo. a ,sl úksYp a hka u; fok ,o Wiia lsÍï fY%IG a dêlrKh úiska m%Yk a lsÍïj,g Ndckh lr we;' fï l%uh hgf;a" fmd,sia ks<OdÍka Wiia lsÍu" ia:dk udre yd my;a ;k;=rej,g ±óu 46

l%sId,s mskafgda chj¾Ok ( Y%S ,xld cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu( iaj¾Kuh wjia:djla wysñ lr .kS' fmdÿ rdcH uKav, udkj ysñlï uQ,sl;ajh" m%jD;a;s ,smsh" fjMu 12-l,dm 4" kj È,a,sh" isisr iD;=j 2005 47 kS;h s yd iudc moku" wdishd udkj ysñlï fldñiu yd jOysxidj,g tfrys c.;a ixúOdkh taldnoaOj ixúOdkh l< idlÉcdjl§ cd'fmd'fld' iNdm;s ckdêm;s kS;s{ rxð;a wfíiQßh uhd úiska fï nj wf.daia;= 20 jk od m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,È 48-49 ud¾f.damfoaYl ldrl iNsl úY%du,;a fcH'ks' fmd,siam;s weÑ,sia fcdaYma uhd iu. mj;ajk ,o iïuqL idlÉcdjla

fY%IG a dêlrKh úiska isÿ lrk ;;ajhla Wod ù we;' óg fya;=j kï" ±kg fmd,sia fiajh ;=< l%h s d;aul jk rdcldÍ bgq lsÍï l<uKdlrK l%ufha mj;akd ÿ¾j,lï ksjerÈ lsÍug cd'fmd'fld' wid¾:l ùuhs' fuys m%;M s ,hla jYfhka úkh msßySula olakg we;' ulaki s doh;a" by< moú orK fcHIaG fmd,sia ks,OdÍka flfrys my< uÜgfï wh ;=< lsiÿ s úYajdihla fkd;sîuhs' Wiia ùï ,eîug wjYH iqÿiqlï we;s fmd,sia fldia;dm,ajreka" Wm fmd,sia mÍCIljreka" fmd,sia mÍCIljreka hkd§ iEu ;rd;srul fmd,sia ks,OdÍka udisl we.hSulg ,la lrk wLKav rdcldÍ bgq lsÍï l<uKdlrK l%uhla ;sfíkï" th b;d M,odhs jkq we;' fmd,sia fiajhg tjeks l%uhla w¨;a fohla fkdfõ' ulaki s doh;a" tu l%uh oYl lSmhla ;=< § tys l%h s d;aul úh' tu l%uh m%;fs CIam fldg" ta fjkqjg Wiia lsÍï i|yd úNd. y÷kajd fok ,oafoa uE;l§h'

3'6 ia:dk udre 3'6'1 ia:dk udre mámdáh cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu úiska fmd,sia uQ,ia:dkh fj; ksl=;a flfrk u. fmkaùïj,g wkql, + j fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j ;=< ia:dk udre lsÍï isÿ úh hq;=h' fmd,sia mÍCIl OQr yd Bg my< OQrhkag wh;a fmd,sia ks,Odßkaf.a ia:dk udre lsßï ms<n s | u. fmkaùï fuys§ idlÉPd flf¾' tu OQr Wiq,k fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a ia:dk udre lsÍï my; i|yka fya;k + a i|yd l< yelsh'

fmdÿ ksfhda. hgf;a fiajfha wjYH;djka wkqj úkhdkql, + fya;=ka u; fi!LHuh fya;k + a u; Wiia lsÍï ksid l%h s dkaú; m%foaY ;=< rdcldß i|yd jrm%ido u; idkqlïms; fya;k + a u;

¥IKh je<elaùu i|yd wjYH mshjr fuu u.fmkaùï ;=< olakg we;' fuu u. fmkaùï wkqj" hï ks,Odßhl= Tyqf.a$wef.a ;k;=frys iaÓr flfrk ;=re yd Tyq$weh l%h s dkaú; m%foaY ;=< wvqu jYfhka ;u m%:u fiajd ld,iSudj wjika lrk ;=re lsiÿ s úfYaI wxYhlg m;a fkdl< hq;= fõ' ;jo l%h s dkaú; 45

m%foaY ;=< rdcldÍ fufyhúh hq;= wdldrh o tu u. fmkaùïj, úia;r lr we;'50 fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= tlu m%foaY ;=< jir ;=klg jvd r|jd ;eîu je<elaùug ^jH;sf¾lhkag hg;aj& úê úOdk fhdod we;af;a tfia tlu m%foaYfha isàu ¥IKj,g u. mEÈh yels ksidh' b;d iqúfYaIs wjia:dj,§ muKla tla m%foaYhl isáh yels Wmßu ld, iSudj jir 4 olajd jeä l< yelsh' ^fuu fr.=,dish úfYaI tallj, fiajh lrk wh fj; n, fkdmdhs& ia:dk udre lsÍfï§o Tjqka hdno m%foaYhlg heùu o ;ykïh' fuu fr.=,dishg tlu jH;sf¾lh kï ffjoH fya;k + a u; fokq ,nk iykhkah' ta i|yd fmd,sia Y,H ffjoHjrhdf.a jd¾;d we;=¿ ffjoH idCIs wjYHh' ^fuys§o iyk ld,h tla jirlg iSud fõ& tfia jqj;a" újdyl wUq ieñ hqj,la iïnkaOfhka kï" fofokdu tlu fmd,sia n, m%foaYhg ia:dk udreùï iïnkaOfhka o by; i|yka kS;s n, meje;afõ' ta wkqj Wiia ùï ,nk ks,OdÍka Tjqka fiajh l< m%foaYj,ska msg;g yd Bg hdno m%foaYfhka msg;g o heúh hq;= fõ'

m%:u fiajd ld,h W;=re m%foaAYfha hdmkhg$jkaks n, m%foaYfha jjqkshdjg úh hq;=h' fojk fiajd ld,h kef.kysr n, m%foaYfha ;%sl=Kdu,hg" lka;f,ag yd wïmdrg úh hq;=h' f;jk fiajd ld,h W!j n, m%foaYfha fudKrd.,g" W;=re ueo n, m%foaYfha fmdf,dkakrej yd wkqrdOmqrhg iy jhU n, m%foaYfha y,dj;g úh hq;=h' i;r jk fiajd ld,h by; i|yka l%shdkaú; m%foaY w;ßka" mqrmamdvq ;sfnk" ´kEu ia:dkhla f;dard .ekSug wod< ks,Odßhdg ksoyi we;' W;=re n, m%foaYfha" jkaksfha yd uvl,mqj n, m%foaYfha fldfy;au fiajh lr fkdue;s ks,Odßka l%shdkaú; m%foaYj,g m;a lrkq ,enq úg" tu n, m%foaY ;=< fiajh l< hq;= fõ' hï ks,Odßhl= úkhdkql+, fya;+ka u; l%shdkaú; m%foaYj,g ia:dk udre lrk ,o úg yd fiajfha yosis wjYH;d moku u; hï ks,Odßhl= l%h s dkaú; m%foaYhlg udre l< hq;= njg fmd,sim a ;sjrhd b,a,d isák úg by; i|yka mámdáh fkdi<ld yeßh hq;=fõ' kshu lrk ,o tla wjqreÿ ld, iSudj ;=<§ ta ta m%foaY ;=< wjuh jYfhka Èjd$rd;%S 300 la .; l< hq;=fõ' úkhdkql+, fya;+ka ksid fyda fiajfha yosis wjYH;djka ksid fyda ñi" jhi 55 blau jQ ks,Odßyq l%shdkaú; m%foaYj, rdcldßj,ska ksoyia lrkq ,nhs' tfy;a l%shdkaú; m%foaYj, Bg fmr fldfy;au fiajh lr fkdue;s ks,OdÍka yg tu ksoyi fkd,efí' úfYaIs; tallj, fiajh lrk ks,Odßka o l%shdkaú; m%foaYj, wod< ld,h i|yd fiajh lsÍu wfmaCId flf¾' Wiiaùï ,nd .ekSu i|yd i,ld ne,Sfï§ tu m%foaY ;=< fiajh lr ;sîu wu;r iqÿiqlula f,i ie<fla' m%udKj;a fou< NdId ±kqula we;s fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a W.% ys.hla W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;aj, mj;ska neúka" ±kgu;a l%shdkaú; m%foaYj, fiajfha kshq;= tjeks ks,OdÍka iïnkaOfhka 3 jk yd 4 jk fr.=,dis l%shd;aul fkdflfrkq we;' iEu ;=ka jirla wjidkfha§" tu m<d;a fol ;=< fjk;a fmd,sia n, m%foaYj,g Tjqka udre lr heúh yel' iqúfYaI wjia:dj,§ tjeks udre lsÍï jir 4 lg jrla l< yelsh' l%shdkaú; m%foaYj, kshu flfrk ld, iSudjla fiajh lsÍfï fldkafoaish u; fiajfha m%;sIaGdmkh flfrk yd kej; m;aùï ,nk wh tu ld, iSudj ;=< l%shdkaú; m%foaYj, fiajh l< hq;=h' fuu kS;sh lsisfia;a fjkia fkdflf¾'

tf,iu tlu fmd,sia n, m%foaYhla ;=< jir 5 lg jeä ld,hla fiajh l< ks,OdÍka o yels muK blaukska udre l< hq;= fõ' tu n,m%foaYh ;=<gu fyda fjk;a hdno m%foaYhlg Tjqka m;a lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ;jo ks,Odßhl=f.a mÈxÑh msyá s n, m%foaYhg ia:dk udre ,eîu je<elaùugo úê úOdk we;' fmd,sim a ;sjrhd úiska meyeÈ,s f,i úia;r flfrk iqúfYaI fya;=ka u; ñi" lsiÿ s fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= Tyqf.a$wef.a fiajfha m%:u oi jir we;=<;§ Tyqf.a$wef.a mÈxÑh msyá s n, m%foaY ;=<g m;a fkdl< hq;= fõ' mÈxÑh msyá s n, m%foaYh ;=<g ia:dk udrejla Èh yelafla kshu lrk ,o jir ;=kl ld,h i|yd muKla yd oi jirlg tla jrla muKla ne.sk's ^fï i|yd iajdñmqreIhd yd ìß| ;ks tallhla f,i ie<fla& mÈxÑh msyá s n, m%foaYhg ia:dk udrejla ,eîug m%:ufhka wod< ks,Odßhd l%h s dkaú; m%foaYj, ;u rdcldß ld,h wjika l< hq;= fõ' fuu úê úOdk we;a; jYfhkau tf,iu l%h s d;aul flf¾ kï" mÈxÑ m%foaYhg ia:dk udre ,eîu ;=<k s a isÿ ùug bv we;s ¥IK l%h s djka je<elafjk nj i|yka l< hq;=fõ' ks,Odßhl= fiajh lr wjika jQ n, m%foaYhla ;=<g" fiajd wjYH;djka i|yd ñi" ;j;a wjqreÿ 10 la blau hk;=re" kej; m;a l< fkdyel' fiajd wjYH;djka i|yd tfia ia:dk udre lsÍug fmr" tu ia:dk udrejg wod< fya;k + a ms<n s | jd¾;djla fmd,sim a ;s jrhdf.ka ,ndf.k" i<ld ne,Su i|yd ia:dkudre whÿu iu. bÈßm;a l< hq;= fõ' ;uka Bg fmr fiajh lr we;s n, m%foaYhlg ia:dk udrejla m;k ish¿u ks,OdÍka l%h s dkaú; m%foaYj, ;u fiajd jdrh wjika lr ;sìh hq;= fõ' by; i|yka ia:dk udre mámdá ;sfnk kuq;"a fmd,sia ks,Odßyq iEfyk ixLHdjla ia:dk udre l%h s dj,sh .ek;a" fuu mámdàka .ek;a Tjqkfa .a wúYajdih m%ldY lr isá;s’ ióCIKhg iyNd.S jQ fmd,sia ks,OdÍka w;ßka 44'9] la m%ldY lr isáfha Tjqkfa .a ia:dk udrelsßï iïnkaOfhka Tjqkg hï widOdrKhla ú¢kakg isÿ jQ njhs' tfyhska ia:dkudre mámdàka ms<n s | iel u;= fõ' tfia jqj;a" nyq;rh ^55'1]& m%ldY lr isáfha ;u n, m%foaYhka we;=<; fyda tajdhska msg;g fyda ia:dk udre ,eîfï§ Tjqkg lsiÿ s widOdrKhla fkdisÿ jQ njhs’51

fiajfha isák ks<OdÍka 770 la wyUq f,i f;dard iïuqL idlÉcd meje;aùfuka 2005 fmnrjdß 05 isg 08 Èk olajd;a" fmnrjdß 10 isg ud¾;= 03 olajd;a ’fidaI,a bkaäflag¾¶ wdh;kh úiska ’g%dkaifa markais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh¶ fjkqfjka mj;ajk ,o iemehqïldr ióCIKh'

Tn ia:dk udre ,eìfï§" Tng hï widOdrKhla ú¢ka k g is ÿ jQ f ha o @

Tõ

ke;

±kg fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j ;=< l%h s d;aulj mj;sk ia:dk udre l%uh .ek fl;rï ÿrg iEySulg m;ajkjd±hs úuid n,k úg" 63'8] la ;uka iEySulg m;a fkdjk nj;a" 26'6] la ;uka iEySulg m;ajk nj;a" 9'6] la ;uka iEySulg m;a jkafka fyda iEySulg m;a fkdjkafka fyda ke;s nj mejiQy'52 ^my; i|yka j.=j n,kak& ±kg l%shd;aul jk ia:dk udre l%uh .ek Tn fl;rï ÿrg iEySulg m;a jkafkyso@

iEySulg m;aj we;

iEySulg m;a ù fyd l<lsÍ fkdue;

51-52

l<lsÍ we;

fiajfha isák ks<OdÍka 770 la wyUq f,i f;dard iïuqL idlÉcd meje;aùfuka 2005 fmnrjdß 05 isg 08 Èk olajd;a" fmnrjdß 10 isg ud¾;= 03 olajd;a ’fidaI,a bkaäflag¾¶ wdh;kh úiska ’g%dkaifa markais bkag¾keIk,a wdh;kh¶ fjkqfjka mj;ajk ,o iemehqïldr ióCIKh'

orK ;k;=r l=ula jqj;a" fmd,sia ks,Odßyq nyq;rhla ±kg l%h s d;aulj mj;sk ia:dk udre l%uh .ek wi;=gq fj;s' fuu wi;=g jvd;au mj;skfa ka m%Odk fmd,sia mÍCIl yd Wm fmd,sia mÍCIl fY%K a s we;=<; fõ'53 ^my; i|yka j.= n,kak& ±kg l%h s d;aul jk ia:dk udre l%uh .ek Tn fl;rï ÿrg iEySulg m;a jkafkyso@

l<lsÍ we; iEySulg m;a ù fyd l<lsÍ fkdue; iEySulg m;a j a we;

fmd'fld'

ierhka

'fmd'm

m%'fmd'm'

3'6'2 wh:d ia:dk udre je<elaùu i|yd úêúOdk wdKavl q %u jHjia:dfõ 17 jk ixfYdaOkfha 155 Ô'3 j.ka;h s fufia kshu lrhs' ’wjYH fyda WÑ; fyda f,ig l,ska l,g fldñiug yefÕk ia:dkudre isÿ lsÍfï§ wkq.ukh l< hq;= m%ñ;Ska fldñiu úiska we;s fldg kshu flfrkq we;¶ fmd,sim a ;s OQrhg my< OQrj, fmd,sia ks,Odßkaf.a ia:dk udre lsÍfï n,;, cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu i;=jk w;r" fuu n,;, fmd,sim a ;s yd iu. idlÉPdfjka l%h s d;aul l< hq;= fõ' fmd,sia ks,Odßka w;r mj;akd w;Dma;h s g ms<h s ula jYfhka ia:dk udre lsÍïj,g wod<j mámdáhla y÷kajd Èh hq;= njg ñka ks¾foaY lrkq ,efí' ;j o" fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a úYajdih jv jvd ,nd .ekSu i|yd cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï ld¾hNdrh jvd mq¿,a l< hq;= fõ'54 53 fiajfha isák ks,OdÍka 770 la wyUq f,i f;dard iïuqL idlÉcd meje;aùfuka 2005 fmnrjdß 05 isg 08 Èk olajd;a" fmnrjdß 10 isg ud¾;= 03 olajd;a ’fidaI,a bkaäflag¾¶ wdh;kh úiska ’g%dkaif a markais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh¶ fjkqfjka mj;ajk ,o iemehqïldr ióCIKh 54 wdKavl q u % jHjia:dfõ 17 jk ixfYdaOkfha 155 Ô '1 ta fþoh fufia kshu lrhs' ’fmd,sim a ;sjrhdf.a yer wfkla fmd,sia ks<OdÍkaf.a m;a lsÍï¶ Wiia lsÍï” ia:dk udre lsÍï yd úkh md,k fldñiu fj; mejf¾' Wiia lsÍï” ia:dk udre lsÍï” úkh md,kh yd fiajfhka wialÍ s u ms<n s | n,;, fldñiu úiska fmd,sim a ;sjrhd iu. idlÉPdfjka bgq flfrkq we;'

3'7 jegqm"a §ukd" fjk;a jrm%ido yd ;E.s §ukd 3'7'1 udisl jegqma 2003 jif¾ wxl 15 orK rd'm' pl%f,aLh wkqj 2004'01'01 isg fmd,sia fldia;dm,ajrhl=f.a wjuh jd¾Isl jegqm re' 68"160'00 la yd Wmßu jd¾Isl jegqm re' 116"400 la fõ' g%d'b'Y%S ,xld wdh;kh úiska iïuqL idlÉcdjla i|yd le|jk ,o jir ;=kl fiajd ld,hla we;s fmd,sia fldia;dm,ajrhl= ^ßhÿfrla& m%ldY l< mßÈ Tyqf.a udisl jegqm re' 12"130'00 ls' ^§ukd yer& by; i|yka pl% f,aLh wkqj fmd,sia ierhkajrhl=f.a wjuh jd¾Isl jegqm re 79"440'00 la jk w;r th re' 124"500'00 olajd jeä fõ' Wm fmd,sia mÍCIljrhl=f.a wju jegqm re' 85"650'00 ls’ th re 142"920'00 olajd by< hhs' fmd,sia mÍCIljrhl=f.a wjuh jd¾Isl jegqm re' 100"440'00 ls' th re' 161"940'00 olajd jeä fjhs' Ôjk úhou yd idfmaCIj jegqmj a , m%udKj;a nj ms<n s |j fmd,sia ks<OdÍkaf.a ;Dma;h s b;d my;a nj ióCIKfhka fy<s úh' iEu ;dkdka;rhlu fmd,sia ks,OdÍka nyq;rhla mejiqfõ Tjqkfa .a jegqm ðjk úhoï mshjd .ekSug m%udKj;a fkdjk njhs' fuu woyi jeä jYfhkau mj;skfa ka ierhka OQr ork wh w;rh' ^77'6]& ^my; j.=j n,kak& Tfí yd Tn mjqf,a whf.a Ôjk wjYH;d yd fjk;a wjYH;d i|yd Tfí jegqm m%udKj;a o@ b;du wm%udKj;ah

;rula wm%udKj;ah ;rula m%udKj;ah b;du m%udKj;ah

fmd'fld'

ierhka

fmd'm'

W'fmd'm

m%'fmd'm'

f md, si ak s, OdÍ k fa. aj egq maj eä l sßul s k af i a j f ha; ; a j h j vd hy m; a

fmd,sia ks,OdrSkaf.a jegqma jeä lsrSulska fiajh jvd hym;a fõ hhs f õhehsTn f l d; r ï ÿr g t l Õ j k a fka o@ Tn fld;rï ÿrg tl. jkafkao@ 100 80 60 %

;jo40 jegqma jeä ùula 30.1 ;=,k s a jvd hym;a fiajhla bgqjkq we;hs ck;djf.ka 24.8 fy<súh' 27'9] 44'3] la is;k nj uyck u; úuiSu ms<n S | iólaIKfhka 14.5 13.4 lf.a20u;h 14.3 jQfha jegqma jeäùula u.s ka jqj o jvd hym;a fiajhla bgq fkdjk 3.0 njhs' ^my; i|yka j.=j n,kak& 0

;Èkau tlÕ fjñ

;rula tlÕ fjñ

;rula úreoaO fjñ

;Èkaa úreoaO fjñ

fkdoksñ$iaÓr f,i lsj fkdyel

ms<s;=rla fkd,eìKs

fiajfha isák ks,OdÍka 770 la wyUq f,i f;dard iïuqL idlÉcd meje;aùfuka 2005 fmnrjdß 05 isg 08 Èk olajd;a" fmnrjdß 10 isg ud¾;= 03 olajd;a ’fidaI,a bkaäflag¾¶ wdh;kh úiska ’g%dkaif a markais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh¶ fjkqfjka mj;ajk ,o iemehqïldr ióCIKh

How satisfied with increment procedure of fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka ;are =fõ you jegq ma the j¾Ol mámdáh .ek the Police Department Tn fldf;la ÿrg iEySulg m;a jkafkao@

50 41.7

40 30

24.2

21.1

20 10 0

7.2

4.9

wêl f,i Very Satisfied iEySulg m;afjñ

;rula Somewhat iEyS ulg Satisfied m;a fjñ

iEySNeither ulg fyda fkdiEyS ulg Satisfied or m;a fkdfjñ Dissatisfied

;rula Somewhat fkdiEyS ulg Dissatisfied m;a fjñ

wêl f,i Very fkdiEySulg Dissatisfied m;a fjñ

tfyhska ish¿u fY%K a j s , fmd,sia ks,Odßkaf.a jegqma jeä lsÍu jeo.;ah' fmd,sia fiajfha jegqma ;%ú s O yuqodjkaf.a ^yuqodj" kdúl yuqodj yd .=jka yuqodj& jegqma yd iu. fkdiefi|k nj;a" fmd,sia jegqma rdcH fiajl jegqma j,g iudkj mj;sk nj;a" fmd,sia ks,Odß lsym s fofklau fmkajd ÿkay' fmd,sia fiajfha jeo.;alu;a" Tjqkfa .a fiajfha iajNdjh;a ^ksoiqkla ±lajj q fyd;a fmd,sia ks,Odßhl=f.a fiajfha Èklg meh .Kkla fyda i;shg Èk .Kkla fyda jYfhka iSud ù fkd;sfí& i<ld n,k úg" fmd,sifs ha jegqma o ;%ú s O yuqodjkaf.a jegqma ;,hg Wiia lsÍu w;HjYHh' ;jo ±kg l%h s d;aul jk jegqma j¾Ol mámdáh .ek fmd,sia ks,Odßyq buy;a wi;=gla ±lajy Q ' fmd,sia ks,Odßkaf.ka 24'4] la jegqma j¾Ol mámdáh .ek fndfyda fia i;=g m< l<y' 42'1] la ;rul m%idohla m%ldY l<y' wêl i;=gla fmkajf Q ha 7'2 ] la muKs'55 3'7'2 §ukd jegqmj a ,g wu;rj" my; i|yka §ukd o f.jkq ,efí'56 ÿIalr §ukd re' 600'00 ^ish¿u ;k;=re i|yd&

uQ,dY%h - ixLHdf,aLk wxYh" fmd,sia uQ,ia:dkh fiajfha isák ks,OdÍka 770 la wyUq f,i f;dard iïuqL idlÉPd meje;aùfuka 2005 fmnrjdß 05 isg 08 Èk olajd;a' fmnrjdß 10 isg ud¾;= 03 olajd;a ’fidaI,a bkaäflag¾¶ wdh;kh úiska ’g%dkaif a markais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh¶ fjkqfjka mj;ajk ,o iemehqïldr ióCIKh 57

If “Yes” how satisfied you with present ’Tõ¶ kï j¾;udk §ukd l%uhare.ek Tnthefld;rï ÿrg allowance system ? iEySulg m;a jQfhao@

42.8

40 30 %

23.1 20

17 13.6

10 3.4 0

wêl f,i Very Satisfied iEySulg m;afjñ

;rula Somewhat iEySSatisfied ulg m;a fjñ

iEySNeither ulg fyda ;rula Somewhat fkdiEyS ulg fkdiEyS ulg m;a Satisfied or Dissatisfied m;a fkdfjñ fjñ Dissatisfied

wêl Veryf,i fkdiEySulg Dissatisfied m;a fjñ

3'7'3 fjk;a jrm%ido jegqm fjk;a §ukdj,g wu;rj" iEu fmd,sia ks,Odßfhlau fjk;a jrm%idoj,g o ysñlï lshhs' fuu wu;r jrm%ido iuyrla kï" fkdñ,fha ,efnk ks, we÷ï" ffjoH myiqlï" .uka jdr m%fõY m;%" ks, ksjdi hkdÈhhs'58

3'7'4 ;s<K s ,nd §fï l%uh ,xld fmd,sia fldia;dm,a w;afmd; wkqj59" m%Odk fmd,sia mÍCIl ;k;=r yd Bg my< ;k;=re orK iEu fmd,sia ks,Odßfhlau" uqr fiajfha" uqr ixpdrfha fyda úfYaI fiajdfõ fh§ isáh§ wmrdOhla isÿ lsÍula w,a,d .ekSu we;=¿ oCI l%h s dldß;ajhka i|yd;a" wmrdOhla ms<n s | úu¾Yk ld¾hhka id¾:l f,i bgq lsÍug Wmldßjk f;dr;=rla fyda NdKavhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd;a" ie.ù isák mqo. a ,hl= fidhd .ekSu i|yd;a" w;a wvx.=jg .ekSfï§ m%o¾Ykh lrk ks¾NS;Ndjh i|yd;a" Èfha .s,S ñh hkakg ióm mqo. a ,hl= fírd .ekSu i|yd;a" .skk a la uev meje;aùfï§ isÿ lrk úfYaI fiajdjka i|yd;a" nrm;, wmrdO je<elaùug iqúfYaI lemùï i|yd;a" iq¿ wmrdO ms<n s |j Woafhda.u S ;aj lghq;= lsÍu i|yd;a" id¾:l m%:udOdr §u i|yd;a" Èjd ? fkd;ld isÿ lrk úfYaI fiajdjka i|yd;a" úfYaI ;s<K s ,nd .ekSug iqÿiqlï ,nhs'

fmd,Sisfha Wiia mqyqKq lsÍfï wdh;kfha wOHCI fcHIaG fmd,sia wêldÍ §md,a o,amodÿ uy;d iu. 2006'02'13 Èk fmd,sia uQ,ia:dkfha§ mj;ajk ,o iïuqL idlÉcdjla 59 4 jk ixialrKh

ióCIKhg iyNd.s jQ fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.ka 21]la muKla fuu úfYaI ;s<K s m%odkh lsÍfï mámdáh .ek b;d iEySulg m;a jQ nj;a" 37'9] la ;rula ÿrg iEySug m;a jQ nj;a ióCIKfhka fy<sfõ' wm%idoh m< lrk whf.ka 22'9] ;rula ÿrg fkdiEySug m;a jQ nj yd 13] la iïmQ¾Kfhkau wm%idohg m;a jQ nj fmksK's 60

How satisfied are of the .ek fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka ;=fyou õ with ;s<the sK reward m%odkprocedure mámdáh Police Department Tn fldf;la ÿrg iEySug m;a jkafkao@

37.9

30 % 20

22.9

13 10 0

5.2 Very b;du Satisfied

iEySug m;a fõ

wêl f,i ;rula ÿrg ;rula ÿrg iEySNeither ug fyd Somewhat Somewhat Very fkdiEyS ug iEySug fkdiEyS u g m;a fkdiEyS u g m;a Dissatisfied Satisfied Satisfied or Dissatisfied m;a fjñ m;a fjñ fjñ fkdfjñ Dissatisfied

3'8 úkh md,k úê úOdk 3'8'1 f.!rjdNsudk fmd,sia m%;s{dj fmd,sia fiajh we;=<; ks;e;sku a mj;akd úkh md,k f.!rjdNsudk m%;{ s dj u.ska ms<ì s Uq fõ' ;u jD;a;h s " fmdÿ ck;dj fmd,sih s fj; ;nd we;s úYajdih mdjd wdpdr O¾u ix.%yh wkqj ;uka yd fiajfha fjk;a lsÍug;a" rfÜ kS;s ia:dmkh lsÍug;a" fuu m%;{ s dj 61 kshl q ; a jQ wh ne£ isá;s'

úê úOdk fmd,sifs ha f.!rjh" pß;h fyda fkd§ug;a" fmd,Sifs ha who j.lSug hg;a wkqj fmd,sia fiajfha

60 fiajfha isák ks,OdÍka 770 la wyUq f,i f;dard iïuqL idlÉcd meje;aùfuka 2005 fmnrjdß 05 isg 08 Èk olajd;a" fmnrjdß 10 isg ud¾;= 03 olajd;a ’fidaI,a bkaäflag¾¶ wdh;kh úiska ’g%dkaif a markais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh¶ fjkqfjka mj;ajk ,o iemehqïldr ióCIKh 61 ud lsisu wjia:djl udf.a jD;a;sh" udf.a wjxlNdjh" udf.a pß;h fyda uyck úYajdih fkdìoSug;a" ’wdpdr O¾u ix.%yhg¶ wkql, + j" udf.a iy wm ieuf.a l%h s djkag j.lSug;a ieu úgu ffO¾hu;a ùug;a udf.a uõìu" kS;sh iy ud fiajh kshq;= fmd,sia n,ldh" ieu úgu fkdie,S ord isàug;a wjxlj iy f.!rjdNsudkj m%;{ s d foñ'

fmd,sih s fj; uyck úYajdih jv jvd j¾Okh jk mßÈ ;u wjxlNdjh;a" rfÜ kS;h s ;a k.d isgù q ug iEu fmd,sia ks,Odßhl=u iïmQ¾Kfhkau ne£ isák nj mejiSu wjYH fkdfõ' tfyhsk"a ;u m%;{ s djg mgyeKsj l%h s d lrk fmd,sia ks,Odßfhla Tyqf.a fiajd fldkafoais W,a,x.kh lrhs' ,xld fmd,sia w;afmd; wkqj o úkh wdrCIl úê úOdk kshu lr we;' tajd my; idlÉPdjg ,la fõ'

3'8'2 fiajd fldkafoais fmd,sia w;afmdf;a kshu lr we;s fiajd fldkafoais fmd,sifs ha lS¾;skduh wdrCId lsÍu i|yd mkjd we;s ±ä úkh kS;s Í;s ms<n s | lÈu ksoiqka f,i ie<lsh yelsh' iEu fmd,sia ks,Odßfhl=u Tyqf.a uq¿ ld,hu lemùfuka yd wjlxj fmd,sia fiajhg muKlau fhoúh hq;= nj;a meyeÈ,s f,i wjir ,ndf.k ñi wka lsiÿ s fj<|dul fyda jD;a;h s l fyda fkdfhÈh hq;= nj;a" Tyq iy Tyqf.a mjq,o" wka whf.a f.!rjhg md;% jk fia lghq;= l< hq;= nj;a" 1 jk kS;h s kshu lrhs' Tyq ish¿u fmd,sia kS;j s ,g yd ksfhda.j,g wjk; úh hq;= nj 2 jk kS;h s mjihs' iEu fmd,sia ks,Odßhl=u iudch fj; fiajh lsÍfï§ wjxl úh hq;= nj;a" ish¿u fmd,sia kS;s yd ksfhda. ms<m s eÈh hq;= nj;a" bka meyeÈ,sj fmfka' ;jo" Tyq Tyqf.a mjqf,a who Tyq fiajh lrk iudch fj; hym;a wdo¾Yhla úh hq;h = ' 8 jk kS;h s hgf;a" fmd,sia wêldßjrhdf.ka ,nd.;a meyeÈ,s wjirhla u; ñi" lsiÿ s fmd,sia ks,Odßfhla" lsiÿ s wjia:djl fyda lsiÿ s fya;=jla u;" iDcq fyda jl%j" lsiÿs mqo. a ,hl=f.ka lsiÿs ;Hd.hla" mdßf;daI; s hla fyda .dia;j = la .ekSfuka fyda ms<. s ekSfuka je<lsh hq;f= õ' ´kEu wdldrhl w,a,ila .ekSu fiajd fldkafoais W,a,x.kh lsÍula nj tfyhska meyeÈ,s fõ' iEu fmd,sia ks,Odßfhlau rfÜ n,OdÍka fj; f.!rjh yd wjk;Ndjh;a" ish¿u ckhd fj; bjiSu" lreKdj yd úkS;Ndjh;a ±laúh hq;= njg kshu lsÍfuka fmd,Sih s yd m%cdj w;r hym;a in|;djla mj;ajd .ekSfï jeo.;alu fiajd fldkafoais u.ska fmkajd fohs' ^9 jk kS;h s & úIudpdrhla iïnkaOfhka jerÈlre jk fmd,sia ks,Odßfhla ovhlg fyda fjk;a ovqjulg hg;a lrkq ,eìh yelsjd muKla fkdjks' kqiÿ q iq nj" rdcldß meyeryeÍu fyda úIudpdrhla u;" fmd,siam;sjrhd úiska fyda ksfhdacH fmd,sim a ;sjrhd úiska fyda wod< fmd,sia wêldßjrhd úiska Tyq jydu fiajfhka wia lsÍug fyda mylsÍug fyda yelsfõ' ;jo" m<d;a fmd,sia wêldßjrhdg fyda 55

m<d;" Èia;l s% l a h fyda n, m%foaYh Ndr iyldr wêldrjrhdg Tyq jev ;ykulg o ,la l< yelsh' ^10 jk kS;h s &62 fmd,sia ks,OdÍka w;r úkh mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd l%h s dl< yels úkh md,k úêúOdk fiajd fldkafoais ;=< uekúka ms<ì s Uq fõ'

3'8'3 úkh kS;s ix.%yh wmlS¾;sh f.k fok p¾hdjla"63 rdcldÍ meyeryeÍula"64 úYajdih lv lsÍula"65 ¥Is; l%h s djla"66 wmrdOhlg fyda jrolg fodaI; s hl= njg kshu lrkq ,eîu"67 68 úkh lv lsÍulg wjiydhl=ùu hk l%h s djka i|yd jrolre lrk ,o ´kEu fmd,sia ks,Odßfhla úkh kS;s lv l< mqo. a ,hl= f,i ie<fla' 62 1948 foieïn¾ 08 jk Èk yd wxl 4953 orK fmd,sia .eiÜ m;%fha 2 fldgfia 175 msgqj yd 1951 cQ,s 11 Èk yd wxl 5083 118 jk msgqj n,kak' 63 1 jk j.ka;sh" tkï" Tyq fkdukd f,i fyda hym;a úkhg w.;shla úh yels ´kEu f,ilg fyda fmd,sia fiajfha lS¾;shg le<,la úh yels f,ilg l%shd l<fyd;a 64 4 jk j.ka;sh" tkï" Tyq ^w& fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= f,i Tyqf.a rdcldßh jk hula wm%udoj yd iïm%ckH f,i bgq lsÍu fyda l%shd;aul lsÍu fkdi<ld yeßhfyd;a fyda ^wd& rdcldß fõ,djka ;=< w,ij isáhfyd;a" fyda ^we& Tyqg ksfhda. lrk ,o rdcldß ia:dkfhka ksis wjir fkdue;sj neyer .shfyd;a" fyda ^wE& wmßiaiu fyda fkdie<ls,u s ;alu fya;f= jka isrlrejl=g fíÍ m,d hdug bv ÿkfyd;a" fyda ^b& okajd isàug Tyq ne£ isák hula ±kaùug wiu;a jqjfyd;a" fyda ^B& hï ks, f,aLkhl fyda fmd;l wjYH igyka we;=¿ lsßu u. yeßhfyd;a" fyda ^W& jrolrejl= fyda ie.ù isák mqoa.,hl= isák ia:dkh ±k ±k;a" ta nj ±kaùug wiu;ajqjfyd;a fyda Tyq kS;sfha /yekg yiq lr .ekSug ksis W;aidyhla fkd±rejfyd;a 65 6 jk j.ka;sh" tkï" Tyq ^w& ryiH f,i ;nd .ekSug ne£ isák hula wkdjrKh l<fyd;a" fyda ^wd& fmd,sia fiaj yd iïnkaO hï lreKla ksis wjirhlska f;drj fmdÿ mqj;a j,g fyda n,h fkd,;a mqoa.,hl= fj; okajd isáhfyd;a" fyda ^we& fmd,sia fiajhg iïnkaO hï lreKla idlÉPd lsrSu i|yd n,h ,nd fkd.;a /iaùula leojqjfyd;a fyda tjeks /iaùulg iyNd.S jqjfyd;a fyda ^wE& fmd,sia fiajhg iïnkaO hï lreKla iïnkaO ms<sn| fm;aiula" m%ldYhla fyda ksfõokhla th w;aika lrk ,o jQj;a fyda" ks¾kdñl jQj;a fyda" w;aika l, fyd;a fyda" fmd,siam;sjrhd fj; ksishdldr f,iska ,sms hjk ud¾. j,ska ñi tjeks f,aLkhka fnod yersfhda;a fyda ^b& ksishdldr wjir ,nd fkdf.k hï ks, f,aLkhl msgm;la .;fyd;a fyda tjeks msgm;la ,Õ ;nd .;fyd;a 66 7 jk j.ka;sh" tkï" Tyq ^w& fiajfha isáh § fyda fiajfhka neyerj isáh § fyda Tyqf.a whs;sfha mj;sk uqo,a fyda foam, iïnkaOfhka i;=gqodhl meyeÈ,s lssÍula iemhSug wfmdfydi;a jqjfyd;a" fyda ^wd& Tyqf.a ks, ;;ajh lrK fldgf.k Tyq fj; ,enqkq hï uqo,la fyda foam,la iïnkaOfhka i;=gqodhl meyeÈ,s lsßula iemhSug wfmdfydi;a jqjfyd;a fyda tajd wm%udoj yd i;H f,i wdmiq Ndr §ug wfmdfydi;a jqjfyd;a" fyda ^we& fmd,siam;sjrhdf.a wjirh fkdue;sj iDcq f,iska fyda jl% f,ilska hï mdßf;daIs;hla" ;s<sKhla fyda odhl uqo,la ,nd .;fyd;a" fyda ^wE& Tyqf.a rdcldß bgq lsÍug ndOdjla úh yels f,i hï mqoa.,hl= fj; hï uQ,Huh ne£ulg hg;a jqjfyd;a" fyda ^b& fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= jYfhka Tyqf.a ;;ajh fyda ;k;=r Tyqf.a mqoa.,sl jdish i|yd whq;= f,i fhdod.;fyd;a 67 15 jk j.ka;sh" tkï" wêlrKhla úiska wmrdOhla fyda jrola iïnkaOfhka Tyq fodaI úksYaphg Ndckh lrk ,ofyd;a fyda wmrdO mámdá ix.%yfha 325 jk j.ka;sfha úê úOdk hgf;a Tyq iïnkaOfhka l%shd lrk ,ofyd;a 68 16 jk j.ka;sh" tkï" fuu ix.%yh hgf;a jrola fyda úkh lv lsÍula ms<sn|j Tyq bvyerSu fyda ±k ±ku wkqn, ÿkfyd;a

wdKavl q %u jHjia:dfõ 17 jk ixfYdaOkfha 155 Ô'3 j.ka;h s wkqj" fmd,sia fiajfha p¾hd kS;s ix.%yh fldñiu úiska iïmdokh lr kshu l< hq;= fõ' Y%S ,xld wdKavl q u % jHjia:dfõ 17 jk ixfYdaOkh u.ska cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu msyg s ù q fï uQ,l s mrud¾:h jQfha ld¾hCIu fmd,sia fiajdjla msyg s ù q u yd tys úkh md,kh ksis f,i l%h s d;aul lsÍug wjYH úêúOdk kshu lsÍuhs' úkh md,k n,;, fldñiu fj; mjrk ,È' cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï ks, ld,h 2005 fkdjeïnrfha wjika jQ w;r" th ±kg l%h s d úrys; ;;ajhl mj;S' fmd,sifS ha úkh md,k n,;, iys; tu fldñiu tfia wl¾ukH ùu fya;f= jka úkhdkql, + mámdá l%h s d;aul lsÍfï§ wld¾hCIu;djka we;s ùug bv we;'69

