IN PURSUIT OF “ABSOLUTE INTEGRITY”- Identifying Causes for Police Corruption - Tamil

1

“xUGwj;jpy; ntsprr; f;jpfspd; kiwthd nry;thf;F nghyp]; Coiy jLg;gjw;F vLf;fg;gLk; Kaw;rpfspd; fhzg;gLk; xU kpfg;ngUk; jilahf cs;sJld; mjid ‘mikjpapd; ePyepw Rtu;’ vd Fwpg;gpLtjd; mu;jj; k; mJ nghyp]g; zp cl;gl mjypDk; Nkyhd ,ufrpa> ngsjPf> cz;ikahd kw;Wk; nghWg;Gs;s ,aw;ifjd;ik vd;gjid gy ty;Ydu;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;.” j fpd; GS yapd;> nrf;nf];Nyh ntyf;

2

“KOikahd Neu;ikj;jpwDf;;fhd” gpd;njhlu;jy; nghyp]; CoYf;fhd fhuzq;fis ,dq;fhzy;

Ma; T fw; w iy njhlu; e ; j tu; f s; :

buhd; ] ; N gud; ] p ,d; l u; e \dy; = yq; f h

buhd;]N; gud;]p ,d;lu;e\dy; = yq; f h

3

,yq;ifapy; Kjw;gjpgG ; : 2006

buhd;]N ; gud;]p; ,d;lu;e\dy; = yq;fh 102/11 1/1 fpjJ ; y;tj;j tPjp> nfhOk;G 08 ,-nkapy; : tisl_police_project@yahoo.com ,izaj;jsk; : www.tisrilanka.org

ISBN : 955-1281-15-2 Kapila

Printed By :

A dv ertisin g

Kapila Advertising B. 15, G3, Soysa Pura, Moratuwa.

Tel : 0112-636017 E-mail : kapila_patirana@yahoo.com

1st Print - 2006

* Sinhala and English translations of this book are available at TISL office or vist our above website.

4

,e; e hl; b y; gzpGupAk; xt; n thU nghyp]hUf; F k; ,e; E }y; rku; g ; g zk;

5

Ma; T f; F O jpll ; g; gzpgg ; hsu;

:

jpU.mNry jrehaf;f xa;Tngw;w rpNu\;l nghyp]; mjpfhup

Kd;ddp Ma;thsu;

:

nry;tp fuPrh gPu] P ; LL.B (COL)

Ma;Tf;FOtpdu;

:

nry;tp. mDujp etuj;dk; rl;lj;juzp nry;tp Rrp gPypq; ,Wjpahz;L khztp . rl;lgPlk; nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk; jpU. Mjpja ; h [h - rl;lgPl khztd; Njrpa rl;lf;fy;Y}up . gq;fSu;

Ma;T cjtpahsu; :

nry;tp m[e;jh fkNf LL.B (COL)

6

buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lu;e\dypd; nra;jp buhd;]; Ngud;]p ,d;lu;ne\dy; 2001-2002 fhyg;gFjpapy; elhj;jg;ngw;w Ma;tpd; %yk; ,yq;ifapy; nghyp]J ; iwNa kpfTk; Coy; epiwe;jJ vd;gJ Gydhfpdw ; J. nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpwF ; upa ghupa Ntiyg;gSit kw;Wk; Vida fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wp fUj;jpw; nfhs;Nthkhapd; nghJkf;fs; njhlu;gpy; mjw;F Neuk; kw;Wk; trjpapdi ; k fhuzkhf jdJ Ntiyj;njhlu;gpy; mJ nghJkf;fspd; ehbj;Jbg;Gld; jq;fpAs;sjhy; TISL ,jid xU rthyhf nfhz;L ,g;gFjpff ; hd Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,e;j Ma;tpd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhdJ Fwpgg ; pll ; gpuNjrj;jpy; cs; s tplaq; f s; njhlu; g py; cs; s tw; i w Muha; e ; J ,e; j topKiwfis mgptpUj;jp nra;J tif$wy; nghWg;Gj;jd;ikia cUthf;FtjhFk;. ,e;j mwpf;ifahdJ ,j;jifa khw;wq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf nfhs;if gFg;ghsu;fSf;fhd xU cgfuzkhf gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

TISL epWtdk; tpN\lkhf nghyp]; kh mjpgu; mtu;fspd; xj;Jiog;gpwF ; ed;wp njuptpgg ; Jld; mtuJ xj;Jiog;G ,d;ikahapd; ,J ntw;wpaspjj ; pUf;f KbahJ vd;gijAk; Fwpgg ; pl tpUk;GfpwJ. ,e;j Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;l fs Ma;thsu;fspd; ,jw;F jfty;fis jpul;ba ,jd; mDgtk; tha;ej ; epiwNtw;Wf; FOtpwF ; k; vkJ ed;wpfs; cupjj ; hfl;Lk;. NkYk; nghJ toq;fy; Ma;T kw;Wk; nghJkdg;ghq;F tpUj;jp Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;l jpU.gpujPg; gPup]; kw;Wk; mtu; jk; FOtpdUf;Fk; ,e;j Kaw;rpfF ; G+uz xj;Jiog;G ey;fpa NORAD epWtdj;jpwF ; k; vkJ ed;wp cupjj ; hfl;Lk;. ,e;epWtdk; ,y;iyahapd; ,g;gapwr ; p ntw;wpaspjj ; pUf;f KbahJ. ,jw; F xj; J iog; G toq; f pa jpU.mNry jrehaf; f h jpl;lg;gzpg;ghsu; nry;tp fuPrh gPup]; jpl;l Ma;thsu; cl;gl midtUf; F k; vkJ ed; w pfs; filrpahf ,Wjpahftd; w p njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;Nwd;

J.C. ntypaKd epiwNtw;W gzpgg ; hsu; 26.07.2006 7

epiwNtw; W f; F O Nguhrpupau; S.T. n`l;bNf : B.A (Hons) B.Phil r%ftpay; nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;. r%f khDltpayhsu; nkhdh]; gy;fiyf;fofk; gzpg;ghsu;. r%f nfhs;if kw;Wk; Ma;T epiyak; (SPARC) Njrpa tpQQ ; hd kd;wk; = yq;fh. jiytu; nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk; khDltpay; gPlk;> jiytu; r%ftpay; eput ; hfk; = yq;fh kw;Wk; r%f rkj;Jtk; r%f nfhs;if ,isQu; r%ftpay; r%f gpur;rpidfs; Nghd;w gy;NtW tifahd E}y;fspd; E}yhrpupau;. jpU. mrpy]; N[hrg; : xa;Tngw;w gpujpnghyp]; kh mjpgu; ,yq; i fapd; gy; N tW gpuNjrj; j pYk; 1956k; Mz; L Kjy; flikahw;wpatu;. gzpgg ; hsu; ,yq;ifg; nghyp]; gapwr ; pf; fy;Y}up (1990 - 1992) ,yq;if nghyp]hUf;fhd Nju;jy; nrayfj;ij cUthf;Ftjpy; Kd;NdhbahsUk; nghyp]hUf;F mwpTWj;jy; Gj;jfj;ij cUthf;fpatUk; MFk;. nghyp]; tu;jj ; khdp Fwpal P L ; tptuzj;ij cUthf;fpatUk; nghyp]; jfty; njhopyE ; l;g gpuptpid cUthf;fpatUk;> ,tu; gapwr ; p /mgptpUj;jpfhfd kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jt tpN\l epGzj;jtk; epWtd gl;lg;gapYdUk; njhopy; ty;Ydu; rq;fj;jpuf ; spd; epWtd (U.K) cWg;gpdUk; TISL epWtd gzpghsu;FO cWg;gpdUk; . ,yq;ifg; ngw;Nwhypa $l;Lj;jhgd kdpj tY mgptpUj;jp (HEO) MNyhrfUk; CARE kw;Wk; ,yq;if kpdr ; hu fk;gdp MNyhrfUkhthu;. jpU. rhd; Nrdhehaf;fh (rl;lj;juzp) tpN\lkhf nghJtpUg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; kdpj cupik mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd tof;Ffspy; gq;Fgw;Wtu;. nghJ tpUg;Gf;fs; rl;l gPl kw;Wk; ePjp kw;Wk; rl;l epWtd eltbf;iffspy; Mu;tj;Jld; <LgLgtUk; Nkyjpfkhf ,yq;if kd;wf; fy;Y}up kw;Wk; Njrpa rpWtu; ghJfhg;G mjpfhurigapd; tsthsUk; ,yq;ifg;nghyp]; jpizf;fsk; kw;Wk; rpiwr;rhiyfs; jpizf; f sk; Mfpatw; W f; F eP j p tptfhu MNyhrfuhf gzpahw;WtJld; nghJtpUg;Gfs; rl;l epiyaj;jpd; 1992 -2003 Mz;Lf;fhd gzpgg ; hsUk; 2002 - 2003 Mz;L fhy gzpgg ; hsUkhf gzpahw;wpatu;. jw;NghJ rl;l kw;Wk; ePjp epWtdj;jpd; jiytuhf nraw;gLfpwhu;. lhf;lu; tpd;ah Mupaul;d (MD) kUj;Jt tpQQ ; hd M.D. gl;lj;ij gpypigd;]; b yh rhyh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ltUk; kUj;Jt Jiwf;fhd (M.P.H) tpUij U.S.A N[hd; n`hg;`pd] ; ; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpYk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fof 8

gl;lg;gpd; gapYdu; epWtdj;jpd; 1996k; Mz;L M.Sc gl;lj;ijAk; r%f tpQQ ; hdj;jpd; MD gl;lj;ij (2003) Yk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. lhf; l u; Mupaul; z mtu; f s; yptu; G +y; c\; z rk; g e; j khd ghlrhiyfspy; gFjp Neu gapYduhfTk; 2005k; Mz;L gpuplb ; \; murjq;fj;jhy; gapWdu; tpUJ toq;fp nfsutpff ; g;gl;lJld; yPl] ; ; gy;fiyf;fofypYk; (U.K) kUj;Jt tpQQ ; hd kw;Wk; Rfhjhu gPl eg;gy P l ; ; epWtdj;jpwF ; ,izf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,yq;ifapd; ghupa mur rhu;gw;w epWtdkhd ru;tNjr ,yf;fj;jpd; epiwNtw;Wg;gzpgg ; hsu; njhopy; uPjpahf r%f kUj;Jt / nghJr;Rfhjhuk; rk;ge;jkhd tpN\l itj;jpauhfTk; nfhOk;G = [atu;jj ; dGu kUj;Jt tpQQ ; hd gPl tpupTiuahsuhfTk; gzpahw;Wgtu;. mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy; ,yq; i fapy; rkhjhd Kd; n dLg; G f; f s; Kd; d zpahsuhf gq;nfLg;gJld; 2004k; Mz;L RdhkpfF ; gpd; INuhg;gpa gy;fiyf;fof rkhjhd fw;if epiyaj;jpy; (M];jpupah) gzpahw;wpatu;. jpU. Mupaul;z mtu;fs; jw;Nghija mtru epiyfs; kw;Wk; kPse ; puk ; hz nraw;jpll ; j;jpd; KONeu ,izg;ghsuhfTk; gzpahw;Wfpwhu;. jpU C.J. [hd;]; (B.Sc) ,yq;ifapd; Kd;dhy; rpiwr;rhiy Mizahsu; ehafkhfTk; jq;fhiy rpiw cilg;G rk;gtj;jpd; %d; W cWg; g pdu; f s; tprhuizf; F Otpd; cWg; g pduhfTk; gzpahw;Wfpwhu;. Njrpa mghafukhd xsljq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;L rig kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfs; ,yf;F gil FLk;g GdUj;jhuz epiyak; kw;Wk; kdpj Rght tof;fq;fs; epiya jiytuhfTk; gzpahw;Wfpwhu;. jpU. mNry jprhehaf;f ,yq;ifg; nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpd; Fw;wj;jLg;G tprhuiz jpizf;fsj;jpy; 1972k; Mz;by; ,Ue;J gzpahw;wpatu;. ,yq;ifg; nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpy; ,tuJ Nritia ghuhl; b “G+u; z G+kp” tpUjpid 1993k; Mz; L brk; g upy; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. gy;NtW tof;Ffs; njhlu;gpy; If;fpa ,uhl;rpak; gpuhd;]>; Rtp]r ; yhe;J> n`hq;nfhq; kw;Wk; ,e;jpah Nghd;w ehLfspy; fpupkpdy; rk;ge;jkhd tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shu;. rpNu\;l nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfuhf 1996k; Mz;L Aj;jf; Fw;wr;nray;fspd; If;fpa ehLfs; Kd;dhy; ANfh];Nytpah ru;tNjr fpupkpdy; tof; F fspy; tprhuizahsuhf epakpf; f g; g l; L neju; y he; J N`f;fpYs;s UN-ICTY rNuh[Pth ngh];dpah n`u;]; Nfhtpdhtpy; jq;fpapUe;jhu;. 2004k; Mz;L ,jpy; ,Ue;J xa;T ngw;whu;. jw;NghJ ,r;nraw;jpll ; j;jpd; jpll ; g; gzpgg ; hsuhtu;. jpU. jhrp nrdtpuj;d xa;T ngw;w rpNu\;l nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfuhd ,tu; nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpy; tpidjpwd;> nghJ elj;ij kw;Wk; 9

Neu;ik rk;ge;jkhf khrw;w ed;kjpgg ; pid cilatu;. ,tu; rl;lj;ij mKy;gLj;JtjpYk;> Fw;wj;jLg;G tprhuizfs; kw;Wk; ePjpkd;w eltbf;iffspYk; ghupa mDgtkpff ; 37 tUlfhy Nrit kjpgi ; g cilatu;. ,tu; jdJ xa;T ngWk; fhyg;gFjpfF ; mz;kpjj ; jhf (Gyd; tprhuiz) gFjpapd; jiytuhf gzpahw;wpatu;. ,tu; 20022003 fhyg;gFjpapy; njw;F Mrpahtpd; rpW Majq;fSf;F vjpuhd jLg; G Kd; d dp SASA tiyg; g pd; d ypy; njhlu; g hlsuhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhu;. ,tu; TISL epWtdj;jpd; gzpgg ; hsu;fspy; xUtUkhthu;. jpU. M.D.A. `Nuhy; l ; 1963y; ,tuJ 40 tUlfhy mur Nritf; f hyj; j py; 26 tUlq; f s; fzf; f ha; t hsu; ehafk; jpizf;fsj;jpy; gzpahw;wpatu;. jpU. `Nuy;l ; ; ,d;Nj fzf;fha;thsu; Nritapd; mj;jpal;rfuhf 17 Mz;LfSk; cjtp fzf;fha;thsu; ehafkhf 6 Mz;LfSk; ,Wjp 3 Mz;Lfs; gpjup fzf;fhsu; ehafkhf gzpahw;wpatu;. ,tu; nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fspd; kdpj tY cl;gl gpujhd gFjpf;F nghWg;ghsuhfTk; murhq;f Kftu; epiyaq;fs;> epWtdq;fspy; fzf;fha;thsuhfTk;> khfhz kw;Wk; cs;Su; mjpfhurig kw;Wk; ntspehl;L cjtp nraw;jpll ; q;fspd; fzf;fha;tf;F nghWg;ghdtuhfTk; cs;shu;. ,yq;if njhopyE ; l;g fy;Y}upapy; fzf;fpay; bg;Nshkh ngw;wtUk;> ,yq;if mgptpUj;jp eput ; hf epiyaj;jpd; nghJ epjp Kfhikj;Jt bg;NshkhjhupAkhthu;. ,tu; ,yq;if nghJ epjp kw;Wk;> fzf;fpay; mgtpUj;jp epWtd cWg;gpdUk;> fzf;fpay; njhopy;El;gtpayhsu;fs; rq;fj;jpd; cWg;gpdUk; Mthu;. ,yq;ifapy; mur epjp eput ; hf epWtd gFjpNeu tpupTiuahsuhfTk;> ,yq;if murhq;f fzf;fpay; kw;Wk; epjp kw;Wk; toq;fy;> %yg;nghUs; Kfhikj;jt epWtd gFjpNeu tpupTiuahsUkhthu;. jpU. J.C. ntspaKd cau;ePjpkd;w kw;Wk; mg;gPy; ePjpkd;w rl;lj;juzpAkhthu;. ghuhSkd;w rl;lq;fs;> nghJ tif$wy;fs; kdpj cupik kPwy;fs;> murpayikg;G tptfhuq;fs; njhlu;gpyhd gy;NtW tof;Ffs; Mtz Kd;ddp rl;lj;juzpAkhthu;. ,tu; nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; rl;l tptfhu rk;ge;jkhdJk; 1994 gpuhd;]; ];Nlu; gu;f; ru;tNjr kdpj cupik epiy > kdpj cupik rhd;W > gy;fiyf;fof fw;wy; cs;sf gapwr ; pff ; hyk; kw;Wk; kdpj cupikf;fhd bg;NshkhjhupAkhthu;. ,tu; rpwpJfhyk; ,yq;iff;fhd cyf tq; f papy; ehl; L epjpepiy tif$wy; kjpg; g P l ; L fw; i f MNyhrfuhfTk; gzpahw;wpAs;shu;. ,tu; njd; Mrpah kdpj cupikf;fhd gpuhe;jpa kdpj cupik ,af;fj;jpd; cWg;gpduhtu;. ,tu; jw; N ghJ cj; N jrpf; f g; g l; L s; s murpayikg; g pw; f hd tpopgG ; zu;thsuhf ,Ug;gJld; Coy; vjpu; fy;tpff ; hd ghltpjhd 10

;ur` ;d;rpav ;ut, .;uhwpfW;whapzg ;ypyj;jLg;wV G;gkil;lf ledalihP )hapg y ; pjhypg( y ; pjj ; yhf u;dYpag Jut, k ; TfhudWw ; pag wiKpot fis ; hfn )slegnA soL( ] ; y ; rQ ; V ] ; hyn k ; Ww ; k aihp d ; pjj ; dtWpe LSIT JhgNw ; j u;t, .u;hss ; Lz ; hfnw ; kN k ; Afiw ; f apww ; g .u;hthushgpzg g ; Ww ; tNwipe

11

cs; s lf; f k; Kd;Diu 1. ,yq;if nghyp]pd; tuyhW

19 24

1.1 nghyp]pd; gioa tuyhW 1.1.1. lr; fhyk; 1.1.2. gpuplb ; \; fhyk;

24 24

1.2 ,yq;ifg; nghyp]pd; tsu;rr ; pAk; kPs; mikg;Gk; 1.2.1. Rje;jpuj;jpwF ; Kd;djhd mgptpUj;jp 1.2.2. Rje;jpuj;jpwF ; gpdd ; jhd mgptpUj;jp

25 25 26

1.3 nghyp]pd; Muk;gfhy Coy; tuyhW

27

24

2. nghyp]; Coy;

28

1.1 nghyp]; Coy; vd;gJ vd;d?

1.2. nghyp]pd; Coy; td;kkhd gpuNjrk;

3. epWtd fl;likg;G kw;Wk; eilKiw rl;lfk; 3.1 cau;jd;ik kw;Wk; cWjpgg ; hL 3.2. nraw;ghl;L gpupT 3.2.1 Fw;wg;Gydha;T jpizf;fsk; 3.2.2 nghyp]; Nghijg;nghUs; jLg;G gpupT 3.2.3 rpWtu; kw;Wk; ngz;fs; gpupT 3.2.4 nghyp]; kdpj cupik gpupT 3.2.5 Fw;wj;jLg;G kw;Wk; nghyp]; nghJrd cwT gpupT 3.2.6 nghyp]; tpN\l mjpubg;gpupT 3.2.7. Cu;fhty; gil 3.3 gzpff ; ku;jj ; y; eilKiw 3.4 gapwr ; p 3.4.1 gapwr ; p eilKiw 3.5 gjtpAau;Tfs; 3.5.1. gjtpAau;T jpll ; k; 3.5.2. murpaw; kag;gLj;jg;gl;l gjtpAk; Coy; jLg;gjw;fhd eltbf;if 3.6 ,lkhw;wq;fs; 3.6.1. ,lkhw;w jpll ; k; 3.6.2. Njitaw;w ,lkhw;wq;fis jtpug ; g ; jw;fhd topKiw 3.7 rk;gsk;> mytd;]; Vida trjpfs; kw;Wk; ntFkjpfs; 3.7.1. khjhe;j rk;gsk; 3.7.2. mytd;]; 3.7.3. Vida trjpfs; 3.7.4. ntFkjpfs;

12

28 29

30 30 30 30 30 33 33 34 35 35 35 40 40 41 41 43 45 45 50 50 50 52 53 53

3.8. xOf;fhw;W eilKiw 3.8.1 nghyp]; rj;jpag;gpukhdk; 3.8.2 Nritf;fl;Lg;ghLfs; 3.8.3 xOf;f Nfhit 3.8.4 nghyp]hUf;F vjpuhd nghJkf;fs; Kiwg;ghL 3.8.5 jz;lidfs; 3.8.6 Nkd;KiwaPL

54 54 55 56 57 59 61

4. 17tJ jpUj;jj;jpwF ; mika cUthf;fg;gl;l Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO 4.1 Nehf;fq;fs; 62 4.2 njhFg;G kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G 62 4.3 Nj.ngh.Mizf;FOtpd; mjpfhuq;fs; 63 4.4 Nj.ngh.Mizf;FOtpd; Nkd;KiwaPL eput ; hf 63 Nkd;KiwaPL tof;Ffs; 63 4.5 ghuhSkd;wj;jpwf ; hd tif$wy; 64 4.6 mjpfhu gutyhf;fk; 65 4.7 KjyhtJ Nj.ngh.Mizf; FOtpw; fhd milTfs; 65 4.7.1. ghupa murpaw;kag;gLj;jg;gl;l ,lkhw;wk; uj;J 65 4.7.2 gjtpAau;Tfs; 65 4.7.3 nghJKiwg;ghl;bid ntspgg ; Lj;Jtjw;F nray; xOq;F 65 4.8 Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; mjpfhu gutyhf;fk; 4.8.1 jw;Nghija epiyapy; mjpfhu gutyhf;f epiy 4.8.2 nghyp]; kh mjpgu; epakdk; 4.8.3 Vida tiuaiwfs; 4.8.3.1 nraw;ghl;L eltbf;if tiuaiwfs; 4.8.3.2 mjpfhuk; rku;gg ; dk;;

66 67 67 67 68

4.9 Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; epiy 68 4.10 Nj.ngh.Mizf;FO gw;wpa nghyp]>; nghJkf;fspd; ghu;it 70 5. nghyp]; 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5

nraw;ghL kw;Wk; nghyp]; Coy; fl;lisr; rl;lf;Nfhit nghyp]; fl;lisr;rl;lk; 1978k; ,uz;lhtJ murpaw; ahg;G ,yQ;r rl;lk; 11-1974 nrhj;jf;fs; Mtzq;fs; gpufldg;gLj;jy; rl;lk; 1-1975 ,yQ;rk; kw;Wk; Coy; rk;ge;jkhd Gydha;T Rje;jpu Mizf;FO 5.6 gPdy; Nfhit ,y 2-1883 (,izf;fg;gl;lJ)

73 73 74 75 76

6. nghyp]; juk; nfLjy; gw;wp njupeJ ; nfhs;sy; 6.1 Fw;wj;jLg;G 6.1.1 rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;F eput ; hfk; 6.1.1.1 nghyp]; Rje;jpukpdi ; k 6.1.1.2 tsg;gw;whf;Fiw 6.1.1.3 nghJkf;fs; xj;Jiog;G ,d;ik 6.1.2 jLg;G

78 79 80 81 83 84 85

13

76 77

6.2 Fw;wthspfis rl;lj;jpd; Kd; nfhz;Ltuy; 6.2.1 Gydha;Tfs; 6.2.2 rpwpa Fw;wq;fs; 6.2.3 njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs; kPs; epuk ; hdk;

86 86 89 90

6.3 Nghf;Ftuj;J fl;lg;ghL 6.4 kdpj cupik J\;gpuNahfk; 6.4.1 Jd;GWj;jy; > jLj;J itj;jy; 6.4.2 fl;lhakhf fhzkw; Nghjy; 6.4.3 nghwhik Fw;wr;rhl;L 6.5 nghyp]; r%f cwT

91 93 94 96 96 97

7. jpll ; kpll ; FiwghLfs; 7.1 gzpff ; ku;jj ; y; 7.1.1. fhd;]l ; gps; 7.1.2 cjtp ,d;]n ; gf;lu;fs; 7.1.3 cjtp nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu; 7.1.4 FiwghLfs;

99 99 99 100 100 100

7.2 nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpy; toq;fg;gLk; cjtpfs; 7.2.1 Nkw;ghu;it 7.2.2 xOf;fk; 7.2.3 gapwr ; p 7.2.4 tsq;fs;

101 101 102 102 103

7.3 gpuKfu; ghJfhg;gpy; cs;s tsq;fs; gpuNahfpff ; g;gly;

104

7.4 Vida jpizf;fsq;fspd; gpur;rpid 7.4.1 murpay; nry;thf;Ffs; 7.4.2 ePjp kw;Wk; rl;lkh mjpgu; jpizf;fsk;

105 105 105

8. Coiy Fiwg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; 8.1 CYf;F vjpuhf ,yq;ifapy; eilKiwfs; 8.1.1 Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO 8.1.2 ,yQ;rk; kw;Wk; Coy; njhlu;ghd Mizf;FO 8.1.3 tpN\l Gydha;Tg; gpupT

106 107 107 110 111

8.2 nghyp]; kh mjpguhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mz;ikf;fhy eput ; hf ,ae;jpuk;; 112 8.2.1 tpNtf fl;lg;ghL 112 8.2.2 toikia jfu;jj ; y; 112 8.2.2.1 cs;Su; njhlu;ghly; cs;s rk;ujhaKiw 114 8.2.2.2 Nfs;tp Nfhuy;; rk;gpujhak; 114 8.3 ,yq;ifapy; Coy; vjpug ; G ; fl;likg;Gfs; cyfyhtpa uPjpapy 1; 15 8.4 jw;Nghija eilKiwapy; tpidj;jpwd; 116

14

9.Vida ehLfspy; nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpy; Coiy jLg;gjw;fhf <Lgl;Ls;s cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; gw;wpa xg;GNehf;F Ma;T mwpKfk; 9.1. CoYf;F vjpuhf NghuhLtjpy; cs;s topKiwfs; 118 9.1.1. If;fpa mnkupff ; h (epA+Nahu;f; nghyp]; jpizf;fsk;) 118 9.1.1.1. CoYk; tif$wYk; 120 9.1.1.2. cs;sf tif $wy; gpupT 120 9.1.1.3. nghJkf;fsplk; ,Ue;J Kiwg;ghLfs; 121 9.1.1.4. Kd; nraw;ghl;L Gyd; tprhuid 121 9.1.1.5 nghyp]; Coiy jLg;gjw;fhd Mizf;FO (CCPC) 122 9.1.1.6. Coy; vjpug ; G ; rl;lj;juzpfs; 122 9.1.1.7. gpui[fs; Kiwg;ghl;L kPsha;T rig (CCRB) 123 9.1.2.If;fpa ,uhr;rpak; (jiyefu nghyp]); 124 9.1.2.1. Coy; jilf;fhd capug ; G ; s;s nraw;ghL 124 9.1.2.2. Coy; vjpug ; G ; FO 124 9.1.2.3. cs;sf Gyd;tprhuiz mzp 125 9.1.2.4. Rje;jpu nghyp]; KiwaPlL ; Mizf;FO (IPCC) 125 9.1.3. n`hq;nfhq; 126 9.1.3.1. nghyp]; fhupahyaj;jpwF ; vjpuhd Kiwg;ghLfs; (CAPO) 127 9.1.3.2. Rje;jpu nghyp]; Kiwg;ghl;L rig (IPCC) 127 9.1.3.3 CoYf;F vjpuhd Rje;jpu Mizf;FO (ICAC) 127 9.1.4. ,e;jpah 128 9.1.4.1. Coiy ifahs;tjw;fhf ,af;fg;ghL 129 9.1.4.2. kj;jpa Gydha;Tg; gpupT (CBI) 129 9.1.4.3. Nfushtpd; rk;gtk; 130 9.1.5. ghfp]j ; hd; 130 9.1.5.1. rPuj ; pUj;jk; 131 9.1.5.2. nghJthd Coy; vjpug ; G ; Kaw;rpfs; 133 9.2. Coiy xopgg ; jw;fhd topKiwfs; njhlu;ghf ,yq;if nghyp]; epWtdj;jpDlhf xg;GNehf;fy; Ma;T 133 9.2.1. Kd; nraw;ghl;L tprhuizfSk; Neu;ik guPli ; rAk; 134 9.2.2. gpui[fs; kPsha;T kw;Wk; gq;fspgG ; 135 9.2.3. Gyd; tprhuizfis fz;fhzpjj ; y; 135 9.2.4. murpay; jiyaPL 136 9.2.5. cjtp mjpfhupfisg; ghJfhj;jy; 136 9.2.6. ,yq;ifapy; Coy; vjpug ; G ; fyhrhuj;ij tsu;jj ; y; 137 10. KbTWj;jYk; MNyhridfSk; 138 10.1. epWtd tiyg;gpdd ; iy Nkk;gLj;jy; 138 10.1.1. Ntiytha;gG ; 138 10.1.2. fl;likg;G 139 10.1.3. gapwr ; p 139 10.1.4. gjtpAau;Tfs; 140 10.1.5. ,lkhw;wq;fs; 140 10.1.6. rk;gsk;> $ypfs;> kw;Wk; gbfs; 140 10.1.7. jz;lidfSk; ntFkjpfSk; 141 10.1.8 xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffs; 141

15

10.2. xOq;FKiw Fiwg;ghLfspy; ,Ue;J kPnsOjy; 10.2.1. kdpj cupikfs; 10.2.2. nghyp]; r%f cwT 10.2.3. Fw;wthspfs; kw;Wk; rhl;rpfspd; ghJfhg;G 10.2.4. Nkw;ghu;it FiwT 10.2.5. tsg;gw;whf;Fiw 10.2.6. eput ; hfk; kw;Wk; ePjp rk;ge;jkhd Vida epWtdq;fSld; ,ize;J elhj;Jjy; 10.2.7.Coiy Fiwj;jy; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO Kd;nraw;ghl;L Gyd; tprhuid kw;Wk; Neu;ik guPli ; r gpui[fs; kPsha;T kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;wy; fz;fhzpgG ; cs;sf Gyd; tprhuizf;fhd Mizf;FO 10.2.8 murpay; jiyaPLfs; 10.2.9. Kiwaw;w Nky;kl;l Mizfs; kw;Wk; fPoe ; piy cj;jpNahfj;jupd; ghJfhg;G. 10.2.10. gpuKfu; ghJfhg;G 10.3 KbT vz;zq;fs;

16

141 141 142 143 143 143 144 144

146 146 146 146

ABBREVIATIONS AG

Attorney General

AHRC

Asian Human Rights Commission

ASP

Assistant Superintendent of Police

CAPO

Complaints Against Police Officers

CBI

Central Bureau of Investigation

CCPC

Commission to Combat Police Corruption

CCRB

Civilian Complaints Review Board

CI

Chief Inspector

CIABOC

Commission to Investigate Allegations of Bribery and Corruption

CID

Criminal Investigations Division

COMPSTAT

Computerized Database of Crime Statistics

DIG

Deputy Inspector General of Police

DIU

Disappearances Investigations Unit

DL

Driving License

GCE (A/L)

General Certificate of Education (Advanced Level)

GCE (O/L)

General Certificate of Education (Ordinary Level)

IAB

Internal Affairs Bureau

ICAC

Independent Commission Against Corruption (in Hong Kong)

ICRC

International Committee of the Red Cross

IGP

Inspector General of Police

IP

Inspector of Police

IPCC

Independent Police Complaints Commission

JVP

Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna

LST

Law and Society Trust

MPU

Missing Persons Unit

NGO

Non Governmental Organization

NHRC

National Human Rights Commission

NIBM

National Institute of Business Management

NIC

National Identity Card

NPC

National Police Commission

NYPD

New York Police Department

OIC

Officer In-Charge

PA

Personal Assistant

17

PC

Police Constable

PCA

Police Complaints Authority

PNB

Police Narcotics Bureau

POBO

Prevention of Bribery Ordinance

PP

Passport

PS

Police Sergeant

PSP

Police Service of Pakistan

PTA

Prevention of Terrorism Act

SI

Sub Inspector of Police

SIU

Special Investigations Unit

SP

Superintendent of Police

STF

Special Task Force

TISL

Transparency International Sri Lanka

USA

United States of America

UNICEF

United Nations Children s Fund

UNHCR

United Nations Human Rights Commission

VIP

Very Important Person

VVIP

Very Very Important Person

WCD

Women s and Children s Desk

18

Kd; D iu r%f mq;fj;jtu;fspd; ehshe;j tho;fi ; fNahL neUq;fpa njhlu;GilaJ nghyp]J ; iwapd; nraw;ghlhFk;. nghyp]J ; iwapd; kpfTk; nghWg;G tha;ej ; gzpahdJ r%fj;jpwF ; rpwe;j Nritia toq;FtNjhL kf;fspd; ek;gpf;iff;F ghj;jpukhd tifapy; nghWg;Gzu;Tld; gzpahw;WtjhFk;. buhd;]N ; gud;]p ,d;lu;ned\y; epWtdj;jpdhy; gpuNjr uPjpahf elhj;jg;g ; l;l (2001 - 2002) Ma;tpd;gb nghyp];JiwNa kpfTk; Coy; tha;ej ; epWtdkhf milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,j;Jiwia Vw;Wf; nfhs;sj;jf;f> njhopw;gLk; epWtdkhf khw;wpaikf;Fk; tifapy; TISL epWtdk; “nghyp]; JiwapDs; fhzg;gLk; Coy; njhlu;ghd Mokhd Ma;T” vDk; jiyg;gpy; xU nraw;wpll ; j;jpid Muk;gpjJ ; nghyp]J ; iwapd; CoYf;fhd fhuzq;fis Muha;ej ; J. gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ,r;nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;fhd nraw; g hLfshf cs; s lf; f g; g l; l d.

gpujhd

nghyp]; Jiwapd; Coy; rk;ge;jkhd tuyhw;W kw;Wk; juT uPjpahd jfty;fis jpul;Ljy;

jw;NghJs;s eilKiwfisAk; xOq;FKiwfisAk; kw;Wk; vq;Fk; tpahgpjJ ; s;s Coy; nraw;ghLfisAk; njupeJ ; nfhs;sy;.

eilKiwfSk; xOq;FfSk; Kiwahf gpdg ; w;wg;gLfpdw ; dth? my;yJ je;jpukhf eOtplg;gLfpdw ; jh vd;gij guPlr ; hu;j; jkhf Ma;jwpjy;.

Ma;tpwf ; hd gq;Fjhuu;fis vspjhf;Fjy;.

gpuNjr ehLfSf;F ,ilapyhd xg;GNehf;fpa Ma;T.

toikahd KiwfSf;Fk;> ntspgg ; Lj;jd;ikf;Fk;> nghWg;Gj;jd;ikf;Fk; Nkyjpfkhd Coy; ,lk;ngw;w tpN\l rk;gtq;fis milahsk; fhzy;.;

,j;Jiwapy; rPuj ; pUj;jk; fhzy;.

nra;af;$ba gpuNjrq;fis ,dk;

19

,e;j Ma;tpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhdJ> nghyp]J ; iwapDs; cs;s Mu;tKs;s FOf;fspd; CoYf;fhd fhuzq;fis ,dk; fhzYk;> tuyhw;W kw;Wk; juT uPjpahd jfty;fSk; kw;Wk; nghyp]; kw;Wk; nghJj;Jiwapdupd; kdg;ghq;F njhlu;ghd mbg;gilapid Ma;T nra;tjhFk;. ,r;nraw;wpll ; j;jpd; xU gFjpahf TISL r%f Fwpfhl;bfs; %yk; Ma;T nra;jJ. Rje;jpu r%f Ma;T epWtdk; elhj;jpa jukhd Ma;thd ey;y nfhs;iff;fhd kdg;ghq;F vDk; Ma;thdJ ,uz; L tpjkhdjhFk; . ,tw; w py; xd; W nghyp]; Jiw rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhfTk; (epge;jid Ma;T) kw;wJ nghJj;Jiw kdg;ghq;F rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhfTk; ,Ue;jd. (nghJkdg;ghq;F Ma;T) epge;jid Ma;thdJ TISL epWtdj;jpw;fhf r%f Fwpfhl;bfshy; elhj; j g; ngw; w J. nghyp]; mjpfhupfspd; kdg; g hq; F kw; W k; Gyd; j pwd; njhlu;gpyhd jfty;fs; gy;NtW jpidf;fsq;fspy; re;jpjj ; tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; elhj;jg;ngw;wJ. ,e;j Ma;thdJ Nkw;fhzy; %ykhfTk; jahupff ; g;gl ; l ; tpdhf;nfhj;J %ykhfTk; gy;NtW gpdd ; zpfisf; nfhz;ltu;fshy; elhj;jg;ngw;wJ. (cjhuzkhf) r%ftpayhsu;fs;> Kd;dhy; rpNu\;l nghyp]; mjpfhupfs;> rl;lj;juzpfs; kw;Wk; gyu;) ,e;j Ma;thdJ 2005 ngg;utup khjk; 5k; jpfjp njhlf;fk; 8k; jpfjp tiuAk; gpd; 2005 ngg;utup khjk; 10k; jpfjp njhlf;fk; khu;r; khjk; 3k; jpfjp tiu elhj;jg;ngw;wJ. ,e;j Kaw;rpapy; Rkhu; 770 nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; epfo;jfthf njupT nra;ag;gl;L mtu;fs; nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpw;Fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; kdg;ghq;F njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfis Rygkhf ntspf;nfhzUk; tifapy; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lhu;fs;. nghJkdg;ghq;F njhlu;ghd Ma;thdJ nghJkf;fsplk; nghyp]; Jiw njhlu;gpy; mtu;fsJ Nritapd; jpUg;jp> Gyd; rf;jp kw;Wk; gy tplaq;fspy; nghJkf;fspd; kdg;ghq;F vt;tifapy; mike;Js;sJ vd;gjw;fhd Ma;thFk;. ,e;j ; Ma;thdJ rpwg;G Nju;rr ; p kpF FOnthd;wpdhy; 14 ngg;utup 2006 njhlf;fk; 6 khu;r; 2006 tiuapYk;> Neu;fhzy; %ykhfTk; tpdhf;nfhj;J %ykhfTk; elhj;jg;ngw;wJ. ,e; j mwpf; i fapy; ,e; j ,uz; L Ma; T fspd; mwpf; i fAk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 20

epge;jid Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F G+uz xj;Jiog;G ey;fpa nghyp]; kh mjpgu; re;jpuh ngu;dhz;Nlh mtu;fSf;Fk; mtuJ MszpapdUf;Fk;> nghyp]; epiyaq;fspd; nghWg;G mjpfhupfSf;Fk; ehk; vkJ ed;wpapid njuptpff ; flikg;gl;Ls;Nshk;. TISL epWtdk; rhu;ghf ,e;j ,uz;L tifahd Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhz;l r%f Ma;T epWtd jpU. gpujPg; gpu] P ; Ma;Tf;FOtpwF ; k; vkJ ed;wpapid njuptpf;fpd;Nwhk;. ,e;j Ma;tpd; ek;gfj;jd;ik fUjp ehk; ,yq;ifapy; fz;b> FUzhfy;> epff ; tnul;ba Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fSf;F tp[ak; nra;J 1000w;F mjpfkhd nghJkf;fis r%f epWtdq;fspd; Clhf re;jpjJ ; nghJkf;fSf;Fk; nghyp]hUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwT njhlu;ghf Neu;fhzy; kw;Wk; fye;Jiuahly; %yk; Ma;T nra;Njhk;. ,jd; %yk; fpilf;fg;ngw;w jfty;fSk; ,t;twpf;ifapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vkJ epWtd epiwNtw;Wf; FOtpduhd jpU. T. nrdtpuj;d> jpU. M.D.A. `Nuhy;l>; Nguhrpupau; S.T. n`l;bNf> jpU. Mr;rpy]; N[hrg;> nry;tp gpukpsh jpthfu> jpU.rhd; Nrdhehaf;f> jpU. C.T. [h;]; kw;Wk; lhf;lu; tpda ; h Mupaul;d MfpNahUf;F tpN\l ed;wpfs; cupj;jhfl;Lk;. vkJ Ma;tpd; %ykhf ntsp nfhzug;gl;l tplaq;fs;> ,J njhlu;gpy; Mu;tKs;s kw;Wk; nfhs;if tFg;ghsu;fs; midtUf;Fk; nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpid mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd MNyhridfis toq;Fk; vd ek;GfpdN ; whk;. ,e;j Kaw;rpahdJ ehl;by; rkhjhdKk; rftho;Tk; RgPlr ; j;jpwf ; hfTk; ey;y #oiy cUthf;Fk; vd;gJ jplkhd ek;gpfi ; fahFk;.

- Ma;Tf;FO-

21

01 ,yq;if nghyp]; tuyhW 1.1 nghyp]; Muk; g tuyhW:-

1.1.1. xy;yhe;ju; fhyk; ,yq; i f nghyp]; tuyhW xy; y he; j u; fhyk; Kjy; Muk; g khfpd; w J. jiyefiu ikakhf nfhz; N l ,g; g pupT Muk;gpff ; g;gl;lJ. 1659k; Mz;L jiyefupd; khefu rigf;Fl;gl;l vy;iyf;Fs; ,uT Neu ghJfhg;G fUjp $yp nrYj;jg;gLk; fhtw;fhuu;fs; epakpff ; g;gl;lhu;fs;. ,tu;fSf;F khjhe;jk; rk;gsk; toq; f g; g l; l J. ,tu; f Ns ,yq; i f nghyp]; Jiwapd; Kd;Ndhbfshtu;. ,yq;ifapy; xy;yhe;ju;fs; Kjd;Kjyhf %d;W nghyp]; epiyaq;fis Nfhl;ilapd; tlf;F thapy; GwKk;> Nfhl;iliaAk;> Gwf;Nfhl;iliaAk; ,izf;Fk; nfapdk ; d;]; thapy; Gwf;Nfhl;il Kjypa gFjpapy; mikj;jhu;fs;.

1.1.2. gpupj; j hdpau; ; fhyk; xy;yhe;jufsplk; fhuu;fsplk;; ,Ue;J gpupj;jhdpau;; trk; ,yq;if Ml;rp khwpa NghJ (16ngg;utup 1796) ,yq;ifapd; rl;lk; xOq;F Kiw ,uhZt trkhfpaJ. 1797k; Mz;L nghyp]hiu Nkw;ghu;it nra;Ak; gp];fhy; fhupahyak; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. vt;thnwdpDk; gp]f ; hy; fhupahyaj;jpwF ; nghyp]hiu Nkw;ghu;it nra;tJ Nkyjpf Ntiyg;gSthf fhzg;gl;lJ. ePjpthd; kw;Wk; nghyp]; eP j pthd; f s; nghyp]hiu Nkw; g hu; i t nra; a cUthf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;. ,j;jifa epiyia fUjp ePjpthd;fSf;F cjTtjw;fhf y];f ; hupd] ; ; vdg;gLk; ,uhZtk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ1. nghyp]; tpjhid my;yJ nfh];jhgy;2 vd;W Kiwapyhd epakdk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,J ghJfhg;gpw;Fk; Fw;w xopg;apw;Fk; Njitg;gl;lJ. jiyefu; nfhOk;G 15 gpupTfshf gpupff ; g;gl;L xt;nthU gpuptpw;Fk; nghyp]; nfh];jhgy; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;3. nghyp]; gupNrhjidfs; epakpff ; g;gl;L tpidj;jpwd; kpff ; nghyp]; xOq;FKiw gpupjj ; hdpa Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJld; nfh];jhgy;fs; efiug; Nuhe;J nra;tjw;Fk;> nghyp]; tpjhdkhu; fpuhkg;Gwq;f ; spy; nraw;gLtjw;Fk; xOq;F nra;ag;gl;lJ. 1805k; Mz;L kf;fspd; G+uz ghJfhg;gpwF ; k;> rl;lk; xOq;if epiyehl; l j; j f; f tifapyhdJkhd KOikahf mikg; g hf nghyp]J ; iw ,aq;fj; njhlq;fpaJ4.

1.A.C.Dep. ,yq;if nghyp]; tuyhW gFjp I =Njtp gpupd;lu;]; nj`ptis g-6 2.tpjp ,y 06 1806 3.,y 14-1806 - rl;lk;

22

1.2 nghyp]; J iw tsu; r ; r pAk; kP s ikg; G k; .

1.2.1. Rje; j puj; j pw; F Kd; d jhd mgptpUj; j p 1833k; Mz;L Nfhy;GW}f; Mizf;FO ,yq;if KOtijAk; xNu eput ; hfj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jJ. eput ; hfj;jpwF ; k;> nfhs;iff;Fk; vd ,yq;if 05 eput ; hf khtl;lq;fshf gpupff ; g;gl;lJ5. khtl;l ePjpthd;fs; nghyp]hiu fl;Lg;gLj;Jgtu;fshdhu;fs;.; ,Nj Mz;by; nfhOk;G khefu rig nghyp]; gilg;gpupT mikg;gjw;fhd jpUj;jq;fis Kd;itj;jJ. nghyp];Jiwapd; eltbf;iff;F> kPsikg;gjw;Fk; nghWg;G tha;ej ; xUtu; epakpff ; g;gl Ntz;Lk; vd fUjpaJ ,jw;fika gpujk ePjpaurupd; nrayhsu; jpU. Njhk]; x];tpd; Kjw; nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfuhf epakpff ; g;gl;lhu;.

1867k; Mz;L nghyp]; fl;lisr;rl;lk; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;L nghyp]g ; il jiyikg;gjtpahd; gpujk mj;jpal;rfu; gjtp nghyp]; kh mjpgu; gjtpahf khw;wg;gl;lJ. nghyp]; Nritapd; eltbf;iffs; ,Nj fhyg;gFjpapy; tp]j ; upff ; g;gl;L aho;gg ; hzk;> jpUNfhzkiy> fhyp> kd;dhu;> FUzhfy;> rgufKt> fz;b Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; nghyp]; epiyaq;fs; epuk ; hzpff ; g;gl;ld6. 1856k; Mz;L xOq;fhd nghyp]J ; iw cUthf;fg;gl;L 1865k; Mz;lstpy; ehL KOtJkhf 55 nghyp]; epiyaq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. 1916k; Mz;L ehLKOtJk; 138f;Fk; mjpfkhd nghyp]; epiyaq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ,yq;if nghyp]; gil Njrpa mstpy; nraw;glj;jf;fjhf khwpaJ. 1865k; Mz;L nghyp]; fl;lisr;rl;lk; %yk; nghyp]hupd; nghWg;Gf;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJld; 1870k; Mz;L Fw;wg;Gydha;T jpizf;fsk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Gydha;tpy;; Gjpa njhopy;El;g Kiwfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L tpuyilahsgjpT> Gifg;glk; vLj;jy;> njhiyNgrp mgptpUj;jp> nghyp]; jpizf;fs tiyg;gpdd ; y; vd;gd cUthf;fg;gl;L nghyp]; gpupT rhj;jpakhd gq;fspg;gpw;Fupajhf khwpaJ. kw;nwhU tifapy; Fw;wg;Gydha;T mwpf;iffspd; gFg; g ha; T > mJ njhlu; g hd Nkw; g hu; i tfs; Kiwahd xOq;Fg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhf khwpaJ. ,J nghyp];Jiw rk;ge;jkhf Gjpa Njhw;wj;jpid cUthf;fpaJ.

5.www.police.lk

6.xOq;Ffs; ,y. 6-1813

23

1.2.2 Rje; j puj; j pw; F gpd; d jhd mgptpUj; j p 1948k; Mz;L ,yq;iff;F Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jgpdG ; ,yq;ifapd; nghyp]; kh mjpguhf Nru; wpr;rhl; mYtpfhu epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,jd;gpd;G Gjpa Kiwapyhd gy eilKiwfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld7. Gjpa Kiwapyhd gapw;rpfs;> Nritapd; juk; mgptpUj;jp> Gjpa Gydha;T Kiw> Fw;wj;jLg;G kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G> nghJrd njhlu; G 8 > ngz; nghyp]hu; epakdk; 9 mj; J ld; nghyp]hUf;F kUj;Jt trjpfs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> tPlL ; thlif> mytd;]; Nghd;wit gpujk gupNrhjfu; juj;jpwF ; Fiwthdtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJld; 1955k; Mz;L Kjy; Nghf;Ftuj;J mytd;]; kw;Wk; xa;T+jpa nfhLg;gdT mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1956k; Mz; L f; F gpwF nghyp]; J iwahdJ fpukkhf fl;likg;gpwF ; upajhfTk;> kdg;ghq;F tpUj;jpapy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJld;> mjdJ eltbf;iffs; rl;lj;ijAk; xOq;ifAk; epiyehl;LtNjhL kl;Lk; epdW ; tplhJ Fw;wj;jLg;G> kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gld; $ba Nrit Nehf;Filajhf khwpaJ. 1978k; Mz; L cau; j u nghyp]; gapw; r pf; f y; Y }up cUthf;fg;gl;lJld; 1983k; Mz;L nghyp]; tpN\l mjpubg;gilg;gpupTk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 1993k; Mz;L nghyp]; jfty; njhopEl;gf; fpis ];jhgpff ; g;gl;lJld; nghyp]; ,izaj;jsk; 1998k; Mz;L Muk;gpff ; g;gl;lJ. ,yq;ifg; nghyp]; efu nghyp]hf xy;yhe;ju; fhyj;jpy; Muk;gpff ; g;gl;L mJ Njrpag; gilahf gupzkpjj ; NghJ mjdJ Muk;gf; flikahdJ ghJfhg;G> trjp> r%fepiy Nghd;wtw;NwhL Nkyjpfkhf ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Fw;wj;jLg;G Nghd;wtw;iwAk; ikakhf nfhz;bUe;jJ. kw;wtifapy; ,e;epWtdk; mgptpUj;jp miltjw;F gy;NtW tifahd Cf;FtpgG ; eltbf;iffSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

7.