3'8'4 fmd,Sih s g tfrysj flfrk uyck meñKs,s fmd,sia ks,Odßkaf.a úIudjdr ms<n s | meñKs,"s ia:dk Ndr ks,OdÍka úiska w;sYh jeo.;a lreKq f,i ie<lsh hq;= fõ'70 fmd,sih s g úreoaOj fmd,sia ia:dkh fj; flfrk iEu meñKs,, a la ms<n s | ish¿u úia;r fmd,sia f;dr;=re igyka fmdf;a jd¾;d lrkq ,efí' ia:dkNdr ks,Odßhd tu meñKs,, a .ek mqo. a ,slju jydu mÍCIKhla meje;aúh hq;= fõ' kS;h s g mgyeksj jrola isÿ ù we;s njla tu mÍCIKfha§ ks.ukh jqjfyd;a" túg jrolreg úreoaOj kvq mejÍug whs;j s dislula meñKs,l s reg ;sfnk nj Tyqg okajkq ,efí' Èia;l %s l a h fyda n,m%foaYh Ndr iyldr fmd,sia wêldßjrhd túg ta .ek mÍCIKhla mj;ajd uQ,l s jYfhka idOdrK meñKs,, a la lr weoa±hs ;SrKhlg t<fUhs' bkamiq ish¿u wod< ,shlshú,s yd fpdaokd m;% flgqïm;la m<d; Ndr wêldßjrhdg fyda iyldr fmd,sia wêldrSjrhdg hjkq ,efí' túg" mÍCIKh i|yd kshu flfrk Èkh" fõ,dj yd ia:dkh meñKs,l s re fj; yd mÍCIK uKav,fha idudðlhka fj; okajd hjkq ,efí'71 idudkH mqo. a ,hl= úiska lrk ,o kï Tyqg úreoaOj kvq mejßh yels j¾.fha jrola fmd,sia ks,Odßhd úiska isÿ ù we;s nj fyda" Tyq" ±k ±ku yd ys;du;d Tyqf.a n,;, blaujd l%h s dlr we;s nj" fyda Tyq" ;uka hgf;a isá mqo. a ,hl= fj; whq;= mqo. a ,sl ysxidjla lr ;sfnk nj" fyda" wod< wêldßjrhd fyda iyldr wêldßjrhd ks.ukh l<fyd;a" túg iïmQ¾K mÍCIKhka mj;ajd jrolreg úreoaOj Widúhl § kvq mjrkq we;' tfy;a tjeks ks.ukhlg t<U ke;fyd;a fyda meñKs,l s re úêu;a kvqjla mejÍug wlue;sj fomd¾;fïka;= mÍCIKhla b,a,d isáhfyd;a" túg mÍCIKh Ndr .eiÜ lrk ,o ks,Odßhd msgq 28 i|yka wxl 21 jk ksfhda.h wkqj idCIs jd¾;d lr" mÍCIKh wm%udoj mj;ajd wjidk l< hq;= fõ' fy<s jQ lreKq yd ;Skÿ a j ,sÅ;j igyka lr" .kakd ,o l%h s dud¾. meñKs,l s re fj; ,sÅ;j ±kqï fokq ,efí' 69

wdishdkq udkj ysñlï fldñifï m%ldYkhla" Y%S ,xldj ( Y%S ,xldfõ wmrdO uq,skqmqgd ±óu m|yd cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu mK .ekaùu w;HjYH fõ" 2006 ckjdß 03 70 fmd,sia w;afmd;" 4 jk ixialrKh" 1953 71 1979 fmnrjdrS 26 Èk yd wxl 4963 orK fmd,sia .eiÜ m;%fha 2 jk fldgi

mÍCIK uKav,hg m%foaYh Ndr iyldr fmd,sia wêldßjrhd" ia:dkNdr ks,Odßhd yd uyckhd w;ßka f;dard.;a whl= jYfhka ;sfofkl=f.ka iukaú; jk w;r" i'fmd'wêldßjrhd iNdm;s jYfhka lghq;= lrkq we;' ia:dkNdr ks,Odßhd pQÈ;hd fyda idCIslrefjla fõkï" m<d; Ndr fmd,sia wêldßjrhd fyda iyldr fmd,sia wêldßjrhd" Èia;%l s l a fha iyldr fmd,sia wêldßjrhd yd fmdÿck ksfhdað;fhla hk ;sfokdf.ka mÍCIl uKav,h iukaú; ù" fmd,sia wêldßjrhd fyda m<d;$m%foaYh Ndr iyldr wêldßjrhd iNdm;s jYfhka l%h s dlrkq we;' ^1950 cQks 14 Èk wxl 5"028 orK fmd,sia .eiÜ m;%fha 2 jk fldgi n,kak& fmdÿ ckhd ksfhdackh lsÍu i|yd mqo. a ,fhla mÍCIl uKav,fha isák ksid" meñKs,l s reg fjk;a flfkl= mÍCIK uKav,hg f.k hEug fyda fjk;a whl=f.a iydh ,nd .ekSug wjir fokq fkd,efí' pQÈ; fmd,sia ks,Odßhdg o tu kS;h s wod< fõ' ^1949 cqks 23 wxl 4" 963 orK fmd,sia .eiÜ m;%fha 2 fldgi n,kak& fm;aiula u.ska meñKs,, a la bÈßm;a lrk úg" ,Õ we;s fmd,sia ia:dkh fj; f.dia" fm;aiu ;uka úiska hjk ,o njg yd tys wvx.= lreKq ;ud úiska bÈßm;a flfrk njg m%ldY lsÍug fm;aiïlreg okajd heúh hq;= fõ' mÍCIKh mj;ajkq ,nkafka by; i|yka mßÈu 1950 cqks 14 jk Èk wxl 5028 orK fmd,sia .eiÜ m;%fha ^105 jk msgj q & yd 1949" fmnrjdß 23 wxl 4" 963 orK fmd,sia .eiÜ m;%fha 2 fldgfia i|yka wdldrhgh' fï yereKq úg" cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu fj; uyck meñKs,s bÈßm;a lsÍfï l%uhla wdKavq l%u jHjia:fõ 17 jk ixfYdaOkh u.ska y÷kajd fok ,È' fmd,sia ks,Odßkag tfrysj yd fmd,sia fiajhg tfrysj meñKs,s Ndr .ekSug;a" mÍCIKhg Ndckh lsÍug;a" m%;l s ¾u fh§ug;a mámdáhla cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu úiska msyg s ú q h hq;= njg tys 155 Ô 2 j.ka;h s kshu lrhs' tfy;a tjeks l%h s dldÍ uyck meñKs,s Ndr .ekSfï l%uhla wdrïNfha§ fkd;snK q 's ta fjkqjg we;a; jYfhkau isÿjQfha tjeks meñKs,s cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu úiska kej; fmd,sim a ;sjrhd fj; fhduq lsßuhs' fmd,sim a ;sjrhd úiska túg tu meñKs,s .ek l%h s d lsßu úfYaI úu¾Yk wxYh fj; Ndrlrk ,È' ñka isÿ jQfha merKs l%uh fj; kej; hEuh' tfia jqjo" meñKs,s iïnkaOfhka l%h s d lsÍu i|yd cd'fmd'fld' m%dfoaYh S iïnkaëlrK ks,OdÍka 10 fokl= muK m;a lr we;' fudjqkg fjku ld¾hd,hla ,nd fok ;=re Tjqyq cd;sl udkj ysñlï fldñifï m%dfoaYh S ld¾hd,j, isg ;u lghq;= fufyhj;s' uE;l§" kvq lsym s hl§u fY%I a G a dêlrKh úiska cd'fmd'fld' fj; ksfhda. ksl=;a lrñka úkhdkql, + mÍCIK mj;ajk f,i kshu lr we;' ;jo" úkh mj;ajd .ekSu yd ;uka hgf;a isák ks,Odßka úiska udkj ysñlï W,a,x.kh lsÍï je<elaùu fcHIaG ;k;=re orK fmd,sia ks,Odßkaf.a j.lSu nj fY%I a G a dêlrKh úiska wjOdrKh lrk ,È'72 72

udkj ysñlï fldñiu fj; ,enqKq fmd,sishg úreoaO meñKs,s ms<sn|j id¾:l mámdáhla msysgqùu iïnkaOfhka Y%S ,xld cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï ld¾hNdrh keue;s m%ldYh - mqj;am;a ksfõokh" 2004 wfm%a,a 05

3'8'5 o`vqjï lKsIG a fmd,sia ks,OdÍka fj; my; i|yka ovqjï kshu l< yelsh' iyldr fmd,sia wêldß ;k;=rg my< ;k;=rla orK lsiÿ s fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= yg fjk;a fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= fj; ovqjï kshu lsÍfï n,hla ysñ fkdfõ' wjjdo lsÍu

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,sÅ;j wjjdo lsÍu - fuh fmd,sia ld¾hd, fmdf;a yd wod< ks,OdÍhdf.a ,sms f.dkqfõ ,sÅ;j igyka lrkq ,efí'

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ovqjï wNHdi

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jrolre yg Èk 7 lg fkdjeä kshu flfrk Èk .Kkl YdÍßl wNHdi kshu flf¾' fuu wNHdi l< hq;fa ;a iïmQ¾K ks, we÷ï lÜg,fhka ieriS isáh§h' ierhkajrhl=f.a wëCIKh hgf;ah' fuu wNHdi Èklg mehl ld,hla blauúh fkdhq;h = '

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Ng ksjdi ^ne/lal& Y=oO a mú;% lsÍu yd fmd,sia ia:dkfha ,S NdKav yd hka;%i; Q % hkdÈh mú;% lsÍu wu;r rdcldßhla f,i jrolre fj; mejf¾' fuu ovqju o Èk 7 lg fkdjeä ld,hla i|yd muKs'

Ng ksjdifhka ( msgùu ;ykï lsÍu

Èk 7 lg fkdjeä ld,hlg ne/lalfhka msgùu ;ykï flf¾' fï ld< iSudj ;=< § jrolreg msg ù hd yelafla ierhkajrhd fj; jd¾;d lsrfS uka muKs'

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ov .eiSu

(

nrm;,lu wvqu ovqjï j¾.h widOq igyka §uhs' fïjd fiajd f,aLkfha igyka lrkq ,efí' fouil wLKav ld, mßÉfþohla ;=< hym;a l,a l%h s dfjka hq;=j rdcldß bgq lsÍfuka tla widOq igyka wfydais fõ' wfydais fkdlr.;a widOq igyk ,l=Kq ;sîu' Wiiaùïj,g ndOdjla úh yelsh' fouil wLKav hym;a fiajh u.ska widOq igyka wfydais jk kuq;"a tu widOq igyka ,nd.;a nj fiajd f,aLkfha i|ykaj mj;S' tu widOq igyk ;k;=r fyda fY%K a h s my< ±óula fkdjqjo" tajd wjjdo lsÍï f,i ie<fla' widOq igyka 10 la ,eîu fiajfhka mylrkq ,eîug ;=vq Èh yelsh' ksjdvq ,nd fkdf.k rdcldßhg fkdmeñKSu yd fkdie<ls,u s ;alu ksid rcfha foam, ke;s ùu iïnkaOfhka muKla ov kshu lrkq ,efí' 59

jegqma j¾Ol m%udo lsÍu$keje;aùu Wiia lsÍï wvq lsÍu fyda wysñ lsÍu ( fuh b;d nrm;, ovqjuls' ;k;=ßka my<g fy,kq ,enQ fmd,sia ks,Odßhdyg" tla tla ;k;=f¾ kshñ; ld,fhka wvla ne.ska fiajh lr" ;ukag wh;a kshu ;k;=f¾ kej; fiajfha msyg s j q kq ,eìh yelsh' tfy;a ta i|yd Tyqf.a fiajh yd l,alh %s dj hym;a úh hq;=h'73 wld¾hCIu;dj u; fiajfhka úY%du heùu ( fuu l%h s dj,sh .kq ,nkafka ;u ks, rdcldÍ lghq;= ld¾hCIu f,i bgq lsßug wfmdfydi;a f,ig ie<flk fmd,sia ks,Odßka iïnkaOfhks' iuyr wjia:dj,§ wvq lrk ,o úY%du hEfï §ukdjla f.ùug bv we;' fiajfhka uqod yeÍu (

Tjqkfa .a l,a l%h s dj wkqj" fmd,sia fiajfha r|jd .ekSug kqiÿ q iq fia ie<flk fmd,sia ks,OdÍka iïnkaOfhka fuu l%h s d ud¾.h wkq.ukh flf¾'

fiajfhka my lsÍu (

nrm;, jerÈj,g jrolre lrkq ,eîu fya;f= jka rcfha fiajh i|yd ;jÿrg;a kqiÿ q iq fmd,sia ks,OdÍka iïnkaOfhka fuu l%h s dud¾.h .kq ,efí'

3'8'6 wNshdpkd ksfhdacH fmd,sim a ;sjrhl= úiska ksl; = a lrk ,o ksfhda.hla iïnkaOfhka bÈßm;a flfrk wNshdpkd ms<n s |j fmd,sim a ;sjrhd l%h s d lrkq we;' tf,iu" fmd,sia wêldÍjrhl=f.a ksfhda.hka iïnkaO wNshdpkd .ek ksfhdacH fmd,sim a ;sjrfhla o" iyldr wêldrjrhl=f.a ksfhda. iïnkaO wNshdpkd .ek wêldÍjrfhla o l%h s d lrkq we;' mÍCIKh meje;aùfï§ wkq.ukh lrk ,o mámdáfha hï wl%ñl;djla ;snQ wjia:dj,§ muKla" m%:u wNshdpkh fhduq l< ks,Odßhdg jvd fcHIaG ks,Odßhl= fj; fojk wNshdpkhla bÈßm;a l< yels fõ' 73 igyk ( Wiia lsÍula uila we;=<; isÿùug kshñ; fõ kï" tu Wiia lsÍu udi 6 lg fkdjeä ld,hlg keje;aúh yelsh' fuu ovqju .ek fiajd f,aLkfha igyka lrkq ,efí' fï ovqju ksid jegqma wysñ jkafka Wiia lsÍu kj;ajk ,o ld, iSudj fjkqfjka muKls' kshñ; Èkg Wiiaùu ,eîug fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= kqiqÿiq njg ;SrKh l< úg" fiajd f,aLkfha ta .ek igyka lrkq fkd,efí" ta fjkqjg äfmda ;=Kavqjla hjkq ,efí" fuu ovqju kshu lrk ,o úg" ks,Odßhd kej; iqÿiq jk ;=re jegqma yd fcHIaG;ajh wysñ fõ" fmd,sia ks,Odßhl=f.a Wiia ùu wjjdo lsÍula f,i w;aysgqúh yelsh" tfia ke;fyd;a Tyqf.a Wiia ùu ks¾foaY lsÍug fmr Tyqf.a rdcldß lghq;= yd yeisÍu hï ld, iSudjla ;=< ksÍCIKhg Ndckh lsÍu kqjKg yqre nj ks.ukh l< úg o Wiia lsÍu w;ayg s jkq ,efí' ks,Odßhdg úreoaOj kvqjla fyda mÍCIKhla ,efnñka mj;sk úg o Wiia lsÍu w;ayg s jkq ,efí' fuys§ jegqma fyda fcHIaGNdjh wysñ ùula isÿ fkdfõ' ulaksidoh;a Tyqg bÈßld,fha§ Wiia ùu ,enqKq úg" wysñ jQ jegqm kej; ,efí'

4 wdKavl q u % jHjia:dfõ 17 jk ixfYdaOkh hgf;a msyg s j q k ,o cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu 4'1 wruqKq fmd,sia fiajh we;=¿ iuia; rdcH fiajhu wêl f,i foaYmd,k n,mEug f.dÿre ù we;s njg foaYmd,k mCI" isú,a iudc ixúOdk yd mqo. a ,hka úiska fmkajd fokq ,ÿj" rdcH fiajh foaYmd,kSlrKfhka uqod .ekSu i|yd hï w¾:j;a m%;p s drhla olajk f,i rcfhka b,a,d isák ,È' wdKavl q %u jHjia:djg 17 jk ixfYdaOkh 2001 § wka;¾.; lrk ,oafoa tu miqìu hgf;ah' ckiïu;jd§ ,CIK jv jvd mq¿,a lr" rg ;=< hym;a md,k ffY,shla Yla;u s ;a f,i msyg s j q d" foaYmd,kuh weÕs,s .eiSïj,ska f;dr iajdëk yd m%n, rdcH fiajhla msyg s ù q u 17 jk ixfYdaOkfha m%Odku wruqK úh' fuu ixfYdaOkh u.ska jHjia:d uKav,h msyg s j q k ,È' cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu ^cd'fmd'fld'& we;=¿ ;j;a uKav, lsym s hla i|yd idudðlhka f;dardf.k Tjqka .ek lreKq mßCId lr" Tjqka tu uKav,j,g m;a lsÍfï ld¾h jHjia:d uKav,h fj; mjrd we;' fuu úê úOdkfha wruqKq jQfha cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiug wjxl tä;r mqo. a ,hka m;a lsÍuh'

4'2

ixhq;sh yd /ljrKh

jHjia:d uKav,fha ks¾foaYh u; ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a flfrk idudðlhka i;a fofkl=f.ka cd'fmd'fld' iukaú; fõ' idudðlhka wjqreÿ 3 l ld,hla i|yd m;a flfrk w;r" ;j;a wjqreÿ 3 l tla wu;r ks, ld,hla i|yd kej; m;a lrkq ,eîug TjqyQ iqÿiafida fj;s' Tjqka bj;a l< yelafla jHjia:d uKav,fha ks¾foaYhla u; ckdêm;sjrhd yg muKls' tfyhska ys;=u;h wkqj bj;a lsÍula fkdisÿjk njg idudðlhka fj; iy;slhla we;' cd'fmd'fldñifï fyda tys ´kEu idudðlfhl=f.a ;SrKhla flfrys iDcq fyda jl% n,mEula lsÍu fyda tfia lsÍug W;aidy lsÍu fyda tu ;SrKhla ms<n s | ueÈy;aùu" 155 t*a fþoh wkqj" uydêlrKfha§ kvq mejßh yels yd y;ajirl isr ovqjula iu. remsh,a ,CIhl ovhla ,eìh yels jrols' tfiajqjo" 155 t*a fþoh cd'fmd'fldñiug yd tys ´kEu ldrl iNdjlg wka whf.a ueÈy;aùïj,ska wdrCIdj ,ndfok kuq;"a tu wdrCIdj fmd,sim a ;sjrhdg fyda 155 fþ fþoh hgf;a mejfrk n,;, yd l¾;jHhka bgq lrk fjk;a ks,OdÍka fj; fyda ,nd § fkdue;' tfyhska tu ld¾hka bgq lrk fmd,sia ks,OdÍka fj; foaYmd,k n,mEï t,a,ùfï bvlv ;ju;a we;'

4'3 cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï n,;, fmd,sim a ;sjrhd iïnkaOfhka yereKq úg" wfkla ish¿u fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a m;a lsÍu" ia:dk udre lsßu" Wiia lsÍu" úkh md,kh yd fiajfhka my lsÍu ms<n s | n,;, cd'fmd'fld' fj; mjrd we;' fuu n,;, cd'fmd'fld' úiska fmd,sim a ;sjrhd yd iu. idlÉPdfjka l%h s d;aul lrkq ,efí'74 w;Dma;h s g m;a ´kEu fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= yg fmd,sim a ;sjrhdf.a fyda ldrl iNdjl fyda fmd,sia ks,Odßhl=f.a ksfhda.hg úreoaOj cd'fmd'fld' fj; wNshdpkh lsßfï whs;h s we;' tu ksfhda. ixfYdaOkh lsÍug úreoaOj cd'fmd'fld' fj; wNshdpk lsÍfï whs;h s we;' tu ksfhda. ixfYdaOkh lsÍug" fjkia lsÍug fyda wj,x.= lsÍug n,h cd'fmd'fld' i;=j we;'75 cd'fmd' fldñifï ;SrKhka yd tlÕ fkdjk whl=g mßmd,k úksYp a h iNdj fj; wNshdpkd l< yelsh'76 mßmd,kuh mámdá iïmdokh we;=¿ fmd,sia mßmd,k lghq;=" fmd,sia fiajfha iajdëk;ajh yd ld¾hCIuNdjh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu" cd;sl yd m<d;ano n, m%foaY i|yd wjYH wú wdhqO" fjä WKav yd hka;% iQ;%j, iajNdjh yd j¾.h ksYp a h lsÍu ms<n s | ;SrK .ekSu o cd'fmd' fldñiug wh;a ld¾hka fõ'77 uyck meñKs,s Ndr.ekSug yd tajd .ek l%h s d lsÍug o n,;, cd'fmd'fld' fj; ysñfõ' uyck meñKs, s s Ndr .ekSug;a" tajd mßCIKhg Ndckh lsÍug;a" fmd,sia ks,Odßhl=g tfrysj fyda fmd,sia fiajhg tfrysj fyda w;Dma;hg m;a whf.a meñKs,s Ndrf.k mÍCIKhg Ndckh lsÍug wjYH mámdá kshu lsßu tfyhska cd'fmd'fldñifï ld¾hNdrhls'78

4'4 cd'fmd'fld' fj; yd mßmd,kuh wNshdpkd úksYp a h iNdj fj; wNshdpkd lsßu 29 jk j.ka;h s wkqj" cd'fmd'fld' úiska fok ,o ´kEu ksfhda.hla iïnkaOfhka w;Dma;h s g m;a fmd,sia ks,Odßhl=g 17 jk ixfYdaOkh hgf;a msyg s j q k ,o mßmd,kuh wNshdpk úksYp a h iNdj fj; wNshdpkd l< yels fõ'79 2002 jif¾ wxl 04 orK mßmd,kuh wNshdpk úksYp a h iNd mk; wkqj" fuu iNdj wêlrK fiajd fldñiu úiska m;a lrk ,o idudðlhka ;sfofkl=f.ka iukaú; jk w;r" tu idudðlhka rcfha fiajfha jir 20 lg wêl m<mqreoaola we;s wh fyda jir 10 l kS;s jD;a;u s h m<mqreoaola we;s wh úh hq;=h'

74 75 76 77 78 79

155 Ô' j.ka;sh 155 fla' j.ka;sh 155 t,a j.ka;sh" mßmd,kuh úksYaph iNdj wêlrK fiajd fldñIka iNdj úiska m;a lrkq ,efí 155 Ô' ^3& j.ka;sh 155 ^2& j.ka;sh 59 jk j.ka;h s

4'5 md¾,sfïka;j = fj; j.lsj hq;= ùu tys n,;," rdcldß yd l%h s dldß;ajh ms<n s |j md¾,sfïka;=j fj; j.lSug cd'fmd'fld' ne£ isáhs' ;u l%h s dldß;ajhka iïnkaOfhka jd¾;djla wjqreÿ m;d md¾,sfïka;j = g bÈßm;a lsÍug o th ne£ isáhs'80 uQ,l s whs;j s dislï iïnkaOfhka 81 yer" wêlrK kvqlrj,ska fmdÿ úks¾uql; a h s la ysñh' cd'fmd'fld' weu;sjrhl= hgf;a ;nd fkdue;s ksid" tu fldñiu md¾,sfïka;=j fj; j.lSug ne£ fkdue;s njg fndfyda úg úfõpk t,a, lrkq ,efí' ^fldñiu weu;sjrhl= hgf;a fkdmj;sk fyhsk"a fmd,sifs ha l%h s djka ms<n s |j md¾,sfïka;=j fj; ksis j.lSula fkdue;s jkq we;'& fmd,sifs ha l%h s dkaú; rdcldß cd'fmd'fld' fj; mejß ;snK q s kï" fuu úfõpkh ;rula ÿrg idOdrK jkakg bv ;snK q 's tu ld¾hka we;a; jYfhkau fmd,sim a ;sjrhd fj; yd fmd,sia ks,OdÍka fj; mejÍ we;' md¾,sfïka;=j fj; j.lSu úksYp a h lrk ñkqï oKav jYfhka weu;sjrhl= yryd j.lSu Ndú;d l<fyd;a" lsiÿ s wdh;khlg iajdëkj l%h s dl< fkdyels ;;ajhla Wodjkq we;' md¾,sfïka;f= õ ia:djr ksfhda.j, úê úOdkj,g wkql, + j cd'fmd'fld' md¾,sfïka;=jg j.lsj hq;=h' ms<; s =re Èh hq;=h' cd'fmd'fld' wëCIKh lsÍu iy;sl lsÍu i|yd iajdëk fldñika iNdj,g wod<j lghq;= lrk ksYÑ a ; md¾,sfïka;= ldrl iNdjla fkdue;s nj ie<lsh hq;=h'

4'6 n,;, mejÍu ´kEu ;k;=rlg wh;a fmd,sia ks,OdÍka m;a lsÍu" Wiia lsÍu" ia:dk udre lsÍu" úkh md,kh lsÍu iy fiajfhka my lsÍu ms<sn| ;u n,;," fmd,sim a ;sjrhd iu. idlÉcd lr" fmd,sim a ;sjrhd fj; fyda fjk;a fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= fj; mejÍfï whs;j s dislu cd'fmd'fld' i;= fõ'82

4'7 m%:u cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï id¾:l;ajh 4'7'1 foaYmd,k fya;k + a u; kshu lrk ,o ia:dkudre úYd, .Kkla wfydais lsÍu foaYmd,kuh n,mEï u; isÿ flfrk ia:dk udre lsÍï fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j ;=< w;S;fha§ b;d iq,N úh' 2002 jif¾ foieïnrfha§ ia:dkudre ksfhda. 60 la cd'fmd'fld' úiska m%;fs CIam lrk ,o nj jd¾;d fõ' fuu ia:dk udre ksfhda. iyldr fmd,sia wêldÍka yd ia:dkNdr ks<Odßka iïnkaOfhka jQ w;r" tajd wNHka;r lghq;= Ndr weu;sjrhdf.a kshuh wkqj fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j 80 81 82

155 (N) j.ka ; s h 155 (C) j.ka;sh 155 (J) j.ka;sh

úiska ks¾foaY lr ;sìK'83 foaYmd,k fya;=ka u; kshu lrk ,o fuu ia:dk udre ksfhda. úYd, ixLHdjla m%;fs CIAm lsÍfï cd'fmd'fldñifï ks¾NS; l%h s dj we;a; jYfhkau w.h l< hq;= fõ'

4'7'2 Wiia lsÍï 2002 jif¾ fkdjeïnrfha§ cd'fmd'fld' msyg s j q k ,o wjia:dfõ isgu tys rdcldß j,ska b;d úYd, fldgila Wiia lsÍï yd iïnkaO lghq;= jQ nj idlÉPdj,§ rxð;a wfíiQßh uy;d fy<s lf<ah' tu lghq;=j,ska jeä fldgila" Bg fmr meje;s mßmd,k l%uh hgf;a WodiSk;dj fya;=fjka mqrmamdvqj ;snQ m%Odk ;k;=re 4000 la Wiia lsÍï ud¾.fhka msrùu ms<n s |j úh'84

4'7'3 uyck meñKs,s iïnkaOfhka l%h s d lsÍug hdka;K % hla tf,iu" fmd,sih s g úreoaOj ,efnk meñKs,s ms<n s | úê úOdk o l%h s djg mßj¾;kh lsÍu i|yd cd'fmd'fld' úiska iïnkaëlrK ldrl iNd 7 la msyg s j q k ,È' fïjdfha wruqK Èia;l %s a uÜgfï§ uyck meñKs,s .ek jvd;a M,odhs mshjr .ekSuhs' fld<U yd .ïmy Èia;l %s l a ;=< msyá s fmd,sia ia:dkj, yd fjk;a fmd,sia ld¾hd,j, fiajfha ksh; q = fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a rdcldßj,g wod<j hï meñKs,s fjf;d;a tajd bÈßm;a lrk f,ig uyckhd fj; b,a,u S la lrñka m%pdrl jHdmdrhla 2003 jif¾ cQ,s udifha§ Èh;a lrk ,È' fuu m%pdrhg m%;p s dr jYfhka f;i;shla ;=<§ meñKs,s 26 la uyckhdf.ka ,enqKq nj iema;eïn¾ udifha§ mj;ajk ,o mqj;am;a idlÉPdjl § cd'fmd'fld' iNdm;sjrhd wkdjrKh lf<ah' lsiÿs foaYmd,kuh fyda fjk;a mCI.%dyS;j a hlska 85 f;drj" mÍCIK meje;afjk nj o Tyq mejiqfõh'

4'8 cd'fmd'fldñifï n,;, mejÍu (Delegation) 4'8'1 n,;, mjrd §ug wod< m%Yk a yd j¾;udk ;;ajh fmd,sia ks,Odßka m;a lsÍu" Wiia lsÍu" ia:dk udre lsÍu" úkh md,kh yd fiajfhka my lsÍu ms<n s | ;u n,;, fmd,sim a ;sjrhd fj; fyda" Tyq iu. idlÉPd lsÍfuka miq fjk;a fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= fj; fyda mjrd§fï whs;h s cd'fmd'fldñiug ysñ fõ' 2003 ud¾;= 26 jk Èk orK fmd,sim a ;sjrhdf.a 83

’fâ,s ñr¾¶ mqj;am; - 2002 foieïn¾ 24" ia:dkudre ,ehsia;=j ilia lrk ,oafoa iuyr weu;sjrekaf.a yd wdKavq mCIfha md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjrekaf.a b,a,Su mßÈh' óg wu;rj iuyr ia:dk udre ksfhda. lrk ,oafoa t'cd'm' " Y%S',x'uq'fld' " ,x'l'fld' iy ø'cd'ix' hk mCIj, b,a,Su wkqj nj wNHka;r lghq;= Ndr wud;HdxYh m%ldY lf<ah' 84 wdishdkq udkj ysñlï fldñiu - Y%S ,xld - fmd,Sisfha úkh md,kh iy;sl lsÍfï kj l%shd ms<sfj;a ms<sn| i;=g m< fõ" 2004 wf.daia;= 25 Èk orK m%ldYh 85 ’fâ,s ksjqia mqj;am;¶ - 2003 iema;eïn¾ 09

pl%f,aLhg wkql+,j" fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a ia:dk udre ms<sn| ;u n,;, iuyrla fldñiu úiska fmd,sim a ;sjrhd fj; mjrd fok ,È' fuys m%;M s ,hla jYfhka" fmd,sia fiajh ;=< ´kEu ;rd;srul ks,Odßhl= ia:dk udre lsÍfï n,h fmd,sim a ;sjrhd fj; ysñ fõ' tfia jqjo" .eiÜ lrk ,o fcHIaG fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a yd ia:dkNdr ks,OdÍkaf.a ia:dk udre cd'fmd'fld' iu. idlÉPd fldg l%h s d;aul flfrkq we;' wfkla ia:dk udre idudkH kS;h s la jYfhka fldñiu úiska wkqu; lrk ,o ia:dkudre l%uhg wkql, + j l< hq;= fõ'86 fufia n,;, mjrd§u lreKq lsym s hla hgf;a úfõpkhg Ndckh l< yelsh' m%Odk n,;, fjk;a whl= fj; mejf¾ kï" cd'fmd'fld' msyg s ù q fï mrud¾:h w¾: Y+kH jk nj m%:ufhka lsj yelsh' cd'fmd'fld' msyg s ù q fï m%Odk wruqK jQfha fmd,sifs ha mßmd,kh fj; t,a, úh yels foaYmd,kuh n,mEï je<elaùfï mshjrla jYfhka fmd,sim a ;sjrhd fj; yd fcHIaG ks,OdÍka fj; ysñlï ksYÑ a ; n,;, Tjqka fj;ska bj;a lsÍuh' tfiajj q o" we;a;jYfhkau n, meje;afjk ;;ajh kï" 60"000 lg wêl ks,Odß ixLHdjlska iukaú; jQ cd;sl fmd,sia fiajfha mßmd,k ld¾hka bgq lsÍfï yelshdjla cd'fmd'fld' fj; fkd;sîuh' tfyhska ñka isÿ jkafka l,ska mej;s ;;ajhgu wdmiq .uka lsru S ls' tjeks ;;ajhla hgf;a" mjrk ,o n,;, wh;a fmd,sia ks,OdÍka foaYmd,{hka i;=gq lsÍug ´kEu f,ilg l%h s d lSÍu je<elaúh fkdyels ;;ajhla Wodjkq we;'87 tfiajj q o" m%Odk fmd,sia mÍCIl ;k;=rg by< ;k;=re orK fmd,sia ks,OdÍka iïnkaOfhka" Bg by;§ lrk ,o n,;, mejÍfï 2003'07'30 Èk orK w;s úfYaI .eiÜ m;%fha m%io s O a lrk ,o ksfhda.hla u.ska ksIm a %N lr" tu n,;, m%Odk jYfhka" úY%dñl uydêlrK úksYp a hldrjrhl=f.a m%Odk;ajfhka hql; a jQ ;%m s o q . a , lñgqjla fj; mjrd fok ,ÿj" fmd,sim a ;sjrhd fj; tu n,;, mejÍu iSud lrk ,È' cd'fmd'fld' fj; ksis n,;, fmd,sim a ;sjrhd fj; mjrd§ug mCIj bÈßm;a lrk ,o ;¾lh jQfha j¾;udk cd'fmd' fldñifï idudðlhka w;r úênoaO ±kqula iys; mqo. a ,hl= fkdisàuhs' jHjia:d uKav,fha úYajdih Èkd.;a úY%dñl fcHIaG fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= we;=<;a lsßu Bg jvd WÑ; jkq we;'88 jHjia:dms; ld¾hhka ksis f,i bgq lsÍug kï" cd'fmd' fldñifï yelshdj jvd;a m%n, l< hq;=fõ'

2003 ud¾;= 26 Èk yd wxl 1703$2003 orK pl% f,aLh - Wm f,aLkh" ^w& fþoh tâjâ .=Kj¾Ok - wmrdO wpdrO¾u ix.%yh iy fmd,sia fldñiu - ’whs,kaâ¶ mqj;am; - 2003 cQks 29 88 rxð;a wfíiQßh uhd - cd'fmd'fld' iNdm;s geiS fifkúr;ak uy;d úiska Wmqgd .kakd ,È' ’ikafâ whs,kaâ¶ mqj;am; 2003 wfma%,a 13 87

cd'fmd'fld' i;= n,;, wka wh fj; mjrd §u ms<n s |j lemS fmfkk ;j;a m%Odk ,CIKhla kï" cd'fmd' fldñifï fyda tys ldrl iNdjl fyda ;SrKhla fj; n,mEï lsÍu ovqjï ,eìh yels jrola njg m%ldY lrk 155 ^t*a& fþoh fmd,sim a ;sjrhd fj; fyda fjk;a fmd,sia ks,OdÍka fj; fyda wod< fkdùuh' fï ;;ajh hgf;a" wdKavq l%u jHjia:dfõ 17 jk ixfYdaOkh w¾:Y+kH njg m;a ù" foaYmd,kuh ueÈy;aùïj,g fodrgq iïmQ¾Kfhkau újD; fõ'

4'8'2 fmd,sim a ;sjrhd m;a lsÍu fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%Odkshd jk fmd,sim a ;sjrhd m;a lsÍfï ld¾hh iïnkaOfhka cd'fmd'fld' lsiÿ s ld¾hla bgq fkdlrhs' fmd,sim a ;sjrhd m;a lrkq ,nkafka jHjia:d uKav,fha ks¾foaYh wkqj ckdêm;sjrhd úisk's 89 155 ^Ô& j.ka;h s wkqj" m;alÍ s ï" Wiialß s ï" úkh md,kh yd fiajfhka my lsÍu ms<n s | ;u n,;, cd'fmd'fld' l%h s d;aul l< hq;fa ;a fmd,sim a ;sjrhd wjxlNdjh iy;sl lr .ekSu i|yd Tyqf.a m;a lsÍu .ek cd'fmd'fld' yd iu. idlÉPd lsÍfï wjYH;dj meyeÈ,sj fmfka' tfy;a" fmd,sim a ;sjrhd m;a lsÍfï§ jHjia:d uKav,hg cd'fmd'fld' iu. idlÉPd lsÍfuka lghq;= lsÍug 17 jk ixfYdaOkh u.ska úêúOdk fhdod fkd;sîu lK.dgqjg lreKls'

4'8'3 fjk;a iSudjka 4'8'3'1 l%h s dkaú; fiajd ms<n s | iSudjka fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fõ l%h s dkaú; lghq;= iïnkaOfhka cd'fmd' fldñiug lsiÿ s ld¾hla bgq lsÍug fkdyels ùu ^foaYmd,k ueÈy;aùï& meyeÈ,sj fmfkkakg ;sìh§;a yd l%h s dkaú; rdcldßj,§ wl%ñl;d isÿjk njg fpdokd ;sìh§;a lemS fmfkk jHqyuh ÿn,;djhls' ish¿u wmrdO je<elaúu" fidhd .ekSu yd mÍCIKh fukau" 1979 wxl 15 orK wmrdO kvq úodk ix.%yh hgf;a kS;m s ;sjrhdf.a n,;,j,g hg;aj" tu wmrdO iïnkaOfhka wod< wêlrKhkays kvq mejÍu o fmd,Sifs ha j.lSu fõ' fï wkqj" fmd,Sifs ha l%h s dkaú; n,;, meyeÈ,s f,i fjka lr" tajd fmd,sim a ;sjrhd fj; mjrd fokq ,en we;'

4'8'3'2 idCIslrejka le|ùfï n,;, fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a úkhdkql, + md,kh ms<n s |j l%h s d lsÍug n,;, cd'fmd'fld' fj; we;' úkhdkql, + mÍCIK meje;aùfï n,h o tu n,;,j, fldgila nj meyeÈ,sh' tfiajj q o" fmd,sia fiajfhka ndysr idCIslrejka le|ùug fldñiug wjYH jqjfyd;a" tfia lsÍug ksYÑ a ; kS;u s h n,;, Bg ysñ fkdfõ' wod< ,shlshú,s yd wjYH idCIslrejka le|ùfï n,;, fkdue;s ksid fldñifï úu¾Yk n,;, iSud ù we;' 89

wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 41 ^we& j.ka;sh

Y%S ,xldj ;=< ¥IKh yd foaYmd,kSlrKh jHdma; ùug tfrysj flfrk igfka fM;sydisl mshjrla f,i cd'fmd'fld' msyg s ù q u ie<lsh yelsh' fuu fldñiu kS;fs ha m%uL q ;dj k.d isgj q hs' foaYmd,k w; fmùïj,g tfrysj mshjr .ekSfï mq¿,a n,;, fldñiu i;=j we;' uyck;djf.a wfmaCIdjka ì| ±uQ wdh;ksl ÿ¾j,;d bj;a lsßfï yelshdj o Bg we;' wjYH uQ,l s mshjr f.k we;s fuu wjia:dfõ§" uyck úYajdih f.dvkef.k mßÈ j.lSfuka hql; a j l%h s d lsÍug cd'fmd'fld' iEu m%h;akhlau ±Íu b;d jeo.;ah'

4'9 cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï ;;ajh ^2006 cQk&s cd'fmd'fld' msyg s ù q u iajdëk fmd,sia fiajhla we;s lsÍu i|yd .kakd ,o b;du m%.;YS,S mshjr fõ' tfy;a" fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;f = õ mßmd,kh fmd,sim a ;sjrhd fj; NdrÈh hq;=h hk ;¾lh u;" lKsIG a fmd,sia ks,OdÍka úkdhdkql, + md,k lghq;= fmd,sim a ;sjrhd fj; mjrd§ug .;a ;SrKh ksid" cd'fmd'fld' fj; ;enQ wfmaCIdjka ì| jegqkq nj úpdrlfhda mji;s' uyck meñK,s iïnkaOfhka" 2003 cQ,s olajd l%h s d;aul jQ l%uh jQfha cd'fmd'fld' úiska meñKs,S Ndrf.k" tajd úu¾Ykh i|yd fmd,Sih s fj; fhduq lsÍuhs'90 tfia jqjo" fmd,sim a ;sjrhd yereKq úg" wfkla ish¿u ;rd;srïj, fmd,sia ks,Odßka iïnkaOfhka 17 jk ixfYdaOkh u.ska ksfhda. lrk ,o n,;, mejÍï 2004 jir ueo § cd'fmd'fld' úiska wj,x.= lrk ,È'91 fï ksid fmd,sim a ;sjrhdf.a n,;, iSud úh' tu fya;j = ksid fmd,sim a ;sjrhd yd cd'fmd'fld' w;r wukdmhla yg .;af;ah' cd'fmd' fldñifï ks, ld,h 2005 fkdjeïnrfha§ wjika úh' idudðlhka f;dard .ekSfï n,h ysñ jHjia:d uKav,h wl¾ukHj mej;Sfï fya;=fjka w¨;a fldñiula jHjia:dkql, + j m;a fkdflßKs' cd'fmd' fldñiuo tf,i wl¾ukHj ;sìh§ iEu ;k;=rla i|yd Wiia lsÍï úYd, ixLHdjla fmd,sim a ;sjrhd úiska lsiÿ s jHjia:dodhl wêldÍ n,hla rys;j l%h s d;aul lrk ,È' fmd,sih s ;=< kej; jrla foaYmd,kShlrKh isÿjk njg iEu ;eksku a flreKq fpdaokd uOHfha úfYaIfhkau ia:dkNdr ks,OdÍkaf.a ia:dkudre we;=¿ ia:dkudre úYd, ixLHdjla rg mqrdu l%h s d;aul lrk ,È' 92

l%sId,s mskafgda chj¾Ok - Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu ( iaj¾Kuh wjia:djla wmf;a yßhs' Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative – Newsletter, Volume 12 Number 4, New Delhi, Winter 2005 91 kS;h s yd iudc moku" wdishd udkj ysñlï fldñiu yd jOysxidj,g tfrys c.;a ixúOdkh taldnoaOj ixúOdkh l< idlÉPdjl§ cd'fmd'fld' iNdm;s ckdêm;s kS;s{ rxð;a wfíiQßh uhd úiska fï nj wf.daia;= 20 jk od m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,È' 92 fuu ia:dk udre iuyrla ßÜ wd{d wheÿïj,§ wNshdpkdêlrKh úiska w;ayg s j q k ,È'

17 jk ixfYdaOkfha mrud¾:hg iïmQ¾Kfhkau msgm q d l%h s d lrñka uysko a rdcmCI ckdêm;s;=ud cd'fmd' fldñifï idudðlhka m;a lsÍu wjdikdjka; isÿùula f,i ie<lsh hq;=h' fuu m;aùï lrk ,oafoa iEu ;eksku a t,a, jQ úfrdaOhka yd fy<d ±lSï uOHfhah' cd'fmd'fld' idudðlhka ckdêm;sjrhdf.a fia lsiÿ s mdroDYHNdjhlska f;drj m;a lrk ,o njg fpdaokd t,a, úh' fmd,sia fiajh foaYmd,k{hkaf.a .%yKfhka uqod .ekSfï wdKavl q %u jHjia:dfõ b,lalh fj; cd'fmd'fldñiug ,Õd úh yels±hs úYd, m%Yk a hls'

4'10 cd'fmd'fld' ms<n s |j fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a yd uyckhdf.a woyi 2002 jir wjidkfha § muK l% s h dldß;a j hg meñKs cd'fmd'fldñifï wmCImd;sNdjh ms<n s | fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.aa woyia we.ehSu i|yd" cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu wmCImd;S fõ" hk m%ldYhg Tjqka tlÕ fj;ao" ke;fyd;a tlÕ fkdfj;a±hs 2005 jir wdrïNfha§ úuik ,È'93 iuia;hla jYfhka .;a l<" cd'fmd'fld' wmCImd;S f,i l%h s d lrk nj 44'8] la m%;fs CIAm l<y' 21] la tu woyig ;rula úreoaO jQ w;r" 23'8] la Bg ;Èkau úreoaO jQy' cd'fmd'fld' wmCImd;S nj 25'7] la ;rula ÿrg ms<. s ;a w;r" 10'1] la muKla fndfyda ÿrg ms<s .;ay' ^my; i|yka j.=j n,kak& flfia jqjo" ta jk úg cd'fmd'fld' jir ;=kl ld,hla muKla l%h s d;aulj ;snQ nj;a" tjeks iSñ; ld,hla ;=<§ 1972 ;rï wE; ld,hl isg rcfha fiajh ;=< uq,n a ei ;snQ foaYmd,kuh ms<l s dj uq,k s m q g q d ±óu ÿIalr nj;a" isys ;nd .; hq;=fõ' my; i|yka we.ehSï foi ne,sh hq;fa ;a tu moku isys ;nd .ksñks'

’cd'fmd'Thefldñiu wmCImd;S f,i Tol%what shd lrhs¶' Tn National Police Commission is impartial. extent do you agree with this ? fldf;la ÿrg fuu m%ldYhg tlÕ jkafkao 25.7

23.8 21

20 15 % 10

11.4

10.1 7.9

5 0

m%Strongly n, f,i Agreefjñ tlÕ

Somewhat Neither fkaj;a ;rula ÿrg tlÕjka Agree Agree tlÕnor tlÕ fjñ disagree fkdjka fkaj;a ke;

Somewhat ;rula Disagree úreoa O fjñ

m%Strongly n, f,i Disagree úreoaO fjñ

<s;=re NomsResponse ke;

úúO ;k;=re wkqj ne¨jfyd;a" fmd,sia mÍCIljrekaf.ka 58'7] la yd m%Odk fmd,sia mÍCIljreka 50] la cd'fmd' fldñiu wmCImd;S nj ms<s .kakd w;r" ierhkajre 54'5] la yd fldia;dm,ajre 53'7] la tu woyi m%;fs CIam lr;s'94 The National Police wmCImd;S Commission is impartial. To what extentÿrg do ’cd'fmd'fld' fõ¶ fldf;la you agree with this ? - By Rank

Tn fuu m%ldYhg tlÕjkafkao@ ;k;=re wkqj

iEyS ulg m;aj we; Satisfied Nether Satisfied iEyS ulg m;anorù fyda dissatisfied l<ls Í fkdue;

125

l<ls Í we; Dissatified

100 75

53.7

54.5

46.7

38.7 2.7

8.4

50 25 0

10.5

10.9

35.8

23.3

44.9

fmd'fld' PC

ierhka Sergeant

W'fmd'm' SI

46.9 3.1

58.7

fmd'm' IP

m%'fmd'm' CI

iïuqL idlÉPdjg iyNd.S jQ ks,Odßkaf.ka 6'8] la mjikafka cd'fmd' fldñifï id¾:lNdjh ms<n s |j Tjqka fndfydaÿrg ;Dma;u s ;a njhs' 33] la mejiqfõ Tjqka ;rula ÿrg ;Dma;u s ;a njhs' wfkla w;g" ;uka b;du w;Dma;u s ;a nj 24'2] la 95 mejiQ w;r" ;uka ;rula w;Dma;u s ;a nj 24'7] la mejiQy' cd'fmd'Howfldñifï id¾:lNdjh ms < s nof |j satisfied are you with the effectiveness the Tn National Police Department fldf;la ÿrg iEySug m;a jkafkao@

50 40

33 30

24.7

24.2

20 10 0

11.3 6.8

wêl f,i Very Satisfied iEySulg m;afjñ

;rula Somewhat Satisfied iEyS ulg m;a fjñ

iEySNeither ulg fyda Satisfied or fkdiEyS ulg Dissatisfied m;a fkdfjñ

94 -95

Somewhat ;rula Dissatisfied fkdiEyS ulg m;a fjñ

Veryf,i wêl Dissatisfied fkdiEyS ulg m;a fjñ

jvd fcHIaG ;k;=re orK wh" tkï" fmd'm' yd m%'fmd'm' cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï id¾:lNdjh$l%h s dldß;ajh ms<n s |j jeä iEySug ^ms<fs j<ska 58'1] yd 48'5]& m;aj we;s w;r" fldia;dm,ajre' ierhkajre yd Wm fmd,sia mÍCIljre jeä wm%idohla ^ms<fs j,ska 50'7]" 51'9]" 53'7]& olaj;s'

cd'fmd' fldñifï id¾:lNdjh ms < s n |j Tn fldf;la ÿrg iEySug m;a jkafkao@

fkdiEySug m;a jQ wh iEySug fyda ’ fkdiEyS ug m;a jQ wh iEysug m;a jQ wh

fmd'fld'

ierhka

W''fmd'm'

fmd'm'

m%'fmd'm'

cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiula ;sfnk njg uyckhd w;r ±kqu b;d wvq nj uyck wdl,am ióCIK m%;M s ,j,ska fmfka' ióCIKh meje;ajQ ld,fha§ ^2006 ud¾;=& cd'fmd'fld' l%h s d;aulj fkdmej;=Kq kuq;"a tu fldñiu .ek Tjqka wid ;snfq Ka±hs uyckhdf.ka úuik ,È' nyq;rhla ^49'1]& fldñiu .ek wid ;snQ kuq;"a iEfyk ixLHdjla ^37'8]& ta .ek wid fkd;snQ nj mejiQy' ^my; j.=j n,kak&96

uyck wdl,am ióCIKh 2006 fmnrjdß 14 yd ud¾;= 06 w;r ld,h ;=< wyUq f,i f;dard.;a mqo. a ,hka 1400 l iyNd.s;j a fhka mj;ajk ,È' fï i|yd" úfYaI{ lKavdhula úiska ilia lrk ,o m%Yk a dj,sh Ndú;d lrñka iïuqL idlÉPd mj;ajk ,È'

cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu .ek Tn wid ;sfío@

Tõ

ke;

fkdoksñ$iaÓr f,i lsj fkdyel

cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu .ek wid ;snQ whf.ka tys id¾:lNdjh ms<n s |j Tjqkfa .a woyia úuik ,È' ’fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a rdcldÍ ìfhka f;drj yd wmCImd;Sj bgq lsÍug Tjqkg iydh ùfï¶ fldñifï wruqK uqÿkam;a lr .ekSug fldñiu fldf;la ÿrg id¾:l ù we;a±hs úuik ,È' 33'5] l woyi jQfha tys wruqKq bgqlr .ekSfï§ fldñiu id¾:l ù we;s njhs' fldñiug tys wruqKq bgq lsÍug fkdyels jQ nj 31'5] la úYajdi lr;s'97

Tfí woyi wkqj" cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu tys wruqKq bgq lr .ekSfïoS fldf;la ÿrg id¾:l ù we;ao@

b;d id¾:lhs

;rula id¾:lhs

;rula wid¾:lhs

iïmQ¾Kfhkau wid¾:lhs

fkdoksñ$lsj fkdyel

5 fmd,sifs ha ld¾hhka iy fmd,sia ¥IKh - jHjia:dms; wdlD;sh fmd,sifs ha j.lSï m%Odk jYfhka i|yka lr ;sfnkafka 1865 fmd,sia wd{d s fj; n,h mjrd fok yd fmd,sih s fj; mKf;ah'98 fï yereKq úg" fmd,sih j.lSï kshu lrk fjk;a jHjia:d .Kkdjla o we;' fmd,sia ld¾hka yd fmd,sia ¥IKh iïnkaOfhka wod< jeo.;a jHjia:d lsym s hla my; i|yka fõ'

5'1 1865 wxl 16 orK fmd,sia wd{d mk; fmd,sia fiajfha hq;=lï yd j.lSï m%Odk jYfhka kshu lrk ,oafoa fmd,sia wd{d mkf;a 56 isg 80 olajd j.ka;s u.sk's fuu j.ka;s wkqj" wd{d mkf;a mrud¾:hkag wod<j iEu fmd,sia ks,Odßhl=u ksr;=reju fiajfha fh§ isák f,ig;a" Y%S ,xldfõ iEu fldgila ;=<u fmd,sia ks,OdÍ n,;, i;=jk f,ig;a i<lkq ,efí' fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a m%Odk rdcldÍ lghq;= wd{d mkf;a i|yka fõ' ta wkqj" ’ish¿u wmrdO¶ jerÈ yd fmdÿck lror je<elaùug" iduh wdrCId lsÍug" l,n, we;s lrk yd iel lghq;= mqo. a ,hka w;a wvx.=jg .ekSug" kS;h s lv lrk whj¨ka fidhd w;awvx.=jg .ekSug" fmdÿ iduhg ndOd jk foa .ek f;dr;=re fidhd tajd okajd isàug" iy ksis n,OdÍka úiska ;uka fj; kS;Hdkql, + j ksl=;a lr fhduq flfrk ksfhda. yd jfrka;= l%h s d;aul lsÍug ;u Wmßu m%h;akh yd yelshdj fh§u iEu fmd,sia ks,Odßhl=f.au hq;=lu jkafkah'99 wmrdO je<elaùfuka yd iduldónj wdrCId lsÍfuka kS;h s yd iduh mj;ajd .ekSu fmd,sia ks,OdÍhl=f.a m%Odku hq;=lu nj taki s d meyeÈ,s fõ' fukhska i<ld n,k úg" fmd,sia fiajdfõ id¾:lNdjh yd fmd,Sih s ;=< ;sìh yels ¥IK lghq;= wOHhkh lsÍfï§ by; i|yka fmd,sia ld¾hka isyfs ha ;nd .; hq;=h' fmd,sia fiajh msyg s ù q fï§ jHjia:d iïmdolfhda by; i|yka wruqKq fmd,Sifs hka bgq úh hq;= njg wfmaCId l<y' ’fkdie<ls,, a yd wmfhdackh je<elaùug;a' tys hq;=lï bgq lsÍfï§ fmd,Sih s ld¾hCIu lsÍug;a hf:daÑ; f,i Tyqg yefÕk" kS;s iïmdokh lsÍfï n,h 55 jk j.ka;h s fmd,sim a ;sjrhd fj; m%odkh lrhs' tu j.ka;h s g wkqj" tu kS;s fyda fr.=,dis fkdi,ld yßk fyda W,a, a x>kh lrk fyda fuu kS;h s u.ska fyda fjk;a kS;h s la u.ska Tyq kshu flfrk hï rdcldßhla fkdi<ld yßk fyda meyer yßk iEu fmd,sia ks,Odßfhlau tu jrog jrolre fõ'

98 99

1865 wxl 16 ^ixfYdaê;& j.ka;s 56 ^w& - ^B&

rdcldß lv lsÍulg fyda fr.=,dis fyda kS;Hdkql, + ksfhda. is;du;d lv lsÍulg fyda w;miq lsÍulg jerÈlre jk ´kEu fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= oKavkhlg iy$fyda isr ovqjulg Ndckh l< yels nj wd{d mkf;a 82 jk j.ka;h s i|yka lrhs' tu j.ka;h s my; i|yka fmd,sia ks,Odßyq o tjeksu oKavkhlg iy$fyda isr ovqjulg hg;a fj;s' 1' wjir fkd,nd fyda fuu kS;fs ha i|yka f,i fouil ±kqï §ulska f;drj ;u ks,fha rdcldß bgq lsßu kj;ajk wfhla" 2' ;u fmd,sia rdcldß j,g wu;rj" wjir fkd,nd fjk;a /lshdjl kshl q ; a 100 jk wfhla" 3' wêlrKfha kvqjl§ i;H jika lsru S g jerÈlre jk mqo. a ,fhla fyda 4' oafõYiy.;j yd ksis fya;=jla rys;j hï mqo. a ,hl=g tfrysj wi;H" mSvdldrS fyda ksii a dr fpdaokd fyda f;dr;=re t,a, lrk fyda ±k ±ku" ÿIaG fÉ;kdjla iys;j ;u n,;, blaujd l%h s d lrk wfhla" 5' idjoH fkdie,ls,u s ;a f,i ;u hq;=lï meyer yßñka /|jqï jfrka; a =jla fkdue;sj hï mqo. a ,hl= w;a wvx.=fõ ;ndf.k fuys by; i|yka mßÈ tu mqo. a ,hd ufyai; a %d;ajrhl= fj; bÈßm;a fkdlsÍu ms<n s |j jrog m;a lrk ,o wfhla" 6' ;u w;awvx.=fõ isák mqo. a ,hl=yg fíÍ m,d hdug bv ÿka wfhla" 7' ;u w;awvx.=fõ miqjk hï mqo. a ,hl= yg whq;=f,i mqo. a ,sl ysxidjka 101 isÿl< wfhla

5'2 1978 fojk ckrc wdKavl q u % jHjia:dj ck;djf.a uQ,l s whs;j s dislï ks.ukh lrk Y%s ,xld wdKavl q %u jHjia:dfõ f;jk mßÉfþoh ksielfhkau fmd,sih s g wod< fõ' YdÍßl jOysxidj,ska ksoyiaj isàfï whs;h s " wka;fkdau;sl f,i isrNdrhg .ekSfuka" r|jd .kq ,eîfuka yd ovqjïj,ska ksoyiaj isàfï whs;h s hkd§ uQ,l s whs;j s dislï W,a,x>khka fyda iuQmiaÓ; W,a,x>khka iïnkaOfhka fY%I a G a dêlrKh fj; wheÿï lsÍfï ysñlu wdKavl q %u jHjia:dfõ 17 jk yd 126 jk j.ka;s iEu mqo. a ,hl=u fj; m%odkh lrhs' fuu uQ,l s whs;j s dislï i|yka lr ;sfnk ksid fmd,sia n,;, wmfhdackh lsÍu we;a; jYfhkau iSud fõ' fukhska i<ld n,k úg" uQ,l s whs;j s dislï m%ldY lr" tajd n,d;aul lrk hdka;%Khla o imhk wdKavl q %u jHjia:dfõ f;jk mßÉfþoh fmd,sia ¥IKj,g yd fmd,sia n,;, wmfhÿug ksj¾;lhka f,i l%h s d lrhs'

100 101

j.ka;s 82 ^wd& ^1& iy ^2& j.ka;s 82 ^we&-^W!&

5'3 1974 wxl 11 orK w,a,ia mk; w,a,ia l%h s d je<elaùu i|yd yd w,a,ia l%h s dj,g ovqjï §u i|yd wjYH úê úOdk w,a,ia mkf;a wvx.= fõ' w,a,ia mk; yd wdKavl q %u jHjia:dj w;r fyda tu mk; yd fjk;a ´kEu ,sÅ; kS;h s la w;r wix.;;djla mj;sk wjia:dj,§ w,a,ia mk; tajd wNsnjd ms<. s ; hq;= nj w,a,ia mkf;a 2 jk j.ka;h s kshu lrhs' fï wkqj" rfÜ fjk;a ´kEu ,sÅ; kS;h s la u.ska meñKsh yels ndOdjla fkdue;sj ish¿u w,a,ia fpdaokd ms<n s | mÍCIK fufyhùug yd meje;aùug n,h w,a,ia flduidßia fj; ysñ fõ' tfy;a" md¾,sfïka;= uka;%j S reka yd 102 wêlrK ks,Odßka iïnkaOfhka Tyqf.a n,;, ;rula iSud fõ' fmd,sia ks,Odßka wdY%; s w,a,ia yd ¥IK .ek fuu mk; úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq lrhs' 16 jk fþoh fufia kshu lrhs' ^w& ´kEu fmd,sia ks,Odßhl=g idu ks,Odßhl=g fyda jro lrk whg kvq mejßug fyda jro lrk wh fidhd ovqjï meñKùug fiajfha fh§ isák fjk;a ´kEu rcfha fiajlhl=g fyda Widúfha ks,Odßhl=g hql; a h s ksis f,i mis|,Su tu ks,Odßhd fyda fiajlhd ,jd ndOd lsßug fyda hï jrola isÿ lsÍug fyda th isÿ lsÍu myiq lsÍug fyda hï wmrdOhlska wdrCIdj ,nd .ekSug fyda jrola isÿ lrkakd kS;h s g yiq lsÍug yd ovqjï §fuka wdrCId lsÍug fyda Tyqf.a ks,fha n,;, hï mqo. a ,hl= yg ysxidjla fyda w.;shla isÿ lsÍfï woyiska wmfhdackh lsÍug leue;s lrjd .ekSug hï mdßf;daI; s hla msßkukakdjQ ^wd& by; i|yka j¾.hg wh;a ks,Odßhl= fyda fiajlhl= jYfhka fiajfha fh§ isáñka" by; ^w& ys i|yka ndOd lsÍula" isÿ lsÍula" myiq lsÍula" wdrCIdjla fyda ,nd .kakd fyda mqo. a ,fhla" 10 jirlg fkdwvq nrm;< jev iys; isr ovqjula yd re' 5000 g fkdjeä ovhlg Ndckh l< yels jrolg jrolre fõ' ;jo" by; i|yka ks,Odßhl=f.a fiajlhl= foam,la w;am;alrf.k ;sfíkï" tu foam, Tyqf.a m%ldYs; wdodhñka ,nd.; fkdyels kï" túg" tu foam, w,a,ia ud¾.fhka w;am;alr.;a njg úksYp a h lsÍug w,a,ia mk; bv fohs' tu foam, w,a,iaj,ska ,nd fkd.;a nj ikd: lsÍfï Ndrh tu ks,Odßhd fj; mejf¾'103 fuf,i w,a,i Wml,amkh lsÍfuka ^tfia fkdjk nj ikd: lrk ;=re& iy th w,a,ia u.ska ,nd.;a foam,la fkdjk nj ikd:lsÍu pQÈ;hdf.a j.lSu lr ;sîfuka fmkS hkafka w,a,ia je<elaùug b;d ±ä mshjr f.k ;sfnk njhs' fmd,sia fiajh ;=< w,a,ia yd ¥IKh o b;d ±ä f,i ie<eflk nj meyeÈ,sh' fmd,sia ks,OdÍka úiska w,a,ia ,nd .ekSu i|yd;a" w,a,ia §ug ;e;a lsßu i|yd;a b;d ±ä ovqjï kshu lr we;'

102 103

j.ka;s 3^1& j.ka;s 23 w ^1&

5'4 1975 wxl 1 orK j;alï yd nerlï m%ldY lsÍfï wd{d mk; fuu wd{d mk; hgf;a hï hï mqo. a ,hkayg Y%S ,xldj ;=< yd bka msg; ;u j;alï yd nerlï l,ska l,g m%ldY lsÍu wksjd¾h fõ' fuu kS;h s g hg;a jk mqo. a ,hkag tfrysj hï meñKs,s ,enqkfyd;a" wod< wêldÍka yg tu j;alï nerlï m%ldY úu¾Yk i|yd m%fhdackj;a fõ'104 fuu wd{d mkf;a úê úOdk ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a flfrk úksYp a hlrejkag yd rcfha ks,OdÍkag" wud;H uKav,h úiska m;a flfrk rcfha ks,OdÍkag" wêlrK fiajd fldñiu úiska m;a flfrk wêlrK ks,OdÍkag iy wud;HdxYj, yd rcfha fomd¾;fïka;=j, udKav,sl ks,OdÍkag wod< fõ" hhs mkf;a 2^1& fþofha i|ykaa fõ' tfyhska fmd,sia ks,OdrSkg a o tu fþoh wod< fõ' fuu kS;h s hg;g .efkk iEu mqo. a ,fhlau ;udf.a;"a ;u ìß|f.a$iajdñmqreIhdf.a yd orejkaf.a j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYhg m;a l< hq;= fõ'105

5'5 w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Ykh lsÍu i|yd iajdëk fldñiu - 1994 wxl 19 orK wd{d mk; fuu wd{d mk; wkqj fldñiu idudðlhka ;sfofkl=f.ka iukaú; úh hq;= fõ' Tjqkfa .ka fofofkla fY%I A G a dêlrKfha fyda wNshdpkdêlrKfha úY%dñl úksYp a hldrjreka úh hq;= w;r" wfkla idudðlhd wmrdO úu¾Ykh yd kS;s n,d;aul lsÍu ms<n s | mq¿,a m<mqreoaola we;s mqo. a ,hl= úh hq;=h' wud;HdxY" fomd¾;fïka;=" jHjia:dms; wêldÍ uKav," m<d;a md,k wdh;k jeks ish¿u rcfha wdh;k yd rcfha fiajlfhda o fuu fldñifï úIh md;%;djg hg;a fj;s' 1994 foieïn¾ 15 jk od fldñiu jevlghq;= wdrïN lf<ah' fuu fldñiu j.lsj hq;fa ;a md¾,sfïka;=jg muKs' fldñifï idudðlhl= bj;a l< yelafla ikd: lrk ,o úIudpdrhla fyda fkdyelshdj hk fya;=ka u; md¾,sfïka;f = õ ks¾foaYhlska miq ckdêm;sjrhd úiska ksl; = a flfrk ksfhda.hlska muKls' fldñifï idudðlhka ;sfokdf.ka tla wfhla iNdm;s f,i l%h s d lrkq we;' w,a,ia l%h s d yd ¥IK je<elaùu i|yd uyck iyfhda.h f.dvke.Su iy wod< wêlrKhkays kvq mjrk mqo. a ,hka wêfpdaokd lsÍu fldñifï ld¾hkag we;=<;a fõ' is;du;du wjq,a iy.; lrk ,o .Kqfokq .sKï q úi£u msKi s yd ¥IK ud¾.fhka w;am;alrf.k iÕjd ;sfnk j;alï y÷kd.ekSu msKi s nexl= .sKï q mßCId lsÍug yd jdKscHuh yd mqo. a ,sl ,smfs ,aLk fidaÈis lsßug n,h 104 105

1975 wxl 1 mkf;a m%ia:djkdj 1975 wxl 1 mkf;a3 ^1& fþoh

fldñiu fj; fuu wd{d mk;ska m%odkh flf¾' iellrejka w;awvx.=jg .ekSug" r|jd ;nd .ekSug yd wem u; uqod yeÍug n,m;% rys;j r|jd ;nd .ekSug iy Widú ksfhda.hla u.ska .uka n,m;% mß.%yKh lsÍug fyda iellrejl=f.a foam, m%;n s dOkh lsÍug n,h o Bg we;' hï mqo. a ,hl= úiska w,a,ia mk; hgf;a fyda j;alï yd nerlï m%ldY lsÍfï kS;h s hgf;a hï jrola l< njla úu¾Ykfhka wk;=rej fldñiug yeÕ=fkd;a" fldñifï wjirh we;sj" ufyai; a %d;a Widúfha§ fyda uydêlrKfha§ wêfpdaokd lghq;= wdrïN lrkq ,efí'106

5'6 1883 wxl 2 orK oKav kS;s ix.%yh ^ixfYdaê;& ’´kEu mqo. a ,hl= úiska ;uka fjkqfjka fyda fjk;a whl= fjkqfjka hï ks, rdcldßhla bgq lsßu i|yd fyda bgq lsÍfuka je<lSu i|yd fyda ks, rdcldß bgq lsÍfï§ hï mqo. a ,hl= fj; Wmldrhla fyda wm%idohla we;s lsÍu i|yd fyda lsÍfuka je<lS isàu i|yd fyda" hï mqo. a ,hl=g fiajhla fyda wjevla lsÍu i|yd fyda lsÍug W;aidy lsÍu i|yd wNsfm%r a Khla jYfhka fyda ;s<K s hla jYfhka fyda kS;Hdkql, + mdßY%ñlh yereKq úg fjk;a mdßf;dai; s hla rcfha fiajlhl= úiska ms<. s ekSu" ,nd .ekSu" ms<s .ekSug fyda ,nd .ekSug tlÕùu¶ oKav kS;s ix.%yh hgf;a jrola fõ'107 tfyhsk"a oKav kS;s ix.%yfha úê úOdk wkqj" fmd,sia ¥IKhg tfrysj kvq mejßh yels nj b;d meyeÈ,sh'

106 107

www.icac.org.lk w,a,ia ¥IK yd fpdaokd úu¾Yk Y%S ,xld fldñiu - úksiqre mS'tÿiQßh j.ka;s 158

fmd,sia fiajh msßyS we;s njg fmdÿ ckhd w;r we;s u;h

g%dkaifa markais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh úiska mj;ajk ,o ióCIKhl§ wkdjrKh jQ mßÈ iuia; wmrdO hql; a s moaO;sfhau ld¾hCIu;dj ms<n s |j iEfyk w;Dma;h s la 108 a s moaO;sfha id¾:lNdjh .ek wm%idoh m< lrk olakg we;' wmrdO hql; whj¨kaf.ka 70'4] la mjikafka fuu ;;ajhg fmd,sih s j.lsj hq;= njhs'109 tfia jqjo" wmrdO hql; a l s moaO;sfha wid¾:l;ajh" kS;h s yd iduh mj;ajd .ekSu yd rfÜ iuia; jYfhka mj;sk wkdrCIs; yeÕSu hkd§ m%Yk a hka ßla;lhla ;=< isáñka ;SrKh fkdl< hq;= nj isys ;nd .ekSu jeo.;ah' ish¨u fmdÿck u;hka mßisoê a h jYfhka i;H fkdjk nj yd tu wkqfndaOhka fndfydaúg ikakfs õok udOHhkaf.a n,mEu u; yev .efik nj isy; s nd .ekSu b;d jeo.;ah' fï yereKq úg" fmd,sih s iu. iïnkaO;d mj;ajd ;sfnk whf.ka fndfyda fokdf.a fmd,Sih s ms<n s | w;a±lSï u;=mg s g muKla iSud jQ w;a±lSï muKls' fmd,sih s ms<n s |j fmdÿck we.ehSï idl,Hjd§ mokula u; fkdj" fmd,sifs hka Tjqka ,nd .ekSug wfmaCId lrk fiajdjka u; muKla mokï jQ we.ehSïh' fmd,sia fiajfha msßySu ms<n s |j idlÉPd lsßug fmr" rfÜ fndfyda wmrdOj,g wod, i;H ;;ajh i<ld ne,Su jeo.;ah' miq.h s oYlh ;=< isÿ lrk ,o wmrdO fndfydauhla w;s ìysiK s q tajd jQ fya;=fjka rg ;=< buy;a wdkafoda,khla tajd u.ska mek ke.=K's ;jo tu n, wmrdO fndfydauhla isÿ lrk ,oafoa ;%ú s O yuqodj,ska m,d.sh wh úisk's fndfyda j¾;udk wmrdOlrejkag fmd,sih s fj; fkdue;s w;s kQ;k wê ;dCIKsl wú wdhqO yd WmlrK we;' tfyhska w;S; wmrdOj,g jvd j¾;udkfha isÿflfrk wmrdO kQ;k ,CIK fmkajhs' ta ksid" fmd,sia ks,OdÍkayg wê ;dCIK mqyK q j q la ,nd Èh hq;=hs u;hla mj;S'' wmrdO fCI;%h ;=< isÿjk fuu fjkialïj, tla m%;M s ,hla kï" fmd,sih s yuqodlrKSh ùuhs' tys m%;M s ,hla jYfhka m%cd iïnkaO;d ì| jeà wmrdO wkqmd;slh by< hhs' fuf,iska m%Yk a fha iajNdjh pl%h S fõ' fuu úIu pl%h ì£ug kï" fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=jg b;d ±ä w;=reld,Sk mshjr .ekSug isÿ fõ' ;jo" wd¾Ól ÿIalr;d W;aikak ùu" È<s÷lu yd mßfNdackjdoh o wmrdO jeäùug fya;= ù we;' fï w;r" kd.ßl È<s÷ ck;djf.a mqkre;a;dmkh i|yd fjka lr we;s m%foaY wmrdO yd iudc úfrdaë l%h s dldß;ajhka i|yd lÈu f;da;ekakla njg m;aj we;'110 fï miqìu hgf;a" wmrdO je<elaùu iïnkaOfhka fmd,Sih s wid¾:l ù we;s njg wkqfndaOhla fmdÿ ckhd w;r me;sÍ ;sfí'

108

ióCIK ksheÈfhka 50] lg wvq ixLHdjl yeÕSu jQfha wmrdO hql; a l s moaO;sh id¾:l njhs' - uyck wdl,am ióCIK n,kak 109 uyck wdl,am ióCIKh 110 uydpd¾h fyÜáf." wxY m%OdkS” iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U úYaj úoHd,h

fmd,sih s ;=< msßySula olakg ,efnk úúO fCI;% fuu mßÉfþoh u.ska i<ld nef,a' wmrdO yd uyck mSvdjka je<elaùu" iduh wdrCId lsÍu" l,n,ldÍ yd iel lghq;= mqo. a ,hka w;awvx.=jg .ekSu" wmrdO .ek fidhd ne,Su yd wmrdOlrejka kS;h s bÈßhg meñKùu" fmdÿ iduhg ndOdjla úh yels hula .ek f;dr;=re ,eî we;s úg tajd okajd isàu yd ksis n,Odßhl= úiska ksl=;a lrk ,o ksfhda. ls%hd;aul lsßu fmd,sifs ha rdcldßj,g wh;a fõ'111 wmrdO je<elaùu" kS;h s yd iduh wdrCId lsßu iy wmrdO úu¾Ykh w;r fjkila ±lSug W;aidy lsÍu yqÿ lD;%u s h fjkila we;s lsÍula jkq we;' ulaki s doh;a" tla ld¾hhl id¾:l;ajh fyda wid¾:l;ajh wfkla ld¾hhkays id¾:l;ajh fyda wid¾:l;ajh yd iu. w;Hka;fhkau ne£ mj;S' tfia jqjo meyeÈ,sNdjh wdrCId lsÍfï wjYH;dj fya;=fldgf.k ta ta ld¾hhka fuu mßÉfþofha§ fjk fjku i<ld nef,a' ^moaO;sh ÿ¾j,;d 8 jk mßÉfþofha§ o" w,a,ia yd ¥IKh" tys m%;M s ,h yd Bg tfrysj .efk mshjr 9 jk mßÉfþofha§o i<ld nef,a&

6'1 wmrdO je<elaùu ’rg ;=< kS;h s yd iduh wdrCId lsßu¶ ’udkj ysñlï wdrCId lsÍu¶ ’wmrdO je<elaùu¶ yd ’uyd ud¾. u; wdrCIdj¶ hk fCI;%hka iïnkaOfhka fmd,sia l%h s dldß;ajh ms<n s | ;u ;Dma;s m%udKh olajd isák f,i uyckhdf.ka wheo isá wjia:dfõ§" Tjqka jvd;au l<lsÍug m;aj we;af;a wmrdO je<elaùu ms<n s | 112 fmd,sifs ha l%h s dldß;ajh .ek nj Tjqyq m%ldY l<y' Y%S ,xldj ;=< wNHka;r wdrCIK ;;ajh i;=go q dhl fkdjk nj ióCIKhg yjq,a jQ fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a o woyi úh' Y%S ,xldfõ wNHka;r wdrCIK ;;ajh ld¾hCIu fkdjk njg flfrk m%ldYhg ióCIK ksheÈfhka 55'4] la ;rula tlÕ jQ w;r” 17'9] la tu m%ldYhg m%n, f,i tlÕ jQy' ;j o" Y%S ,xldfõ wmrdO wkqmd;slh by< hñka mj;sk njg ks,OdÍyq 90'3] la tlÕ jQy'113 fuu wld¾hCIu;djg iy l<lsÍug uQ,l s fya;= i<ld ne,Su yd ;;ajh hym;a w;g yerùug .; hq;= ls%hd ud¾. fhdackd lsÍu fuu fldgi u.ska isÿ flf¾'

6'1'1 kS;h s yd iduh wdrCId lsßu kS;h s yd iduh wdrCId lsßu wmrdO je<elaùfï tla ud¾.hls' kS;h s muKla fkdj" ’iduldóNdjh’ o n,d;aul lsÍug W;aidy ±Íu wmrdO hql; a l s moaO;shg wh;a fCI;%hka Tíng hEuls' fuu ;;ajh fndfyda úg ’Y+kH iykYS,; s j a m%;m s ;a;h s ¶ jYfhka ye¢kafõ' fukhska i<ld n,k úg" ksoiqka fmkajd ÿkfyd;a" 111

1864 fmd,sia wd{d mkf;a 56 jk j.ka;h s ksheÈfhka 32'5] la fmd,sisfha wmrdO je<elaùfï ld¾h .ek wêl f,i l<lsßula fmkajQy 113 fiajfha isák ks<OdÍka 770 la wyUq f,i f;dard iïuqL idlÉPd meje;aùfuka 2005 fmnrjdß 05 isg 08 Èk olajd;a" fmnrjdß 10 isg ud¾;= 03 olajd;a ’fidaI,a bkaäflag¾¶ wdh;kh úiska ’g%dkaifa markais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh¶ fjkqfjka mj;ajk ,o iemehqïldr ióCIKh 112

li< nd,aÈ Ndú;h ;=<k s a uyd ud¾. mqrd li< ±óu je<elaùug;a" ì;a;j s , mdg wdf,am lsßfï§ Odrd úiqreùfï ^’iafm%¶a & l%uh je<elaùug;a" úfrdaO;d fm<md,s iduldó f,i mj;ajd .ekSug;a yd ud¾. kS;s ms<m s e§u iy;sl lr .ekSug;a m%h;ak orkq ,efí' weÑ,sia fcdaYma uy;d úiska mjik ,o mßÈ jir lsym s hlg by; § id¾:l;ajfha ryi jQfha fuu l%uhhs' iqˆÿmrdO bjisu úYd, jYfhka l%h s d;aul ùfï m%;M s ,hla jYfhka" fmd,Sifs ha m%;l s h %s d b;d ukao.dó nj okakd wmrdOlrejka oreKq wmrdO fj; fmd<Ujkq ,enQy' weußld tlai;a ckmofha iy fjk;a rgj, o lrk ,o wOHhkhka ;=<k s a wkdjrKh jQfha rg ;=< kS;h s yd iduh wdrCId lsÍu wmrdO wkqmd;slh flfrys n,mEula we;s lrk njhs' ksõfhda¾la k.rfha Wux ÿïßh ud¾. ia:dkj,ska hdplhka yd kslrefka ld,h .; lrk wh bj;a lsÍu yd ud¾. msßisÿ lrk WmlrKj,ska u.Skg a myr§u keje;aùug b;d ±ä mshjr .ekSu ksoiqkh a ' ì;a;s l=regq .Eu .ek l%h s d;aul jQ ksõfhda¾la fmd,sih s ì;a;s kej; 114 msk; a dre lsÍfuka l=regq .Eï lrk wh wffO¾hg m;a l<y' fuu mshjr m%;M s ,hla jYfhka nrm;< wmrdO fndfyda ÿrg wvq úh' fukhska i<ld n,k úg" ksõfhda¾la k.rdêm;s .=h, s dks uy;d fmkajd fok mßÈ kS;h s g wkql, + j jdih lrk iudchla we;s lsÍu wmrdO fu,a, lsßfï uQ,l s ud¾.h fõ' miq.h s jir ;=<È kS;h s yd iduh ms<n s |j hï jeä ÈhqKj q la we;s jQ njg fmdÿ wkqfndaOhla we;s ù ;sîu i;=gg ldrKhls'115 miq.h s jir ;=<§ Y%S ,xld fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska wmrdO je<elaùfï Wmdh ud¾. lsym s hlau Èh;a lrk ,È' rd;%S uqr ixpdrj,g yd fjk;a iSreudre mshjrj,g wu;rj" ’wuq;; a kaf.a rd;%h s ¶ keue;s kj l%h s d ud¾.hla l%h s d;aul fõ' wuq;; a kaf.a rd;%h s hkq ndOl wgjd mÍCId fufyhùuhs' fuu fufyhqïj,§ kS;fs hka m,d.sh wh" úI u;aøjH Ndú;d lrkakka yd iEu j¾.hlu wmrdOlrejka fiùug fmd,sih s 116 W;aidy lrhs' wmrdO je<elaùu w;ska fuu fufyhqï w;sYh id¾:l ù we;' óg wu;rj" úI u;aøjH wmfhÿug weíneys jQjka w,a,d .ekSfï jevms<fs j,la o fmd,sih s úiska uE;l isg l%h s d;aul lrkq ,efí' fuu fufyhqï uyd mßudK úI u;aøjH ixúOdkj,g yd md;d, u;aøjH f,dlalkag tfrysj muKla fkdj" iq¿ fjf<kaokag o tfrysj l%h s d;aul flf¾'117 fydr u;ameka wf,ú lrk iq¿ fjf<kaoka o kS;h s g yiqlr .ekSug fmd,sih s lghq;= wrUd we;' w;S;fha§ fydr u;ameka w,ú lrk iq¿ fjf<kaoka fndfyda úg fmd,Sifs ha wjOdkhg fhduq fkdjQy' fmd,sih s jeä wjOdkhla fhduq flf<a úYd, ’fudareka¶ fj; muKls' tu ;;ajh ±kg fjkia ù ;sfí' úI u;aøjH yd fydr u;ameka u¾okh fl,sx" Ô't,a iy flda,aia" iS'tï Fixing Broken Windows; Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities, 1997, Rockrfeller Center, New York 115 óg fya;=j ud¾. kS;s lv lsÍu i|yd ov uqo,a jeä lsÍu nj rplhdf.a woyihs 116 Y%S ,xld fmd,sif s ha úY%dñl fcH'fmd'w' wfia, oikdhl uy;d iu. mj;ajk ,o iïuqL idlÉPdjl§ ,nd.;a f;dr;=rls 117 óg m%Odk fya;=j úI u;aøjH fufyhqïj, uQ,ia:dk fjk;a rgj, msyg s d ;sîu nj fmd,sim a ;s pkaød m%kdkaÿ uy;d i|yka lf<ah' 114

lsÍu" ñkS ueÍu yd ia;%S ¥IKh jeks nrm;, wmrdO je<elaùfï id¾:l l%uhla nj fuys§ fmkajd Èh hq;= fõ' kS;h s yd iduh id¾:l f,i mj;ajd .ekSug fmd,sifs ha yelshdj fj; ndOd muqKj q k fya;= idOl jYfhka y÷kdf.k we;s lreKq lsym s hla kï" fmd,sifs ha iajdëk;ajh iSud ùu" iïm;a ysÕh" fmdÿck iyfhda.h fkd,eîu" by< ;dkd;a;r orK fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a iydh fkd,eîu yd wjYH mqyK q j q fkd,eîuh' fmd,sish wmrdO je<elaùug fkdyels ù we;af;a l=ula ksid±hs Tn is;kafka o@ ^,l=Kq 10 fha mßudKh&

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6'1'1'1 fmd,sifs ha iajdëk;ajh iSud ùu wmrdO je<elaùu wid¾:l ùug fya;=jla jYfhka ,l=Kq 10 mßudKh wkqj" fmd,sia ks,OdÍka úiska ’foaYmd,kuh n,mEu¶ i|yd 5'8 l jákdlula § we;' fmd,sifs ha iajdëk;ajh iSud ù ;sîu uyckhd úiska o tys wid¾:l;ajhg fya;=jla jYfhka y÷kdf.k we;' iuyr wmrdOlrejka kS;h s bÈßhg f.k wdjfyd;a foaYmd,{hka úiska ;uka fjk;a m%foaYj,g udrelr hjkjdg we;s ìh ksid tjeks wmrdOlrejka iïnkaOfhka l%h s d lsÍfuka ;uka je<lS isák nj fmd,sia ks,OdÍka iu. mj;ajk ,o iïuqL idlÉPd fy<súh'118

118

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;jo fndfyda fmd,sia ks,OdÍka fiajhg n|jdf.k we;af;ao foaYmd,k n,mEï u;h' Tjqyq foaYmd,{hkaf.a fyd| ys; Èkd.ekSug l%h s d lr;s' tfyhska tjeks foaYmd,{hka yg ksoyfia yeisÍug bvfokq ,efí' ;=jlal= wfudard.;a foaYmd,{ mq;=ka yjq,a jQ isoë a ka .ek wikakg ,efnkafka fï ksidh'119 ;u fcHIaG ks,OdÍka fndfydaúg foaYmd,{hka iu. yjq,a nj;a" tfyhska ;uka úiska w;a wvx.=jg .efkk mqo. a ,hka fjkqfjka tu foaYmd,{hkaf.ka ÿrl:k mKsjv q ,enQ jydu Tjqka uqodyeÍug isÿjk nj;a" bkamiqj ;ukag fkdfhla lrorj,g uqyK q mdkakg isÿjk nj;a" lKsIG a ks,OdÍyq m%ldY l<y' ;j;a m%Yk a hla kï fmd,sih s úúO mßmd,k Èia;l %s l a j, fnod ;sîuhs' fuu l%uh ksid" hï Èia;%l s l a hl fmd,sia ia:dkj, ks,OdÍka yg Tjqfkdjqkf a .a Èia;l %s l a ;=< ;;ajh iïnkaOfhka taldêldÍ n,hla ysñ fõ' tfyhska ;u Èia;l %s l a fha foaYmd,{hka iu. lghq;= lsÍug isÿjk fmd,sia ks,OdÍkayg tu foaYmd,{hkaf.a leue;a;g bv §ug isÿ fõ' fuu ;;ajh ksid fmdÿ ckhdf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;= iqka fõ' fuu ;;ajhg úi÷ula jYfhka mßmd,k Èia;l %s a ;=< mj;akd taldêldrh ì| ±ófï woyiska Èia;l %s a mokula iys; fufyhqï fjkqjg uOHu fmd,sia n,ldhla Èjhsk mqrd fhdod .ekSug mshjr f.k we;' kS;u s h mshjr .ekSu je<elaùu i|yd fm<Uùula jYfhka fokq ,nk w,a,ia yd fjk;a mdßf;dIs;hka fmd,sia ks,OdÍka úiska ms<. s efkk njg o úúO fpdaokd yd wjia:d o wikakg ,efí' Bg;a jvd nrm;, fpdaokdjla kï" fmd,sia ks,OdÍka jHdmdrj,ska jegqma yd iudk ld,Sk f.ùï ,nd .kakd njhs' fuu l%uh hgf;a furg kS;s moaO;shg wjk; fkdjk ’wdrCIs; mx;shla¶ ìys ù we;' ;jo" fmd,sia ks,Odßyq fndfydaúg mqo. a ,hkaf.a ;rd;sru yd n,j;aNdjh .ek ìhg m;aj Tjqkg a ;rjgq lsÍfuka yd Tjqka w;awvx.=jg .ekSfuka je<lS isá;s' 119

Wod ( u¾úka is,ajd uy;df.a mq;%hd .ek mqj;am;a jd¾;d n,kak

fmd,sih s md;d, f,dalh iu. ióm in|;d meje;a jQ nj fmkajk f,aLk.; wjia:d o we;' fmd,sih s tjeks in|;d we;a;jYfhkau mj;ajk nj 3] la úYajdi lr;s' 44'6] la mjikafka md;d, f,dalh yd fmd,Sih s w;r iïnkaO;djka mj;sk njla Tjqkg iaÓr jYfhka lsj fkdyels njh' fmd,sifs ha iajdëk;ajh iSud lrk fya;= idOlhla f,i md;d,h iu. mj;akd iïnkaO;d jeo.;a njla jeä fokd fkdis;;s ^4'4]& tfia jqjo" md;d,h yd iu. iïnkaO;d meje;aùu fmd,sifs ha iajdëk;ajh iSud lrk m%Odk fya;=jla fkdjk njla ñka woyia fkdfõ' fmd,sia ¥IKfha fuu wxYh .ek flfia fyda fmdÿ ckhd w;r t;rï ±kqula ke;' ta ksidu" fuu wxYh t;rï úfõpkhg Ndckh fkdfõ'

6'1'1'2 iïm;a ysÕh wmrdO je<elaùug fmd,sih s g fkdyelsùug m%Odk;u fya;=jla f,i iïm;a ysÕh fmd,sih s úiska y÷kd.kakd ,È' fuu ks,OdÍka iu. mj;ajk ,o idlÉPdj,§ ñksia iïm;a ysÕh yd m%jdyk myiqlï ysÕh .ek úfYaIfhkau i|yka lrk ,È' fmd,sia ks,OdÍka fj; m%udKh blaujd rdcldß lghq;= mjrd ;sfnk nj;a" tu rdcldß ksifs ,i bgq lsÍu Tjqkg ld,fõ,djla fkdue;s nj;a" m%cd iïnkaO;d ks,OdÍyq fndfydafofkla mejiQy'120

6'1'1'3 fmdÿ ck;djf.a iyfhda.h fkd,eîu fuho wmrdO je<elaùug ndOd lrk idOlhla f,i y÷kdf.k we;' wi, m%foaYhl iel lghq;= mqo. a ,hl= .ejiqkfyd;a fyda <ud wmfhdackhla fyda <ud fiajlhl= ms<n s | f;dr;=re we;akï" tajd .ek fkdjrojdu fmd,sih s g ;uka okajd isák nj ióCIKhg iyNd.s jQ 62] la muK fokd lshd isáhy' wi, m%foaYh ;=< fydr u;ameka ksIm a dokh$wf,úh isÿ fõkï" ta .ek ;uka fmd,sih s g jd¾;d lrk njg lshd isáfha 41] la muKlah' ;uka iaÓr jYfhkau fmd,sih s g iydh jk nj ol=fKa whf.ka 74] la m%ldY l<y' niakdysr m<df;a 45] lg wêl msßila lshd isáfha Tjqka lsio s dl fmd,sih s g iyhla fkdfok njhs'121 fmd,sih s g iydh §ug bÈßm;a jQ wh mjd mjid isáfha" Tjqka fmd,sih s fj; f;dr;=re iemhsug bÈßm;a jQj;a" idCIslrejka jYfhka l%h s d lsÍug kï bÈßm;a fkdjk njhs' fmd,sih s g iydh fkdfok nj lshd isá mqo. a ,hkaf.ka 59'5] la mejiqfõ fmd,sih s g f;dr;=re iemhSu ksid Tjqky a g lrorj,g uqyK q mEug isÿúh yels njh' fmd,sih s g f;dr;=re iemhQj;a" tu f;dr;=re u; l%h s d lsÍug fmd,sih s bÈßm;a fkdjk nj 23] la m%ldY l<y' ñka fmkS hkafka fmd,sih s g fmdÿck iyfhda.h fkd,efnkafka jeä jYfhkau fmd,sih s yd m%cdj w;r iïnkaO;djkag wod< moaO;sh ÿ¾j,;d fya;=fjka njhs' 120

fmd,sia m%cd iïnkaO;d ks,Odßka iu. l=reKE.,§ yd uykqjr§ meje;a jQ idlÉcd uyck wdl,am ióCIKh 2006 fmnrjdß 14 yd ud¾;= 06 w;r ld,h ;=< wyUq f,i f;dard.;a mqo. a ,hka 1400 l iyNd.s;j a fhka mj;ajk ,È' fï i|yd" úfYaI{ lKavdhula úiska ilia lrk ,o m%Yk a dj,sh Ndú;d lrñka iïuqL idlÉPd mj;ajk ,È'

121

wmrdOj,g fya;=jk iudchSh lreKq fidhd ne,Su o jeo.;a fõ' iuyr mqo. a ,hka kS;ú s frdaë l%h s dj, ksr;jkafka ;u mjq,a kv;a;= lsÍu i|ydhs' ;j;a iuyreka úI u;aøjH ,nd .ekSug o tfia lr;s' fujeks wjia:dj,§ fmd,sih s yd rch tla ù wmrdOj,g uq,j a k fya;= idOl bj;a fldg kS;h s wkqj Ôj;a ùug mqo. a ,hkag yelsjk ;;ajhla we;s l< hq;= fõ' fuu m%Yk a úi£ug hï wdOdr l%uhla we;s lsÍu fj; wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;=h' fukhska i<ld n,k úg" iuyr wjia:dj,§ wmrdO je<elaùu i|yd mqkre;a:dmk lghq;= yd È<sÿlu msgq ±lSfï jHdmdr o wjYH nj meyeÈ,s fõ' tfyhska wmrdO je<elaùfï j.lSu fmd,sih s fj; muKla mejÍu idOdrK fkdfõ' fï .ek rcfha wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;=h'