01.08.1972k; Mz;L Fw;wg;Gydha;T gpupT Muk;gpff ; g;gl;lJ. 1972k; Mz;L Nkh\b Gydha;Tg;gpupT Muk;gpff ; g;gl;lJ. 1952k; Mz;L VHF NubNah miytupir njhlu;ghlYf;fhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

8.

1.10.1966 nghyp]; nghJkf;fs; njhlu;G gpupT Muk;gpff ; g;gl;lJ. 1969 khu;r; khj mstpy; cy;yhr gpuahz nghyp]; gpupTk; rl;l tpNuhj ,lk; ngau;T gpupTk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

9. 1952k; Mz;L ngz;fs; nghyp]g ; pupTf;F cs;slf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;.

24

1.3 nghyp]py; ,lk; ngw;w Coy;fs; njhlu;ghd Muk;gfhy tuyhW. 1856k; Mz;L gjtpAau;T kw;Wk; rk;gs cau;T> #jhl;l ,lq;fis elj;jy;> kJghdtpw;gid kw;Wk; ifJ nra;ag;gLk; re;Njf egu;fis tpLtpgg ; jw;F ifyQ;rk; ngw;wjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. ,j;jifa Fw;wr;nray;fspy; <Lgl;l cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; tprhuizapd; gpd; njhopypUe;J ,ilepWj;jg;gl;lhu;fs;.

MSeu; Nyhq;ld; mtu;fspd; fhyg;gFjpapy; Coy; kw;Wk; tpidj;jpwd; FiwT rk;ge;jkhd Fw;wq;fs; fhzg;gLfpdw ; d. 1879k; Mz;bd; eput ; hf mwpfi ; fapdg ; b gapww ; g;glhj mjpfhupfs; epakdk; tpidj;jpdw;wjhf FwpjJ ; f; fhl;lg;gl;l ; J10.

1883 gpuplb ; \; nghJ rigapy11; Nru; vr;kz;l mtu;fs; ,yq;ifg; nghyp]; yQ;rk; thq;Ftjw;Fupa ,lkh? vd;W xU Nfs;tpia vOg;gpdhu;. ,jw;F MSdu; nfk;gy; mtu;fs; gjpyspfi ; fapy; jdJ 30 tUl nghyp]; mDgtj;jpy; ,yq;ifg; nghyp]py; kl;LNk kpfTk; Fiwe;j mstpy; yQ;rk; ,lk; ngWtjhf Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. mwpfi ; ffis mtu; ntspapl fhuzk; yQ;rk; ngWNthUf;F vjpuhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l mjp$ba jz;lidahFk;. (c+k;) yQ;rk; ngw;Nwhu; njhopy; ePff; k; nra;ag;gl;L mtkjpff; g;gl;lhu;fs;.

1906k; Mz;L nghyp]; Mizf;FO cUthf;fg;gl;L nghyp]; eltbf;if rk;ge;jkhd Fw;wq;fSf;F vjpuhd tprhuidfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. Mizf;FO 12 mku;Tfis nrg;lk;gu; khjk; 3k; jpfjp Kjy; mf;Nlhgu; khjk; 13k; jpfjptiu elhj;jpaJ.12 60 rhl;rpfs; rhl;rpakspj;jJld; Fiw juj;jpDs;Nshu; Kiwaw;w tifapy; ngw;wdu; vd KbthfpaJ.

1912k; Mz;L nghyp]; CoyhdJ tz;by;fhuu;fspd; NtiyepWj;jj;Jld; mk;gykhfpaJ. (nfhOk;G efu nfh];jhgy;ffs; upfN ; \h fhuu;fsplk; t#y; nra;jik) ,jd; gpdG ; kpff; fLikahd eltbf;iffs; Coy;fSf;F vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. 1910k; Mz;lstpy; 213 nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; Coy; fhuzkhf NritapypUe;J mfw;wg;gl;ldu;.

10. A.C.Dep. ,yq;ifg; nghyp]; tuyhW Voll II 1860-1913 1969 nfhOk;G .P. 251 11. A.C.Dep. ,yq;ifg; nghyp]; tuyhW Voll II 1860-1913 1969 nfhOk;G .P. 251 12. A.C.Dep. ,yq;ifg; nghyp]; tuyhW Voll II 1860-1913 1969 nfhOk;G .P. 251

25

vt;thnwdpYk; ,yq;ifg; nghyp]py; Coy; kypeJ ; fhzg;gl;lJ vd;gJ cz;ikahFk;.

vt;thnwdpDk; ,t;thwhd Cf;FtpgG ; fs; Coiy jLg;gjw;fhf vLf;fgl;l eltbf;iffs; %yk; fhyj;Jf;F fhyk; khw;wkile;jd.

2. nghyp]; Coy; Coy; epiwe;j epWtdk; murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu> r%f epiyapy; fPo; epiyia miltJ jpzz ; khFk13.; XU epWtdNkh my;yJ jdpegNuh Coy; epiwe;jtuhf khWkplj;J ,q;F vLf;fg;gLk; KbTfs; epWtdj;jpd; ed;ik fUjpajhf md;wp jdpegupd; Njitfis epiwNtw;WtjhfNt fhzg;gLk;. ,jdJ Neub gydhf epWtdj;jpd; [dehaf kw;Wk; rl;l jd;ik FiwT miltJld; nghJ ek;gpfi ; fAk; ghoile;J tpLk;. kw;wtifapy; kdpj cupikfspd; J\;gpuNahfKk;> kf;fspd; r%f nghUshjhu tho;tpwF ; mr;RWj;jYk; Vw;gLtJld; kf;fspd; Neu;ikahd tho;fi ; f mr;RWj;jg;gLfpdw ; J. (tpN\lkhf mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehLfspy;) [dehaf r%fj;jpd; rl;lj;ijAk; xOq;ifAk; ,J rPuF ; iyf;fpdw ; J. kw;Wk; CoyhdJ [dehafj;ij kypdg;gLj;JtJld; r%fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis rPuF ; iyf;fpdw ; J. vq;F Coy; kypeJ ; fhzg;gLfpdw ; Njh mq;F nghyp]hUf;F nghJkf;fspd; xj;Jiog;G fpilf;fhkw; NghtJld; xj;Jiog;G fpilf;fhj gl;rj;jpy; nghyp]huhy; jq;fspd; ,yf;if va;j KbahJ vd;gJ cz;ikahFk;.14 2.1. nghyp]; Coy; vd;gJ vd;d? nghyp]; Coy; vd;gJ nghyp]; mjpfhup xUtu; jdJ mjpfhuj;ij J\;gpuNahfk; nra;tjd; %yk; jdJ Rayhgj;jpwF ; upa tifapy; jd;idAk; kw;wtu;fisAk; gad;gLj;jyhFk;15. ,jd; %yk; czug;gLtjhtJ nghyp]; Coy; vd;gJ mjpfhu J\;gpuNahfk; vdNt nfhs; s g; g Lfpd; w J. mjpfhu J\; g puNahfkhdJ jdf;Fupajhf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuk; cupa tifapy; gad;gLj;jg;glhjJld; nghyp]; Nritapdhy; ed;ikailAk; kf;fSf;F ghjpgi ; g Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;gjhFk;.

13. gPlu; vypfd; - jiytu; TISL - TISL JZf;Ff;FwpgG ; 14.nghyp]; Mizf;FO ,Wjp mwpfi ; f 1970 ( g];ehaf;f Mizf;FO mwpfi ; f) murhq;f mr;rf jpizf;fsk; ,yq;if 15.Rje;jpu r%f tpupthf;fk; Kjw;gjpgG ; N`u;kd; Nfhyl;]b ; d; ngypqf ; u; gpuRu fk;gdp Nfk;gpupl\ ; ; 1977

26

vdNt CoyhdJ jdJ Kftiu gytPdg;gLj;JtJld; jtW ,iog;gtu;fNshL cwT nfhs;tJld;> nghyp]; Nritapd; juj;jpwF ; ghjfkhd tpisit cw;gLj;JfpwJ. mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;Jgtu;fs; vDk; tifapy; nghyp]huhy; nghJkf;fis rl;lj;ij kjpjJ ; nraw;gLkhW gzpff ; KbahJs;sJ. rl;lj;ij kjpff ; hjtu;fis ifJ nra;jy;> rpiwapyilj;jy;> ePjpthd; Kd; epWj;Jjy; Nghd;wtw;wpNyNa ,tu;fshy; mjpfhuk; nrYj;j KbfpwJ. ,e;j cwT njhlu;eJ ; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fjhf ePbf;f Ntz;Lnkdpy; nghJkf;fs; kj;jpapy; nghyp]; gw;wpa ey;y kdg;ghq;F fl;b tsu;ff ; g;gl Ntz;Lk;. nghyp]; CoyhdJ r%fj;jpy; nghyp]; gw;wpa ek;gpfi ; fia jfu;gg ; NjhL ehl;by; rl;l xOq;fd P q;fSf;Fk; toptFf;fpdw ; J. XU nghyp]; mjpfhup njhlu;rr ; pahf ifyQ;rk; ngWthuhf ,Ue;jhy; mtu; tup nrYj;JNthuhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpdw ; hu;. ,tu; r%fj;jpy; gpwo;thd elj;ijia tp];jupf;fpd;whu;. XU nghyp]; mjpfhupahdtu; ntspr;rf;jpfspdhy; yQ;rk; toq;fp fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpdw ; hu; vdpd; mtu; Kiwahd eput ; hf fl;likg;ig rPuF ; iyg;gJld; ,e;epWtdk; tpidj;jpwdw;wjhf;fg;gl cjTfpdw ; hu; 16 nghyp]; gzpapy; vdyhk; . Coy; epiwe;j nghyp]; mjpfhup Fiwe;jsNt <LgLfpdw ; hu;. ,tu;fsJ NritahdJ nghJkf;fspd; rhu;gpy; Fiwtiltjhy; nghyp]; Jiwapd; ngWkjp ,of;fg;gLfpdw ; J. Nkw;ghu;it mjpfhup Coy; epiwe;jtu; vdpd; mtUf;F fPo; cs;s rfy rig ju mjpfhupfSk; ,j; j ifNah fhzg; g LtJld; KOikahf nghyp]; gw;wpa Njhw;wk; khRgLj;jg;gLfpdw ; J. vdNt jhd; vkJ Kaw; r pahdJ nghyp]; Coiy kl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ehl;bd; [dehafKk; kf;fspd; cupikfSk; ghJfhf;fg;gl KbAk; vd fUJfpdN ; whk;.

2.2. nghyp]; Coy; epfo; t jw; F rhjfkhd gpuNjrq; f s; . rl;lj;ij J\;gpuNahfk; nra;gtu;fis ifJ nra;ahJ tpLtJk;> mtu;fisg; ghJfhf;f Kay;tJNk nghJthd nghyp]; Coyhf eilngw;W tUfpdw ; J17. FbNghijahy; thfdk; nrYj;jpa rhujpfs; gyu; yQ;rk; ngw;wjpd; gpdd ; u; jz;lidf;Fs;shf;fg;glhJ tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;l gy KiwghLfs; fpilj;Js;sd.

16.]z;b ]kpej ; ePqf ; s; nghyp]{ld; cld;- cld; gzpgG ; iuia Vw;fpwuP f ; sh? tho;fi ; f 6-12-1968 (g-40) 17. N`u;kd; N`hy;l] ; b ; d;;

27

XU tprhuizia my;yJ Kiwg;ghl;il jtpug ; g ; J kw;nwhU 18 tifahd nghyp]; CoyhFk; . ,J Fw;wr;nraYf;F toptFg;gJld; nghJkf;fs; kj;jpapy; ek;gpfi ; faPdj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;Jfpdw ; J. XU tprhuiziaj; jtpug ; g ; J jz;lid toq;FtjpypUe;J kl;Lk; ghJfhg;gNjhly;yhky; gy;NtW tifapy; jtwhd cjhu zq;fSf;Fk; tpjj ; pLfpdw ; J. ,NjNghd;W rl;lk; J\;gpuNahfk; nra;ag; gLk; ,lk; my;yJ gpuNjrj;ij xU nghyp]; mjpfhup miltij Fiwj;J nfhs;Sk; NghJ nghyp]; mjpfhup Fw;wk; ,lk;ngWk; ,lj;jpwF ; nghyp]; fhtyu;fis mDg;g jtWk; gl;rj;jpy; Fw;wthspfs; Fwpgg ; pll ; Neuj;jpwF ; s; ,aq;f KbtijAk; my;yJ yQ;rk; toq;fpNah my;yJ NtW VJk; tifapy; gzf; ifkhwy;fis nra;Njh> jtwhd nra;ifapy; <LgLtij jtpuf ; f ; KbahJ. Fw;wj;jpd; ghjf jd;ikia Fiwthf Fwpgg ; pLjy; kw;nwhU tifahd nghyp]; CoyhFk;. Fwpgg ; hf Fw;wk; nra;gtu; yQ;rk; toq;f Kw;gLthuhapd;> my;yJ nghyp]; mjpfhupahy; VjhtJ jdpg;gl;l Nehf;fkhdhy; my;yJ nghyp]; mjpfhupf;Fk; Fw;wk; nra;jtu;fF ; k; cwtpd; fhuzkhf ,J epfOkhapd; mJTk; Fw;wkhf fUjg;gLk;19. ,jd; fhuzkhf Fw;wk; nra;gtu; mtuJ Fw;wj;jpwf ; hf jz;bf;fg;gl Kbahjtuhfpdd ; whu;. toikahd Njitia tpl Njitf;F mjpfkhd nghyp]; ghJfhg;G my;yJ jiyaPL nghJg;ghu;itapy; nghyp]; Coyhf fUjg;gLfpdw ; J. ,J nghyp]; flikapd; Kf;fpa gzpfs; KOikahf fP o ; epiy mjpfhupfshy; epiwNtw; w g; g l tpy; i y vd mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.20 mYtyf nrhj;Jf;fs; mjpfhu J\;gpuNahfk; nra;ag;gLtJ ,d;iwa ehl;fspy; nghJthf ,lk;ngWk; tplakhFk;. cjhuzkhf nghyp]; thfdq;fs; nghyp]; Njitf;F gad;gLj;jg;glhJ> NtW NjitfSf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLjyhFk;. kw; n whU kpfTk; ghupajhd CoyhdJ> ,ufrpakhd jpizf;fs mwpfi ; ffis ,y;yhky; nra;tJk; my;yJ mtw;wpy; jpUj; j k; nra; t JkhFk; 21 . ,J Kw; w hf nghyp]; Jiwapd; ek;gfj;jd;ikiaAk;> Mtzq;fisAk;> Gydha;T kw;Wk; Vida tplaq;fisAk; ghjpff ; pdw ; J. 18. N`u;kd; N`hy;l] ; b ; d; 19. A.K. re;jpufhe;jh Kd;dhs; gpujp nrayhsu; ehafj;jhy; rku;gg ; pff ; g;gl;l mwpfi ; f CIABOC ,yQ;rk; my;yJ CoypUe;J ghJfhj;jy; - 1.1.2004 20. N`u;kd; N`hy;l] ; b ; d; - Rje;jpu r%f cUthf;fk; ngypqf ; u; ntspal P L ; epWtdk; Nfk;gpupl[ ; ; 1977 21. A.K. re;jpufhe;jh Kd;dhs; gpujp nrayhsu; ehafj;jhy; rku;gg ; pff ; g;gl;l mwpfi ; f CIABOC ,yQ;rk; my;yJ CoypUe;J ghJfhj;jy; - 1.1.2004

28

3. epWtd fl; l ikg; G k; eilKiw rl; l Kk;

nghyp]; epWtdj;jpd; eilKiw rl;lfKk; > epWtd fl;likg;G gw;wpa G+uz njspT> Coiy epWtdj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,y;yhnjhopgg ; jw;F mtrpakhdjhFk;. ,e;j mj;jpahak; nghyp]; epWtd fl;likg;G gw; w pAk; > fl; b aikf; f g; g lhj eilKiwfisAk; gw; w pajhf mikfpd;wJ. 3.1 cau; e piyAk; gyKk; 31.12.2005 k; Mz;L nghyp]; Jiwapd; cz;ikahd gykhdJ 36>342 MFk22.; ,J epiyahd Msdp (tu; j ; j khdpapy; gpuRupf; f g; g l; l mjpfhupfs; juKilNahu; . )

nghyp]; kh mjpgu; - 01 rpNu\;l gpujp nghyp]; kh mjpgu; - 06 gpujp nghyp]; kh mjpgu; -28 nghyp]; mj; j pal; r fu; juKilNahu; rpNu\;l nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu;fs; 83 nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu;fs; - 144 c nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu;fs; - 1 cjtp nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu; 1 tu; j ; j khdpapy; gpuRupf; f g; g l; l mjpfhupfs; juKilNahu; . rpNu\;l nghyp]; gupNrhjfufs;; 203 nghyp]; gupNrhjfu;fs; 1172 c/nghyp]; gupNrhjfu;fs; 10 cjtp nghyp]; gupNrhjfu;fs; 3251 c/cjtp nghyp]; gupNrhjfu;fs; 225 22. nghyp]; jiytuhf jdpahu; gjpTg;gpupT > cWjpahd jfty;fs; 31-12-20

29

tu; j ; j khdpapy; gpuRupf; f hj mjpfhupfs; juKilNahu; nghyp]; rhu;[d;l; Nk[u; 47 nghyp]; rhu;[d;l; 6172 c.nghyp]; rhu;[d;l; 302 nghyp]; fhd;]l ; gpsf ; s; 19961 cg. nghyp]; fhd;]l ; gpsf ; s; 1259 Nkw;Fwpgg ; pll ; juTfspy; nghyp]; tpN\l mjpubg; gpupTk;> Cu;fhtw; gilAk; ,izf;fg;gltpyi ; y.23

3.2. nraw; g hl; L g; gpupTfs; 3.2.1. Fw; w g; Gydha; T jpizf; f sk; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Gydha;T nra;tJ nghyp]hupd; Kf;fpa gzpfspy; xd;whFk;. ,yq;iff; Fw;wg;Gydha;T jpizf;fsk; gy ghupa Gydha;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sJ. Fw; w g; G ydha; T jpizf; f sj; j pd; Kf; f pa gzpfshtd: 24 1. ghupa Fw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis Gydha;T nra;jy;.

2. tpahghuk; rk;ge;jkhd Nkhrbfs;> 3yl;rj;jpwF ; Nkw;gl;l epjp rk;ge;jkhd Nkhrbfs;> nrhj;J rk;ge;jkhd Nkhrbfs;> epjp khw;wk; rk;ge;jkhd Nkhrbfs;.

3. Fw;wg;Gydha;T jpizf;fsk; NjitNaw;gLk; re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; nghyp]hUf;F Fw;wq;fs; rk;ge;j tplaq;fspy; Gyd; tprhuizfis nghyp]; kh mjpgupd; Ntz;LNfhspd; Ngupy; Nkw;nfhz;Lk; nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpwF ; cjtpfs; nra;Ak;.

4. ghupa gaq;futhj Nkhrbfs;> kw;Wk; gaq;futhjj;Jld; njhlu;Gila gz Nkhrbfs;> gaq;futhjj;jpwF ; KjyPL nra;jy; Nghd;w Gydha;Tfs;.

23. gpujp 56 nghyp]; fl;lisr;rl;lk; 24. nghyp]; kh mjpgupd; eput ; hf mwpfi ; f 1998 (2003 ntspaL P ) Neu;fhzy; (rpNu\;l mjpfhupfs; nghyp]; F.j.gp)

30

6. [dhjpgjpahy; gpujp ghJfhg;G mikr;ruhy;> ghJfhg;G mikr;rpd; nrayhsupdhy; tpN\lkhf Fwpgg ; plg;gLk; Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;gpyhd Gyd; tprhuidfs;.

7. rl;lkh mjpgu; jpizf;fsj;jhy;> ePjpjJ ; iw mjpfhupfshy; kw;Wk; tpN\l [dhjpgjp Mizf;FOthy; Fwpgg ; plg;gLk; Gydha;Tfs;.

8. nghJj;Jiw mjpfhupfspd; Coy; njhlu;ghd Kiwg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; Njrpa nghUshjhuj;jpwF ; CW tpistpfF ; k; rk;gtq;fs; njhlu;ghd Gydha;T

3.2.2. nghyp]; Nghijg; n ghUs; jLg; G gpupT r%fj;jpy; Nghijg;nghUs; ghtid gy;NtW tifahd cly;> r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu gpur;rpidfis cUthf;Ffpdw ; J. kw;nwhU tifapy; ,J cynfq;Fk; gutyhf Nghijg;nghUs; flj;jy; tpahghukhf gupzkpj;Js;sJ. Nghijg;nghUs; ghtid jLf;fNtz;bajd; mtrpak; czug;gl;ljd; fhuzkhf nghyp]; Nghijg; nghUs; gpupT 1973k; Mz;L Vg;uy; khjk; 1k; jpfjp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. nghyp]; Nghijg;nghUs; jLg;Gg;gpupT nghyp]hupd; rfytpj eltbf;iffSlDk; ,ize;J nraw;gLtJld; eQ;R> kw;Wk; gaq;fu Nghijg;nghUs; jLg;G rl;lk; 1936 kw;Wk; ,izf;fg;gl;l rl;lk; ,y.13> 1984 Mfpatw;wpd mbg;gilapy; cr;r mjpfhuq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; mKy;gLj;Jk; mjpfhupfSf;Fk; kw;Wk; mjp$ba jz;lizfis Fw;wthspfSf;F toq;FtJ %yk; Nghijg;nghUs; ghtidia jLg;gjw;F Mtz nra; Js; sJ. ,g; gpupTf; F eQ; R kw; W k; Nghijg;nghUs; jLg;G tplaj;jpy; ehl;bd; vg;ghfj;jpYk; nghyp]; kh mjpgupd; mDkjpapd; Ngupy; tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhs;s mDkjp toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ25.

Ngh.ngh. jLg;G gpupT Nghijg; nghUs; njhlu;ghd ghJfhg;G> fz; L gpbg; G > ghtid njhlu; g py; jfty; f s; jpul; L tjw; F k; > ,yq;ifapYk; ntspehl;bYk; ,J njhlu;ghd Gyd; tprhuidfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk; mDkjpff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ26.

25. www.police.lk 26. www.police.lk

31

NkYk; ehlshtpa uPjpapy; nghyp]; epiyaq;fspy; ,J njhlu; g hd njhlu; G fis Nkw; n fhs; s Tk; . gaq; f ukhd Nghijg;nghUs; jLg;G tptfhuq;fspy; <LglTk; jdJ gzpia tp];jupj;Js;sJ. mj;NjhL rl;lkh mjpgu; jpizf;fsj;jpw;Fk;> Rq;fj;jpizf;fsj;jpwF ; k;> kJtup ,yhfhTf;Fk; ,ilapy; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jp rl;lj;ij mKyhf;fp ,ize;J nraw;gLfpwJ. mJ kl;Lky;yhJ Nghijg;nghUs; jLg;G gpupT ru;tNjr Nghijg;nghUs; jLg;G tptfhuq;fspYk; jd;id rk;ge;jg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,jw;fika gz;lhu ehaf;f ru;tNjr tpkhd epiyaj;jpy; Nghijg; nghUs; jLg;G gpupT xd;W ];jhgpff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ. Nghijg; nghUs; jLg;G gpupT juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; jpul;b> Njitahd jfty;fis Vida Nghijg;nghUs; jLg;gpwf ; hd ru;tNjr epWtdq;fSf;F toq;fp ,jid jLg;gjw;fhd toptiffs; ,ize;J nraw;gLfpdw ; J. mj;NjhL kf;fSf;F tpopgG ; +lL ; k; tifapy; Nghijg;nghUSf;F vjpuhd jLg;G> nrayku;Tfs;> Rtnul;b tpsk;guq;fs;; %yKk; ghlrhiy khztu;fs;> gy;fiyf;fof khztu;fs;>rptpy; r%fj;jpdu;> mur rhu; g w; w epWtdq; f s; %yKk; jdJ gpurhuj; j pid Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sJ. 3.2.3 rpWtu; kw;Wk; ngz;fs; gupT ve;jnthU ehl;bYk; rpWtu; kw;Wk; ngz;fNs kpfTk; ghjpff ; g;gl;l xU FOthf Fw;wj;jpwF ; l;gLj;jg;gLfpdw ; hu;fs;. ,tu;fs; gjpy; Nrtfu; f shf mq; f P f upf; f g; g l; L ,ayhik vd; g J jpzpff ; g;gl;Ls;sjd; fhuzkhf rkdw;w ftdpgG ; fhuzkhfTk; ,tu;fs; ,t;thwhd Fw;wj;jpw;F Mshf;fg;gl;l xU FOthf fzpf;fg;gLfpd;whu;fs;27. mjdhy; jhd; mz; i kf; f hyk; tiuapYk; ,tu; f sJ gpur;rpidfs; vLj;jhsg;gltpyi ; y. 1970k; Mz;Lf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; rpWtu;> ngz;fs;> Fw;wthspfs; tplaj;jpy; tpN\l ftdpg;G ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ru;tNjr mOj;jq;fs; tpahgpj;jjd; fhuzkhf rpWtu;fs;> ngz;fis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd ngz;fs; rpWtu; gpupT ,yq;ifapd; jiyefupy; nghyp]; jiyikafj;jpy; 1979k; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,q;F ngz;fs; rpWtu; njhlu;ghd Kiwg;ghLfs; gjpag;gl KbAk;. ,e;j gpupT ,J njhlu;ghf fpilf;fg;ngWk; Kiwg;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; tprhuiz nra;J cupa eltbf;iff;fhf cupa gpupTf;F rku;gg ; pfF ; k;.

27.www.police.lk

32

1994k; Mz;L nghyp]; jiyikafk; xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kaw;rpahf rfy nghyp]; epiyaq;fspYk; rpWtu; > ngz;fSf;fhd ghJfhg;gpwf ; hd xU gpupit ];jhgpjj ; J28. ,jw;nfd KjyhtJ gpupT fy;fpir nghyp]; epiyaj;jpy; Kjd;Kjyhf cUthf;fg;gl;lJld; ,jdJ nraw;jpwd; fUjp nghyp]py; jdpahd gpupT xd;Wk; cUthf;fg;gl;L ,jw;F rpNu\;l nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu;xUtUk; epakpff ; g;gl;lhu;29. ,e;j gpupT rpWtu; ,isQu; ngz;fs; J\;gpuNahf jLg;G gpupT vdg; ngauplg;gl;lJ. ,jdJ eltbf;iffshtd: 1. ngz;fs; > ,isQu;fs;> rpWtu;fs; njhlu;ghd Fw;wq;fis Gydha;T nra;jy;.

2. nghyp]; epiyaq;fspy; ,J njhlu;ghd tprhuizfspy; Kd;Ndw;wk; gw;wp njhlu;rr ; pahf Nkw;ghu;it.

3. ,t;thwhd Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;gpy; ehl;bYs;s rfy nghyp]; epiyaq;fSk; vg;NghJk;> mtrpak; Vw;gLk; NghJ MNyhridfisAk;> topfhl;bfisAk; toq;Fjy;.

4. nghJkf;fis ,j;jifa Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;gpy; jLg;gjw;fhd tpopgG ; +l;ly;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;30. ,e;j gpuptpy; flikahw;Wk; rfy mjpfhupfSk; ngz;fshf ,Ug;gJld; ,jw;Fg; nghWg;ghdtu;fs; cjtp ,d;]n ; gf;lu; juj;jpyhd ngz; mjpfhupfshtu;. mj;NjhL ,tu;fs; Fiwe;j gl;rk; kfspu; tptfhu mikr;R> Gdpnrg;> Vida kfspu; mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspy; toq;fg;gl;l gapwr ; p newpfspy; gq;Fgw;wpatu;fshtu;. ,yq;ifapy; 36 ngz;fs; gpupT ,aq;FtJld; ,tw;wpwF ; 36 cjtp nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu;fs; epakpff ; g;gl;L ,it Nkw;ghu;it nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ31.

28.IG Rw;wwpfi ; f 1172 / 94 Fw;wg;gpupT Rw;wwpfi ; f 13/94 ,uz;Lk; jpfjpaplg;gl;lJ 1nehtk;gu; 1994 29.1G Rw;wwpfi ; f ,y 1410/98 4.08.1998 jpfjpaplg;gl;lJ. 30. www.police.lk.

31. www.police.lk.

33

,jw; n fd elhj; j g; n gw; w Ma; T xd; w pd; %yk; 72% mjpfkhNdhu; rpWtu; ngz;fSf;nfd jdpahd gpupT xd;W ,tu;fsJ gpur;rpidfis ifahs;tjw;F mtrpak; vd Fwpgg ; plg;gl;Ls;shu;fs;.

100 80

n g h y p] ; e pi y a q ;f s py ; j d pa h d r pW t h ; n g z ;f s ; g ph pT v e ;j s T K f ;f pa j ;J t k h d J .

72.1

60 %

50 40 20 0

14.1 2.2 Very Important

Somewhat Important

Not at all Important

11.5 No Response

nghJthf rfy khtl;lq;fspYk; rpWtu; ngz;fSf;fhd jdpahd gpuptpd; mtrpak; czug;gl;lJ. vt;thnwdpDk; tlkj;jpa khfhzj;jpy; 50.9% kw;Wk; kj;jpa khfhzj;jpy; 60.9% tPjkhNdhu; ,jdJ Njitia Fwpgg ; pl Cth 96.4% rg;ufKt 83.4% njd;gFjp 76.1% tlNky; khfhzk; 74.9% Nky; khfhzk; 68.5% vDk; tifapy; ,jid vjpuj ; j ; du;. jdpahd rpWtu; ngz; f s; gpupT Njitnad fUj; J njuptpjN ; jhu;> ,jd; %yk; rpWtu; ngz;fs; njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fs; xU ngz; nghyp]; mjpfhupaplNk Kiwapl KbAk; vd;Wk; mr;re;ju;gg ; j;jpy; ,J njhlu;ghd fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wq;fs; nefpoT ; jd;ikAld; epfo;jj ; KbAk; vdTk; Fwpgg ; plL ; cs;shu;fs;. mj;NjhL xU ngz; jdJ Kiwg;ghL njhlu;gpy; tpiuthd gjpy; xd;wpid vjpuN ; ehf;FtNjhL jdJ gpur;rpid njhlu;gpy; cldb eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLtjd; fhuzkhf ,t;thwhd Kiwg;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s mjPj ek;gpfi ; f xd;wpidAk; Vw;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gjhy; ,j;jifa jdpahd gpupT xd;W mtrpak; vd;gij typAWj;jpdhu;fs;. jdpahd gpupT xd;W mtrpakpy;iy vd fUjpNahuplk; mjw; f hd fhuzq; f is tpdtpa NghJ rl; l k; rfyUf; F k; rkkhdjhifahy; mJ rkdhf gpuNahfpff ; g;glhJ vd fUj KbahJ vd;gdhyhFk; vd Fwpgg ; pll ; du;.

34

vt;thnwdpDk; ngUk;ghyhNdhupd; fUj;jhf mike;jJ jdpgg ; pupT xd;W mtrpak; vd;gNjahFk;. ,JtiuapYk; 36 gpupTfNs ehnlq;fpYk; cUthf;fg;gl;L ,Ug;gpDk;> ,J ehlhstpa uPjpapy; rfy nghyp]; epiyaq;fspYk; cUthf;fg;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;. mj;NjhL ,jw;F jifikahd ngz; nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; epakpf; f g; g LtNjhL mtu; f s; ,J njhlu; g hd Nkyjpf fy;tpawpT+l;ly;fSk; toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ,tu;fs; topfhl;LtNjhL> kNdhuPjpahd gapwr ; pfSk; toq;fg;gl;L ghjpff ; g;gLk; rpWtu; ngz;fs; njhlu;gpy; ey;yhjutpid toq;ff;$batu;fshf gapwr ; paspff ; g;gl Ntz;Lk;.

NkYk; khjhe;j mwpfi ; ffs; guPry P pff ; g;gl;L xt;nthU nghyp]; gpuNjr njhlu;gpYk; ,jd; Kd;Ndw;w Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhFk;.

3.2.4 nghyp]; kdpj cupikg; g pupT ,yq;ifg; nghyp]; kdpj cupikg;gpupT mikr;ruit kdpj cupikfs; gzpf;FOthy;; ,yq;if murhy; kdpj cupikfs; Ngzg;gLtjw;Fk; kdpj cupikfs; tplaq;fspy; mjpf mf;fiw nrYj;Jk; Nehf;fk; fUjpAk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. nghyp]; kdpj cupikf; FOtpd; gzpfshtd: 1. kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fspy; cs;sf mikr;ruit kdpj cupikfs; FOtpdhy; nghyp]; kh mjpg&lhf gupeJ ; iuf;fg;gLk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; cldb eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

2. fPo; epiy nghyp]; cj;jpNahj;ju;fs; kj;jpapy; kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;gpy; tpopgG ; +l;ly;.

3. cs;Su; kw;Wk; ru;tNjr kdpjcupik epWtdq;fSld; njhlu;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

4. kdpj cupik kPwy;fs; rk;ge;jkhd mwpfi ; ffs; Ngzy;.

5. kdpj cupik fw;iffs; rk;ge;jkhd mwpfi ; ffs; Ngzy;32.

32. www.police.lk

35

,e;j gpupthdJ nghyp]; kh mjpgupd; Neub fz;fhzpgg ; pd; fPo; ,aq;Ffpdw ; J. nghyp]hupd; flikNa kdpj cupikia ghJfhg;gjw;F kpfTk; mtrpankd Fwpgg ; plg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; kdpj cupikg; gpupT nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; kj;jpapy; kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd tpopg; G zu; i t Vw; g Lj; j Ntz; b a ghupa Ntiyg; g Sit nfhz;Ls;sJ. kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghf tpopgG ; zu;it nghyp]; kj;jpapy; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F kdpj cupik kPwy;fs; rk;ge;jkhf Nkw;ghu;it xd;wpid ehlshtpa uPjpapy; Nkw;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;.

NkYk; nghJkf;fSk; kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;gpy; NkYk; mwpT+l;lg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd vjpug ; hu;ff ; g;gLfpwJ. 3.2.5 Fw; w j; j Lg; G kw; W k; nghJrd njhlu; G gzpafk; nghyp]; jpizf;fj;jpw;Fk;> nghJkf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ey; Y zu; i tAk; > ey; Y witAk; Ngzpg; g hJfhg; g jw; f hf cUthf;fg;gl;lNj nghJrd njhlu;G kw;Wk; Fw;wj;jLg;G gzpafkhFk;. nghyp]; r%f njhlu;G gzpafj;jpw;F Nkyjpfkhf 400 gl;ljhupfs; ehlshtpa uPjpapy; epakpff ; g;gl;L cs;shu;fs;. nghyp]; nghJrd njhlu;G mjpfhupfspy; fz;bg; gpuNjrj;ij rhu;ej ; tu;fsplk; ehk; Neu;fhzy; nra;j nghJ ,tu;fs; ,g;gzpia Mw;Wtjhy; ngUk; rpukj;jpid vjpuN ; ehf;Ftjhf Fwpgg ; pll ; hu;fs;. tpN\l gapwr ; p ,d;ik Fiwe;j rk;gsk;> Nghjpa tsq;fspdi ; k> rpy gpuNjrq;fspy; Vida nghyp]; mjpfhupfspd; xj;Jiog;G ,d;ik> Fwpg; g pl; l nghyp]; epiyaq; f spy; xj; J iog; G ,d; i k Nghd;wikahFk;. ,e;j nghJrd njhlu;G mjpfhupfSf;F tpN\l gapwr ; pAk; mtu;fsJ rk;gs cau;Tk; toq;fg;gLtNjhL mtu;fsJ gzp njhlu;gpy; nghyp]; epiya Vida cj;jpNahfj;ju;fsJ topfhl;lYk; xj; J iog; g pw; F khd MNyhridAk; toq; f g; g lNtz; L k; vd gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

36

3.2.6. nghyp]; tpN\l mjpubg; g pupT nghyp]; tpN\l mjpubg;gpupT ,yq;ifapy; nghyp]hupd; Jizg;gilahFk;. ,J gaq;futhj jLg;G eltbf;iffSf;fhfTk; ehl;bDs; mtru eltbf;iffSf;fhfTk; gpuKfu;fspd; ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffSf;fhfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ33 nghyp]; tpN\l mjpubg;gpupT 1983k; mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;gpupTf;F Vw;fdNt nghyp]; Nritapy; cs;s nghyp]hu; ,izf;fg;gl;L ,tu;fSf;F ,uhZt gapw;rpfSk; MAjq;fs; ghtpg;gjw;fhd gapw;rpfSk; fhLfspy; nraw;gLtjw;fhd gapwr ; pfSk; toq;fg;gl;ld. ,t;tifapy; nghyp]; tpN\l mjpubg;gupT tsu;rr ; pAw;w gpdd ; u; jiyefupd; Kf;fpa ,lq;fspd; ghJfhg;igAk; kw;Wk; [dhjpgjp> gpujk ke; j pup> mikr; r u; f spd; MfpNahupd; ghJfhg; G f; F k; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lhu;fs;.

3.2.7. Cu; f hty; gilapdu; ehl;bd; Vw;gl;l mikjpaw;w #o;epiy fhuzkhf 1980k; Mz;bstpy; murhq;fk; cs;Su; ghJfhg;G fUjp epiwa tif MAjq;fSld; Cu;fhty; gilg;gpupit mwpKfk; nra;jJ. ,tu;fs; jw;NghJ ghJfhg;G mikr;rpwF ; fPo; gzpahw;WtJld; 1987 Vg;uy; khjkstpy; ehlshtpa upjpapy; ,tu;fs; 12>000 Ngu; Nritapy; cl;GFj;jg;gl;L ,Ue;jdu;34.

3.3. Ntiytha; g ; G eilKiw khtl;l Ntiytha;g;G jpizf;fsj;jpw;F gpd;tUk; juq;fspy; Ntiytha;gG ; eilKiw nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpdw ; J35.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

jifikfhz; cjtp nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu; jifikfhz; cg nghyp]; ,d;]n ; gf;lu; nghyp]; fhd;]l ; gps; nghyp]; ngz; fhd;]l ; gps; nghyp]; fhd;]l ; gps] ; ; nghyp]; fhd;]l ; gps] ; ; rhujpfs;

33. www.police.lk 34. crhj;Jiz E}y; : com comtry guide study . srilanka. 177 html

35. www.police.lk

37

nghyp]; ,izaj; j s tpgug; g b nghyp]; Nritf; F Ml;Nru;gg ; jw;F Mff;Fiwe;j fy;tpjj ; ifikahf f.ngh.j. (rh/j) rpjj ; pAk; mtw;Ws; fzpjk; nkhop cl;gl MWghlq;fspy; ,uz;L jlitf;F Nkw;glhj tifapy; rpjj ; p ngw;wpUg;gJld; KjyhtJ mku;tpy; 5 ghlq;fspy; rpjj ; p mj;jpahtrpakhf;fg;gLfpdw ; J. 25% tPjkhd nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu;fs; jpwe;j Nghl;bg; guPli ; r %yk; njupT nra;ag;gLfpdw ; hu;fs;. ,e;j guPli ; rf;fhd mNgl;rfu;fs; mq;ff P upff ; g;gl;l gy;fiyf;fof gl;ljhupfs; Mtu;. ,tu;fs; guPli ; r Midahsuhy; elhj;jg;ngWk; vOj;Jg; guPli ; rf;F Njhw;Wtjd; %yk; njupT nra;ag;gLNthu; nghJr; Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; Neu;Kfg; guPli ; r %yk; njupT nra;ag;gLtu;. Vida 25% ntw;wplq;fs; jw;NghJ Nritapy; cs;s nghyp]; ,d;]n ; gf;lu;fs;> Nghl;bg; guPli ; rf;F Njhw;Wtjd; %yk;njupT nra;ag;gLtJld; ,tu;fs; nghyp]; Nritapy; 10 tUl fhyj;ij G+u;jj ; p nra;J ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j ,uz;L gFjpahsUk; vOj;Jg;guPli ; r %yKk; Neu;Kfg; guPli ; r %yk; njupT nra;ag;gLtu;. Vida 50% khd ntw;wplq;fs; rpNu\;l ,d;]n ; gf;lu; juj;jpy; mq;ff P upff ; g;gl;ltu;fs; %yk; epug;gg;gLk;. ,tu;fs; Neu;Kfg;gl P i ; rapy; Njw Ntz;Lk;36. rpwe;j Nritnahd;wpd; mtrpak; fUjp ,j;jifa epakdq;fspd; NghJ ,tu;fsJ FLk;g gpdd ; dp gw;wpAk; ftdj;jpw; vLf;fg;gl;L epakdk; toq;fg;gLk;. kw;wtifapy; ghu;gN ; ghkhdhy; ,e;epakdq;fs; gpurpjj ; khd tifapNyNa Nkw; nfhs;sg;gLk;.,e;epakd jpll ; khdJ KbT nra;ag;gl;ljd; gpdG ; nghyp]; fl;lisr;rl;lk; 55f;F Vw;g mikr;rupd; mDkjp ngwg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j ghJfhg;ghdJ nghyp]; kh mjpgu; mtu;fis murpay; kw;Wk; vNjr;rhjpfhu jiyaPLfspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;Fk;. ,jid kPWtJ jz;lidf;FupajhFk;37. trjpfSk; NritapDs nraw; g hl; L gapw; r p vDk; jiyg;gpDlhf ,e;j tstpw;Fs;NsNa mikf;fg;gl;L toq;fg;gLfpdw ; J.

36. ghJfhg;G mikr;R Ntiytha;gG ; kw;Wk; gjtpAau;T jpll ; k;. rpNu\;l cj;jpNahfj;ju;> nghyp]; jpizf;fsk; 20.05.1998 37Neu;fhzy; . mrpa]; N[hrg;> xa;Tngw;w rpNu\;l gpujp nghyp]; kh mjpgu; epiwNtw;Wf;FO cWg;gpdu;.

38

3.4. gapw; r p

3.4.1. gapw; r p eilKiwfs; gpujhd nghyp]; gapwr ; p ghlrhiy fSj;Jiw fl;LFWe;jtpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,jNdhL xUq;fpidf;fg;gl;l gpupTfshf vy;gplb ; a> epff ; tnul;ba> kw;Wk; NtN`utpy; mike;Js;s gapwr ; pf; fy;Y}upfSk; ,g;gzpiaNa nra;fpdw ; d. nghyp]; gapw;rp ghlrhiy Gjpjhf epakpf;fg;gl;l cjtpg; nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu;fSf;F jifikfhz; gapwr ; pfis toq;FfpwJ. jifikfhz; cg ,d;]n ; gf;lu;fs;> ngz; cg ,d;]n ; gf;lu;fs;> nghyp]; fhd;]l ; gpsf ; s;> ngz; nghyp]; fhd;]l ; gpsf ; s;> nghyp]; fhd;]l ; gps; rhujpfs; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G cjtpahsu;fs; midtUf;Fk; gapwr ; pfs; toq;fp mtu;fis ehl;bw;Fs; jpwdhd nraw;ghl;bw;fhf mDg;GfpwJ. mJ cjtp mj;jpal;rfu;fs;> cjtp ,d;]n ; gf;lu;fs;> nghyp]; fhd;]l ; gpsf ; s;> nghyp]; fhd;]l ; gps; rhujpfs;> nghyp]; ghJfhg;G cjtpahsu;fSf;Fk; gapwr ; p newpfis elhj;Jfpdw ; J. NkYk; gpuKfu;fs; ghJfhg;G gapwr ; p newpfSk;> kPsikf;Fk; gapw; r pfSk; > gjtpAau; T gapw; r pfSk; > Fw; w g; G ydha; t pw; f hd tpN\lkhd gapwr ; pfs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J Kfhikj;Jtk;> kw;Wk; nghyp]; Nritapy; ,izf; f g; g l; L s; s lhf; l u; f Sf; f hd gapw; r pfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpdw ; d. ,q;Nf gy;NtW juj;jpdUf;fhd MAjg;gapwr ; p trjpfSk; “Nritapy; cs;Nshu; nraw;ghl;Lg; gapw;rp” vDk; jiyg;gpD}lhf gy;NtW gapw;rpfSk; ,t;tshfj;jpw;Fs;NsNa eilngw Mtzk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; jq;fSf;F nghyp]; gapwr ; pfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf gy;NtW tifahd Nkyjpf gapwr ; pfs; Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk; . (ck; ) : Fw; w g; G ydha; T > Nkhl; l hu; Nghf; F tuj; J > tpuyilahsk;> Gifg;gl nghyp];> Nghijg;nghUs;> gpuKfu; ghJfhg;G> njhlu;ghly;> Nghf;Ftuj;J ,ae;jpu jpUj;jk;> jfty; njhopy; El;gk;> gy; Clfk;> nghyp]; thj;jpag;gpupT> tpN\l mjpubg;gpupT> nghyp]; itj;jpa Nrit> flw;gpuhe;jpa Nrit> capug ; hJfhg;G> nghyp]; eha;gg ; pupT> rl;lj;Jiw kw;Wk; gy38mj;NjhL Nkyjpfkhf fy;tp fw;fTk;> Gyikg;guprpy; ngw;W ntspehL gapwr ; pfF ; nry;tjw;fhd tha;gG ; fSk; gy;NtW cs;sf gapwr ; p tha;gG ; fSk; cs;sd.

38.www.police.lk

39

nghyp]; cau;ju gapw;rpg;gpupT cjtp ,d;]n ; gf;lu;fs;> cau;ju mjpfhupfSf;F eput ; hfk; Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Nkw;ghu;it> kdpj cupik njhlu;ghd gapwr ; pfs;> ngz;fs; rpWtu; cupikfs;> mbg;gil rl;lnfhs;iffs;> nghJr; nrhj;J rl;lk;> jfty; njhopyE ; l;gk;> epjp Kfhikj; J tk; Nghd; w gy; N tW tifahd gapw; r pfis toq;Ffpdw ; J39.

NkYk; ,g;gapwr ; pf; fy;Y}up kPsikf;Fk; gapwr ; p newpfis njhlu;tJld; ,q;Fk; ntspehl;bYk; ,tw;iw njhlu;tjw;F topa ikf;fpdw ; d. ck;: rl;l cjtp toq;Fk; epWtdk; Coiy xopgg ; jw;fhd xUehs; nrayhku;TfisAk; mJ rk;ge;jkhd gy;NtW jiyg;GfspYk; nrayku;Tfis Vw;ghL nra;Js;sJ. cau; epiy gapwr ; p epWtdk; rpqf ; sj;jpYk; rpyNtisfspy; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; ,g;gapwr ; pfis toq;Ffpdw ; J40 ,jpy; Fwpgg ; plj;jf;f mk;rk; ahnjdpy; ,g;gapwr ; p newpfs; jkpopy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glhikahFk;. ,J ,r;nraypy; cs;s ghupa Fiwghnld Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. vt;thnwdpDk; Mrpah gTz; Nl\d; epWtdk; jw;NghJ aho;gg ; hzj;jpy; Kd;Ndhb jkpo; gapwr ; p apid 2006 Kjy; Nkw;nfhs;s Vw;ghL nra;J tUfpdw ; J. jkpopy; ,g;gapwr ; pnewpfs; elhj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd gupeJ ; iu nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; gapwr ; pnewpfs; nghJrd njhlu;fs;>; kdpj cupik tpopgG ; zu;Tfs;> tpidj;jpwd;kpff ; nrayhw;Wiff;fhd nraw; ghLfs; Nghd;W tUlhe;jk; kPsikf;Fk; gapwr ; p newpfs; cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd gupeJ ; iu nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

3.5. gjtpAau; T fs;

3.5.1. gjtpAau; T jpl; l k; .