6'1'2 ksjdrK mshjr ksjdrK mshjr hkq wmrdO isÿ lsÍug ìhla Wmojd" tu ìh ud¾.fhka wmrdO je<elaùug l%h s d lsÍuhs' fuu ìh m%Odk jYfhkau we;s l< yelafla wmrdO úu¾Yk lghq;= id¾:l lr .ekSfuka yd wmrdOlrejka kS;h s bÈßhg f.k tafukah' wmrdO isÿ lsÍug yelsjk wjia:d bj;a lsÍu o ksjdrK l%uhls' w÷re ùÓ wdf,dalu;a lsÍu" wmrdO iq,N m%foaYj, fmd,sia uqr ixpdr isÿ lsÍu yd jeg,Sï ixúOdkh lsÍu tjeks ksjdrK ld¾h i|yd ksoiqkh a ' wi, m%foaY ;=< fmdÿ wdrCIKh iy;sl lsÍu i|yd fmd,sia uqr ixpdr jeo.;a njg fmdÿ úYajdihla mj;S' fmd,sia uqr ixpdr b;d jeo.;a nj 70'4] la úYajdi lr;s' tajd ;rula jeo.;a nj 23'3] la mji;s' fmd,sia uqr ixpdr wjYH nj 94] la u mjik kuq;"a fmd,sia uqr ixpdr ks;r isÿ flfrk nj mjikafka 16] la muKs' tajd iuyr úg isÿ flfrk nj 24'2] la mjik w;r" 28'3] la mjikafka uqr ixpdr b|ysg isÿ flfrk njhs' wmrdOlrejka wffO¾u;a lsÍu i|yd m%udKj;a uqr ixpdr isÿ fkdlrk nj 47'5] mejiQ w;r" ;u m%foaYj, m%udKj;a fmd,sia uqr ixpdr isÿ flfrk nj 31'1] la úYajdi lr;s' fmd,sia uqr ixpdr" wmrdOlrejka fj; ksjdrlhla f,i l%h s d lrk njg úYajdihla mj;sk kuq;"a th ieuúgu tfia fkdjk nj o isys ;nd .ekSu jeo.;ah' fï iïnkaOfhka ksõfhda¾la kqjr isÿ l< wOHhkhlska fy<sjf Q ha fmd,sih s hï ;ekl isá muKsku a wmrdO je<elaùula fkdisÿjk njhs' fndfyda wjia:dj,§ m%cdj úiska fmd,sia ld¾hka bgq lsÍu jvd id¾:l jQ nj fmfkkakg ;sfí' tfia jqjo" ìysiK q q wmrdO uy oj,a isÿjk j¾;udk miqìu hgf;akï" b;d ±ä w;=re mshjr .ekSug isÿ úh yelsh'

wmrdOj,ska je<lS isàug m%Odk fm<Uùu jkafka wmrdOhla l<fyd;a ovqjï ,eîug;a .e,úh fkdyels njg mj;sk m%n, úYajdihhs" jrola isÿ lsÍu fjkqfjka ovqjï ,nd §u iy;sl njg mj;akd úYajdih ksh;j ;sìh hq;=h'122 ud¾. kS;s lv lsßu i|yd uE;l isg l%h s d;aul jk ov l%uh óg ksoiqkls' tu ov uqo,a jeä lsÍfuka miq ud¾. kS;s lv lsÍu fndfyda ÿrg wvq ù we;' wkjir ia:dkj, jdyk kj;d ;eîu iïnkaOfhka o fmd,sih s ±ka ±ä mshjr .kS' fï yer u;ameka mdkfhka miq jdyk meoùu i|yd fmd,sis î%;,hsi¾ mÍCIKh ±ka l%h s d;aul lrhs' ie<lsh hq;= ;j;a jeo.;a idOlhla kï wmrdO je<elaùfï ld¾h i|yd jeh jk uqo,a m%udKh yd ld,fõ,djhs' fuu jd¾;dj wdrïNfha§ ksÍCIKh lrk ,o tla lreKla kï" wmrdOlrejka w,a,d .ekSu yd Tjqka Widúhg bÈßm;a lsÍu ms<sn| fmd,sisfha Wkkaÿj wmrdO je<elaùu ms<sn| Wkkaÿjg jvd fndfyda fia wêl jQ njhs' tfyhsk"a fmd,sifs ha rdcldßj,ska jeä m%uL q ;djla ,eìh hq;fa ;a fuu rdcldß foflka l=ulg±hs hk m%Yk a h u;= fõ' fmd,sim a ;s pkaød m%kdkaÿ uy;d iu. uE;l§ mj;ajk ,o idlÉPdj,ska meyeÈ,s jQfha iq¿ wmrdO .ek ±ä f,i l%h s d lsÍu ;=<k s a nrm;, wmrdO isÿ lsÍu je<elaùfï l%h s d ud¾.hla ±ka wkq.ukh flfrk njh'123 tfy;a fuu kj Wmdh ud¾.fha id¾:l;ajh .ek ±kau i|yka l< fkdyelafla th l%h s d;aul lrk ,oafoa b;d uE;l isg muKla fyhsk's kS;h s n,d;aul lsÍug fmd,sih s g iydhjk jHdmD;sj,g wu;rj" wmrdO isÿ lsÍug fya;= ms<n s |jo fmd,sifs ha wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu jeo.;ah' ;jo" m%cdjf.a iydh fkdue;sj" wmrdO je<elaùfï ld¾h fmd,sih s g ;ksju id¾:l f,i bgq l< fkdyelsh' fï iïnkaOfhka" fndfyda rgj, ’m%cd fmd,sia fiajd¶ l%uhla l%h s d;aul fõ' fuu l%uh hgf;a wmrdO .ek iSreudrefjka isàfuka wmrdO j<lajd .ekSug idudkH mqrjeis ixúOdk fmd,sih s g l%h s dldÍ f,i wdOdr lrhs' fuu l%uh hgf;a ’wi,ajeis m%foaY uqr lsÍfï¶ iñ;s msyg s j q d .efka' ;jo" wjg m%foaYh .ek fidaÈisfhka yd fiú,af,ka isàu i|yd lKavdhï m;a lr .efka'

6'2 wmrdOlrejka kS;fs ha /yekg yiq lr .ekSu 6'2'1 mÍCIK j¾;udk wmrdOlrejka b;d kQ;k l%u Ndú;d lr;s' ;dCIKsl jYfhka Tjqyq fmd,sih s g jvd bÈßfhka isá;s' fmd,sih s g meñKs,, a la l< úg" ta ms<n s |j Widúfha kvq mejÍug jir lsym s hla .;jk nj ljqre;a oks;'s tmuKla o fkdfõ' f.j,a ì£ula isÿjqkfyd;a" th ÿrl;kfhka fmd,sih s fj; ±kaùfuka 122 123

ksoiqkla jYfhka isx.mamQrefõ ±ä ov m%;sm;a;sfha m%;sM, foi n,kak fuu l%u jd¾;dfõ 8 jk mßÉfþofha§ idlÉPd flf¾'

muKla lsij s la isÿ fkdfõ' f.ysñhd fmd,sih s fj; f.dia" fmd,sia ks,Odßhd f.org le|jd f.k wd hq;=h' weÕ<s i<l=Kq lKavdhï wmrdO ia:dkh fj; meñfKkafka isoê a h isÿ ù meh .Kklg miqjh' Y%S ,xldj jeks rgl tjeks ;;ajhla hgf;a isÿjkafka weÕs<s igyka ;dCIK ks,OdÍkayg wmrdOlrejkaf.a weÕs<s i<l=Kq fjka fldg y÷kd.; fkdyels ùuhs' weÕs<s i<l=Kq úfYaI{hkaf.a meñKsug fmr wmrdOh isÿ jQ ia:dkhg meñfKk hd¿ ñ;%fhda ksid tu weÕs<s i<l=Kq uelS hkakg bv we;' ;jo" mQ¾K wmrdO úu¾Ykhla meje;aùu i|yd wjYH ish¿u myiqlï fndfydaúg fmd,sih s g fkd,efí' iïm;a ysÕh úu¾Yj,g ndOd we;s lrhs' ã'tka'ta' ;dCIKh yd b;du kQ;k weÕs<s i<l=Kq ;dCIKh uE;l§ Y%S ,xld fmd,sih s fj; ,eî we;' tfy;a" tajdfha m%;M s ,hla jYfhka fmd,sifs ha ld¾hCIu;dj fldf;laÿrg ÈhqKq fõ±hs ;ju lsj fkdyelsh' úu¾Yk wid¾:l jkafka iïm;a ysÕh ksidu nj mejiSu t;rï idOdrK fkdfõ' foaYmd,k jYfhka wdkafoda,khla we;s l< yd blauka l< hq;= wmrdO mÍCIK iïnkaOfhka b;d id¾:l m%;M s , fmd,sih s úiska ,ndf.k we;'124 fmd,sih s g ¥IK m%Yk a hg uqyK q mdkakg isÿjkafka jeä jYfhkau wmrdO úu¾Yk mj;ajk wjia:dfõ§h' fuu m%Yk a h fndfydaúg t,a,jkafka foaYmd,kuh n,mEï jYfhka yd fmd,sifs ha by< uÜgïj, n,mEï jYfhks' fuu n,mEï ksid úu¾Yk fkdmeje;aùug fmd,sih s g Wmfoia ,efí' ’idCIs fkdue;s ksid¶ wod< ,smfs .dkq jid oukq ,efí' wmrdO iïnkaOfhka mÍCIK mj;ajk iuyr fmd,sia ks,OdÍkag kvq ±óu ms<n s | kS;h s .ek wjfndaOhla fkdue;s nj;a" Tjqka iuyrúg kS;s úfrdaê f,i idCIs ,nd .kakd ^tajd wkjYH fõ& nj;a" fcHaIG fmd,sia ks,Odßka iu. meje;ajq idlÉPdj,§ wkdrjKh jQjo ;jo" uyck iyfhda.h fkd,efnk ksid wmrdO mÍCIK ÿIalr fõ' fmd,sih s g uyck iyfhda.h jvd;au wjYH jkafka wmrdO mÍCIK meje;aùfï§h' uyck iyfhda.h fufia fkd,eî hkafka fmd,sih s yd m%cdj w;r mj;akd in|;d ì|jeàu ksid nj fmfka' pQÈ;hka w;ßka 13] lg yd w;awvx.=jg .kakd ,o fyda r|jd ;nd .kakd ,o wh w;ßka 26'2] lg ;uka l;d lrk NdIdfjka fiajd ,nd .ekSug fkdyels jQ nj uyck wdl,am ióCIKfha§ fy<s úh' ;j o" ;ukaf.a .eg¿j f;areï lr§u i|yd m%udKj;a ld, fõ,djla Tjqkg ,nd fkdÿka nj pQÈ;hskfa .ka 26'8 la yd w;awvx.=jg .kakd ,o fyda r|jd ;nd .kakd ,o wh w;ßka 42] la mejiQy'125 ^NdId m%Yk a h jvd;a W.%j n,mj;ajk W;=f¾ yd kef.kysr uyck wdl,am ióCIKh fkdme;aúK' tfyhska wm%idoh m<l, whf.a m%;Y s ;h we;a;jYfhkau by; i|yka ixLHdj,ska ±lafjk m%udKhkag jvd wêlh'& 124

Ígd fcadkaia" úksiqre ir;a wfòmsáh yd frdah,a md¾la ñkSuereï ksoiqkah uyck wdl,am ióCIKh 2006 fmnrjdß 14 yd ud¾;= 06 w;r ld,h ;=< wyUq f,i f;dard.;a mqo. a ,hka 1400 l iyNd.s;j a fhka mj;ajk ,È' fï i|yd" úfYaI{ lKavdhula úiska ilia lrk ,o m%Yk a dj,sh Ndú;d lrñka iïuqL idlÉPd mj;ajk ,È' 125

fuu m%;M s , ufkdau, Q l s nj mejiqj yels jqjo" tkï ’m%udKj;a ld, fõ,djla¶ hkq ksYp a h jYfhkau fldmuK ld,hla o hk j. meyeÈ,sj ks¾jpkh fkdjQ ksid" fuu m%;M s ,j,ska ms,ì s Uq jk m%Yk a h nrm;,h' fuu .eg¿ fol mqo. a ,hkaf.a isú,a ksoyia whs;j s dislïj,g wod< fõ' tjeks ÿ¾j,;d l%h s dldÍ m%cd;dka;l %s rgl fkd;sìh hq;=h' ;jo" pqÈ;hl=g ms<; s =re iemhSug m%udKj;a ld,hla fkd,efíkï fyda Tyqg$wehg f;areï .; yels NdIdjlska mÍCIK isÿ flf¾ kï" th l=uk j¾.fha mÍCIKhla±hs hk m%Yk a h wikakg isÿ fõ' ;jo" wmrdO mßCIKh mj;ajk w;r YdÍßl jO ysxid isÿlrk ,o fndfyda wjia:d o we;' fujeks foaj,a jeä jYfhkau isÿjkafka fmd,sia ks,OdÍkag kshñ; úu¾Yk l=I,;d fkd;sfnk ksidh' mÍCIK meje;aùug wod< ffk;sl lreKq ms<n s | wjfndaOhla fmd,sia ks,OdÍkag fkdue;s njo idlÉPdj,§ fy<s úh' mÍCIK meje;aùfï§ u;=jk fujeks ÿ¾j,;d ksid" kvq id¾:l ùu iSud fõ' wmrdO w,a,d .kakd m%Odk l%u folls' tkï" uyckhdf.ka ,efnk meñKs,s yd fydavj q djka iys; f;dr;=re iy fmd,sih s úiska fufyhjk jg,Sïh' uyck;dj fmd,sih s fj; úYajdih fkd;nk ksid" ;u m%foaYj, isÿjk kS;ú s frdaë l%h s d ms<n s |j fmd,sih s g fydavj q dj,a iemhSug Tjqyq idudkHfhka ìh fj;s' fuh lK.dgqodhl ;;ajhls' uyckhd iu. mj;ajk ,o idlÉPdj,ska fy<s jQfha" fmd,sih s wmrdOlrejka iu. ióm in|;d mj;ajk nj Tjqka úYajdi lrk nj;a" tfyhska fmd,sih s fj; f;dr;=re iemhqjfyd;a Tjqkfa .a kï .ï fmd,sih s wmrdOlrejkag fok ksid" wmrdOlrejkaf.ka Tjqkg ;¾ck yd m,s.ekSï t,a, jk njh' meñKs,j s ,g yd f;dr;=re iemhSïj,g m%;p s dr ±laùug wu;rj" l,n, we;s lrk yd iel lghq;= mqo. a ,hka fidhdf.k f.dia Tjqka kS;h s bÈßhg f.k tau" fmdÿ iduhg ;¾ckhla úh yels lreKq .ek f;dr;=re /ialr" tu ryia f;dr;=re wod< ia:dkj,g ±kaùu o fmd,sifs ha rdcldßj,g wh;a fõ'126 fuu ld¾hhka bgq lrkafka jeg,Sï u.ska yd ndOl fhdod fidaÈis fufyhSï l%h s d;aul lsÍfukah'127 óg wu;rj" fmd,sim a ;s pkaød m%kdkaÿ uy;d úiska ’uOHu fidaÈis ldrl iNdjla¶ msyg s j q k ,È' fuu ldrl iNdj rgmqrd l%h s d;aul jk w;r" úúO mßmd,kuh m%foaY ;=< lghq;= lrhs' fmdÿ ck;dj iu. jvd ióm iïnkaO;djla f.dvk.d .ekSu ;=<k s a fuu m%Yk a h úi¢h yels nj fmkajd fokq ,efí'128 fuys§ wod< lreKla kï wmrdO mÍCIKh" ksjdrK lghq;= yd wmrdO je<elaùu i|yd fhdod .kakd fmd,sia ks,OdÍka ixLHdjhs' ks,OdÍka ysÕh yd fjk;a iïm;a ysÕh fya;f= jka" uyckhdf.a 126 127 128

fmd,sia wd{d mkf;a 56 jk j.ka;sh ’wuq;a;kaf.a rd;%sh¶ ksoiqkls ’fmd,sia m%cd in|;d¶ hgf;a fuh u;= idlÉPd flf¾

yÈis wjYH;d i|yd fmd,sia ks,Odßkag bÈßm;a úh fkdyels ùu we;a;jYfhkau lK.dgqjg lreKls' fuu m%Yk a h moaO;sh ÿ¾j,;d úia;r flfrk mßÉfþofha§ idlÉPd flf¾' tfiajj q o" tla lemS fmfkk ksoiqka wjia:djla fuys§ i|yka l< hq;f = õ' fuu isoê a h wkdjrKh jQfha fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%cd iïnkaO;d ks,OdÍka yd m%cd ixúOdkhka w;r mj;ajk ,o /iaùfï§h' Èkla ;u ksjig fidfrl= lvd jeÿKq nj fuu /iaùug iyNd.S jQ ldka;djla mejiqjdh' fidrd tla ldurhlg fldgqlr tu ldurh jid w.=¿ ,Eug wehg yels úh' tfia lsßfuka miq wE fmd,sih s g ÿrl;k mKsjv q hla ÿkakdh' fmd,sih s túg lshd isáfha fmd,sifs ha ðma r:h ta wjia:dfõ§ tys fkd;snK q q nj;a" tneúka wehg Wmldr lsÍug Tjqkg a fkdyels nj;a yd weh úiska fidrd fmd,sih s fj; /f.k wd hq;= nj;ah' fuh we;a;jYfhkau isÿ jQ nj fmd,sih s ms<. s kakd w;r" th ienE m%Yk a hla nj;a tfy;a fmd,sih s g ta wjia:dfõ§ l< yels jQ fohla fldfy;au fkd;snQ nj;a mjik ,È' ;jo" fmd,sih s g ,ndfok ãSi,a bkaOk m%udKh Tjqkfa .a m%foaYh uqr ixpdrh lsÍug m%udKj;a fkdjk nj;a" fmd,sia ks,Odßkag l< fkdyels ;rï rdcldß lghq;= mgjd ;sfnk nj;a fmkajd fok ,È' fmd,sia rdcldÍ lghq;= w;ßka lskï rdcldß i|yd m%uL q ;dj ysñúh hq;=±hs hk m%Yk a h fï ksid u;= fõ' yÈis wjYH;d .ek lghq;= lsÍug mjd ld,fõ,djla fkdue;s fmd,sia ks,Odßka wmrdO je<elaùfï lghq;=j, yd m%cd iïnkaO;d ÈhqKq lsÍfï lghq;=j, ksr; jkafka flfiao@

6'2'2 iq¿ jerÈ iïnkaOfhka kvq mejÍu wmrdO iïnkaOfhka mÍCIK isÿ lrkafka fmd,sih s úisk's nrm;, wmrdO iïnkaOfhka kï mÍCIK jd¾;d ,sms f.dkq kS;m s ;s fomd¾;fïka;=j fj; hjkq ,efí' iq¿ wmrdO iïnkaOfhka wNsfpdaokd bÈßm;a lrkafka fmd,sih s úisk's mÍCIK lghq;=j, .=Kd;aulNdjh b;d mq¿,a nj;a" ta fya;=fjka fndfyda wjia:dj,§ kvq mejÍula fkdisÿjk njg fpdaokd t,a, fõ' fndfyda fmd,sia ks,OdÍkag wNsfpdaokd ms<n s | l=i,;d fkdue;s ksid” wmrdOj,g Ndckh jQ md¾Yajhg jvd fndfyda m%n, f,i wmrdOldr md¾Yajh Widúfha§ ksfhdackh jk njg o fpdaokd we;' fï yereKq úg" fcHIaG fmd,sia ks,OdÍkayg kvq Èkj,g wêlrKhg hEug fkdyels jQ úg" Tjqka úiska lKsIG a ks,Odßka hefjk wjia:d o we;s nj fmkajd fokq ,efí' kvq mejßfï§ uqyK q mEug isÿjk my; i|yka ndOlj,g wod<j fmd,sia ks,Odßka ,l=Kq 10 l mßudKh wkqj tajdfha jeo.;alu fuf,i m%ldY l< nj g%dkaifa markais bkag¾keIk,a wdh;kfha ióCIKfhka fy<s fõ'

kS;s mámdáuh m%udoh

udkj in|;d uqo,a fr.=,dis ms<n s | ±kqu iSud ùu

ffk;sl iSudjka

iu ;;ajfha ks,Odßkaf.a iyfhda.h fkd,eî hdu

uyck iyfhda.h fkd,eîu

fcHaIG a hkaf.a ihfhda.h fkd,eîu

foaYmd,k n,mEï

mqyK q j q uolu

iïm;a ysÕh

wNsfpdaokd ilia lsÍfï§ Tn uqyqKmdk ÿIalr;d ljf¾o@ ^,l=Kq 10 mßudKh&

kvq mejÍfï lghq;= fufyhùfï ld¾hka i|yd muKla fjku fmd,sia ks,OdÍka ixLHdjla f;dardf.k Tjqkg m%udKj;a mqyK q j q la ,nd §fuka fuu m%Yk a h úi£ug l%h s d l< hq;= nj ks¾foaY flf¾' fï yereKq úg" kS;u s h iSudjka ksid wmrdOlrejka fj; kvq mejÍug ;ukag we;s yelshdj ÿ¾j, jk wjia:djla ;sfíkï" tajd cd'fmd'fld' fj; bÈßm;a lr" cd'fmd'fld' ud¾.fhka wjYH ixfYdaOkhka jHjia:dodhlh ,jd iïu; lr .; hq;h' kvq ish,a,lau wid¾:l jkafka fmd,sifs ha jrÈka fkdjk nj isy; s nd .ekSu jeo.;ah' wid¾:l;ajhg fya;=jk fjk;a idOl o ie<ls,, a g .; hq;=h'

6'2'3 wdY%; s wdh;k m%;i s xialrKh lsÍu wmrdO je<laùu i|yd wdh;k m%;i s xialrKh lsÍu o wjYH fõ' fufia m%;i s xialrKhg Ndckh úh hq;= m%Odk wdh;k folla kï nkaOkd.drh yd Widúh fõ' Widú frðiag%d¾ ld¾hd, yd wmrdOlrejka w;r iyfhda.S l%h s dldß;ajhla mj;sk nj;a" tu.ska ,smfs .dKq whq;= f,i fjkia flfrk nj;a" jd¾;dj,ska fy<sfõ'129

flauisß l=udr l,afoard kvqj (S.C.T.R.) wheÿï wxl 343/99, SCM 6/11/2001 ,sms f.dkq yd idCIs jd¾;d whq;= f,i fjkia lsÍu ks;r ks;r isÿjk nj fuys§ Widúh úiska i|yka lrk ,È

129

tfyhsk"a fmd,sia ¥IKh .ek idlÉPd lrk úg" fmd,sih s muKla .ek wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfuka m%fhdackhla fkdfõ' ¥IK lghq;= i|yd fmd,sih s iu. tla ù lghq;= lrk wfkla wdh;k fj; o ie<ls,, a fhduq l< hq;=h' ta wfkla wdh;kj, iïnkaO;dj fkdue;sj fmd,sih s muKla talmd¾Yúlj ¥IK lghq;j = , ksr;ùu t;rï myiq fkdfõ' j¾;udk ld¾h mámdáh hgf;a wmyrKh" ;e;s.ekaùu" iq¿ ;=jd, lsÍï hkd§ ir, yd iDcq lreKq mjd kS;m s ;s fomd¾;fïka;=j fj; fhduq flf¾' b;d nrm;, yd ixlS¾K kvq .ek l%h s d lrk kS;m s ;s fomd¾;fïka;=fõ jevlghq;= fï ksid f.dv .eiS hql; a h s mis|,Su b;d m%udoldÍ l%h s doduhla njg m;afõ' tfia jqjo" kS;{ s hkaf.ka iukaú; jQ fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fõ kS;s wxYhg fï .ek lsij s la l< fkdyelafla uka±hs hk m%Yk a h fuys§ mek k.S' m%udoùï je<elaùu i|yd;a" fmd,Sifs ha kS;s wxYfhka Wmßu m%fhdack .ekSu i|yd;a" b;du ir, yd iDcq kvq tu wxYh úiska fufyhúh hq;= njg ñka ks¾foaY lrkq ,efí'

6'3 r: jdyk md,kh r: jdyk md,k fCI;%h miq.h s jir lsym s h ;=<oS ixj¾Okh ù we;' ;dCIKfha iS>% ÈhqKj q " ud¾.j, .uka lrk r: jdyk ixLHdj jeä ùu" ud¾. moaO;sh iS>%fhka ixj¾Okh ùu yd ixj¾Ok uxikaê we;s ùu hkd§ idOl fya;=fldg f.k fmd,sih s g kqmr q eÿ m%Yk a hlg uqyK q §ug isÿ ù we;' fmd,sih s yd uyckhd jeä jYfhkau uqK .efikafka fuu fCI;%h ;=<§h' tfyhska fmd,sih s ms<n s | uyck u;h jeä jYfhkau yev .efikafka fuu fCI;%h wdYfhks' ud¾. wdrCIdj msßyS we;s njg;a" ud¾. wk;=re úYd, f,i jeä ù ;sfnk njg;a" fmdÿ tlÕ;ajhla we;s nj fmfka' fuu ;;ajhg jeä jYfhkau j.lsh hq;fa ;a ßhÿrka nj o fmdÿfõ úYajdi flf¾' ud¾. wk;=re je<elaùu iïnkaOfhka fmd,sifs ha l%h s dldß;ajh b;d i;=go q dhl nj uyck;dj w;r 12'7] la o" ;rula i;=go q dhl nj 57'5] la o" ;rula wi;=go q dhl nj 16'9] la o" b;d wi;=go q dhl nj 4'4 la o mejiQy' wk;=re je<elaùfï ld¾h ms<n s |j fmd,sifs ha l%h s dldß;ajh wi;=go q dhl nj m%ldY l< whf.ka 66] la úYajdi lf<a tu ;;ajhg fya;=j fmd,sih s w,a,ia ,nd f.k ßhÿrkag ov ;=Kv a q ksl=;a fkdlsÍu yd kvq fkdmejÍu njh' wfkla w;g" uyd ud¾.j, wdrCIdj iy;sl lsÍug ;ukag fkdyels jkafka iïm;a ysÕh ^6'2'3&" ud¾.j, bv lv uÈ ùu ^79'4& yd uyck iyfhda.h fkd,eîu ^42'5& hk fya;k + a ksid nj fmd,sih s mji;s' fuu o;a; /ialrk ,oafoa ud¾. kS;s lv lrk ßhÿrkaf.ka wh lrk ov uqo,a jeä lsßug fmr yd ud¾. kS;s lv lrk ßheÿrkag tfrysj ±ä mshjr .ekSug fmr nj isys ;nd .; hq;=h' 92

±kg mj;akd ud¾. kS;s b;d ±ä f,i l%h s d;aul lsÍu fmd,sih s uE;l isg mgka f.k we;' kS;ú s frdaê f,i .d,a lr ;efnk jdyk weof.k hEu" wêfõ.S ßh meoùï je<elaùu yd u;ameka mdkfhka miq ßh meoùug tfrysj lghq;= lsÍu fuu ±ä ms<fs j; hgf;a isÿ flf¾' tf,iu ud¾.j, .uka lrk r: jdyk mßir ys;ldó iy Odjkhg iqÿiq nj iy;sl lsÍug o fmd,sih s ±ka mshjr .kS' fuu fmd,sia l%h s dldß;ajh meiiqug ,la l< hq;=h' flfia fj;;a" r: jdyk fmd,sih s w,a,ig yd ¥IKhg hg ù we;s nj fkdryils' óg m%Odk fya;k + a kï wëCIKhla fkdue;slu" j.lSu ksYp a h f,i Ndrlr fkd;sîu yd l%h s d l< hq;= wkaou .ek wNsu;h fmd,sia ks,OdÍka fj; Ndrlr ;sîuh' fï wkqj ov ;=Kv a q ksl=;a lrkq fjkqjg" iuyr wjia:dj,§ ßhÿrkag wjjdo §ug ksoyila fmd,sia ks,OdÍkag we;' ovuqo,a f.ùug isÿ ùfuka ú¢kakg jk lrorj,ska fíÍu i|yd fndfyda ßhÿrka fmd,sih s g w,a,ia uqo,a fo;s' fuu w,a,ia mqreoao wm iudcfha fldf;la ÿrg uq,a neif.k weoaohs lsjfyd;a" fndfyda ßhÿrka ;u ßh Odjk n,m;%h ieuúgu remsh,a ishfha fkdaÜgqjl ojgd ;nd .ks;'s túg fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= n,m;%h b,aÆ úg th myiqfjkau Èh yelsh' fmd,sia ks,Odßka uqo,aj,ska ´kEu fohla lsÍug fyda fkdlsÍug fmd,Ujd .; yels njg uyck u;hla f.dvke.S we;af;a fuu w,a,ia mqreoao ksidh' iuyr úg" w,a,ia ,nd .ekSfï fÉ;kdfjka iuyr fmd,sia ks,OdÍyQ ßhÿrkag fndre fpdaokd t,a, lr;s' uyck wdl,am ióCIKh ^uyckhd fmd,sia ks,OdÍkag w,a,ia §ug bÈßm;ajk wjia:d ms<n s |j& wkqj" ud¾. kS;s lv lsÍu iïnkaOfhka fmd,sih s iu. m%;l s h %s d ±la jQ whf.ka 38'2] la fmd,sia ks,OdÍka fj; hï w,a,ila §ug bÈßm;a ù we;' fudjqkfa .ka 55'2] la mejiqfõ fmd,sih s hï w,a,ila b,aÆ njhs' b;sß 44'8] m%ldY lf<a ;uka w,a,ila ms<. s eka jQ njh'130 ud¾. kS;s levQ whf.ka 38'2] la fmd,sih s g hï w,a,ila §ug bÈßm;a jQy' ^my; ±lafjk j.=j n,kak&

130

Tn fmd,sih s g ljod fyda hï w,a,ila ms<. s kajd ;sfío@

meñKs,, a la lsÍug

fmd,sia jd¾;djla ,nd .ekSug

pß; iy;slhla ,nd .ekSug

cd'ye'$.uka n,m;%h$ßhÿre n,m;%h ms<n s |j

Tõ

ud¾. kS;s lv lsÍu ms< s n s |j

pQÈ;hl= w;awvx.=jg$ jYfhka r|jd ms<; s r = e ;eîug §ug .ekSfï§

ke;

ud¾. kS;s leãu i|yd ov uqo,a uE;l§ 10 .=Khlg;a wêl f,i jeä lrk ,È' fï ksid fmd,sia ks,OdÍka fj; w,a,ia §ug uyckhd jeä jYfhka fm<fU;s' r: jdyk fmd,sish úiska w,a,ia ms<s.ekSu wvq ù we;a±hs fyda jeä ù we;a±hs ks.ukh lsÍu ÿIalrh' fï ms<sn| ixLHduh f;dr;=re fkdue;' tksid ú.%yhkag mokï ù we;af;a fmdÿck wdl,am yd mqoa.,sl w;a±lSïh' tfyhska fjkila isÿ ù±hs ;SrKh l< yelafla uyck u;h ie<ls,a,g .ekSfuks' ksjerÈ uyck u;hla f.dv ke.Sug iEfyk ld,hla .;jkq we;' fuu fCI;%fha fmd,sia ¥IKh b;d m%n, f,i yd È.= ld,Sk f,i iuia; fmd,sish ms<sn| wdl,amhka flfrys n,mEï we;s lrhs' fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j ;=< mj;ska ñksia iïm;a ysÕh .ek i<ld n,k úg" isyshg kef.k ;j;a m%Yakhla kï r:jdyk md,kh i|yd fmd,sia ks,OdÍka jqjukdjg jeä ixLHdjla fhdod ;sfío hkakhs' r: jdyk md,kh jeks fCI;%hka ;=< fmd,sia ks,OdÍka fjkqjg isú,a jeishka fhdojd.; yels njg fhdackd bÈßm;a ù we;' fuys§ kef.k m%Yakhla kï" tjeks whf.a j.lSu yd md,kh fl;rï ÿrg l%shd;aul l< yels o hkakhs' fmd,sia ks,Odßka yd isú,a jeishka taldnoaOj l%shd lrk jevigyka .ek i<ld ne,Su jà' úkh" md,kh yd uQ,Huh iïm;a ms<sn| m%Yak flfiajqj;a ie<ls,a,g Ndckh lsÍug isÿ fõ'

6'4 udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh lsrï S udkj ysñlï ms<n s | wjOdkh131 j¾Okh ùu ksid;a" ta ms<n s | ckudOfha ie,ls,u s ;aNdjh j¾Okh ùu ksid;a" fmd,sih s úiska miq.h s oYlh ;=<§ udkj ysñlï W,a,x.kh l< wjia:djka .Kkdjlau wkdjrKh ù we;' udkj ysñlï ixúOdk úiska olajk Wkkaÿj m%udKh blaujd hEula nj;a" tla;rd uÜgul jOysxid wjYH nj;a" fmd,sih s we;a; jYfhkau úYajdi lrk ksid"132 udkj ysñlï W,a,x.kh lsÍï iïnkaOfhka t;rï m%;p s drhla olajd fkdue;' fuh lK.dgqjg lreKls' iudchg wys;lr wmrdOlrejl= w,a,d Tyqg tfrysj kvq mejÍu i|yd udkj ysñlï tla;rd m%udKhlg W,a,x>Kh lsÍu idOdrK njg fmd,sia ks,OdÍka 42'7] la ;rula ÿrg tlÕ jk w;r" fmd,sia ks,OdÍyq 24'8] la imqrdu tlÕ fj;s' fuh o lK.dgqjg lreKls' wmrdOlrejkafa .a udkj ysñlï wdrCId lsÍug jvd iudch wdrCId lsÍu b;d jeo.;a njg 59'2] la m%n, f,i tlÕ jk w;r" 24'2] la iu m%udKhlg tlÕ fj;s' ckudOH jvd;a wjOdkh fhduq lrkafka fmd,sia ia:dk we;=<; § isÿjk jOysxid fj; jqj;a" udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh jk tlu wjia:dj th fkdfõ' tjeks jOysxid j,g wu;rj" wjdisodhl f,i ie<lSu" wjYH mshjr .ekSfuka je<lS isàu" w;a;fkdau;sl f,i w;awvx.=jg .ekSu yd r|jd ;eîu iy fjk;a mSvdjka o fmd,sia ks,OdÍka úiska mqreoaola jYfhka lrkq ,efí'

6'4'1 jOysxid lsÍu yd r|jd ;nd .ekSu w;awvx.=fõ isáh§ ñhhEï yd fmd,sia ia:dk we;=<; § isÿjk jOysxid lsßï .ek mqj;am;a jd¾;d u.ska ks;r wikakg ,efí'133 fcrdâ fmf¾rd yd <ud fyajf.a ,d,a wdY%; s isoë a ka tjeks jOysxid ms<n s | w;sYh ìysiK q q ksoiqkh a ' ,d,a urKhg m;a jQfha flfi,a leka folla fidrlï l< njg iel msg ßudkaâ Ndrfha isáh§ myr fokq ,eîfuks' f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug;a" mdfmdaÉpdrK ,nd .ekSug;a fmd,sih s iellrejka fj; jOysxid muqKj q k nj mejfia' urKhg m;ajk ;rug iellrejl=g myr§u jOysxid lsÍula nj ´kEu fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= okakd kuq;"a iellrejl= m%;n s dOkh lsÍu i|yd kS;Hdkql, + n,d;aldrh fh§u iy lDr;r" wudkqIl s yd wjuka wdldrhg ie<lSu w;r fjki jgyd .ekSug Tjqyq wiu;a fj;s' fuu ;;ajhg m%Odk fya;=j wjYH mqyK q j q fkd,eîu iy fmd,sih s fukau wmrdOlrejka o yuqodlrKhg hqOldó;ajhlg m;aj ù ;sîuhs' 131

isú,a yd foaYmd,kuh ysñlï ms<n s | c.;a m%{ma;f s ha fojk ffjl,am; s ixOdkh yd jOysxidj,g tfrys iïuq;sfha ffjl,ams; ixOdkh ksoiqkah' 132 r|jdf.k isgk s whf.a kEoEhskg a yd kS;{ s hkag Tjqka yuqùug bvfok njg;a" /|jQjkaf.a whs;j s dislï ms<n s | ,sÅ; idrdxY fmd,sia ia:dkj, m%o¾Ykh lsÍug;a" fmd,sia ia:dkj,§ isÿjk jOysxid ms<n s |j ia:dkNdr ks,OdÍka j.lSug hg;a lsÍug;a cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu tlÕ ù we;" 133 fmd,sia ia:dk 29 l§ pQÈ;hka 46 fofkl=g tfrysj isÿ lrk ,o jOysxid l%shd 31 la udkj ysñlï fldñiu úiska 2001 § f,aLk.; lrk ,È' tarka .=âuka úisks' (RIGHTS-SRI LANKA: Torture, Still instilled in Police Culture by Aaron Goodman)

udkj ysñlï .re lsÍfï m%;m s ;a;h s wmrdOlrejkag wod<j wkqÑ; nj yd wmrdO u¾okfha§ fmd,sifs ha wid¾:la;jhg uq,j a k nj fndfyda fmd,sia ks,OdÍyq wo úYajdi lr;s'134 miq.h s oYl lsym s h ;=<§ fmd,sih s ler,s lKavdhï u¾okh lrk n,ldhla njg o m;a ù we;'135 ck;d úuql; a s fmruqfKa le/,a, yd 1983 jd¾.sl flda,y, u¾okh i|yd fmruqK .ekSu fya;=fjka fmd,sifs ha lS¾;shg le<,la isÿ ù we;' fuu wdl,amhka iudch ;=< o olakg we;' idCIs fyda mdfmdaÉpdrKhka ,nd .ekSu i|yd iellrejkag ;rula ÿrg ysxid lsÍug fmd,sih s g whs;h s la ;sfnk nj uyckhdf.ka 42'3] la úYajdi lr;s' iellrejka Widú fj; bÈßm;a fkdlr §¾> ld,hla ßudkaâ Ndrfha ;nd .ekSug ;%i; a jdoh je<elaùfï mk; u.ska fmd,sih s fj; wjir § we;'136 fuu wjirh ksid úreoaOlrejkag mSvd meñKùu yd jd¾.sl úfYaIl s rKhg u.mE§ we;s nj udkj ysñlï fldñiu m%ldY lr we;' ;jo" mSä; md¾Yajh wdrCId lrkq fjkqjg" m%foaYj, m%Nk + fa .a md¾Yjh .ekSfuka fmd,sih s iudkd;au;d úê úOdk o lr we;' fuh jeä jYfhkau isÿjkafka fmd,sih s l%h s d l< hq;= wjia:dj,§ tfia lsÍfuka je<lSu ;=<k s h a ' fï ,CIKh uE;l isÿ jQ wd.ï wdY%; s isÿùï .Kkdjlska meyeÈ,sj fmfka' foajia:dk .Kkdjlg tfrysj ;¾ck t,a,lrk ,o nj fmd,sih s g meñKs,s lrk ,o kuq;"a ta iïnkaOfhka fmd,sih s l%h s d;aul fkdjQ nj foajia:dk Ndr mQclfhda mejiQy' fï yereKq úg" fmd,sia ks,Odßka idudkHfhka wod< m%foaYj, .ejiqk kuq;"a foajia:dkj,g .sks ;enQ wjia:dj,§ Tjqyq tys fkdisáhy' fmd,sih s úiska isÿ flfrk udkj ysñlï W,a,x>khka .ek jvd;au wikakg ,efnkafka udkj ysñlï kvq jYfhka tajd fY%I a G a dêlrKh fj; bÈßm;a l< úgh' tjeks wjia:dj,§ fmd,sia ks,Odßka fjkqfjka fmkS fkdisàug kS;m s ;s fomd¾;fïka;=j m%;m s ;a;u s h ;SrKhla f.k we;' óg wu;rj" fuu jerÈ lrk fmd,sia ks,OdÍkag tfrys kvq jOysxid mk; hgf;a fufyhjkq ,efí'137 tfy;a fuu mK; hgf;a t;rï kvq .Kkla fufyhjd ke;' tfia jqjo" tjeks kvq ixLHdj uE;l isg by< f.dia we;s nj fmfka' ikakoaO yuqod hgf;a yd fmd,sih s hgf;a r|jdf.k isák ldka;djka lKavdhï úiska ¥IKh lrk ,o yd urKhg m;a lrk ,o njg o fpdaokd .Kkdjla we;'138 134 -135

jOysxid isÿ lsÍu we;a;jYfhkau jeä ù ;sfío" ke;fyd;a tu woyi we;s ù we;af;a ckudOHj, wjOdkh ksid±hs ksYp a h lsÍu ÿIalrh' 136 1979 wxl 48 orK wd{d mk; 137 jOysxidj i|yd 7 jirl wksjd¾h isro~qjula kshu lrk jOysxidj,g tfrys iïuq;s óg oi jirlg fmr" tkï" 1994 § w;aika lrk ,o kuq;"a fuu mk; hgf;a id¾:l f,i fodaIK ;Skÿa jla fok ,oafoa mqo. a ,hka fofokl=g muKh' 138 w;awvx.=fõ isák ia;k S% a ¥IKh lsÍu ms<n s | weïfkiaá bkag¾keIk,a wdh;k jd¾;dj - Y%S ,xldj" 2001

jOysxid meñKs,s .ek l%h s d lsÍug wxY .Kkdjla msyg s j q d ;sfí' kS;m s ;s fomd¾;fïka;=fõ jOysxid tallh ñka tlls' fuu tallh jOysxid meñKs,s .ek muKla l%h s d lrk fjku wxYhla jqjo" Bg ld¾hd,hla fyda iaÓr ks,OdÍka lsij s l= fkdue;' fuu wxYfha fiajh lrk ks,OdÍkayg fjk;a wxYj, lghq;= o lsÍug isÿ fõ' tfyhska fuu tallh msyg s j q k ,oafoa udkj ysñlï fldñiu i;=gq lsÍug muKla o ke;fyd;a jOysxid je<elaùfï ks¾jHdc fÉ;kdfjka±hs m%Yk a hla u;= fõ'139 flfia fj;;a" jOysxid ms<n s |j mejfrk iEu kvqjl§u mÍCIK mj;ajkq ,nkafka fmd,sia ks,Odßka úisk's cd;sl udkj ysñlï fldñiu úiska mÍCIK meje;afjk wjia:dj,§ o úia;r wfõCIKh lsÍu i|yd flfrk mÍCIK fmd,sih s ,jd isÿ lr .ekSug kS;m s ;s fomd¾;fïka;=j jeä leue;a;la olajhs'140 fuu ;;ajh m%Yk a hla jkafka ks, jd¾;d whq;= f,i fjkia l< wjia:d fndfydauhla ;sfnk fyhsk's 141 iuyrúg fmd,sifs ha msßySu jeä jYfhkau olakg ,efnkafka fuu wxYhg wod<jh' fjk;a fCI;%j, fuka fkdj" fuu m%Yk a fha nrm;,lu fmd,sih s g wjfndaO fkdùu;a" udkj ysñlï ixúOdk m%dfhda.l s fkdjk f,ilg lghq;= lrk nj fyda fmd,sia rdcldß bgq lsÍfïÈ hï m%udKhl lDr ie<elSfï wjYH nj fcHIaG fmd,sia ks,OdÍka jqjo úYajdi lsÍu fuu ;;ajhg fya;=fõ' fuu úYajdih ksid iellrejkaf.ka m%Yk a lsÍfï úl,am iudc úoHd;aul l%u ms<n s |j fyda wmrdO úoHdfõ fjk;a wxYhka ms<n s |j mqyK q j q la ,nd §fï Wkkaÿjla we;s fkdfõ'

6'4'2 n,y;aldrfhka w;=reoyka lsÍï ;%i; a jdoh yd jd¾.sl .egqï jHdma;ùu;a iu. n,y;aldrfhka mqo. a ,hka meyerf.k hEu ms<n s | fpdaokd t,a, úh' fuu n,y;aldr mqo. a , meyer .ekSu iafõÉPd fkdjk w;=reoykaùï jYfhka o ye¢kafõ' m%Yk a lsÍu i|yd yuqodj úiska yd fmd,sih s úiska /f.k hk mqo. a ,hka wdmiq fkdmeñKs njg jd¾;d .Kkdjlau ,eî we;'142 fuu ;;ajhg úYd, jYfhka u. mEfokafka yÈis kS;s fr.=,dis yd ;%i; a jdoh je<elaùfï mk; u.sk's r|jd ;nk mqo. a ,hka iu. mKsúv yqjudre lr .ekSug yelshdj Tjqkfa .a kEoEhskg a mk; hgf;a ,nd Èh hq;= kuq;"a iellrejka r|jd isák ia:dk .ek kEoEhskg a ±kaùug fmd,sia ks,OdÍyq lsiÿ s Wkkaÿjla fkd.ks;'s

139 ‘A Continuing Dilemma: The Prevalence of State Sponsored Violence in Sri Lanka’ LST Review Volume 15 140 tu 141 flauisß l=udr l,afoard kvqj ^ S.C.F.R& wheÿï wxl (343/99, SCM 6/11/2001 142 isxyrdidf.a kvqj n,kak

w;=reoykaùï mÍCIK tallhla ±kg wmrdO úu¾Yk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska msyg s j q d we;' kS;m s ;s fomd¾;fïka;=j o w;=reoyka jQ mqo. a ,hka fiùu i|yd fjku wxYhla msyg s j q d we;' fuys§o" úu¾Yk ks,Odßkayg iajdëk f,i l%h s d lsÍfï yelshdjla fkdue;' 1998 isgu kS;m s ;s fomd¾;fïka;=fõ w;=reoyka jQ mqo. a ,hka fiùfï tallh úiska ,ndf.k we;af;a fodaIK ;Skÿ a 9 la muKls' tu tallfha mÍCIK lghq;= isÿ lrkafka wmrdO úu¾Yk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ w;=reoykaùfï mÍCIK tallh u.sk's fuh t;rï i;=go q dhl ;;ajhla fkdfõ' mÍCIK lghq;= isÿl< hq;fa ;a udkj ysñlï fldñiu jeks iajdëk uKav,hla u.sk's fmd,sifs ha lghq;= wëCIKh l< yelafla tjeks iajdëk uKav,hla muKs' cd;sl udkj ysñlï fldñiug jqjo" wêlrKh fj; iDcqju ióm ùfï yelshdjla fkdue;'

6'4'3 oafõY iy.; kvq mejÍï ks¾fodaIS isú,a jeishkag tfrysj oafõY iy.;j kvq mjrk njg fpdaokd t,a, s u; fmd,sih s lrkq ,efí'143 jOysxid meñKs,s t,a, fkdlsÍfï fldkafoaih úiska kvq mejÍï fkdlsÍug fmd,sih s lghq;= lrk njg o hï fpdaokd we;'144

6'5 fmd,sih s yd m%cdj w;r in|;dj m%cdj ;=< ueÈy;alrejl= f,i l%h s d lsÍug bÈßm;a ùu fmd,sifs ha tla rdcldß 145 fmd,sia rdcldß id¾:l f,i bgq lsÍug uyck iyfhda.h lghq;a;ls' w;HjYH nj b;d meyeÈ,s lreKls' tfyhska wmrdO je<elaùug fukau kS;h s yd iduh wdrCId lsÍug o fmd,sih s yd m%cdj w;r b;d hym;a in|;djla f.dvk.d .; hq;= fõ' wmrdO .ek f;dr;=re ,nd .; yelafla fmd,sih s ms<n s | ±ä úYajdihla uyck;dj ;=< ;snk q fyd;a muKls' uyck iyfhda.h tu úYajdih u; /£ ;sfí' cd;sl udkj ysñlï fldñiu fmkajd fokafka fmd,sih s flfrys uyck úYajdih uo neúka uyck iyfhda.h fmd,sih s g fkd,efnk nj;a" tu ;;ajh wmrdO je<elaùfï lghq;= flfrys wi;=go q dhl f,ig n,mdk nj;ah' 1970 oYlfha§ isÿjQ úma,jhg yd ta wdY%; s m%pKavldÍ l%h s d fukau miqj yg.;a ikakoaO wr.,h fya;=fjka fmd,sifs ha tf;la mej;s ys;jd§ ,CIK iïmQ¾Kfhkau fjkia ù" fmdÿck iqnfi;g mgyeks wdl,am uq,n a ei .ekSu wdrïN úh'146 fï ksid fmd,sih s ms<n s | uyck wkqu;h b;du my;a uÜgulg weo jegqfKah' 143 tfy;a fuu m%ldYfha j,x.=Ndjh ksYp a h lsÍu wmyiqh' fuh my; i|yka flfrkafka i;Hhla fyda wê.ukhla jYfhka fkdj" uyck wkqfndaOhla f,i muKla nj isys ;nd .ekSu jeo.;ah' 144 ;siai l=udrf.a kvqj 145 ^Ô'tÉ' bkaøodi” úY%dñl fcH'fmd'w' (Core Responsibilities of the Police, Synergy in Blue – A Journal of the Retired Senior Police Officers’ Association, 2004) 28 jk msgqj 146 weÑ,sia fcdaYma - úY%dñl fcHIaG ksfhdacH fmd,siam;s" Regaining Sri Lanka by “Zero Tolerance” Policing, Synergy in Blue 18 jk msgqj

jvd;a ld¾hCIu" úIh uQ,l s yd ck;d ys;jd§ wdl,amhka wkqj fiajfha kshl q ; a jk fmd,sia ks,Odßka ìys lsÍu i|yd Y%S ,xld fmd,sia wNHdi úoHd,h ld,hg WÑ; wkaoug yev .eiS fkdue;s nj iuyre fpdaokd lr;s'147 udkqIl s wdl,amhlska fiajh lsÍug mqyK q j q la fmd,sia ks,OdÍka fj; fkd,efnk nj Tjqyq fmkajd fo;s' ;uka fiajh lrk m%cdj ksifs ,i wjfndaO lr .ekSu fmd,sih s g b;d jeo.;ah' isÿ jQ wmrdOhla ms<n s |j mÍCIK meje;aùug flfrk le|ùulg m%;p s drh ±laùu muKla ;u rdcldß j.lSu f,i is;k fmd,sih s lg tjeks wjfndaOhla ,nd .; fkdyelsh' fmd,sih s yd m%cdj w;r mj;akd in|;djka Yla;u s ;a lsÍu i|yd hï hï l%h s dud¾. uE;l§ .kakd ,È' tjeks jHdmD;s folla r;akmqr Èia;%l s l a fha weye<shf.dv yd l=reúg hk ia:dkj, ±kgu;a wrUd we;'148 fuu jHmD;s m%Odk jYfhka mqrjeis lñgq u.ska m%cd fmd,sia fiajdjka bgq lsÍuhs' fuu lñgq fmd,sih s yd tlaj uyck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍfï jevms<fs j,la l%h s d;aul lrhs' ;u ;ukaf.a ksfjia wjg m%foaYj, wdrCIdj iy;sl lr .kakd l%u fuu jevigyka u.ska ksjeishkag f;areï lr fokq ,efí' fmd,sim a ;s pkaød m%kdkaÿ uy;d mjik wkaoug l=reúg m%foaYfha wmrdO uola wvq ù we;' fuu l%uh id¾:l jqjfyd;a" tjeks mqrjeis lñgq rgmqrd mságqùug fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j ie,iqï lr we;'149 w;awvx.=jg .kakd ,o fyda r|jd ;nd .kakd ,o mqo. a ,hka yereKq úg fjk;a wkaoug fmd,sih s uqK .eiqKq whf.ka nyq;rhla ^42'2]& fmd,sih s WodiSk njla fmka jQ njh ta w;rsk"a 26'8] la mejiqfõ fmd,sih s Tjqkg ysßyer l< njhs' Tjqkg YdÍßl jOysxid l< nj 8'9] la mejiQy' fmd,sih s úiska m%cd in|;d ÈhqKq lsÍug W;aidy orK kuq;"a pQÈ;hka flfrys ksis wjOdkhla fhduq fkdflf¾' pQÈ;hka jerÈlrejka njg Tjqyq fmr úksYp a h lr;s' m%cd;ka;%jd§ rgl jerÈlrejkag mjd udkj whs;j s dislï ysñjk nj Tjqyq wu;l lr;s' w;awvx.=jg .ekSu ms<n s |j$r|jd ;nd .ekSu ms<n s |j fmd,sih s uqK .eiqKq wh yereKqúg" nyq;rhla mjikafka Tjqka l;dlrk NdIdfjka fiajh ,nd .ekSug Tjqkg yels jQ njhs' ;u ;ukaf.a m%Yk a m%ldY lsÍu i|yd ,nd ÿka ld, fõ,dj ms<n s |j ;rul wm%idohla Tjqka w;r ;sìK'

147 ^Ô'tÉ' bkaøodi" úY%dñl fcH'fmd'w' (Core Responsibilities of the Police, Synergy in Blue – A Journal of the Retired Senior Police Officers’ Association, 2004) 28 jk msgj q 148-149 l=uÈ q kS fyÜáwdrÉÑ" Crime’s Ugly Figures, Sunday Times 2004 wf.dia;= 29 bßod

moaO;suh ÿ¾j,;d

fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ÿ¾j,;djkag j.lsjhq;= fya;= idOl ú.%y lsÍfï§ my; i|yka idOl wjOdkhg ,la l< hq;= fõ' ks,OdÍkaf.a .=Kd;aulNdjh" mqyK q j q " wëCIKh" Tjqka fj; ,nd § we;s myiqlï" ;s<K s yd Èß§ï" ¥IKfha n,mEu" fcHaIG ks,OdÍkaf.a ;¾ck yd rcfha fjk;a wxYhkays mj;akd ¥IKfha n,mEu'

7'1 n|jd .ekSï 7'1'1 fldia;dm,ajre fldia;dm,ajrekag u;= oelafjk iqÿiqlï ^YdÍßl yd weia fmkSu ms<n s | iqÿiqlï j,g wu;rj& ;sìh hq;=h' jhi 18 yd 30 w;r ùu” w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd.fhka fojrlg fkdjeä jdr .Kkl§ úIhka 6 lska iu;a ù isàu" tu úIhka 6 g .Ks;h iy NdIdj we;=<;aj ;sîu yd m<uq j;dfõ§ úIhka 5 lskj a ;a iu;a ù ;sìh hq;=h' fndfyda wjia : dj,§ uyckhdg uq K .efik m% : u fmd,s i a ks , Odßhd fldia;dm,ajrhdh' ta ksid fmd,sih s ms<n s | uyckhd ;=< we;s jk m%;r s Emh úYd, jYfhkau ;SrKh jkafka fldia;dm,ajrekaf.a yeisÍu wkqjh' mÍCIK lghq;=j, §o fndfyda wjia:dj,§ jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrkafka o fmd,sia fldia;dm,ajreka úiskh a ' tfyhska Tjqkg wod< mqyK q j q la ,nd§u b;d jeo.;ah' w'fmd'i' ^id'fm& úNd. iqÿiqlïj,g wu;rj" wNsfhda.;d mÍCIKhla o meje;aùu iqÿiq njg ks¾foaY lrkq ,efí' fuu mÍCIKfha§ Wmdh fl!Y,H yd .eg¿ ksrdlrK yelshd o we.ehSug ,la l< hq;=h' óg wu;rj whÿïlrejkaf.a pß;h yd miqìu ms<n s | hï úu¾Ykhla l< hq;= fõ' uE; w;S;fha§ whÿïlre m%pKavldÍ fyda l,n,ldÍ l%h s dj,g iïnkaO ù weoaohs tu úu¾Yk ;=<k s a ±k .; yelsh' whÿïlref.a wjxlNdjh yd iodpdrh .ek o tu.ska ±k.; yelsh'

7'1'2 Wm fmd,sia mÍCIljreka Wm fmd,sia mÍCIl ;k;=rg b,a¨ï lsru S g ;sìh hq;= iqÿiqlï ^YdÍßl yd weia fmkSu ms<n s | iqÿiqlïj,g wu;rj& fufiah' jhi 18 yd 25 w;r ùu" w'fmd'i' ^id'fm& úNd.fha§ tl jrl§ úIhka 6 lska iu;a ù ;sîu" tu úIhka w;r .Ks;h yd NdIdjg we;=¿j iïudk idud¾: y;rla ;sîu yd w'fmd'i' ^W'fm'& úNd.fhka o iu;aj isàuhs'

100

7'1'3' iyldr fmd,sia wêldrSka iyldr fmd,sia wêldßka i|yd wjYH iqÿiqlï ^YdÍrl yd weia fmkSu ms<n s | iqÿiqlïj,g wu;rj& jkafka jhi 22 yd 26 w;r ùu yd hym;a pß;hlska fyì úYajúoHd, WmdêOdßfhla ùuhs' Bg wu;rj ish¿u whÿïlrejka ,sÅ; mÍCIKhlska yd iïuqL mÍCIKhlska o iu;a úh hq;=h'

7'1'4 ÿ¾j,;d iyldr fmd,sia wêldÍka i|yd kshñ; iqÿiqlï yer" wfkla ;k;=re i|yd kshu lr we;s iqÿiqlï tu ;k;=re orK ks,OdÍkaf.ka wfmaCIs; ld¾hka yd idfmaCIj n,k úg t;rï .e,fmk njla lsj fkdyelsh' w'fmd'i' ^id'fm'& úNd.h iu;aùu t;rï wmyiq ld¾hla fkdfõ' ta i|yd m%Odk jYfhkau wjYH jkafka lgmdvï lr kej; ,sùfï yelshdj muKls' úYaf,aYkd;aul yelshdj fyda .eg¿ ksrdlrKh lsÍfï yelshdj mÍCIKhg Ndckh fkdlsÍu fya;=fjka fuu úNd.h iïnkaOj ú fõpk t,a,fjñka mj;S' fldia;dm,ajreka n|jd .ekSfï§ uyck in|;djka mj;ajd .ekSu" ikakfs õokh fyda Wmdh fl!Y,Hh ms<n s | whÿïlrejkaf.a l=i,;d ie<ls,, a g .kq fkd,efí' uyckhd yd fmd,sih s w;r uqK .eiSu m%:ufhkau isÿjkafka fldia;dm,ajreka u.ska fyhska Tjqka fj; fuu l=i,;d ;sîu b;d jeo.;ah' wNsfhda.;d mÍCIK fyda nqoê a mÍCIK fyda idudkH ±kqu ms<n s | mÍCIK o fhdod.; hq;= njg ks¾foaY lrkq ,efí'

7'2 fmd,sih s úiska iemfhk iydh 7'2'1 wëCIKh j¾;udk fmd,sia moaO;sh ;=< b;d Wiia uÜgul wëCIKhla wfmaCId flf¾' tfiajj q o" jd¾;d ksifs ,i wdrCId fkdflfrk njg yd wëCIK jHqyh ì| jeà ;sfnk njg 1970 oS niakdhl fldñiu u.ska fpdaokd lf<ah'150 fmd,sia ks,OdÍka ixLHdj wjYH m%udKhg jvd wvq ksid" fmd,sia ks,OdÍka fj; mejfrk rdcldÍ Tfrd;a;= fkdfok ;rug wêl nj yd wëCIK lghq;=" miq úmrï lghq;= yd iaÓr lsÍug fmr ,nd.; hq;= mqyK q j q b;d ÿ¾j, ;;ajhl mj;sk nj fmd,sia wNHdi úÿyf,a lghq;=j,§ fmruqK .;a fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fõ b;d fcHIaG fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= iu. meje;a jQ iïuqL idlÉPdjl § wkdjrKh úh'

150

1970 12 jk ieis jd¾;dj - fmd,sia fldñifï wjidk jd¾;dj" cQ,s 1970 ^niakdhl fldñiu& rcfha uqøK fomd¾;fïka;=j

101

tfiajj q o" fcHIaG ks,OdÍkaf.a wëCIKh ;ukag m%udKj;a f,i ,enqKq nj fndfyda fmd,sia ks,Odßyq ^95'8]& mji;s' mj;akd wëCIK mámdáh .ek ;uka iEySulg m;ajk nj 81'5] la mejiQy' tfy;a idlÉPd i|yd le|jQ fcHIaG fmd,sia ks,Odßyq nyq;rhla fuu u;h yd tlÕ fkdjqy' wkdjrKh jQ ;j;a jeo.;a idOlhla kï" mqo. a ,hkaf.ka 48'36] la woyi wkqj" fmd,sih s ;=< n,;, whq;= f,i fhdod .ekSu isÿjkafka úkhdkql, + md,kh ksifs ,i isÿ fkdjk ksid yd wëCIKh uolu ksid njhs' hï m%udKhl wëCIK lghq;= l%h s d;aul jqj o" tlaflda tu wëCIKh m%udKj;a fkdjk nj fyda ke;fyd;a úkhdkql, + md,k lghq;= fcHIaG ks,OdÍka w;ska isÿfkdjk nj fyda olskk a we;' wëCIK ks,OdÍka úYd, ixLHdjla m%Nj + rekaf.a wdrCIdj i|yd yd Tjqkfa .a .uka ìuka i|yd fhdojd.kq ,efí' Tjqkf a .a wëCIK rdcldß fuf,iska fkdi<ld yef¾' ^flfia jQjo ±kg rfÜ mj;akd wdrCIl ;;aj fya;=fldgf.k m%Nk + a wdrCId lsÍu i|yd úYd, fmd,sia ks,Odßka ixLHdjla wjYH nj ms<. s ; hq;=h'& tfy;a" wfkla w;g" idlÉPd j,§ fy<sorõ jQ tla lreKla kï" fuu m%N+ foaYmd,{hka ;ukag wdrCIdj i,ik fmd,sia ks,Odßka fj; n,mEï lrk njhs' fuu ;;ajh hgf;a fcHIaG ks,OdÍka yg ;u wëCIK rdcldß ksifs ,i bgqlÍ s u ÿIalr fõ'152

7'2'2 úkh fmd,sisfha úkh msßyS ;sfnk nj meyeÈ,sj fmfkkakg we;' fuu ;;ajhg m%Odk fya;=j foaYmd,k n,mEuhs' ióCIK ksheÈfhka 29'3] la fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a idudkH yeisÍu .ek wm%idoh m<lr isá w;r" Tjqkaf.a woyi jQfha tu ;;ajhg fya;=j úkhdkql+, md,khla ksisf,i l%shd;aul fkdùu yd ksis iqÿiqlï iys; wh fiajhg n|jd fkd.ekSu njhs' fïkhska" i<ld n,k úg" úkh md,k úê úOdk ;sfnk ^4 jk mßÉfþofha tajd úia;r lrk ,È& kuq;a" tu úêúOdk ksis wkaoñka l%shd;aul fkdflfrk njg u;hla mj;S' lKsIG a fiajlhka w;r úkh mj;ajd .ekSu iïnkaOfhka ;uka ,;a w;a±lSï ms<n s |j fcHIaG ks,OdÍyq buy;a lkiai,a, m%ldY l<y' lKsIG a fiajlhka w;r úkh mj;ajd .ekSug lghq;= lsÍu ;=<k s a m%dfoaYh S foaYmd,{hkaf.a fldamh ;uka fj; t,a, jk nj fcHIaG ks,OdÍyq mejiQy' ta ksid Tjqkg lsij s la l, fkdyels nj Tjqkfa .a ;¾lh úh' fuu ;;ajfha wjidk m%;M s ,h jkafka ;u ;ukag ßis mßÈ l%h s d lrñka" Wiiaùï o myiqfjka ,nd .kakd ’jrm%ido¶ ,;a ks,OdÍ mx;shla ìysùuhs'153 152

fcHIaG fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= úiska lrk ,o ksÍCIKhla Y%S',x'g%d'b' wdh;kh úiska mj;ajk ,o iïuqL idlÉPdj,§ fcHIaG fmd,sia ks,OdÍka úiska olajk ,o woyia' mqo. a ,fhda ks¾kdñl nj wfmaCId l<y

153

102

7'2'3 mqyK q j q mqyK q q mdGud,d fmd,sia wNHdi úoHd,fha§ yd Wiia mqyK q q wNHdi úoHd,fha§ meje;a fõ' iEu fldia;dm,ajrjl=gu NdIdj mqy q K q j q we;=¿" wdrïNl mqyK q j q q q wNHdi úoHd,fha mqyK q q mdGud,d m%Odk jYfhkau Wiiaùï iemfha'154 Wiia mqyK ,;a ks,OdÍka i|ydh' Wm fmd,sia mÍCIlhkaf.a isg fmd,sia wêldÍka olajd ;rd;srï j, ks,OdÍka yg tu mqyK q q mdGud,d meje;afõ' iEu ks,Odßhl=gu udi foll mdGud,djla fiajhg we;=¿ ùfï§ fokq ,efí' jHdmdr l<uKdldÍ;aj cd;sl mdGud,dj,g" fjk;a foaY A kj,g yd kS;s wdOdr fldñiu u.ska meje;afjk jevuq¿ i|ydo ks,OdÍyq hjkq ,n;s' Wiia mqyK q q wNHdi úÿy, jd¾Isl 155 kejqïlrK mdGud,d mj;ajhs Wiia mqyK q q wNHdi úÿy, mqyK q j q la ,nd fokafka Wm-fmd,sia mÍCIljreka fj; yd Bg by< uÜgul ks,Odßkag muKla jqjo" uyckhd yg jeä jYfhka uqK .efikafka fldia;dm,ajreka yd idckaÜjrekah' fuu ks,OdÍka foj¾.hg ,ndfok mqyK q j q uQ,l s mdGud,djlg muKla iSud fõ' fuu l%ufha wruqK jQfha fldia;dm,ajrekag yd idckaÜjrekag wjYH mqyK q j q fcHIaG ks,OdÍka úiska ta ta fmd,sia ia:dkj,§ ,nd § Tjqkfa .a rdcldßo tu fcHIaG ks,OdÍka úisku a wëCIKh lsÍuh' tu mqyK q q l%ufha moku jqfha wëCIKh hgf;a rdcldÍ lrñka mqyK q j q ,nd §uhs'156 tfy;a fcHaIG a fmd,sia ks,OdÍka u; fndfyda rdcldß mjrd ;sîu ksid yd Tjqka fndfyda úg fmd,sia ia:dkfhka neyerj rdcldß lrk ksid" tu mqyK q q l%uh wid¾:l ù we;' fuys m%;M s ,h jYfhka lKsIG a ks,OdÍka yg m%udKj;a mqyK q j q la ,nd .ekSug fkdyels fõ'157

7'2'4 iïm;a iïm;a ysÕh fmd,sia rdcldß bgq lsÍug úYd, ndOdjlaj mj;sk nj msg m<d;aj,§ lrk ,o fCI;% ióCIKj,§ fy<s úh' fmd,sia ks,Odßka úYd, ixLHdjla fmd,sia ia:dkj,g wkqhl q ; a lr isáh o" fndfyda wjia:dj,§ Tjqk"a 158 fjk;a rdcldÍ" fj; hjk ,o ksid fmd,sia rdcldß lghq;= i|yd Tjqka fmd,sia ia:dkfha fkdue;s nj fmd,sia ks,OdÍyq mejiQy' ;jo" ,efnk ãi,a bkaOk m%udKh ;u uqr m%foaYh jgd tla jrla hdug m%udKj;a fkdjk nj o Tjqyq lshd isáhy' fuu ;;ajh hgf;a hï yÈis lghq;; a la i|yd le|jk ,o úg" Bg m%;p s dr ±laùug fkdyels nj fmkajd fok ,È' fld<ôka msg m%foaYj, Ndú;h i|yd fmd,siam;sjrhd úiska h;=re meÈ weKejqï lrk ,È' th m%Yk a hg m%udKj;a úi÷ula fõ±hs wjika f,i ;SrKh l< fkdyelsh' 154

mqyK q j q ms<n s | jeä úia;r i|yd jd¾;dfõ 4 jk mßÉfþoh n,kak Wiia mqyK q j q ms<n s | jeä úia;r i|yd jd¾;dfõ 4 jk mßÉfþoh n,kak 156 Y%S',x'g%d'b' wdh;kh úiska mj;ajk ,o iïuqL idlÉPdj,§ fcHIaG fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= úiska olajk ,o woyila' 157 tfia jqjo fiajdia: mqyqKqj i|yd fldia;dm,ajreka hefjk nj i|yka l< hq;=h' Tjqkaf.a rdcldß lghq;= wêl neúka tu mqyK q j q i|yd hEug Tjqkg fndfydaúg fkdyels fõ' 158 fuu rdcldß fndfydaúg m%N+ wdrCIdj yd uyck /<s meje;aùu ms<n s | wdrCIdj iemhSu úh' 155

103

wmrdO mÍCIK fomd¾;fïka;j = " wmrdO úu¾Yk ld¾hdxYh jeks wxYhkag mÍCIK lghq;= fufyhùug m%udKj;a myiqlï ,nd fkd§u lK.dgqjg lreKls' ã'tka'ta' mÍCIK meje;aùug myiqlï fkdue;s ùu úfYaIfhkau i|yka lrk ,È'159 fï yereKq úg" meñKs,s igyka lr .ekSu i|yd mß.Kl l%uhla tla fmd,sia ia:dkhlg fyda ,nd § fkdue;' ish¿u meñKs,s w;ska ,sùug isÿ fõ' wú wdhqO ysÕh o m%Yk a hls' j¾;udkfha§ fmd,sih s g fu,a, lsÍug isÿjkafka iq¿ wmrdOlrejka fkdfõ' j¾;udk wmrdOlrejka yg b;d kùk wú wdhqO ;sfí' fndfyda wmrdOlrejka yuqodj,ska mek .sh fin¿ka ksid wú Ndú;h Tjqkg b;d fyd¢ka mqreÿh' tfy;a fmd,sih s g t;rï kùk wú wdhqO fkdue;sjd muKla fkdj" fmd,sia ks,OdÍka yg wú Ndú;h ms<n s | t;rï m%ùk;ajhla o fkdue;'160 by; i|yka lreKq i<ld n,d" úu¾Yk i|yd wjYH kùk hkaf;%dmlrK ,nd §fuka wod< fmd,sia wxYhkaf.a l%h s dldß;ajh kQ;k miqìug fhda.H jk mßÈ Wiia l< hq;= njg ks¾foaY lrkq ,efí' ieÕjQ leurd iys; kQ;k m%Yk a lsÍfï l=á" lgyË má.; lsÍfï hkaf;%dm a lrK" mß.Kl moaO;s hkdÈh .ek wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;=h' wmrdO úu¾Yk lghq;= wm%udoj yd wdrCIdldÍ f,i l< yels jk fia fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%jdyk myiqlï jeä ÈhqKq l< hq;= fõ' wmrdO úu¾Ykh i|yd fhdod .efkk r:jdykj, ’fmd,sih s ¶ hkqfjka msk; a dre lr fkd;snK q o" tajd fmd,sia jdyk nj y÷kd .ekSu b;d myiqh' tfyhska ryiHNdjh wdrCIdjk mßÈ" úúO udÈ,sfha jdyk ^Ôma" jEka r:j,g wu;rj& Ndú;h ks¾foaY flf¾' óg wu;rj" fomd¾;fïka;=fõ r:jdyk ixLHdj yd tajdfha ;;ajh jeä ÈhqKq l< hq;=h' wmrdO mÍCIK lghq;= muKla fkdj" wmrdO ms<sn| ryiH f;dr;=re tla /ia lsÍu i|yd o" fomd¾;fïka;=fõ jdyk ;;ajh Wmßu ld¾hCIu;d uÜgfï ;nd .ekSu w;HjYH fõ' Èfkka Èku mq¿,a jk b,a¨ug iß,k mßÈ" fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ks,OdÍka fj; wLKav mqyK q j q la ,nd Èh hq;=h' óg ;dCIKsl mqyK q j q o we;=<;a úh hq;=h'

7'3 m%N+ msßia wdrCId lsÍu yd iïm;a kdia;h s fmd,sia ia:dkj,g ,nd fok ks,OdÍka ixLHdj m%udKj;a fkdjk nj g%d'b'•',x' wdh;kh úiska mj;ajk ,o iïuqL idlÉPdj,§ wkdjrKh úh'161 tfy;a kshu ;;ajh kï ks,OdÍ ysÕhla fkdjk nj tu idlÉPdj,§ meyeÈ,s úh' fmd,sia ia:dk fj; m%udKj;a ks,Odß ixLHdjla ,nd fok ,o nj ,ehsi; a = wkqj 159

jeä m%uqL;djla ,nd fok mÍCIKj,g fuu ndOl wod< fkdjkafka l=ula ksid±hs m%Yakhla u;=fõ' 160 fuu wú wdhqO iemhSu fl;rï ÿrg .sh yelso yd fmd,sishg tjeks wú wdhqO myiqlï iemhSu fyd| úi÷ula±hs hk m%Yk a h u;=fõ' 161 ryiHNdjh wdrCId lsÍu wjYH ksid mqo. a ,hka .ek i|yka l< fkdyelsh'

104

fmfkkakg ;sfnk kuq;"a fudjqkfa .ka jeä fokd m%N+ mqo. a ,hkaf.a wdrCIdj i|yd fmd,sia ia:dkj,ska neyer h;s' fï ksid fjk;a rdcldß bgq lsÍug fuu ks,Odßkag fkdyels fõ' fcHIaG ks,Odßyq fndfyda fofkla o ’ixpdr¶ fiajfha kshl q ; a fj;s' tfyhska Tjqkg a ;u ;ukaf.a fmd,sia ia:dkj, wëCIK rdcldß bgq lsÍug fkdyels fõ' fmd,sih s úiska wdrCIdj iemhsh hq;= m%Nj + reka we;a; jYfhkau ljqreka±hs ks¾jpkh lr .ekSug g%dkaifa markais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;kh m%h;akhla ±rE kuq;"a tu m%h;akh id¾:l jQfha ke;' m%Nj + rhl= ljrl=±hs fndfyda úg ksYp a h lrkafka ufkda uQ,l s Wmudkhka wkqjh' 2001 § igka úrdu .súiqu w;aika lsÍfuka miqj jqjo m%N+ wdrCIdj i|yd jehjk uqo,a m%udKh ie<lsh hq;= f,i wvq ù fkdue;' fmd,sih s fj; fjka flfrk uq¿ uqo,a m%udKfhka úYd, fldgila m%N+ wdrCIdj i|yd jeh jk nj meyeÈ,sh'

7'4 fjk;a fomd¾;fïka;= ;=< mj;akd .eg¿ 7'4'1 foaYmd,kuh n,mEï bkaÈhdj yd mlsi: a dkh fukau Y%S ,xldj o foaYmd,k n,mEï ms<n s | m%Yk a hg uqyK q md isáhs' fmd,sih s ;=< foaYmd,k n,mEu §¾. ld,hla uq¿ q ,af,a uq,a neif.k ;sfnk neúka" fmd,sifs ha iEu wxYhlu lghq;= iïnkaOfhka úúO .eg¿ u;= ù we;'162 fndfyda fmd,sia ks,Odßka ia:dk udre .ek ìhg m;aj we;s nj;a" m<s.ekSïj,g ,la lrkq ,eîfï ìh ksid fndfyda fcHIaG ks,OdrSka ;u lKsIG a ks,Odßkag tfrysj úkh md,k mshjr .ekSug fyda wdrCIdj ,nk odußlhkag tfrys lsiÿs mshjrla .ekSug o b;d wleue;s nj iïuqL idlÉPdj,§ fmkS .sfhah' cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu msyg s j q k ,oafoa fuu .eg¿ ksrdlrKh lsÍu i|ydh' fuu .eg¿jg wod<j cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu iEfyk ÿrg id¾:l f,i lghq;= lr we;s kuq;"a fmd,sia ks,Odßka w;r úYajdihla f.dv k.d .ekSug ;rï m%udKj;a ld,hla fldñiu fuf;la l%h s d fkdl< nj fmkajd Èh hq;=h' foaYmd,kuh n,mEu ksid isÿl< yels ia:dk udre .ek fmd,sia ks,Odßyq ;ju;a ìfhka miqfj;s' ta ksid ¥IKh ms<n s | m%Yk a h ;ju;a tf,iu mj;S'

7'4'2 wêlrK yd kS;m s ;s fomd¾;fïka;j = fmd,s i s h g úreoa O j t,a , jk m% O dku fpda o kdj kï wld¾hCIu;djhs ' wmrdOlrejka kS;h s bÈßhg f.k taug lgqh;= fkdlsÍu yd ta u.ska wmrdO je<elaùug fkdyelsùu" kS;h s l%h s d;aul lsÍu m%udo ùu hk ÿ¾j,;djhkag fya;=j fmd,sifs ha wld¾CIu;djh njg fmdÿ u;hla ;snK q 's tfy;a" kvq mejÍfï 162 fmd,sia wd{d mk; iïmdokh lrk ,oafoa ì%;dkH hq.fha§ ksid" tys wruqK Wiia iudc me,eka;h s g fiajh lsÍu ñi" fmdÿ ckhdg fiajh bgq lsÍu fkdùh' uq,a wd{d mk; miq jirj,§ ixfYdaOkh lrk ,o kuq;"a tys iajNdjh wkqj" ¥IKhg ;ju;a bv we;' óg m%Odk fya;j = kï" rcfha fjk;a fomd¾;fïka;j = ,ska fmd,sih s iajdëk lsÍfï úê úOdk tys m%udKj;a f,i fkd;sîuhs'

105

m%udoùï j,g wêlrK moaO;sh yd kS;m s ;s fomd¾;fïka;=j o j.lsj hq;= nj ms<. s ; hq;=j ;sfí' fuu fomd¾;fïka;= fol fj; o ±ßh fkdyels ;rï j.lSï Ndr § ;sfí' ta ksid" kvq mejÍï wid¾:l ùï .ek fyda ,smfs .dkq jid ±óu .ek fmd,sih s g muKla fodaIdfrdamKh lsÍu hql; a s iy.; fkdfõ'163 kvq mejÍï lghq;=j, olakg ,efnk wld¾hCIu;djg j.lsj hq;= tla m%Odk fya;=jla kï wmrdO úu¾Yk mj;ajk fmd,sih s yd wNs fpdaokd Ndr ks,Odßka w;r mj;akd mr;rh nj wdishdkq udkj ysñlï fldñiu uE;l§ ksl=;a l< m%ldYhl i|yka fõ' mÍCIK lghq;= uQ,drïNfha isgu wNsfpdaokd Ndr kS;m s ;s fomd¾;fïka;= yd fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j w;r lghq;= iïnkaëlrKh flfrk l%uhla ls%hd;aul lsÍu jeo.;a nj tu fldñiu fmkajd ÿkafkah' m<mqreÿ m%ùk wNsfpdaokd ks,OdÍkaf.a ysÕhla mj;sk nj;a" wNsfpdaokd lghq;= ÿ¾j, ùu flfrys fï ysÕh o n,mdk njo fldñiu fmkajd § we;'

163

,smsf.dkq jid ±óug fyda jrola isÿ jQ nj m%uKj;a idCIs fkdue;sj ksYaph lsÍug fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.ka b,a,k ,o ksYÑ a ; wjia:d .ek wmf.a iïuqL idlÉcdj,§ fy<s lrk ,È'

106

107

8 ¥IKh uev meje;aùu i|yd f.k we;s mshjr fmdÿfõ iEu rcfha fomd¾;fïka;=jlau úfYaIfhka fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fõ;a wvd, ùug m%Odk;u fya;=j ù we;afa ;a úúO iajrEmfhka ysi Tijk ¥IKhhs' fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j foi iuia; jYfhka n,k úg" tys iajdëk;ajhla fkd;sfnk nj meyeÈ,sh' cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu msyg s j q k ,oafoa tu ÿ¾j,;djg ms<h s ula jYfhka jqjo" ie<lsh hq;= fjkila isÿ lsÍug ;rï m%udKj;a ld,hla th l%h s d;aulj fkdmej;=Kq fyhsk"a fldñiu t;rï id¾:l fkdjQ njg u;hla mj;S' ¥IKfha idïm%odhsl iajrEmh jk w,a,i kï fndfydaÿrg wvq ù we;' tfia jqjo" ud¾. kS;s lv lsÍu iïnkaOfhka fmd,sih s yd iïnkaO;d meje;a jQ wh w;ßka 38'2] la fmd,sih s g w,a,ia jYfhka uqo,a § we;' cd;sl ye÷kqïm;" .uka n,m;%h fyda ßhÿre n,m;%h iïnkaOfhka fmd,sih s yd iïnkaO;d meje;a jQ whf.ka 7] la o fmd,sih s g w,a,ia uqo,a § we;' w,a,ia ms<n s | fujeks iq¿ isÿùï idudkHfhka w,a,ia fldñiu úiska mÍCIKhg Ndckh lrkq ,efí' tfy;a w,a,ia fldñiug l%h s d l< yelafla Bg ,efnk idOdrK meñKs,s u; muKls' fmd,sifs ha iajdêk;ajh uolu ksid isÿjk fjk;a ¥IK j¾.hla o we;' ¥IKh hkq w,a,i muKla njg jerÈ wjfndaOhla mej;=k o" whq;= n,mEu yd {d;s ix.%yh jeks fjk;a iajrEmj, ¥IK o we;' fmd,sifs hka hym;a fiajhla ,nd .ekSug kï hï m%udKhl n,mEula wjYH nj fmdÿ úYajdihla mj;S' 61'3] lf.a yeÕSu jQfha fmd,sifs hka hym;a fiajhla ,nd .ekSug kï ksis foaYmd,k iïnkaOhla wjYH njhs' 61'7] lf.a woyi jQfha fmd,sia fiajh ,nd .ekSug kï" fmd,sia ks,OdÍka yd iu. fm!oa.,sl iïnkaOhla ;sìh hq;= njhs' fmd,sia fiajh ,nd .ekSug Wiia iudc ;;ajhka wjYH nj 59'2] la o" uqo,a fm<Uùula wjYH nj 57'2] la o úYajdi l<y' fmd,sih s fj;ska hql; a h s yd idOdrK fiajhla ,nd .ekSug tjeks lsiÿ s n,mEula wkjYH nj W!j m<df;a nyq;rhla úYajdi l<y' ¥IKfha fuu iajrEmhka mj;akd ¥IK u¾ok hdka;%Khla úiska fkdms<. s efka' tfyhska tjeks ¥IK je,elaùug ud¾. l%h s d;aul fkdflf¾' wjYH iïm;a iSudjk ;;ajhla hgf;a hï m%uL q ;d wkqm< s fs j,la wkqj l%h s d lsÍug wjYH nj meyeÈ,sh' tfy;a tu m%uL q ;d wkqm< s fs j, hgf;a by< ;;ajhla orK whg jeä m%uL q ;djhla ,nd fkdÈh hq;h = ' wd¾Ól yd idudchSh whs;j s dislï iïnkaOfhka óg iudk ;;ajhla ol=Kq wdm%l s dfõ mj;S' tys mj;akd l%uh wkqj" iudkd;au;dj wdrCId lsßfï woyisk"a l=uk frda.k S a frday,g we;=<;a l< hq;=o yd l=uk frda.k S a we;=<;a lr fkd.; hq;= ±hs ksYÑ a ; Wmudkhka frday,a fj; kshu lsÍu wjYH fõ' l=uk mÍCIK blauka l< hq;= o yd iïm;a flf,i fjka l< 108

hq;= o ksYp a h flfrk Wmudkhka kshu lsÍu fuys§ isÿ úh hq;=h' m%Nj + rekaf.a wdrCId lgqh;= iïnkaOfhka úfYaI u. fmkaùula wjYH fõ' fï lreKq bÈßfha" ±kg l%h s d;aul jk ¥IK u¾ok Wmdh ud¾. fuu mßÉfþofha§ ú.%y flf¾' ¥IKh msgq ±lSu i|yd .kq ,efnk l%h s d ud¾. uQ,l s j¾. ;=klg fnod ±laúh yelsh' úu¾Yk ;=<k s a ¥IK je<elaùu" ¥IK wjia:d wvq lsÍu yd wOHdmkh yryd ¥IK je<elaùu jYfhka' fuu mßÉfþ§ fuu l%h s d ud¾. yd tajdfha id¾:lNdjh ú.%yhg ,lalr" wjYH ixfYdaOk bÈßm;a flf¾' Y%S ,xldfõ ¥IK u¾ok Wmdh ud¾. m%Odk jYfhka w,a,ia fldñiug yd cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiug iSud fõ' w,a,ia iajrEmfhka isÿjk ¥IKh ms<n s | lgqh q ; q = lsÍu w,a,ia fldñifï j.lSu jk w;r" cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu úfYaIfhkau fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fõ iajdëk;ajh wdrCId lsÍug;a" {d;s ix.%yh je<elaùug yd fjk;a j¾.j, fm<Uùï je<elaùug;a l%h s d lrhs' fï yereKq úg" ¥IKhg uq,j a k mßmd,kuh ÿ¾j,;d .Kkdjka fmd,sim a ;sjrhd úiska y÷kdf.k we;s w;r" mßmd,k l%u ixfYdaOk ;=<k s a tu ÿ¾j,;d bj;a 164 lsÍug mshjr ±kgu;a wdrïN lr we;'

8'1 ±kg Y%S ,xldfõ l%h s d;aul jk ¥IK u¾ok Wmdh ud¾. 8'1'1 cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu msyg s ù q ug úêúOdk imhk ,oafoa 2001 wxl 17 jk wdKavq l%u jHjia:d 17 jk ixfYdaOkh hgf;ah' tfy;a tu fldñiu ks, jYfhka msyg s j q k ,oafoa 2002 §h' fmd,sim a ;sjrhd yereKq úg wfkla fmd,sia ks,OdÍka m;a lsßu" Wiia lsÍu" ia:dk udre lsÍu" úkhdkql, + md,kh lsÍu yd 165 wia lsßu fldñifï n,;, j,g we;=<;a lr we;' fï yereKq úg" fmd,sia fiajhg wh;a fmd,sia ks,Odßhl=g tfrysj hï ysxikhg m;a mqo. a ,hl= úiska flfrk fmdÿ meñKs,s Ndr .ekSug yd úu¾Ykh lsÍug mámdáhla kshu lsÍu" tjeks ysxikhla i|yd iykhla ,nd §u i|yd md¾,sfïka;j = úiska mkjd we;s 166 kS;j s ,g wkql, + j fhda.H iykhla ,nd §u iy fmd,sia ks,Odßkaf.a ld¾hCIu;dj yd iajdëk;dj jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu o fldñifï j.lSï w;r fõ'167 fukhska i<ld n,k úg" b;d mq¿,a jYfhka i|yka l<fyd;a" fmd,sifs ha by< uÜgïj,ska t,a,jk n,mEïj,ska yd foaYmd,k n,mEïj,ska fmd,sia ks,OdÍka wdrCId lsÍu" fmd,sifs hka mSvdjlg Ndckh jQ mqo. a ,hka fj; iykhla ,nd 164

ixj¾Okh i|yd u. t< lsßu ie<eiafï§ ¥IKh jeo.;a m%Yk a hla f,i ksYÑ a ; f,i i|yka fkdùu ie<lssh hq;=h' 165 17 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaaOkfha 188 W ^1& ^w& j.ka;sh 166 17 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaaOkfha 188 W ^2& j.ka;sh 167 17 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaaOkfha 188 W ^3& j.ka;sh