Fwpg;gpl;l gjtpepiy xd;wpy; 5 tUlfhyk; NritAila ve;jnthU nghyp]; mjpfhupAk; gjtp cau;Tf;F cupjJ ; ilatu; 41 Mthu; . gjtpAau;T jpll ; khdJ fpukkhd gjtpAau;Tfis toq;F tjw;F Vw;gNt xOq;Fg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ck;: nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; rpNu\;l nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu; juk; II f;F gjtpAau;T ngWtjw;F> 39. 1998k; Mz;L nghyp]; kh mjpgupd; eput ; hf mwpfi ; f mur ntspal P L ; gzpafk; nfhOk;G 2003.

40. Neu;fhzy; rpNu\;l nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu; jPghy; jy;gjhJ gzpgg ; hsu; nghyp]; cau; gapwr ; p epWtdk; - 13.02.06 nghyp]; jiyikafk

41.Neu;fhzy; rpNu\;l nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu; jPghy; jy;gjhJ gzpgg ; hsu;> nghyp]; cau;gapwr ; p epWtdk; 13.02.06 nghyp]; jiyikafj;jpy.;

40

8 tUl fhy Nrit G+uj ; j ; pAk; cjtp nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu; juj;jpyhd Nrit mq;ff P upff ; g;gl;Lk; ,Ug;gJld; Nrit jpUg;jpfukhdjhTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd Fwpgg ; plg;gLfpdw ; J.guPlr ; hu;jj ; pfs; nghJr; Nrit Mizf; F Otpdhy; epakpf; f g; g Lk; FOtpd; Kd; d piyapy; Neu;Kfg;guPli ; rf;F Njhw;w Ntz;Lk;42. nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfuhf juk; IIy; 05 tUlfhy jpUg;jpfukhd Nritia G+u;jj ; p nra;j xUtu; rpNu\;l jd;ik mbg;gilapy; gjtpAau;T nra; a g; g lyhk; ; . ,NjNghd; W rfy juq; f Sf; F k; gjtpAau;tpwf ; hd jpll ; q;fs; cs;sd. e Ph ; Nr i t a py ; ,i z e ;j j py ; ,Ue ;J v g ;Ng h Nj Dk ; g j t pAa h ;T n g w;W s ;s Puh ?

70 60.6

60 50 40

39.4

% 30 20 10 0

Yes

No

Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;l nghyp]; mjpfhupfspy; 39.4 % tPjkhNdhu; jhk; Nritapy; ,ize;jjpd; gpd;G gjtpAau;T nra;ag;gl;ljhfTk; 60.6% khNdhu; jhk; gjtpAau;T nra;agltpyi ; y vdTk; Fwpgg ; pll ; du;.

Ma;tpd; %yk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l eilKiwapy; czuf;$bajhfTs;sJ ahnjdpy; gjtpAau;T ,y;yhik fhuzkhf njhopy; jpUg;jp mw;w epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J CoYf;F toptFf;Fk; fhuzpfspy; gpujhdkhdjhFk;. ,J kpfTk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba tplakhFk;. NkYk; epge;jid Ma;T%yk; fz;lwpag;gl;ljhtJ jhk; ePzl ; fhyk; Nritapy; ,Ue;j NghNj jkf;F gjtpAau;T toq;fg;gl;ljhfTk; ,J jq;fsJ 21-25 tUlfhy Nritapy; 86.4% khNdhUk;> 84.6% khNdhu; jq;fsJ Nritf;fhyk; 25 tUlq;fSf;F Nkw;gl;lJ vdTk; Fwpgg ; pll ; Jld; 6.4% tPjkhNdhu; 42.ghJfhg;G mikr;R Ntiytha;g;G gjtpAau;T jpl;lk; rpNu\;l gjtpia mjpfhup nghyp]; jpizf;fsk; .

41

5 tUlq;fs; my;yJ mjw;Fk; FiwthNdhuhfTk; kw;Wk; 7.7 % tP j khNdhu; 6-10 tUlq; f s; NritapYs; N shu; gjtpfs; kWf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; Fwpgg ; pll ; du;. 93.6% khNdhu; jq;fs; 5 tUlj;jpwF ; Fiwthd Nritapy; cs;NshUk; 92.3% khNdhu; 6-10 tUlfhy NritapYs;Nshu; juk; Nritapy; ,ize;j ,Jtiuf;fhyk; gjtpAau;T toq;fg;gltpyi ; y vdTk; Fwpgg ; pll ; du;44. ,J Fwpg; g pLtJ ahnjdpy; 60.2% khNdhu; jw; N ghJ eilKiwapy; cs;s gjtpAau;T jpl;lj;jpy; rpNu\;l nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfuhf juk; IIy; 05 tUlfhy jpUg;gpAutpyi ; y vdTk; 30.7% khNdhu; kl;LNk ,jdpy; jpUg;jpAw;W cs;sdu; vdTk; fhzyhk45;. j w;Ng h J cs ;s g j t pAa h ;T j pl;l j ;j py ; e Pq ; f s ; v e ;j d T j pUg ;j pa i lf pd ;wPh ;f s ; 70 60.2

60 50 %

40 30

30.7

20 9.1

10 0

Satisfied

Nether Satisfied nor dissatified

Dissatified

3.5.2. murpaw; k ag; g Lj; j g; g l; l gjtpAau; T fSk; Coy; f Sk; jLg; g jw; f hd eltbf; i ffSk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO epakpf;fg;gl;lik murpaw;kag;gLj;jg;gl;l gjtpAau;TfSk;> Coy;fSk; jLg;gjw;fhf vLf;fg;gl;l ghupa eltbf;ifahFk;.

Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; mjpfhuj;jpwF ; s; nghyp]; mjpfhupfspd; gjtpAau;T mjpfhuKk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (nghyp] 4; 4. 5k; jpfjp ngg;utup 8; jpfjp tiu> kw;Wk 10k; jpfjp ngg;utup njhlf;fk; khu;r; 3k; jpfjp tiu buhd;]; Ngud;]p ,d;lu; ne\dy; epWtdj;jpw;fhf r%ff; Fwpfhl;bfs; epfo;jj ; g;gl;lJ. njupT nra;gg ; l;l 770 nghyp]hu; Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

45. 5k; jpfjp ngg;utup 8; jpfjp tiu> kw;Wk 10k; jpfjp ngg;utup njhlf;fk; khu;r; 3k; jpfjp tiu buhd;]; Ngud;]p ,d;lu; ne\dy; epWtdj;jpw;fhf r%ff; Fwpfhl;bfs; epfo;jj ; g;gl;lJ. njupT nra;gg ; l;l 770 nghyp]hu; Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

42

; kh mjpgupd; gjtpAau;T jtpu) vt;thnwdpDk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO mjdJ KbTfspy; jpUg;jpAw KbahJs;sJ. fhuzk; fPoe ; piy nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; xOf;fhw;W njhlu;gpy; nghyp]; kh mjpgNu ,tu;fspd; Neub jiyik eput ; hfp vd Fwpgg ; plg;gLtjhy; MFk;. 17tJ murpayikg;G rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd;gb Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO epakpf;fg;gbDk;> ,lkhw;wk; kw;Wk; gjtpAau;T tplaq;fspy; ,J jpwdw;wjhfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ. [{iy khjk; 2003 tiuahWk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf; F O ,J njhlu; g hd Kiwg;ghLfis vjpuN ; ehf;Ffpdw ; J46. vt; t hnwdpDk; 2004d; eLg; g Fjpapy; mJ jdf; F gfpue ; j ; spff ; g;gl;l mjpfhuq;fis 17tJ murpayikg;G rPuj ; pUj;jj;jpd; gb rfy nghyp]; juq;fSf;Fk; nghyp]; kh mjpgiu jtpu Nkyhd;i ; k 47 nra;Js;sJ . ,J nghyp]; kh mjpgupd; mjpfhuj;jpwF ; k; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; ru;r;ir epiyia Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; MAl;fhyk; 2005 etk;gu; khjk; Kbtile;Js;sJ vdpDk; murpayikg;G rig ,d;Dk; epakpff ; g;glhjjpd; fhuzkhf Gjpa Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOit epakpff ; KbahJs;sJ. murpayikg;G rigNa ,jid epakpfF ; k vd;gJ Fwpgg ; plj;jf;fJ. gjtpAau;T rk;ge;jkhd jpl;lq;fs; Jyhk;gukhf;fg;gl;l Ntz; b aJld; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf; F O jdJ gzpia tpidj;jpwDilajhf gjtpAau;Tfspy; nraw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd gupeJ ; iuf;fg;gLfpdw ; J. mj;Jld; rfy ju nghyp]; mjpfhupfisAk; cs;slf;fpa> MNyhrfu;fSld; $ba xU FO nghyp]; kh mjpguhy; gpNuupff ; g;gl;L mtu;fs; $b nghyp]; gjtpAau;T rk;ge;jkhd Gjpa nfhs;iffis tFf;f Ntz;Lk; vd gupeJ ; iuf;fg;gLfpwJ48. nraw;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L tplajhd jPuT ; fis tpl Nehf;fq;fspd; nraw;ghl;il mbg;gilahf nfhz;l kjpgg ; L P fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. jpUg;jpfukhdJ> ey;yJ> 46.,\hyp gpdN ; lh [atu;jd Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO “mUikahd re;ju;gg ; j;ij tPzhf tpuak; nra;jy;” nra;jpjj ; hs; Vol 12 ,y 4 GJby;yp 2005 47.,J Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO jiytu; jpU. ud;[pj; mNg#upa P.C. mtu;fspdhy; rl;lk; kw;Wk; r%f epWtdKk; “Mrpa kdpj cupik Mizf;FO (AHAC) kw;Wk; Jd;GWj;jYf;nfjpuhd cyf ,af;fk; ,ize;J elj;jpa fye;Jiuahlypy; Fwpgg ; plg;gl;lJ. 48.Neu;fhzy; jpU. mr;rpy]; N[hrg;> xa;Tngw;w gpujp nghyp]; kh mjpgu;> epiwNtw;Wf;FO cWg;gpdu;.

43

mjpjpwdhdJ vDk; gjq;fs; jPuT ; f;fhd KbTfs; kl;LNkad;wp mit Nehf;fq;fis milaf;$badty;y49. ,t;thwhd Cf;fy;fs; cau;ePjpkd;wpy; Nfs; t pf; F wpahf; f g; g l; L s; s ik tuyhwhFk; . nraw; g hl; L Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Fiwg;ghL fhuzkhf cau;ej P pkd;wq;fs; gjtpAau;TfisAk;> ,lkhw;wq;fisAk; gjtp ,wf;fq;fisAk; jkJ jPug ; g ; py; toq;Ffpdw ; J. ,tw;iw Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf; F O ntspf; n fhzutpy; i y. kP z ; L k; ,e; e ilKiw xOq;fd P j;ijAk; xt;nthU juj;jpd; kPJ ek;gpfi ; faPdj;ijAk; nghyp]; cau;epiy kPJ re;Njfj;jpwF ; upajhfpdw ; J. njhlu;rr ; pahd nraw;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtk;> khjhe;jk; Kd;Ndw;w mbg;gilapy; (PCC,PSS, SH kw;Wk; IPP) tifAk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLjy; gaDs;sjhFk;. ,J nghyp]; eilKiwapy; GjpaJ xd;W my;y vdpDk; gy;yhz;Lfhyk; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;J mz;ikf;fhykhf guPli ; ria ikakhf nfhz;l gjtpAau;Tfspd; fhuzkhf ,e;j eilKiw J}f;fpnawpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

3.6. ,lkhw; w k; 3.6.1. ,lkhw; w j; jpl; l k; nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpwF ; s;shd ,lkhw;wq;fs; midj;Jk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpdhy; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l topfhl;bapDlhfNt epfo; j ; j g; g LfpwJ. ,lkhw; w j; j pw; f hd topfhl; b nghyp]; mjpfhupfSf;Fk;> ,d;]n ; gf;lu; juj;jpy; cs;Nshu;fSf;Fk; gpdt ; Uk; fhuzq;fspd; epkpjj ; Nk eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

nghJg; gzpgG ; iufs; Nritapd; mtrpajd;ik xOf;fhw;W etbf;iffs; Rfhjhu epiyfs; gjtpAau;Tfs; nraw;ghl;L gpuNjr flik ,lkhw;w cupik gpujpAgfhu epiyfs;

,e;j topfhl;lyhdJ Coy; ,lk;ngWtij jLf;fpdw ; J. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; ve;j xU mjpfhpAk; mtuJ gjtp juk; 49.Neu;fhzy; jpU. mr;rpy]; N[hrg;> xa;Tngw;w gpujp nghyp]; kh mjpgu;> epiwNtw;Wf;FO cWg;gpdu;.

44

mq;ff P upff ; g;glhkYk;> mtu; > mts; mtu;fsJ Nritf;fhyj;jpy; Kjw;fhyj;ij nraw;ghl;Lg; gpuNjr flikia eptu;jj ; p nra;ahJ tpbd; VjhtJ xU tpN\l gpupTf;F epakpff ; g;gl KbahJ50.

NkYk; ,e;j topfhl;lyhdJ xUtuJ Nritf;fhyj;jpy; njhlu;rr ; pahf 3 tUlq;fSf;F Nky; xNu juj;jpy; flikahw;wpd; mt;tplj;jpypUe;Jk; mtiu ,lk; khw;wp Fwpgg ; pll ; gpuNjrj;jpy; Coy; eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtij jil nra;fpdw ; J. ,e;j topfhl;ly; ve;jnthU mjpfhupAk; njhlu;rr ; pahf %d;W tUlq;fSf;F xNu ,lj;jpy; Nritahw;Wtij jLg;gJld;>; jtpuf ; f ; Kbahj gl;rj;jpy; ,r;Nritf;fhyk; 4 tUlq;fSf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. (,e; j fl; L g; g hl; L tpN\l gpupTfspy; flikahw; W NthUf; F cupj;jhdJ my;y) mtu;fs; rhjhuz epiy ,lkhw;wj;jpw;F cl;glhjtu;fs;. ,jd;NghJ nghyp]; kUj;Jt mjpfhupapdhy; toq;fg;gLk; kUj;Jt rhd;wpjopd; mbg;gilapy; kl;LNk xU tUlfhyj;jpwF ; Nkyjpfkhf ,Nj juj;jpy; ,Uf;fyhk;. vt;thnwdpDk; jpUkzk; Kbj;j N[hbfs; kl;LNk xNu gpuNjrj;jpwF ; ,lkhw;wk; ngw KbAk;. Nkw;Fwpgg ; pll ; xOq;fhdJ gjtpAau;T ,lkhw;wj;jpd; nghJthf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. vt;thnwdpDk; gjtpAau;T mbg;gilapy; ,lkhw;wk; ngWk; ahUk; jw;Nghija juj;jpy; ,Ue;J epiykhw;W juj;jpwF ; khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nghJthf ve;jnthU gpuptpYk; flikahw;Wk; mjpfhupfs; jq;fsJ xU tUl fhy Nritapd; gpdG ; cldbahf ,lkhw;wk; ngw cupjJ ; ilatu;fs;. mtu;fs; Fwpgg ; pll ; juj;jpwF ; s;Ns my;yJ epiykhw;W jFjpwF ; s;Nsh ,lkhw;wk; nra;gg ; l KbahJ. ,lkhw; w j; j py; nghJthf Fwpg; g pl; l cj; j pNahfj; j upd; tPlL ; g;gpuNjrj;jpwF ; ,lk; khw;wk; toq;f tif nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; ve;jnthU mjpfhupAk; mtuJ tPlL ; g;gpuNjrj;jpy; 10 Mz;Lfhyj;jpw;F nghyp]; kh mjpgupd; jtpu;f;f Kbahj fhuzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; mDkjp ngw;whyd;wp Nritahw;w KbahJ. tPlL ; g;gpuNjrj;jpwf ; hd ,lkhw;wk; 10 Mz;LfSf;F xUKiw 3 Mz;LfSf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;L kl;LNk mDkjpf;fg;gLk;. tPlL ; g;gpuNjrj;jpwF ; epakpff ; g;gLk; Kd;gjhf mjpfhupfs; nraw;ghl;L gpuNjr Nritia KbTWj;jp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,it Kiwahf nraw;gLj;jg;gLkhapd; eprr ; akhf Coy; eltbf;iffs; FiwAk; vd ek;gyhk;. ve;j nthU mjpfhupAk; jdJ Nritf;fhyj;jpy; jhd; 45

Mw;wpa Nritapd; juj;jpy; ,Ue;J 10 tUlfhyj;jpwF ; Nritapd; mtrpajd;ikad;wp gpdd ; ilT nra;a KbahJ. ,t;thwhd epiyapy; nghyp]; kh mjpgupd; mwpf; i f mtuJ ,lkhw; w j; j pw; f hd fhuzq; f spy; ,izf; f g; g lNtz; L k; . vy; y h mjpfhupfSk; ,lkhw;wj;jpwF ; upatu;fs; vdpDk; mtu;fs; jq;fsJ nraw;ghl;Lg; gpuNjr Nritia KbTWj;jp ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;.

50. KjyhtJ myF : tlgpuNjr aho;gg ; hzk; gpupT td;dpgg ; puNjr tTdpah gpupT ,uz;lhtJ myF: fpof;F khfhz jpUf;Nfhzkiy> fe;jsha; kw;Wk; mk;ghiw gpuNjrk; %d;whtJ myF : Cth gpuNjr nkhduhfiy gpupT> tlkj;jpa gpuNjr mDuhjGuk; kw;Wk; nghydWit gpupT> tlNky; gpuNjr rpyhgg; gpupT. ehyhtJ myF : Fwpgg ; pll ; mjpfhupapd; tpUg;gj;jpwF ; Vw;g nraw;ghl;Lk; gpuNjrj;jpy; ntw;wplj;jpwF ; Vw;g tlgpuNjrk;> td;dpgg ; pupT> fpof;F gpuNjr kl;lf;fsg;G gpupT Nritahw;whjtu;fs; fl;lhak; ,r;Nrit KbTWj;j Ntz;Lk;.

Nkw;Fwpgg ; pll ; Njitia epiwNtw;whj ve;jnthU nghyp]; mjpfhupAk; ,r;nraw;ghl;Lg; gpuNjrj;jpwF ; xOf;fhw;W eltbf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; ,lkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLtJld; my;yJ nghyp]; kh mjpgupdhy; Nritapd; mtrpak; fUjp ,lkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Fiwe;j gl;rk; 300 ehl;fs; ,uT ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; ,tu; flikahw;w Ntz;Lk;. (Fwpgg ; pll ; xU tUl fhyj;jpwF ; s;). tpN\l gpupTfspy; flikahw;Wk; nghyp]; mjpfhupfspYk; ,t;thwhd nraw;ghl;Lg; gpuNjrj;jpy; flikahw;w Ntz;Lnkd Cf;Ftpff ; g;gLtJld; ,r;Nritf;fhyk; ,tu;fsJ gjtpAau;tpwf ; hd tpzz ; g;gj;jpd; NghJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk;.

55 tajpwF ; Nkw;gl;l ve;j mjpfhupAk; nraw;ghl;L gpuNjr gzpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; xOf;fhw;W eltbf;if kw;Wk; Nritapd; mtrpajd;ik vDk; gpuptpypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gl;Ls;shu;fs;. ,e;j xOq;fhdJ xU NghJk; nraw;ghl;Lg; gpuNjrj;jpy; flikahw;whjtu;fSf;F nghUe;jhJ vd nfhs;f. ,d; D k; tl fpof; F gpuNjrq; f spy; jkpo; nkhopapy; 46

flikahw;WNthUf;fhd ntw;wplk; fhzg;gLtjhy; xOq;F 3 kw;Wk; 4y; Fwpgg ; plg;gl;Ls;s epge;jidfs; ,tu;fSf;F nghUe;jhJ. mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrj;jpw;Fs;NsNa xt;nthU %d;W tUlj;jpw;Fk; Row; r pKiwapy; ,lkhw; w k; nra; a g; g Lthu; f s; . ,J jtpu; f ; f Kbahjtifapy; 4 tUlq; f Sf; F k; gpd; G Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; Kbtpd; NgupYk; jtpu;f;f Kbahj #oypYk; ,lk;ngWk;. rfy mjpfhupfSk; epge;jid milg;gilapy; kPs; epakdk; nra;ag;gLthu;fs;. mtu;fs; nraw;ghl;Lg; gpuNjrj;jpy; Nritahw;wp ,Ug;gpDk; Fwpgg ; pll ; fhyj;jpwF ; Nrit nra;a epug ; g ; e;jpff ; g;gLthu;fs;.

NtW gjpy; eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl khl;lhJ. ,e;j ,lkhw;w tplak; rk;ge;jkhf Muha;ej ; NghJ Fwpgg ; plj;jf;f msT nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; ,lkhw;wk; eilKiw njhlu;gpy; jq;fs; mjpUg;jpia ntspgg ; Lj;jpdhu;fs;.

Neu; f hzy; rk; g e; j g; g l; l 44.9 % khNdhu; mtu; f s; ,lkhw;wj;jpdN ; ghJ xUtifahd ePjpaw;w jd;ikia vjpuN ; ehf;fpajhf Fwpg;gpl;lhu;fs;. vt;thnwdpDk; 55.1% khNdhu; jq;fs; ,lkhw;wj;jpd; NghJ jq;fsJ nrhe; j gpuptpNyh my; y J ntspg; g puptpNyh vJtpj eP j paw; w jd;ikiaiaAk; fhztpyi ; y vd Fwpgg ; pll ; hu;fs;51. e Pq ;f s ; ,lk h w;wk ; n r a ;a g ;g l;l Ng h J mJ ; e pa h a k w;wJ v d ;W Vj k ; cz h ;e ;j Ph ;f s h 70 60 50

55.1 44.9

40 % 30 20 10 0

Yes

No

51.toq;fy; Ma;T: 5k; jpfjp ngg;utup 8; jpfjp tiu> kw;Wk 10k; jpfjp ngg;utup njhlf;fk; khu;r; 3k; jpfjp tiu buhd;]; Ngud;]p ,d;lu; ne\dy; epWtdj;jpwf ; hf r%ff; Fwpfhl;bfs; epfo;jj ; g;gl;lJ. njupT nra;gg ; l;l 770 nghyp]hu; Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

47

jw;NghJ ,lkhw;wk; jpll ; k; rk;ge;jkhf tpdptaNghJ 63.8% khNdhu; ,j;jpll ; j;jpw; jpUg;jpaw;w epiyapYk; 26.6% khNdhu; jpUg;jpiaAk; ntspff ; hl;bdu;. 9.6% khNdhu; jpUg;jp-jpUg;jpaw;w vz;z epiyapw; fhzg;gl;ldu;52. juk; mq;ff P u;ff ; g;glhj epiyapy>; ngUk;ghyhd nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; jw; N ghJ eilKiwapy; cs; s ,lkhw; w jpl; l j; j py; jpUg; j p milatpyi ; y. Vida juq;fSld; xg;gpLifapy; $Ljyhd mjpgj ; p 53 jd;ik C1 kw;Wk; S1 juq;fspNyNa fhzg;gLfpdw ; J . j w;Ng h J e i lK i wa py ; cs ;s g j t pAa h ;T e i lK i wa py ; v t ;t d T J }uk ; j pUg ;j pa i lf pd ;wPh ;f s ; 70 63.8 60 50 %

40 30

26.6

20 9.6

10 0

Satisfied

Nether Satisfied nor dissatified

Dissatified

j w;Ng h J e i lK i wa py ; cs ;s g j t pAa h ;T e i lK i wa py ; v t ;t d T J }uk ; j pUg ;j pa i lf pd ;wPh ;f s ; 100

61.3

65.5

69.1

72.7

80 Satisfied

60

Nether Satisfied nor dissatisfied Dissatified

50 40 20 0

10.5

11.2

6.4

3.8

28.2

23.3

24.5

24.2

SI

CI

PC

52.toq;fy; Ma;T: 5k; jpfjp ngg;utup 8; jpfjp tiu> kw;Wk 10k; jpfjp ngg;utup njhlf;fk; khu;r; 3k; jpfjp tiu buhd;]; Ngud;]p ,d;lu; ne\dy; epWtdj;jpwf ; hf r%ff; Fwpfhl;bfs; epfo;jj ; g;gl;lJ. njupT nra;gg ; l;l 770 nghyp]hu; Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

53.toq;fy; Ma;T: 5k; jpfjp ngg;utup 8; jpfjp tiu> kw;Wk 10k; jpfjp ngg;utup njhlf;fk; khu;r; 3k; jpfjp tiu buhd;]; Ngud;]p ,d;lu; ne\dy; epWtdj;jpwf ; hf r%ff; Fwpfhl;bfs; epfo;jj ; g;gl;lJ. njupT nra;gg ; l;l 770 nghyp]hu; Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

48

3.6.2. Fwpg;gpl;l fhuzkpd;wpa ,lkhw;wq;fis jtpu;g;gjw;fhd toptif 17tJ murpaikg;G rPuj ; j ; pUj;jj;jpd; gpupT 155 G.3 mbg;gilapy; Mizf;FO ,lkhw;wj;jpwf ; hd juj;jpid epuz ; ak; nra;J mjid ,lkh;wj;jpdN ; ghJ gad;gLj;JtJld; fhyj;jpwf ; hyk; ,t;tplkhw;wk; njhlu;gpy; Mizf;FO ftdj;jpwF ; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk; vd Fwpg; gpl;Ls;sJ. Njrpa nghyp]; Midf;FO ,e;j mjpfhuq;fis IGP juj;jpwF ; Fiwthd nghyp]; mjpfhupfis ,lkhw;Wk; tplaj;jpy; filgpbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL ,e;j mjpfhuq;fis nghyp]; kh mjpgupd; fye;JiuahlYld; eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;54. jpUg;jpAuhj nghyp]; mjpfhupfspd; ,lkhw;wk; njhlu;gpy; cldbahd NtW ,lkhw;w eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lnkd gupeJ ; iug;gJld; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO nghyp]; mjpfhupfspd; ed;kjpgi ; g mjpfupff ; j;jf;f tifapy; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.

3.7. rk; g sk; > nfhLg; g dT> Vida tug; g purhjq; f s; ntFkjpfs; .

3.7.1. khjhe; j rk; g sk; .

P.A. Rw;wupfi ; f rpy 15/2003 gb 01.01.2004 njhlf;fk; nghyp]; fhd;]l ; gps; xUtupd; mjpFiwe;j tUlhe;j rk;gs;k; 68160/= ,ypUe;J mjp$ba tUlhe;j rk;gsk; 116400/= tiuAkhFk;. TISL ,J njhlu;ghf nghyp]; rhujp xUtuplk; tpdtpaNghJ mtuJ khjhe;j rk;gsk; 12130/= vd $wpdu;. (Vida gbfs; jtpue ; j ; J) Nkw;Fwpgg ; pll ; Rw;W epUgj;jpwF ; mika nghyp]; rhu;[d;l; xUtupd; tUlhe;j rk;gsk; 79440/= ,ypUe;J 124>560/= tiuahFk;. nghyp]; rg; ,d;]n ; gf;lu; xUtupd; tUlhe;j rk;gsk; 85>650/= ,ypUe;J142>920/= tiuAk; nghyp], ; d;]n ; gf;lu; xUtupd; tUlhe;j rk;gsk; 100>440/= ,ypUe;J 161>940/= tiuAkhFk;. toq;fy; Ma;thdJ nghyp]; mjpfhupfsplk; ,J njhlu;ghf Ma;T nra;j NghJ mtu;fs; jq;fspd; khjhe;j rk;gsk; tho;fi ; fr; nryTf;F fl;Lg;gbahftpy;iy vd Fwpg;gpl;lhu;fs;. ,J rfy juj;jpduhYk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j fUj;Jiug;G nghyp]; rhu;[d;l; juj;jpy; cs;s 77.6% khNdhuplk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

54.17tJ murpay; mikg;G rPuj ; pUj;jj;jpd; gb gpupT 1559.3 G epakdq;fs;> gjtpAau;Tfs;> ,lkhw;wq;fs;> xUf;fhw;W fl;Lg;ghLfs; gjtp ePff ; k;> (nghyp]; kh mjpgu; jtpue ; j ; ) Nghd;wit Midf;FONt Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Midf;FO jdJ mjpfhupfs; Nkw;nfhs;s njhlu;gpy; nghyp]; kh mjpgUld; fye;JiuahbNa eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

49

cq ;f s pd J k ; cq ;f s ; FLk ;g j ;j pd J k ; t h o;t h j h u k w;W k ; Vi d a Nj i t f i s g ; g +h j ;j p n r a a ; cq ;f s J r k ;g s k ; Ng h J k h d j h ?

Very Inadequate Some what Inadequate Some what Adequate Very Adequate

120 100 80

36.8

43.1

39.5

36.8

42.4

28.6

34.5

31.6

22.4

31.3

16.9

21.2

3.4

0

4.4

10.4

9.1

PC

Sergeant

60 50

26

40 20 0

31.3

SI

IP

27.3

CI

NkYk; nghJkdg;ghq;F Ma;T 44.3% nghJ kf;fsplk; Neu;fhzy; nra;j NghJ rk;gs Vw;wkhdJ ey;y jpUg;jpahd Nritia toq;Fk; vdTk; kw;w tifapy; 27.9% rk;gs Vw;wk; kl;Lk; rpwe;j Nritia toq;Ftjhf fhzg;gl Kbahnjd;wdu;. n g hy p] ; mYt y h ;f ;f h d r k ;g s mj pf h pg ;g h d J t oq ;f g ;g Lk ; Nr i t f i s Nk k ;g Lj ;j cj T k ; v d ;g j py ; e P;q ;f s ; v e ;j s T v ld ;g Lf pd ;wPh ; 50 40 %

30.1

30

24.8

20 14.4

14.5

13.4

10 3.0 0

Strongly Agree

Somewhat Agree

Somewhat Disagree

Strongly Disagree

Do not know/ Not sure

No response

rfy juj;jpduJk; rk;gskhdJ cau;j;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ nghJthdjhFk; . rpy nghyp]; mjpfhupfspd; rk; g skhdJ Kg;gilfshd (,uhZtk;> tpkhdg;gil> flw;gil) ,tw;wpd; rk;gsj;Jld; ,zq;ftpyi ; yvd fUj;Jf; $wg;gl;lJ. ,J Vida rfy mur cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; rk;gsj;Jld; ,ize;jjhfNt cs;sJ. ,e;j Nritapd; jd;ikia gw;wp Fwpgg ; pLNthkhapd; ,J Vida NritfspYk; ghu;ff ; tpN\l NritahFk;. fhuzk; ,jw;F Fwpgg ; pll ; fhytiuNah my;yJ NeuNkh Fwpgg ; plg;gltpyi ; y. Njitapd; NghJ gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk;. vdNt 50

,r;Nritf;Fupa rk;gsKk; Vida Kg;gilfspd; rk;gs juj;jpwF ; Vw;g cs;thq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd fUjg;gLfpwJ. kw;w tifapy; nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; jw;Nghjia rk;gs Vw;wj;jpy; mjpUg;jpia fhl;bdhu;fs;. 24.4% khd nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; kpfTk; jpUg;jpAw;w epiyapYk;> 42.1% khNdhu; rhjhuz jpUg;jp epiyapYk; > 7.2% khNdhu; vJtpj jpUg; j paw; w epiyapYk; fhzg;gl;ldu;55. j w;Ng h J e i lK i wa py ; cs ;s Nk y j pf f ; n f hLg ;g d T e i lK i wa py ; v t ;t d T J }uk ; j pUg ;j pa i lf pd ;wPh ;f s ; 50 41.7

40 30 %

24.2

21.1

20 10 0

7.2

4.9 Very Satisfied

Somewhat Satisfied

Neither Satisfied or Dissatisfied

Somewhat Dissatisfied

Very Dissatisfied

3.7.2. nfhLg; g dTfs; fP o ; f ; F wpg; g pl; l nfhLg; g dTfs; rk; g sj; j pw; F Nkyjpfkhf toq;fg;gLfpdwd56. nfhLg;gdT gjpy; ,Ug;Gfs;

600.00 (rfy 1125.00 1350.00 1725.00 2100.00 tpN\l nfhLg;gdT 2200.00 rfy

juj;jpdUf;Fk;) 57>720 f;F Fiwthd rk;gsk; 57>721-81>300.00 tiuahd rk;gsk;.

81>301 - 133>400.00 133401 f;F Nky; juj;jpdUf;Fk;

vt; t hnwdpDk; Neu; f hzy; nra; a g; g l; l 78.9%khNdhu; nfhLg;gdTfs; ngWtjw;F cupjJ ; ilatu;fs; Mtu;. 20.6% khNdhu; jhk; ,j;jifa nfhLg;gdtpw;F cupj;Jilatu;fs; my;y vd Fwpg;gpl;ldu;.

55. toq;fy; Ma;T: 5k; jpfjp ngg;utup 8; jpfjp tiu> kw;Wk 10k; jpfjp ngg;utup njhlf;fk; khu;r; 3k; jpfjp tiu buhd;]; Ngud;]p ,d;lu; ne\dy; epWtdj;jpwf ; hf r%ff; Fwpfhl;bfs; epfo;jj ; g;gl;lJ. njupT nra;gg ; l;l 770 nghyp]hu; Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

56.%yk;: Gs;sp tpgug;gpupT gpupT> nghyp]; jiyikafk;

51

vt;thW ePq;fs; jw;Nghija rk;gs Vw;wj;jpy; jpUg;jpAWfpd;wuP f ; s; vd nfhLg;gdTf;F cupj;jhfTs;s rpyuplk; tpdtpaNghJ 17% khNdhu; kpfTk; jpUg;jpAWtjhfTk;> 42.8% khNdhu; rhjhuz jpUg;jpailtjhfTk;> 23.1 % khNdhu; jpUg;jp milatpyi ; y 57 vdTk; 13.6% rpwpJk; jpUg;jp milatpyi ; y vd Fwpgg ; pll ; du;.

M k ; v d py ; j w;Ng h J e i lK i wa py ; cs ;s Nf h Lg ;g d T e i lK i wa py ; v t ;t d T J }uk ; j pUg ;j pa i lf pd ;wPh ;f s ;

50

42.8

40 30 %

23.1 20

17 13.6

10 3.4 0

Very Satisfied

Somewhat Satisfied

Neither Satisfied or Dissatisfied

Somewhat Dissatisfied

Very Dissatisfied

3.7.3. Vida tug; g purhjq; f s; rfy nghyp]; mjpfhupfspDk; rk;gsk; kw;Wk; nfhLg;gdTfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf Vida tug;gpurhjq;fisAk; mDgtpff ; pdw ; hu;fs;. mitahtd ,ytr rPUil> itj;jpa trjpfs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs;> tpLjptrjpfs; Nghd;wit58.

3.7.4. ntFkjp jpl; l k; ,yq;ifg; nghyp]; fhd;]l ; gps; Gj;jfj;jpdg ; b59 ntFkjpfs; rpNu\;l ,d;];ngf;lu; juj;jpy; Fiwe;j rfy mjpfhupfSf;Fk; mtu; f sJ rpwe; j Nritf; f hf toq; f g; g l Ntz; L k; vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ Fw;wj;ij fz;Lgpbj;jy;> Nritapy; cs;sNghJ tpN\l ntw;wpfukhd nra;j Gydha;T Nritf;F> jfty; ngWjy;> ntw;wpfukhd Gyd; tprhuidf;F cjTk; jlak; nghUis fz;Lgpbj;jy;> re;Njf egiu ifJ nra;jy;> ifjpfis mwpTG+u;tkhf mZFjy;> %o;FtjpypUe;J capiuf; fhg;ghw;Wjy;> jPaizg;gpd; NghJ rpwg;ghf nraw;gLjy;> tpN\lkhd Fw;w tprhuizfspd; NghJ Nju;rr ; p fhl;Ljy;> rhjhuz Fw;wq;fspd; NghJ jdJ KOr;rf;jpiaAk; gpuNahfpjj ; y;>; ntw;wpfukhd KjYjtp 57.toq;fy; Ma;T 5k; jpfjp ngg;utup 8; jpfjp tiu> kw;Wk 10k; jpfjp ngg;utup njhlf;fk; khu;r; 3k; jpfjp tiu buhd;]; Ngud;]p ,d;lu; ne\dy; epWtdj;jpwf ; hf r%ff; Fwpfhl;bfs; epfo;jj ; g;gl;lJ. njupT nra;gg ; l;l 770 nghyp]hu; Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

58.Neu;fhzy; : S.S.P. jPghy; 59. 4 tJ gjpgG ; 1953

gzpgg ; hsu; nghyp]; clw; gapwr ; p epWtdk;. 13.02.2006 nghyp]; jyikafk;.

52

toq;Fjy;> ePzl ; Neu Ntiy> Nkyjpf Ntiy ,tw;wpd; NghJ ntFkjpfs; toq;fg;gLfpdw ; d.60 j w;Ng h J e i lK i wa py ; cs ;s g hp# j pa e i lK i wa py ; v t ;t d T J }uk ; j pUg j; pa i lf pd ;wPh ;f s ; 50 40

37.9

30 % 20

22.9

21

13 10 0

5.2 Very Satisfied

Somewhat Satisfied

Neither Satisfied or Dissatisfied

Somewhat Dissatisfied

Very Dissatisfied

3.8. xOf;fhw;W tpjpfs; 4.8.1. nghyp]; rj; j pag; g pukhzk; nghyp]; rj;jpag;gpukhzNk nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpw;Fs; xOf;fhw;Wfs; fl;bnaOg;gg;gltpyi ; y vd;gij njspthf fhl;Lk; fz;zhbahFk;. rj;jpag;gpukhzj;jpd; gb nghyp]; jpizf;fs cWg;gpdu;fs; xOq;FtpjpfSf;F fl;Lg;gl;L mtu;fsJ njhopYf;F tpRthrkhf> elj;ij my;yJ nghJ ek;gpfi ; f kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ ek;gpf;iff;F ghj;jpukhdtu;fshf elj;ij tpjpfis mDrupj;J ehl;bd; rl;l jpll ; q;fSf;F mikthf elf;fNtz;Lk;61. nghyp]; mjpfhup xUtu; Kjyhtjhf xUikg;ghl;il NgZtJld; ehl;bd; rl;lj;ij kjpfF ; k; tifapy; ele;J kf;fspd; ed;kjpg;ig ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. rj;jpag;gpukhzj;jpwF ; Kudhz tifapy; xU nghyp]; mjpfhup elg;ghuhapd; mtu; Nritia J\;gpuNahfk; nra;jtu; Mthu;. ,yq;if nghyp]; fhd;]l ; gpsf ; s; ifE}y; gy;NtW tifahd xOf;fhw;W ghJfhg;G Kiwfis $Wfpd;wJ. 60.toq;fy; Ma;T :5k; jpfjp ngg;utup 8; jpfjp tiu> kw;Wk 10k; jpfjp ngg;utup njhlf;fk; khu;r; 3k; jpfjp tiu buhd;]; Ngud;]p ,d;lu; ne\dy; epWtdj;jpwf ; hf r%ff; Fwpfhl;bfs; epfo;jj ; g;gl;lJ. njupT nra;gg ; l;l 770 nghyp]hu; Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

61.Nkd;ikjq;fpatu;fNs> ehd; vdJ njhopYf;F tpRthrkw;wtdhfNth> vdJ xUikg;ghl;il > vdJ elj;ijia> my;yJ nghJkf;fspd; ek;gpfi ; fia ghJfhg;Ngd; vdTk;> ehd; elj;ij tpjpfSf;F mikthf vd;id fhg;gJld; VidNahUf;F nghWg;gspfF ; k; tifapy; ele;J nfhs;Ntd; vdTk;> vdJ Njrj;jpwF ; tpRthrKilatuhf MNtd; vd rj;jpag;gpukhdk; nra;fpNwd;.

- rl;lq;fSk; ,yq;if nghyp]; NritAk; > ,yq;if nghyp]; gpupT

53

3.8.2. Nrit epge; j idfs; nghyp]; fhd;]l ; gpd; ifE}y; Fwpgg ; plL ; s;s jplkhd xOf;fhw;W tpjpfs; nghyp]; xUikg;ghl;il ghJfhg;gjw;fhf cuthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. tpjp I : rfy nghyp]hUk; jdJ KONeuj;ijAk;> nghyp]; Nritf;F Neu;ikahfTk;> mu;g;gzpg;GlDk; nra;tJld;> vJtpj tpahghu eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtNjh> mjw;fhd tpUg;ig njuptpg;gNjh jtpu;f;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gJld; mtUk; mtuJ FLk;gj;jpdNuh ,j;jifa eltbf;iffs; vjpYk; <LgLjy; Kw;wpYk; jtpu;ff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ. tpjp II: mtu; rfy tpjkhd gzpgG ; iufisAk;> tpjpKiwfisAk; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;batu; Mthu;. ,jd;%yk; Fwpgg ; pLtjhtJ xt;nthU nghyp]; mjpfhupAk; Neu;ikahdtuhfTk;> r%fj;jpw;F jdJ Nritia toq;ff;$batuhfTk; rfy tpjkhd xOq;Ftpjpfis filg;gpbg;gtuhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. kw;wtifapy; mtUk; mutJ FLk;gj;jpdUk; r%fj;jpwF ; Kd; khjpupahdtuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tpjp viii d; gb xU nghyp]; mjpfhup ve;jnthU re;ju;gg ; j;jpYk; NeubahfNth> kiwKfkhfNth vJtpjkhd ifA+l; l y; f is ngWtNjh> nfhLg;gNjh> Nritf;fhd ntFkjpia ahuplkpUe;Jk; ngWtNjh> vt;thnwdpDk; mj;jpal;rfupd; ntspaplg;gl;l mDkjpfF ; Kuzhapd; mJ mjpfhu J\;gpuNahfkhFk;. tpjp ix : nghyp]; nghJkf;fs; cwT rPuhdJ vd;gjd; %yk; Fwpgg ; plg;gLtjhtJ > nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;ju; kupahijf;Fuptatuhf Vida mjpfhupfSf;F Kd;Djhuzkhf ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL r%fj;jpd; midj;J kl;lj;jpdUf;Fk; ,iaj;jd;ik cilatuhfTk;> fUiz kpFe;jtuhfTk; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. tpjp x : xU nghyp]; mjpfhup Ju;elj;ijAilatu; vd mwpag;gbd; jz;lid my;yJ jz;lg;gzk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL cldbahf nghyp]; kh mjpguhy; NritapypUe;J ePff ; g;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU gpujp nghyp]; kh mjpgu; my;yJ mj;jpal;rfu; juj;jpYs;Nshu; Nritf;F nghUj;jkw;wtu; my;yJ mrl;iljdkhdtu;> my;yJ Ju;elj;ijAilatu; vd $wg;gbd; mtu; Nritapy; ,Ue;J khfhz nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfuhy; my;yJ cjtp khfhz khtl;l my;yJ gpupT nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfuhy; gjtpef P f ; k; nra;aKbAk;62.

62.crhj;Jiz ,yq;if tu;jj ; khdp gFjp II ,y 4953 brk;gu; 8> 1948 gf;fk; 175 kw;Wk; ,y 5083 gf;fk; 118.

54

[{iy 11 1951

,jd; %yk; njupag;gLtjhtJ nghyp]; NritahdJ jplkhd xOf;fhw;W tpjpfspy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJld; mit nghyp]hu; kj;jpapy; mKy;gLj;jj;jf;f tifapy; ghtidapy; cs;sJ. 3.8.3. xOf; f hw; W tpjp ve;jnthU nghyp]; mjpfhupAk; xOf;fkw;wtuhapd; mtuJ elj;ij fhuzkhf Fw;wKilatuhapd;63> flikia mrl;il nra;jtuhapd;64> ek;gpfi ; f ,oe;jtuhapd65; > Coy; cilatuhapd; 66 > ahjhapDk; xU Fw;wj;jpw;F cl;gl;ltuhapd;67> xOf;fkw;w jd;ikf;F cle;ijahsuhapd;68> ,yq;if murpapy; ahg;gpd; 17tJ murpayikg;G rPuj ; pUj;jj;jpwf ; ika Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO mikf;fg;gl;ljd; Nehf;fk; nghyp]; Nritia jpUg;jpfukhf NgZtjw;NfahFk;. ,t;thizf;FOtpd; xOf;ff;fl;Lg;ghL rk;ge;jkhd mjpfhuq;fs; 2005 nehntk;gu; khjj;Jld; Kbtilfpdw ; J vdpDk;> me;j mikg;gpwf ; hd mjpfhuk; murpayikg; g pdhy; cWjpg; g Lj; j g; g l; L k; xOf; f f; fl; L g; g hL nraw;gLj;jg;gltpyi ; y. kiwKf nry;thf;F fhuzkhf xOq;fhw;W eltbf;iffs; jpirjpUg;gg;gLfpdw ; d69.

63.gpupT 1 Fwpgg ; pLtjhtJ Fwpgg ; pll ; egu; Kiwaw;w jd;ikahfTk;> my;yJ rl;lj;jpwF ; Kudhz xOf;fkhfTk;> my;yJ nghyp]; Nritf;F khR fw;gpfF ; k; tifapyhd elj;ij.

64. gpupT 4 Fwpg; g pLtjhtJ> 1. nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;jUf;fhd flikfis mrl;il nra;jy;> my;yJ Ntz;Lnkd;Nw jtpuj ; j ; y; my;yJ. 2. flik jtWjy; my;yJ. 3. Kd; mDkjpapdw ; p flik epiyaj;ij tplL ; ntspNaWjy; my;yJ. 4. ftdkw;w my;yJ mrl;il fhuzkhf ifjpfs; jg;g tpLjy; 5. jdJ flikapd; mwpfi ; fg;gLj;j Ntz;ba tplaj;ij mwpfi ; fgLj;jpUj;jy; my;yJ 6. cj;jpNahfG+u;t Mtdj;jpy; my;yJ Gj;jfj;jpy; Njitahd gjpTfis Nkw;nfhs;sjpUj;jy; my;yJ 7. xU Fw;wthsp my;yJ re;Njfetu; vq;fpUf;fpwhu; vd njupeJ ; k; mjid kiwj;jy; my;yJ mtiu rl;lj;jpd; Kd; epWj;jhjpUj;jy; 65. gpupT 6 ,J Fwpg; g pLtJ 1. jdJ flikapd; kPJs;s ,ufrpaj;ij ntspgg ; Lj;jy; my;yJ 2. Kiwahd mDkjp mw;w tifapy; nghJrd njhlu;G JiwAld; njhlu;G nfhs;sy; my;yJ NtiyAld; njhlu;Gila tplak; kPJ mDkjp mw;w egu;fSld; njhlu;G nfhs;sy; my;yJ 3. Nrit njhlu;ghd tplak; rk;ge;jkhd mDkjpaw;w $l;lq;fspy; gq;Fgw;wy; my;yJ fye;Jiuahly; my;yJ 4. Nrit njhlu;Gila ahNjDk; rk;ge;jkhd Rw;wwpfi ; f tpLjy;> KiwaPL nra;jy;> mwpfi ; f tpLjy;> njhlu;G rhjdq;fspy; ntspaply;> nghyp]; kh mjpgupd; Kiwahd njhlu;G Kiw my;yJ NtW KiwNflhd njhlu;Gfs;.

5. Kiwahd mDkjpapdw ; p cj;jpnahf G+u;t Mtzk; xd;iw gpujpaply;> glnkLj;jy ; >; mtw;wpid jk;trk; itj;jpUj;jy;.

66. gpupT 07 Fwpg; g pLtjhtJ 1. flikapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ my;yJ xa;tpd; NghJ fzf;F tof;Ffis> gzk;> nrhj;Jf;fis jpUg;jpfukhf xg;gilflfhjpUj;jy;.

2. cj;jpNahf vy;iyf;Fs;shf jhk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l fzf;F tof;Ffs;> gzq;fs;> nrhj;Jf;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; Kiwg;gb kPs xg;gilahjpUj;jy; my;yJ 3. nghyp]; kh mjpgupd; mDkjp ,d;wp Neubahf my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth ntFkjpfs; ngwy;> ed;nfhil toq;fy;> re;jh toq;fy; my;yJ 4. jdJ flikia nra;Ak; nghJ ahuhapDk; xU nghJkf;fspy; xUtUf;F jd;id fPog ; Lj;Jk; tifapy; elj;J nfhs;sy;> my;yJ mQ;Rtjhf jdJ flikia nra;jy; my;yJ 5. nghyp]; mjpfhup vDk; gjtpia> elj;ijia jdJ gpuj;jpNaf ed;ikf;hff ghtpjj ; y; 67. gpupT 15 ,J Fwpg; g pLtjhtJ ePjpkd;wnkhd;wpy; xU Fw;wthspahf fUjg;gLk;. xUtu; Fw;wtpay; eilKiw Nfhit gpupT 325f;F mikthf elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

68. gpupT 16 ,J Fwpg; g pLtjhtJ Fw;wk; nra;jy; my;yJ njupeJ ; k; mjid Nkw;nfhs;sy; my;yJ xOf;fkPwy; midj;Jk; ,e;j eilKiwf;Nfhit %yk; jz;bf;fg;gl Ntz;baitahFk;.