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§u yd fmd,sifs ha ld¾hCIu;dj jeä ÈhqKq lsßu cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï m%Odk ld¾hka fõ' fldñifï n,;, fmd,sia ks,Odßka m;a lsÍu" Wiia lsÍu" ia:dk udre lsßu" úkhdkql, + md,kh lsßu yd wia lsßu ms<n s |j muKla njg mj;sk uyck u;h idjoH fõ' fmd,sia ks,OdÍka Wiia lsÍu yd ia:dk udre lsÍu iïnkaOfhka fmd,sim a ;sjrhd iy cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu w;r uq,a ld,fha§ n, wr.,hla mej;=K's 2003 § foaYmd,k n,mEï u; ie,iqï lrk ,o ia:dk udre lsÍï 60 la cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï ueÈy;aùfuka j<lajk ,È'168 óg wu;rj" uyck meñKs,s iïnkaOfhka wjYH mshjr .ekSu i|yd fldñiu úiska Èia;l s% a uÜgfï iïnkaO;d lñgq y;la msyg s j q k ,È' uq,§ uyck meñKs,s 26 la ,enqKq w;r tajd mÍCIKhg Ndckh lrk ,È' Wiiaùï ,nd .ekSug wjYH iqÿiqlï ms<n s |j kS;s yd kshuhka fldñiu úiska m%ldYhg m;a lr we;' úkhdkql, + lghq;=j,§ wkq.ukh l< hq;= mámdáka o fldñiu úiska kshu lr we;' fï wkqj i<ld n,k úg" foaYmd,k n,mEï fya;=fjka isÿjk ¥IK l%h s d iSud lsÍug cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu iu;a ù we;s nj m%ldY l< yelsh'169 tfia jqjo" cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu fj; fmd,sia ks,OdÍka fndfyda fofkl= ;enQ úYajdih m¨ÿ ù we;s nj lsj hq;=h'170 fndfyda fmd,sia ks,Odßyq ;ukag foaYmd,k ia:dk udreùï ,efí hhs b;d ìfhka miqfj;s'171 ióCIKhg iyNd.s jQ fmd,sia ks,OdÍka 52'2] la m%ldY lf<a Tjqkf.a rdcldß lghq;= ìfhka ieflka f;drj bgq lsÍug cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu Tjqkg iydh fkdjk njhs' tjeks iydhla ;ukag fkd,efnk nj mejiqfõ 26'8] la muKls' fldñifï iydh fkd,efnk nj mjik whf.ka nyq;rhla my< fY%K A j s , - tkï" fldia;dm,a yd ierhka fY%K a j s ,g wh;a wh ùu wjOdkhg ,la úh hq;= ,CIKhls' fï iïnkaOfhka fldñiu .ek iEySulg m;a fkdjQ fmd,sia fldia;dm,ajrekaf.a m%;Y s ;h 18'7] la muKls' fcHIaG fmd,sia ks,Odßkaf.a hï ¥Is; ksfhda.j,g jvd;au md;%jkafka yd ta .ek fldñifï iydh jvd;au wjYH jkafka;a by; i|yka lrk ,o lKsIG a fY%K a j s , whùu fya;=fjka fuu ;;ajh ie<lsh hq;= m%Yk a hls' fmd,sih s we;=<; mßmd,kuh lreKq iïnkaOfhka cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu id¾:l jQ njla fmfkkakg ;sfnk kuq;"a my< fY%K a j s , fmd,sia ks,OdÍka úiska isÿ flfrk iq¿ w,a,ia .ekSï iïnkaOj fldñiu úi÷ula fidhd.;a njla fmfkkakg ke;' uyckhd yg jeä jYfhkau uqK .efikafka lKsIG a fY%K a j s , 168

5 jk mßÉfþoh cd'fmd'fld' ms<n s | yd Bg mjrk ,o n,;, ms<n s | úfõpk i|yd 5 jk mßÉfþoh n,kak 170 fiajfha isák ks,OdÍka 770 la wyUq f,i f;dard iïuqL idlÉPd meje;aùfuka 2005 fmnrjdß 05 isg 08 Èk olajd;" fmnrjdß 10 isg ud¾;= 03 olajd;a ’fidaI,a bkaäflag¾ ¶ wdh;kh úiska ’g%dkaif a markais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh¶ fjkqfjka mj;ajk ,o iemehqïldr ióCIKh 171 Y%'S ,x'g%d'b' wdh;kh úiska l=reKE.,§ yd uykqjr§ m%cd in|;d ks,OdÍka iu. mj;ajk ,o iïuqL idlÉPdj,§ /ialr .kakd ,o f;dr;=re 169

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fmd,sia ks,Odßka neúka" fuu ks,Odßka úiska isÿ flfrk n,;, whq;= f,i fhdod .ekSï yd w,a,ia .ekSï fmd,sifs ha lS¾;s kduhg b;d úYd, jYfhka le<,a we;s lrk nj ie<lsh hq;=h'172 cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiug úreoaOj t,a,jk m%n,;u úfõpkh uyck meñKs,s ms<n s | tys ld¾h mámdáhg wod< fõ' tlai;a cd;Skfa .a udkj ysñlï fldñiu mejiQ mßÈ" cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu úiska uyck meñKs,s ms<n s |j l%h s d lsÍug ld¾h mámdáhla jydu ;SrKh l< hq;= úh' tfy;a tjekakla ;ju;a isÿ ù fkdue;' 17 jk ixfYdaOkfha 155 W ^2& j.ka;h s uyck meñKs, s s ms<n s | ld¾h mámdáhla i|yka lr ;sfnk kuq;"a fï ms<n s |j fjku tallhla msyg s ù q ug cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu fuf;la mshjr f.k fkdue;' ;jo" {d;s ix.%yh yd foaYmd,k n,mEï ms<n s |j uyckhdg ;u wm%idoh m< lsßug hï wjia:djla o cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu úiska imhd Èh hq;=h' cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï ks,Odßka nyq;rhla w¾O ld,Sk jYfhka fiajh lrk ksid yd §¾. úu¾Yk meje;aùug m%udKj;a ld, fõ,djla Tjqkg fkd;sfnk ksid o" tfia isÿùu iel iys;h' uyckhd w;ßka cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu .ek wid ;snfq Ka 49'1] la muKla nj uyck woyia ióCIKfha§ fy<s úh' niakdysr" jhU yd W!j m<d;aj, nyq;rhla cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu .ek wid ;snQ w;r" uOHu" ol=K"q W;=reuOHu yd inr.uq m<d;aj, nyq;rhla fldñiu .ek ±k fkdisáhy' ;jo" cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu b;d M,odhs nj úYajdi lrkafka fmdÿckhd w;r 3'5] la muKls' th ;rula M,odhs nj 30] la úYajdi lr;s' cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu t;rï M,odhs fkdjk nj 17'9] la yd th fldfy;au t,odhs fkdjk nj 13'6] la o úYajdi lr;s'

8'1'2 w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñiu ^w,a,ia fldñiu& 1994 wxl 19 orK mk; hgf;a msyg s j q k ,o w,a,ia fldñifï ksYÑ a ; wruqKq jQfha w,a,ia yd ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Ykhg Ndckh lsÍu;a" w,a,ia wd{d mk; yd 1973 wxl 1 orK j;alï yd j.lSï fy<orõ lsrfS ï kS;h s hgf;a isÿ flfrk jerÈ i|yd wNsfpdaokd bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd ud¾f.damfoia §u;ah'173 flfia jqjo fldñiu úu¾Ykh l< yelafla ’wjHdc meñKs,¶s muKls' Bg ta ksid ;ukaf.au úu¾Ykj, fhÈh fkdyel' w,a,ia fomd¾;fïka;=fõ úu¾Yk wxYh iukaú; ù ;sfnkafka fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fõu ks,Odßkaf.ka muKls' fuu ks,Odßyq fmd,sim a ;sjrhdf.a ia:dk udre ksfhda.j,g hg;a fj;s' fuu ;;ajh hï hï m%Yk a j,g ;=vq fohs' iuyrúg úu¾Yk mj;ajk ks,OdÍkayg" miqj úu¾Ykhg Ndckh lrk ,o ks,OdÍka iu.u fiajh lsÍug isÿ úh yelsh' 172 173

fï ksid r:jdyk fmd,sish úiska w,a,ia .ekSï ksid iuia; fmd,sisfhau fyd| ku úkdY fõ' 1994 wxl 19 orK w,a,ia yd ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñiu wd{d mk; ^m%i; a djkdj&

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2002 jif¾oS fldñiu úiska wêlrKh fj; bÈßm;a lrk ,o rcfha fiajlhka 29 fokdf.ka 25 fofklau fmd,sia ks,Odßyq jQy' 2003 § fldñiu úiska wêlrKh fj; bÈßm;a lrk ,o rcfha fiajlhkaa 23 fofkl=f.ka 12 fofkla fmd,sia ks,Odßyq jQy' w,a,ia fldñiu iïmQ¾Kfhkau wid¾:l fkdjQ nj bka fmkS hk kuq;"a fuu kvq fndfydauhla ’w,a,ia¶ yd iïnkaO jQ tajd ñi" fjk;a ¥IK l%h s d yd iïnkaO tajd fkdjQfhah' ;jo" wêlrKh fj; bÈßm;a lrk ,o rcfha fiajlhka w;r jeä jYfhka fmd,sia ks,Odßka isá ksidu" fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j jvd;au ¥Is; wdh;kh f,i ie<lSu idOdrK fkdjk nj isy; s nd .; hq;=h' fmd,sih s yd uyck;dj w;r ks;r ks;r uqK .eiSï isÿjk fyhsk"a fmd,sih s yd iïnkaO ¥IK fjk;a rcfha fomd¾;fïka;= ;=< isÿjk ¥IKj,g jvd fnfyúka meñKs,s lrkq ,efí' ;jo" ¥IK uÜgu o fjkiah' fmd,sih s ;=< isÿjk w,a,ia iïnkaOfhka w,a,ia §ug isÿjkafka idudkHfhka ÿmam;a ck;djg jk w;r" bka Tjqkg jdishla isÿ fkdfõ' tfyhska meñKs,s lsÍug wjia:d wêlh' ksoiqkla ±lajj q fyd;a" f¾.=j iïnkaO w,a,ia wjia:dj,§ w,a,ia §ug isÿjkafka jHdmdßlhka ygh' w,a,ia §fuka tu jHdmdßlhka yg úYd, jdis isÿjk ksid meñKs,s lsÍï isÿ fkdfõ' fldñiu msyg s j q k ,oafoa m%Odk jYfhkau ¥IK fpdaokd úNd. lsÍu i|yd ksid" ¥IKh msgq olsk Wmdh ud¾. fh§ug fyda ¥IKh ms<n s |j uyckhdf.a ±kqj;alu jeäÈhqKq lsÍug mshjr .ekSug th ne£ fkdue;' tfiajj q o" ¥IKh ms<n s |j uyckhd ±kqj;a lsÍug fukau" ¥IK meñKs,s le|ùug o fldñiu l%h s dlr we;' tu l%h s dud¾.hka fndfyda ÿrg id¾:l ù we;' Y%S ,xldfõ w,a,ia fldñiu uQ,l s jYfhka l%h s d lrkafka mÍCIK meje;aùu i|yd ñi" ¥IKh je,elaùfï Wmdh ud¾. iïnkaOfhka fyda m%cd in|;djka iïnkaOfhka fkdjk nj isys ;nd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ' fmd,sih s ;=< ¥IKhg tfrysj l%h s d lrk m%Odk wdh;k fol cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu yd w,a,ia fldñiuh' w,a,ia fldñifï m%Odk wjOdkh fhduq jkafka ¥IK ld¾hkays fhfok ks,Odßka kS;h s bÈßhg muqKj q d Tjqkg ovqjï ,nd §u flfrysh' cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu jeä jYfhkau ksr; jkafka foaYmd,k n,mEï u¾okh lsÍu ;=<k s a ¥IK wju lsÍfï ld¾hkayh s ' fï yereKq úg" úfYaI úu¾Yk tallhg meñKs,s lsÍu jeks idudkH mámdá wkq.ukh lsÍu ;=<k s a o uyckhd yg ¥Is; ks,Odßkag úreoaOj mshjr .; yelsfõ'

8'1'3 úfYaI úu¾Yk tallh Y%S ,xld fmd,sifs ha mÍCIK l%h s d mámdáh úfYaI úu¾Yk tallhhs' fuu tallfha ld¾hh uyck meñKs,s Ndrf.k úu¾Yk meje;aùuh' tfy;a fuu tallh iyldr fmd,sia wêldÍka ;=ka y;r fokl=f.ka muKla iukaú; fõ' meñKs,s igyka lr .ekSfï ld¾h l< yelafla i'fmd'w' fyda Bg by< ks,Odßkag muKla fyhsk"a m%udo ùu je<elaúh fkdyelsh' ;jo" jOysxid yd lDr;r 112

ie<lSï iïnkaOfhka Y%S ,xld fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j kïord isák fyhsk"a uyckhd ;u meñKs,s fmd,sih s fj;g bÈßm;a lrkq we;ehs wfmaCId l< fkdyelsh' fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j iajdëk úu¾Yk wxYhla msyg s ú q h hq;= nj t'cd'ud'y'fld' mjid we;' úfYaI úu¾Yk tallh iajdëk njla lsj fkdyel' fï w;r" m%dfoaYh S meñKs,s uOHia:dkh msyg s ù q fuka úfYaI úu¾Yk tall úuOH.; lsÍfï l%h s d ms<fs j<la o wkq.ukh flfrñka mj;S' tu l%h s d ms<fs j< ;ju;a uq,a wÈhf¾ mj;s' fuh m%Yxid ,eìh hq;= m%h;akhl' tys id¾:lNdjh .ek ;ju hula lsj fkdyelsh' ;jo fjk;a rgj, wNHka;r lgqh; q = Ndr ld¾hdxY fuka fkdj" úfYaI úu¾Yk tallhkaj, fiajh lrk ks,Odßyq tu tallj,g wh;a ks,Odßyq fkdjk ksid ia:dkudrej,g Ndckh fj;s' fï ;;ajh hgf;a úu¾Yk mj;ajk ks,Odßkayg tu úu¾Ykj,g ,lajk ks,Odßka iu. iuyrúg fiajh lsÍug isÿúh yelsh'174

8'2 fmd,sim a ;sjrhd úiska uE;l§ l%h s d;aul l< mßmd,kuh fjkialï ±kg l%h s d;aulj mj;akd hdka;%Khkag wu;rj" ¥IKh iSud lsÍfï w¨;a l%u lsym s hla fmd,sim a ;s pkaød m%kdkaÿ uy;d úiska l%h s d;aul lr we;' ¥IKh my; i|yka iQ;%h u.ska ukdj ks¾jpkh lr we;' wNsu;h ¤ taldêldrh - j.lSj hq;N = djh } ¥IKh my; i|yka l%u u.ska wNsu;h iy mj;akd taldêldr iSud lr j.lsjhq;= nj j¾Okh lsÍug fmd,sim a ;sjrhd mshjr f.k we;'

8'2'1 wNsu;h iSud lsÍu ud¾. kS;s lv lsÍu ms<n s |j l%h s d lSÍfï§ fmd,sia ks,OdÍka fj; ;sfnk wNsu;h iSud lr we;’ r:jdyk md,kfha ksr; fldia;dm,ajrekaf.a ld¾hhkag ueÈy;a fkdjk f,i fcHIaG fmd,sia ks,OdÍkag Wmfoia § we;’

8'2'2 taldêldrhka ì| ±óu fmd,sih s hgf;a mj;akd iuyr m%foaY ;=< taldêldrhka mj;ajd .ekSug iuyr lKavdhï uE;l isg weíneys ù we;' fujeks taldêldrhka ksid ¥IKh myiqfjkau ysi Tijhs' flfiao lsjfyd;a" wod< m%foaYhla hgm;a lrf.k isák odußlhka fyda fjk;a wh úiska fmd,sia ks,Odßka ’ñ,g f.k¶ tu.ska tu m%foaY ;=< taldêldrhla we;s lr .kS' ’n,h ¥IKh fõ¶ wêl n,h wêl f,i ¥IKh fõ" hk m%ldYh fmd,sih s iïnkaOfhkao fhda.H fõ' fmd,sih s hgf;a mj;akd hï hï wxYhkays taldêldrhka msyg s j q df.k ;sfnk wdldrh;a" fmd,sih s úiska ta ;=<k s a ¥IKh isÿùu je<elaùug W;aidy lrk wdldrh;a my; i|yka ksoiqka foflka fmfkkq we;' 174

úfYaI úu¾Yk tallfha l%h s dldß;ajh i|yd n,kak ‘A Continuing Dillemma: The Prevalence of State Sponsored Violence in Sri Lanka” LST Review, Vol 15. 208 & 209, February & March 2005

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8'2'2'1 ta ta m%foaYhka ;=< fmd,sih s g ysñ taldêldrh mßmd,kuh fya;k = a u; Y%S ,xld fmd,sih s " n, m%foaY" Èia;l s% a yd fmd,sia ia:dkj,g fnod fjka lr we;' fuys m%;M s ,hla jYfhka iuyr fmd,sia ia:dk ;u ;ukag wh;a m%foaY ;=< taldêldrhla mj;ajd .ekSug iu;a ù we;' fuu l%uh hgf;a úI u;aøjH cdjdrïlrefjda yd yDoidCIshg úreoaOj l%shd lrk iuyr foaYmd,{fhda fmd,sia ia:dk ;=< hï ks,OdÍka iu. hï ñ;%;j a hla mj;ajd .ekSug iu;a fj;s' fï wdldrfhka Tjqyq fmd,sifs ha ’ueÈy;aùfuka f;drj¶ ;u cdjdrïf.k hdug iu;a fj;s' fï yereKq úg" iuyr fmd,sia ia:dkj, m%OdkSka mjd md;d, f,dalfha kdhlhka úiska uqo,a ud¾.fhka Tjqkfa .a wKilg hg;a lr f.k we;' fuu ;;ajh hgf;a m%cdj wirKNdjhg m;a ù" m%foaYfha wmrdOj,g tfrysj lsij s la l< fkdyelsj isá;s' fuu ;;ajhg ms<h s ula jYfhka ’uOHu ¥IK u¾ok yuqod¶ l%uh wdrïN lr we;' fuu ¥IK u¾ok tall ryiH f,i l%h s d lrk w;r úI u;aøjH cdjdrïlrejka b,lal lr .ks;'s l=vd mßudK fj<ÿka miq mi fkdj uyd mßudK úI u;aøjH cdjdrïlrejka miq miu muKla fmd,sih s hd hq;= njg ;snQ woyi ±ka m%;fs CIam lrkq ,en we;' Y%S ,xldfõ úI u;aøjH fjf<|fmdf,a m%Odk l%h s dlrefjda iq¿ fjf<kafoda fj;s' uyd mßudK yjq,l a rejka úfoaYj, isák iemhqïlrejkah' fuu uOHu tall t;rï m%io s ê a hg m;a ù fkdue;af;a tajd ryis.;j l%h s dlrk ksidh' tu tall ksid úI u;aøjH fj<|du fndfyda ÿrg wvq ù we;' Bg wu;rj" fuu tall ksid" ¥IK l%h s dj,g yjq,ù a ug hï ìhla fmd,sia ia:dk w;r olakg ,efí' hï fmd,sia ia:dkhla u;aøjH cdjdrïlrejka w,a,d .ekSug wiu;a jqjfyd;a fyda ;u m%foaY ;=< u;aøjH fj<|dula fkdue;s nj jd¾;d lr ;snK q fyd;a" túg uOHu ÿIK u¾ok tallhla u.ska tu m%foaY ;=< u;aøjH fjf<kaoka w,a,d.kq ,enqjfyd;a" túg fmd,sia ia:dkh f.k hk fm%dv a dj fy<sorõ fõ' fuu l%uh jeä jYfhkau b,lal lrkq ,nkafka u;aøjH cdjdrï fj;h' tu l%ufha olakg ,efnk uQ,O¾uh b;d jeo.;a fõ'

8'2'2'2 fgkav¾ ms<n s | taldêldrh fgkav¾ Ndr§u iïnkaOfhka by; ld,fha§ ;dCIK we.ehSï lñgqjg taldêldrhla ysñ ù ;sìK' fgkav¾ uKav,fha iNdm;s f;dardm;a lsÍfï n,h úIhNdr ksfhdacH fmd,sim a ;sjrhd fj; mjrd ;sìKs' tfy;a w¨;a l%uh hgf;a ;dCIK we.ehSï lñgqfõ we.ehSu ms<. s ekSug fgkav¾ uKav, ne£ ke;' we.ehSï lsÍfï n,;, fgkav¾ uKav,h fj; mjrk ,È' ;jo" fgkav¾ uKav,hg iemhqïlrejka mqo. a ,slj uqK .eiSu ;ykï úh' iemhqï Ndr ksfhdacH fmd,sim a ;sjrhd iajdëk ksÍCIlhl= f,i lghq;= lrhs' Tyq fgkav¾ uKav,fha idudðlhka fkdfõ' .nvd l<uKdlref.a taldêldrh o bj;a lrk 114

,È' NdKav Ndr .ekSug fmr" tajdfha m%ñ;sh idïm,fha m%ñ;shg iudk nj iy;sl lr .ekSu i|yd NdKav ;dCIK we.ehSï lïgqj úiska wkqu; l< hq;= úh' ;jo" fgkav¾ bÈßm;a lsÍu f,aLk.; iemhqïlrejkag muKla iSud fkdlr" Wkkaÿjla olajk ´kEu md¾Yjhlg újD; lrk ,È'

8'2'3 j.lSï y÷kd.; yels l%u moaO;shla msyg s ù q u ;uka hgf;a fiajh lrk whf.a l%h s djka i|yd fcHIaG ks,Odßka j.lsj hq;= l%u moaO;shla ìys lsÍu ;=<k s a j.lSï ms<n s |j ish,a,kau iSrefjka ;nk mshjr .ek fmd,sim a ;sjrhdf.a wjOdkh fhduq ù ;sfí' fï wkqj" n,h whq;= f,i fhdod .ekSu ms<n s |j lKsIG a ks,OdÍka jerÈlrejka lrk ,ofyd;a" ia:dk Ndr ks,Odßhd ta .ek j.lSu Ndr.; hq;=h' udrú, fmd,sifs ha i;r fofkl= w,a,ia fpdaokd iïnkaOfhka w;awvx.=jg .kakd ,o wjia:dfõ§" ia:dk Ndr ks,Odßhd Bg j.lsj hq;= úh' fuu j.lsj hq;; a d y÷kd .ekSu ilrK l%h s dj,g muKla fkdj wlrKh i|yd o l%h s d;aul fõ'175

8'3 Y%S ,xldfõ ¥IK u¾ok Wmdh ud¾. yd f.da,h S miqìu Y%S ,xldfõ ¥IK u¾ok Wmdh ud¾.hka fuu fldgfia§ fydxfldxys l%h s d;aul jk ¥IK u¾ok iajdëk fldñiu yd iu. ikaikaokd;aulj i<ld nef,a' fuu fydxfldx fldñiu fj; wjOdkh fhduq flfrkafka th f,dalfha wka rgj,g wdo¾Yhla jYfhka ms<. s efkk fyhsk's fydxfldx ¥IK u¾ok iajdëk fldñiu f;jeoEreï l%h s d ud¾.hla .kakd nj 176 fmfka' th úu¾Ykh" je<elaùu yd wOHdmkh hk ;%ú s O wxYhka fj; wjOdkh fhduq lrh' úu¾Yk lghq;= fufyhqï fomd¾;fïka;=j Ndrfha mj;S' fuu fomd¾;fïka;=j fm%dl a ; a ¥IK l%h s d ms<n s | meñKs,s Ndrf.k" tajd fj; ie<ls,, a fhduq lr" tajd úu¾Ykhg Ndckh lrhs' ksjdrKh" ¥IK ksjdrK fomd¾;fïka;=fõ j.lSu fõ' fuu fomd¾;fïka;=j rcfha fomd¾;fïka;=j, yd fmdÿ wdh;kj, mßphka yd mámdáka ú.%yhg Ndckh lrñka ¥IKhg we;s bvlv iSud lrhs' Bg wu;rj" mqo. a ,sl wdh;kj,ska b,a,ï S ,enqKfyd;a" tajdg ¥IK ksjdrl Wmdh ud¾. ms<n s | Wmfoia ,ndfohs' wOHdmk lghq;= Ndrj l%h s d lrkafka m%cd iïnkaO;d fomd¾;fïka;=jhs' fuu fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ld¾hh ¥IKfha wd§kj ms<n s |j uyckhd ±kqj;a lsÍu yd ¥IKh msgq ±lSug uyck iyfhda.h m%j¾Okh lsÍuhs'

175 176

fmd,sim a ;s pkaød m%kdkaÿ uy;d iu. mj;ajk ,o iïuqL idlÉPdjlsk’s http://www.icac.org.hk/eng/main/

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Y%S ,xldfõ ¥IK u¾ok Wmdh ud¾. ±kg jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrkafka úu¾Ykh flfrysh' ksjdrk lghq;= yd wOHdmkh fkdi<ld yefrk ;rïh' ksjdrK lghq;= yd wOHdmk lghq;= CIKsl fyda lemS fmfkk m%;M s , we;s fkdlrhs' tfia jqjo" tu l%h s d ud¾. fol ¥IKfhka f;dr iudchla ;sridr f,i mj;ajd .ekSug u. i<ihs' tfyhska tu l%h s d ud¾. fol o úu¾Yk lghq;= yd iudka;rj wkq.ukh l< hq;=fõ' uyck ±kqj;alu jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd w,a,ia fldñiu úiska wOHdmk jHdmD;s Èh;a lr ;sîu;a" fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j ;=< ¥IKh msgq ±lSug l%fudaml%u fmd,sim a ;sjrhd úiska fhdod ;sîu;a" fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j ;=< mj;akd ksYÑ a ; ¥IK m%Yk a j,g wod<j l%h s d lsÍug ud¾f.damfoaY lñgqjla Tyq úiska m;a lr ;sîu;a i;=gg lreKls' ia:dk udre lsÍï yd Wiia lsÍï i|yd mßl%uhka kshu lsÍfuka cd'fmd'fld' tu fCI;% ;=< foaYmd,k n,mEï iSud lsÍug lghq;= lr ;sîu o i;=gg lreKls' tfia jqjo" fmd,sih s ;=< ¥IKhg fya;=jk .eUqre fya;k + a foi jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍu yd ¥IK ksjdrK w¨;a Wmdh ud¾. fidhd ne,Su wjYH nj fmkajd Èh hq;=h' fïjd uÜgï foll§ isÿúh hq;=h' ud¾. kS;s lv lrkakkaf.ka w,a,ia ,nd .ekSu yd meñKs,s igyka lr.ekSu i|yd yd meñKs,j s , msgm;a ksl=;a lsÍu i|yd mdßf;daI; s ,nd .ekSu jeks iq¿ ¥IK l%h s d m%:ufhka fu,a, l< hq;= fõ' foaYmd,k n,mEï yd md;d, f,dalh úiska fmd,sia ks,Odßka fufyhjkq ,eîu jeks uyd mßudK ¥IK m%Yk a fj; bkamiq ie<ls,, a fhduq l< hq;= fõ' fuu ¥IK j¾. folu u¾okh lsÍu iudk f,i jeo.;a nj fmkajd Èh hq;=fõ' lKsIG a ks,Odßyq miqj fcHIaG ;k;=rej,g Wiia lrkq ,efnhs' fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j ¥Is; wdh;khla njg woyila uyckhd ;=< we;s jqjfyd;a" fmd,sih s fj; uyck úYajdih ì£ f.dia" fmd,sih s g ;u fiajdjka id¾:l f,i l< fkdyels ;;ajhla Wodjkq we;'

8'4 ±kg l%h s d;aulj mj;sk hdka;K % hkaf.a id¾:l;ajh óg fmr cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï ks, ld,h 2005 § wjika úh' w¨;a fldñifï idudðlhka m;a lsÍug m%:ufhka ^ks, ld,h wjika ù udihla we;=<;&" fmd,sia ks,Odßkaf.a ia:dk udre .Kkdjlau isÿ lrk ,È' th wdKavl q %u jHjia:djg mgyeKsh' Bg fmr cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï /ljrKh ,;a ks,Odßyq ia:dk udre ksfhda.j,g Ndckh lrk ,oy' fndfyda fmd,sia ks,OdÍkag cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu flfrys lsiÿ s úYajdihla fkd;snk neúka"s 116

Tjqyq by< ks,Odßkaf.ka uqyK q mdk ;¾ck iïnkaOfhka fldñifï wdrCIdj 177 s |j mj;sk fkdm;;s' ;jo" foaYmd,kuh n,mEï u; isÿjk ia:dkudre ms<n ìh we;a; jYfhkau ;=rka lsÍug cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu iu;a ù fkdue;'178 ¥IK l%h s dj,g iïnkaOùug leue;a;la fkdolajk fndfyda fmd,sia ks,OdÍka ;uka widOdrKhkag f.dÿrej isák nj;a" tfy;a iykhla ,nd .ekSug Tjqkg yelshdjla fkdue;s nj;a" mjiñka lkiai,af,ka miqjk nj fld<ôka msg fmd,sia ia:dk fj; yd m%cd ixúOdk fj; .sh .uka j,§ meyeÈ,sj olakd ,È' fmd,sia ks,Odßkaf.a wdrCIdj i|yd fhdod ;sfnk hdka;K % flfrys tu ks,OdÍkaf.a úYajdih lv ù we;akï" tu hdka;Kj, lsiÿ s M,la fkdue;s nj fmkajd Èh hq;= fõ' kS;h s g mgyeksj ia:dk udreùï úYd, ixLHdjla ksfIaO lsÍu .ek cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu fj; meiiqï ,eìh hq;= fiau" ;j ;j;a tfia lghq;= lrkq we;ehs fldñifuka wfmCId flf¾' fï yereKq úg" fldñifï idudðlhka mQ¾K ld,Sk ks,OdÍka úh hq;= hhs o ks¾foaY lrkq ,efí' fmd,sim a ;sjrhd o cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï idudðlhl= l< hq;= njg fhdackd bÈßm;a ù we;' fldñifï idudðslhka ish¿ fokdu rcfha fiajlhka úh hq;= njla woyia fkdflfrk fyhska tu fhdackd ms<. s ekSu wmyiqh' fmd,sim a ;sjrhd cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï idudðlhl= lrkq ,enqfjd;a" fldñifï iajdëk;ajh ;jÿrg;a ÿ¾j, jk nj muKla fkdj" fmd,sia ks,Odßkaf.ka ,efnk meñKs,s fndfydaÿrg wvqùu fkdje<elaúh yels nj o fmkajd §ug isÿ ù we;' ta w;ru" ish¿u ;SrKhka fmd,sim a ;sjrhd iu. idlÉcd lsÍfuka yd Tyqf.a tlÕ;ajh we;sj .; hq;= nj o isys ;nd .ekSu jeo.;ah' ;jo" uyck meñKs,s iïnkaOfhka úu¾Yk meje;aùu ms<n s |j fyda mßmd,kuh m%Yk a iïnkaOfhka cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiug wfmaCIs; whqre l%h s dlr fkdue;s neõ fmfkkakg we;' fmd,sih s ;=< ¥IKhg wod<j w,a,ia fldñiu iEfyk n,mEula lr we;s nj fmfka' idlall s rejkag" fmd,sia ks,OdÍka fj;ska ;¾ck t,a,jk wjia:dj,§ tu idCIslrejka wdrCId lsÍug mjd w,a,ia fldñiu bÈßm;a ù we;' tfy;a w,a,ia fldñiu u; mjrd we;s ld¾hhka m%udKh blaujd f.dia we;' tys ld¾h uKav,h m%udKj;a fkdjk ksid" fldñiu fj; bÈßm;a flfrk iEu 177

fiajfha isák ks,OdÍka 770 la wyUq f,i f;dard iïuqL idlÉPd meje;aùfuka 2005 fmnrjdß 05 isg 08 Èk olajd;a" fmnrjdß 10 isg ud¾;= 03 olajd;a ’fidaI,a bkaäflag¾¶ wdh;kh úiska ’g%dkaif a markais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh¶ fjkqfjka mj;ajk ,o iemehqïldr ióCIKh 178 ks,Odßka iu. mj;ajk ,o iïuqL idlÉPdj,§ fuh meyeÈ,s úh' Tjqka cd'fmd'fld' ;sfnk nj ±k isá kuq;a" idOdrK fõjd fyda widOdrK fõjd" Tjqka ;=< cd'fmd'fld' ms<sn| úYajdihla f.dv ke.S fkd;snqKs'

117

fpdaokdjlau úNd. lsÍug Bg fkdyels fõ' ;jo" ¥IKh ksjdrKh lsÍu i|yd w¨;a Wmdh ud¾. fh§ug fldñiu W;ail q fkdfõ' uyck;dj o meñKs,s bÈßm;a lsrug WodiSk njla olajhs' ta w;r cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï mÍCIKhka o wjHdc meñKs,j s ,g muKla iSud fõ' isú,a iudch fmd,sifs ha ¥IK .ek l;d lsÍug buy;a Wkkaÿjla olajk kuq;"a ksYÑ a ; meñKs,s bÈßm;a lsÍug fndfyda miqng njla olajh' fmd,sim a ;sjrhd úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o w¨;a l%fudaml%u ffO¾hhla we;s lrk kuq;"a tajdfha id¾:lNdjh .ek ±kg lsij s la lsj fkdyel'

118

119

9 fmd,sia ¥IKhg tfrysj l%h s d lsÍu i|yd fjk;a rgj,aj, .kq ,nk l%uhka ms<n s | ;=,kd;aul wOHhkhla fmd,sia ¥IKh u¾okh lsÍu i|yd f;dard.;a fjk;a rgj,a lsym s hl l%h s d;aul jk l%u fuu mßÉfþofha§ ie<ls,, a g Ndckh fõ'179 j.lSu Ndr.; hq;= mqo. a ,hka y÷kd .ekSu yd mdroDYHNdjh jvd;a ld¾hCIu lrk yd ¥IKhg we;s bvlv iSud lrk Wmdh ud¾. lsym s hlau fuu rgj, Ndú;d fõ' fuu rgj, n,mj;akd wd¾Ól yd iudchSh miqìu Y%S ,xldfõ miqìug jvd fndfyda fia fjkia nj i;H jqjo" ÿIKh iïnkaOfhka úYd, fjkila fkdue;s nj fmkajd Èh yelsh' fjk;a rgj, Ndú;d flfrk l%fudaml%u ish,a,u tf,igu Y%S ,xldj ;=< l%h s d;aul l< fkdyels jqj;a" tu l%fudaml%u msgm q i we;s uQ,O¾u ksifs ,i wjfndaO lr .ekSu mjd Y%S ,xldjg jdisodhl úh yelsh' fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;= ;=< j.lSï y÷kd .ekSu i|yd l%h s d;aul flfrk wNHka;r yd ndysr hdka;K % hka fj; úfYaI wjOdkhla fuu mßÉfþofha§ fhduq flfrkq we;' fmd,sia fiajdjka bgq lsÍu wjk;Ndjh u; r|dmj;sk nj;a" ;uka fiajh lrk ck;djf.a úYajdih Èkd .ekSug wfmdfydi;a jk fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=jla fõkï" th b;d wid¾:l fomd¾;fïka;=jla nj;a lsj hq;=h' ck;dj ;=< úYajdih f.dvke.Sug kï" j.lSï Ndr mqo. a ,hka y÷kd.; yels ùu b;d jeo.;a fõ' m%cd iïnkaO;d f.dvke.sh yels jkafka;"a kS;h s yd iduh mj;ajd.ekSu ;=<k s a fmd,sia fiajfha ld¾hCIu;dj j¾Okh jkafka;a tjeks ;;ajhla hgf;a muKh'

9'1 ¥IKh u¾okh lsÍu i|yd Wmfhda.s lr .kakd l%u 9'1'1 weußld tlai;a ckmoh ^ksõfhda¾la k.rfha fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j& weußld tlai;a ckmofha cd;sl fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=jla fkdue;' ta fjkqjg fmd,sia n,ldhka .Kkdjla tys we;' wdKavl q %u jHjia:dfõ oyjk ixfYdaOkh wkqj" ish¿u n,;, m%dka;hkaf.a úIh md;%;djg wh;a fõ' fmd,sia n,;, fuu n,;, ldKavhg wh;a fyhska" fmd,sia n,;, m%dka; rdcHhkaf.a mrudêldrhg hg;a fõ' fï ksid" tla tla m%dka;h ;=< Bgu iqúfYaI jQ fmd,sia l%uhla we;' iuyr m%dka;j, m%dfoaYh S fmd,sia fiajdjka fukau kd.ßl fmd,sia n,ldhka o we;' ;j;a iuyr m%dka;j, m<d;ano fmd,sia l%uhla we;' iuyr weia;fïka;= wkqj" tlai;a ckmoh ;=< fmd,sia fiajdjka 20"000 la muK ;sfnk nj mejfik kuq;"a iuyr m%dka;j, yd k.rj, tlsfklg fjkia fmd,sia n,ldhka fol ;=klau ;sfnk ksid" ksjerÈ ixLHdjla i|yka lsÍu ÿIalrh' 179

fuu wOHhkhg fïjd wvx.= fõ' weußld tlai;a ckmofha" ksõfhda¾la fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j" tlai;a rdcOdksfha uQ,ia:dk fmd,sish" fydxfldx" bkaÈhdj iy mdlsia:dkh

120

ksõfhda¾la fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j tlai;a ckmofha úYd,;u fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;j = fõ' ¥IKh msgq ±lSu iïnkaOfhka úYsIg a jd¾;d fuu wdh;khg ysñjk ksid" fuys§ tu wdh;kh .ek úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq flf¾' ksõfhda¾la k.rfha fmd,sia fiajd jgiSud m%foaY yd fmare m%foaY (boroughs) jYfhka fnod fjka lr we;' fïjdg wu;rj" úfYaI ld¾hxY yd tallhka lsym s hlao msyg s j q d tajd fj; fjku ld¾hka Ndr § we;' uE; ld,h ;=<§ ks'fhda'fmd'fo' k.rh ;=< wmrdO wvq lsÍu iïnkaOfhka úYsIG a id¾:lNdjhla ,nd f.k we;' fuu id¾:lNdjh .ek úfYaI myiqlï ,eìh hq;fa ;a wmrdO ixLHdf,aLk ms<n s | mß.Kl o;a; nexl=jh' wmrdO jeä jYfhkau isÿjk ia:dk .ek ±k .ekSug yd tu ia:dk fj; wjYH iïm;a fhduq lsÍug;a fuu o;a; nexl=j ksid fmd,sih s g yelshdj ,efí' k.rdêm;s refvd,a*a .=h, s h s dks úiska 1990 oYlfha§ y÷kajd fok ,o w¨;a l%h s d ud¾. o fuu id¾:lNdjhg odhl úh' nuk fmdare Wäka mekhdu" ud¾. msßisÿ lsÍug .kakd WmlrKj,ska mÈlhkag myr §u" mÈl fõÈld u; ysÕd lEu hkd§ iq¿ jerÈ je<elaùug ±ä f,i l%h s d lrk f,i .=h, s h s dkq k.rdêm;sjrhd fmd,sih s g Wmfoia ÿkafkah' fujeks wmrdO u¾okh lsÍu ;=<k s a ^w& ;j ;j;a iellrejka mßCIKhg lsÍug fmd,sih s g wjia:djla ,eîfuka wú wdhqO j,ska yd úI u;aøjH j,ska k.rfha ùÓ ksoyiaj ;nd .ekSug yelsjk nj yd ^wd& ksõfhda¾la k.rfha b;d kS;. s rel mßirhla mj;akd njg woyila uyckhd w;r me;sÍ” kS;ú s frdaë hula l<fyd;a w,a,d.kq ,en ovqjï ú£ug isÿjk njla tu.ska yeÕS hdfuka" wmrdO wvqjk nj Tyq úYajdi lf<ah' Tyqf.a úYajdih tf,iu bgq úh' k.rh ;=< wmrdO wvq ùug mgka .;af;ah' l,la .; jQ miq wmrdO ixLHdf,aLkj, my< hEu lemS fmkqK's

9'1'1'1 ¥IKh yd j.lSu y÷kd.; yelsùu ksõfhdala k.rfha fmd,sia fiajdjka bgq lrkafka wjk;Ndjh mokï lrf.kh' tkï" fmd,sifs ha fiajh ,nk ck;dj ;=< úYajdih f.dv k.d .ekSug fmd,sih s wfmdfydi;a jqjfyd;a" fmd,sih s g ;u rdcldß id¾:l f,i bgq lsÍug fkdyels jkq we;ehs hk úYajdih u;h' tfia jqjo" fmd,sih s i;= n,h b;d wêl ksid" ¥IKh we;sùug fndfyda bvlv we;' w,a,ia o we;=¿j n,h whq;= f,i fhdod .ekSu u.ska fm!oa.,sl jdish ;ld isÿlrk ish¿u l%h s djka fuys§ ¥IKh jYfhka ie<fla' fï ksid" fmd,sih s ;=< j.lSï y÷kd.; yels ùu b;d wêl f,i ;sìh hq;= fõ' fuu ;;ajh fj; ie<ls,, a fhduq l< 1994 fud,ka fldñiu úiska j.lSï Ndrlrejka y÷kd.ekSu jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd Wml%u lsym s hlau ks¾foaY lrk ,È' fud,ka fldñiu m;a lrk ,oafoa fmd,sia n,ldhg wjYH fjkia lsÍï ks¾foaY lsÍu i|ydh' fuu wruqK bgq lr .ekSu i|yd ksõfhda¾la fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j m%n, wNHka;r yd ndysr j.lSï y÷kd.ekSfï moaO;Ska msyg s j q d we;' 121

ks õ fhda ¾ la fmd,s i a fomd¾;fïka ; = j

ndysr j.lSï Ndr .ekSu fmd,sia ¥IKh u¾ok fldñiu ¥IK-u¾ok wNsfpdaokd ks,Odßka mqrjeis meñKs,s úu¾Yk uKav,h

wNHka;r j.lSï Ndr.ekSu wNHka;r lghq;= ld¾hdxYh

9'1'1'2 wNHka;r lghq;= ld¾hdxYh fuh iukaú; jkafka fmd,sia fiajfha miqìu yd ixúOdkh ms<n s | ukd wjfndaOhla iys; nj yd ¥Is; ks,Odßka .ek f;dr;=re jvd;au fyd¢ka /ia l< yels b;d oCI fmd,sia ks,Odßkaf.ks' wNHka;r lghq;= Ndr ld¾hdxYh mÍCIK mj;ajkafka nrm;, wmrdO iïnkaOfhka muKls' nrm;, wmrdOhla jYfhka j¾. lsÍfï moku kï tjeks wmrdOhla isÿ l< fmd,sia ks,Odßhl= fmd,sia fiajfhka bj;a l<hq;=o ke;so hkak fõ'

9'1'1'3 uyckhdf.ka ,efnk meñKs,s wNHka;r lghq;=Ndr ld¾hdxYh uyck meñKs,s tys yÈis weu;=ï ÿrl:k wxlh yryd ,nd .kS' ,efnk ish¿u ÿrl;k mKsjv q igyka lr .kakd w;r tu igyka jd¾;d mß.Kl moaO;shg we;=<;a flf¾' tu jd¾;dj, msgm;a fmd,sia ¥IK u¾ok fldñiu fj; yd wod< m%foaYfha ÿIK u¾ok wNsfpdaokd ks,Odß ;ek fj; o hefõ' meñKs,s bÈßm;a lrk úg" yels;rï úia;r o imhk f,i meñKs,l s ref.ka b,a,d isákq ,efí" óg wu;rj" ksÍCIKj,g Ndckh flfrk ks,Odßhd wNHka;r lghq;= Ndr ld¾hdxYh úiska wjxlNdjh úksYp a h flfrk mßCIKj,g ,la lrkq ,efí" wjxlNdjh úksYp a h flfrk mÍCIK mj;ajkq ,nkafka ;:H Ôú; wjia:djla ks¾udKh lr" tu wjia:djg wod< ks,Odßhd m%;p s dr olajk ú,dih we.ehSfuks' tjeks mßCIKhlg ;uka Ndckh flfrk nj wod< ks,Odßhdg idudkHfhka okajkq fkd,efí' tfia olajkafka th wjYH jqjfyd;a yd tfia wjYH jQ miqjh'

9'1'1'4 iajdëkj meje;afjk úu¾Yk ,efnk meñKs,s úu¾Ykhg wu;rj" wNHka;r lghq;=Ndr ld¾hdxYh iajdëkj wyUq mÍCIK o mj;ajhs' meñKs,s mÍCIKh lsÍug wu;rj" ;ukaf.au iajdëk mÍCIK ks;r ks;r meje;aùfï jeo.;alu fud,ka fldñiu úiska fmkajd fok ,È' ta tjeks iajdëk mÍCIK meje;aùu ksid" meñKs,j s ,g ìfhka jerÈ isÿ lsÍï wvqùug wu;rj" wyUq mÍCIK ìh ksid o jerÈ isÿlsÍï 122

;jÿrg;a wvqfõ' fuu mÍCIK mj;ajk ,o nj fyda tu mßCIKj,ska ;uka iu;a ù±hs ke;fyd;a wiu;a ù ±hs ks,Odßka fj; okajkq fkd,efí' isÿ lrk ,o jrola nrm;, jQ úg muKla wod< ks,Odßhdg wjjdo lrkq ,efí' ke;fyd;a wu;r mqyK q j q la fokq ,efí' fuu mÍCIj, wruqK kï wNHka;r lghq;= ld¾hdxYh ieu úgu ieu ;eku isák njg yeÕSula we;s lsÍuhs' fuys m%;M s ,hla jYfhka fmd,sia ks,Odßyq wNHka;r lghq;= Ndr ld¾hdxYfha ks,Odßka fj; fok ie<els,, a g iudk ie,lSula uyckhdg o §ug fm<fU;s' ish¿u jd¾;d ksõfhda¾la fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fõ fmd,sia m%Odkshd fj; bÈßm;a flf¾' jerÈldr fmd,sia ks,Odßkag Tyq ovqjï kshu lrhs' wjYH kï Tjqka fiajfhka bj;a lrhs' ;jo wjYH m%ldr mámdá ixfYdaOkh lsÍugo Tyq mshjr .kq we;'

9'1'1'5 fmd,sia ¥IK u¾ok fldñiu wNHka;r lghq;= Ndr ld¾hxYh úiska l%h s d;aul flfrk ÿIK u¾ok jevigyka iy meñKs,s ms<n s |j l%h s d lrk wdldrh ksßCIKh lsßu i|yd fmd,sia ÿIK u¾ok fldñiu 1995 § msysgqjk ,È' fuu fldñiu ksõfhda¾la fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fjka iïmQ¾Kfhkau iajdëk jk w;r" th flduidßiajreka 6 fofkl=f.ka iukaú; fõ' fuu flduidßiajreka k.rdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a lrkq ,efí' fuu flduidßiajre kS;{ s hkaf.ka ieÿï,;a mQ¾Kld,Sk ld¾h uKav,h fj; Wmfoia imh;s' fldñifï ld¾hhka w;r my; i|yka tajd o we;=<;a fõ' wNHka;r lghq;= Ndr ld¾hxYh úiska bÈßm;a flfrk ish¿u meñKs,s ú.%yhg yd úu¾Ykhg Ndckh lsÍu" tu meñKs,s ms<n s |j l%h s d lsÍug w'l'Nd'ld' úiska fhdod .kakd l%u ksÍCIKh lsÍu" w'l'Nd'ld¾hxYfha /iaùïj,g iyNd.s ùu" wjYH mßÈ hï hï mÍCIK fufyhùu i|yd u. fmkaùï ld¾hxYhg ,nd §u" uyck meñKs,s ms<n s | wjYH mshjr .ekSu yd tu ld¾hxYfha ks,Odßkag wjYH mqyK q j q ,nd §u' lsiÿ s ks,Odßhl=g tfrysj úkhdkql, + mshjr .ekSug n,hla fldñiu fj; fkdue;' fldñiug l< yelafla úu¾Yk lghq;= ksifs ,i flfrk nj iy;sl lr .ekSu muKls' tys wê.ukhka ms<n s | jd¾;d wNHka;r lghq;= Ndr ld¾hdxYh fj; fyda fmd,sia m%Odkshd fj; bÈßm;a l< hq;= fõ' wNHka;r lghq;= Ndr ld¾hdxYfha ld¾hmámdá ms<n s | m%;i s xialrK fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍug o fldñiug whs;h s la we;' tfy;a" tu fhdackd ms<. s ekSug ld¾hxYh ne¢ fkdisà' tajd ms<s fkd.ekSug o fya;= olajd isàug ld¾hxYhg yelsh'

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9'1'1'6 ¥IK u¾ok wNsfpdaokd ks,Odßka ksõfhda¾la k.rh fmare mylska iE§ we;' tla tla fmarej i|yd Pkaofhka f;dardm;a flfrk m%Odk wNsfpdaokd ks,OdÍka isá' fï tla tla m%Odkshd hgf;a ±ä lemùfuka fiajh lrk ÿIK u¾ok wNsfpdaokd ks,Odßfhla isà' wNHka;r lghq;= Ndr ld¾hdxYh úiska jd¾;d lr .kakd ,o meñKs,s fuu ks,Odßhd fj; o ,nd foa' meje;aùug kshñ; wjxlNdjh úksYp a h lsÍfï mÍCIK .ek o fuu ks,Odßhd fj; okajkq ,efí' tfia okajkq ,nkafka w'l'Nd' ld¾hxYfha ks,OdÍka kS;h s g wkql, + j tu mÍCIK mj;ajk nj iy;sl lr .ekSu i|ydhs'180

9'1'1'7 mqrjeis meñKs,s úu¾Yk uKav,h fuh wdrïNfha§ wNHka;r fmd,sia uKav,hla úh' 1993 § tu wNHka;r uKav,h fjkqjg ndysr mqrjeis meñKs,s úu¾Yk uKav,hla msyg s j q k ,È' fï ksid j¾;udk mqrjeis meñKs,s úu¾Yk uKav,h ;=< lsiÿ s fmd,sia ks,Odßfhla fkdisà' th ±ka iukaú; jkafka isú,a mqo. a ,hkaf.ka muKs' fmd,sia ks,Odßkag t,a,j kef.k fpdaokd mÍCIKhg Ndckh lsÍug n,h fuu uKav,h fj; we;' i;H njg ikd: jQ fpdaokd yd ks¾foaYhka ksõfhda¾la fmd,sia uKav,h fj; bÈßm;a l< hq;=fõ' mqrjeis meñKs,s úu¾Yk uKav,hg l< yelafla tfia ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍu muKls' fmd,sih s g tfrys lsiÿ s l%h s dud¾.hla wkq.ukh lsÍfï n,hla Bg fkdue;' fuu uKav,fha idudðlhka 13 fofkla isá;s' Tjqka m;a lrkq ,nkafka k.rdêm;sjrhd úisk's m;a lsÍug wod< kS;h s wkqj" idudðlhka ksõfhda¾la k.rfha ksjeishka úh hq;=h' lsiu s rcfha wdh;khl fiajfha kshl q ; a j fkdisáh hq;=h' k.rfha úúO;ajh ksfhdackh l< hq;=h' uKav,fha idudðlhka mia fofkla k.r iNdj úiska kï flfr;s' tla fmarejla i|yd tla idudðlfhl= ne.sk's uKav,fha idudðlhka ;sfofkla fmd,sia flduidßiajrhd úiska kï flfr;' kS;h s l%h s d;aul flfrk jD;a;l s hka jYfhka fmr ld,fha§ l%h s d lr ;s f nk idudðlhka fudjq k a muKs ' iNdm;s j rhd we;= ¿ b;s ß mia f okd k.rdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a flfr;s' uKav,fha idudðlhkaf.a fiajd ld,h jir ;=kls' uKav,h úiska úOdhl wOHCIljrfhla m;a lrkq ,efí' fuu úOdhl wOHCIljrhd uKav,fha fiiq ld¾huKav,h m;a lrhs' fuu uKav,fha ld¾huKav,h isú,a mqrjeishkaf.ka muKla iukaú; fõ' mqrjeis meñKs,s úu¾Yk uKav,h fj; wka;¾cd,h yryd fyda ÿrl:kh yryd meñKs,s bÈßm;a l< yelsh'uKav,fha úu¾Yk lghq;= i|yd idudkHfhka fmd,sifs ha iydh ,efí' wjYH jqjfyd;a" fmd,sia jd¾;d yd fjk;a idCIs ,nd 180

ksõfhda¾la k.rfha kS;sh hgf;a" wmrdOhla bgq lsÍug wjia:djla ,nd §ug wNHka;r lghq;= Ndr ld¾hdxYhg wjirh ;sfnk kuq;a" wmrdO isÿ lsßula b,a,d isàug fyda Èßu;a lsÍug fyda Bg wjir fkdfoa'

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.ekSu i|yd ksfhda. ,nd .; yelsh' uKav,hg iyfhda.h fkdfok fyda idCIs bÈßm;a lsÍug m%;fs CIam lrk ks,Odßkaf.a fiajh wjika l< yels fõ'

9'1'2 tlai;a rdcOdksh ^uQ,ia:dk fmd,sih s - The Metropolitan Police) tlai;a rdcOdksfha fmd,sih s cd;sl wdh;khla fkdfõ' tx.,ka;fha yd fõ,aiy a s muKla fmd,sia fiajd 43 la we;' tfy;a m%dfoaYh s iSud yryd flfrk wmrdO .ek wjYH mshjr .ekSu i|yd rch úiska iuyr m%dfoaYh s fmd,sia fiajdjka taldnoaO fldg" cd;sl fmd,sia wdh;k ks¾udKh fldg we;' cd;sl wmrdO n,ldh tjeks cd;sl fmd,sia wdh;khl kso¾Ykhls' j.lSï Ndr .ekSu myiq lrk l%u .Kkdjlau tlai;a rdcOdksfha fmd,sih s úiska msyg s j q d ;sfí' tajd ish,a,u fuys§ úia;r lsÍu wjYH fkdfõ' fmd,sih s ;=< ¥IKh u¾okh lrk l%u .Kkdjla o tys l%h s d;aul fõ'fuu fldgfia§ uq,ia:dk fmd,sih s fj; yd ¥IK u¾ok l%h s dud¾. fj; úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq flf¾' ¥IKh msgq ±lSfï l%u ms<n s |j kï uQ,ia:dk fmd,sih s lÈu wdo¾Yhla f,i ie<lsh yel' fmd,sia fiajh ;=< ¥IKh u¾okh lsÍu i|yd uQ,ia:dk fmd,sih s o wNHka;r yd ndysr jk hdka;%K foj¾.hu m%fhdackhg .kS' ¥IKh ms<n s | m%Yk a hg uqyK q §u i|yd Ndú; flfrk m%Odk;u hdka;%Khkaf.a uQ,l s jHqyh my; ±lafõ'

9'1'2'1 ¥IK u¾okh i|yd fhdod .efkk hdka;K % hka uQ,ia:dk fmd,sia fiajh

ndysr hdka;%K meñKs , s ms < s n | ia j dëk fmd,sia fldñiu

wNHka ; r hdka ; % K ¥IK u¾ok lKavdhu wNHka;r úu¾Yk n, weKsh

9'1'2'2 ¥IK u¾ok lKavdhu fuu lKavdhu msyg s j q k ,oafoa 1998 §h' tys tlu wruqK fmd,sih s ;=< ¥IKh ms<n s |j lghq;= lsÍuhs' fuu lKavdhu fmd,sia ks,Odßka 180 fofkl=f.ka yd isú,a mßmd,k ks,Odßka 32 lska iukaú; fõ' fmd,sia ks,Odßkaf.ka jeä fofkl= fmd,sia fiajh ;=<k s u a ia:dkudre ,;a úu¾Yk l%fudamdhka ms<n s | m%ùk;djla we;s whhs' fmd,sia ks,Odßyq muKla fkdj" fmd,sia ks,Odßka ¥IKhg fmd<Ujk wh o fuu lKavdhfï mÍCIj,g Ndckh fj;s' /iaflfrk ish¿u idCIs rcfha wNsfpdaokd wxYhg Ndrfokq ,efí' 125

fmd,sia fiajfha ks,Odßkaf.a ;;ajh we.hSu i|yd wjxlNdjh úksYp a h lrk wyUq mÍCIK o fuu lKavdhu úiska mj;ajkq ,efí' fuu iajdëk mÍCIK ¥IKh msgq ±lSfï§ b;d m%fhdackj;a fõ' ulaki s doh;a" meñKs,s ,efnk;=re fkdisg l%h s d;aul ùu ;=<k s a ¥IKh je<elaùug yels fõ' tjeks iajdëk mÍCIK ud¾.fhka fmd,sia ks,Odßka ¥IKhg fmd<Ujk wh o w,a,d .ekSug yels fõ' fuu mÍCIK ksjdrKhla f,i o m%fhdackj;a fõ' tjeks ksjdrK mshjr mYapd;a-¥IK mÍCIKj,g jvd fhda.H fõ'

9'1'2'3 wNHka;r úu¾Yk n,weKsh fmd,sia fiajh ;=< isÿjk ¥IK yd úIudpdr fpdaokd fndfydauhla úu¾Ykh lrkq ,nkafka wNHka;r úu¾Yk n<weKsh úisk's tfy;a fpdaokdj nrm;, fõkï" úu¾Yk lghq;= meñKs,s ms<n s | iajdëk fmd,sia fldñiu úiska wëCIKh lrkq ,efí' ish¿u úu¾Yk lghq;= hï hï kS;s wkqj md,kh fõ' wod< kS;s 1984 fmd,sia yd wmrdO idCIs mkf;a" 2004 fmd,sia ^meñKs,s yd úIudpdr& fr.=,dis iy fmd,sia ^p¾hd& fr.=,dis ;=< wvx.= fõ' m%Odk wNSCIK mÍCIljrhl= úiska fyda wNSCIK mÍCIljrhl=f.a fufyhùu hgf;a ks,Odß lKavdhula úiska úu¾Yk mj;ajkq ,efí'

9'1'2'4 iajdëk fmd,sia meñKs,s fldñiu fmd,sih s g tfrysj flfrk meñKs,s úNd. lsÍu i|yd 1985 msyg s j q k ,o fmd,sia meñKs,s wêldßh wfydaifs ldg" ta fjkqjg iajdëk fmd,sia meñKs,s fldñiu m;a lrk ,È' fmd,sia meñKs,s wêldßh fmd,sia ks,Odßkaf.ka iukaú; jQ fyhsk"a mÍCIK meje;aùfï§ iajdëk;djla m%o¾Ykh fkdl< njg fndfyda úg fpdaokd t,a, úh' ta wêldßfha n,;, o j¾;udk fldñifï n,;, j,g jvd iSñ; úh' fmd,sia meñKs,s wêldßh fjkqjg 2002 fmd,sia m%;i s xialrK mk; hgf;a iajdëk fmd,sia meñKs, s s fldñiu 2004 § msyg s j q k ,È' fuu fldñiu lsiÿ s rcfha fomd¾;fïka;=jl fldgila fkdfõ' th fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=jg lsiÿ s f,ilska iïnkaO ke;' fldñiu idudðlhka 18 fofkl=f.ka iukaú; jk w;r" Tjqka w;S;fha§ fmd,sifs ha fiajh fkdl< wh úh hq;=h' fuu fldñiug Bgu wh;a mÍCIK lKavdhï we;' md¾,sfïka;= mk; hgf;a msyg s j q k ,o fuu fldñifï ld¾hNdrh tu mk; u.ska kshu lr we;' ;jo" iajdëk fmd,sia fldñifï ;SrKhka wêlrKhka u.ska ñi" n,rys; l< fkdyelsh' iuyr fmd,sia mßCIK iïnkaOfhka wëCIK yd l<ukdlrK lghq;= bgq lsÍfuka fuu fldñiu tu mÍCIKj,g wdOdr imhhs' Bg wu;rj" fmd,sia 126

fiajfha kshl q ; a mqo. a ,hka iïnkaOfhka nrm;, isÿùï yd úIudpdr fpdaokd o fldñiu úiska úu¾Ykh flf¾' hï mÍCIKhla ksih s dldrj fkdmeje;afjk nj fldñiug yeÕ=fkd;a" tu mÍCIKh ;uka fj; Ndr.ekSug o n,h fldñiu i;= fõ' fï yereKq úg" b;d nrm;, fpdaokd iïnkaOfhka kï" wdrïNfha isgu mÍCIK lghq;= fldñiu Ndr .kS' fuu fldñiu ;ukaf.au iajdëk mÍCIK o mj;ajhs' tkï" lsiÿ s meñKs,, a la rys;ju fldñiug mÍCIj, ksr; úh yelsh' uyck meñKs,, a la fkdue;sj mÍCIK mj;ajk úg" fuu fldñiu úiska mÍCIKhg Ndckh lrkafka isÿùï ñi" mqo. a ,hka fkdfõ'

9'1'3 fydxfldx rdcHh fydxfldx fmd,sih s talh S mokula u; l%h s d;aul fõ' th m%dfoaYh S fldgia 6 lg fnod fjka lr we;' ¥IK u; úuiqï o¾Ylh wkqj 2004 § fydxfldx ¥IKh wvqu wdishd;sl rgj,a w;r fojk ia:dkh ,nd isá s fhah' uq¿ ,l=Kq ixLHdj 10 lska fydxfldx ,l=Kq 8 lau ,nd ;sìK' ¥IK u; úuiqï o¾Ylh fmd,sia fiajh ;=< ¥IK ;;ajh muKla ie<ls,, a g Ndckh fkdlrhs' ¥IK u¾okh i|yd iuia; jYfhka uq¿ rg ;=<u l%shd;aul jk l%fudaml%u fmd,sia ¥IKh iïnkaOfhkao l%h s d;aul fõ' ¥IKh w,a,ia .ekSug muKla iSud fkdjk kuq;"a fydxfldx rfÜ ¥IK u¾okhg wod< m%Odk;u kS;h s kï w,a,ia je<elaùfï wd{d mk;hs' fuu wd{d mkf;a ¥IK ls%hdj,g wod< fldgia wgla we;' ñka fldgia y;rla mÍCIK meje;aùfï úfYaI n,;, m%odkh lrhs' wfkla fldgia ¥IK fpdaokd kvqj,g wod< jk w;r" wd{d mk; hgf;a fpdaokd ,en isák mqo. a ,hkayg bÈßm;a l< yels ú;a;s jpkhka iSud lrhs" wh:d jdishla ,nd .ekSu fukau" hï mqo. a ,hl=f.a rdcldß lghq;= lsÍu i|yd tjeks jdishla fyda fm<Uùula §u o fuu wd{d mk; hgf;a kS;ú s frdaë l%h s d fõ' fuho fmd,sih s g muKla iSud fkdfõ' ish¿u wxYj,g fmdÿh' rcfha fiajlfhl=g ;u wdodhug idfmaCIj i<ld n,k úg Wiia jeä njla Èiajk Ôjk ;;ajhla f.khdu fyda j;alï ysñlr .ekSu fuu kS;h s hgf;a jrola f,i ie<fla' hï j;alula ;udg ysñ jQfha flfia±hs i;=go q dhl f,i úia;r lsÍug fkdyels jqjfyd;a" tu j;alu ysñlrf.k isàu jrola f,i ie<efla' fï yereKq úg" fuu wd{d mk; u.ska idCIs ms<n s | kS;j s , ±änj ,sy, s a lr we;' mÍCIKhlg ,lajk mqo. a ,hdf.a wkkH;dj o wdrCId lrhs' tu.ska tu mqo. a ,hdf.a pß;hg le<,la isÿ fkdfõ' úfYaIfhkau Tyq fpdaokdj,ska miqj ksoyia jqjfyd;a th b;d jeo.;a fõ'

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9'1'3'1 fmd,sih s g tfrys meñKs,s ld¾hd,h fuh fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wNHka;r wxYhls' fmd,sih s g úreoaOj flfrk uyck meñKs,s .ek l%h s d lrkafka fuu wxYhhs' fuu ld¾hd,h u.ska flfrk ish¿u mÍCIKhka iajdëk fmd,sia meñKs,s uKav,h úiska ksÍCIKh lrkq ,efha' lsiÿ s meñKs,, a la iDcqju iajdëk fmd,sia meñKs,s uKav,h fj; bÈßm;a l< fkdyelsh' hï fyhlska meñKs,, a la iDcqju Bg fhduq lrk ,ofyd;a" uQ,l s mÍCIKhla i|yd th fmd,sih s g tfrys meñKs,s ld¾hd,h fj; fhduq flf¾' fmd,sih s g tfrys meñKs,s ld¾hd,fha ks,Odßhl=g úreoaOj meñKs,, a la bÈßm;a lrk ,ofyd;a" Bg jvd fcHIaG ks,Odßhl= úiska fyda fjk;a m%foaYhl fmd'm' ld¾hd,hla ta .ek úNd. lrkq we;'

9'1'3'2 iajdëk fmd,sia meñKs,s uKav,h fuh wNshdpkd uKav,hla fkdfõ' fmd,sih s g tfrys meñKs,s ld¾hd,h úiska mj;ajk iEu mÍCIKhlau fuu uKav,h úiska kej; úuid n,kq ,efí' uq,a mÍCIKh wi;=go q dhl njg ;SrKh jqjfyd;a" th kej; úNd. lsÍu i|yd wdmiq hjkq ,efí' mÍCIK lghq;= iïmQ¾K jQ njg ie<flkafka iajdëk fmd,sia meñK,s uKav,fha wkque;sh ,eîfuka miqj muKh' fmd,sia fiajhg wod< m%;i s xialrKhka fhdackd lsÍu o fuu uKav,fha ld¾hhls' fuu ish¿u wêldÍka fmd,sih s g úreoaOj ´kEu meñKs,, a la .ek lghq;= lsÍug n,h we;s wxYhkah' tajdfha l%h s dldß;ajh w,a,ia fyda ¥IK meñKs,j s ,g muKla iSud fkdfõ' tfia jqjo" m%dfhda.l s jYfhka ta ish¿u wêldß uKav, w,a,ia yd ÿIKh je<elaùug Wmldß fõ' j.lSu y÷kd.ekSu ;=<k s a yd ksr;=re úmru w,a,ia yd ¥IK je<elaùug u. mdoh'

9'1'1'3 ¥IK u¾ok iajdëk fldñiu íf,hd¾ l^w&¾ (Blair-Kerr) ksÍlaIK fldñiug wk;=rej bÈßm;a jQ ks¾foaYj, m%;M s ,hla jYfhka 1974 § ¥IK u¾ok iajdëk fldñiu msyg s j q k ,È' fuys n,;, ¥IK u¾ok iajdëk fldñiï wd{d mkf;a i|yka lr we;' ¥IK u¾ok iajdëk fldñiu my; i|yka lr we;s mßÈ fomd¾;fïka;= ;=klg fnod fjka lr we;'

128

¥IK u¾ok iajdëk fldñiu

m%cd iïnkaO;d

¥IK je<elaùu

fufyhqï

m%cd iïnkaO;d fomd¾;fïka;=j - uyck;dj b,lal lr .ksñka fydxfldxys ¥IK úfrdaë ixialD;shla f.dvke.Sug W;aidy lrhs'

¥IK je,elaùfï fomd¾;fïka;=j - tys ¥IK u¾ok lghq;=j,§" rch yd iEu j¾.hlu fmdÿ yd mqo. a ,sl ixúOdk b,lal lr .kS' ´kEu ixúOdkhla ;=< ¥IKh wjuh lsÍu i|yd wjYH úfYaI{ Wmfoia yd m<mqreoao ,nd fohs'

fufyhqï fomd¾;fïka;=j - ¥Is;hka b,lal lrhs' iajdëk mÍCIK u.ska yd meñKs,s mÍCIK u.ska l%h s d lrhs'

iEu j¾.hlu ¥IKj,g úreoaOj igka je§ug fydxfldx rch iQodkï nj meyeÈ,sj fmfka' fmd,sih s ;=< ¥IKh iSud lsÍfï ld¾hh ¥IK u¾ok iajdëk fldñiu fj; ksYp a h f,i mjrd fkd;sfnk kuq;"a tys ¥IK u¾ok m%h;akhkaj, m%;M s ,hla jYfhka" tu ld¾hh ±ka Bg Ndr § we;'

9'1'4 bkaÈhdj bkaÈhdfõ wdKavl q %u jHjia:dfõ 246 jk j.ka;h s wkqj" fmd,sia lghq;= m%dka; rdcHhkag wh;a úIhls' tkuq;"a ish¿u m%dka; rdcHhkaf.a fmd,sia fiajdjka 1861 uOHu fmd,sia wd{d mkf;a úê úOdk hgf;a md,kh fõ' iuyr m%dka; rdcHhkag Tjqkfa .au fmd,sia fiajd we;' tfy;a" tajd o uOHu fmd,sia wd{d mk; hgf;a md,kh fõ' fï yereKq úg" bkaÈhdfõ fmd,sia fiajfha ks,Odßka mqyK q q flfrkafka o uOHu rch úisk's bkaÈhdkq fmd,sia fiajh iajfoaYh S lgqh; q = wud;HxYh hgf;a mj;S' mqyK q j q ,enQ miq” fmd,sia ks,Odßyq úúO m%dka;j,g m;a lrkq ,efn;s' cd;sl wdrCIl Ng yuqodj jeks uOH.; ksfhdacHdh;k o uOHu rch úiska md,kh flf¾' bkaÈhdfõ w;S;h mqrdu" w,a,ia .ekSu" foaYmd,k n,mEï yd n,;, whq;= f,i fh§u úYd, m%Yk a hla ù we;' fM;sydisl fya;=ka ksid" fmd,sih s wëCIKh lsrfS ï n,;, m%dka; rchka fj; mjrd we;' fuu ’wëCIKh¶ wd{d mkf;a ks¾jpkh lr fkdue;s ksid" wh:d foaY A md,k n,mEïj,g u. mEfoa' ;jo" cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu 1981 § wfydais lrk ,È' tu fldñifï jd¾;d wfÜ we;=<;a lrk ,o ks¾foaYhka l%h s djg k.d fkdue;' moaukdNhd yd ßfnhsfrda fldñifï ks¾foaY jqjo l%h s d;aul lr fkdue;' 129

9'1'4'1 ¥IKh ms<n s |j l%h s d lsÍu i|yd hdka;K % hka ¥IK l%h s d iEu j¾.hlau ms<n s |j l%h s d lrk fmdÿ kS;s n,d;aul lsÍfï ksfhdacHdh;kj,g wu;rj" uOHu mÍCIK ld¾hdxYh uOHu rch úiska msyg s j q d we;' fuh úfYaIfhkau msyg s j q k ,oafoa w,a,ia u¾okh i|yduh'

9'1'4'2 uOHu mÍCIK ld¾hdxYh fuys w;S;h fojk f,dal ix.%du ld,h olajd úysfoa' 1941 § w,a,ia yd ¥IK mÍCIKh i|yd úfYaI fmd,sia wdh;k msyg s j q k ,È' uOHu mÍCIK ld¾hdxYh tu wdh;k w;ßka tlls' fojk f,dal ix.%duh wjika jQ miq úfYaI wdh;k wd{d mk; kS;s .; lrk ,ÿj" n,;, iajfoaYh S lghq;= wud;HdxYhg mjrd" tu wud;HdxYfha n,;, iuia; bkaÈhdjgu wod< jk f,ig lgqh; q = iïmdokh lrk ,È' fï ksid uOHu mÍCIK ld¾hdxYfha mÍCIK fmd,sia ks,OdÍka fj; muKla iSud fkdfõ' w,a,ia yd ¥IK iïnkaOfhka l%h s d lrk úg" uOHu mÍCIK ld¾hdxYfha n,;,j,g moku iemfhkafka 1988 ¥IK msgq ±lSfï wd{d mk; u.sk's fuu lreKq iïnkaOfhka ld¾hdxYh uOHu fidaÈis lñgqfõ wëCIKhg md;% fõ' uOHu mÍCIK ld¾hdxYh úiska 2005 § Èh;a lrk ,o fufyhqï úfYaIfhkau ¥IK u¾okh fj; fhduq úh' fmd,sia ks,Odßka úiska /ialr .kakd ,o úYd, j;alï .ek úNd. lsÍu" ¥Is; fmd,sia ks,Odßka w,a,d .ekSu i|yd iajdëkj l%h s d;aul lrk Wmdhka yd meñKs,s úNd. lsÍu fuu fufyhqï yryd isÿ fõ' tfia jqjo" fuu ld¾hdxYfha lghq;= idudkHfhka uOHu rchg yd uOHu m%;m s ;a;s m%Yk a j,g iSud fõ'

9'1'4'3 flar<h cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï m%Odk ks¾foaYhka folla l%h s djg kexùug flar< m%dka;h bÈßm;a úh' fuu ks¾foaY ld¾hd¾:uh iajdëk;ajhg yd ld,Sk we.ehSï meje;aùug wod< fõ' fï i|yd flar< m%dka;h fmd,sia l%h s dldß;aj yd j.lSï fldñiula m;a lsÍug lghq;= lr we;' fmd,sia ks,OdÍka m;a lsÍu yd ia:dk udre lsÍu jeks n,;, foaYmd,{hkaf.ka ;uka fj; mjrd .ekSug fuu fldñiu iu;a ù we;' tfy;a ¥IKh iïnkaOfhka jeä hula lsßug fuu fldñiug yels ù fkdue;' fuu fldñiug kS;u s h Yla;h s la fkdue;' fuu fldñiu m%f;Hl mÍCIKj, fkdfhfoa' tys m%Odk;u ld¾hka kï wjYH ixfYdaOk ks¾foaY lsÍu yd fmd,sih s ;=< j.lSï y÷kd.ekSfï yelshdj jeä ÈhqKq lsÍuhs'

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9'1'5 mlsi: a dkh mlsi: a dkfha fmd,sia fiajdjka iïnkaOfhka ;ju;a uQ,l s kS;h s jYfhka l%h s d;aul jkafka 1861 bkaÈhdkq fmd,sia wd{d mk;hs' ^1888 isg lrk ,o m%;i s xialrKhka yd 1934 fmd,sia kS;s o we;=¿j&' fuu kS;s wkqj fmd,sia fiajhg wod<j úYd, n,;, m%udKhla m%dka; rdcHhka fj; mejf¾'181 m%dka; rdcHj, wêl n,;, ksid fmd,sifs ha iajdëk;ajh iSud fõ' iajdëk;ajh iSud ùu ¥IKhg u. mdod" fmd,sia lghq;= ish,a,la iïnkaOfhka foaYmd,k n,mEï we;s ùug fya;= ù we;' kS;h s yd iduh ms<n s | uQ,l s j.lSï m%dka; rchhka i;r fj; mejÍ we;' óg wu;rj uOHu fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=jla yd W;=f¾ yd jhUÈ. f.da;l %s m%foaY uOHu rcfha md,khg k;= fõ' m%dka; i;f¾ fmd,sia fiajdjka tlsfkflka iajdëk jk w;r" iuia; jYfhka taldnoaO lr fkdue;' tfy;a wNHka;r lghq;= Ndr uOHu weu;sjrhd fj; fmdÿ wëCIKh mejÍ we;' fmd,sia fiajfha ish¿u fcHIaG ;k;=re mlsi: a dk fmd,sia fiajfha ks,Odßka m;a lsÍfuka mqrjkq ,efí' mlsi: a dk fmd,sia fiajh fufyhqï wdh;khla fkdfõ' th trg isú,a fiajhg iudk jD;a;u s h fiajhls' m%dka;h S fiajdjkag fyda uOHu rcfha ksfhdacHdh;kj, wjYH;djka wkqj ks,OdÍka m;a lrkq ,nkafka fuu fiajhg wh;a ks,Odßka w;ßkah' mlsi: a dk fmd,sia fiajhg ks,Odßka n|jd .kq ,nkafka" isú,a fiajh" úfoaY fiajh yd f¾.=j o we;=¿j fjk;a uOHu fiajdjkag o ks,Odßka n|jd .kakd fmdÿ jd¾Isl úNd.hla ud¾.fhks' mlsi: a dk fmd,sia fiajfha jegqma yd ;;ajh b;d by< neúka" úNd.fha by<u m%;M s , ,nd .kakd wfmaCIlfhda fmd,sia fiajhg we;=¿ fj;s' úNd.h iu;ajk whg bia,dundoh wi, isyd,d k.rfha msyá s fmd,sia wNHdi úÿyf,a fojirl 182 mqyK q j q la fokq ,efí' fmd,sia fiajfha lKsIG a ;k;=re orK wh t;rï wOHdmkhla ,nd ke;s ksid" tajdfha jegqma uQ,l s jegqmh a ' kqmy q K q q Y%ñlhkaf.a jegqmj a ,g iudk fõ' m%Odk fldia;dm,ajrekag f.jkq ,nkafka w¾O mqyK q q Y%ñl jegqmh a ' fmd,sia fiajlfhda jeä fokd wú wdhqO /f.k fkdh;s' fmd,sifs ha w;S; ld¾hh jQfha rcfha iqNisoê a hg iydh ùuh'183 tjlg rch jYfhka l%h s d lf<a hg;a úð; md,lfhdah' tfy;a fmd,sia wd{d mk; yd m%cdj w;r in|;d .ek fkdi<lhs' u; fmd,sia rdcldß bgq lsÍu .ek wjOdkhla fhduq fkdlrhs' 181

1861 fmd,sia wd{d mkf;a 3 jk j.ka;sh wkqj" fmd,sish ms<sn| wêldß;ajh l%shd;aul lsßfï n,h rchg ysñ fõ' tfy;a ’wêldß;ajh¶ hk moh ks¾jpkh lr fkdue;' 182 Pakistan: Role and Structure of the Security Forces, Source: http:/www.photius.com/countries/pakistan/national_security/ pakistan_national_security_role_and_structure_o~10444.html , Revised, 27 March 2005 183 Pakistan: Role and Structure of the Security Forces, Source: http:/www.photius.com/countries/ pakistan/national_security/ pakistan_national_security_role_and_structure_o~10444.html , Revised, 27 March 2005

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9'1'5'1 m%;i s xialrK 1861 fmd,sia wd{d mkf;a jHqyuh ÿ¾j,;d ÿgq mlsi: a dk ’m%cd;ka;%jdÈ¶ rch 2001 § fjk;a fmd,sia wd{d mk;la iïmdokh lf<ah' th 1861 mk; iudf,dapkh lrhs' mlsi; a dk rch ±ka 2002 fmd,sia ksfhda.h iïu; lr" th o 2004 fmd,sia ksfhda. ^ixfYdaOk& mk; u.ska fjkia lr we;'184 fuu wd{d mk;a u.ska fmd,sih s ms<n s |j rcfha wêldß;ajh mj;ajd .efka' tfia jqjo" wmfhÿï i|yd we;s wjia:d iSudiys;h' ulaki s doh;a" fmd,sih s kS;h s wkqj lghq;= lrk nj iy;sl lr .ekSug wjYH ’wêldß;ajhla¶ muKla mj;ajd .ekSug rchg bv we;s w;r" tu ’wêldß;ajh¶ o ks¾jpkh lr we;'185 fuu wêldß;ajh l%h s d;aul l< yelafla m%;m s ;a;s wëCIKh u.ska yd u. fmkaùu u.ska muKs' fufyhqï" mßmd,kh yd uqo,a lghq;=j,g wod<j fmd,sifs ha iajdëk;dj rch úiska iïmQ¾Kfhkau iy;sl l< hq;=fõ'186 f*vr,a" m%dka;h S yd Èia;l s% a uÜgïj, ’uyck wdrCIK fldñiï iNd¶ msyg s ù q ug o fmd,sia wd{d mk; mshjr f.k ;sfí' fuu fldñiï iNd rch úiska m;a lrk ,o mqo. a ,hkaf.ka fukau" iajdëk idudðlhkaf.ka o iukaú; fõ' kS;ú s frdaë fyda oafõY iy.; ksfhda. ms<m s e§u ;=<k s a isÿúh yels kS;ú s frdaê l%h s d fmd,sih s úiska isÿ lsÍu je<elaùu fuu fldñika iNdj, m%Odk;u ld¾hNdrh fõ' óg wu;rj" uyck meñK,s Ndrf.k" tajd úNd. lr fhda.H l%h s d ud¾. ks¾foaY lsÍu o fuu iNdj, rdcldßj,g we;=<;a fõ' fuu mk;a u.ska f*vr,a uÜgfï§ fmd,sia meñKs,s wêldßhla msyg s j q k ,È' úIudpdr yd fkdie<ls,u s ;aNdjh ms<n s |j fmd,sih s g tfrysj flfrk uyck meñKs,s iïnkaOfhka l%h s d lsÍu fuu iajdëk wdh;kfha ld¾hh fõ' Èia;l %s a fmd,sia fiajfha mßmd,kh Èia;l %s l a fha fmd,sia wêldßjrhd fj; muKla mejf¾' fuu fmd,sia wêldßjrhd Èia;l %s a ufyai; a %d;ajrhdf.a fmdÿ md,khg fyda u.fmkaùï j,g k;= fkdfõ' Èia;l %s a fmd,sia mßmd,kh" wmrdO kvq úNd. lsÍï yd wNsfpdaokd wdY%; s fmd,sia ld¾hhka iïnkaOfhka yer" Èia;l %s a fmd,sia wêldßjrhd Ys,d kiSï ^2001 m,d;a md,k wd{d mk; hgf;a Pkaofhka f;dardm;a flfrk ks,Odßfhls& fj; j. lsj hq;=h'187 ;jo" fmd,sifs ha Wm fldÜGdi yd fmd,sia ia:dk Ndr ks,Odßkaf.a ks, ld,h jir ;=kl ld,hlg iaÓr f,iu kshu flf¾' fï ksid" foaYmd,k n,mEï u; ia:dkudre lsÍï fyda fiajfhka bj;a lsÍï isÿ úh fkdyelsh'188

184 -186

187 188

Joshi G.P. ‘Police Reforms in Pakistan: A Step Forward’ Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, Volume 12 Number 1 New Delhi, Spring 2005 2002 fmd,sia ksfhda.fha 33 jk fþoh 2002 fmd,sia ksfhda.fha 33 jk fþoh

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fï yereKq úg" cd;sl fmd,sia l<ukdlrK uKav,hla o f*vr,a uÜgfï msyg s j q d we;' fuys ld¾hh kï" m%ó;Ska kshu lsÍu yd fmd,sia lghq;= ms<n s |j 189 rchg Wmfoia §uhs' 2004 § ixfYdaOkh lrk ,o 2002 fmd,sia ksfhda.h fï olajd iïmQ¾Kfhkau l%h s d;aul jQ njla fkdfmfka' mlsi: a dkfha ¥IKh ms<n s |j iuia; jYfhka i|yka lrñka u¾Iqla w,s Id ^wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=fõ mlsi: a dk fkajdisl ¥; ld¾hd,fha iajfoaY wOHCIjrhd& fufia mejiqfõh( ’¥IKh u¾okh i|yd n,d;aul lsÍu¶ je<elaùu yd ±kqj;a lsßu hk ;%ú s O m%fõYhka mlsi: a dkhg wjYH fõ' Tyq ;jÿrg;a fufia m%ldY lf<ah( ’bÈßm;a lrk ,o ks¾foaYhka iïmQ¾Kfhkau l%h s d;aul fkdlrk ,o fya;=fjka ¥IKh ms<n s | fldñika iNd yd lñgq fod,yla muK m%Yk a h ksrdlrKh lsÍug wiu;a úh'¶190

9'1'5'2 ¥IK u¾ok l%h s d ud¾. by; i|yka lrk ,o ksYÑ a ; fmd,sia m%;i s xialrKj,g wur;j" mlsi: a dk 191 rch cd;sl j.lSï ld¾hdxYhla o msyg s j q d we;' fuu ld¾hxYh úiska 2002 § cd;sl ¥IK u¾ok jHdmdrhla Èh;a lrk ,È'192 miq.h s jir my we;=<; §" fmd,sih s m%;i s xialrKh lsÍug yd ¥IKh msgq ±lSug mlsi: a dkh fkdfhla W;aidyhka ±rE nj ñka fmkS hhs' kuq;"a kshu m%Yk a h hdka;%K msyg s ù q u muKla fkdfõ' fuu hdka;%K l%h s d;aul lsÍu" n,d;aul lsÍu yd tajd ms<n s | ±kqj;alu jHdma; lsÍu o w;HjYH fõ'

9'2 Y%s ,xldfõ fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;f= õ ¥IKh msgq ±lSfï Wmdh ud¾. ms<n s `o ;=,kd;aul ú.%yhla fuu mrsÉfPaoh ;=<k s a úfYaI úu¾Yk tallh" cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu w,a,ia fldñiu ms<n S | wjOdkh fhduqlrkq ,nhs' úfYaI úu¾Yk tallh fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wNHka;r tallhla jk w;r" fmd,sih s g tfrys meñKs,s tu tallh úiska úNd. flf¾' meñKs,, a la w,a,ia .ekSula ms<n s |j kï" tu meñKs,, a w,a,ia fldñiu fj; fhduq lsÍfï n,h fuu wxYh fj; we;' cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu wdKavl q %u jHjia:dfõ 17 jk ixfYdaOkh hgf;a msyg s j q k ,È' fmd,sim a ;sjrhd yereKq úg" wfkla ish¿u fmd,sia ks,Odßka m;a lsÍu" Wiia lsßu" ia:dk udre lsßu" úkh md,kh lsßu yd fiajfhka my lsßu ms<n s | 189 190 191 192

2002 fmd,sia ksfhda.fha 33 jk fþoh foaYkh -u¾Iqla w,s Id” fkajdisl wOHCIl” wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j 1999 cd;sl j.lSï ld¾hxYh by; 10

133

n,;, cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu fj; ysñ fõ' fmd,sifs ha mßmd,kh ms<n s | ish¿u ;SrKhka .ekSu;a" uyck meñKs,s Ndr .ekSu;a" fuu fldñifï wfkla ld¾hhkah'193 w,a,ia fldñifï m%Odk ld¾hka kï w,a,i u¾okh i|yd uyck iyfhda.h ,nd .ekSu yd fmd,sih s g tfrys uyck meñKs,s .ek wjYH l%h s d ud¾. .ekSuh'