69.Mrpa kdpj cupikf; Midf;Fo mwpfi ; f (AHRC) ,yq;if Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; nraw;ghLk; ,yq;iff;Fs;Vw;gLk; Fw;wq;fs; ntspgg ; Lj;jYk; 3 [dtup 2006 AS -001-2006

55

3.8.4. nghyp]hUf; F vjpuhd nghJkf; f spd; Kiwg; g hLfs; nghJkf; f shy; nghyp]hUf; F vjpuhf nra; a g; g Lk; Kiwg;ghLfspy; Fwpgg ; pll ; nghyp]; epiya nghWg;gjpfhupahy; mjp Kf;fpak; fUjpait kl;LNk ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ70. nghyp]hUf; F vjpuhf Nkw; n fhs; s g; g Lk; xt; n thU Kiwg;ghLfSk; nghyp]; jfty; Gj;jfj;jpy; tpupthf gjpag;gl Ntz;Lk;. nghyp]; epiya nghWg;gjpfhup ,J rk;ge;jkhf vJtpj jhkjkpdw ; p cld; tprhuiz nra;a Ntz;Lk;. rl;lj;jpwF ; vjpuhd rfy Fw;wq;fSk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;L Kiwg;ghl;lhsu;fSf;F ,t;tplak; rk;ge;jkhf Fw;wr;rhl;lg;gl;ltu;f;F vjpuhf Nkyjpf eltbf;if vLf;f cupjJ ; s;sik gw;wp mwptpff ; Ntz;Lk;. khtl;lj;jpwF ; my;yJ gpupTf;F nghWg;ghd cjtp nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu; ,J njhlu;ghd G+uz tprhuiz xd;wpid nra;J tof;F njhlu;tjw;fhd rhjf epiyia cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. cjtp nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu; rfy tplaq;fspYk; c;ss ; lq;fpajhd fbjq;fisAk;> Fw;wr;rhl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ijAk; jahupjJ ; khfhz nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfUf;F rku;gg ; pg;gjd; %yk; mtu; mf;Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis mtjhdpj; J xU FOitAk; tprhuidf; f hd fhyk; > ,lk; > vd;gtw;iwAk; mwptpgg ; hu;71. tprhuizapd; NghJ nghyp]; mj; j pal; r fu; > my; y J epiyaj;jpwF ; nghWg;ghd cjtp nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu; Fw;wk; xd;W ,iof;fg;gl;ljhf fz;Lgpbg;ghuhapd; mJ tof;F xd;Wf;F cupaJ vdpd>; mg; nghJegu; kPJ njhlu;tjw;fhd tof;F eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Fwpgg ; pll ; nghyp]; mjpfhup njupeN ; jh> my;yJ jk;trKs;s ahuhtJ egu; kPJ ahjhapDk; jdpgg ; l;l td;Kiwia nra;thuhapd; ,J rk;ge;jkhf G+uz tprhuiz elj;jp ,t;tplaj;jpid rl;lj;jpd; Kd; nfhz;L tuy; Ntz;Lk;. vt;thnwdpDk; ,j;jifa tof;Ffs; %bkiwf;fg;glhJ> Kiwg;ghl;lhsu; cj;jpNahf G+u;t rl;l eltbf;ifia vjpuN ; ehf;fhj epiyapYk; jpizf;fsk; %yk; cj;juthjkspff ; g;gl;l tprhuiz mjpfhupahy; tpjp ,y 21 gf;fk; 38 mikthf fhyjhkjkpdw ; p tprhuiz Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. tprhuizapd; NghJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fSk;> mjw;fhf toq; f g; g l; l eP j pAk; > mwpf; i fahf Nfhitg; g Lj; j g; g l; L Kiwg;ghl;lhsUf;F vLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;if rk;ge;jkhf vOj;J%y gjpy; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

70.nghyp]; fhd;]l ; gps; ifE}y; 4tJ gjpgG ; 1953 71.nghyp]; tu;jj ; khdp gFjp II ,y 4963 ngg;utup 26-1949.

56

tprhuizf;fhd FOthdJ Fwpgg ; pll ; khtl;lj;jpd; cjtp nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfiu jiytuhfTk;> Fwpgg ; pll ; nghyp]; epiya nghWg; g jpfhupiaAk; > nghJkf; f spd; rhu; g hf xUtiuAk; nfhz; b Uj; j y; Ntz; L k; . Fwpg; g pl; l nghyp]; epiyaj; j pd; nghWg; g jpfhup Fw; w Q; r hl; l g; g l; l tuhf my; y Jrk; g tj; j pd; rhl;rpahfNth ,Ug;ghuhapd; khfhzj;jpd; my;yJ gpuptpd; nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu; my;yJ cjtp nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu; ,jd; jiytuhfTk; nghJkf;fs; xUtiuAk; cs;slf;fpajhf ,r;rig ; iz nghyp]; tu;jj ; khdp gFjp II ,y 5028 14 [{d; 1950) mikAk;.(crhu;jJ nghJkf;fspd; xUtu; Fwpgg ; pll ; tprhuizf;FOtpd; cWg;gpduhf Kd;dNu ,Ug;ghuhapd>; Kiwg;ghl;lhsu; NtW ahupdJk; cjtpiaNah xj; j hiriaNah ngWtjw; F mDkjpf; f g; g lkhl; l hu; . ,Nj eilKiwNa Fw; w Q; r hl; l g; g l; l nghyp]; mjpfhupf; F k; nghUe;JkhFk;.(crhu;jJ ; iz nghyp]; tu;jj ; khdp gFjp II ,y 4963 23 [{d; 1949)

Kiwg;ghlhdJ fbjkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;Fkhapd; Kiwg;ghl;lhsUf;F mwptpf;fg;gl;L mtu; mUfpYs;s nghyp]; epiyaj;jpy; mf;fbjk; rk;ge;jkhf Vw;GupikiaAk;> mjDs; mlq;fpAs;s tplaq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd jdJ xg;GjiyAk; ntspgg ; Lj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; NghJk; tprhuizahdJ fP o ; f ; nfhzug; gl; l tu;jj ; khdpapd; mwptpjj ; Yf;F Vw;g Fwpgg ; pll ; tpjj;jpNyNa epfOk;. nghyp]; tu;jj ; khdp gFjp II ,y 4963 ngg;utup 23 1949. gf;fk; 26 kw;Wk; ,y 5028 [{d; 14 1950 gf;fk; 105.

NkYk; murpayikg;gpwf ; hd 17tJ jpUj;jk; nghJ kf;fs; Kiwg;ghl;bd; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO %ykhf ,lk;ngw topnra;Js;sJ. fl;lis 155G2 nghyp]hUf;F kw;Wk; nghyp]; Nritf;F vjpuhd tprhuid> Kiwg;ghLfis kPsikj;jy; njhlu;ghd eilKiwfis Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf; F O Nkw; n fhs; s Ntz; L nkd typAWj; J fpwJ. vt; t hnwdpDk; Muk; g j; j pYk; ntw;wpfukhf nghJkf;fspd; Fiwg;ghLfs; ntspf; nfhzug;gltpy;iy. tpN\lkhf Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO Kiwg;ghLfis nghyp]; kh mjpgUf;F rku;gg ; pff ; nghyp]; kh mjpgu; mtw;iw tpN\l Gydha;Tg;gpupTf;F rku;g;gpg;gjw;fhd eilKiwfs; ,lk;ngWfpdw ; d. ,J kPzL ; k; xU rl;lfj;jpDs;Ns mikag; ngWfpdw ; J. vt;thnwdpDk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO 10 gpuNjr ,izg;ghsu;fis epakpj;J Kiwg;ghL rk;ge;jkhf njhlu;GgLj;jp cs;sJ. ,d;Wtiu mtu;fshy; Rje;jpukhf ,aq;f KbahJ> ,tu; f s; gpuNjr kdpj cupik Mizf; F Otpd; fhupahyaj;ijNa gad;gLj;Jfpdw ; hu;fs;.

57

mz; i kf; f hykhf cau; eP j pkd; w k; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO rpy tof;Ffs; rk;ge;jkhf xOf;fhw;W eltbf;if vLf;f gzpjJ ; s;sJ. mj;Jld; ePjpkd;wk; nghWg;G tha;ej ; cau; mjpfhupfs; xOf;fj;ij mKy;gLj;JtJld; kdpj cupikfs; jkJ fPo;epiy cj;jpNahfj;ju;fshy; ghJfhf;fg;gl cWjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;72.

3.8.5. jz; l idfs; fPoe ; piy nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; gpdt ; Uk; jz;lizf;F cupj;jhdtu;fs; Mtu;. cjtpg; nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu; juj;jpw;F Fiwthd ve;j mjpfhupf;Fk; jdf;F Nkw;gl;l ve;j Nritapy; cs;s mjpfhup kPJk; Fw;wk; Rkj;j KbAk;. vr; r upf; i f: vOj;J %ykhd vr;rupfi ; f epiya fl;Lg;ghl;L Gj;jfj;jpy; my;yJ Fw;wr;rhl;lg;gl;ltupd; Nfhitapy; ,lg;gLk;.

Reprimand: Nkw;Fwpgg ; pll ; vr;rupfi ; ff;F Nkyjpfkhf kpfTk; f^ukhf vr;rupj;jy;.

Njfhg; g pahr jz; l id : Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;ltu; KOr;rPUilAld; 7 ehl;fSf;F kpQr ; hjthW Fwpff ; g;gl;l ehl;fs; xU rhu;[dpd; Nkw;ghu;itapy; epfo;jj ; g;gl Ntz;Lk;. Nkyjpf Njfhg;gpahrk; xU kzpjj ; pahyj;ij kpQr ; KbahJ. Nkyjpf jz; l id : Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;ltUf;F Nkyjpf Ntiyahf Kfhik kw;Wk; jsghlq;fis> cgfuzq;fis Rj;jk; nra;jy; Nghd;wthwhd jz;lidfs; epiyaj;jpwF ; s;NsNa toq;fg;gLk;. ,J 7 ehl;fis kpQr ; KbahJ. Kfhkpy; jq; f papUj; j y; : 7 ehl;fs; kpQr ; hj fhyg;gFjpfF ; Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;ltu; ntspapy; nry;yhJ Kfhkpy; jq;fpapUj;jy;. wpNru;t; rh[d;l; ,ilNtisf;F mwpfi ; fapl Ntz;Lk;.

72.Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO ebgq;F

58

fWg; G Gs; s p: ,JNt Nritapy; toq; f g; g Lk; kpfTk; fbdkhd jz;lidahFk;. ,J Nritf;fhy gjpNtl;by; gjpag;gLk;. ,f;fWg;G Gs;sp jdJ Nritf;fhyj;jpy; njhlu;rr ; papid ,uz;L khj fhy ed;dlj;ij %yk; ,y;yhky; nra;J nfhs;sg;gLk;. gjtpAau;Tf;F ,e;j fWg;G Gs;spahdJ ghjfkhdjhFk;. vt;thnwdpDk; ,f;fWg;G Gs;spahdJ njhlu;rr ; pahd ,uz;L khj ed;dlj;ij fhyk; %yk; ePff ; g;glyhk;. ,J Nritg;gjpNtl;bd; fhzg;gLjy; Fwpgg ; pll ; tupd; Nritf;F ghjfkhFk;. fWg;G Gs;sp fPoe ; piyf;F cupajy;y vdpDk; ,J xUtifahd vr;rupfi ; fahFk;. ,t;thW fWg;G Gs;sp gj;jpid ngWk; xUtu; NritapypUe;Jk; ePff ; g;gLthu;. jz;lq;fs; : jz;lidfs; flikf;F mDkjpapdw ; p r%fkspff ; hj NghJk; murhq;f nrhj;Jf;fis njhiyj;j NghJk;> mrl;iljd;ik fhuzkhfTk; mwptplg;glyhk;.

gjtpapwf; f k; my; y J tUlhe; j rk; g sk; epWj; j k; :

V w ; w k ;

gjtp cau;tpid jLj;jy; : ,J kpfTk; fbdkhd jz;lidahFk;. xUtu; jdJ juj;jpy; ,Ue;J Fiwf;fg;gl;L gpdd ; u; Nritf;F mku;jj ; g;gl;lhy; mtu; jdJ epiyapy; ,Ue;J xt;nthU juj;jpDk; Fiwag;glyhk;. ,jd; NghJ ,tuJ elj;ijAk; NritAk; kjpgg ; plb ; y; jpUg;jpAwj;jf;fjha; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,ayhik fhuzkhf xa;T ngwy; : ,J nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; jq;fsJ flikia Rakhf Mw;w Kbahj re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; fl;lha xa;T ngwy; toq;fg;gLfpdw ; J. rpy re; j u; g ; g q; f spy; Fiwf; f g; g l; l xa; T +jpa nfhLg; g dT toq;fg;gLfpdw ; J.73 73.xUkhj fhyj;jpwF ; s; nraw;gLk; gjtpAau;thapd; mJ MWkhj fhyj;jpwF ; Nkw;glhj fhyj;jpwF ; ,il epWj;jg;glyhk;. Nrit gjpNtl;by; ,jw;fhd jz;lid Fwpgg ; plg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j jz;lid Fwpgg ; pll ; fhyg;gFjpfF ; gjtpNaw;wk; jLf;fg;gl fhyj;jpwF ; xU nghyp]; mjpfhup Fwpgg ; pll ; fhyg;gFjpfF ; s; njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;s jFjpaw;wtu; vdpd>; mtuJ gjtpAau;T ,ilepWj;jg;gLk;. ,jw;fhd gjpT vJTk; Nritg; gjpNtl;by; Fwpgg ; pl khl;lhJ.vdpDk; epiya rk;gsg;gl;baYf;F mDg;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,J rk;gsj;ij ,y;yhkw; nra;tJld; mtuJ rpNu\;l jd;ikf;Fk; ghjfkhFk;. nghyp]; mjpfhupapd; gjtpAau;T vr;rupfi ; f my;yJ ,ilepWj;jg;gLtJld; my;yJ mtu; jdJ flik rPuhf nra;Ak; gb gzpff ; g;gl;L rpyfhyj;jpwF ; mtuJ gjtpAau;Tf;F rpghu;R nra;tjw; Kd; mtjhdpff ; g;gLk;. (mtUf;F vjpuhd tof;F my;yJ tprhuid ,Uf;Fk; tiu) ,jd; NghJ rpNu\;l jd;ikNah> my;yJ rk;gsNkh toq;fg;glkhl;lhJ. ,jd; gpdG ; gjtpAau;T toq;fg;gLk; NghJ mtuJ epYitg;gzk; toq;fg;gLk;.

59

tpLtpj;jy; : ,tu;fsJ Nrit jpUg;jpaw;wJ vd czUk; re;ju;gg ; j;jpy; tpLtpjj ; y; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; NghJ ,tu;fs; Nritapy; njhlu;eJ ; ,Uj;jy; nghUj;jkw;wJ vd fzpgg ; plg;gLfpwJ. NritePf;f k; : ,J Fw;wthspahd nghyp]; mjpfhupfSf;F nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. ,tu;fs; fLikahd Fw;wq;fspd; NghJ Fw;wthspfs; vd czug;gLk; NghJ> ,tu;fs; Nrit jpUg;jpaw;wJ vd fhZk; NghJ gjtp ePff ; k; nra;ag;glyhk;.

3.8.6. Nkd; K iwaP L gpujp nghyp]; kh mjpgu; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l midj;J kPs; tpzz ; g;gq;fSk; nghyp]; kh mjpguhy; kPsha;T nra;ag;gLk;. toikahf gpujp nghyp]; kh mjpguhy; vy;yh kPsha;TfSk; nghyp]; mj; j pal; r fu; f shYk; > cjtp nghyp]; mj; j pal; r fuhy; Nkw; nfhs;sg;gLk; midj;J kPsha;TfSk; nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfuhy; kPsha;T nra;ag;gLk;. xU mjpfhup jdJ cau; mjpfhupfF ; toq;fg;gl;l kPsha;tpy; VJk; jtWfs; Kiwf;NfLfs; ,lk;ngw;wd vd fUjpdhy; kPzL ; k; kPsha;T nra;a tpzz ; g;gpff ; g;glyhk;.

60

4. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf; F O.

17tJ murpayikg;G rPuj ; pUj;jj;jpd; gb 4.1.

Nehf;fq;fs;. ehl; b d; KOikahd nghJr; NritAk; murpaw; kag;gLj;jg;gl;likapd; fhuzkhf murpaw;fl;rpfs;> Fbapay; r%f epWtdq;fs;> kw;Wk; jdpahu;fs; > murhq;fj;jplk; murpaw;kag;gLj;jg;glhj nghJj;Jiwapd; mtrpaj;ij typAWj;jp ,Ue;jdu;. ,j;jifa gpz;zdpapNyNa 2001k; Mz;L 17tJ murpayikg;G rPuj ; pUj;jk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 17tJ rPuj ; pUj;jk; murpayikg;gpw;F nfhz;L tug;gl;ljd; Nehf;fk; gue;j [dehaf mbg;gilapy; rpwe;j murhq;fj;ijAk; tpOkpaq;fisAk; fhg;gJld; Rje;jpuj;ij cWjpgg ; Lj;Jk; cWjpahd nghJj;Jiw mgptpUj; jpAk; > murpay; jiyaP L fSf; F ,lk; nfhLf;fhj epiyia Njhw;Wtpgg ; jhFk;. murpayikg;gpd; kw;nwhU jpl;lkhf murpayikg;G rig cUthf;fg;gl;L mJ nghyp]; Mizf;FO ahiu epakdk; nra;tJ vd;gij jPuk ; hdpfF ; k;. rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhdJ xUq;fikg;Gld; $ba kf;fis Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpwF ; ahiu epakdk; nra;tJ vd;gij jPuk ; hdpfF ; k; rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fhdJ xUq;fikg;Gld; $ba kf;fis Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpwF ; epakpgg ; jhFk;.

4.2. ghJfhg; G k; xOq; F Nru; Tk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf; F O 07 cWg; g pdu; f is nfhz;ljhfTk; ,tu;fs; murpayikg;G rigapd; rpghupRld; [dhjpgjpahy; epakpff ; g;gLthu;fs;. ,jd; cWg;gpdu;fspd; gjtpff ; hyk; 3 tUlq; f s; vd; g NjhL ,tu; f s; kP s Tk; gjtpf; f hyj; j pw; F epakpff ; g;glyhk;. gjtp mfw;wy; [dhjpgjpahy; murpayikg;G rigapd; rpghupRfs; %yk; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;. vdpDk; epahakw;w Kiwapy; gjtp ePff ; g;glhikf;F cj;juthjk; Fwpgg ; plL ; s;sJ. cWg;Giu 155F Fwpg;gpLtjhtJ Fw;wk; xd;W cau;ePjpkd;wpy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;L epUgzkhapd; &gha; Mapuj;J IE}W jz;lj;Jld; 7 tUlq;fhyj;jpwF ; rpiwAk; Fwpgg ; plg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J NeubahfNth> kiwKfkhfNth nry;thf;F nrYj;Jjy; my;yJ nry;thf;F nrYj;j Kw;gly; my;yJ Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO tplaj;jpy; my;yJ mjd; cWg;gpdupd; Kbtpy; jiyapLjy;> ,j;jifa Fw;wq;fs; MFk;. cWg;Giu 155F Njrpa nghyp]; Midf;FOtpd; my;yJ mjd; FOtpd; KbTfspy; jiyaPlb ; id jLg;gJld; mJ jdJ mjpfhuq;fis nghyp]; kh mjpgu; tiu ePbf;fhJ fl;Lg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. 61

4.3. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf; F Otpd; mjpfhuq; f s; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpwF ; epakdq;fs; ,lkhw;wk;> gjtpAau;T> xOf;fhw;W fl;Lg;ghLfs;> kw;Wk; nghyp]; kh mjpgu; jtpu;ej ; rfy juj;jpduJk; gjtpef P f ; k; rk;ge;jkhd mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j mjpfhuq;fs; nghyp]; kh mjpgupd; ; g;gl;l ve;j nghyp]; MNyhridAld; nraw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;74. ghjpff mjpfhupAk; nghyp]; kh mjpgupd; jPuk ; hdj;jpw;F vjpuhf kPs; tpzz ; g;gk; nra;a KbAk;. nghyp]; mjpfhupapd; tplaj;jpy; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; KbTfs; jpUj;jk; my;yJ mopj;jy; nra;ayhk;75. a h u h a p D k ; x U m j p f h u p N j r p a n g h y p ] ; Mizf;FOtpd; KbTfspd; jpUg;jpAwhj gl;rj;jpy; eput ; hf rk;ge;jkhf tof;fhLkd;wj;jpwF ; mjid kPsha;T nra;a Nfhuyhk;76. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpwF ; nghyp]; eput ; hfk; rk;ge;jkhd jpll ; q;fis cUthf;fy;> Nritapd; jdpjJ ; tk; kw;Wk; tpidjpwid mjpfupjj ; y;> gilf;fyq;fs; kw;Wk; MAjq;fs; tif kw;Wk; Njrpa > khfhz> mstpy; Njitahd cgfuzq; f s; cs; s pl; l mjpfhuq; f s; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd77.

Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO nghJkf;fspd; Kiwg;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; tprhupfF ; k; mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;bUf;ftpyi ; y vdpDk;> nghJkf;fspd; Kiwg;ghL my;yJ nghyp]hUf;F vjpuhf ghjpff ; g;gl;l egupd; Kiwg; g hLfis tprhupg; g jw; f hd eilKiiwfis fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;baJ ,jd; flikahFk;78.

4.4. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf; F Otpw; f hd kP s ha; T kw; W k; epu; t hf kP s ha; T f; f hd eP j pkd; W . epge;jid 29f;F mikthf Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpy; Kbtpy; jpUg;jpAwhj xUtu; eput ; hf kPsha;T kd;Wf;F tpzz ; g;gk; nra;yhk; vd 17tJ murpayikg;G tpje;Jiuf;fpdw ; J79. eput ; hf kd;W fl;lis ,y 04-2002 d; gb ,k;kd;Wf;F 3 cWg;gpdu;fis ePjprN ; rit Mizf;FO epakpfF ; k;. ,tu;fs; 20 tUlfhy mur CopauhfNth my;yJ rl;lj;Jiwapy; 10 tUlfhy mDgtk; cilatu;fshfNth ,Uj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.

74.epge;jid 155G 75.epge;jid 155K(1) 76.epge;jid 155L eput ; hf kPsha;T ePjpkd;w ePjprn ; rit Mizf;FOthy; epakpff ; g;gl;lJ. 77. epge;jid 155G (3) 78.epge;jid 155G(2).

79. epge;jid 59

62

4.5. ghuhSkd; w j; j pw; F tif $wy; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO jdJ mjpfhuq;fs;> flikfs; nraw; g hLfs; njhlu; g py; tUlhe; j mwpf; i f xd; w pid ; G ; fSf;F guhSkd;wj;jpw;F rku;gg ; pj;jy; Ntz;Lk;80. ePjpkd;w jPug vjpuhf nghJr;Rje;jpukhdJ kdpj cupikfs; jPug ; g ; pid jtpue ; j ; Vidatw;Wf;F cupaJ81. ghuhSkd; w j; j pw; F tif$wyhdJ Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOthy; Kiwikahf epiwNtw;wg;gltpyi ; y vd gy;NtW tpku;rdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; fhuzk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO ,Jtiu xU mikr;rUf;F fPo; ,y;yhikahFk;. (,d; W tiu ,J mikr; r u; xUtUf; F fP o ; ,y; y hikahy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpwF ; tpidj;jpwdhd tif$wy; nghyp]; tplaj;jpy; ,lk;ngwtpyi ; y) Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO nghyp]; nraw;ghl;L eltbf;ifapy; <LgLtjhapd; ,itfs; Fwpgg ; pll ; sT ngWkjpahFk;. ,t; mjpfhuq;fs; nghyp]; kh mjpgUf;Fk; nghyp]; mjpfhupfSf;Fk; tplg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; Rje;jpu epWtdk; ,aq;Fkhapd; xU mikr;rpd; Clhd tif$wyhdJ ghuhSkd;w tif $w;Yf;fhd xU msT NfhyhFk;. ghuSkd;w epiyapw; fl;lisfs; rl;lk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO ghuhSkd;Wf;F tif $w Ntz;Lk;. vd epug ; g ; e;jpff ; pwJ. mj;Jld; tpN\lkhf ftdpf;fg;gl;l tplakhdJ tpN\lkhd ghuhSkd;w FO> Rje;jpu epWtdk; rk;ge;jkl;by; Nkw;ghu;it nra;a epakpff ; g;gl tpyi ; y vd;gjhFk;.

4.6 mjpfhug; gutyhf; f k; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf; F O nghyp]; kh mjpgupd; fye;jhNyhridAld; jdJ mjpfhuq;fis nghyp]; kh mjpgUf;Nfh my;yJ Vida nghyp]; mjpfhupfSf;Nfh gutyhf;fyhk;. (epakdk;> gjtpAau;T> ,lkhw;wk;> xOf;fhw;W fl;Lg;ghl;L> gjtp ePf;fk;> vj;juj;ij rhu;ej ; nghyp]hUf;Fk;)82.

80. epge;jid 155W 81. epge;jid 155C

63

4.7. KjyhtJ milT

Njrpa

nghyp];

Mizf; F Otpd;

4.7.1. murpaw; kag; g Lj; j g; g l; l ,lkhw; w q; f is ,uj; J r; nra; j y; .

ghupa

mstpyhd

Kd;du; nghyp]; jpizf;fskhdJ murpaw;kag;gLj;jg;gl;l ,lkhw;wq;fSf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ. 2002 brk;gu; khjk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO 60 cjtp nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu;fspdJk; nghyp]; epiya nghWg;gjpfhupfspdJk; ,lkhw;wq;fis ,uj;J nra;jJ. ,it midj;Jk; nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpw;F cs;sf mikr;ruhy; rpghu;R nra;ag;gl;L ,Ue;jikahFk; 83 . murpaw; kag;gLj;jg;gl;ll ; me;j ,lkhw;wq;fis ,uj;Jr; nra;j Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; mj;jifa Kaw;rpfs; ghuhl;lj;jf;fJ. 4.7.2. gjtpAau; T fs; jpU. uQ;rpj; mNg#upa mtu;fSldhd fye;Jiuahlypd; NghJ Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO etk;gu; 2002y; Muk;gpff ; g;gl;lJ Kjy; jdJ gzpfis ngUk;ghYk; gjtpAau;T tplaq;fspYk; mj;NjhL Kd;dpiy eput ; hf rPuN ; fL fhuzkhf ntw;wplkhf ,Ue;j 4000 ntw;wplq;fis epug;GtjpNyNa $Ljyhf nrytpll ; J.84 4.7.3. nghJkf;fspd; nranyhOq; F

Kiwg;ghLfis

ftdpg;gjw;fhd

nghJ kf;fspd; Kiwg;ghLfis tprhupg;gjw;fhf Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO 07 ,izg;Gf;FOf;fis khtl;l kl;lj;jpy; epakpff ; Vw;ghL nra;J tUfpdw ; J. 2003k; Mz;L [{iy khjk; nghJkf;fs; nghyp]; epiya nghyp]hupd; flikfs; njhlu;ghd Kiwg;ghLfis fk;g`h kw;Wk; nfhOk;G khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s mz;kpjj ; nghyp]; epiyaq;fspy; KiwapLkhW gj;jpupif tpsk;guk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. nrg;lk;gu; khjj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w gj;jpupifahsu; kfh ehl;by; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; jiytu; mtu;fs; tpsk;guk; nra;ag;gl;l %d;W thu fhyj;jpwF ; s; 26 nghJkf;fspd; Kiwg;ghLfs; fpilf;fg;ngw;wjhfTk; ,jw;fhd tprhuizfs; vJtpj ghugl;rkpdw ; pAk; 85 murpay; jiyaPL ,d;wpAk; epfo;tjhf Fwpgg ; plL ; s;shu; .

82. epge;jid 155 J 83. 24.12.2002 nla;yp kpuu; nra;jp> murhq;f jug;G ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; > mikr;ru;fs;> kw;Wk; UNP , SLMC, CWC kw;Wk; TNN Mfpa cs;sf mikr;Rfspd; rpghu;rpd; Ngupdhy; ,lkhw;w gl;bay; jfhupff ; g;gl;lJ. 84.Mrpa kdpj cupik Mizf;FO = yq;fh nghyp]; xOf;ffl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhd Gjpa eltbf;iffs; tuNtw;fg;gLfpdw ; J. mwpfi ; f 25 Mf];l; 2005 85. nlapyp epA+]; 09.nrg;lk;gu; 2003

64

4.8. Njrpa gutyhf; f k;

nghyp];

Mizf;FOtpd;

mjpfhu

4.8.1. mjpfhug; g utyhf; f Yld; njhlu; G gl; l tplaq; f s; kw; W k; jw; N ghija epiy

Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO epakdq;fs;> gjtpAau;Tfs;> ,lkhw;wq;fs;> xOf;ff;fl;Lg;ghLfs;> kw;Wk; gjtp ePff ; k; njhlu;gpyhd jdJ mjpfhuq;fis nghyp]; kh mjpgUf;F toq;f mjpfhuk; ,y;yhj mNj Ntis nghyp]; kh mjpgupd; fye;jhNyhrid ,d;wp nraw;gLj;j KbahJ. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO nghyp]; kh mjpgUf;F rpy mjpfhuq;fis Rw;wwpf;if 26 khu;r; 2003 jpfjpaplg;gl;lJ %yk; gutyhf;fpAs;sJ. ,it nghyp]; mjpfhupfspd; ,lkhw;wkhFk;. nghyp]; kh mjpgu; ,e;j mjpfhuq;fis rfy nghyp]; Nritapd; rfy nghyp]; ,lkhw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd mjpfhupf;F ,jid toq;fpAs;shu;. vt;thnwdpDk; rpNu\;l ju mjpfhupfs;> nghyp]; epiya nghWg;G mjpfhupfs; njhlu;gpyhd ,lkhw;wq;fs; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO fye;Jiuahbajd; %yNk nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;. Vida rhjhuz ,lkhw;w eilKiwfSf;F ClhfNt Mizf;FO mq;ff P huj;Jldhd ,lkhw;w jpll ; j;jpwF ; Vw;g nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;86. ,e;j mjpfhu gutyhf;fk; gy;NtW kl;lq;fspy; tpku;rpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. KjyhtJ Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO cUthf;fg;gl;l Nehf;fk; my;yJ Njit ,j;jifa mjpfhu gutyhf;fj;jhy; ,of;fg;gLtjhFk;. cjhuzkhf : Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; Nehf;fkhd nghyp]; kh mjpgUf;F kw;Wk; rpNu\;l nghyp]; mjpfhuq;fSf;F cs;s tpN\l epu;thf mjpfhuj;ij murpay; mOj; j q; f spdhy; khRgLj; J tij jtpu; g ; g jhFk; . vt;thnwdpDk; cz;ikapy; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpwF ; 6>000 j;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l nghyp]; mjpfhupfis epu;thfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rf;jp ,y;yhikahFk; vd;gJ Gydhfpdw ; J. ,J vt;thnwdpDk; kPzL ; k; mNj rl;lfj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ Nghd;W nghyp]hiu kPzL ; k; murpay; thjpfspd; fhy;fspy; jQ;rkila nra;fpdw ; J. vt;thnwdpDk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO 30.07.2003 jpfjp aplg;gl;l tpN\l tu;jj ; khdp %yk; Kd;du; gutyhf;fg;gl;l gpujk ,d;]n ; gf;lUf;F Nkyhd juq;fSila mjpfhupfspd; mjpfh uq;fis uj;Jr; nra;J ,isg;ghupa cau; ePjpkd;w ePjpauir jiytuhf nfhz;l 3 egUila FOit epakpj;J mjpfhuq;fis mjw;F toq;fpaJld; nghyp]; kh mjpgupd; mjpfhu gutyhf;f ; isAk; 87 fl;Lg;gLj;jAs;sJ. 86. Rw;wwpfi ; f rpy 1703/2003 26khu;r; 2003 jpfjpaplg;gl;lJ. ,izg;G A gFjp 3 87.vl;tl; Fztu;jj ; dh Fw;wk; xOq;F tpjpfSk; nghyp]; fkp\Dk; Iyd;l; 29.[{d; 2003

65

Njrpa nghUs; Mizf;FOtpypUe;J nghyp]; kh mjpgUf;F gfpug;gl;l mjpfhhuq;fspd; tPjg;gb ,f;FOtpy; njhopy; rhu;; epGzj;Jtk; ,y;yhJs;sJ. ,jw;F Xa;Tngw;w rpNu\;l nghyp]; mjpfhup xUtu; cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;baJld; mtu; murpayikg;G rigapd; ek;gpfi ; fia ngw;W ,Uj;jy; mtrpakhFk;88.

Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO cWjpahf;fg;gl Ntz;baJld; mjd;%yk; mJ tpidj;jpwik kpf;fjhf jdJ flikfis nra;tjw;F VJthFk; . mjpfhug; gutyhf; f q; f spy; kw; W nkhU Fwpgg ; plj;jf;f mk;rkhdJ epge;jid 155F %yk; Fwpgg ; plL ; s;s Njrpa nghyp]; Midf;FOtpd; my;yJ mjdJ cWg;gpdu; FOtpy; Kbtpy; jiyaply; Fw;wkhdJ nghyp]; kh mjpgUf;F my;yJ Vida nghyp]; mjpfhupfSf;F nghUj;jkw;wjhFk;. ,J ghupastpy; murpay; jiyaPlL ; f;F toptFf;fpd;wJld; murpayikg;G 17tJ rPuj ; pUj;jj;ij tYtw;wjhf;Ffpdw ; J. 4.8.2. nghyp]; kh mjpgupd; epakdk; nghyp]; kh mjpgupd; epakd tplaj;jpy; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpwF ; vJtpj mjpfhuq;fspy; fpilahJ. murpayikg;G rig gupe;Jiuf;Fk; xUtiu nghyp]; kh mjpguhf epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjpfF ; k; cs;sJ89. epge;jid 155Gf;F mikthf Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO epakdq;fs; gjtpAau;Tfs;> xOf;ffl;Lg;ghLfs;> kw;Wk; gjtp ,wf;fk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; nghyp]; kh mjpgUld; fye;jhNyhrpjJ ; Kbtpid Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. vdNt Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO xw;Wikg;gl Ntz; b ajd; mtrpak; czug; g LfpwJ. vdpDk; ,d; D k; ftiyg;glj;jf;f tplkhdJ 17tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; nghyp]; kh mjpguiu epakdk; nra;tjpy; murpayikg;G rig Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; rpghu;Rfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;shikahFk;.

4.8.3. Vida fl; L g; g hLfs;

4.8.3.1. nraw; g hl; L eltbf; i ffSf; f hd fl; L g; g hLfs; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;Fo nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpd; nraw;ghl;L eltbf;iffis cs;thq;Ftjw;fhd rf;jp ,ayhikahf cs;sJ. (murpay; nry;thf;F gpuNahfpff ; g;gly; my;yJ nraw;ghl;L 88. jpU. uQ;rpj; mNg#upa jiytu; Njrpa nghyp]; Midf;FO jpU. lrp nrdtpuj;dit Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;b QhapW Iyz;l; brk;gu; 2003.

89.murpayikg;gpd; 41C gpupT kw;Wk; gFjp II cWg;Giu 155 G (I)

66

eltbf;ifapy; mtJ}W Vw;gLj;jy;.) vd;gJ ghupa xOq;fikg;G Fiwg;ghlhFk;. nghyp]pdJ ghJfhg;G> jLg;G kw;Wk; rfytpjkhd Gyd; tprhuid rl;lkh mjpgUf;F Fw;wtpay; eilKiw 1979k; Mz;L rpy 15y; toq;fg;gl;Ls;stw;wpwF ; nghWg;ghdjhFk;. vdpDk; nraw;ghl;L mjpfhukhdJ nghyp]; kh mjpguplk; ,Ue;J njspthf gpupff ; g;gl;L cs;sJ. 4.8.3.2. rku; g ; g pg; g jw; f hd mjpfhuq; f s; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO nghyp]; mjpfhupfspd; xOf;fk; rk;ge;jkhd tplaq;fis MuhAk; mjpfhuk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. me;j mjpfhukhdJ xOf;fhw;W tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd mjpfhuj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. vt;thnwdpDk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO nghyp]hUf;F ntspapy; rhl;rpfis miof;f Ntz;Lk; vd tpUk;gpdhy; mjw;fhd rl;l tiuaiwfs; fhzg;gltpyi ; y.

MjhuG+u;tkhd fbjq;fis NjLtjw;Fk; rhl;rpfis rku;gg ; pgg ; jw;Fk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpwF ; mjpfhuq;fis ,y;yhj NghJ mJ gadw;wjhfpdw ; J. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; cUthf;fkhdJ CoYf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fk; > murpaw;kag;gLj;jYf;Fk; vjpuhd cUthf;fg;gl;l tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;jtk; tha;ej ; epfo;thFk;. ,e;j Mizf;FOtpwF ; murpay; jiyaPLfis jLg;gjw;fhd Mokhd mjpfhuk; ,Ug;gpDk; nghJkf;fs; kj;jpapy; ,J kpfTk; gpurpjj ; k; ngwtpyi ; y. ,g;nghOJ ,jw;fhd topaikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf; F O ,jid nraw; g Lj; j jf; f tifapy; nghJkf;fspd; ek;gpfi ; fapid fl;bnaOg;Gjy; mtrpakhFk;.

4.9. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf; FOtpd; jifikfs; nghyp]; Nritia Rje;jpukhf nraw;gl jf;ftifapy; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO epakpf;fg;gl;lik xU Kd;Ndw;wg;gb tsu;rr ; pahFk;. tpku;rdq;fs; vt;thW ,Ug;gpDk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; nraw;ghLfs; Muk;gj;jpy; jpUg;jpaw;wjhfNt cs;sJ. fhuzk; fPoe ; piy cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; xOf;fq;fs; fl;Lg;ghLfs; rk;ge;jkhd tplak; nghyp]; kh mjpgUf;F mtu; mj;jpizf;fsj;jpd; eput ; hfp vd;w tifapy; gfpug;gl;Ls;sjdyhFk;. nghJ kf;fspd; Kiwg;ghLfs; rk;ge;jkhf 2003 [{iy tiu Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO ,jid ifahz;lhYk; mjid tprhuidf;fhf nghyp]; ,lk; rku;gg ; pjj ; J90.

90.fprhd gpd;Nlh [atu;jj ; d Njrpa nghyp]; Midf;FO ,yf;if fLikahd re;ju;gg ; j;ij tPzhf;Fjy; fhkd;nrhj; kdpj cupik G+u;tgf;fk; Ntiy nra;jjpd; gf;fk; 12 ,y 4 gJby;yp> 2005 Nfhil

67

vt;thnwdpDk; 2004 eLg;gFjpapy; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO 17tJ murpayikg;G rPuj ; pUj;jj;Jld; ,t;tjpfhuq;fis nghyp]; kh mjpgu; jtpue ; j ; Vida ju cj;jpNahfj;ju;fsplk; nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; jdjhf;fp Kjy; mDkjpiar; ,uj;Jr; nra;jJ91. ,J nghyp]; kh mjpgUf; F k; Njrpag; nghyp]; Mizf; F Otpw; F k; ,ilapy; Kuz;ghLfis Njhw;Wtpjj ; J. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; gjtpff ; hyk; 2005 brk;gu; khjj;Jld; Kbtilfpdw ; J. Gjpa fkp\dhdJ murpayikg;G uPjpahf mikf;fg;gltpyi ; y. fhuzk; murpayikg;G rigNa ,e;epakdj;ij rpghupR nra;a Ntz;Lk; vdpDk; murpayikg;G rig ,aq;fhjjd; fhuzkhf 2005k; Mz;L njhlf;fk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOTk; ,aq; f hjjpd; tpisthf ghupa mstpyhd gy juj; j pdupd; gjtpAau;Tfs; nghyp]; kh mjpguhNyNa epfo;jj ; g;gl;ld. ve;jtpj rl;ltiuAk; ,y;yhJ ghupa mstpyhd ,lkhw;wq;fs;> Fwpgg ; hf nghyp]; nghWg;gjpfhupfs; ehnlq;fpYk; ghjpff ; g;gl;lhu;fs;92. ,jd; %yk; ehnlq;fpYk; Fw;wQ;rhl;Lfs; kPz;Lk; nghyp]; Nrit murpaw;kag;gLj;jg;gl;ljhf fpsu;ej ; s;sd. vjpug ; huhj tpjkhd mZFKiwahf [dhjpgjp ,uh[gf;\ mtu;fs; 17tJ murpayikg;G rPuj ; pUj;jj;jpwF ; Kuzhd tifapy; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf; F Otpw; F cWg; g pdu; f is epakpf; f Kw; g l; l ikf; F gue; j stpyhd vjpu; g ; G fSk; fz; l dq; f Sk; fpsk;gpAs;sd. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpy; cWg;gpdu;fs; [dhjpgjpapdhy; njupT nra; a g; g Lk; ifahl; f s; vd; g NjhL njuptpwf ; hd tiutpyf;fdk; ntspgg ; il jd;ikahf ,y;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. ,jdhy; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO jdJ ,yf;if miltjw;fhd nfhs;ssT vj;jifaJ vd;gJ re;Njfj;jpwf ; plkhdNj. nghyp]; Nritia murpay; thjpfspd; ifjpfspypUe; J tpltpff ; KbAkh vd;gNj jw;NghJs;s Nfs;tpahFk;.

91. Njrpa nghyp]; Midf;FOtpd; jiytu; ud;rpj; mga#upa mtu;fshy; ,yq;if rl;l lw;Wk; r%f ek;gpfi ; f epjpak; Mrpa kdpj fO> Jd;GWj;jYf;F vjpuhd cyf ,af;fk; vd;git ,ize;J elhj;jpa fUj;juq;fpy; $whJ (Mf];l; 26) 92.Rg;uk P ; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; rpy tifahd ,lkhw;wq;fs; jilAj;juT toq;fg;gl;lJ.

68

4.10. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO rk;ge;jkhf nghJkf; f Sf; F k; nghyp]; mjpfhupfSf; F k; cs; s njspT nghyp]; mjpfhupfsplk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; ghugl;r jd;ik mJ nraw;gl njhlq;fpa 2002 fhyg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J kjpgg ; pLtjw;fhf 2005d; Kjw;gFjpapy; nghyp]; mjpfhupfsplk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; nraw;ghLfspy; ePqf ; s; cld; gLfpdw ; uP f ; sh? ,y;iyah? vDk; xU tpdh tpdtg;gl;lJ93.44.8 % khNdhu; ghugl; r jd; i k gw; w p epuhfupj; j du; . 21% khNdhu; vt;tifapYk; cld;gltpy;iy. 23.8 % khNdhu; fLikahf cld;glhjpUe;jdu;. 25.7% khNdhu; ,jw;F rpwpJ cld;gl;ldu;.

10.1% khNdhNu fLikahf ,jid Vw;wdu;. vt;thnwdpDk; Fwpgg ; pl Ntz;bajhtJ Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO fle;j 3 Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; nraw;ghl;by; 1972y; ,Ue;J murpaw;kag;gLj;j nghJj; Jiwapy; tpyFtJ fbdkhFk; . gpd; t Uk; Njitfs; ,jd; gpzz ; dpapy; ,Ue;J mwpag;glNtz;Lk;.

30 25.7

25

23.8 21

20 15 % 10

11.4

10.1 7.9

5 0

Strongly Agree

Somewhat Agree

Somewhat Disagree

Neither Agree nor disagree

Strongly Disagree

No Response

juq;fSf;Fs; 58.7 % tPjkhd nghyp]; ,d;]n ; gf;lu;fs; guhgl;rjd;ikAld; cld;gl;lhu;fs;. 50% tPjkhd fhd;]l ; gpsf ; s; ,jid Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;fs;. kw;wg;gf;fj;jpy; 54.5% rhu;[d;l; kw;Wk; 53.7% nghyp]; fhd;]l ; gpsf ; s; ,e;j $w;NwhL cld;gl tpyi ; y94.

93.toq;fy; Ma;T :5k; jpfjp ngg;utup 8; jpfjp tiu> kw;Wk 10k; jpfjp ngg;utup njhlf;fk; khu;r; 3k; jpfjp tiu buhd;]; Ngud;]p ,d;lu; ne\dy; epWtdj;jpwf ; hf r%ff; Fwpfhl;bfs; epfo;jj ; g;gl;lJ. njupT nra;gg ; l;l 770 nghyp]hu; Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

94.toq;fy; Ma;T :5k; jpfjp ngg;utup 8; jpfjp tiu> kw;Wk 10k; jpfjp ngg;utup njhlf;fk; khu;r; 3k; jpfjp tiu buhd;]; Ngud;]p ,d;lu; ne\dy; epWtdj;jpwf ; hf r%ff; Fwpfhl;bfs; epfo;jj ; g;gl;lJ. njupT nra;gg ; l;l 770 nghyp]hu; Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

69

Nj r pa g ; n g h y p] ; M i z f ;FO v t ;t s T K f ;f pa k h d J ?

Satisfied Nether Satisfied nor dissatisfied

125

Dissatified

100 75

53.7

54.5

46.7

38.7 2.7

8.4

50 25 0

46.9 3.1

10.5

10.9

35.8

23.3

44.9

58.7

50

PC

Sergeant

SI

IP

CI

66.8 % tPjkhd nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; Neu;fhzg;gl;l NghJ mtu;fs; Njrpa nghyp]; Midf;FFO nraw;ghl;by; kpfTk; jpUg;jpAw;wdu;. ,tw;wpy; 33% khNdhu; rpwpJ jpUg;jpAk;> 24.2% khNdhu; kpfTk; jpUg;jpaw;Wk; ,tw;wpy; 24.7% khNdhu; rpwpJ jpUg;jpaw;Wk; fhzg;gl;ldu;.

Njrpag; nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; nraw;ghLfspy; jpUg;jpailfpd;wPh;fsh

50 40

33 30

24.7

%

24.2

20 10 0

11.3 6.8 Very Satisfied

Somewhat Satisfied

Neither Satisfied or Dissatisfied

Somewhat Dissatisfied

Very Dissatisfied

cau; gjtpapy; cs;s nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; fhd;]l ; gpyf ; s; KiwNa (58.1 % kw;Wk; 48.5% ) mstpy; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf; F Otpd; tpidj; j pwdpf; F k; > nra; i ff; F k; kpfTk; jpUg;jpAw;Ws;shu;fs;. mNj Ntis nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;jpfs; > cjtp nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; kpfTk; jpUg;jpAw;Ws;shu;fs;. KiwNa (50.7%> 51.9%> 53.7%) MFk;.95595 95. toq;fy; Ma;T :5k; jpfjp ngg;utup 8; jpfjp tiu> kw;Wk 10k; jpfjp ngg;utup njhlf;fk; khu;r; 3k; jpfjp tiu buhd;]; Ngud;]p ,d;lu; ne\dy; epWtdj;jpwf ; hf r%ff; Fwpfhl;bfs; epfo;jj ; g;gl;lJ. njupT nra;gg ; l;l 770 nghyp]hu; Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

96 nghJ kdg;ghq;F Ma;T : vOkhwhf njupT nra;ag;gl;l 1400 nghJkf;fsplk; 14 ng; 2006 6 khu;r; 2006 tiu NeUf;F neu; Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. Nfs;tpfn ; fhj;J mbg;gilapy; mDgt];juu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. 97nghJ kdg;ghq;F Ma;T : vOkhwhf njupT nra;ag;gl;l 1400 nghJkf;fsplk; 14 ng; 2006 6 khu;r; 2006 tiu NeUf;F neu; Neu;fhzy;

70

nra;ag;gl;lJ. Nfs; ; gfhj; y; z mDgt]; Njtr pf pan ; nJg hmbg; y p]gilap ; Mi f ;FO jvuu;tfshy; ;t s TNkw; Knffhs; ;f paskg;ghl;dlJ. J?

Satisfied

125

Nether Satisfied nor dissatisfied Dissatified

100 75 50 25 0

53.7

54.5

46.7

38.7 2.7

8.4

46.9 3.1

10.5

10.9

35.8

34.5

44.9

58.7

50

PC

Sergeant

SI

IP

CI

kw;nwhU tifapy; kf;fspd; kdg;ghq;F mbg;gilapy; Njrpa nghyp]; Nrit Mizf;FO gw;wpa mwpT kf;fsplk; kpfTk; FiwthdjhFk;.

Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO ,aq;fhj fhyg;gFjpapy; khu;r; 2006 kf;fsplk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpd; %yk;> Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO gw;wp mwpeJ ; s;suP f ; sh vd tpdtpajw;F ngUk;ghYk; 49.1% khNdhu; ,jidg;gw;wp mwpeJ ; s;s mNj Ntis fzprkhd msT njhifapdu; (37.8%) khNdhu; ,jidg;gw;wp mwpe;J ,Uf;ftpyi ; y.

Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO gw;wp njupej ; tu;fsplk; ,jdJ nray;jd;ik gw;wp Ma;T nra;j NghJ Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO jdJ ,yf;if milaf;$bathW nghyp]hu; jq;fsJ flikfis vJtpj gaKk; gPjpAk; ,d;wp Nkw;nfhs;stjd; %yk; njupatUtjhf Fwpgg ; pll ; du;. ,jd; %yk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO jdJ ,yf;if mika KbAk; vd Fwpgg ; l;ldu;. mNjNtis 31.5% kNdhu; njrpa nghyp]; Nidf;FO tpidj;jpwd; mw;wjd; fhuzkhf jdJ ,yf;if miltJ fbdk; vd Fwpgg ; pll ; du;.

Nj r pa g ; n g h y p] ; M i z f ;FO g w;wp Nt s ;t pg ;g l;b Uf ;f pd ;wPh ;f s h 60 50

50

40 %

37.8

30 20 13.1 10 0

Yes

No

Do not know /Not

71

5.nghyp]; nraw;ghLk; nghyp]; xUq; f ikf; f g; g l; l rl; l f tiuT

CoYk;

nghyp]hupd; nghWg;Gf;fs; rk;ge;jkhd tplq;fs; nghyp]; fl; l isr; r l; l k; 1865y; Fwpg; g plg; g l; L s; s J. vt; t hnwdpDk; nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F ,jid jtpuTk; gy;NtW tifahd epajpfSk; fl;lisr;rl;lq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fPo;f;Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sit mt;tifahd gy Kf;fpakhd nghyp]; nraw;ghl;Lf;Fk; nghyp]; CoYf;Fupa epajpfshFk;.

5.1. nghyp]; fl;lisr;rl;lk; ,y 16 1865 nghyp]; fl;lisr;rl;lj;jpd; 56-80k; gpupTfspy; nghyp]hupd; nghWg;G rk;ge;jkhd tplaq;fs; njspthf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. mjw;fsthd fl;lisr;rl;lj;jpd; NjitahdJ xt;nthU nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;jUk;> KONeKk; flikapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; ,yq;ifapd; vg;ghfj;jpYk; jdJ mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gjhFk;.,f;fl;lisr;rl;lkhdJ nghyp]hUf;Fupa kpf Kf;fpa flikfs; gw;wpa xU rl;lf tuit nfhz;Ls;sJ. nghyp]hupd; flikahdJ jdJ KO Kaw; r piaAk; > jpwikiaAk; gad;gLj;jp Fw;wq;fs;> nghJkf;fs; mikjpapdi ; k> rkhjhdj;ij ghjfhj;jy;> xOq;fw;w > re;Njfj;jpwf ; plkhd egu;fs; ifJ nra;jy;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk;> Fw;wthspfisf; rl;lj;jpd; Kd; epWj; j Yk; > nghJkf; f spd; rkhjhdj; j pw; f hd mwpTG+u; t khd jfty;fis Nrfupj;jYk; toq;fYk;> gzpg;Giufis kjpj;jYk;> jdf;F toq;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fis Kiwahf gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Fw;wq;fisj; jLg;gjw;F Kaw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk. NkYk; mJ tpupTgLj;Jkhapd; xU nghyp]; mjpfhupapd; Kf;fpa flikahdJ Fw;wq;fis jLg;gjw;Fk;> rkhjhdj;ij ghJfhg;gjw;fhfTk; rl;lj;ij epu;tfpg;gjhFk;. nghyp]; gilapd; tpidjpwdhd eltbf; i ffSf; f hd vj; j ifa Ma; i tAk; ntspfn ; fhzu;tNjL mjid gFj;jha;eJ ; nraw;ghl;L Nehf;fq;fis miljy; nghypi] cUthf;fpatu;fspd; vjpug ; hu;gG ; fshFk;. gpupT 55 nghyp]; kh mjpgUf;F mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fpAs;sJ. mtu; jdJ mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mrl;il jd;ikia ghJfhj;jYk;> J\;gpuNahfj;ij jLj;jYf;Fkhf jdJ Nrit tpidj;jpwDld; gad;gLj;jYld;> xt;nthU nghyp]; mjpfhupAk; 72

mtu; jdJ flikia mrl;il nra;J rl;lj;ij xOq;F tpjpfis kPWthuhapd; my;J Fwpj;njhJf;fg;gl;l flikfis nra;aj;jtWthuhapd; mJ Fw;wkhf fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gpupT 82 fl;lisr;rl;lkhdJ nghyp]; mjpfhup xUtu; mtu; VjhtJ mj;JkPwYf;fhf Fw;wthspahf my;yJ Ntz;Lnkd;Nw J\;gpuNahfk; nra;jikf;fhf> my;yJ VjhtJ rl;l tpjpfis> gzpgG ; fis epiwNtw;Wj; jtwpaikf;fhf Fw;wthspahf;fg;glyhk;.

1. yPT mDkjpad;wp jdJ fhupahya flikfspy; <LglhjpUj;jy; my;yJ ,e;j fl;lisapy; Fwpgg ; plL ; s;sthW ,uz;L khjj;jpwF ; Kd;duhd mwptpgG ; toq;fhik my;yJ 2. nghyp]; flikfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;L NtW ahjhapDk; tUtha; jUk; njhopypy; <LgLjy;. my;yJ 3. VjhtJ fglj;jdkhd Kiwapy; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;s xUtiu kh[p]b ; Nul; Kd; epWj;jhJ fglj;jdkhd Kiwapy; jdJ flikia mrl;il nra;jy;.

4. jdJ ghJfhg;gpy; cs;s xUtiu jg;gpNahl nra;jy;.

5. jdJ ghJfhg; g py; cs; s xUtu; kP J Vw; W f; n fhs; s Kbahjtifapyhd ,k;irg;gLj;jy;> Jd;GWj;jy;. Nghd;witfs; jz;lidf;FupaJkhd rpiwthrj;jpwF ; upaJk; Fw;wq;fshFk;.

5.2. ,uz;lhtJ FbauR ahg;G 1978 ,yq;if murpay; mikg;gpd; 3tJ gFjp kf;fspd; kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghf Fwpgg ; plg;gl;Ls;sit re;NjfpjJ ; ,lkpdw ; p nghyp]hUf;Fk; nghUj;jKilajhFk;. murpayikg;gpd; epge;jid 17 kw;Wk; 126 Fwpgg ; pLtJNghy; xt;nthU kdpjDk; cau;ej P pkd;Wf;F tpzz ; g;gpff ; jFjpAilatu; Mthu;. ahjhapDk; tifapyhd mj;JkPwy;fs;> Fwpg;ghd mj;JkPwy;fshd Jd;GWj;jYf;Fs;shfhik> Kiwaw;w ifJ> jLg;Gk; jz;lidAk; Nghd;witahFk;. ,j;jifa kPwy;fs; re; N jfj; j pw; F ,lkpy; y hj tifapy; nghyp]hupd; mjpfhu J\;gpuNahfkhFk;.

MfNt jhd; murpayikg;gpd; gFjp 3 kdpjTupikfis gw;wp Fwpgg ; pLtJld; Coiy jLg;gjw;fhd tplhKaw;rpahf nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; jq;fs; mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;j KbAkhdjhFk;.

73

5.3. ,yQ;r rl;lk; ,y 11.1974 ,yQ;r rl;l %yk; ,yQ;rj;jpid jLg;gjw;Fk; jz;lidf;Fk; toptFf;fpdw ; J. ,jd; gpupT 2 Fwpgg ; pLtjhtJ murpayikg;Gld; ve;jtpj Kuzw;w epiyapy; my;yJ Vida vOjg;gl;l ve;j rl;lj;jpYk; ghu;f;f NkNyhq;fp tof;fj;jpypUf;Fk; vdg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ ehl;bd; Vida rl;lq;fspDk; ghu;ff ; ,J cau;thdjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;gb ,yQ;r MizahsUf;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;%yk; ehl;bd; Vida rl;lq;fspy; jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;bajpyi ; y. ,yQ;r Mizahsu; ,yQ;rk; rk;ge;jkhd tprhuizfisAk; Neubahf> njhlu;tjw;Fk;> ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; kw;Wk; ePjprN ; rit cWg;gpdu;fs; rk;ge;jkhd tplaq;fspy; xU Fwpgg ; pll ; 102 fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; ele;J nfhs;sTk; mDkjpff ; g;gl;Ls;shu; . ,yQ;rk; kw;Wk; Coy; rk;ge;jkhd nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tplaj;jpy; tpN\lkhf ,e;j rl;lj;jpD}lhf mjhtJ gpupT 16f;F $lhf eltbf;if vLj;jytrpak;. (a) xU egu; VjhtJ rd;khdj;ij nghyp]hUf;fhf rkhjhd mjpfhupf;fhf my;yJ ahuhtJ mur CopaUf;fhf> fz;Lgpbj;jYf;fhf my;yJ Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;ltupd; jz;lidf;fhf my;yJ ePjpkd;w cj;jpNahfj;jiu J}z;Ltjw;fhf> my;yJ Fwpgg ; pll ; mjpfhupf; f hd rd; k hdj; j pw; f hf> my; y J jho; e ; j epiyapy; ePjprN ; ritapd; eput ; hfj;jpwf ; hf> my;yJ rk;ghjpjj ; Yf;fhf VjhtJ Fw;wj;jpw;fhf juFg;gzj;ij ,yFthf;Fjy;> my;yJ VjhtJ Fw;wj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;f> my;yJ fz;Lgpbj;jypy; ghJfhj;jy;> Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;ltiu jz;lidapy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;f> my;yJ mtuJ mjpfhuj;jpd; %yk; fhag;gLj;jy;> my;yJ ahuhtJ egUf;F e\;lKz;lhf;Fjy;. (b) mtu; Fwpgg ; pll ; mjpfhupahf my;yJ Nritfshy; ifahsdhf VjhtJ rd;khdj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s J}z;Ljy;> my;yJ Fwpgg ; pll ; jiyaPl;bw;fhf ntFkjp ngwy;> rk;ghjpj;jy;> ,yFgLj;jy;> ghJfhj;jy;> my;yJ J}z;Ljy; my;yJ J\;gpuNahfk; nra;jy; Nghd;w (a) y; Fwpgg ; plL ; s;s tplaq;fs; Fw;wq;fshf fUjg;gLtJld; ,J jz;lidf;Fupa Fw;wkhfTk; VO Mz;LfSf;F Fiwahj f^opa rpiwj;jz;lidf;FupajhfTk; Iahapuj;jpw;F Nkw;glhj jz;lg;gzkhfTk; mwtplg;gLk;.

102.

gpupT

3(1)

74

NkYk; ,r;rl;lkhdJ ve;j tpjkhd nrhj;Jf;fSk; mtuJ tUkhdj;jhy; ngwj;jf;fJ my;yJ vd fUjg;gLk; vitAk; ,yQ;rkhf ngwg;gljhf fUjg;gLk;. cupikfs; ePUgpff ; g;glhJ Nghfpd; w vr; r e; j u; g ; g j; j pYk; ,it ,yQ; r khf Coyhf fUjg;gLtjw;F ,lKz;L103. vdNt ,jd; %ykhf czug;gLtJ ahnjdpy; ,yQ;rk; kw;Wk; Coy; njhlu;gpy; vLf;fg;gLk; ];jpukhd epiyahdJ nghyp]hupd; ,yQ;rk; toq;fy; my;yJ ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; ,yQ;r rl;lj;jpdg ; b jz;lidf;Fupa Fw;wkhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. 5.4. 1975k; Mz; b d; nrhj; J f; f s; kw; W k; Mjdq; f s; rl; l k; ,y1 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l rl;lkhdJ gy;NtW juj;jpyhd egu;fs; fhyj;jpwF ; fhyk; jq;fs; nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; Mjdq;fs; ,yq;ifapy; kw;Wk; ntspehl;by; cs;sit njhlu;gpy; Fwpgg ; pll ; mjpfhupfSf;F gpufldg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; Fwpg;gpl;l tplak; njhlu;gpy; rl;lj;jpdhy; mDkjpf;fg;gLk; ve;egu;; kPJk; cld; tprhuiz Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;104.

Fwpg; g pl; l rl; l j; j pd; 2(1)B gpupthdJ Fwpg;gpLtjhtJ ePjpthd;fs;> murJiw mjpfhupfs;> [dhjpgjpahy; epakpff ; g;gLgtu;fs; mikr;ruit mikr;ru;fshy; epakpff ; g;gLk; mur mjpfhupfs; ePjpkd;w mjpfhupfs;> ePjprN ; rit Mizf;FOthy; epakpff ; g;gLk; fl;likg;G mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; mikr;Rf;fs;> mur jpizf;fsq;fspy; cs;s eput ; hf mjpfhupfs; vd;gd %yk; ,e;j gpupTf;Fs; nghyp]hUk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,jd;%yk; rl;lk; mDkjpfF ; k; xt;nthU jdpegUk; jdJ nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; Mjdq;fs; njhlu;gpYk; jdJ FLk;gk; kidtp gpsi ; sfspd; nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; Mjdq;fis fhyj;jpwF ; fhyk; gpufldg;gLj;jy; mtrpak;105.

5.5. ,yQ;rk; kw;Wk; Coy; njhlu;ghd tprhuizf;fSf;fhd Rje;jpu Mizf;FO 1994 ,y 19 rl;lk; (CIABOC) ,r; r l; l j; j pd; gb ,t; t hizf; F O %d; W egu; f is nfhz;ljhFk;. mtu;fspy; ,Utu; xa;Tngw;w cau; ePjpkd;w ePjpauru;fs; my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;L kd;w ePjpauru;fshfNth kw;nwhUtu; Fw;wq;fis tprhuiz nra;tjpy>; my;yJ rl;lj;ij mKy;gLj;Jtjpy; kpfTk; mDgtk; tha;ej ; xUtUkhFk;.; 103. gpupT 23A(1) 104.Kd;ddp rl;lk; ,y 1.1975 105.gpupT 3(1) rl;l ,y1.1975

75

rfy nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fshd mikr;Rf;fs; jpizf;fsq;fs;> mtrpa mjpfhuJiwapdu;> cs;Suhl;rpfs;> nghJj;Jiw mjpfhupfs;> ,r;rl;lj;jpwF ; cl;gl;Ls;sfshtu;. CIABOC jdJ gzpfis 1994k; Mz;L brk;gu; 15 Muk;gpjj ; J. ,J ghuhSkd; w j; j pw; F tif$wj; j f; f Jld; > ,jd; cWg;gpdu;fis ghuhSkd;wpy; Fwpgg ; pll ; tu;fF ; vjpuhd Fw;wr;rhl;L my;yJ Ju;elj;ij my;yJ jifikapd;ik epUgpf;fg;gl;lhy; [dhjpgjpapd; gzpgg ; pd; Ngupy; kl;LNk gjtpef P f ; k; nra;aKbAk;. ,e;j Mizf;FO %d;W Mizahsu;fis nfhz;bUg;gpDk; mtu;fspy; xUtu; ,jd; jiytuhthu;. ,e;j Mizf;FOtpd; nraw;ghlhdJ nghJj;Jiw epWt dq;fspy; ,yQ;rj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;gJk;> rl;l eltbf;if vLj;jYk;> Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gLgtu;fis cupa ePjpkd;Wf;F rku;gg ; pgg ; jhFk;. ,r;rl; lkhdJ tq;fpff ; zf;Ffis NjLtjw;Fk;> tpahghu eltbf;iffis gupNrhjpgg ; jw;Fk;> gpuj;jpNaf Mtzq;fis ghu;it aplTk;> Kiw aw;w ifkhwy;fs; mtjhdpgg ; jw;Fk;> kiwj;J itf;fg;gl;l Coy; nrhj;Jf;fis ntspf; nfhzu;tjw;Fk; mDkjp mspff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;rl;lkhdJ ifJ nra;jw;Fk;> jLj;J itg;gjw;Fk; gpizapy; tpLtjw;Fk;> re;Njf egu;fis ePjpkd;w Mizapd;wp jLj;J itg;gjw;Fk;> gpizapy; tplTk;> gpuahz Mtzq;fis ,uj;Jr; nra; t jw; F k; my; y J eP j pkd; w MizAld; re; N jf egupd; nrhj;Jf;fis Klf;Ftjw;Fk; mDkjpaspff ; pdw ; J. ,yQ;r Midf;FOtpd; tprhuizfs; KbTw;w epiyapy; ,yQ;r kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fs; Mjdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;l ve; j egUk; eP j thd; eP j pkd; w py; my; y J cau; eP j pkd; w py; Mizahsupd; mDkjpAld; rku;gg ; pff ; g;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;106.

5.6 1883 ,y 2 jz;lidf; Nfhit (jpUj;jg;gl;lJ) Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;> ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;> cld;gly;> Vw;wy;> my;yJ ahuplkhtJ ngwy; mtUf; f hf my; y J NtW ahUf; F khf> rl;lg;G+u;tkw;w VjhtJ ntFkjpfs; my;yJ Cf;fg;gLj;jy;> my;yJ nra;iff;fhd ntFkjp my;yJ cj;jpNahf G+u;t rl;lj;jij mtkjpjj ; y;> my;yJ cj;jpNahfG+u;t nraw;ghl;il rhjfkhfNth my;yJ ghjfkhfNth ghtpjj ; y;. VjhtJ egUf;F rhjfkhfNth my;yJ ghjfkhfNth Nritfs; toq;FtjhFk;. xU nghJj;Jiw Copaiu nghWj;jstpy; jz;lidr; Nfhitapdg ; b Fw;wkhFk;107.

MfNt nghyp]hupd; CoyhdJ jz;lidr; Nfhit tuk;gpwF ; s; Fw;wkhFk; vd;gJ rhd;Wg;gfUfpdw ; J. 106. www.icac.org.lk - ,yq;if Coy; kw;Wk; ,yQ;r Gyd; tprhuiz ePjpauru; P. vjpup#upa 107.gpupT 158

76

6. nghyp]; Nrit rP u optij njupe; J nfhs; s y; . buhd;]; Ngud;]p ,d;lu;ne\dy; epWtdj;jhy; elhj;jg;ngw;w Ma;tpd; %ykhf Fw;wtpay; ePjpjJ ; iw kPJ fzprkhd mstpdu; jpUg;jpailatpy;iy01.

NkYk; 70.4 % tP j khNdhu; Fw; w tpay; eP j pj; J iwapd; tpidj;jpwd; njhlu;gpy; jpUg;jpAwhj epiyapy; ,jw;F nghyp]; kPJ Fw;wQ; Rkj;jpdu0; 2.

Fw;wtpay; ePjpjJ ; iw Njhy;tpaile;jw;F fhuzk; rl;lKk; xOq;Fk; mKy;gLj;jg;glhik kw;Wk; ehl;bd; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghf nghJthf ,Ue;j kdepiyAkhFk;. vdpDk; ,e;j tplaq;fis ehk; ntWkNd fzpgg ; pl KbahJ. ,jpy; Kf;fpakhdJ nghJkf;fspd; rfy vz;zf;fUf;fSk; cz;ikahf rupahdjh kw;Wk; Clfj;Jiw ,jw;Fs; jdJ nry;thf;if nrYj;Jfpdw ; jh vd ghu;ff ; Ntz;Lk;.

NkYk; ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; cau; kl;l epiyapy; nghyp]hUld; neUq;fpa njhlu;G itj;jpUg;gJld; nghyp]; nghJkf;fSld; njhlu;G itj;J ,Ug;gJk; fz;$lhFk;. nghJ kf;fs; nghyp]hiu Njt J}ju;fshf fzpg;gplhJ mtu;fsplk; kf;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; NritapypUe;Nj fzpgg ; L P nra;a Ntz;Lk;. nghyp]; Nritapd; rPuopT rk;ge;jkhd Nfs;tp Ma;tpid njhlu;tjw;F Kd; ehl;by; ngUk;ghyhd Fw;wq;fs; epfo;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fis fz;lwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. fle;j fhyq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhd Fw;wq;fs; kpfTk; ntWf;fj;jf;ftu;fshfTk; kpfTk; Ez;zpajhfTk; ,itahTk; NritapypUe;J jg;gpNahbatu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhfTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ngUk;ghyhd Fw;wthspfs; nghyp]hiu tpl gaq;fu Majq;fs; cilatuhfTk;> ,tu;fshy; ,iof; f g; g Lk; Fw; w q; f s; fle; j fhyq; f is tpl kpfTk; JzpfukhdjhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; nghyp]; Nritf;F njhopy;El;g uPjpahd gapw;rp kpfTk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ. nghyp]; Nrit ,uhZtkag; gLj; j g; g l; l ikNa ,j; j ifa epiy Njhd;Wtjw;fhd kpfKf;fpa fhuzkhFk;. ,jdhy; ,J Rw;Nwhl;lkhf epfo;tJ ,ay;ghdNj. ,jd; fhuzkhf ,j;jifa eltbf;iffs; ,y;yhnjhopf;f nghyp]; jpizf;fsk; cs;sf eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;tJ mj;jpahtrpakhFk;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf mjpfupjJ ; tUk; nghUshjhhu mOj; j q; f s; > tWik> Efu; T Njit Nghd;witfSk; Fw;wq;fs; mjpfupgg ; jw;F fhuzkhfpdw ; d.

1. 50% tPjj;jpwF ; FiwthNdhu; Fw;wtpay; ePjprN ; rit tpidj;jpwdhdjh vDk; khjpup Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;ld. kdghq;F Ma;T. 2. 161 D nghJ kdg;ghq;F Ma;T :vOkhwhf njupT nra;ag;gl;l 1400 nghJkf;fsplk; 14 ng; 2006 6 khu;r; 2006 tiu NeUf;F neu; Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. Nfs;tpfn ; fhj;J mbg;gilapy; mDgt];juu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

77

,jd; fhuzkhf rpy fpuhkpa Vo;ik jdkhf gpuNjrq;fs; Fw;wq;fspd; gpwg;gplkhfTk;> r%ftpNuhjr; nray;fspd;3 ,lkhf khwptpLjypy; nghJkf;fspd; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; nghyp]hu; ,j;jifa nra;jpfis fz;Lgpbf;f tpidj;jpwdw;wtu;fs; vd;gjhf mike;Js;sJ. ,e;j mjpfhuk; nghyp]; Nrit rPuopaf;$ba gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fis gw;wpa Ma;it nra;fpdw ; J. nghyp]hupd; flikfshd Fw;wq;fs; jLg;gJ kw;Wk; nghJkf;fspd; mnrsfupaq;fis jtpug ; g ; J> rkhjhdj;ij ghJfhg;gJ> xOq;fw;w re;Njfj;jpwf ; plkhd egu;fis ifJnra;jy;> Fw;wq;fis fz;Lgpbj;jy;> kw;Wk; cj;juT ngw;w mjpfhuq;fspd; gzpgG ; iufs; %yk; jz;lidfis epiwNtw;wy;4.

Fw;wq;fis jLg;gjw;F ,ilapy; ve;j tpjj ; pahrk; ,d;wp > rl;lj;ijAk; xOq;ifAk; mKyhf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. Fw;wq;fSf;fhd tprhuidia Nkw;nfhs;sypy; nraw;ifahd tpjj ; pahr jd;ik ntw;wpahFk; my;yJ xU Njhw;wk; vjpug ; huhjtpjkhf ntw;wpahfNth my;yJ kw;wjd; Njhy;tpapNyh jq;fpAs;sJ. ,jid njspTgLj;Jk; Kfkhf ,j;jifa Njhw;wq;fs; ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; Gwk;ghf gfpug;gLfpdw ; d. xOq;fhd gw;whf;Fiwfs; mj;jpahak; 8k; > ,yQ;rk; kw;Wk; Coy; njhlu;ghdit mjdJ ghjpgG ; fs; kw;Wk; vjpuj ; d;ik Nghd;w tplaq;fs; mj;jpahak; 9y; Muhag;gLk;.

6.1.Fw; w j; j Lg; G “ehl;by; xOq;ifAk; rl;lj;ijAk; fhg;ghw;Wjy;” > “kdpj cupikfis fhg;ghw;Wjy;”> “Fw;wj;jLg;G” kw;Wk; “tPjpg; ghJfhg;G” vDk; tplaq;fs; nghyp]; rk;ge;jkl;by; jpUg;jp jd;ikgw;wp kf;fs; tPjg;gLj;JkhW tpdtg;gl;lNghJ nghJkf;fs; Fw;wj;jLg;Gf;fs; vDk; tplaj;jpy; kpfTk; ,opthd jpUg;jp jd;ikia ntspgg ; Lj;jpdu;5 nghyp]; Ma;Tk; ,yq;i fapd; cs; sf ghJfhg; G tpidj; j pwd; mw; w J vd; W Fwpgg ; pll ; du;. khjpup Ma;tpy; 55.4 % khNdhu; ,yq;ifapd; cs;sf ghJfhg;G rpytifapy; tpidj;jpwdw;wJ vdTk; 17.9% khNdhu; KOikahf tpidj;jpwdw;wJ vd;gijAk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;. NkYk; 90.3 % khNdhu; ,yq; i fapy; Fw; w tP j k; cau; j pUg; g ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;6 ,e;j gFjpapy; ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fis Mokhf Muha Ntz; b aJld; > jpUg; j paw; w epiyf; F k; > ,jid eptu;jj ; pgg ; jw;fhd MNyhridfisAk; fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;.

3. Nguhrpupau; n`l;bNf jpizf;fsj;jiytu;> r%ftpaw; jpizf;fsk;> gy;fiof;fofk; nfhOk;G. 4. nghyp]; fl;lisr;rl;lk; 1864 ,d;gb 56 5. 32.5% tPjkhNdhu; jq;fs; gpuNjrq;fspd; nghyp]hupd; Fw;wj;jug;gpy; jpUg;jpapdi ; kia ntspgg ; Lj;jpAs;sdu;.

6. toq;fy; Ma;T :5k; jpfjp ngg;utup 8; jpfjp tiu> kw;Wk 10k; jpfjp ngg;utup njhlf;fk; khu;r; 3k; jpfjp tiu buhd;]; Ngud;]p ,d;lu; ne\dy; epWtdj;jpwf ; hf r%ff; Fwpfhl;bfs; epfo;jj ; g;gl;lJ. njupT nra;gg ; l;l 770 nghyp]hu; Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

78

6.1.1. rl; l j; i jAk; xOq; i fAk; epu; t fpj; j y; . rl;lj;ijAk; xOq;ifAk; epu;tfpj;jNy Fw;wj;jLg;gpw;fhd topahFk;. Fw;wtpay; ePjpr;Nrit xOq;fpd; tuk;gpw;F gpd;dhy; Nghtjhapd; mJ gzpg;ig mKyhf;FtJ kl;Lky;yhJ mJ rl;lkhfhJ> ,J rpyNtis ,opthd nghWik nfhs;ifia kPsha;tjhFk;. ,j;jifa Kaw;rpfs; vLf;fg;gLtjhtJ ghijapy; Fg;igfs; ,y;iy vdpDk; Fg;igf;$lq;fs; ghtpff ; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Nghd;wjhFk;. mtu;fs; epwe;jl P l ; g;gltpyi ; y vdpDk; me;j vjpug ; G ; Cu;tyk; njhlug;gl;L ghij xOq;Ffs; KOikahf filgpbf;fg;gl;lJ NghyhFk;. ,jid jpU mr;rpy]; N[hrg; mtu;fs; rpyfhyj;jpwF ; Kd; ntw;wpff ; hd fhuzpahf ,J mike;jJ vd Fwpgg ; pll ; hu;. rpwpa Fw;wj;jpwf ; hd cau; mstpyhd nghWikahdJ Fw;wthspfs; jq;fs; Fw;wq;fis nra;tjw;F jaq;fhikAk;> nghyp]; jdJ gzpapy; mtrukw;w epiyapy; fhzg;gLk; vd;gij ed;F mwpe;Js;sikahFk;.

If;fpa mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; Vida ehLfspy; elj;jg;gl;l fw;iffspy; rl;lj;ijAk; xOq;ifAk; epu;tfpg;gJld; %yNk Fw;wq;fis Fiwf;f KbAk; vd fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; epA+Nahf; Nghd;w efu;g;gpuNjrq;fspYk;> khw;Wtopg;ghijtopg; ghijfspYk; cs;s gpr;irf;fhuu;fisAk;> Rw;wpj;jpupgtu;fisAk; mfw;Wtjd; %yk; neUf;fj;jpid Fiwj;Js;shu;fs;. ,jw;Fk; Nkyhf nghyp]hu; jq;fs; Nritia tp]j ; upjj ; jpd; %yk; mtu;fis kPs tu;zk; G+rpajd; %yk; fiyr;nry;tq;fis mopgg ; tu;fis jq;fs; rpjj ; puNtiyfspy; ,d;Gw KbahjthW jLf;fg;gl;ldu;7. ,jd; gadhf ngWksthd Fw;wq;fis jLf;fKbe;jJ. r%fj;ij epA+Nahf; Nkau; fpyhdp topelj;jpa Kiw Fw;wq;fis Fiwg;gjw;fhd Muk;g eltbf;if vdyhk;. nghJkf;fspd; fzpgg ; pdg ; b rl;lj;ijAk; xOq;ifAk; Kiwahf mKy;gLj;jpaik fle;j Mz;Lfspy; ngUkpjk; nfhs;sj;jf;fjhFk;8. ,yq;ifg; nghyp]hUk; fle;j Mz;Lfspy; Fw;wj;jLg;G cghaq;fis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. ,jw;F Nkyhf ,uT Nuhe;J eltbf;iffSk;> Nkw;ghu;it jpl;lq;fSk;> mtu;fshy; “me; e pau; ,uT” vDk; jiyg;gpy; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,it ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; NjLjy; eltbf;ifahf> NritapypUe;J tpyfp xbatu;fs;> kw;Wk; Nghij ghtidahsu;fs ; > Fw;wthspfs; vDk; gy;juj;jpdiu ifJnra;Ak; eltbf;ifahFk;. ,J Fw;wj;jLg;G eltbf;ifapy; ghupa 7. “nfypd; G.L. kw;Wk; Nfhu;y] ; ; cile;j ad;diy nghUj;Jjy;” rl;lj;jijAk; xoq;ifAk; r%fj;jpy; kPs ];jhgpjj ; y; 1997 nuhf;ngy;]; epiyak; epA+Nahf; 8. ,e;j fl;Liuahsupd; ghu;itapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J jz;lg;gzk; mjpfupgg ; jhyhFk

79

ntw; w pahFk; 9 . ,jw; F Nkyjpfkhf nghyp]; Nghijt]; J ghtidahsu;fis ,y;yhnjhopj;jdu;. ,J ghupa Nghijt];J flj;jy;fhuu; fs; >my; y J ghjhs cyf Nfh\; b apdu; vd; W kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gltpyi ; y> vdpDk; FWfpa fhy ghtidahsu;fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhFk;. mNjNtis FWfpa fhy kJtpw;gidahsu;fisAk; ifJ nra;jdu;10. fle;j fhyq;fspy; nghyp]hu; FWfpa kJ tpwg ; idahsu;fis myl;rpag;gLj;jp ghupa tpahghupfisAk; miilahsg;gLj;jpdu;. ,J vt;thnwdpDk; khw;wKw;wJ. rl;ltpNuhj kJtpwg ; idfisAk; Nghijt];JfisAk; ifJgz;zpaik Fw;wq;fs;> Fw;wthspfs; Fiwtjw;F VJthapwW ; . rpyfhuzpfs; nghyp]hupd; rl; l j; i jAk; xOq; i fAk; eput ; hfg;gLj;Jk; jpwDf;F rthyhf mike;js;sikf;F fhuzk; nghyp]py; Rje; j pu jd; i k ,d; i kAk; tsg; g w; w hf; F iwAk; > nghJkf;f splk; xj; Jiog; G ,d; i kAk; > cau; mjpfhupfspd; xj;Jiog;G ,d;ikAk;> Nghjpa gapwr ; p ,d;ikAk; MFk;. nghyp]hh; jkJ ,yf;if ntw;wpfukhf mile;Js;sduh.

50 40

35 30

30 %

20

17.9

13.6

10 3.5 0

Very effective

Somewhat effective

Somewhat ineffective

Totally ineffective

Do not know/ Not sure

6.1.1.1. nghyp]py; Rje; j pu ,d; i k 10-1 gpuptpdu; nghyp]; Fw;wj;jLg;gpid Nkw;nfhs;shikf;F fhuzk; nghyp]; mjpfhupfspy; 5.8 tPjkhNdhu; murpay; nry;thf;fpwF ; cl;gl;ltuhjy; MFk; vd Fwpgg ; pll ; du;. nghJkf;fSk; nghyp]hu; jq;fs; flikfis gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fshy; Rje;jpukhf nra;a Kbatpyi ; y vd;gij czu;fpdw ; du;.

9. xa;Tngw;w rpNu\;l nghyp]; mjpfhup jpU. mNry jrehaf;fTldhd Neu;fhzy;.

10. nghyp]; kh mjpgu; jpU.re;jpu ngu;dl;Nlh mtu;fs; ,it ngUkstpy; elg;gjw;F fhuzk; NghijnghUs; nraw;ghl;by; Vida ehLfs; ,yq;ifapy; jf;fpapUg;gjdhyhFk;.

80

n g h y p] ; Fw;wq ;f i s f ; f l;Lg ;g Lj ;j K b a hJ s ;s J v d ;W Vd ; f UJ f pd ;wPh ;f s ;

10 8

7.3

6 %

5

5.8

5.1

5.2

Political Influence

Lake of support from higher ranking officers

Lack of support from public

4 2 0

Lack of resources

Lack of training

nghyp]hUld; elj; j g; n gw; w fye; J iuahlypd; NghJ nrhy;yg;gl;ljhtJ rpy Fw;wthspfis ifJ nra;tNjh my;yJ rl;lj;jpd; Kd; epWj;JtNjh mg;gpuNjrj;jpd; murpay; thjpfspd; jiyaPL fhuzkhf nraw;gLj;j KbahJs;sJld; NtW eput ; hf khtl;lj;jpwF ; jhk; ,lkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;L tpLNthk; vd;w gaKk; fhuzkhFk;11. NkYk; ngUk;ghyhd nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; nghyp]; Nritapy; murpay; nry;thf;F %yNkh vd;w murpay;thjpapd; ifthfdkhf ,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhf mtu;fs; murpay; thjpfspd; ifg;nghk;ikahf VidNahUf;F ghugl;rkhf nraw;gLfpdw ; du;. ,jd; gadhf gy rk;gtq;fs; murpay; thjpfs; kfd;khu; Jg;ghf;fp#l;by; <LgLk; msTf;F tpahgpjJ ; s;sJ. fdp\;l epiy mjpfhupfSk;> jq;fspy; rpNu\;l epiy mjpfhupfs; murpay;thjpfSf;F jiy tzq;FtJ %yk; mtu;fs; murpaw; kag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;shu;fs; vd Fwpgg ; plg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW ifJ nra;ag;gLk; ,t;tifahd rl;lj;ij kPWgtu;fis rl;lj;jpdK ; d; epWj;Jk; NghJ mtu;fs; murpay; nry;thf;fpid gad;gLj;jp mtu;fs; jkJ murpay; Mjuthsu;fspd; jg;gitf;fg;gLk; NghJ mtu;fis kPzL ; k; ifJ nra;jy; ,ayhjjhFk;. nghyp]; gy;NtW eput ; hf khtl;lq;fshf gpupff ; g;gl;L cs;sik fhuzkhf mtu;fsJ khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s epiyaq;fs; mtu;fsJ cupikahf nghyp]hu; fUJfpwhu;fs;. ,jdhy; mk;khtl;lq;fspy; cs; s nghyp]hupd; tpUg; G ntWg; G fSf; F Vw; g Ntiy nra;aNtz;ba flg;ghLk; ,tu;fSf;F Vw;gLfpwJ. ,it ,tu;fsJ Kfhk;fspy; ntWf;fj;jf;f epiyia cUthf;Ffpdw ; J. ,J njhlu;ghd 11. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO ,t; ,lkhw;wq;fis jpirjpUg;Gtjw;F ,lk;gl;lhYk; fPoe ; piyapy; rpy nghyp]f ; huu;fs; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpy; ek;gpfi ; f itj;Js;sjhyhFk;.

81

mz;ikf;fhy Ma;Tfspd; gb ,j;jifa khtl;l cupikia kj;jpa nghyp]; gpupthf eput ; fpgg ; J khtl;l kl;l nraw;ghl;LgpupT vjpuj ; j ; J. msTf;fjpfkhd Fw;wq;fSk; kw;Wk; gy;NtW tpjkhd Fw;wr;rhl;LfSk; nghyp]hu; rl;lj;jpwF ; l;gLj;jhj tifapy; elg;gjw;F yQ;rk; kw;Wk; Cf;Ftpg;;Gfs; toq;fg;gLtjhf KiwghLfs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,it ntFthf Nkhl;lhu; thfdg;gpuptpNyNa ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. vt;thnwdpDk; rpy Kf;fpa rk;gtq;fspy; nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; rk;gsk; ngWk; tpahghupfshf <LgLtjhf $wg;gLfpwJ. ,J r%fj;jpy; rpy ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tFg;gpid cUthf;FtJld; r%fj;jpy; rl;lghFghl;ilAk; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. NkYk; nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; kf;fspd; nry;thf;F cl;gl;LtpLtjhy; ,j;jifa nray;fs; ,Ue;J tpLgLtjw;Nfh ,tu;fis ifJ nra;tjw;Nfh jaq;Ffpdw ; du;.12 nghyp]hu; ghjhs cyf Nfh\; b ahsUld; njhlu; G ,Ug;gjw;fhd Mjhu G+u;tkhd rk;gtq;fs; cs;sd. 3% khd kf;fs; nghyp]hUf; F ghjhs cyfj; j pdUld; njhlu; G ,Ug; g jhf Fwpgg ; pLfpdw ; du;. ngUk;ghyhdtu;fspy; 44.6.% kNdhu; ,j;jifa njhlu;G ,Ug;gij cWjpgg ; Lj;j KbahJ cs;sdu;. nghJkf;fspd; ghu;itapy; ,j;jifa njhlu;G rk;ge;jkhd tplak; cau; vy;iyf;F fhl; l g; g lhikf; F fhuzk; nghyp]; fhzg; g Lk; Rje; j pukw; w jd;ikahFk;. (4.4%) ,jid fUj;jpw; nfhs;ifapy; ,J Rje;jpu jd;ik ,y;iy vd;gijw;fhd fhuzkhf mikahJ. ,j;jifa Coy; f s; ntspapy; njuptJ kpfTk; FiwthdJ my; y J nghJkf;fSf;F njupahikahFk;.

6.1.1.2. tsg; g w; w hf; F iw Fw;wq;fs; jLg;gjpy; kpfTk; Kz;zdp fhuzkhf ,Ug;gJ tsg;gw;whf;FiwahFk;. fye;Jiuahlypd; NghJ NkYk; nrhy;yg;gl;l tplakhdJ > kdpj tsg; gw; w hf; F iwAk; Nghf; F tuj; J trjpapd;ikAkhFk;. ngUk;ghyhd r%f cwT mjpfhupfshy; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;l tplakhdJ ngUk;ghyhd nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; jiyf;F Nky; Rikfis jhq;Ftjhy; mtu;fshy; jq;fs; flikia ruptu epiwTw;w Kbatpyi ; y vd;gjhFk;13.;

12. gj;jpupif nra;jp Nku;tpd; rpyt ; htpd; kfd;.

13.nghyp]; r%f cwT mjpfhupfspy; fye;Jiuahly; fz;b> FUehfy;.

82

6.1.1.3. nghJkf; f spd; xj; J iog; G ,d; i k nghyp]huhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l kw;nwhU FiwghlhdJ nghJkf;fs; xj;Jiog;G ,d;ikahFk;. nghJkf;fsplk; ,Jgw;wp elj;jg;ngw;w Ma;tpdg ; b 62.1% kw;Wk; 61.6% tPjkhNdhu; KiwNa jkJ maypy; cs;s re;Njfj;jpwf ; plkhNdhu; gw;wp jfty; jUtjpYk; rpWtu; Jd;GWj;jy; rk;ge;jkhd jfty;fisAk; jUfpd;whu;fs;. vt;thnwdpDk; 41% khNdhu; eprr ; akhf nghyp]hUld; njhlu;G nfhz;l rl;l tpNuhj kJtpwg ; id cw;gj;jp > tpepNahfk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis jUfpd;wdu;. NkYk; 74% tPjkhd njd;Gyj;Njhupd; Ma;tpdg ; b mtu;fs; eprr ; akhf nghyp]pwF ; cjTtjhfTk;> mNj Ntis 45% tP j khd Nky; khfhz kf; f s; nghyp]hUf; F cjTtjpyi ; y vdTk; Fwpgg ; pll ; hu;fs;14. mjpYk; Fwpg; g hf czug; g l; l jhtJ nghJkf; f s; nghyp]hUf;F jfty; nfhLf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; cjTfpdw ; hu;fNs xopa mjw;Fupa rhl;rpahsuhf jk; flikia epiwNtw;w Jzptjpyi ; y. nghyp]hUf;F cjTtjpyi ; y vd Fwpgg ; pll ; kf;fspd; 59.5% khNdhu; nghyp]hUf;F jfty; nfhLg;gjd; %yk; NkYk; gy rpff ; y;fs; jhk; vjpuN ; ehf;f NeupLk; vdTk; 23.9% khNdhu;mJ vt;tpjj;jpYk; vj;jifa eltbf;ifiaAk; vLg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;glhJ vd;gijAk; Fwpg;gp;l;ldu;. ,jd;%yk; njspthf tpsq;fg;gLtJ ahnjdpy; nghJkf;fs; xj;Jiog;Gfpdi ; kf;F fhuzk; nghyp]; nghJkf;fs; cwtpy; xOq;fikf;fg;glhj FiwghLfNsahFk;. r%f fhuzpfSk; Fw;wq;fSf;F fhuzk; vd;gJ Fwpgg ; pl Ntz;bajhFk;. rpy rl;ltpNuhj nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;Ls;stu;fs; fpukkhf jq; f s; FLk; g j; j pdUf; F k; ,jid Cl; L tJld; Nghijghtidf;Fk; xj;Jiof;fpdw ; du;. rpy rk;gtq;fshy; murhq;fKk; nghyp]hUk; ,ize;J gzpahw;Wtjd; %yk; Fw;wq;fspd; Mokhd fhuzq;fis fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJld; rl;lj;ij kjpgg ; jw;Fk; cWjp nra;a KbAk;. ,jdhy; ,jw;Fupa xj;Jiog;ghd jpll ; q;fs; rk;gt gpuNjrq;fspy; eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. rpyNtis GdUj;jhudk; kw;Wk; tWik $l Fw;wq;fSf;F fhuzkhfpdw ; J. MfNtjhd; Fw;wj;ij jLg;gjpy; ehk; KOikahd nghWg;Gfis nghyp]hUf;F kl;Lk; tplL ; tplKbahJ. ,j;jifa fhuzq;fs; muR ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

14. toq;fy; Ma;T :5k; jpfjp ngg;utup 8; jpfjp tiu> kw;Wk 10k; jpfjp ngg;utup njhlf;fk; khu;r; 3k; jpfjp tiu buhd;]; Ngud;]p ,d;lu; ne\dy; epWtdj;jpwf ; hf r%ff; Fwpfhl;bfs; epfo;jj ; g;gl;lJ. njupT nra;gg ; l;l 770 nghyp]hu; Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

83

6.1.2.vr; r upf; i f ,J Fw;wk; nra;tij jLg;gjhFk;. ,jid tpidj;jpwdhd Gyd;tprhuidfs; %yKk; ghJfhg;G %yk; Fiwf;fyhk;. Fw;wQ; nra;Ak; jifikia cilatu;fF ; $l mjw;fhd re;ju;gg ; q;fis Fiwf;Fk; NghJ Fw;wk; nra;tij Fiwf;fyhk;. ,Uz;l njUf;fSf;F ntsprr ; %l;ly;> nghyp]; Nuhe;J eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sy;> jpBu; Nrhjidfis Nkw;nfhs;sy; Nghd;witfSk; ,tw;Ws; cs;slq;Fk;. nghyp]; Nuhe;J eltbf;ifahdJ nghJkf;fspd; ghJfhg;gpwF ; mtrpakhdnjd nghJkf;fs; ek;Gfpwhu;fs;. khjpup Ma;tpy; 70.4% tPjkhNdhu; nghyp]; Nuhe;J eltbf;if mtrpankdTk; kw;Wk; 23.3% rpyNtis mtrpak; vdTk;> $Wfpdw ; hu;fs;. ,jpy; rpwg;ghd mk;rk; ahnjdpy; vt;thnwdpDk; 94% tPjkhNdhu; nghyp]; Nuhe;J mtrpak; vd fUj 16% khNdhu; njhlu;eJ ; mtrpak; vdTk; 24.2% rpyNtis mtrpak; 28.3% khNdhu; xt;nthU jlitAk; mtrpak; vdTk; fUJfpwhu;fs;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf 47.5% khNdhu; khjpupahf mtu;fsJ gpuNjrq;fspy; Fw;wthspfis fz;Lgpbf;f nghyp]; Nuhe;J ,lk;ngWtjpyi ; y vdTk; 31.5% khNdhu; jq;fs; gpuNjrq;fspy; NghJkhd msT nghyp]; nghyp]; Nuhe;J ,lk;ngWtjhfTk; Fwpg;gpl;ldu;.

Kf;fpakhf ftdpff ; Ntz;ba xd;whdJ nghyp]; Nuhe;J eltbf; i f Kw; w pYk; Fw; w j; i j Fiwg; g jhf vg; n ghJk; ,lk;ngWtjpyi ; y. epA+Nahf; efuj;jpd; #o;epiyia Muha;ej ; NghJ nghyp]hupd; gpurd;dk; vg;nghJk; Fw;wq;fis Fiwg;gjw;F VJthf ,y;yhJ r%f nghyp]; epiy $Ljyhd tpidj;jpwd; kpff ; jhf fhzg;gl;lJ. Clf mwpfi ; fapdg ; b Jzpfukhd Fw;wq;fs; gfy; Ntisfspy; ,lk;ngWfpdw ; J. ,JTk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba mstpilahFk;.

Fw;wq;fs; ,isj;J Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd epiyia milAk; NghJ Fw;wq;fSf;fhd vr;rupfi ; f ,yf;if milayhk;. ,j;jifa cWjpgg ; hl;L epiy njhlu;eJ ; khwhj rQ;rykw;wjhf cWjpahf Ngzg;glNtz;Lk; ,jw;F mz;ikf;fhy cjhuzkhf Nghf;Ftuj;J kPJ tpjpff ; g;gl;l jz;lg;gzj;ij Fwpgg ; plyhk;. ghijg; Nghf;Ftuj;J jz; l g; g zk; mjpfupf; f g; g l; l jdhy; fpukkhf mgptpUj; j p mile;Js;sJld; nghyp]hUk; rl;ltpNuhj thfd jupg;gplq;fs; kw;Wk; njhlu;rr ; pahd Nrhjidfs; Nkw;nfhs;tjdhy; Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;Js;sJ.

84

Fw;wq;fis ghJfhg;gjw;F nrytplg;gLk; Neuk; kw;Wk; gzk; fUj;jpwn ; fhs;s Ntz;ba kw;nwhU Rthu];akhd tplakhFk;. ,e;j mwpfi ; f vOj Muk;gpjj ; NghJ nghyp]; jpizf;fsk;> ifJnra;jy; kw;Wk; Fw;wk; jLj;jy; tplaq;fspy; $ba mf;fiwia Fw;wj;ij jLg;gijtplTk; fhl;baJ. ,jd;NghJ ,j;jifa ,U eltbf;iffspYk; vjw;F Kf;fpaj;jtk; nfhLg;gJ vDk; Nfs;tp vOe;jJ. mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; nghyp]; kh mjpgUld; elhj;jpa Neu;fhzy; nghyp]hupd; ftdj;jpy; ghupa Fw;wq;fspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;gjd; %yk; rpwpa Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;gpyhdtw;iw jzpff ; yhk; 16 vDk; fUj;J ngwg;gl;lJ . ,J vt;thnwdpDk; ,e;j Kaw;rpfspd; ntw;wp njhlu;gpy; jw;NghJ fUj;Jf; $wKbahJs;sJ. ,e;j nraw;jpll ; j;jpy; ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf nghyp]hu; rl;lj;ij mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F cjtpnra;tJld;> nghyp]; Fw;wq;fSf;fhd mbg;gil fhuzpfis Muha;tjpy; $Ljy; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;bAs;sJ. Fw;wq;fs; jLg;gJ vd;gJ nghJkf;fspd; xj;Jiog;G ,d;wp nghyp]huhy; kl;Lk; jdpjJ ; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl KbahjjhFk;. ,J ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; nghJkf;fs; r%f nray;jpll ; j;jpD}lhf r%f epWtdq;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjd; %ykhf nghyp]; ftdnkLj;jJld; Fw;wj;ij jLf;f Kaw;rp nra;ayhk;. ,J mayhUf;F mayhu; ftdnkLj;jYld;> r%fq;fSk; cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.