9'2'1 iajdëk mÍCIK yd wjxlNdjh úksYp a h lrk ksÍCIK w,a,ia fpdaokd úu¾Ykh lsÍu i|yd hdka;K % Y%S ,xldfõ ;sfnk kuq;a" tajd ish,a,u isÿflfrkafka meñKs,, a l m%;M s ,hla jYfhka muKh' meñKs,s muKla úu¾Ykh lsÍu m%udKj;a fkdjk nj we't'ckmofha fud,ia fldñiu fmkajd ÿkafkah' Y%S ,xldj jeks ¥IKh uq,a nei.;a rgla ms<n s |j th jvd;au i;H fõ' ks,Odßka ;=< wjxlNdjh we;s lsÍfuka ¥IKh msgq ±lSu b;d úYsIg a l%uhla jqj;a" m%dfhda.l s jYfhka tjeks l%uhla id¾:l úh fkdyels ksid" iajdëk mÍCIK w;HjYH fõ' tjeks iajdëk mÍCIK meje;afjk nj ks,Odßka ±k.;a úg" Tjqka ks;ru iSrefjka isàu ;=<k s a ¥IK je<fla" fmd,sia rdcldß bgq lsÍfï§ wNsu;h fndfydaúg wëCIKhla rys;j l%h s d;aul flfrk ksid" b;d Wiia uÜgul wjxlNdjhla wjYH fõ' iEu fmd,sia rdcldßhlau wëCIKh hgf;a isÿ lsÍu fldfy;au l< fkdyels ksid" ksr;=reju wëCIKh flfrk njg yeÕSula we;s lsßu b;d jeo.;ah' tlai;a ckmofha wNHka;r lghq;= Ndr ld¾hdxYh ;uka ksr;=reju fmd,sia ks,Odßka msgm q iska isák njg yeÕSula cks; lsÍug lghq;= lrkafka fï ksidh' tu ld¾hdxYh we;a; jYfhkau mj;ajk úu¾Yk ixLHdjg jvd úYd, úu¾Yk ixLHdjla mj;ajk njg fmd,sia ks,Odßka úYajdi lrk ksid ¥IK ld¾hhkays fh§ug Tjqyq ìh fj;s' fuu l%uh we't'ckmofha" tlai;a rdcOdksfha yd fydxfldx hk rgj, w;sYh id¾:l ù we;' tu rgj,aj, ¥IK u; úuiqï o¾Ylh ,l=Kq 7 g jvd by<ska mj;S' wjxlNdjh úksYp a h lrk mÍCIK u.ska isÿjk ;j;a hym;la kï fmd,sia ks,Odßka fj; w;sf¾l mqyK q j q la wjYH fCI;% y÷kd.; yels ùuh' fï ish¿u mÍCIK yd md,k l%u l%h s d;aul lsÍug uQ,Huh yd ñksia Y%u iïm;a úYd, jYfhka wjYH nj yd Y%S ,xldj jeks rgj, tu iïm;a ysÕ nj o i;H fõ' tfia jqjo" tu l%fudaml%u fjkqfjka wdfhdack lsÍu È.=ld,Sk jYfhka M,odhs nj lsj hq;h = ' fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;j = kS;h s yd iduh mj;ajd .kakd m%Odk;u wdh;khhs' fuu wdh;kh ;=< ¥IKh jHdma; jqjfyd;a" kS;h s yd iduh ì| jeà" iuia; jYfhka rch fj; we;s f.!rjh o ì| jefgkq we;' 193

cd'fmd'fld' i;= n,;, ms<sn| mQ¾K úia;rla i|yd fuys 5 jk mßÉfþoh n,kak'

134

9'2'2 mqrjeis iudf,dapkh yd iyNd.s;j a h fmd,sih s g tfrys meñKs,s fmd,sih s úisku a úNd. flf¾kï" tu úNd.h fmd,sifs ha pQÈ;hdg jdisodhl jkq we;ehs Wml,amkhla we;s ùu je<elaúh fkdyelsh' fuu Wml,amkh idOdrK jqj;a" ke;;a" fmd,sih s fj; we;s úYajdih lv fõ' Y%s ,xldfõ ±kg we;s ;;ajh hgf;a" mÍCIK lghq;= fufyhjkq ,nkafka fmd,sim a ;sjrhd úiska úfYaIfhka f;dard .kq ,nk ks,Odßka úisk's ish¿u meñKs,s fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j fj;u bÈßm;a l< hq;= fõ' ±kg fmd,sih s fj; we;s úYajdih ì| jeà we;s ksid" fmd,sia ia:dk fj; meñKs,s lsßug uyckhd ìhla olaj;s' fmd,sifs ha lDr;r l%h s d .ek buy;a m%io s ê a hla ±kg we;s ksid" fmd,sih s g úreoaOj meñKs,s lsÍu b;d wk;=reodhl njg úYajdihla me;sr ;sfí'194 tjka miqìula hgf;a" fmd,sih s g tfrysj flfrk meñKs,s .ek l%h s d lsÍug tlai;a ckmofha fuka mqrjeis meñKs,s újrK uKav,hla fyda Bg iudk hdka;%Khla msyg s ú q h hq;= njg ks¾foaY lrkq ,efí'

9'2'3 mÍCIK meje;aùï ksÍCIKh lsÍu wNHka;r mÍCIKhka ksÍCIKh lsÍfï ld¾hh i|yd fjku uKav,hla Y%S ,xldfõ fkd;sfí' tjeks uKav,hl wjYH;dj tlai;a ckmofha;"a tlai;a rdcOdksfha;"a fydxfldx rfÜ;a ms<fs .k ;sfí' fuu ld¾hh ,xldfõ cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiug l< yels jqj o" ta i|yd fjku uKav,hla msyg s ù q u jvd WÑ; fõ' fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j msßisÿ lsÍu wm%udoj l< hq;= ld¾hl' tfy;a" cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï ld¾hNdrh b;d Ndr¥r yd úYd, ksid wu;r j.lSï Ndr .ekSug Bg fkdyelsh' ;j ;j;a uKav, msyg s ù q ug ;rï m%udKj;a wd¾Ól iïm;a Y%S ,xld rch fj; fkd;sfnk kuq;"a fuu mshjr .ekSu .ek fyd¢ka i<ld ne,Su jà' tlai;a rdcOdksfha uQ,ia:dk fmd,sia fiajfha ¥IK u¾ok lKavdhu b;d úYd, ks,OdÍka ixLHdjlska iukaú; jqj;a" rg ;=< ¥IK úfrdaë ixialD;shla jHdma; jqjfyd;a" túg tu lKavdhfï m%udKh iSud lsÍug yels jkq we;ehs tu lKavdhu fmkajd ÿkafkah' tf,iu" Y%S ,xldfõ o ¥IKh u¾okh l<fyd;a" ta i|yd jehjk uqo, M,odhs f,i jeh l< njla lsj yels jkq we;' rch ;=< iuia; jYfhka ¥IKh mj;sk njg b;d m%n, woyila we;s fyhsk"a fuu m%Yk a h ;j ;j;a W.%úug fmr" iajdëk wdh;k wjYH mshjr .; hq;= nj fmkajd Èh hq;= fõ'

194

ksoiqkla ±lajqjfyd;a" fcrdâ fmf¾rdf.a urKh isÿlr we;af;a Tyq úiska fmd,sishg tfrysj lrk ,o meñKs,, a la úNd.hg .ekSug ;sfnk wjia:dfõh'

135

9'2'4 foaYmd,k n,mEï fmd,sia ¥IKhg tfrysj mshjr .ekSfï§ foaYmd,k n,mEï W.% .eg¿jla njg m;aj we;' bkaÈhd yd mlsi; a dkh o iu ;;ajhg uqyK q md isà' óg m%Odk;u fya;=jla jkafka fuu rgj, l%h s d;aul jk fmd,sia wd{d mk;aj, hg;a úð;jd§ iajNdjhhs' fmd,sia wd{d mk; ixfYdaOk lsÍfuka fuu .eg¿j ksrdlrKh lsÍug mlsi: a dkh uE;l§ W;aidy lf<ah' fmd,sia ks,OdÍka m;a lsÍu yd ia:dk udre lsÍu foaYmd,{hkaf.a ueÈy;a ùulska f;drj iajdëk f,i isÿ lsÍu Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifuka wfmaCIs; ld¾hNdrh fõ' tfia jqjo" fmd,sia ks,Odßka fndfyda fofkl= iu. l< idlÉPd u.ska fy<s jQfha cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu flfrys Tjqkfa .a jeä úYajdihla fkdue;s njhs' fï ksid isÿjkafka ia:dkudre ,eîfï ìh ksid fmd,sia ks,Odßka foaYmd,k n,mEïj,g hg;a ùuhs' fmd,sih s ¥IKh lsßug W;aidy orK foaYmd,{hka yd fjk;a wh y÷kd .ekSu i|yd mshjr .; hq;= nj ks¾foaY lrkq ,efí' tlai;a rdcOdksfha ¥IK u¾ok lKavdhu b;d id¾:l f,i tfia lr;s'

9'2'5 lKsIG a ks,Odßka wdrCId lsÍu wjxlNdjhg jvd Y%S ,xld fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j ;=< ,eÈhdj w.h flfrk njla fmfka' fcHIaG ks,Odßka fj; wúpdrj;a f,i wjk;Ndjh ±laùu hym;a úkh f,i ie<flk nj o fmfka' fï ksid fcHIaG ks,Odßkaf.a kS;ú s frdaê ksfhda. fkdms<m s e§ug lKsIG a ks,Odßka yg b;d wmyiqh' ¥IKhg tfrysj ke.S isá lksIG a hka fj; Wmldr lsÍug lsifs jla bÈßm;a fkdfj;s' meñKs,s lrk lKsIG a ks,Odßyq fldkalrkq ,efnhs' Wiiaùï ,nd .ekSug kqiÿ q iq fj;s' meñKs,s ksi s fs ,i úNd. flf¾±hs ielhla o we;s fõ' mlsi: a dkfha uyck wdrCIl fldñiu msyg s j q d ;sfnkafka tjeks ;;ajhkag uqyK q §u i|ydh' tys m%Odk ld¾h kS;ú s frdaê fyda jlai; s a ksfhda.j,g wjk; ù fmd,sih s kS;ú s frdaë l%h s dj, ksr;ùu je<elaùuhs' furfÜ o lksIG a fmd,sia ks,Odßkafa .a wdrCIdj i|yd tjeks fldñiula m;a l< hq;= nj ñka ks¾foaY lrkq ,efí' Bg wu;rj" fmd,sia ks,Odßka fj; wdrCIdj ie<ish hq;=h' ksis mÍCIK meje;aùu ;=<k s a yd ¥IKh jvd;au n,mj;akd fCI;%hka ;=< ±ä l%h s d ud¾. wkq.ukh lsÍfuka tjeks wdrCIdjla ,nd Èh yelsh'

136

9'2'6 ¥IK úfrdaë ixialD;shla Y%S ,xldj ;=< m%j¾Okh lsÍu hï hï ÿ¾j,;d ;sfnk kuq;"a ¥IK u¾ok ms<fs j;a ´kE;rï ;sfí' tfy;a kshu .eg¿j kï" fmdÿ ck iyfhda.h fkd,efnk ksid tu ¥IK u¾ok l%u lsij s la id¾:l f,i l%h s djg kexúh fkdyels ùuhs' ¥IKh jeäl,a fkdf.dia idudkHfhka ms<. s ; yels m%ñ;shla njg m;a úh yelsh' fydxfldx rfÜ ¥IK u¾okh i|yd l%h s d;aul flfrk ;%ú s O Wmdh ud¾. Y%S ,xldj o wkq.ukh l< hq;=h' tu Wmdhud¾. fufiah' 1' 2' 3'

uyckhd b,lal lr.;a ¥IK-úfrdaë ixialD;shla ks¾udKh lsÍu ¥IKh je<elaùu-±ä l%h s d ud¾. .ekSfuka yd ÿ¾j, ;eka y÷kd.ekSfuka ¥Is;hka fj; kvq mjrd ovqjï ,nd §u

137

10 ks.uk yd ks¾foaY fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;j = iudchg uyÕ= fiajhla bgq lrh' tfia jqjo" mqrjeishka yd fmd,sih s w;r úYd, mr;rhla we;s nj;a" fmd,sih s ¥Is; yd wld¾hCIu njg yeÕSula uyckhd w;r mj;sk nj;a" m%lg lreKls' fuu jd¾;dfõ m%Odk;u wruqK jQfha fmd,sifs ha ;;ajh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍfï woyisk"a tys ¥IKhg fya;= idOl y÷kdf.k" ;sridrNdjh we;s lsÍug iy j.lSï l%h s d;aul lsÍug wjYH hdka;%Khka msyg s j q d tu.ska m%;i s xialrKhkag odhl ùug isú,a iudchg yelshdjla ,nd §uhs' ióCIK ^uyck wdl,am ióCIKh yd iemhqï ióCIKh& m%;M s , ú.%y lsÍfuka iy rfÜ úúO m%foaYj,§ úfYaI{hka iu. iEu ;rd;srul fmd,sia ks,Odßka iu. yd uyckhd iu. mj;ajk ,o iïuqL idlÉPd u; mokï lrf.k" wms fuys§ ks¾foaY lsy s m s hla bÈßm;a lruq'

10'1 wdh;ksl cd,h jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu 10'1'1 n|jd .ekSï n|jd .efkk ks,Odßkaf.a .=Kd;aulNdjh yd iqÿiqlï ;jÿrg;a i<ld ne,sh hq;= fõ' n|jd.ekSfï Wmudkhka mámdàka mdroDYH úh hq;=h' fldia;dm,ajreka n|jd .ekSfï uQ,l s iqÿiqlu by< ±óug wu;rj" fmdÿ in|;d" ikakfs õokh yd Wmdh fl!I,H ms<n s | Tjqkfa .a l=i,;d mÍCIKhg Ndckh l< hq;= fõ' ;jo" wNsfhda.H;d mÍCIK fyda idudkH ±kqu mÍCIK fhdod.; hq;=h' úfYaI tallj,g yd ;dCIKsl wxYj,g n|jd.ekSfï§ fjk;a wjYH iqÿiqlï o ie<lsh hq;= fõ' fiajfha .=Kd;aulNdjh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd" iyldr fmd,sia wêldß ;k;=rej,g WmdêOdßka f;dard .ekSu yd úfYaI YdLdj,g Wm fmd,sia mÍCIl ;k;=rej,g f;dard .ekSu iDcq nojd .ekSï u.ska isÿ l< hq;=h' fuu ks,Odßka i|yd wu;r osro s u S kd m%odkh l< hq;= fõ' ^iqÿiqlï iys; mqo. a ,hka fmd,sih s g ne£u i|yd fm<Uùu fuys wruqKhs'& fomd¾;fïka;f= õ mj;sk ia;-S% mqreI wiu;=,; s h bj;a lsÍu i|yd iqÿiqlï we;s ldka;djka fmd,sih s g ne£u Èßu;a l< hq;=h' ^ldka;djka i|yd fjku m%;Y s ;hla ks¾foaY flf¾& uE; w;S;fha§ wfmaCIlhka m%pKavldÍ f,i fyda l,n,ldÍ f,i yeisÍ fkdue;s nj iy;sl lr .ekSug;a" Tjqka wêl wjxlNdjhlska yd iodpdrfhka fyì mqo. a ,hka nj iy;sl lr.ekSug;a" Tjqkfa .a miqìu .ek ±ä ryiH mÍCIK meje;aùu ks¾foaY flf¾' 138

10'1'2 jHqyh fomd¾;fïka;=j ;=< wëCIKh m%udKj;a fkdjk nj fcHIaG fmd,sia ks,Odßka úiska fukau úfYaI{hka úiska o fmkajd fok ,È' ks,Odßka 60"000 lg wêl ixLHdjlska iukaú; n,ldhla uOHu wêldßhla ;=<k s a md,kh lsÍu wiSreh' mßmd,kuh msróvfha ueo fldgfia ks,Odßka úYd, ixLHdjla isàu ksid fuu ;;ajh jvd;a W.% fõ' tksid" j¾;udk ks,Odß ixLHdj yd j¾;udk jHqyh o m%;m s ;a;u s h uÜgfï§ kej; i<ld ne,sh hq;= njg ks¾foaY lruq'

10'1'3 mq y q K q j úu¾Yk lghq;=" udkj ysñlï yd uyck in|;d ms,n s |j m%udKj;a mqyK q j q la fldia;dm,ajreka fj; yd idckaÜjreka fj; ,nd Èh hq;=h' ulaki s doh;a" úu¾Yk lghq;= wdÈfha§ Tjqyq m%Odk ld¾hNdrhla bgq lr;s' jD;a;u s h iodpdrh" uyck iïnkaO;d" udkj ysñlï ±kqj;a lsÍu yd ld¾hCIu;dj jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu hkd§ úIhhka mqyK q q mdGud,dj,g we;=<;a úh hq;= fõ' fmd,sifs ha uyck in|;d jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd" isú,a iudc ixúOdk úiska meje;afjk mdGud,dj,g$foaYkj,g iyNd.sùug fmd,sia ks,Odßka Èßu;a l< hq;h = ' mqyK q j q wLKav úh hq;=h' ish¿u fY%K A s i|yd kejqïlrK mdGud,d meje;aúh hq;h = ' fou< NdIdj l;d lrk wh fjkqfjka fou< udOH mqyK q q mdGud,d meje;aúh hq;h = ' isxy, NdIdj l;d lrk ks,Odßkag fou< NdId mqyK q j q ;a" fou< NdIdj l;d lrk whg isxy, NdId mqyK q j q ;a ,nd Èh hq;=h' ;u uõ NdIdjg wu;rj" fojk NdIdjla ms<n s | ±kqula ,nd .kakd whg wu;r Èß §ukd ,nd Èh hq;h = ' úfoaY mqy q K q q mdGud,d fcHIaG ks,Odßkag muKla iSud fkdlr" lKsIG a ks,Odßkag o újD; úh hq;=h' fmd,sih s ;=< wêl wjxlNdjhla mj;sk rgj,a iu. idlÉPd lr tu rgj, mqyK q q mdGud,d i|yd Y%S ,dxlsl ks,Odßka heúh hq;=h'

10'1'4 Wiia lsÍï Wiia lsÍï mámdá mdroDYH úh hq;=h' Wiiaùï §fï§ cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu M,odhs ld¾hNdrhla bgq l< hq;=h' 139

Wiia lsÍï ms<n s | m%;m s ;a;s ilia lsÍfï§ iEu ks,Odß fYa%Kh s lsku a f;dardm;a lr.;a ksfhdað;hka yd fmd,sim a ;sjrhd úiska m;a lrk ,o úfYaI{hka w;r idlÉPd meje;aúfuka ;SrK .; hq;=h' l%h s dldß;aj l<ukdlrK l%uhla y÷kajd Èh hq;=h' tu l%uh hgf;a" ufkdau, Q l s úksYp a hka fjkqjg" úIh uQ,l s Wmudkhka wkqj we.ehSï l< yelsjkq we;'

10'1'5 ia:dk udre ia:dk udre iïnkaOfhka ks,Odßka w;r we;s w;Dma;h s g ms<h s ula jYfhka yd Tjqkfa .a úYajdih jeä lsÍu i|yd cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï ld¾hNdrh jvd;a w¾:j;a l< hq;= njg ks¾foaY flf¾' fuu fldñifï iajdëk;ajhg ndOd fkdl< hq;= njg ±ä f,i ks¾foaY flf¾' ia:dkNdr ks,Odßkaf.a ia:dk udre iy m%Odk fmd,sia mÍCIl fY%K a h s g by< ks,Odßkaf.a ia:dk udre ±kg isÿjk mßÈ cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï tlÕ;ajh we;sj l< hq;= fõ' ue;s j rK ld,j,§ ia : dkudre yd ia : dk.;ls Í ï ue;s j rK fldñidßiajrhdf.a wkque;sh we;sj muKla l< hq;=h'

10'1'6 jegqm"a fõ;k yd §ukd fmd,sia fiajfha jeo.;alu yd fmd,sia ks,Odßka fiajh l< hq;= wkaou i<ld ne,Sfuka miq" Tjqkfa .a jegqma ;%ú s O fiajd ^yuqodj" kdúl yuqodj yd .=jka yuqodj& jegqma yd iudk ;,hl ;sìh hq;= njg ks¾foaY flf¾' tu.ska fmd,sia fiajh ;=< /lshd ;Dma;h s by< f.dia" tys .=Kd;aulNdjh jeä ÈhqKq ù" ¥IKh wvq jkq we;'

10'1'7 ;s<K s m%odkh yd ovqjï kshu lsÍu ±kg l%h s d;aulj mj;sk ;s<K s l%uhg wu;rj" tÈfkod lghq;=j,§ yd uyckhd iu. lghq;= lsÍfï§" Wiia wjxlNdjhla m%o¾Ykh lrk fmd,sia ks,Odßka fj; ;Hd. msßkeófï l%uhla y÷kajd Èh hq;=h' w,a,ia yd ¥IKh i|yd fokq ,nk ovqjï tu jerÈ fkdlsßug fmd,sia ks,OdÍka fmd,Ujk ;rï ±äúh hq;=h' fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j ;=< fiajfha fh§ isák wdo¾Yu;a ks,Odßka fj; ;Hd. msßkeófuka Tjqkfa .a ta wdo¾Yu;aNdjhg úfYaI ms<. s ekSula Èh hq;=h' fuys§ úIh uQ,l s Wmudkhka wkq.ukh lsÍu wksjd¾h úh hq;=h' 140

10'1'8 úkh md,k mámdáh úkh md,k mámdàka wm%udoj l%h s d;aul l< hq;=h' tu mámdá mdroDYH úh hq;h = ' uyck meñKs,s u; úkhdkql, + mÍCIK mj;ajk ,o úg" meñKs,l s rejka fj; ta i|yd m%;p s dr ±laùfï hdka;%Khla fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j wdrïN l< hq;=h' fmd,sish flfrys uyckhdf.a úYajdih tu.ska Yla;u s ;a jkq we;' wdKavl q %u jHjia:dfõ 155 W 2 jHjia:dj hgf;a" fjku meñKs,s l%uhla cd'fmd'fld' úiska we;s l< hq;=h' tjeks wjia:dj,§ Èh yels iykhka iïnkaOfhka jHjia:d md¾,sfïka;=j ilia l< hq;= fõ'

10'2 moaO;s ÿ¾j,;d úi|Su 10'2'1 udkj ysñlï wLKav mqyK q j q " fy,sprõ lsru S yd iumoia: úpdr u.ska fmd,sia ks,Odßka ;=< udkj ysñlï ms<n s | ±kqu j¾Okh l< hq;=h' úl,am iudc úoHd;aul m%Yk a l%u ms<n s | mdGud,d iy wmrdO úoHdj ms<n s | mdGud,d meje;aúh hq;=h' ckudOH jevigyka yd m%isoaO foaYk meje;aùfuka-úfYaIfhkau msgm<d;aj,§ - uyck whs;j s dislï ms<n s | ±kqj;alu j¾Okh l< hq;= fõ' udkj ysñlï W,a,x>Kh lsÍï ksÍCIKh lsÍfï l%uhla §m jHdma;j l%h s d lsÍfï woyiska fmd,sifs ha udkj ysñlï wxYh jvd;a Yla;u s ;a lr" udkj ysñlï W,a,x>Kh lrk ks,Odßkag tfrysj úkhdkql, + mshjr wm%udoj l%h s d;aul l< hq;=h' udkj ys ñ lï lv lrk ks , Odßka g tfrys j úkhdkq l + , ms h jr cd'fmd'fldñiu úiska o wm%udoj .; hq;=h' yÈis wjia:dj,§" w;awvx.=jg .ekSï ms<n s | igyka" r|jd ;nd .ekSfï ksfhda. yd lrk ,o mdfmdaÉprKhka iy fjk;a jeo.;a f;dr;=re" miqj udkj ysñlï fldñiu yd cd;Hka;r r;= l=rei ixúOdkh úiska úu¾Ykh lsÍug Ndr§u i|yd wdrCIdlr ;nd .; hq;=h'

141

10'2'2 fmd,sih s yd m%cdj w;r iïnkaO;d uyck iïnkaO;d jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd wLKav §m jHdma; jevigyka Èh;a l< hq;=fõ' fmd,sia ia:dk ;u m%foaYj, uyckhd uqK .eiSu i|yd iqyo /iaùï i;sm;d fyda udiam;d meje;aúh hq;=h' fuu /iaùï u.ska fmd,sih s yd uyckhd w;r jvd hym;a ixjdohla f.dvkef.a' ish¿u fmd,sia ks,Odßkaf.a ^úfYaIfhkau uyckhd yd iDcq in|;d we;s whf.a& uyck in|;d l=i,;d ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd úfYaI mqyK q q jevigyka wmrdO je<elaùfï wxYh u.ska yd fmd,sia uyck in|;d ld¾hdxYh u.ska ixúOdkh l< hq;=h' uyck in|;d ks,Odßka jYfhka n|jd .kakd ,o WmdêOdßkaf.a ld¾hCIu;dj jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd Tjqkg a úfYaI mqyK q q mdGud,d mj;ajd" Tjqkfa .a jegqma o jeä l< hq;=fõ' ;jo" fuu ks,Odßka fj; ksis ms<. s ekSula Èh hq;= w;r" Tjqka iu. jv jvd iïnkaO ù lghq;= lrk f,i fmd,sia ks,Odßka fj; Wmfoia Èh hq;=h' wmrdO je<elaùfï l%h s dldrlï we;=¿ m%cd fiajd jHdmD;s ;u m%foaYj, m%cd ixúOdk iu. taldnoaOj ie<iqïlr l%h s d;aul lsÍu ;=<k s a fmd,sia ia:dk m%cdj ;=< jvd l%h s dldÍ ld¾hNdrhka bgq l< hq;=h' ldka;d yd <ud whs;j s dislï wdrCId lsßu i|yd iEu fmd,sia ia:dkhlu ldka;d yd <ud ld¾hdxY msyg s ú q h hq;=h'195 Wmldr b,a,d fmd,sia ia:dk fj; meñfKk ldka;djka yd <uqka fj; iyk ,nd §ug yels j k mßÈ" iq ÿ iq l ï iys ; ldka ; d fmd,s i a ks,OdßKshkayg WmfoaYkh" ufkda úoHdj yd wdY%; s úIhhka ms<n s | úfYaI mqyK q j q la ,ndÈh hq;=h' tfia ke;fyd;a tjeks mqyK q j q la we;s ndysr wh fmd,sifs ha iydhg n|jd .; yelsh' ^tfia n|jd .ekSfï§ fldka;%d;a moku jeks fjk;a mámdáhla wkq.ukh l< yelsh& fuu úfYaI ld¾hdxYj, ld¾h m%.;sh udislj we.hsh hq;=h'

10'2'3 wëCIKh m%udKj;a fkdùu ms<n s | úi÷ï OQrej,s moku u; ±ä wëCIK lghq;= l%h s d;aul l< yels jk whqßka fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;= jHqyh kej; i<ld ne,sh hq;= fõ' ¥IK l%h s d uevmeje;aùu i|yd wNHka;r ixjrK yd ;=,k l%h s doduhla we;s l< hq;=h' ±ä wëCIKhla l%h s d;aul l< yelsjk mßÈ fmdÿ iyNd.s;j a h iy;sl l< hq;=h' ^weußldkq fldïiageÜ l%uh (System of Comstat) óg wod<j b;d iqÿiq l%uhls& 195

±kg jHdma;j we;af;a 36 la muKs'

142

10'2'4 iïm;a ysÕh fomd¾;fïka;=fõ fiajh Wmßu lsÍu i|yd" úu¾Yk lghq;= i|yd Ndú; flfrk hka;i % ; Q % wdÈh kQ;k wjYH;djkag iß,k mßÈ kùlrKh l< hq;= fõ' ryiH cdhdrEm WmlrK iys; kQ;k m%;m s Y % k a l=á ks¾udKh lsÍu" kQ;k má.; lsßfï WmlrK" Wiia mß.Kl moaO;s yd ã'tka'ta' mÍCIK fuj,ï óg we;=<;a úh hq;h = ' mÍCIK lghq;= wm%udoj" id¾:lj yd wdrCIs;j meje;aùu i|yd m%jdyk myiqlï jeä ÈhqKq l< hq;=fõ' fjkia fjñka mj;akd wjYH;djkag yev .eiSug fmd,sia ks,Odßkag yelsjk fia Tjqkg ;dCIKsl mqyK q j q wLKavj ,nd Èh hq;= fõ' uqo,a wvqmdvq je<elaùu i|yd" NdKavd.drh yd uqo,a weu;sjrhd iu. iDcqju idlÉPd lsÍfï ksoyi fmd,sim a ;sjrhdg yd cd'fmd'fld' fj; ,nd Èh hq;= nj ks¾foaY flf¾' fmd,sifs ha mßmd,kuh fyda fufyhqï lghq;= i|yd w;HjYH wruqo,a fkdlvjd ,efnk njg iy;sl lsßug tjeks iDcq idlÉPd m%fhdackj;a jkq we;' óg wu;rj fmd,sih s jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug wjYH wruqo,a yd ;dCIK wdOdr úfoaY uQ,dY% fj;ska ,nd .ekSug yelsjk mßÈ" NdKavd.drfha wkque;shg hg;aj" cd'fmd'fld'g yd fmd,sim a ;sjrhdg tu úfoaY ixúOdk iu. iDcqju idlÉPd lsÍfï ksoyi ,nd Èh hq;=h' ^wkjYH fldkafoaij s ,g hg;a fkdùug j.n,d .; hq;= fõ&

10'2'5 fjk;a kS ; s wdh;k ^wêlrKh"kS ; s m ;s fomd¾;fïka ; = j & iu. iïnkaëlrKh úu¾Yk lghq;= wdrïNfha isgu kS;m s ;s fomd¾;fïka;=j yd fmd,sih s w;r iïnkaO;d we;sùu iy;sl lrk hï l%uhla we;s l< hq;=h' fjk;a wdh;kj, iyNd.s;j a h wjYH ùu ksid we;s úh yels m%udohka je<elaùu i|yd f;dard.;a fmd,sia ks,Odßkayg wNsfpdaokd ld¾hh ms<n s | mqyK q j q la ,ndÈh hq;h = ' wêlrK ierhkajrekag yd tfia f;dard.;a fmd,sia ks,Odßkag fuu mqyK q j q kS;m s ;s fomd¾;fïka;=fõ§ yd fmd,sia Wiia wNHdi úÿyf,a§ ,nd Èh yel' wmrdOlrejka fj; kvq mejÍu iSud lrk hï ffk;sl ndOdjla ;sfnk nj fmd,si s h s g yefÕk wjia:dj,§" ta ms<n s | úia;r cd'fmd'fld' fj; bÈßm;a lr" fldñiu u.ska jHjia:dodhlh ,jd tu ndOlh bj;a lsÍug kS;s ilid .; yels fõ' 143

10'2'6 ¥IKh msgq ±lSu 10'2'6'1 cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu jHjia:dodhl iNdj msyg s qùfuka wk;=rej cd'fmd'fldñifï idudðlhka m;a lsÍfuka tys iajdëk;ajh kej; we;s l< hq;=h' cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu uQ,Huh jYfhka Yla;u s ;a l< hq;=h' iuyr mßmd,kuh ld¾hhka fmd,sim a ;sjrhd fj; mejÍfuka" cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï jHqyfha fjkia lsÍï isÿ lsÍfï wjYH;dj fj; ie<ls,, a fhduq l< hq;=fõ' yels iEu wjia:djl§u" fmd,sim a ;sjrhd iu. idlÉPd lsÍfuka yd Tyqf.a wkque;sh we;sj" iEu ;SrKhlgu t<öu jeo.;ah' cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu iy fmd,sim a ;sjrhd o" mq¿,a uyck iyNd.s;j a hla o we;sj" fmd,sih s i|yd iqÿiq ¥IK u¾ok Wmdh ud¾.hla y÷kajd Èh hq;= fõ' ÿIKh je<elaùu" wNSCIKh" WmfoaYkh hkd§ iEu wxYhla fj;u tu Wmdh ud¾.h ie<ls,, a fhduq l< hq;= fõ' foaYmd,k n,mEu yd {d;s ix.%yh o ie<ls,, a g .; hq;= fõ'

10'2'6'2 iajdëk úu¾Yk yd wjxlNdjh úksYp a h lrk mÍCIK Y%s ,xldfõ w,a,ia mÍCIK meje;aùu meñKs, s s ,eîfï moku u; isÿ 196 flf¾' ¥IK mÍCIK id¾:l ùug kï meñKs<s ,efnk f;la fkdisg" iajdëk f,i wrUd mj;ajdf.k hk úu¾Yk o l%h s d;aul l< hq;=h' fï iïnkaOfhka wjxlNdjh úksYp a h flfrk mÍCIK o m%fhdackj;a fõ'

10'2'6'3 mqrjeis iudf,dapkh yd iyNd.s;j a h fmd,sih s g úreoaOj flfrk uyck meñKs,s úu¾Ykh lsÍfï§ fmd,sih s g jdisodhl jk f,ig tajd mj;ajk njg Wml,amkhla uyckhd w;r mj;S' tu woyi bj;a lr uyck úYajdih f.dvke.Sug kï" uyck meñKs,s úNd. lsÍfï§ Tjqkfa .a iyNd.s;j a h we;sj tu úNd.lsÍï isÿ l< hq;h = '

10'2'6'4 wNHka;r mÍCIK lghq;= ksÍCIK i|yd fldñiu $lñgqj wNHka;r mÍCIK lghq;= iïnkaOfhka o by; i|yka lrk ,o Wml,amkh mj;S' tfyhska wNHka;r mÍCIK lghq;= ksÍCIKh lsÍu i|yd iajdëk fldñiula $lñgqjla wms ks¾foaY lruq' fuu fldñiu isú,a iudc jeishka" fcHIaG fmd,sia ks,Odßka iy kS;s n,d;aul lsÍu 196

fuu mÍCIKhka muKla m%udKj;a fkdjk nj we't'c' fud,ka fldñiu meyeÈ<s f,i fmkajd ÿkafkah'

144

ms<n s | ukd m,mqreoaola iys; wjxl mqo. a ,hkaf.ka iukaú; úh hq;=h' fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j wNHka;r mÍCIK lghq;= mj;ajk iEu wjia:djl§u fuu fldñiu o /iaúh hq;=h' wNHka;r mÍCIKhkaf.a ;SrK túg iajdëk ;SrK jkq we;' fomd¾;fïka;=j fj; uyck úYajdih o túg j¾Okh jkq we;'

10'2'6'5 fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;j = yd cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu wëCIKh lsÍu fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fõ lghq;= yd cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï lghq;= my; i|yka wdldrhg wëCIKhg Ndckh úh hq;h = ' w& fïjdfha l%h s dldß;ajh we.ehSu i|yd ia:djr md¾,sfïka;= ldrl iNdjla m;a lsÍu yd wd& fjk;a fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh rgla úiska fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=ju iajdëk iñhqre újrKhlg Ndckh lsÍu (Independent Peer Review)

10'2'6'6 wjxlNdjh úksYp a h lsÍfï tallhka fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska wjxlNdjh ms<n s |j lghq;= lsÍu i|yd fjku tallhla msyg s ú q h hq;h = ' ¥IKhg u. i<ik idOl y÷kdf.k tajd mÍCIKhg Ndckh lsÍug;a" tu uQ< idOl .ek l%h s d lsÍug;a" ¥IK u¾okh i|yd wdh;ksl l%h s d ud¾. y÷kajd §ug;a" tu tallhg yelsjk mßÈ wjYH iïm;a yd mqo. a ,hka Bg ,nd Èh hq;=h'

10'2'7 foaYmd,k n,mEï fmd,sia ld¾hhka fj; foaYmd,k n,mEï lsÍu kS;ú s frdaê ls%hdjla njg m%ldY l< hq;h = ' ;udf.au iajdëk ;SrKhka u; fyda ks,Odßl=f.a fyda idudkH rg jeishl=f.a meñKs,, a la u; l%h s d lrñka fyda tjeks wjia:d iïnkaOfhka wjYH mshjr .ekSfï n,h cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiug ysñ úh hq;=h' foaYmd,k n,mEï ms<n s | fyda foaYmd,k n,mEï lsÍug ;e;a lsÍï ms<n s | fyda ish¿u f;dr;=re hkdÈh ,nd .ekSug uyckhdg yelsúh hq;=h'

145

10'2'8 fcHIaG ks,Odßka fj;ska ,efnk kS;ú s frdaë ksfhda. yd lKsIG a ks,OdÍka wdrCId lsßu by< uÜgïj,ska ksl=;a flfrk kS;s úfrdaë ksfhda.j,g wjk; fkdjk hg;a ks,Odßka fj; wdOdr lsÍu i|yd iajdëk wdh;khla ;sìh hq;=h' kS;ú s frdaë ksfhda. ksl=;a lrk ks,Odßkag tfrysj wm%udo mÍCIK mj;ajd" Tjqkg úreoaOj úkhmd,k lghq;= iïmQ¾K lr tu ksfhda.j,g ,la jQ hg;a ks,Odßkag wdrCIdj iemhSu w;HjYHh'197

10'2'9 m%N+ msßiaj,g wdrCIdj iemhSu idudkH wdrCIl ;;ajhka hgf;a" m%N+ msßia i|yd wdrCIdj iemhSu fmd,sifs ha m%Odk;u rdcldßh fyda Wmßu uqo,la jehjk rdcldßh fyda fkdúh hq;=h' b;du Wiia ;;ajhla ork wh ñi" iEu foaYmd,{hl=u yd foaYmd,k mCI ks,OdÍka yd Tjqkfa .a {d;Ska we;+<;a jk mßÈ m%N+ msßia hk moh w¾: l:kh fkdl< hq;=h' ^mqoa.,hka yd foam, ieuúgu wdrCId lsÍug fmd,sih s ne¢ isà&

10'3 iudma;h s wm úiska by; i|yka lrk ,o ks¾foaYhka l%h s d;aul lsÍu ;=<k s "a m%cdjg fmd,sifs hka isÿjk fiajh Wmßu ;;ajh lrd meñK" ¥IKh wju lr fmd,sih s fj; uyck úYajdih f.dv ke.S" fmd,si-a m%cd in|;djka Yla;u s ;a ù" fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j ÈhqKj q lrd .uka lr b;d id¾:l m%;M s , w;ajkq we;ehs wmf.a wjxl wfmaCIdjhs'

197

fujeks wdh;khla ^fmdÿ wdrCIl fldñiu& md;si: a dkfha l%h s d;aul fõ'

146

Adendum to “In persuit” of ‘Absolute Integrity’

PARLIAMENTARY CONTRIBUTION TO MAKE THE POLICE EFFECTIVE This brief note deals with the analysis of the national budget on the police. The major observations and findings are given below:

The cadre in the Police Department has not changed over the years. It is seen from the statistics given in the Annex A & B the estimated cadre in 1999 was 68,932 while in 2005 it was 67,770 according to the annual estimates of the government. Further it was noted that the actual staff strength is 63,797 in 2005 according to the departmental records thus indicating 3,973 vacancies when compared to the approved cadre. This situation needs to be compared with the increasing trend of crime and the population.

Total expenditure of the police department as a percentage of the total National budget over the last 3 years is compared below.

Year

National Budget * Rs Mn

Police Budget Rs Mn x

2003

422,102 (Actual)

13,801

3.2%

2004

487,309

14,250

2.9%

2005

563,428

17,589

3.1%

Police Capital investment as a percentage of total National Capital investment Over the last three years is as follows

Year

National Budget*

Police Budget x

2003

87,409 Actual

341 Actual

.39%

2004

97,631

1,184

1.21%

2005

144,440

1,502

Health and welfare (Recurrent) allocation compared to the approved cadre is compared below;

147

Year

Allocation

Total Cadre

Per head per Annum

Per head per month

1999

43,873,000

68,932

636

2000

59,597,000

73,932

806

2001

96,336,000

75,719

1,272

106

2002

98,847,000

75,968

1,301

108

2003

107,861,000

86,715

1,244

103

2004

125,726,000

67,770

1,855

155

2005

195,776,000

67,770

2,888

240

2006

206,960,000

67,770

3,053

254

Amount allocated for welfare and health appear to be insufficient compared to the nature of work to be performed by the officers 5.

VIP Security allocation (Recurrent)

Year 1999

Allocation Rs 203,808,000

Per person per annum Rs 271,784

2000

280,505,000

374,006

2001

498,275,000

664,436

2002

562,885,000

750,513

2003

583,095,000

777,460

2004

612,910,000

817,213

2005

807,620,000

1,076,826

2006

843,500,000

1,124,666

Number of VIPP as per annual estimates is as follows 2003 Actuals

2004 Estimates

2005 Estimates

Local (annual)

250

260

Foreign

500

VIP Security expenditure has not changed even after the Ceasefire agreement instead increased. Some important expenditure budget details given in Annexure A & B.

148

in respect of the Police department are

149

369 141,587

Contracted services

ex-

140023544

Maintenance

Staff

Actual Grand Total

68488

8451575336

98694559

773,174263

Acquisition of assets

Total

211520,296

7466,880 777

26332,409

Rehabilitation and Improvements

Capital

Total

Other Recurrent penses

3059,316

1155,659,216

Supplies

Transfer

1918,248,639

Travelling Expenses

Estimate

1999 Reseaved

1999 Estimate

2000 Reseaved

2000 Estimate

2001 Reseaved

2001 Estimate

2002

2004

Estimate Estimate

2003

Estimate

2005

Annex A

68929

10180830897

1377,040792

1083073394

293967398

8803790105

223393821

1830987

429431462

163933,168

1077107546

165950006

950,000

30100,000

900,000

336830000 415,000,000

74170

95270390 102,000,000

1700,000

1920,006

587774006

113010000

2500,000

589545,000

615998

173930006 168325,000

217814000 171620,000 262559,000

1900,000

554905520 490,975,000

166431980 162,000,000

87265000

3000,000

613045000

165525000

3000,000

124830,000 271670,000

3000,000

655155,000 847225,000

172300,000 217300,000

602000000 1498332,000 1148,500,390 1505,550,000 1208,433006 1631360,000 1645135000 1693715,000 2562005,000

95000000 104350,000 164350,000 187630,000

855085006

205427006

238500000

56200,000

36300,000

71300,000

187500000 1148565,000 1431900,000

35800000

68932

73932

75719

75968

86715

67770

800000000 8000,000,000 10451362,000 11292105326 12371800,000 12189895000 13207790000 13081150,000 14250865,000 17589580,000

600000000 600,000,000 800,000,000 1850000,000 1136100,000 1060,512,000 294700,000 223300,000 1184865,000 101800,000

505000000 505,000,000 695650,000 1685650000 948450,000

95000000

7400000000 7400,000000 9651362,000 9936362000 11235700,000 11129393,006 12,913090000 12857850000 13066000,000 15984580,000

165,950

950,000

336830000

74170000

602000000

2303082,938 2020500,000 2020500000 2400,000,000 2517432510 2701500,000 2567721,000 2590,000,000 2632,000000 2677000,000 2898000,000

4605010182 4199600,000 4199600,000 5205030,000 5329,377600 6202,355,000 6327046000 7818350,000 7711880,000 7,740000,000 9185380,000

Actual

3854,416066

1998

1997

Personal Emoluments

Recurrent

Categary

SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURE ALLOCATION BY CATEGORY AS PER ANNUAL ESTIMATE

150

2000 2000

2003

43873,000

82,108000

99593,000

99493000

43873000

53397000

59597000

92830,000

96336,000

98847,000 107861000

203838000 247005000 280505,000 421600,000 498275006 562,885,000 583095000

5. Health & Welfare -

238192

984694559 1377040792

612000

4. VIP Security Division.

56,558,910

2650,000

1600,000

63163,760

2650,000

1600,000

22500,000

2100,000

1650,000

32617000

1350000

6700,000

11000,000

83000,000

4700,000

7000,000

73000,000

22500,000 28650,000 1060512000 294700,000 223300,000

5355,819

48600,000

45729746

63163760 146455000 291455000 376800,000 328480000

944,086,576 990,173,828 512586,240 532,586240 628945,000 1487445000 729000,000 648065000 194000,000 138000,000

39995,983 330069862 20,000,000

Total

78390,000 104710000

613975000 642075000 927075000 1256100,000 965813000 1137,270,000 1220270000

71490,000

2002

7466,880777 8803,790,105 7400,000,000 7400,000,000 9651,362000 9936,362,000 11235700,000 11129353000 12813,090,000 12857850000

165208339 236575690 203838000

566284856 667423533 613975000

3. S.T.F.

2. Law Enforcement

1. General Administrater & Estabilishment services

Capital

Total

5. Health and Welfare

4. VIP Security

3. Special taskforce

69930,000

2001

2004

2005

1184865

4700

7000

69000

1104165

13066000

125726

612910

1259220

10956011

112133

1503200

43100

8000

327470

1124630

15984580

195776

807620

1780,280

12985,141

215763

Estimate Reseaved Estimate Estimate Estimate Estimate

2001

6686,703857 7794946638 6468384,000 6468384000 8637395000 8590,795000 9,360,460,000 9486851000 11,014495,000 10847131000

69930,000

Estimate Reseaved Estimate Reseaved

1999

2. Law Enforcement, public order and stafe security

Actual

1999

48,683,725 104844244

1998

1997

National security & Defence Recurrent Expenditure 1. General administration & Estabilishment services

Programme/ Project title

SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURE BY CATEGORY PROGRAMME AND PROJECTS.

1564800

46300

8500

350,000

1,160,000

16324370

206960

843500

1806500

13246500

220910

2006

Annex B

151