6.2. Fw; w thspfis rl; l j; j pd; Kd; epWj; J jy; 6.2.1. Gyd; tprhuizfs; Fw;wthspfs; kpfTk; EZf;fkhdtu;fshfTk; nghyp]hupd; ,ayhikia njhopyE ; l;g Kiwahf mZff; $batu;fshfTk; ,Uf;fpdw ; hu;fs;. nghJthd mgpgg ; puhaj;jpy; nghyp]py; nra;ag;gLk; Kiwg;ghLfs; Kiwahd tprhuidapd; gpd; tof;fhf khw;wg;gLtjw;F tUlf;fzf;fhf Mfpdw ; J. ,jw;Fk; Nkyjpfkhf xU ,lj;jpy; Vw;gLk; nfhs;is Nghd;w rk;gtq;fspd; NghJ nghyp]hUf;F toq;fg;gLk; njhiyNgrpapdhyhd Kiwg;ghL nrtpkLf;fg;glhJ> Neubahf nghyp]; epiyaj;jpw;F nrd;Nw nghyp]hiu rk;gt ,lj;jpw;F mioj;J tuNtz;Lk;. tpuyilahs epGzu;fSk; fhyjhkjkhfpNa rk;gt ,lj;jpwF ; tUif jUfpdw ; hu;fs;. ,yq;ifg; Nghd;w ehLfspy; tpuyilahs jpizf;fs epGzu;fs;> tpuyilahsq;fisg; cupathW ngw;W nfhs;s KbahJs;sJ. fhuzk; rk;gt ,lj;jpwF ; mayhu; kw;Wk; mZruidahsu;fs; tpuyilahs epGzu;fs; tUtjw;F Kd; tUif jUtjhFk;.

85

,jw;Fk; Nkyjpfkhf nghyp]hUf;F KOikahd tsq;fs; ,d;ik fhuzkhf tprhuizfis KOikahf Nkw;nfhs;s Kbtjpyi ; y. kpf mz;ikapy; jhd; ,j;jpizf;fsk; DNA kw;Wk; tpuyilahsj;jpwf ; hd etPd njhopEl;g rhjdq;fis gad;gLj;jpaJ. ,jdhy; ,tw;wpd; tpidj;jpwd; njhlu;gpy; cld; fUj;J $w KbahJs;sJ. tsq;fs; gw;whf;FiwNa tprhuizfs; jhkjpf;fg;gLtjw;F KOikahd fhuzk; vdtk; $wKbahJ Vnddpy; nghyp]; kpfTk; murpaw; kag;gLj;jg;gl;lJ my;yJ fhyq;fle;j tof;FfisAk; kpfTk; ntw;wpfukhf tprhupjJ ; jPuT ; fz;Ls;sJ17. ,j; j pizf; f sk; kpfTk; ruskhf Coy; rk; g e; j khd tplaq; f isNa re; j pf; f pd; w J. ,it ngUk; g hYk; murpaw; rk; g e; j g; g l; l jhfNth> my; y J cau; j ug; g hu; rk; g e; j khfNth fhzg; g LfpwJ. ,jdhy; nghyp]hu; tprhuizfs; Nghjpa rhl; r pakpd; i k fhuzkhf KbTf; F nfhz; L tUtjhf $wp tprhuizia KLf;Ftjw;F mwpTWj;jg;gLfpdw ; hu;fs;. nghyp]; cau; mjpfhupfSld; elj;jpa Neu;fhzy; %yk; nghyp]hu; cupa Fw;wj;jpwF ; upa rl;ltpjpfis myl;rpak; nra;tJld; rl;lj;jpd; Kd; epWj;jhJ rpyNtisfspy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahj rhl;rpaq;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L tof;if jpirjpUg;Gfpwhu;fs;. kw;w tifapy; nghJkf;fspd; cjtp ,d;ik fhuzkhf tprhuizfis njhlu Kbahj mstpwF ; nghyp]hu; f\;l ; g;gLfpwhu;fs;.(rk;gtk; njhlu;ghd Fwpgg ; pll ; ,lj;jpy; nghyp]hUf;F nghJkf;fs; xj;Jiog;G mj;jpatkhdjhFk;) ,jd; NghJ Fwpgg ; plL ; $wNtz;bajhtJ nghyp]; - nghJkf;fs; cwT rPuF ; iyAkhapd; nghJkf;fs; xj;Jiog;G fbdkhdjhFk;. nghJkf; f s; kdg; g hq; F njhlu; g hd Ma; T Fw; w Q; rhl;lg;gl;ltu;fspd; 13% khNdhu; gjpypUf;f rk;kjpjj ; du;. 26.2% khNdhu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;l my;yJ jLj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;stu;fs; mtu;fs; NgRk; nkhop njhlu;ghd gpur;rpid fhuzkhf cupa Nritia ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbahJs;sdu; vd $Wfpdw ; J. NkYk; 26.8% gjpypWf;f rk;kjpjj ; tu;fSs; 42% khd ifJ nra;ag;gl;l my; y J jLj; J itf; f g; g l; L s; s tu; f shy; mtu; f s; jq; f s; gpur;rpidfis njhlq;Ftjw;F NghjpasT Neuk; toq;fg;gltpyi ; y vDk; Fw; w Q; r hl; i l $wpAs; s du; . (nghJkf; f s; Ma; T nkhopg;gpur;rid kpfTk; cf;fpukhfTs;s tlfpof;Fg; gFjpapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpyi ; y. ,q;Fk; jpUg;jpapdi ; k mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk; vd;gJ cz;ikahFk;.)

86

,e;j ngWNgWfs; %yk; czu;tjhtJ> nghJkf;fspd; ghu;itapy; NghJkhdsT Neuk; vd;gJ cf;fpukhd fz;Lgpbg;GfSld; rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhFk;. fPof ; F ; wpgg ; pll ; ,uz;L tplaq;fs; xU kdpjdpd; rptpy; Rje;jpuj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. [dehaf nraw;ghl;by; Njitaw;w tpjj;jpy; f^ukhd mstpilfis Nkw;nfhs;s $lhJ. tprhuiz Kiwfspy; Fw;wthspfF ; NghjpasT Neuk; toq;fhikAk; my; y J jdf; F upa nkhopapy; gjpyspf; f KbahikAk; Nfs;tpf;FupajhFk;. ,jw; F Nkyjpfkhd tprhuizfs; NghJ gy; N tW re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; Jd;GWj;jy; ,lk;ngWjyhFk;. ,J ngUkstpy; ,lk; n gWtjw; F fhuzk; nghyp]huplk; tprhuiz jpwd; FiwNtahFk;. Neu;fhzypd; NghJ gy caujpfhupfs; Fwpgg ; pll ; jhtJ rk;gtk; njhlu;gpyhd rl;l tpjpfs; gw;wp ngUk;ghyhd nghyp]hu; mwpahjpUg;gjhFk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf tprhuizfs; kpfTk; Fiwthf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L Fw;wthspfs; rl;lj;jpd; Kd; epWj;jg;gly; Fiwtilfpdw ; J. Fw; w j; i j fz; L gpbj; j y; nghJthf ,uz; L topfspy; ,lk;ngWfpdw ; J. Kiwg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; nghyp]pwF ; JZf;F nra;jpfs; toq;Fjy; %ykhf ,J ,lk;ngWfpdw ; J. ,jpy; kpfTk; ftiyf;Fupa tplak; maypy; eilngWk; tplaq;fSf;F nghyp]hUf;F JZf;F nra;jpfis toq;Ftjw;F nghJkf;fs; Kd;tuhikahFk;. fhuzk; nghyp]hu; kP j hd ek; g pf; i fapd; i kahFk; . nghJkf; f spd; gpujpepjpfSld; epfo;jj ; g;gl;l Neu;fhzy;%yk; nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; Fw; w thspfspd; ifahshf ,Ug; g jd; fhuzkhf jfty; toq;Fdu;fis ntspgg ; Lj;JtJld; jfty; kw;Wk; Kiwg;ghLfis mu;jj ; kw;wjhf;fp tpLtjhFk;. nghyp]hu; jfty; kw;Wk; Kiwg;ghl;bw;F Nkyhf xOq;fw;w re;Njf egu;fis fz;Lgpbj;J Fw;wthspfis rl;lj;jpd; Kd; epWj;jYld; jftiy NrfupjJ ; > mwpT G+u;tkhf njhlu;G nra;tjd; %yk; nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;gpy; jhf;fk; Vw;gLk;. ,J jpBu; Nuhe;J> nghyp]; Rw;wp tisg;G %ykhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;20. ,ijtpl nghyp]; kh mjpgu; re;jpuh ngu;zd;Nlh mtu;fs; ehnlq;fpYk; nraw;glj;jf;f tifapy; kj;jpa tpopg;Gzu;T FOit gy;NtW eput ; hfg;gpupthf tpahgpjJ ; s;sik Fw;wq;fis Fiwf;fpdw ; J. nghJkf; f Sld; ,j; j ifa gpur; r pidfis vg; g b KbTWj;JtJ vd;gjw;fhd ghupa mwpfi ; f rku;gg ; pff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpgg ; plj;jf;f Nfs;tpahdJ vg;NghJ vj;jid nghyp]hu; Fw;wq;fs; 87

fz; L gpbg; g jw; F k; jLg; g jw; F k; > ghJfhg; g pw; F k; eilKiwg Lj;jg;gLfpwhu;fs; vd;gjhFk;. nghyp]huhy; nghJkf;fspd; mtru Njitia epiwNtw;w Kbahikf;F tsq;fs; kw;Wk; Msdp gw;whf;Fiw #o;epiyNa fhuzkhFk;. ,e;j tplak; xOq;fikf;f Ntz;ba FiwghLfs; vDk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; Muhag;gLfpd;wJ. vt;thnwdpDk; ,jw;F rpwe;j cjhuzk; $wg;glNtz;bAs;sJ. r%fepWtdk; xd;Wld; gq;Fgw;Wdu;fs; nghyp]; jpizf;fs r%f gpupT mjpfhupfs; elj;jpa $l;lj;jpy; gq;Fgw;Wdu;fspy; xUtu; $wpajhtJ> xU jpUld; tPlb ; Ds; gha;ej ; NghJ mtiu xU miwapy; g+l;b itj;JtplL ; nghyp]hiu mioj;j NghJ> nghyp]; epiyaj;jpy; [Pg; tz;b ,y;yhjjhy; Fwpgg ; pll ; ,lj;jpwF ; tuKbahJ vdTk; jpUlid Kiwg;ghl;lhsNu nghyp]; epiyaj;jpwF ; mioj;J tuNtz;Lk; vdTk; $wg;gl;lJ. ,e;j rk;gtj;ij nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;L ,J cz;ikahd gpur;rpid vdTk; fhuzk; mtu;fs; Nghjpa tsq;fs; ,d;wp ,j;jifa rl;lj;ij vjpuN ; ehf;FtjhfTk; Fwpgg ; pll ; hu;fs;. mj;NjhL mtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; lry; Nfhl;lh kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ vdTk;> ,J mtu;fsJ Nritf;F NghJkhdJ my;y vdTk; Fwpgg ; pll ; hu;fs;. ,J nghyp]; ,jpy; ve;j gpuNjrj;jpwF ; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspff ; Ntz;Lk; vDk; Nfs;tpia cUthf;Ffpdw ; J. kw;Wk; nghyp]hu; vg;gb nghJkf;fspd; mur Njitia Fw;wq;fis jLg;gjw;Fk; ghJfhg; g jw; F k; nghWg; g hf KbAk; vDk; Nfs; t pia Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ. 6.2.2. rpwpa Fw; w j; j pw; f hd rl; l eltbf; i f nghyp]; ghupa Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;gpy; tprhuiz elj;jp me;j tprhuizf; Nfhitia rl;lkh mjpgu; jpizf;fsj;jpwF ; rku;gg ; pfF ; k;. rfy tpjkhd rpwpa Fw;wq;fspd; NghJ nghyp]; Fw;wthspfis rl;lj;jpd; Kd; epWj;Jk;. ,jd; NghJ gy;NtW tpjkhd Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; tprhuizfs; njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tprhuizfs; kpfTk; Nkhrkhd epiyapy; ,Ug;gjhy; gy tof;Ffs; rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dhy; nfhz;Ltug;gLtjpyi ; y. mj;NjhL nghyp]; mjpfhupfspd; tprhuiz jpwd; Fd;wpajd; fhuzkhf Fw;wthspfs; re;ju;gg ; #oypy; jg;Gtjw;F fhuzkhfpdw ; du;. mj;Jld; tof;F tprhuiz eilngWk; Ntisfspy; cau;kl;l nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; jhq;fs; Neupy; fye;Jnfhs;shJ jq;fsJ fdp\;l ju cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis mDg;Gtjd; %yk; tof;fhlr; nra;fpdw ; hu;fs; vd;gJ Fwpgg ; plf;$baJ. 88

buhd;Ngud;]p ,d;lu;ne\dy; 10 Gs;sp mbg;gilapy; elj;jpa epge;jid Ma;tpy; gpd;tUk; tifapy; jhq;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; jilfis Fwpgg ; pll ; hu;fs;.

10

n g hy p] ; mYt y h ;f s ; j k J f li k i a R j e ;j puk h f g ; G hpa K b a h j j w;f h d K f ;f pa f h uz pf s ; 8.3

8 6 %

4

3.6

2 0

3.3

2.3 1.1 Undue political influence

Undue influence from higher ranking officers

Influence from the affluent people

Underworld influence

Money/Gift for favour

rl;l eltbf;iffspy; <LgLk; Fwpgg ; pll ; njhif nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; njupT nra;ag;gl;L mtu;fSf;F NghjpasT gapw;rp toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; rl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpy Kuz;ghl;L jd;ikfs; nghyp]hUf;F jq;fs; rl;l eltbf;iffspy; ghupa gpd;dilit cz;lhf;Ffpd;wJ. ,j;jifa Kuz;ghLfs; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf; F Otpw; F rku; g ; g pf; f g; g l; L Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO ,tw;iw rl;l rPuj ; pUj;jj;jpwf ; hf rku;gg ; pjj ; y; Ntz;Lk;. kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ vy;yhtpj tof;F Njhy;tpfSk; nghyp]; mjpfhupfspdhy; Vw;gl;lJ vd;W fUjhJ> mjNdhL njhlu;Gila rfy tplaq;fYk; Muhag;gl Ntz;Lk; .

6.2.3. njhlu; G epWtdq; f spd; rP u ; j pUj; j k; njhlu;G epWtdq;fspd; rPuj ; pUj;jkw;w epiy Fw;wq;fis jLg;gjpy; rpff ; yhd tplakhFk;. ,r;ruP j ; j ; pUj;jk; ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; rpiwr; r hiy vd; g tw; i wAk; cs; s lf; f pajhFk; . vq; f sJ mwpf;iffspd;gb gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ePjpkd;w gjptfk; Fw;wthspfSld; Nru;eJ ; ,aq;Ftjd; %yk; Nfhitfspy; khw;wk; nra;tjhy; Nfhitfs; fhzhky; NghtJk;> ,jd; fhuzkhf gjptfk; Fw;wTzu;it nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf nghyp]; Coy; gw;wp ehk; fye;JiuahLk; NghJ> ,Njtpjkhd rfy Kaw;rpfSk;> ,jNdhL njhlu;Gila Vida epWtdq;fspYk; Neubahf my;yJ kiwKfkhd njhlu;gpid nfhz;L nry;tjhy; nghyp]hUf;F mgupkpjkhd re;ju;gg ; q;fs; Coy; 89

nra; t jw; F VJthfpd; w J. ,JNt jw; N ghija eilKiw tof;fkhFk;. jw; N ghija epiyapy; kpfTk; rhjhuzkhd Neub tof;Ffshd Nfyp nra;jy;> rpWfhak; Vw;gLj;jy;> Nghd;wit $l rl;lkh mjpgu; jpizf;fsj;jpw;F ghug;gLj;jg;gLtjhy;> rl;l kh mjpgupd; jpizf;fsk; mjpf Ntiyg;gS fhuzkhf Kuz;gl;l ntw;wpfukhd tof;FfisAk; cs;slf;fp tof;Ffis jhkjk; nra;fpd;wJ. vdpDk; nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpd; rl;lg;gpuptpd; Vd; ,J rk;ge;jkhd vJtpj eltbf;ifAk; vLf;ftpy;iy vDk; Nfs;tp vOfpdw ; J. nghyp]; rl;lg;gpuptpd; cr;rg;gaid ngWKfkhf rpwpa Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd tof;Ffis ,g;gpupT ifahs;tjd; %yk; ,j; j ifa jhkjq; f is jtpu; g ; g Jld; nghyp]; Nritia Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.

6.3. Nghf; F tuj; J fl; L g; g hL Nghf;Ftuj;J gpupNt fle;j fhyq;fspy; kpfTk; tsu;rr ; pAw;W fhzg;gLfpwJ. njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rp fhuzkhf thfdq;fspd; ngUf;fk; kw;Wk; ghij xOq;Ffspd; jpbnud Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wk;> rpf;fyhd re;jpfs; Nghd;witfs; nghyp]hUf;F gupr;rakw;w tpisahl;L jplyhFk;. ,g;gpuNjrNk nghyp]hu; nghJkf;fSld; njhlu;G nfhs;s kpfTk; tha;gg ; hd gpuNjrkhFk;. vdNt ,q;Fjhd; nghypi] gw;wpa nghJkf;fspd; fzpg;gPL mjpfkhf fz;lwpag;gl;ljhFk;. nghJthd fzPgg ; l P b ; d; gb ghij ghJfhg;G ,d;ik fhuzkhf tpgj;Jf;fs; mjpfupjJ ; tUfpdw ; d. nghJkf;fspd; ghu;itapy; ,it rhujpfspd; ftdaPdj;jhy; ,lk;ngWfpdw ; J vdyhk;. mNjNtis 12.7% tpjkhd nghJkf;fs; ghijtpgj;J jLg;G njhlu;ghf jpUg;jpAWfpdw ; hu;fs;. 57.5% rhjhuz jpUg;jpailfpdw ; du;. 16.9% rhjhuz jpUg;jpAk; milatpyi ; y. kw;Wk; 4.4% khNdhu; kl;LNk jpUg;jpailatpy;iy. jpUg;jpailahj 4.4% tPjkhNdhupy; 66% khNdhu; nghyp]; nghJkf;fsplk; gzk; thq;Ftjd; %yNkh my;yJ bf;fl; tpw;gid nra;tjd; %yk; my;yJ rl;l eltbf;if Njitf; N fw; g Fiwf; f g; g Ltjhf FiwgLfpd; w du; . nghyp]; tsg;gw;whf;Fiw (62.3) ghij ,ilntsp ,d;ik (79.4) nghJkf;fspd; xj;Jiog;G ,d;ik (42.5). ,e;j Ma;tpd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l juTfshFk;. ,j;juTfs; Nghf;Ftuj;J jz;lq;fs; mjpfupgg ; jw;F Kd;Gk; my;yJ 90

rl;lj;ij kPWgtu;fSf;F vjpuhf caupa jz;lid Kiwia mKy; g Lj; J tjw; F Kd; G k; ngwg; g l; l itahFk; vd; g J Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. toikapy; cs; s rl; l q; f is jpl; l khf mKy; g Lj; j njhlq;fpajd; fhuzkhf> rl;l uPjpaw;w Kiwapy; epWj;jg;gl;Ls;s fhu;fs; njhlu;rr ; pahd gupNrhjidfs;> Ntfkhf nrYj;Jk; rhujpfs;> kJNghijapy; cs;s rhujpfs; rl;lj;jpwF ; l;gLj;jg;gl;lhu;fs;. mj;NjhL nghyp]; ,t;thwhd Gjpa gpuNjrq;fis ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Njhd; w paJld; ey; Y wthd #oiyAk; cUthf; f p thfdk; nrYj;Jtjw;F nghUj;jkhd tifapYk; khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,J epahakhdNjahFk;.

Nghf;Ftuj;J nghyp]g ; pupT ,yQ;rj;jpwF ; k; CoYf;Fk; kpfTk; guprr ; akhd gpupthFk;. ,J ngUk;ghYk; njhlu;rr ; pahd Nkw;ghu;it ,d;ikAk;> nghWg;Gj;jd;ik ,d;ikAk;> NkNyhq;fpAs;s mrl;il jd;ik fhuzkhfTk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. rpy re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; Nghf;Ftuj;J nghyp]hu; vr;rupf;iffis toq;fp bf;fl;Lfs; nfhLg;gjw;F mDkjpff ; g;gl;Ls;shu;fs;. ngUk;ghyhd Fw;wthspfs; Nghf;Ftuj;J nghyp]hUf;F ,yQ;rk; toq;Ftjd; %yk; jz;lg;gzj;ij nrYj;Jtij jtpuj ; J ; tpLfpdw ; hu;fs;. ,e;j CoyhdJ ve;jstpwF ; tpahgpjJ ; s;sJ vdpd; Nghf;Ftuj;J nghyp]hu; rhujpfsplk; rhujp mDkjpgg ; j;jpuj;ij Nfl;Fk; NghNj rhujpfs; mDkjpgg ; Jld; 100&gh jhs; xd;wpid ,yQ;rkhf toq;Fk; tifapy; ru;t rhjhuzkhf ,lk;ngWfpdw ; J. ,e;j gpioahdJ nghJkf;fs; kj;jpapy; nghyp]hu; rhuhjzkhf tpiyNgrf; $batu; f s; vDk; kNdhepiy Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,jw;Fk; Nkyjpkhf nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; nghJkf;fs; kPJ ,yQ;rk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; ngha;ahd Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; epfo;jJ ; tJk; tof;fkhf cs;sJ. nghJkdg;ghq;F Ma;tpdg ; b 38.2% khd nghyp]; Nghf;Ftuj;J tpjpfs; kPwpatu;fs; jhq;fs; nghyp]hUf;F rpy ifA+l;ly;fis toq;fpajhf Fwpgg ; pLfpdw ; du;.38.2%khd ifA+l;ly; toq;fpatu;fspy; 55.2%khdit jk;kplk; Neubahf ifA+l;ly; ngwg;gl;ljhfTk; mtw;wpy; 44.8%jhkhfNt njhz;luhf ,tw;iw toq;fpajhfTk; fPOs;s ml;ltid 38.2% khd Nghf;Ftuj;J Fwpg;gpl;ldu;23. tpjpfis kPwpatu;fs; njhlu;ghdJ 23.nghJ kdg;ghq;F Ma;T :vOkhwhf njupT nra;ag;gl;l 1400 nghJkf;fsplk; 14 ngg; 2006 6 khu;r; 2006 tiu NeUf;F neu; Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. Nfs;tpfn ; fhj;J mbg;gilapy; mDgt];juu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

91

t of ;f i K w;Ng h Lt j py ; e Pq ;f s ; v j ph; n f hs ;S k ; g pur ;r i d f s ; v i t ?

8.1

7.4

7.6

7

7.2

8

7.6

7.7

Delays in legal proceding

8

Lock of knowledge in HR & FR

10

6.8

6 %

4

Construction in the low

Lock of support form peers

Lock of support form Public

Political Influence

Lock of training

Lock of resource

0

Lock of support form higher ranking of ficers

2

jw;NghJ Nghf;Ftuj;J fl;Lg;ghLfspy; gy nghyp]hu; <Lgl;L tUfpdw ; hu;fs;. rpy r%fj;jpdu;fSk; njhz;lu;fshf ,g;Nghf;Ftuj;J fl;Lg;ghl;L gpupTf;F ,izf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd MNyhrid $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;NghJ ,tu;fsJ nghWg;G kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL rk;ge;jkhd Nfs;tp vOfpdw ; J. rptpy; r%fj;jpdiuAk; nghyp]hiuAk; ,izf;Fk; ,j;jpll ; k; ngWkjp kpff ; J vdpDk; xOf;fk;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; kw; W k; gz toq; f s; vd; g it njhlu; g py; ftdk; nrYj; j Ntz;bAs;sJ.

6.4. kdpj cupik J\; g puNahfk;

kdpj cupikfspd; tsu;rr ; p> Clfj;Jiwapd; ntspgg ; hL vd;gd fle;j fhyq;fspy; nghyp]hupd; gyNtW J\;gpuNahfq;fis ntspf; n fhzu; f pd; w J. 24 ,jpy; ftiyg; g lj; j f; f tplakhdJ nghyp]hupd; ek; g pf; i fahdJ kdpj cupik jhgdq; f s; msTf;fjpfkhf ebf;fpd;wd vdTk;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l mstpyhd Jd;GWj;jy; mtrpakhdNj vdTk; fUJfpdw ; du2; 5. 42.7% nghyp]hupd; xUtifapy; cld;gl;ldu; 24.8% khd nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; kdpj xusTf; F kP w g; g Ljy; cupikfs; mDkjpf; f $baJ vdTk; > r%fj;jpw;F ,j;jF gpui[ gaq;fukhdtu; vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;ldu;. kw;Wk; 59.2% khNdhu; jplkhf cld;gl;ldu;. 24.2% khNdhu; rpytifapy; cld;gl;ldu;. Vnddpy; r%fj;ij ghJfhg;gjd; %yk; kdpj cupikfs; ghJfhf;fg;glyhk; vd;gjhdhyhFk;.

24.cjhuzj;jpw;F ,uz;lhtJ mtru ghJfhg;G njupT rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay; cupik njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr kfhehL kw;Wk; Jd;GWj;jYf;F vjpuhd kfhehL 25.Njrpa kdpj cupik Mizf;FO kw;Wk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO vt;nwdpDk; nghyp]py; jLj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;Nshu; njhlu;gpy; vOj;J %y mwpfi ; f ngWjYld; tplaq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; Jd;GWj;jy; njhlu;gpy; mwpfi ; fapl Ntz;Lk;.

92

6.4.1. Jd; G Wj; j Yk; jLj; J itj; j Yk; gy;NtW tifahd Clfq;fs; rpiwf;ifjpfspd; rpiwapy; kuzk; > kw; W k; Jd; G Wj; j y; f s; njhlu; g py; mwpf; i ffis ntspapl;Ls;sJ26. kpf mz;ikapy; “fpuhl; ngNuuh vjpu; ykh N`thNf” tof;fhdJ Jd;GWj;jy; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis ntspfn ; fhzu;eJ ; s;sJ. gpej ; pa tof;nfhd;wpy; ,uz;L thiog;go rPgG ; fis fsthbaikf;fhf ifJ nra;J rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;l xUtu; jhf;fg;gl;ljd; fhuzkhf ,we;jhu;. ,jw;Fk; Nkyhf nghyp]hUk; jfty; f is kw; W k; tpguq; f s; cWjpg; g Lj; j pf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Jd;GWj;jy; epfo;fpdw ; J vd xg;Gf;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. vj;jifa nghyp]; ju mjpfhupfSk;> xU re;Njf egiu ,wf;Fk; tiu jhf;Fjy; vd;gJ Jd;GWj;jy; tifapdjhFk;. mjpfhuj;ij ghtpg; g jw; h d vy; i y vq; F Fwpg; g plg; g l; L s; s J vdpy; mnrsfupag;gLj;jy;> F&ukhd fPoj ; j ; ukhd cgruiz vd;gjhFk;. ,J nghJthf Nghjpa gapw;rp ,d;ikahYk;> nghyp]pYk; Fw;wthspAk; ,uhZtkag;gLj;jg;gl;ljd; tpisthf Vw;gl;ljhFk;. gy nghyp]; cau; mjpfhupfs; kdpj cupik mZFKiw fhuzkhf Fw;wthspfs;> Fw;wk; nra;tjpy;; Fiwe;jtu;fsh? vd Nfs;tp vOg;Gfpd;wdu;27. fle; j gytUq; f shf nghyp]{k; mikjpapd; i kia cUthf;Fk; FOthf cs;sJ. 1983k; Mz;L ehL ,d td;nraYf;F cs;shd NghJ nghyp]hu; mikjpapd ; i ; kf;F fhuzkhd FOtpduhf fhzg;gl;ldu;. ,j;jifa eltbf;iffSk; r%fj;jpy; gpujpgypff ; g;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. 42.3% khd nghyp]hu; Fwpg;gpLtjhtJ nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; rpwpjsNtDk; cz; i kfisAk; > rhl; r pfisAk; nfhz;LtUtjw;F VJthf Jd;GWj;jy; ghtpff ; Ntz;bAs;sjhf Fwpgg ; plL ; s;sdu;.; ,d;W mKypy; cs;s gaq;futhj jLg;G rl;lk; re;Njf egu;fs; kPJ Fw;wk; Rkj;jp ePzl ; ehl;fs; ed;whf Jd;GWj;jp rpyNtis ePjpkd;wj;jpy; M[uhf;fhJ itj;Js;sdu;. kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FO ,j;jifa tplaq;fis Rl;bf;fhl;b ,itNa ,duPjpahd ghFghl;bw;Fk;> vjpupfis NkYk; cUthf;Ftjw;F fhuzkhFk; vd fUj;J $wpAs;sdu;. nghyp]hUk; Fw;wthspfis fhg;ghw;Wtjw;F fpuhkj;J jiytu;fSf;F gf;fr;rhu;ghf ele;J nfhs;tjd; %yk; rktha;gG ; tpjpfis kPwpAs;shu;fs;. ,J nghyp]; fhupahyaj;jpy; ngupjstpy; ,lk;ngWfpdw ; J. ,JNt mz;ikapy; ,lk;ngw;w kjf;fytuj;Jf;F fhuzkhFk;. ,r;rk;gtj;jpy; gy fpwp]j ; t Myaq;fspy; ,Ue;J 26. AHRC 2001 mwpfi ; f 31 tof;Ffs; nghyp]huhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Jd;GWj;jy;fs; njhlu;gpy; 46 Fw;wthspfs; 29 nghyp]; epiyaq;fspypUe;J > cupikfs; = yq;fh Jd;GWj;jy; 27. Jd;GWj;jy; mjpfupjJ ; s;sjh my;yJ gj;jpupfi ; ffs; kpifg;gLj;Jfpdw ; dth vd $WtJ fbdk;

93

njupate; j jhtJ> mtu; f s; jq; f Sf; F s; s mr; R Wj; j y; f is nghyp]hUf; F njuptpj; J k; nghyp]; vJtpj eltbf; i fAk; vLf;ftpyi ; y vd;gjhFk;. ,ijtpl rpygFjpapy; cs;s nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; fpwp];jt Myaq;fs; vupAz;ljhf mwptpf;fg;gl;l epiyapYk; mtu;fs; rk;gt ,lj;jpwF ; tUif jutpyi ; y vd;gjhFk;.28 Jd;GWj;jy;> kw;Wk; Vida kdpj cupik kPwy;fs; nghJthf cau; ePjpkd;wpy; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gLk; kdpj cupik tof;FfspNyNa Nfl;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;fpdw ; J.29 ,t;thwhd re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; rl;lkh mjpgu; jpizf;fsk; nghyp]hUf;F rhu;ghf ePjpkd;wpy; M[uhtjpyi ; y vd nfhs;if tFj;Js;sJ.,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf nghyp]hu; Jd;GWj;jy; rl;lg;gpupTf;Fs;Sk; Fw;wthspfshf fhzg;gLthu;fs;30. rpy tof;Ffs; ,e; j g; gpupTfSf; F s; cs; t hq; f g; g l; L s; s d. vt; t hnwdpDk; mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy; ,e;j gpupTf;$lhf njhlug;gLk; tof;Ffs; mjpfupjJ ; s;sd. nghyp]; kw;Wk; ,uhZt ghJfhg;gpy; ,Uf;Fk; ngz;fs>; kPJ Nfh\; b gyhj; f huk; > kw; W k; nfhiyfSf; F > cl;gLtjhf gy Kiwg;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpdw ; d31.

Jd;GWj;jy; njhlu;gpyhd tof;Ffs; Nkw;nfhs;s jdpahd Jd;GWj;jy; gpupT mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpwF ; cjhuzkhf rl;lkh mjpgu; jpizf; f sj; j py; Jd; G Wj; j y; gpupT cs; s J. ,jpy; Rthu];akhdJ vd;dntdpy; ,e;j gpupT jdpahdjhf fhzg;gbDk; ,jw;F epue;ju cj;jpNahfj;jpd; vtUk; ,y;yhjNjhL> gpuj;jpNaf fhupahyak; ,y;iy. ,g;gpuptpd; flikahw;Wk; rfy cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSk; Vida mjpfhupfs; Nghd;Nw jq;fs; flikia njhlu;fpdw ; hu;fs;. ,e;j gpupT Muk;gpff ; g;gl;L cs;sJ ntWkNd kdpj cupik Mizf;FOit jpUg;jp gLj;j my;yJ Jd;GWj;jiy Fiwj;jy; vDk; trdj;jpwF ; mikthf vDk; Nfs;tp vOfpdw ; J. vy;yh re;ju;gg ; q;fspYk; Jd;GWj;jYf;F vjpuhd rl;lghJfhg;G cs;sJ. vt;thnwdpDk; nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fshy; kPwg;gLk; rl;lkPwy;fs; rpyNtis kdpj cupik Mizf;FOtpy; eilngwpDk;> rl;lkh mjpgu; jpizf;fsk; nghyp]hNu ,j;jifa tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd fUJfpwJ. ,jd; fhuzk; kdpj cupik kPwYf;fhd fhuzq;fis tpsf;fkhf fz;lwptjw;fhFk;33. ,e;j gpur;rpidahdJ gy;NtW re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; cj;jpNahf G+ut ; mwpfi ; fapy; 34 khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;jp tpLfpdw ; J .

28. IBID 29. rl;l ,y 48 - 1979 30. Jd;GWj;jy; rl;lj;jpwF ; vjpuhd kfhehL 7 tUl f^opa rpiwj;jz;lid 10 tUlj;jpwF ; Kd; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;bUg;gpDk; ,Utu; kl;LNk jz;bf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.

31. ru;tNjr MAj rl;lk; ghJfhtypy; fw;gopff ; g;gly; = yq;fh 2001 32. njhlUk; ebghfk; muR mDruid td;nray;fs; ,yq;if lst kPsg ; jpgG ; v.15 33. IBID 34. Nfkrpup Fkhu fy;Njuh tof;F

94

nghyp]; jpizf;fsk; ,j;jF ghu;itapy; ngUk;ghYk; xJf; f g; g l; L s; s J. Vida gFjpfs; Nghyy; y hJ nghyp]hu; rk;gtq;fspy; jd;ikia czuhjtu;fs; md;W> nghyp]py; cs;s cau; k l; l j; j pdUk; kdpj cupik epWtdq; f s; ajhu; j ; j G+ut ; kw;wtu;fs; vdTk;> rpy tifahd Jd;GWj;jy;fSk; tprhuizf;F mtrpankdTk; fUJfpd; w hu; f s; . ,jw; F fhuzk; ahnjdpy; ,g;gFjpia nghUj;jstpy; Nghjpa gapwr ; p ,d;ikAk;> r%ftpaw; mZFKiwfspy; jifik ,d;ikAk; Fw;wtpay; rk;ge;jkhd gapwr ; pfs; NghjpasT ,d;ikahFk;.

6.4.2. fl; l hakhf fhzhkw; Nghjy; ,dNkhjy; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; mikjpapdi ; kAld; fl;lhakhf my;yJ typikg;gLj;jpa fhzhkw; Nghjy; Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; gue;jstpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. nghyp]; kw;Wk; ,uhZt Rw;wptisg;G %yk; ifJ nra;ag;gLgtu;fs; jpUk;gp tUtjpyi ; y vDk; Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; gue;jstpy; cs;sd 35. ,it mtrufhy epiyapd; ngaupy; ,lk;ngWk; nraw; g hl; L Rw; w ptiyg; G fhuzkhFk; . ,r; r l; l %yk; ifJ nra;ag;gLgtu;fs; cwtpdu;fshy; ghu;gg ; jw;F mDkjpf;fg;glyhk; vd $wg; g bDk; nghyp]huplkpUe; J ,t; t pjp rk; g e; j khd Mf;fG+u;tkhd jfty;fs; cwtpdu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLtjpyi ; y.

Fw;wg;Gydha;T jpizf;fsk; jw;NghJ fhzhkw; Nghdtu;fis fz;Lgpbj;jy; gpupT (DIU) vd jdpahd gpupT xd;wpidAk; rl;lkh mjpgu; jpizf;fsk; jtwpa egu;fspd; gpupT vd (MPU) jdpahd gpupTfis ];jhgpj;Js;sJ. vt;thnwdpDk; ,jd; tprhuiz mjpfhupfs; Rje; j pukw; w tu; f s; vd; g NjhL 1998 Kjy; MPU fhzkw;Nghdtu;fspd; 9 tplaq;fspy; kl;LNk fz;Lgpbj;J Fw;wk; Rkj; j pAs; s J. MPU f; f hd tprhuidfis DIU gpupNt Nkw;nfhs;fpdw ; J. ,g;gpupT nghyp]huhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l gpupthFk;. ,g;gpupthdJ gpuptpid Rje;jpukhf ,aq;f Ntz;ba mtrpak;; cs;sJ. ,jd;NghJ kdpj cupik Mizf;FO ,g;gpupit fz;fhzpff ; KbAk;.

Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FO vt;thnwdpDk; ePjpkd;wpwF ; Neupilahf nry;yKbahJ. 6.4.3. FNuhj Kiwapyhd rl; l j; j pw; F l; g Lj; j y; mg;ghtp nghJkf;fs; kPJ FNuhjKiwapyhd rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gLj;jYk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ 36 . vt;thnwdpDk; rpy tof;Ffspy; nghyp]; vt;tifapYk; Jd;GWj;jYf;fhd fhuzp ,y;yhtpbDk; typeJ ; rpyFw;wr;rhl;Lfis Rkj;Jthu;fs;37.

35. rpqf ; uhrh tof;F ghu;itaplTk; 36. ,e;j mwpfi ; fapd; ngWkjpia kjpgg ; pLtJ fbdk; mj;Jld; ,J fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; vjidAk; ntspfn ; fhzutpyi ; y.

37. jp]] ; Fkhu tof;F

95

6.5. nghyp]; r%f cwTKiw

r%fj;jpy; nghyp]hupd; gq;F eLepiy tfpg;gjhFk; 38 . nghJkf;fspd; cjtp ,d;wp nghyp]hu; vj;jifa eltbf;ifAk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glKbahJ. rl;lj;ijAk; xOq;fpidAk; epiyehl;LtjpYk;> Fw;wj;ij jLg;gjhYk; nghyp]; nghJkf;fs; cwT ,d;wpaikahjJ. jfty; Nrfupg;gjhdJ> kpf cau;kl;l mstpyhd nghJkf;fs; ek;gpfi ; fAld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Fw;wq;fis jLg;gjpy; nghJkf;fspd; xj;Jiog;G ,d;ik vd;gJ nghyp]; kPjhd ek;gpfi ; fapy; Vw;gl;l ghjpgG ; vd Njrpa 39 nghyp]; Mizf;FO fUJfpwJ. ,isQu; mikjpapdi ; k fhuzkhf 1970y; Vw;gl;l MAj Kuz;ghL fle;j fhyq;fspy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l fyhr;rhu gupzhkj;ij ,y;yhnjhopjJ ; nghJkf;fspd; tpUg;Gf;F Nenujpuhf khwpaJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; nghyp]hu; njhlu;gpyhd nghJkf;fspd; fz;Nzhl;lk; vg;NghJk; kpfTk; jho;e;j epiyapNyNa cs;sJ vdyhk;. vLj;jjw;nfy;yhk; Fiw nrhy;Yk; rpyu; ,yq;ifg; nghyp]; gapwr ; pf; fy;Y}up khw;wq;fSf;F jk;ik cs;thq;fpf; nfhs;stpyi ; y vd $Wfpdw ; du;40. nghyp]f ; huu;fs; kdpj czu;Tfspd; NjitfSf;F tif$w $basT gapwr ; p ngwtpyi ; y vd $wg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ nghyp]; kf;fsJ Njitfis mwpeJ ; ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. ,it miof;Fk; NghJ Fw;wk; rk;ge;jkhd tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhz;L my;yJ Fw;wj;NjhL njhlu;GgLj;jp ,yf;if mila KbahJ. gy;NtW tifahd Muk;g Kaw;rpfs; nghyp]; nghJkf;fs; cwit Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jw;fika ,uj;jpfGup khtl;lj;jpy; v`ypanfhl kw;Wk; FUtpww ; gpuNjrq;fspy; ,jw;fhd Kd; Kaw;rpfs; jw;NghNj vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd41. ,J r%f tpopgG ; zu;it r%ff; FOf;fs; %ykhf Vw;gLj;jp vt;thW jkJ mayhiu Nerpgg ; J vd;gJ gw;wpa fy;tpA+l;ly; epfo;rr ; pahFk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf FUtpww ; gpuNjrj;jpy; Fw;wr;nray;fs; rpwpjsT Fiwe;J ,Ug;gjhf nghyp]; kh mjpgu; re;jpuh ngu;dz;Nlh mtu;fs; Fwpgg ; pLfpdw ; hu;. ,g;gapwr ; p ntw;wpaspfF ; khapd; ehnlq;fpYk; ,j;jifa tpopgG ; zu;T FOf;fs; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd nghyp]; jpizf;fsk; jpll ; kpLfpwJ42.

38. G.H. ,e;jujhr xa;Tngw;w 3.50 nghyp]pfF ; cs;s nghWg;Gf;fs; > “rpNdu;[p ,d; GS” - xa;T ngw;w rpNu\;l nghyp]; mjpfhup rq;f ntspaL P 2004 P.28 39. mrpy];t N[hrg; S.S.P. (G+r;rpa nghWik) xa;T ngw;w rpNu\;l nghyp]; mgptpUj;jp rq;f ntspaL P 2004 P.18 40. G.H. ,e;jujhr xa;Tngw;w 3.50 nghyp]pfF ; cs;s nghWg;Gf;fs; > “rpNdu;[p ,d; GS” - xa;T ngw;w rpNu\;l nghyp]; mjpfhup rq;f ntspaL P 2004 P.28 41. FOjpd n`l;bahuhr;rp - Fw;wj;jpd; mrpqf ; khd ,yf;Ffs; - rz;Nl ilk;]; 29.08.2004 42. FOjpd n`l;bahuhr;rp - Fw;wj;jpd; mrpqf ; khd ,yf;Ffs; - rz;Nl ilk;]; 29.08.2004

96

Fwpg; g pl; l tplakhdJ nghyp]hNuhL njhlu; G ila ngUk;ghyhNdhu; jhq;fs; cjtpaw;wtu;fshfNt fUJfpwhu;fs;. ,tu;fisj; jtpu rpiwf;F nrd;wtu;fSk;> jLj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;stu;fSk; ,t;thNw fUJfpwhu;fs;. nghyp]hNuhL njhlu;Gs;s ifJ nra;ag;gl;Ls;s > fUj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;stu;fis ngUk;ghd;ikNahu; (42.2%) nghyp]; khw;wKwtpyi ; y vdTk; 26.8% khNdhu; mtu;fis nghyp]; ifJnra;Ak; vd;Wk; mNj Ntis 8.9% khNdhu; jhk; ngsjPf uPjpahf Jd;GWj;jg;gLthu;fs; vd;Wk; $Wfpdw ; du;. nghyp]; nghJkf;fSld; ey;y cwit NgZk; epiyapy; mtu;fs; ghupa mstpy; Fw;wk; Rkj;jhJ mtu;fs; jhk; Fw;wthspfs; vd jkf;Nf jPug ; g ; spjJ ; k;> Fw;wk; vr;r%fj;jpwF ; k; kdpj RghtkhdJ vdNw Fwpgg ; pLfpwhu;fs;. nghyp]; ifJ> jLj;Jitj;jypy; NghJ mtu;fs; tpUk;gpa nkhopapy; Nritfs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;gG ; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. jq;fsJ gpur;rpidfis Fwpgg ; pltjw;F Nghjpa msT Neuk; toq;fg;glhik vd;gJ ghupa mstpy; nghyp]; kPjhd jpUg;jpapdi ; kia fhl;Lfpdw ; J.

97

07. Kiwahd FiwghLfs; nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpd; FiwghLfs; rk;ge;jkhf MuhAk; NghJ nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpd; mjpfhupfspd; juk; rk;ge;jkhfNt MuhaNtz;bAs;sJ. gapwr ; p> Nkw;ghu;it kw;Wk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s Vida tsq;fs;> ntFkjpfs;> Coy; jLg;G rk;ge;jkhf toq;fg;gl;l Cf;FtpgG ; fs;> cau;kl;lk; gaKWj;jp rk;kjpff ; nra;jy;> Vida jpizf;fsq;fspy; cs;s> mur epWtdq;fspd; Coy; ghjpgG ; fs; ,itNahL njhlu;GiladthFk;.

7.1 Ntiytha; g ; G fs; 7.1.1. fhd; ] ; l gps; f s;

fhd;]l ; gps; xUtu; (ngsjPf kw;Wk; Vida Njitfs; jtpu) 18-30 tajpw;Fl;gl;ltuhfTk;> f.ngh.j. (rh/j)y; 06 ghlq;fspy; rpj;jpaile;jtuhfTk; mit ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;glhj mku;Tfspy; ngwg;gl;ljhfTk;> ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;Ws; fzpjk; nkhop ,uz;L ghlq;fs; cl;gl Kjy; mku;tpy; fl;lhak; 5 ghlq;fspy; rpjj ; pngw;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gy;NtW re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; nghyp]; fhd;]l ; gpsN ; s nghJkf;fis re;jpf;fpd;w KjyhtJ cWg;gpdu; Mthu;. nghypi] gw;wpa ey;ygpg;gpuhaq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; nghJkf;fs; kj;jpapy; nghyp]; fhd;]l ; gpspy; ,Ue;Nj ngwg;gLfpdw ; J. gy re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; nghyp]; fhd;];lgps;Ns tprhuidapy; ngUksT tjpgq;F cilatu;fshthu;. MfNtjhd; nghyp]f ; hd;]g ; psf ; Sf;F NghjpasT gapwr ; p toq;fg;gLjy; mtrpakhfpwJ. f.ngh.j rhjhuzjuj;jpwF ; Nkyjpfkhf ,tu;fSf;F cstpay; rk;ge;jkhd guPli ; r xd;Wk; mtrpak; vd jw; N ghJ MNyhrid toq; f g; g l; L s; s J. ,e;jg;guPli ; rahdJ Rje;jpukhdjk; gpur;rpid jPuT ; jpwd;fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL ,J Fwpg;gpl;lsTf;F ntspg;gilahf ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;. ,J guPlr ; hu;jj ; pia rk;ge;jg;gl;l kl;by; mutJ FLk;g gpzz ; dp > mtuJ mz;ikf;fhy eltbf;iffs;> mtuJ Rghtk; > xOf;fk; rk;ge;jkhdij cs;slf;fpajhfTk;> cau;thd jd;ikAk;> cau; juhjuKk;> cilatuhfTk; ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;.

98

7.1.2. cjtp ,d; ] ; n gf; l u; f s; cjtp ,d;]n ; gf;lu; xUtu;( ngsjPf kw;Wk; ghu;it Njitfs; jtpue ; j ; ) 18-35 taJilatuhfTk;> f.ngh.j. rh/j 6 ghlq;fs; xNu mku;tpy; rpjj ; paile;jtu;fshfTk; mtw;Ws; fzpjk;> nkhop cl;gl 4 ghlq;fspy; jpwikr;rpjj ; pAk; ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;. mj;Jld; f.ngh.j. c/j tFg;gpy; rpjj ; paile;jpUj;jYk; mtjhdpff ; g;gLfpdw ; J. 7.1.3. cjtp nghyp]; mj; j pal; r fu; f s; cjtp nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu; xUtu; (ngsjPf kw;Wk; ghu;it Njitfs; jtpu;e;j) 22-26 tajpw;F cl;gl;ltu;fshfTk; ey;y gof;ftof;fq;fs; cila gl;ljhupahjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf rfy ju mjpfhupfSk; xU vOj;J guPli ; rf;F Njhw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjpug ; hu;ff ; g;gLtJld; tha;%y guPli ; r xd;wpwF ; k; Njhw;w Ntz;Lk;.

7.1.4. FiwghLfs; cjtp nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu;fs; jtpue ; j ; > Vida gjtpfSf;fhd fy;tpj; juhjuq;fs; mtu;fspd; gjtpfF ; upadty;y. f.ngh.j. rh/j rpjj ; pailjy; ghupa rthYf;Fupajy;y. mJ ,d;Dk; mjp$ba mstpy; Qhgfj;jpy; itj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; kPs; cw;gj;jp nra;jYk; MFk;. f.ngh.j. rh/j guPl;ir jw;NghJ khztu;fspd; jpwikiaAk; gFj;jha;T nra;tjw;Fk; gpur;rpid jPuT ; f;Fk; cupadthf ,y;iy vd;W thjplg;gLfpwJ. fhd;]l ; gps;fspd; epakd tplaj;jpy; mtu;fsJ nghJrd njhlu;G> njhlu;ghly;> mtu;fsJ Ez;zwpT jpwd; gw;wp mwptjw;F top Vw;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. ,j;Njitfs; epakdq;fspd; NghJ KOikahf ftdpjJ ; Muhag;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;epakdq;fspd; NghJ csr;rhu;G guPli ; r my;y Ez;kjp guPl;ir> nghJr; rhjhuz guPl;irfspy; rpj;jp mile;jtu;fNs ,g;guPli ; rf;F Njhw;Wtjw;F tpzz ; g;gpff ; yhk;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf fhd;]l ; gpsf ; s; gapwr ; p %ykhf ngwg;gLk; mDgtq;fis r%fj;jplk; gfpue ; J ; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. toq;fg;gl;l mwpf;ifapd;gb csr;rhu;G guPl;ir my;yJ Ez;zwpT guPli ; r> nghJr;rhjhuz guPli ; r Nghd;w guPli ; rfs; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. khw;W eltbf;ifahf gapwr ; p nrayku;Tfs; njhlu;rr ; pahf elj;jg; ngwy; Ntz;Lk;.

99

7.2. nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jhy; toq;fg;gLk; cjtpfs;

7.2.1. Nkw; g hu; i t jw;Nghija nghyp]; xOq;fikg;gpy; cau;kl;l Nkw;ghu;it toq;fg;gly; mtrpakhFk;. 1970k; Mz;L grehaf;f mwpfi ; fahdJ fhupahya gjpT mwpfi ; ffs; Kiwg;gb Ngzg;glhJ Nkw;ghu;it fl;likg;G rPuF ; iye;Js;sjhf $Wfpdw ; J43. nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpd; rpNu\;l cWg;gpduhd nghyp]; gapwr ; p fy;Y}upia Nru;ej ; xUtiu Neu;fhzy; nra;j NghJ ,tu; Fwpgg ; pll ; jhtJ nghyp]; epiyaq;fspy; nghyp]hupd; Njit msTf;F mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy; Nkw;ghu;itapy; kw;Wk; njhlu; nrayku;Tfs; Kd; Vw;ghLfSld; nra;tJ tPor ; r ; p mile;Js;sjhf Fwpgg ; pll ; hu;.

95.8 % tP j khd nghyp]hu; jhq; f s; Nkw; g hu; i t nra;ag;gLtjhf Fwpgg ; pll ; du;. 81.5% khNdhu; jw;NghJs;s Nkw;ghu;it jpll ; k; jpUg;jpfukhdJ vd njuptpjj ; du;. ,e;j fz;Nzhl;lkhdJ Neu; f hzy; nra; a g; g l; l cau; mjpfhupfisg; gfpu; e ; J nfhs;sg;gltpyi ; y. 48.36% khd nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb nghyp]hu; jq;fs; mjpfhuq;fis J\;gpuNahfk; nra;Ak; mNjNtis Nkw;ghu;it ,d;ik fhuzkhf xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjpyi ; y vd Fwpgg ; plL ; cs;sdu;. ,J cz;ik Vnddpy; xU rpW mstpyhd Nkw;ghu;itNa ,lk;ngWfpdw ; J. ,jpy; ftdpff ; g;gl;lJ ahnjdpy; Nkw;ghu;it NghJkhdjy;y vd;gJld; rpNu\;l nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; NghJkhd msT xOf;fj;ij mKy;gg ; Lj;j tpyi ; y vd;gjhFk;. ,yq;ifapd; tuT nryT gjpNtl;by; xJf;fg;gLk; epjpapy; ghupastpyhdJ rl;lj;ij mKyhf;Ftjw;Fk;>nghJkf;fs; kw;Wk; mur ghJfhg;G mjpfkhfTk; kpfTk; nrhw;g njhif eput ; hfj;jpwF ; k;> 44 jhgd NritfSf;Fk; xJf;fg;gLfpwJ . ,J xU FiwtpUj;jp mZFKiwahFk;. murhq;fkhdJ nghyp]hUf;F gapwr ; pAk; kPs; mgptpUj;jpfF ; khf $basT %yjdj;ij ,Ltjd; %yk; vj;jifa khw; w q; f isAk; > mgptpUj; j pfisAk; nghyp]; jpizf; f sk; cs;thq;ff; $bajhf ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;. ngUk;ghyhd Nkw;ghu;it mjpfhupfs;> gpuKfu;fspd; ghJfhg;G Nritf;F ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; mtu;fs; Nkw;ghu;it gzpfspy; <LgLtjpy;iy. (vt;thnwdpDk; ,d;iwa ehl;L epiyapy; kpf mjpfkhd cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; mtrpag;gLfpwhu;fs;) kw;nwhU tifapy; murpay; t hjpfs; mjpfhupfis Ntiy nra; a htpbDk; ey; y mwpfi ; ffis rku;gg ; pfF ; khW $wpAs;s ,ufrpak; ntspgg ; Lj;jg;gl;lJ. 43.gUtr; nra;jp xxI-1970 ,Wjp mwpfi ; f nghyp]; fkp\d; [{iy 1970 grehaf;f fkp\d; mwpfi ; f (m.m.jp) 44. ,izg;G 01 ghupa TISL nghyp]; jpizf;fs nytpid kjpgg ; L P

100

7.2.2. xOf; f k; nghyp]; epiyaj;jpy; xOf;fj;jpd; jukhdJ Nkhrkhf tP o ; r ; r paile; j s; s ik njspthdjhFk; . khjpup Ma; t py; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; nghyp]; mjpfhupfspd; Nkyhd elj;ij njhlu;gpy; 29.3% khd jpUg;jpailahj mNjNtis ,tw;wpw;F fhuzk; xOf; f hw; W eltbf; i ffs; G+uzkhf mKy; g Lj; j hikAk; > jukhdtu;fs gjtpfF ; epakpff ; g;glhikAk; vd fUj;J njuptpjj ; du;.45 xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffs; Fwpgg ; plg;gl;L ,Ug;gpDk; mit Kiwahf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gltpyi ; y vd;gNj fUj;jhFk;. ngUk;ghyhd mjpfhupfs; jq;fsJ fdp\;l mjpfhupfspd; xOf;fj;jpy; ntWg;Gld; fhzg;gl;ldu;. mtu;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb ,e;j fdp\l ; mjpfhupfSf;F NtW gy ntsp mjpfhupfs; ,Ug;gjhfTk;> ,tu;fs; kPJ vLf;fg;gLk; xOf;fhw;W eltbf;if fhuzkhf murpay;thjpfspd; Kuz;ghl;il rk;ghjpff ; j;jf;f tpjj;jpy; ,tu;fspd; iffs; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ vd Fwpgg ; pLfpwhu;fs;. ,J ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tFg;gpduhd mjpfhupfs; FOit cUthf;FtJld; ,tu;fs; jq;fs; ,\;lg;gb ,aq;fTk;> gjtpAau;Tf;F ghj;jpukhdtu;fshfTk; cUthf;fg;gLfpwdu;46.

7.2.3. gapw; r p gapwr ; pahdJ nghyp]; gapwr ; pf; fy;Y}upahYk; nghyp]; cau; gapwr ; p epWtdj;jpYk; elhj;jg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU fhd;]l ; gpSf;Fk; Muk;g gapwr ; pahdJ nkhopg; gapwr ; pAld; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. cau; gapwr ; p epWtdkhdJ gjtpAau;T ngWgtu;fs; njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. ,J cjtp ,d;];ngf;lu;fspy; ,Ue;J nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu; tiuapYkhFk;. xt;nthU nghyp]; mjpfhupf;Fk; ,uz;Lkhj fhy mwpKf nrayku;Tk; mit cWjpgg ; Lj;jg;gl;l gpd; eput ; hfk;> rl;lk; kw;Wk; rpwpa Kiwg;ghLfis ifahs;jy; njhlu;gpyhd gapwr ; pAk; toq;fg;gLk;.47 mjpfhupfs; Njrpa tpahghu Kfhikj;Jt epWtdj;jpwF ; gapwr ; pfF ; mDg;gg;gLthu;fs;. mj;NjhL rl;l cjtp kd;wj;jpd; Vw;ghl;by; Vida nghJ tpupTiufSf;Fk;> my;yJ nrayku;TfSf;Fk; mDg;gg;gLthu;fs;. xt;nthU tUlKk; cau; gapwr ; p epWtdk; kPsikf;Fk; gapwr ; pfis elhj;Jfpdw ; J48. ftdpff ; g;gl;l Rthu];akhd tplakhdJ cau; gapwr ; p epWtdk; cjtp ,d;]n ; gf;lu; juk; njhlf;fk; nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu; tiuapyhd mjpfhupfSf;Fk; kl;LNk gapwr ; p toq;Ffpdw ; J. nghJkf;fs; 45. rpNu\;l - nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; rkhjhdk; 46.rpNu\;l - nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; rkhjhdk; 47.NkYk; tpguq;fs; gapwr ; p mj;.4 mwpfi ; f 48.NkYk; tpguq;fs; mj;jpahak; 4 mwpfi ; f

101

vg;nghJk; fhd;];lgps;fs;> rhu;[d;l; juj;jpdUlNdNa ghupa njhlu;Gfis itj;Js;sdu;. fhd;]l ; gpsf ; s;> rhu;[d;l; khu;fSf;fhd gapw;rpfs; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. nghJthd MNyhridahdJ cau;kl;l mjpfhupfs;> fhd;]l ; gpsf ; s;> rhu;[d;l; ju mjpfhupfisNa mtu;fsJ epiyaj;jpNyNa gapw;Wtpj;J Nkw;ghu;it nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. gapwr ; pff ; hd xOq;Ftpjp Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gl;L xU rl;lf mikg;gpw;Fs; njhlu;r;rpahd epiyag; gapw;rpfs; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.49 rpNu\;l mjpfhupfs; mjpf Ntiyg;gS fhuzkhf nghyp]; epiyaq;fspy; ,Ug;gjpyi ; y. ,J eilKiw xOq;fpy; ghjpgi ; g Vw;gLj;JtJld; fdp\;l mjpfhupfs; Kiwahd gapw;rp ngw Kbahjtu;fshfpd;wdu5; 0.

7.2.4. tsq; f s; fs Ma; t hdJ tsg; g w; whf; F iw fhuzkhf nghyp]; nraw;ghl;by;; ghupa jil cs;sJ vd;gij ntsprr ; kplL ; f; fhl;baJ. gy;NtW re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; nghyp]; epiyaj;jpwF ; upa nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; NtW NtiyfSf;F 51 mDg;gg;gLtjhy; mtu;fshy; jq;fs; gzpia nrt;tNd Mw;w Kbatpyi ; y. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf mtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; Bry; mytd;]; xNu Neuj;jpy; KOikahd Nuhe;J eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;s jilahf fhzg;gLfpwJld; njhiyNgrp miog;Gfspy; tUk; Kiwg;ghLfs; ftdpff ; KbahJs;sJ. nghyp]; kh mjpgu; mjpfkhd Nkhl;lhu; igf; Njitnad mwptpj;J ,Ue;jhYk; mtw;wpd; nraw;ghL gpur;rpidfs; jPuf ; F ; kh? vd;gJ jw;Nghija #oypy; $wKbahJs;sJ. Fw;wg;Gydha;T gpupT> kw;Wk; Fw;wj;jLg;G gpupTf;F NghjpasT tsq;fs; ,d;ik vd;gJ ftiyf;Fupa tplakhFk;. cjhuzkhf DNA gupNrhjidf;F trjpfs; ,d;ik52. NkYk; ,yq;ifapYs;s ve; j nghyp]; epiyaj; j pYk; ; ,d; D k; Kiwg; g hLfs; gjpjy; Nghd;wtw;wpwF ; fzzp ghtidf;Fl;gLj;jg;gltpyi ; y. kw;nwhU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhtJ MAjf; FiwghlhFk;.nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; rpwpa Fw;wthspfs; njhlu;gpy; mOj;jk; nfhLf;ftpy;iy. ngUk;ghyhd Fw;wthspfs; MAjk; jupjj ; tu;fshfTk;> Nrit jhuu;fs; ,t; MAjq;fis ghtpgg ; jpy; kpfTk; Ez;jd;ik tha;ej ; tu;fshfTk; fhzg;gLfpdw ; hu;fs;.

49. rpNu\;l nghyp]; mjpgupd; mtjhdk; 50.gapwr ; pff ; hyj;jpy; Nritf;fhf mDg;gg;gLk; fhd;]l ; gpsf ; s;> NtiygSfhukhf fpukkhf jq;fs; gzpia Nkw;nfhs;s Kbtjpyi ; y.

51. ,J gpuKfu; ghJfhg;Gld; my;yJ NguzpAld; njhlu;Ggl;ljhFk;.

52. ,J Muk;g cau; Gydha;Tfs; mNj jilfis re;jpff ; Kbahky; cs;sJ.

102

vt;thnwdpDk; nghyp]; jpizf;fsk; ,j;jifa MAjq;fs; njhlu;gpy; NghjpasT gapw;rpAk; ,y;yhjNjhL mj;jifa MAjq;fSk; ,y;yhjtu;fshf cs;sdu; 53. ,j;jpizf;fsj;jpd; Njitia cr;rkl;lj;jpwF ; nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lkhapd; tprhuizfNshL njhlu;Gila rfy NjitfSk; etPd njhopyE ; l;g trjpfN ; fw;g> kiwe;Js;s fkuh> etPd gjpT nra;Ak; fUtp> Nghd;wtw;NwhL etPdgLj;jg;ggl;l fzdp xOq;Fk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd rpghu;R nra;ag;gLfpdw ; J. Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs; NkYk; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;baJld; Gyd;tprhuizfs; cWjpahfTk; ghJfhg;ghfTk; Kd;ndLj;J nry;yj;jf;f tifapy; ,j;jpizf;fsk; tYT+l;lg;glNtz;Lk;. nghyp]; jpizf;fsk; Gyd; tprhuidfspy; vjpu; N ehf; f pa ghupa jilahdJ nghyp]; thfdq; f spy; nghwpff ; g;gl;Ls;s “nghyp];” vDk; gjkhFk;. ,jid Fw;wthspfs; ed;F ,dq;fz;L nfhs;tJld; jg;gpjJ ; k; nrd;WtpLfpwu;fs;. vdNt ,jw;fikthf gy;NtW tifahd thfdq;fs; [Pg; Ntd; jtpue ; j ; it nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpwF ; kpfTk; ,urpakhf toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. kw;wtifapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J xOq;F Gydha;TfisAk;> Fw;w fz;Lgpbg;G mwpthspfis ,izf;Fk; gzpiaAk; Mw;w Ntz;Lk; vd vjpug ; hu;ff ; g;gLfpwJ. NkYk; ,e;j mjpfhupfSf;F njhlu;rr ; pahd gapw;rpf;Fk;> mtrpa NjitfSf;F cupa njhopy;El;g uPjpahd gapwr ; pfSk; toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

7.3 gpuKfu; f spd; ghJfhg; G k; tsq; f spy; FiwghLk; TISL epWtdj;jpy;54 elhj;jg;ngw;w Neu;fhzypy; ntspgg ; l;l ,ufrpakhdJ. nghyp]; epiyaq;fspy; Nghjpastpyhd kdpj tsq;fs; ,y;iy vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tplak; ahnjdpy; nghyp]; epiyaq;fspy; Fwpgg ; plL ; s;s nghyp]f ; huu;fspy; mjpfkhNdhu; gpuKfu;fspd; ghJfhg;G vDk; Nghu;itapy; NtW NritfSf;F mku;jj ; g;gLtjd; fhuzkhf mtu;fSf;F jq;fs; flikfis KOikahf nra;tjw;F Ntz;ba NghjpasT Neuk; fpilg;gjpyi ; y vd;gjhFk;. (tpN\lkhf ,d;iwa epiyapy; ehL vjpu;Nehf;Fk; vjpu;ghuhj jhf;Fjy;fs;) ngUk;ghyhd nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; ,af;f eltbf;ifapy; <LgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjhy; mtu;fSf;F nghyp]; epiyaj;jpy; Fwpgg ; pll ; Nkw;ghu;it tplaj;ij ftdpff ; KbahJs;sik ftdj;jpwF ; upa tplakhFk;.

53. ,q;F nghyp]hUf;F toq;fg;gLk; MAjq;fs; ve;jstpwF ; gpur;rpidfs; ifahs Kbfpdw ; d.

54. ,ufrpaj;jd;ikia ghJfhg;gjw;fhf %yq;fs; vLj;jhsg;gltpyi ; y

103

TISL elj;jpa Ma;tpy; NkYk; czug;gl;ljhtJ vt;thW xUtu; gpuKfu; xUtuhf fzpff ; g;gLfpwhu; vd;gNjahFk;. ,J gy;NtW tifapyhd tplaq;fSld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tplakhFk;. vt;thnwdpDk; ,jpy; ntspfn ; fhzug;gl Ntz;ba tplakhdJ gpuKfu;fSf;fhf nrytplg;gLk; ngUe;njhifg;gzk; 2001 Aj;jepWj;j xg;ge;jj;Jld; ghupastpy; Fiwtile;jJ. nghyp]; ghjPlb ; y; ngUe;njhifahd gzk; ,d;Dk; gpuKfu;fspy; ghJfhg;gpwN ; f gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

7.4. Vida jpizf; f sq; f spy; cs; s gpur; r pidfs;

7.4.1. murpaw; nry; t hf; F ,e;jpah> ghfp]j ; hd; Nghd;w ehLfisg; NghyNt ,yq;ifAk; murpay; nry;thf;F gpur;rpidia vjpu;Nehf;FfpwJ. murpay; nry;thf;F nghyp]; Jiwapy; NkNyhq;fp ,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhf nghyp]; Ntiyfspy; gy;NtW rpff ; y;fs; cUthfpdw ; J55. Neu;fhzypy; %yk; ngwg; g l; l ,ufrpakhdJ ngUk; g hyhd mjpfhupfs; ,lkhw;wj;jpwF ; gag;gLtjhfTk;> kw;Wk; rpNu\;l ju mjpfhupfs; fdp\;l ju mjpfhupfis xOf;fKld; elhj;j gag;gLtjhfTk; my;yJ rl;l eltbf;iffSf;F cl;gLj;jhikAk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Fw;wthspfspd; mr;RWj;jYf;F gae;NjahFk;.

7.4.2. ePjpr; Nrit kw;Wk; rl;lkh mjpgu; jpizf;fsk; nghyp]hu; kPJs;s ghupa Fw;wr;rhl;L mtu;fs; tpidj;jpwdw;wtu;fs; vd;gNjahFk;. nghJthd mgpg;gpuhak; Fw;wthspfis rl;lj;jpd; Kd; epWj;jhik kw;Wk; Fw;wj;ij jLf;fhik> kw;Wk; ePjp toq;fy; fhyjhkjk; vd;gd nghyp]; jpizf; f sj; j pd; tpidjpwdw; w jd; i kia fhl; L fpd; w J. vt;thnwdpDk; ngUk;ghyhd tof;Ffspy; rl;lj;jpd; jPuT ; fpilf;fg; ngWjypy; Vw;gLk; fhyjhkjk; murpd; rl;l xOq;fpYk; rl;lkh mjpgupd; jpizf;fs gzpKlq;fspYk; fhzg;gLfpdw ; J. ,it ,uz;Lk; mjpf Ntiyg;gStpid nfhz;bUf;fpdw ; d. vdNt vy;yh tof;FfSk; tof;fhlg;gl;ld my;yJ me;j Nfhitfs; %lg;gl;ld vd;gJ jdpahf nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpd; jtW my;y vd;gJ njspthfpdw ; J56.

A.H.R.C d; kpf mz;ikf; fhy Ma;thdJ nghyp]; mjpfhupfspd; tpidj;jpwdw;w jd;ikNa ngUk;ghyhd Gyd; tprhuizfSf;Fk;> tprhuiz mjpfhupfSf;Fk; ,ilNa ghupa ,ilntspNa cz;L gz;zpAs;sJ. mtu;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpw;Fk;> rl;l tiuQu; jpizf;fsj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; ,izg;G nraw;ghL Njhw;Wtpff ; g;gbd; tprhuizfspy; eprr ; ak; Gjpa jpUg;gk; xd;wpid Vw;gLj;Jk;. mj;NjhL rl;lkh mjpgu; jpizf;fsj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w mDgtkw;w rl;ljuzpfSk; juq;Fiwe;j rl;lg; thjq;fisNa Kd;itf;fpdw ; du;.

55. nghyp]; fl;lisr;rl;l gpupb\; fhyj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; ,J MSk; tu;ff ; j;jpwF ; cupaJ md;wp nghJkf;fSf;F cupjj ; hdjyy;. cz;ikahd gpujp ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk; ,d;Dk; CoYf;fhd toptiffs; css;d. ,J murpd; Vida epWtdq;fs; NghJkhd Rje;jpuk; toq;ftpyi ; y.

56. vq;fSila Neu;fhzy; vt;thnwdpDk; nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; Nfhitfs; %yk; my;yJ NghJkhd rhl;rpak; ,y;iy vDk; tpupTiu KbTWj;jg;gl;lhu;fs;.

104

8. Coiy xopg;gjw;fhf vLf; f g; g l; l eltbf; iffs; vy; y htpj jpizf; f sq; f Sk; tpNrlkhf nghyp]; jpizf;fsKk; tPor ; r ; pailtjw;F fhuzk; kypeJ ; fhzg;gLk; Coy; eltbf;iffshFk;. ,jw;F fhuzk; nghJthf jpizf;fq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Rje;jpukw;w jd;ikahFk;. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO ,e;jg;gpur;rpidfspd; jPuT ; f;fhfNt cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. vt;thnwdpDk; mJ ,aq;f njhlq;fpa fhyk; kpf ePz;lJ my;y vdpDk; nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb mJ ghupa khw;wq;fs; vjidAk; cUthf;ftpyi ; y vd;gNjhL mJ tpidj;jpwd; kpff ; jhAk; ,y;iy vd;gNj nghJthd mgpgg ; puhakhFk;. toikahd ed;F njupe;j Coy; tiffshd ,yQ;rk; toq;fy; vd;gd ghupa mstpy; Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vt;thnwdpDk; kf;fspy; 38.2% khd nghyp]hNuhL njhlu;Gila Nghf;Ftuj;J tpjpfis kPwpatu;fs; ifA+l;ly;fs; toq;Fgtu;fSk; kw;Wk; 7.0% khd nghyp]hNuhL Njrpa milahs ml;il> flTr;rl P L ; > kw;wk; rhujp mDkjpgg ; j;jpuk; njhlu;gpy; ,yQ;rk; toq;Fgtu;fs; Mtu;. ,t;thwhd rpwpa ,yQ;r tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; ,yQ;r Mizf;FO ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vt;thnwdpDk; mtu;fSf;F fpilf;fg;ngWk; epahakhd Kiwg;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; kl;LNk tprhuiz nra;a mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf ,d;ndhU tifahd Coy; nghyp]pd; Rje;jpu jd;ik ,d;ik fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpdw ; J. me;j CoiyAk; jtwhf tpsq;fpfn ; fhs;shJ mJTk; ,yQ;rj;ij Nghd;wNjahFk;. mJ NtWtifapyhd nry;thf;F nrYj;jYk; cwtpdUf;F rYif fhl;LjYkhFk;. ,J nghyp]huplk; ,Ue;J epiwa Nritfs; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l mstpdjhd nry;thf;F mtrpakhFk;. 61.3% khNdhu; ey;y Nritfis ngw Ntz;Lkhapd; murpay; nry;thf;F mtrpak; vd ek;Gfpdw ; du;. 61.7% khNdhu; rpwe;jJk; ey;y Nritia nghyp]plk; ngw Ntz;Lkhapd; jdpegu; njhlu;gpyhd nry;thf;F mtrpankd fUJfpwhu;fs;. 59.2% khNdhu; rpwe;j r%f me;j];J Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; 57.2% khNdhu; ifA+l;ly;fs; toq;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; fUJfpd;whu;fs;. Cth khfhzj;jpy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; ,j;jifa vJtpj nry;thf;Fk; mtrpak; ,y;iy vd fUJfpdw ; du;. ,e;j tbtpyhd Coy; my;yJ jw;NghJ fhzg;gLk; vj;jnthU ,af;fg;ghLk; Coiy jLg;gjw;F cjtkhl;lhJ. ,e;j #oypy; vq;F tsq;fs; myl;rpag; gLj;jg;gLfpwNjh mq;Nfjhd; Kjyplk; 105

nfhLf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ,jd;NghJ nry;thf;F cs;stu;fSf;F vd;W Kd;Dupikg; gLj;jf; $lhJ. ,J njd; Mgpupfhtpy; cs;sijg; Nghd;W nghUshjhu r%f me;j];Jf;F Vw;w epiyahFk;. ,e;j tplaq;fs; rktha;gg ; pid mbg;gilah nfhz;ljhFk;. tpN\lkhf itj;jparhiyfspy; vj;jF jd;ikahd Nehahspfs; cs;thq;fg;gLfpdw ; hu;fs;. ahu; ntspNaw;wg;gLfpdw ; hu;fs; vd;gijg; NghdwjhFk;. ,Nj tifapNyNa ve;j tof;Ffs; KbTWj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk; > vj;jifa tsq;fs; gpuNahfpff ; g;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd njspthd tpsf;fk; mtrpakhfpdw ; J. gpuKfu;fspd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; tpNrbf;fg;gl;l Gyd;tprhuidfspy; <LgLj;jf; $ba nghyp]hu; gw;wpa tpguq;fs; jahupff ; g;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j mj;jpahak; CoYf;F vjpuhd fl;likg;GfisAk; ,e;j tplaj;ij ntspf;nfhzu;tjw;fhfTk; vjpu;ghu;ff ; g;gLfpwJ. Coiy xopgg ; jw;fhf vLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;ifs; %d;W Muk;g fl;lq;fshf gpupff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ. tprhuizfs; Clhf ghJfhj;jy;> CoYf;fhd re;ju;gg ; q;fis Fiwg;gJld; fy;tpA+l;ly;fs; %yk; ghJfhj;jy; MFk;. ,e;j mj;jpahak; jw;NghJs;s nraw;ghl;L KiwfisAk; mjdJ tpidj;jpwidAk;> khw;wq;fs; vq;F Njit vd;gijAk; Muha;fpdw ; J. ,yq;ifapd; Coy; vjpug ; G ; fl;liikg;Gfs; gpujhdkhf ,yQ;r Mizf; F ONthLk; > Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf; F ONthLk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,yQ;r Mizf;FO gpujhdkhf Coiy ,yQ;rk; vDk; tbtpNyNa ntspfn ; fhzu Kaw;rpff ; pdw ; J. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpd; Rje;jpuj;jd;ikia epu;tfpg;gjd; %yk;> cwtpdu;fSf;F rYif fhl;Ljy; Nghd;w tifapyhd ,yQ;r Kiwia ntspfn ; fhzu Kaw;rpff ; pdw ; J. NkYk; nghyp]; kh mjpgu; mtu;fs; ghupa epu;thf gw;whf;Fiwia fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJld;.; mJ CoYf;F tpjj ; pLtjhfTk;> ,jid eput ; hf rPuj ; pUj;jj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; eptu;jj ; pf;f KbAk; vd fUJfpd;wu;167.

8.1. ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; Coy; vjpu;gG ; fl;likg;G

8.1.1. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf; F O ,yq; i f murpayikg; g pd; 17tJ jpUj; j j; j pw; f ika cUthf;fg;gl;lNj Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOthFk;. ,J 2001 k; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vdpDk; 2002k; Mz;Nl mKYf;F te;jJ. ,t; Mizf;FOthdJ epakdq;fs;> gjtpAau;Tfs;> ,lkhw;wq;fs;> 167. nghyp]; ghij tiuglk; Coy; mtru gpur;rpid vd;gij ntspf; nfhzutpyi ; y.

106

xOf;ff;fl;Lg;ghLfs; gjtpef P f ; q;fs; (nghyp]; kh mjpgiu jtpu)168 Nghd;wtw;wpy; mjpfhuKilajhFk;. jhgd eilKiwfis mDgtpgg ; Jld; nghJkf;fs; Kiwg;ghLfis tprhupgg ; Jk;>; ahjhapDk; nghyp]; mjpfhupf; F vjpuhd xU gpui[ Nkw; n fhs; S k; Kiwg;ghl;bw;F vjpuhf tprhuiz nra;J Fwpgg ; pll ; Njit fUjp 169 ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpwF ; Vw;g ,aq;FtJld; tpidj;jpwid mjpfupf;fr; nra;tJk; nghyp]hupd; Rje;jpuj;ij ghJfhg;gJkhFk;170. ,J vjid mu;j;jg;gLj;JfpwJ vdpd; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf; F Otpd; epajpfishdJ nghyp]; mjpfhupfis ghJfhg; g Jld; > cau; k l; l my; y J murpay; jiyaP L fs; > nghJkf;fspd; nghyp]hUf;F vjpuhd Kiwg;ghLfs; tprhupgg ; Jld; nghyp]; tpidj; j pwid NkNyhq; f r; nra; t jhFk; . kf; f spd; vjpupilahd fzpg; g hdJ Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf; F Otpd; mjpfhukhdJ nghyp]pd; epakdq;fs;> gjtpAau;Tfs;> ,lkhw;wq;fs;> xOf; f f; f l; L g; g hLfs; kw; W k; gjtp eP f ; f q; f s; vd; g tw; w py; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gltpyi ; y vd;gjhFk;.

Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO nghyp]; kh mjpgUld; gjtpAau;Tfs; ,lkhw;wq;fs; njhlu;gpyhd tplaq;fspy; Vw;fdNt Kuz;gl;Ls;sJ. 2003k; Mz;L Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO 60 murpaw; kag;gLj;jg;gl;l171 ,lkhw;wq;fis epuhfupj;jJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO VO ,izg;Gf; FOf;fis epWtp nghJkf;fspd; Kiwg;ghL njhlu;gpy; ,aq;fj;njhlq;fpaJ. Muk;g fl;lkhf nghJkf;fshy; 26 Kiwg;ghLfs; nfhzug;gl;L mit tprhupff ; g;gl;lJ. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO xOf;ftpjpfs; fhuzpahd gjtpAau;TfSf;fhd rl;l tpjpfis ntspapll ; J. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO murpay; nry;thf;fpd; Clhf Coiy fl;Lg;gLj;j vLj;j eltbf;if Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;172. vt;thnwdpDk; gy nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO kPJ ek;gpfi ; fapoe;Js;sdu; 173. ,d;Dk; gy nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; murpaw;kag;gLj;jg;gl;l ,lkhw;wq;fSf;F gae;J fhzg;gLfpdw ; du;174.

168. mj;jpahak; 155G.1 17tJ m.m.rPuj ; pUj;jk; 169. mj;jpahak; 155G.2 17tJ m.m.rPuj ; pUj;jk; 170 mj;jpahak; 155G.3 17tJ m.m.rPuj ; pUj;jk; 171 Rg;uh mj;jpahak; 05 172. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO tku;rdk; mj;jpahak; 05 173. toq;fy; Ma;T :5k; jpfjp ngg;utup 8; jpfjp tiu> kw;Wk 10k; jpfjp ngg;utup njhlf;fk; khu;r; 3k; jpfjp tiu buhd;]; Ngud;]p ,d;lu; ne\dy; epWtdj;jpwf ; hf r%ff; Fwpfhl;bfs; epfo;jj ; g;gl;lJ. njupT nra;gg ; l;l 770 nghyp]hu; Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

174. r%f cwT mjpfhurig FUehfy; gpuNjrq;fspy; TISL f;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;T.

107

Ma;T nra;ag;gl;l 52.2% khNdhupd; fUj;Jg;gb Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO jhq;fspd; flikfis nrt;tNd epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fupa cjtpapid nra;atpyi ; y vd Fiw $Wfpdw ; du;. 26.8% khNdhu; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;O cjtp nra;jjhf Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

Rthu]; a khd Fwpg; g pl $ba tplakhdJ Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO fPo; juj;jpy; cs;s mjhtJ nghyp]; fhd;]l ; gpsf ; s;> rhu;[d;l;fs; Nghd;NwhUf;F ,Ue;J cjtpfs;; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtplk; fpilf;ftpyi ; y vd;gjhFk;. jpUg;jpaw;w nghyp]; fhd;]l ; gpsf ; spd; tPjk; 66.8% MFk;. 18.7% khNdhu; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; nraw;ghl;by; jpUg;jpAw;wdu;. fdp\l ; ju mjpfhupfs; jq; f sJ cau; mjpfhupfspy; gzpg; g py; $Ljyhf Coypy; <LgLgtu;fs;. kw;Wk; cjtp Njitg;gLgtu;fshFk;.

Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO nghyp]{f;Fs; ntw;wpfukhd eput ; hf tplaj;jpid re;jpjj ; NghJk; mJfPok ; l;lj;jpy; rpwpastpYk; ,lk;ngWk; ,yQ;r nraw;ghl;il Fiwf;f KbahJs;sJ. ,e;j tplaj;jpy; nghJkf;fis re;jpjj ; mjpfhupfs; nghyp]hu; gw;wpa kffspd; ey;nyz;zk;> mjpfhu J\;gpuNahfk; kw;Wk; ,yQ;rk; ngWjy; %yk; ngupJk; ghjpff ; g;gl;Ls;sjhf Fwpgg ; pLfpdw ; du;175 Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf; F Otpw; F vjpuhd jplkhd tpku;rdkhdJ nghJkf;fs; Kiwg;ghl;L eltbf;if gw;wpajhFk;.

If;fpa ehl;L kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FOtpd; KbTWj;Jk; mtjhdpgg ; hdJ nghyp]; Mizf;FO nghJkf;fspd; Kiwg;ghL gw;wpa eilKiwfs; cld; Muk;gpff ; g;gl Ntz;Lnkd fUJfpwJ. 17tJ murpayikg;G rPuj ; pUj;j 155G (2) gpupT nghJkf;fs; Kiwg;ghL eilKiw njhlu;ghf tpsf;FtJld; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO vg;gb ,jid cUthf;FtJ vd;gij Fwpgg ; pLfpwJ NkYk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO nghJkf;fs; jq;fs; jpUg;jpapdi ; k fhuzkhf fUj;Jf;fs; ntspapLjiy mDkjpff ; Ntz;Lk;. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; mjpfhupfs; gFjp Neu mYty;fshf ,jpy; flikahw;Wtjhy; ,tu;fSf;F ,J kpfTk; fbdkhd fhupakhFk; nghJkf;fsplk; elj;jpa Ma;tpy; 49.1% khNdhu; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO gw;wp mwpej ; pUf;ftpyi ; y Nky;khfhzk;. tlNky; khfhzk;> kw;Wk; Cth gpuNjrj;ij rhu;ej ; tu;fs;. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO gw;wp mwpe;J ,Ue;jdu; vdpDk; kj;jpa> njw;F tlkj;jpa khfhzk; kw;Wk; rg;ufKt khfhzj;ij rhu;eN ; jhu;. ,J njhlu;gpy; mwpeJ ; ,Uf;ftpyi ; y. NkYk; 3.5% khNdhu; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO tpidj;jpwd; cilaJ vdTk; 30.0 % xUtifapy; tpidj;jpwd; cilaJ vdTk; 17.9% khd xUtifapy; 108

tpidj;jpwd; mw;wJ vdTk; kw;Wk; 13.6% Kw;wpYk; tpidj;jpwd; mw;wJ vdTk; njuptpjj ; du;.

8.1.2. ,yQ; r k; kw; W k; Coy; njhlu; g hd Kiwg; g hLfs; tprhuid Mizf; F O (,yQ; r Mizf; F O) 1994k; Mz;bd; 19k; ,yf;f rl;lj;jpw;fikaNt ,yQ;r Mizf;FO ];jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ ,J tpN\lkhf ,yQ;rk; kw;Wk; Coy; rk;ge;jkhd tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk;> ,yQ;r rl;lj;jpwF ; kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fs; Mjdq;fs; gpufld rl;lj;jpwF ; k; mikthf Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gLtjw;fhfTk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,yQ;r Mizf;FOtpd; tprhuizfs; Neu;ikahd Kiwg;ghLfSf;F kl;LNk vd kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt ,J NtW vt;tpj tprhuidfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;s KbahJ ,yQ;r Mizf;FOtpd; Gyd; tprhuiz mjpfhupfs; nghyp]; jpizf; f sj; i jAk; Nru;e;jtu;fNsahFk;. ,e;j mjpfhupfs; nghyp]; kh mjpguhy; ,lkhw; w k; nra; a g; g lyhk; . vdNt ,jd; N ghJ fbdkhd Gyd; t prhuidfis NghJ Gyd; tprhuiz mjpfhupfshy; mtu;fNshL ,ize;J nraw;gl nra;a KbahJ. 2002k; Mz;L ePjpkd;wpy; M[u; nra;ag;gl;l 29 mur Copau;fSs; 25 Ngu; nghyp]f ; huu;fs; Mtu;. 2003k; Mz;L ,J 23 Ngupy; 12nghyp]; mjpfhupfshf tPor ; r ; p mile;jJ.175 ,e;j epiyapy; ehk; ,yQ;r Mizf;FO KOtJkhf tpidj;jpwd; mw;wJ vDk; KbTf;F tuKbahJs;sJ. ngUk;ghyhd ,e;j tof;Ffs; ,yf;fj;ij ikakhf nfhz; l itahFk; . NtWj; vj; j ifa Coy; f Sk; ,lk; n gwtp; y ; i y. eP j pkd; w py; M[u; nra; a g; g l; l murJiw Copau;fSs; cau; nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; ,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhf nghyp]; jpizf;fsk; kpfTk; Coy; epiwe;jJ vd;gJ Gydhfpdw ; J. nghyp]; nghJkf;fSld; kpfTk; neUf;fkhdJld; nghyp]py; ,lk;ngWk; Coy;fs; ngUk;ghYk; Vida JiwapDk; ghu;f;f mjpfkhf mwpfi ; faplg;gl;ld.176 ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf ,q;F Coypd; msT tpjj ; pahrkhdjhFk;. ngUk;ghyhd tof;Ffspy; nghyp]; egu; kpfTk; twpatu;fshd egu;fsplNk ngWfpd;whu;. ,J Vida epWtdq;fspYk; ghu;f;f Kiwg;ghLfis mjpfupff ; toptFf;fpdw ; J. Vida jpizf;fsq;fspy; cjhuzkhf Rq;f ,yhfhtpy; nghJthf tpahghu tu;ff ; j;jpdNu 175. ngUksthd Nuhe;J nghyp]; ifA+l;ly; ngWjy; 176. Kd;Ndhb ,yQ;r kw;Wk; Coy; Gyd; tprhuid Mizf;FO rl;l ,y 19-1994

109

Fwpgg ; pll ; ,yQ;rj;jpwF ; Nkyjpfkhf ed;ikailfpdw ; du;. ,jdhy; ,g;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ,yQ;rk; rk;ge;jkhd Kiwg;ghLfs; FiwthfNt fpilj;Js;sJ. Mizf; F OthdJ Muk; g j; j py; Coy; njhlu; g hd Kiwg;ghLfis tprhupgg ; jw;fhfNt Muk;gpff ; g;gl;lJ. mjdhy; mjw;F Coy; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd my;yJ nghJkf;fis tpopgG ; +l;ly; rk;ge;jkhd tplaq;fspy; <Lgl mjdJ nraw;ghl;L tpA+fk; toprikf;ftpy;iy. Mizf;FO vt;thnwdpDk; nghJkf;fis mwpT+l; l y; f spy; <Lgl; L s; s Jld; Clfgpurhuq; f s; %yk; Kiwg; g hLfis tutioj; j y; fhuzkhf ,r; n raw; j pl; l k; ntw;wpaspjJ ; s;sJ. ,jpy; Kf;fpakhf ftdpff ; Ntz;baJ ,yq;if ,yQ;r Mizf;FO gpujhdkhf Gydha;it kl;LNk Nkw;nfhs;tJld; jLg;G fl;likg;Gfs; my;yJ nghJkf;fs; njhlu;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;stpyi ; y. ,t;tpuz;L Mizf;FOf;fSNk Coiy jLg;gjw;fhd gpujhd topKiwfis nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpw;F cs;NsNa nfhz;bUf;fpdw ; J. ,yQ;r Mizf;FO Fw;wthspfs; rl;lj;jpd; Kd; epWj;JtJk;. Coy; nra;jtu;fis jz;bf;fg;glr; nra;tJNk gpujhdkhf Nkw;nfhs;fpwd. NkYk; Vida ehLfspy; cs;sJ Nghy cs;sf eltbf;iffs; gpuptpy; cs;stu;fs; tpN\l Gydha;T gpuptpy; ,izf;fg ; g ; l;L ,tu;fs; ,lkhw;wj;jpwF ; l;gLj;jg;gl khl;lhu;fs;. ,J Gydha; T mjpfhupfSf; F ju; k rq; f lkhd epiyia Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ177.

8.1.3. tpN\l Gydha; T gpupT tpN\l Gydha; T gpupT mikg; G Kiw tprhuiz eilKiwapy; xd;whFk;. ,J nghJkf;fspd; Kiwg;ghL njhlu;gpy; Gyd; tprhuidfis Nkw;nfhs;fpdw ; J. mjpy; ftdpff ; g;gl;ljhtJ ,g;gpupTf;F 3 my;yJ 4 cjtp nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu;fs; kl;LNk ,Uf;fpdw ; hu;fs;. ,jpy; Kiwg;ghLfis gjptjw;F cjtp nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu; ju mjpfhupfNs mDkjpff ; g;gl;Ls;sdu.; ,jd; fhuzkhf ,jd; nraw;ghlLfs; ke;j fjpapNyNa epfo;fpdw ; du;. NkYk; ,yq;ifg; nghyp]; jpizf;fsk; Jd;GWj;jYf;Fk;> kw;Wk; ftiyf;fplkhd F&u Jd; G Wj; j Yf; F k; kpfTk; gpurpj; j k; tha; e ; j J vd; g J nghJkf;fspd; mgpgg ; puhakhFk;. ,jdhy; rhjhuz gpui[ xUtu; nghyp]py; jhkhf Kd;te;J Kiwg;ghL nra;a tpUk;Gtjpyi ; y 177. muR njhlUk; td;nray; lst v-15 209 ngg;> khu;r; 2005

110

If;fpa ehl;L kdpj cupik Mizf;FO ,yq;ifg; gw;wpa fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpy; Rje;jpukhd Gydha;T mikg;G eput ; hfpff ; g;gl NtzLnkd Fwpgg ; plL ; s;sJ. ,yq;ifg; nghyp]; jpizf;fsk; fLikahd Rje;jpu mikg;ghFk;. vt;thnwdpDk; tpNrl Gydha;T gpupT gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL> gpuhe;jpa Kiwg;ghl;L nrayfq;fs; ];jhgpf;fg;glTs;sd. ,J jw;NghJk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpdw ; gbahy; ,jdJ nraw;ghl;Lj;jd;ik gw;wp jw;NghJ fUj;Jf; $wKbahJ. fPof ; F ; wpgg ; plg;gl;Ls;s ,uz;L tifahd cjhuzq;fs; vd;d tifapy; nghyp]; jpizf;fsk; Mjpff ; k; nrYj;jp tUfpdw ; J. vd;gij Fwpgg ; pLfpdw ; J.

8.2. mz;ikapy; nghyp]; kh mjpguhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l epu; t hf Kd; n dLg; G fs; jw;NghJs;s nraw;ghl;L ,af;fj;jpwF ; Nkyhf nghyp]; kh mjpgu; re;jpuh ngu;dhd;Nlh mtu;fs; Coiy Fiwg;gjw;fhd Gjpa topKiwfis mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu; Coiy RUf;fkhf ,t;topKiwapy; Fwpgg ; plyhk;. tpNtfk; + cupikahf itj;Jf;nfhs;sy; - tif$wy; = Coy; Nkw;$wg;gl;l topKiwia gad;gLj;jp nghyp]; kh mjpgu; mtu;fs; tpNtfj;ijAk; cupikahf itj;Jf;nfhs;siyAk; Fiwj;J tif$wiy mjpfupgg ; jd; %yk; Coiy fl;Lg;gLj;j Kaw;rp nra;jhu;.

8.2.1. tpNtfj; j d; i kia fl; L g; g Lj; j y; tpNtfj;jd;ikahdJ Nghf;Ftuj;J Fw;wq;fspd; nghJ fl;Lg;gLj;jglyhk;. NkYk; rpNu\;l nghyp]; mjpfhupfSf;F Nghf;Ftuj;J fhd;]l ; gps;fs; tplaj;jpy; jiyapl Ntz;lhnkd mwpTWj;jg;gl;lJ. 8.2.2. cupik nfhz; l hLjiy ,y; y hnjhopj; j y; nghyp]; gpupTf;Fs; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l FOf;fs; rpy Kf;fpa gpupTfis nrhe;jkhf ifahs;jy; gyfhykhf ,lk;ngWfpwJ. ,j;jifa cupikf; nfhz;lhl;lk; CoYf;F tpj;jpLtJld; Fw;wq;fSf;F toptFf;Fk; my;yJ Fwpgg ; pll ; gpuNjrj;jpwF ; s; nrhe;jk; nfhz;lhLk; mjpfhupia NtWahUk; tpiy nfhLj;J thq;f toptFf;Fk;> vd;gNjhL vy;yh gpuNjrj;ijAk; mtu;fs; nrhe;jk; nfhz;lhLtu. ,jd; %yk; Fwpgg ; pLtjhtJ mjpfhu Coy; kw;Wk; 111

mjpfhuj;ij cs;thq;fy; Coiy cs;thq;fptpLk; vd;gjhFk;. ,J nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpy; ntFthf ,lk;ngWfpdw ; J. kw;nwhU tifapy; $Wtjhapd; Coiy xopgg ; jw;F murpay; nry;thf;fpid xopjJ ; kw;Wk; eput ; hf eilKiwfis rPug ; Lj;JtJ jhd; CoYf;fhd toptiffs; Fiwg;gjhFk;. Nkyjpfkhf Kiwg;ghLfspy; ju eilKiw NgZtjw;fhf Coypy; rk;ge;jgl;l mjpfhupfSf;F vjpuhf Gydha;T gpupT mikj;jy; nghJkf;fspd; ,d;iwa tpUg;ghf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. 8.2.2.1. cs;Su; gpuNjrq;fspy; nghyp]hupd; nrhe;jk; nfhz; l hly; eput ; hf NjitfSf;fhf ,yq;if nghyp]; gil juuPjpahf khtl;lk; mikg;ghf gpupff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf gy nghyp]; epiyaq;fs; jq;fsJ epu;thf khtl;lq;fspy; mjpfhuq;fis nrhe;jkhf itj;Js;sdu;. ,jdhy; Nghij tpahghupfs; kw;Wk; epahakw;w murpay; thjpfs; cs;Su; nghyp]; mjpfhupfSld; neUq;fpa njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;jp vJtpj jilAkpd;wp jq;fsJ tpahghuj;jpid elj;jpr; nry;tjw;F VJthf cs;sJ. ,ijtpl Fwpgg ; pll ; gpuNjrq;fspy; nghyp]; epiya nghWg;gjpfhupfs; mg;gpuNjr ghjhs FOf;fshy; tpiyf;F thq;fg;gl;Ls;sjd;; fhuzkhf r%fkhdJ mg;gpuNjr mePjpfF ; vjpuhf Fuy; nfhLg;gjw;F cjtpaw;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpypUe;J kPnso Ntz;Lkhapd; “kj;jpa cjtp mzp” xd;W ];jhgpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j cjtp mzp Nghijg;nghUs; tpahghupfis ifJ nra;Ak; eltbf;ifahf nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;%yk; vjpug ; hu;ff ; g;gLtJ ahnjdpy; nghyp]hu; ,t;tpahghuj;jpd; rpwpa gFjpapdupy; mjpf Neuk; nrytpLtij ghu;ff ; pYk; ,jdJ ngupa KjiyfisNa ifJ nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,J jw;NghJ eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; fhuzk; ahnjdpy; ,yq;ifapd; rpwpa tpahghupfshy; tpahghuk; elhj;jg;ngw ,jdJ gpujhd tpepNahf];ju;fs; ntspehLfspy; fhzg;gLtjhFk;. ,e;j cjtp mzp jq;fsJ nraw;ghL njhlu;gpy; gpurpjj ; g;gLj;jhJ mikjpahd tpidj;jpwDld; nrayhw;wpdhy; ,e;j Nghijt];J tpahghupfis Fiwj; J tplyhk; . ,jw; F Nkhyjpfkhf cs; S u; nghyp]; epiyaq;fspy; Coypy; <Lgl;ltu;fSf;F gag;gpuhe;jpia cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. cs;Su; nghyp]; epiyaq;fs; mtu;fsJ gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s Nghijg;nghUs; tpahghupfs; ifJ nra;a KbahJs;sJ. my;yJ ,tu;fs; jq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpy; Nghijg;nghUs; tpahghuk; ,y;iynad mwpfi ; f rku;gg ; pjJ ; s;sdu;. cjtp mzpapd; NjLjypd; NghJ ,J cz;ikaw;wjhFk;. ,e;j nraw;jpl;lk; ngUk;ghYk; 112

Nghijg;nghUs; jLg;G rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhapDk; ,jdJ gpujhd Nehf;fk; Coiy Fiwg;gjhFk;.

8.2.2.2. Nfs; t p Nfhuy; rk; g pujhak; njhopEl;g kjPgg ; l P L ; FO Kd;du; Nfs;tp toq;fYf;fhd rk;gpujhak; xd;wpid NgzpaJ. Nrit toq;fy; gpuptpwf ; hd gpujp nghyp]; kh mjpgu; Nfs;tp toq;fy; rigapd; jiytiu njupT nra;thu;.

Gjpa xOq;F Kiwapdg ; b njhopyE ; l;g kjPgg ; l P L ; rigfspd; kjpgg ; l P hdJ Nfs;tp toq;fy; rig tpepNahf];ju;fis gpuj ; j ; pNafkhf re;jpff ; hjJld; toq;fy; gpuptpd; gpujp nghyp]; kh mjpgu; ,jd; mq;fj;jtuhf ,y;yhJ Rje;jpukhf ,jid fz;fhzpgg ; hu;. fsQ;rpa ghJfhtyu; rk;gpujhaKk; mfw;wg;gl;L> rfy nghUl;fSk; njhopyE ; l;g kjPgg ; l P L ; mjpfhuj;ij toq;fpAs;sJ. NkYk; Nfs;tp toq;fy; rig tpepNahf];ju;fis gpuj;jpNafkhf re;jpff ; hjJld; toq;fy; gpuptpd; gpujp nghyp]; kh mjpgu; ,jd; mq;fj;jtuhf ,y;yhJ Rje;jpukhf ,jid fz; f hzpg; g hu; . fsQ; r pa ghJfhtyu; rk; g pujhaKk; mfw;wg;gl;L> rfy nghUl;fSk; njhopyE ; l;g kjPgg ; l P L ; FOtpdhy; khjpupf;F mikthd juj;Jld; cs;s epiyia cWjp nra;j gpdN ; g Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; Nfs;tp toq;fyhdJ gjpT nra;ag;gl;ltu;fSf;nfd kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;buhJ> Mu;tKs;s midj;J jug;gpdUk; gq;F ngwf;$bajhfTs;sJ. 8.2.3.

tif $wYf; f hd eilKiw cUthf; f y; nghyp]; kh mjpgu; tif $wYf;fhd eilKiwahf rpNu\;l nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; jq; f Sf; F fP o ; cs; s mjpfhupfspd; eltbf;iffspd; nghWg;ig jhk; Vw;f Ntz;Lnkd gzpjJ ; s;shu;. ,jd; %yk; Fwpgg ; pll ; jhtJ Fwpgg ; pll ; nghyp]; epiyaj;jpy; cs;s fdp\;l ju mjpfhupfspd; mjpfhu J\;gpuNahfj;jpw;F tif$w Ntz;batu; me;epiya nghWg;gjpfhupNahuhtu;. khutpy nghyp]; epiya nghWg;gjpfhupNa mtuJ nghyp]; epiyaj;jpy; ,Ue;j 04 nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; ,yQ;rk; ngw;wikf;fhf ifJ nra;ag;gl;lNghJ tif$w Ntz;batu; Mdhu;. ,j;jifa tif$wy; eilKiwNa nghyp]; eltbf; i fapd; NghJk; mrpuj; i japd; NghJk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;178.

178. %yk; - Neu;fhzy; jpU. re;jpuh ngu;dd;Nlh nghyp]; kh mjpgu; = yq;fh

113

8.3.,yq;ifapy; Coy; jLg;gpw;fhd cyfka uPjpahd fl;likg;G ,yq;ifapd; Coy; jLg;gpwf ; hd fl;likg;G CoYf;F vjpuhd Rje;jpu Mizf;FOTldhd re;ju;gg ; k; (ICAC) gw;wpa Ma;tpid,t; mj;jpahaj;jpy; fhzyhk;. me;j Ma;thdJ n`hq;nfhq; ehl;bd; Coy; jLg;gpwf ; hd fl;likg;G gw;wpajhFk;. mJ ru;tNr r%fj;jpwF ; xU Kd;khjpupahd fl;likg;ghFk;.

ICAC Aldhd Ma;thdJ tpupthdjhFk;179. ,q;F vLf;fg;gl;l Kk;Kid eltbf;if gw;wpa tpguk; ntspgg ; Lj;jg;gl;lJ. ICAC tprhuiz ghJfhg;G> fy;tp vDk; %d;W tplaq;fspy; mZfpaJ. tprhuizfspy; nraw;gl;L jpizf;fsj;jpwF ; fpilf;fg;gngw;w tplaq;fis gFj;jha;eJ ; Gyd;tprhuiz nra;J mit Coy; Fw;wq;fs; vd;w Fw;wr;rhl;baJ. Coy; ghJfhg;G jpizf;fsj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ghJfhg;G eilKiw mur jpizf;fsq;fs; Coiy fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gapwr ; pfisAk; eilKiwfisAk; njspT gLj;jpaJld;. Nfs;tp Vw;gLfpdw ; NghJ jdpahu; epWtdq;fSk; mj;jifa MNyhridfis toq;Ffpdw ; J. fy;tp > r%f njhlu;ghly; gpupthy; ifahsg;gLtJld; mJ kf;fs; Coy; muf;fdpypUe;J ghJfhg;gjw;fhd fy;tpawptpid toq;Ffpdw ; J. ,yq;ifapy; Coy; vjpug ; G ; fl;likg;G ghupastpy; Gyd; tprhuidfis kl;LNk ifahs;fpdw ; J. ,q;F Vida ,uz;L fl;likg;Gfshd ghJfhg;G mikg;Gk;> fy;tp mikg;Gk; Gwe; js;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Kk;Kid mZF KiwahdJ Coiy ,y;yhnjhopgg ; jw;F cldbahdJk; njspthdJkhd Kaw;rpahFk;. ,J vt;thW vdpDk; mtu;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;f Coy; ,y;yhj r%fk; xd;wpid njhlu;rr ; pahd tprhuizfs; %yk; nraw;gLj;Jfpd;whu;fs;. ,yQ;r Mizf;FO fy;tp tpopgG ; l;ly; epfo;rr ; p jpll ; j;ij Muk;gpjJ ; s;sik Cf;fg;gLj;Jtjhf ,Ug;gJld; nghyp]; kh mjpgu; nghyp]; epiyaj;jpy; Coiy fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nraw;jpll ; Kk; cUthf;fpAs;sJld; xU epiwNtw;Wf; FO xd;wpid nghyp]; jpizf; f sj; j pw; F s; tpN\lkhd gpur; r pidfis ,zq; f hd epakpjJ ; s;sik ed;ikahFk;. ,J Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO ,lkhw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; gjtpAau;Tfspy; murpay; jiyaPLfis Fiwg;gjw;fhd re;ju;gg ; q;fs; vd;gJ Fwpgg ; plj;jf;fJ.

179. http.ll www.icac.org.lk/eng/main

114

nghyp]; jpizf; f sj; j pd; fhzg; g Lk; Njitfis ntspgg ; Lj;Jtjd; %yk; CoYf;fhd fhuzq;fs; fz;L mwptJld; Coiy fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Gjpa mZFKiwfs; fhzyhk; vd vjpu; g hu; f ; f g; g LfpwJ. ,e; j Njitfs; ,uz; L tpjkhf epiwNtw;wg;glyhk;. KjyhtJ rpww ; stpyhd Coyhd Nghf;Ftuj;J gpuptpy; ,yQ;rk; ngWtJ Nghd;w Fw;wq;fs; gjpT nra;jy; my;yJ mwpf;iffspd; gpujpfis ntspaply; %ykhfTk; ,uz;lhtjhf ghupastpyhd CoyhdJ nghyp]; kPjhd murpay; nry;thf;F my;yJ ghjhs FOf;fspd; nry;thf;F Njitfs; ntspgg ; Lj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j ,uz;L gpupTfspd; mwpfi ; ffYk; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhditahFk;. ,jdhy;jhd; fPok ; l;l cj;jpNahfj;ju; gjtp cau;T nra;Ak; NghJ nghJkf;fspd; ghu;itapy; ,e;j khw;wk; Coy; eltbf;ifahf fUj;jg;lL ; nghyp]; jq;fsJ ,aYikiaAk;. tpidj;jpwidAk; nghJkf;fsplk; ,of;fpdw ; J. 8.4.

jw;NghJs;s nraw;ghl;L eilKiwapy; cs;s tpidjpwd; Kd;da Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO 2005k; Mz;Lld; jdJ gjtpia ,oe;jJ. Gjpa Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpw;fhd (gjtpff ; hyk; Kbe;J xUkhj fhyj;jpwF ; s;) cWg;gpdu;fs; njupT nra; a g; g Lk; Kd; ghupastpyhd nghyp]; ,lkhw; w q; f s; murpayikg;Gf;F Kuzhd tifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOthy; fhg;ghw;wg;gl;l mjpfhupfs; ,lkhw;w cj;juTf;Fs;shdhu;fs;> ngUk;ghyhd nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO kPJ ek;gpf;if ,oe;jJld; cau;kl;l mZFKiwapyhd ghJfhg;ig ,tu;fs; vjpug ; hu;ff ; tpyi ; y NkYk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO tpidj;jpwhdd Kiwapy; murpay; ,lkhw;wj;jpwf ; hd gaj;ij eptu;jj ; pff ; tpyi ; y. mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy; nghyp]; epiyak; kw; W k; r%f mbg; g il epWtdq; f Sf; F Nkw;nfhz;l tp[aj;jpd; NghJ ngUk;ghyhd mjpfhupfs; mtu;fs; Coy; kpFe;jtu;fshf fhzg;glhjJld;>mtu;fs; ,e;j jpll ; j;jpd; %ykhd Fw;wthspfs; vdpDk; ,jpypUe;J kPs KbahjpUe;jdu;. vDk; ,ufrpak; ntspaplg;ngw;wJ. jw;NghJ eilKiwapy; cs;s xOq;fikg;G nghyp]hUf;F rpwpjsT gaDilaJ vdpDk; nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; ,r;nrad;Kiwapy; ek;gpfi ; faw;wtu;fshtu;.

Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO Kiwaw;w gy ,lkhw;wq;fis epuhfupj; j ik ghuhl; l j; j f; f J vdpDk; gy Njitahd ,lkhw;wq;fshFk;. NkYk; ,t; Mizf;FOtpwf ; hd cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; 115

KONeu Copau;fshf flikahw;w Ntz;Lk;.

NkYk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; xU mq;fkhf nghyp]; kh mjpgu; ,Uf; f Ntz; L k; vd MNyhrpf; f g; gLfpwJ. ,t; Mizf;FOtpd; vy;yh cWg;gpdu;fSk; mur Jiwapduhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; fUj;J ntspgg ; Lj;JtJ fbdkhf cs;sJ. ,jd; NghJ ,J Rje; j pu jd; i kaw; w J vd; g NjhL nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; jq;fs; Kiwg;ghl;il ,LtJ FiwthFk;. vt;thnwdpDk; rfy jPuk ; hdq;fSk; nghyp]; kh mjpgUld; ,aysT fye;jhNyhridLlNdNa epfo;jj ; g;gLtJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

NkYk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO jdJ mjpfhuj;jpwN ; fw;g nghyp]; mjpfhupfspd; kPjhd Kiwg;ghl;il tprhupf;f Nghjpa eltbf;if vLf;ftpyi ; y my;yJ eput ; hf eltbf;if vLf;ftpyi ; y vd;gJ Fwpgg ; plj;jf;fjhFk;. ,yQ;r Mizf;FO ,yQ;rj;ij xopgg ; jpy; xusT khw;wj;ij nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpwF ; nfhz;L te;Js;sJ. mtu;fs; nghyp]hu; rhl;rpfis Fog;ghjpUg;gjw;fhd Nkyjpf eltbf;ifahf rhl;rpfis fhg;ghw;Wk; nrad;Kiwia vLj;Js;sdu;. vt;thnwdpDk; Mizf;FO Fiwe; j sT mYtyfq; f SlDk; > fbdkhd Ntiyg; g Sit cilajhf ,Ug;gjhy; vy;yh Kiwg;ghLfisAk; ftdpf;f KbahJs;sJ. NkYk; Mizf;FO Coiy jLg;gjpy; ahjhapDk; Gjpa fl; l ikg; G fis cUthf; f tpy; i y. nghJkf; f Sk; Kiwg; g hl; b id Nkw; n fhs; t jpy; jaf; f k; fhl; L tJld; Mizf;FOtpd; tprhuidfs; Neu;ikahd Kiwg;ghLfiSf;F kl;LNk vd tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; ke;jfjpahf cs;sJ. gy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;s rptpy; r%fk; nghyp]; Coy; gw;wp fijf;f Kw; g l; l hYk; cWjpahd Kiwg; g hLfSld; Kd; t u jaf; f k; fhl;Lfpd;whu;fs;. nghyp]; kh mjpguhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;s Gjpa mZFKiw gw;wp jw;NghJ fUj;J $W KbahJs;sJ.

116

9. Vida ehLfspy; nghyp]; jpizf; f sj; j py; Coiy jLg;gjw;fhf <Lgl;Ls;s cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; gw;wpa xg;GNehf;F Ma; T mwpKfk; njupT nra;ag;gl;l ehLfspy; nghyp]; Coy; rk;ge;jkhf <LgLk; mYty;fs; gw;wpa Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhs;tjhf ,e;j 182 mj;jpahak; fhzg;gLfpdw ; J . ,e;j ehLfs; Coiy jLg;gjpy; gy;NtW tifahd nraw;ghl;L Kiwfs; filg;gpbg;gJld; mit tif$wy; kw;Wk; ntspgg ; Ljd;ik kpf;fjhAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mNjNtis ,e;j ehLfspy; r%f nghUshjhu jd;ikfs; ,yq;ifia tpl Kw;wpYk; khWgl;lit. vdpDk; Coy; rk;ge;jkhd gpur;rpidfs; ngupJk; tpjj ; pahrkhdjy;y.

Vida ehLfspy; gpur;rpidfSf;F vLf;fg;gl;l jPuT ; fis ,yq;iff;F gad;gLj;j KbahJ vd MNyhrpff ; g;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; ,jw;fhd nfhs;iffis mwpe;J nfhs;sy; nghyp]hupd; ,t; Ma;tpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,e;j mj;jpahak; ghupa mstpy; nghyp]; epiyaj;jpd; cs;sf ntspaf nraw;ghLfshy; mYtyfq;fspd; tif$wYf;fhd msT vj;jifaJ vd;gij Muha;tjhFk;. nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpd; ftdj; j pw; F Vw; w thW Gjpa Kiw tFf; f g; g l; l hYk; mJ nghJkf; f spd; Nritf; F l; g Lj; j g; g l; l hYk; > tpidj; j pwdhd jpizf;fskhf cUthftpyi ; y. nghJ kf;fsplk; ek;gpfi ; f > jd;ik> Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lkhdhy; mJ tif$wy; ];jhgdkhf khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vdNt ,jw;fhd r%f cwTfs; rPuhf fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;L> rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;Ffs; mjpfupf;fg;gl;L nghyp]; Nrit tpidjpwDilajhf;fg;gly; mtrpak;.

9.1 CoYf;F topKiwfs;

vjpuhf

NghuhLtjpy;

cs;s

9.1.1. If; f pa mnkupf; f h (epA+Nahu; f ; nghyp]; jpizf; f sk; ) If;fpa mnkupff ; ehl;by; Njrpa nghyp]; jpzf;fsk; vd xd;wpy;iy. vdpDk; ,J gy nghyp]; gilfis nfhz;lJ. murpayikg;gpd; 10tJ jpUj;jj;jpw;fika kPjkhAs;s rfy rl;lq;fspdJk; ehl;bd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; cs;sJ. ,e;j kPjkhAs;s 182. Ma;T cs;slf;fpathW epANahf; nghyp]; jpizf;fsk; I.mnk. efu nghyp]; nrit If;fpa ,uhl;rpak; n`hq;nfhq; ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd;

117

mjpfhuq;fSf;Fs;sjhy; ,J ehl;bd; jdpAupik rl;lkhFk;. ,jdhy; xt;nthU khepyKk; jdf;nfd xU gpupit nfhz;ls;sJ. rpy khepyq;fs; cs;Su; kw;Wk; efu nghyp]; gpupit cilajhapDk; > kw;wit vy;iyg;Gw nghyp]; gilia nfhz;Ls;sJ. If;fpa mnkupff ; h Vwf;Fiwa 20>000 Fk; Nkw;gl;l nghyp]; gilia nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J Fwpgg ; hf kjpgg ; pl KbahJ. fhuzk; gy khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; efuq;fs; %d;W my;yJ ehd;F Gwk;ghd nghyp]; gilfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. If; f pa mnkupf; f htpy; cs; s epA+Nahu; f ; nghyp]; jpizf; f sNk kpf ngupa nghyp]; jpizf; f skhFk; . ,e; j jpizf;fsj;jpy; gy ntw;wpfukhd Coy; jLg;G rk;ge;jkhd tplaq;fs; ,Ug;gjhy;jhd; ehk; ,e;j fye;Jiuahliy ntspgg ; Lj;j jP u ; k hdpj; N jhk; . epA+Nahu; f ; nghyp]; ghupastpy; vy; i yg; G w gilazpia nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,it tzf;fj;jpwF ; upa ,lkhfTk;> khefu vy;iyf;Fupa gpupthfTk; gpupff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf epA+Nahu;f; nghyp]; jpizf;fsk; gy gpupTfisAk; tpNrl gpuNjr nghyp]f ; isAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mz;ikf;fhykhf NYPD (epA+Nahu;f; nghyp]; jpizf;fsk;) efuj;jpd; Fw;wq;fis Fiwg;gjpy; ntw;wp fz;Ls;sJ. ,jw;fhd ngUikfs; midj;Jk; (Compstat) fzdp kag; gLj; j g; l ; l Fw;wq;fis juT jfty;fSf;Nf cupjj ; hFk;. ,J vq;F mjpfkhd Fw; w q; f s; Vw; g Lfpd; w d vd mwpe; J mq; F cld; mtrpa gilg;gpupit gutyhf;Ffpdw ; J. ,jw;fhd ngUikfs; 1990k; Mz;L Nkauhf ,Ue;j &Nlhy;g fpWypahdp mtu;fisNa cupjj ; jhFk;.

Nkau; fpWypahdp> jpizf;fsj;ij ghtpj;J ,sk; tajpdupd; Fw;wj;jpd; juj;ij jfu;jj ; d; fhuzkhf Fw;wq;fshd MAjq;fSld; gliyapf; F s; Eiojy; > $upa MAjq; f Sld; miyjy; Nghd;witfshFk;. ,t;thwhd Fw;wq;fis jfu;jJ ; vwpej ; jd; %yk; 1. nghyp]hUf;F epiwa re;Njf egu;fis NjLk; tha;gG ; k;> Jtf;F Nghd;w RL fyidss mfw;wYk;> Nghijt];Jf;fis xopjj ; Yk; 2. epA+Nahu;f; efuk; rl;lG+u;tkhd #o;epiyAila ghJfhg;ghd efuk; ,q;F rl;ltpNuhj eltbf;iffspy; <LgLgtu; ifJnra;ag;LtJld; jz;lidf;Fs;shf;fg;gLtu; vDk; vz;zf;fU cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mtuJ vz;zf;fU rupahdJ Mifahy; efuj;jpy; Fw;w tPjk; Fiwtile;jJ. Nkyjpfkhf ,e;j Fiwg;ghlhdJ Fw;wq;fspd; juTfspy; jsk;gy; epiy mile;jJ. 118

9.1.1.1. CoYk; tif$wYk; epA+Nahu;f; efuj;ij Rj;jg;gLj;jy; tpUg;gpd; mbg;gilapyhFk;. nghyp]; jpizf;fsk; tpidj;jpwDld; ,aq;f Muk;gpj;jjd; fhuzkhf mjdJ Nritapy; kf;fsplk; NghJkhdsT ek;gpfi ; f gpwe;jJ. msTf;fjpfkhd mjpfhuq;fs; nghyp]pwF ; toq;fg;gl;ljhy; rpwpa mstpyhd CoNy ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,t; tplaj;jpy; Coiy gw;wp fye;JiuahLk; NghJ rfy tpj eltbf;iffspYk; ,yQ;rk; cs;slq;fshf mjpfhuj;ij J\;gpuNahfk; nra;tJ jdpg;gl;l ed;ikf;fhf Vw;gl;likahFk;. mjdhy; mq;F kpf cau;jukhd tif$wy; nghyp]; gilfSf;Fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,tw;iw fUj;jpwn ; fhs;Sk; NghJ 1994k; Mz;L nkhyd; fkp\d; nghyp]; gilapy; khw;wq;fSf;fhd rpghu;ir Kd; itj;jjd; %yk;> gy;NtW tifahd nraw;ghl;L tiffis tif$wYf;fhf rpghu;R nra;jJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf epA+Nahu;f; nghyp]; jpizf;fsk; cs;sf ntspahf tif$wy; xOq;Ffis gpdt ; Uk; tifapy; cWjpahf fl;bnaOg;gpaJ.

epA+Nahu;f; nghyp]; epiyak;

cs;sf tif$wy;

ntspaf tif$wy; 4nghyp]; Coiy jLj;jy; Mizf;FO (CCPC) 4Coy; vjpu; rl;l ghJfhtyd; 4rptpy; Kiwg;ghl;L kPsik rig (CCRB)

9.1.1.2. cs;sf tif $wy; gpupT cs;sf tif$wy; gpupthdJ fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; epWtdj;jpy; kpfTk; guprr ; ak; tha;ej ; nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis cs;slf;fpa gpupthFk;. ,tu;fs; Coy; rk;ge;jkhd mjpfhupfs; njhlu;gpy; jfty; jpul;lf;$batu;fshtu;. ,g;gpupT kpfTk; ghupastpyhd Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;gpy; tprhuiz nra;tJld;> xU nghyp]; mjpfhup ,t;thwhd Coypy; rk;ge;jg;gl;ltu; vdpd; mtu; Nritapy; ,Ue;J ePff ; g;gl 119

Ntz;Lkh > ,y;iyah vd;gij njspthf jPuk ; hdpfF ; k;.

9.1.1.3. nghJkf; f splk; ,Ue; J Kiwg; g hLfs; cs;sf tif$wy; gpupT jdJ tpN\l njhiyNgrpA+lhf Kiwg;ghLfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Vw;ghL nra;jJ. ngwg;gLk; midj; J njhiyNgrp miog; G f; f Sk; gjpT nra; a g; g l; L mt;twpfi ; ffs; midj;Jk; fzzpkag;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,t;twpfi ; fapd; xU gpujp nghyp]; Coiy jLf;Fk; gpupTf;Fk;> kw;w gpujp khefu vy; i y Coy; vjpu; g ; G tof; f wpQu; f Sf; F k; mDg; g g; g l; l J. Kiwg;ghl;lhsu;fsplk; Kiwg;ghL rk;ge;jkhd ,aYkhd tifapy; mjpfkhf jfty;fis toq;FkhW Nfl;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf cs;s tif$wy; gpupT xU nghyp]; mjpfhupia ,jid KOikahd Nrhjid gFjpfF ; cUthf;Ffpdw ; J. ,t; ,yf;F Nehf;fpa KOikahd Nrhjid cz;ikahd tho;fi ; f #o;epiyia cUthf;FtJld;> Fwpgg ; pll ; mjpfhupapd; nghWg;Gzu;T gw;wp kjpgg ; plg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j mjpfhupfF ; cz;ikapy; jhd; KOikahd Nrhjidf; F cs; s hf; f g; g l; L ,Ue; j ik mwptpff ; g;gLtjpyi ; y. Njitnadpd; khj;jpuNk mwptpff ; g;gLk;.

9.1.1.4. Kd; nraw; g hl; L tprhuizfs; tprhuizfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf fpilf;fg;ngWk; Kiwg;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; cs;sf tif$wg;gpupT vOkhw;whd NrhjidfspYk; <LgLk;. nkhyd; fkp\d; jdJ tpjpg;Giuapy; ,t;thwhd Kd; ,af;f nraw;ghL mtrpakhFk; vd Fwpgg ; plL ; s;sJ. Coy;fis Fiwg;gjw;fhd rhj;jpaf; $Wfspd; mbg;gilapy; mwpf; i fapLjypdhyhd gaj; j pNyNa Coy; f s; Fiwe; J fhzg;gLfpdw ; d. mjpfhupfSf;F ,J vg;NghJk; mwptpff ; g;glhjJld; ,jpy; rpj; j p mile; j hu; f sh? ,y; i yah vDk; tplaKk; njuptpf;fg;ggLtjpy;iy. Coy; kpfTk; ghupasthdJ vDk; #o;epiyapy; Fwpgg ; pll ; mjpfhup rl;l tprhuidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLthu;.

Vida re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; Fwpgg ; pl ; l ; mjpfhup vr;rupfi ; f nra;ag;gLtJld; Nkyjpf gapwr ; pAk; mtrpag;gbd; toq;fg;gLk;. ,e;j Nrhjid nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jhy; toq;fg;gLtjd; Nehf;fk; cs;sf tif$wy; gpupT Kd;Djhuzkhf mika Ntz;Lk; vd vjpug ; hu;gg ; jpdhy; MFk;. ,jd;%yk; vjpug ; hu;ff ; g;gLtjhtJ xU mjpfhup jhk; ve;j tifapy; cs;sf tif$wy; gpupthy; elhj;jg;gLfpwhNuh mNjNghd;W me;j mjpfhup jkJ gpui[fis elhj;j Ntz;Lk; vDk; vjpu;g;ghu;g;gpdhyhFk;.

120

9.1.1.5. nghyp]; Coiy jLg;gjw;fhd Mizf;FO (CCPC) ,e;j Mizf;FO 1995k; Mz;L Coy; vjpug ; G ; eltbf;if nraw;jpl;lq;fis Nkw;ghu;it nra;tjw;Fk;> ,jw;F fpilf;Fk; Kiwg;ghLfis vt;thW ifahs;fpdw ; J vd;gij mtjhdpgg ; jw;Fkhf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. epA+Nahu;f; nghyp]; jpizf;fj;jpypUe;J ,t; Mizf;FO Rje;jpukhdjhFk;. ,e;j MW Mizahsu;fSk; ,tu;fs; Nkauhy; epakpf; f g; g l; l tu; f shfTk; > mtu; f s; KONeu rl;lj;juzpfshy; mwpTWj;jg;gLgtu;fshf ,Ug;ghu;fs;. ,t; Mizf;FO cs;sf tif$wy; gpupthy; (IAB) CoYf;F vjpuhf nra;ag;gLk; KiwghLfis gupNrhjid kw;Wk; nghJ kjpgg ; L P nra;Ak; cs;sf tif$wy; gpupthy; ,j;jifa Fiwg;ghLfs; vj;jifa topKiwfs; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd vd;Wk; mj;Jld; cs;sf tifg;gpuptpd; (IAB) $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhz;L rpy tof;Ffs; rk;ge;jkhf ifahs Ntz;ba eilKiwfis mwpTWj;JtJld;> NjitNaw;gbd; Kiwg;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; eltbf;if vLg;gJld;> Gjpjhf cs;thq;fg;gLk; (IAB) mjpfhupfSf;F gapwr ; pfisAk; toq;fp jdJ gzpia nra;fpdw ; J. ,e;j Mizf;FO nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; kPJ xOf;fhw;W eltbf;if vLg;gjw;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gltpy;iy vdpDk;> mtu;fshy; Kiwahd tprhuiz xd;W elj;jg;gLtij cWjp nra;a kl;LNk KbAk; vd;gNjhL jhq;fshy; fz;lwpag;gl;l tplak; rk;ge;jkhf (IAB) cs;sf tif$wy; gpupTf;F mwpfi ; faplNth my;yJ nghyp]; mjpgUf;F mwpfi ; faplNth KbAk;. ,t; Mizf; F O (IAB) cs; s f tif$wy; gpuptpd; eilKiwfspy; rPu;jpUj;jk; Ntz;Lk; vd rpghu;R nra;Js;sJ. vt;thnwdpDk; (IAB) cs;sf tif$wy; gpupT ,e;j epuhfupgg ; jw;fhd fhuzq;fis $Wtjw;F Rje;jpuKilajhFk;.

9.1.1.6. Coy; vjpu; g ; G rl; l j; j uzpfs; epA+Nahu;f; efuk; Ie;J khefiu vy;iyahf nfhz;Ls;sJld; xt;nthd;Wk; njupT nra;ag;gl;l jiyik rl;lj;juzp xUtiuAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,t;thwhd rl;lj;juzpfs; xt;nthUtUk; Coy; vjpug ; G ; rl;lj;juzpfshf jq;fs; gzpia mu;gg ; zpgg ; Jld; mtu;fSk; (IAB) cs;sf tif$wy; gpuptpdhy; gjpTnra;ag;gl;l Kiwg;ghLfspd; gpujpiag; ngWtu;. rl;lj;juzpfSf;F Njq;fpAs;s Neu;ik rk;ge;jkhd guPli ; r gw;wp mwptpff ; g;gl;Ls;sJld; (IAB) mjpfhupfs; rl;lq;fSld; cld;gl;L nraw;gLfpwhu;fsh? vd;gij cWjp nra;J nfhs;Sk;183.

121

9.1.1.7. gpui[fs; Kiwg; g hl; L kP sha; T rig (CCRB) gpui[fs; Kiwg;ghl;L kPsha;T rigNa 1993k; Mz;lstpy; cz;ikahd cs;sf nghyp]; rigahf ,Ue;jJ. vt;thnwdpDk; ,e;j rig gpdd ; u; ntspaf gpui[fs; Kiwg;ghl;L kPsha;T rigahf khw;wg;gl;lJ. jw;NghJs;s gpui[fs; Kiwg;ghl;L kPsha;T rig ve;jnthU nghyp]; mjpfhupfisAk; nfhz;buhky; gpui[fspd; rigahf cs;sJ. gpui[fs; Kiwg;ghl;L kPsha;T rig nghyp]; mjpfhupfSf;F vjpuhd Kiwg;ghLfis tprhuiz nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ. vy;yhtpjkhd tprhuiz nra;ag;gl;l Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; kw;Wk; rpghu;Rfis epA+Nahu;f; nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpwF ; toq;Fk;. gpui[fs; Kiwg; g hl; L kP s ha; T rigapd; eltbf; i ffs; rpghuu;RfSld; kl;LNk kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJld; mtu;fSf;F nghyp]hUf; F vjpuhf vJtpj eltbf; i fAk; vLg; g jw; F mjpfhukpy;iy. ,e;j rigahdJ 13 cWg;gpdu;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jw;fhd cWg; g pdu; f is efugpjh epakpg; g Jld; > ,tu; f s; epA+Nahu; f ; efuj;jpwF ; s; trpgg ; tu;fs; vd;gij cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL ve;j mur epWtdj;jpd; gpujpepjpfshfNth md;wp efu rdj;njhifapdu; tpfpjhrhuj;ij gpujpgypf;f $batu;fshfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. efurig ,r;rigf;F 05 cWg;gpdu;fis epakpfF ; k;. xt;nthU khefu vy;iyf;Fk; xU gpujpepjpahf 05 Ngu; epakpff ; g;gLtu;. nghyp]; Mizahsu; jkJ rhu;gpy; 03 cWg;gpdufis epakdk; nra;thu;. ,tu;fNs ,jw;F Kd;dhy; rl;lj;ij mKy;gLj;jpa njhopyr ; hu; epGzu;fshf miktJld;> Vida 05 NgiuAk; efugpjh epakdk; nra;thu;. jiyikg;gjtpAld; cWg;gpdu;fspd; gjtpfhyk; 03 tUlq;fshFk;. ,r;rig epiwNtw;Wg; gzpg;ghsu; xUtiu epakpfF ; k;. mtuJ gzpahdJ epWtd gpujpepjpfis Nkw;ghu;it nra;tjhFk;. gpui[fs; Kiwg;ghl;L kPsha;T rig KOikahf gpui[fis cs;slf;fpajhFk;. gpui[fs; Kiwg;ghl;L kPsha;T rigapy; Kiwg;ghLfis ,izaj;jsk; %ykhfNth my;yJ njhiyNgrp %ykhfNth Nkw; n fhs; s yhk; . gpui[fs; Kiwg; g hl; L kP s ha; T rigapd; tprhuizfSf;F nghJthf nghyp]hu; cjtp nra;thu;fs;.

NjitNaw;gbd; mtu;fSf;Fk; tpguq;fis nghyp]; mwpfi ; ffSf;F Nkyhf NtW Mtzq;fshf ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. gpui[fs; Kiwg;ghl;L kPsha;T rigapd; gzpfSf;F xj;Jiof;fhj> rhl;rpfis %bkiwf;Fk; mjpfhupfis jq;fsJ gzpfspy; ,Ue;J ,ilepWj;Jk; mjpfhuk; ,jw;F cs;sJ. 122

9.1.2. If; f pa ,uhr; r pak; (jiyefu nghyp]; ) If;fpa mnkupff ; gil Njrpa gil my;y. ,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; thy;]; gFjpfspy; 43 gilazpfs; cs;sd. ehLfSf;F ,ilapyhd vy;iy $l;L Fw;wq;fis ftdj;jpwn ; fhz;L murhq;fk; gy gpuhe;jpa nghyp]; gilfis xUq;fpizj;J Njrpa nghyp]; Kftu;fis epakpjJ ; s;sJ. Njrpa Fw;wj;jLg;G gpupT ,t;thwhd nghyp]; Kftu; ];jhgdj;jpwF ; cjhuzkhFk;.

If;fpa mnkupff ; h nghyp]g ; il vy;yh gpupTfspYk; tif$wy; nghWg;Gfis cilaJld; mit gpupTfs; uPjpahf fye;Jiuahlg;glkhl;lhJ. Nkyjpfkhf mtu;fs; gy;NtW tifapyhd Coy; jLg;G eltbf;iffis nghyp]; gilf;Fs; cUthf;fpAs;shu;fs;. ,e;j gpupT jiyefupy; nghyp]; gilapy; fhzg;gLtJld; mtu;fs; Coy; jLg;gpwf ; hd Nghuhl;l Nritia toq;Ffpd;whu;fs;. jiyefu nghyp]; Nrit Coy; jLg;G eltbf;iffspd; cjhuzkhFk;. mtu;fsJ NritahdJ kpf Kaw;rpahdJk;> kPs; nraw;ghl;Lf;FupaJk; tpidj;jpwd; cilaJk; MFk;. mtu;fs; mj;Jld; gilfSf;F cs;NsAk; ntspNaAk; Coy; Fw; w r; r hl; L fSf; F vjpuhf jq; f s; gzpfis Gupfpd; w hu; f s; . fPoF ; wpg;gpl;Ls;s mbg;gil KiwahdJ jiyefu nghyp]huhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; CoYf;F vjpuhd nraw;ghl;L ,af;fkhFk;.

9.1.2.1. CoYk; jilf; f hd capu; g ; G s; s nraw; g hL jiyefu nghyp]; Nrit

cs; s f nraw; g hL 4Coy; vjpuf ; F ; Of;fs; 4cs;sf tprhuiz mzp

ntspaf nraw; g hL 4Rje;jpu nghyp]; Kiwg;ghl;L Mizf;FO

9.1.2.2. Coy; vjpu;g;G FO 1998k; Mz;L nghyp]; gilf;Fs; cs;s Coy; rk;ge;jkhd tplaq;fis ifahs;tjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;lNj ,f;FO MFk;. ,J 180 nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fisAk; 32 gpui[fs; eput ; hf cj;jpNahfj;ju;fisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ. ngUk;ghyhd nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; > rpwg;G Gydha;T El;gKilatu;fs; ,g;gpupTf;F 123

,lkhw;wg;gl;Ls;shu;fs;. mtu;fs; nghyp]; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fspy; Gydha;T nra;thu;fs;. fpilf;fg;ngWk; jfty;fs;> rhl;rpaq;fs; midj;Jk; cau; rl;lj;juzpfF ; toq;fg;gLk;. ,tu;fSk; ,yf;F ,y;yhj guPli ; ria Nkw;nfhs;thu;fs;. ,jd; fhuzk; nghyp]py; cs; s cj; j pNahfj; j u; f is kjpg; g P L nra;tjw;fhFk;. ,e;j kPs; jd;ikahd xOq;FKiwahdJ Coy; jLg;gpw;fhd MizahfTk; mJ KiwghghLfspd; jq;fpapuhjpUj;jJld;> mJ nghyp]hupdJ Coy; njhlu;ghf tprhuizf;Fk; cjTk;. mJ Coy; vjpuhd rl;l eltbf;iffspd; Kd; ghJfhg;gpid toq;Ffpdw ; J. 9.1.2.3. cs; s f Gyd; t prhuiz mzp cs;sf Gyd; tprhuiz mzp Coy; kw;Wk; Ju;elj;ij rk;ge;jkhd Fw;wr;rhl;Lfspd; tprhuizfis njhlu gzpff ; pdw ; J. Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; vq;fpUe;J fpsk;Gfpdw ; dNth vt;thnwdpDk; Gyd; tprhuizfs; Rje;jpu nghyp]; Kiwg;ghl;L FOtpdhy; (IPCC) Nkw;ghu;it nra;ag;gLfpdw ; d. ,tu;fs; vy;yhtpjkhd tprhuizfisAk; rl;lg;gpupTf;F cl;gl;l tifapYk;> tpN\lkhf nghyp]; kw;Wk; Fw;wq;fs; rl;lk; 1984f;F mikthfNt Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. Gyd; tprhuidfs; mjpfhupfs; FO xd;wpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJld; ,jdJ jiytuhf Fw;wf; fz;Lgpbg;G jiyik ,d;]n ; gf;lu; ,Ug;ghu;.

9.1.2.4. Rje; jpu nghyp]; KiwaP l ; L Mizf; F O (IPCC) 1985k; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l nghyp]; Kiwg;ghl;L mjpfhu rigf;F gpujpaPlhf Rje;jpu nghyp]; Kiwg;ghl;L Mizf;FO cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. nghyp]; Kiwg;ghl;L mjpfhu rigapd; Gyd; tprhuizfspy; Rje;jpu kw;w jd;ik fhzg;gLtjhf Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lJ. mtu;fsJ mjpfhuq;fs; Rje;jpu nghyp]; Kiwg;ghl;L Mizf;FOtpYk; ghu;ff ; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ. Rje;jpu nghyp]; KiwaPlL ; Mizf;FO 2004k; Mz;L nghyp]; Kiwg;ghl;L mjpfhu rigf;F gjpyl P hf cUthf;fg;gl;L ,Ug;gpDk; mJ nghyp]; rP u ; j pUj; j r; rl; l k; 2002d; mbg; g ilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Rje;jpu nghyp]; Kiwg;ghl;L Mizf;FO ve;j jpizf;fsnkhd;wpdJk; gFjp my;y vd;gNjhL mJ nghyp]; N r i ta p Yk ; Rje;jp u k h d J. mJ 1 8 Mizahs u;fis cs; s lf; f paJld; > ,tu; f s; nghyp]; Nritapd; Kd; d u; gzpahw; w patu; f s; my; y . ,J jdf; n fd Gwk; g hd Gyd; tprhuizf;FO xd;wpid nfhz;Ls;sJld; ghuhSkd;wr; rl;lj;jpwF ; 124

mika jdJ gzpia Mw;WfpwJ. NkYk; Rje;jpu nghyp]; Kiwg;ghl;L Mizf;FOtpd; jPuk ; hdq;fis ve;jnthU ePjpkd;wpYk; rl;l tpahf;fpdj;jpwF ; cl;gLj;j KbahJ. Mizahsu; Nkw;ghu;itf;Fk; nghyp]; Gyd; tprhuizfspd; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpwF ; k; cjtp nra;thu;. mtu;fs; Rje;jpukhd Gyd; tprhuizfis jPtpukhd rk;gtq;fs; my;yJ Ju;elj;ijfs; njhlu;ghf nghyp]; Nritapy; cs;s xUtu; kPJ tprhuiz Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. tprhuiz xd;W Kiwahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpyi ; y vd fUJk; ve;j tprhuizfspYk; Rje;jpu nghyp]; KiwghL Mizf; F Otpw; F mt; t prhuizfis njhlu;tjw;F mjpfhukpyi ; y. jPtpukhd Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; rk;ge;jkhd tprhuizfspy; Rje; j pu nghyp]; Kiwg; g hL Mizf; F O tprhuizia kpfTk; Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj njhlq;Fk;. mj;Jld; mtu;fs; Kuz;ghlhd Gyd; tprhuizfisNa njhlu;thu;fs;. ,e;j tprhuizfSf;F vj;jifa Kiwg;ghLfSk; Njitapyi ; y vd;gNjhL nghyp]; tprhuizfis nghJkf;fs; vjpuj ; j ; hYk; mit vq;Fk; Nfhitg;gLj;j Ntz;ba mtrpakpyi ; y.

9.1.3 n`hq; n fhq; n`hq;nfhq; nghyp]; NritahdJ 6 gpuNjr gpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld;> mJ jdJ Nritia xUq;fpizg;ghf elj;Jfpdw ; J. 2004k; Mz;L Mrpahtpy; Coy; kpff;Fiwe;j ehlhf Coy; Fwpfhl;b Rl;nlz;zpy; ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ. cz;ikahd Gs;sp ngWNgw;wpy; ,e;ehL 10.0y; 8.0 Gs;sp ngWNgw;iw ngw;Ws;sJ. Coy; Fwpfhl;b Rl;nlz; nghyp]; gpuptpy; ,lk;ngWk; Coy; rk;ge;jkhdJ kl;Lk; my;y vt;thnwdpDk; mtu;fsJ Coy; vjpu; rk;gs Aj;jk; ,jw;F rhl;rpahf Coy; jLg;G nraw;ghl;bid nghyp]pYk; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. Coy; ,yQ;rj;jpwF ; kl;Lk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj mNjNtis Coiy fl; L g; g Lj; j tjpy; n`hq; n fhq; ,yQ; r ghJfhg; G fl;lisr;rl;lk; (POBO) gpujhdkhdJ MFk;. ,e;j fl;lisr;rl;lk; Coy; Fw;wq;fis njhlu;gpy; 8 gpupTfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. 4 gpupTfs; Gyd; tprhuizfSf;F tpN\l mjpfhuq;fis toq;FtJld; kw;Wk; 8 gpupTfspYk; Kd;dpiy tprhuizfis xOq;F nra; a g; g l; b Ug; g Jld; > ve; j egUf; F k; cs; s ghJfhg; G fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJld; ,f;fl;lisr;rl;lj;jpw;F mikthf Fw; w r; R kj; j g; g lyhk; . ,J KiwNflhd ngw; W f; n fhs; s y; > ahjhapDtw;iw KiwNfhlhf toq;fr; nra;jy;. my;yJ xUtupd; flikf; f hf J}z; L jy; nra; j y; Nghd; w itfshFk; . ,J 125

nghyp]hUf;F kl;Lk; rpwg;ghdjy;y> vdpDk; Vida jpizf;fsq;fspYk; rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ. ,J xU murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;ju; jdJ tho;epiyf;F Nkyhd nry;tj;Jld; tho;tijAk;> mJ rk;ge;jkhf jpUg;jpailaj;jf;f tpahf;fpahdk; nfhLf;f Kbahj NghJ Fw;wthspahfTk; fUJfpwJ. ,f;fl;lisr;rl;lk; rhl;rpaq;fSf;fhd tpjpfis Fiwg;gJld; > tprhuizapy; cs;s jdpegu; njhlu;ghd Msilahsj;ij ghJfhf;fpwJ. vdNt jhd; Gyd; tprhuizfspy; jdpegu; kPJ vj;jifa jiyaPLfisAk; cUthf;Ftjpyi ; y vdpDk; gpdd ; u; rpyu; Fw;wr;rhl;LfSf;Fs; cs;thq;fg;gLthu;.

9.1.3.1. nghyp]; fhupahyaj; j pw; F vjpuhd Kiwg; g hLfs; (CAPO) CAPO nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpd; cs;sf gpupthFk;. ,J nghyp]pw;F vjpuhd nghJkf;fs; Kiwg;ghLfis tprhuiz nra;fpd;wJ. ,tu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; rfy tprhuizfs; rk;ge;jkhfTk; Rje;jpu nghyp]; Kiwg;ghl;L rig fz;fhzpg;G nra;fpwJ. Rje;jpu nghyp]; Kiwg;ghl;L Mizf;FOtpwF ; Neubahf Kiwg;ghL nra;a KbahJ. vdpDk; rpyNtisfspy; Mizf;FOtpwF ; nra;ag;Lk; Kiwg;ghLfis Mizf;FO CAPO Tf;F Muk;g tprhuizf;fSf;fhf mDg;Gk;. CAPO tpd; cWg;gpdu; xUtUf;F vjpuhf ahjhapDk; Kiwg;ghL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLkhapd; mit rk;ge;jkhf CAPOtpd; cau;ju mjpfhup xUtu; my;yJ CAPO tpd; NtnwhU gpuhe;jpak; tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.

9.1.3.2. Rje; jpu nghyp]; Kiwg; ghl; L rig (IPCC) IPCC xU jdpahd mikg;G my;y mJ CAPOtpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Gyd;tprhuizfis kPsha;T nra;fpwJ. mg;Gyd; tprhuizfs; jpUg;jpAwhj gl;rj;jpy; mjid jpUk;g tprhupfF ; khW jpUg;gp mDg;gptpLk;. Gyd; tprhuizfs; IPCCapd; Kj;jpiuaplg;gl;l cWjp toq;fg;gl;l gpdN ; g KbtpwF ; nfhz;L tug;glyhk;. ,e;j mjpfhu rigfs; Coiy kl;Lk; tpN\lkhf ifahshJ> Coiy jLg;gjw;fhd Kiwg;ghLfs; njhlu;ghYk; tif$wy; czu;Tld; kw;Wk; Coiy jLg;gjw;fhd ftdpff ; j;jf;f gpujhd jpahf czu;Tld; nra;wgLk;.

9.1.3.3 CoYf;F vjpuhd Rje;jpu Mizf;FO (ICAC) 1974k; Mz; L gpnsau; - Nfu; tprhuizfspd; rpghu; r pd; mbg; g ilapy; cUthf; f g; g l; l Nj CoYf; F vjpuhd Rje; j pu Mizf;FOthFk;. ,jw;fhd mjpfhuq;fs; CoYf;F vjpuhd Rje;jpu 126

Mizf;FO fl;lisr;rl;lj;jpy; Fwpgg ; plg;gl;L cs;sJ. ICAC %d;W gFjpfshf fPof ; F ; wpff ; g;gl;lthW gpupff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ. CoYf;F vjpuhd Rje;jpu Mizf;FO ICAC

r%f cwT

Coy; ghJfhg;G

nraw;ghLfs;

1. r%f cwT jpizf;fsk; : ,J kf;fis Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp n`hq;nfhq;fpy; CoYf;F vjpuhd fyhrhuj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ. 2. Coy; ghJfhg;G jpizf;fsk; : jpizf;fsq;fs;> mur kw;Wk; ;jdpahu; epWtdq;fs; vd;gtw;wpid Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp jdJ mDgtj;ij toq;FfpwJ. 3. nraw;ghl;L jpizf;fsk; : ,J Coyhspfis ,yf;fhf nfhz;lJ. Gyd; tprhuizfs; %yk; ,tw;iw Nkw;nfhz;L Gw eltbf;ifapidAk;> kPs; nraw;ghl;ilAk; eilKiwg;gLj;JfpwJ.

,jd; %yk; njupa tUtjhtJ n`hq;nfhq; murhq;fk; KOikahd rfy tpjkhd CoYf;F vjpuhd eltbf;iffs; Nkw; n fhz; L s; s J. mNjNtis ICAC Coiy jLg; g ij Kjd;ikahf nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l xd;wy;y. ,J Coy; jLg;G Kaw;rpfspd; ,aw;ifg; ngWNgwhFk;.

9.1.4. ,e; j pah ,e; j pah murpayikg; g pd; 264tJ gpupTg; g b nghyp]; khepyj;Jld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tplakhFk;. vy;yh khepy nghyp]; gilfSk; kj;jpa nghyp]; rl;lk; 1861d; fPNoNa ,aq;Ffpdw ; d. rpy khepyq;fs; jq;fSf;nfd nghyp]; rl;lq;fisf; nfhz;L ,Ug;gpDk;> mit gpujhd rl;lj;jpw;F miktjhFk;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf ,e; j pa nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; kj; j papNyNa gapwW ; tpff ; g;gLthu;fs;. ,e;jpa nghyp]; gilapd; rfy rpNu\;l mjpfhupfSk; jd;dpri ; rahf njupT nra;ag;gLthu;fs;. ,e;jpa nghyp]; Nrit Neubahf ,e;jpa cs;tptfhu mikr;rpd; fPOs;sJ. gapwr ; papd; 127

gpd; ,e;j cj;jpNahfj;ju; gy;NtW khepyq;fSf;F flikf;F mDgg;gLthu;fs;. Njrpa ghJfhg;G gilia Nghd;w kj;jpa Kftu;fis kj;jpa epiyak; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;. ,yQ;rk; ngWjy;> murpay; nry;thf;F> mjpfhu J\;gpuNahfk; Nghd;wit ehnlq;fpYKs;s ghupa gpur;rpidahFk;. nghyp]; Nritia cUthf;fpa tuyhw;wpd; fhuzkhf khwpa murhq;fq;fNs nghyp]; Nkw;ghu;itapid Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,e;j Nkw;ghu;it rl;lj;jpy; tiuaWf;fg;gl tpy;iy. Mjyhy; ,J vy;iyaw;w murpaw; nry;thf;fpw;F cl;gLfpwJ. NkYk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO fiyf;fg;gl;ljd; fhuzkhf mtu;fshy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l 8 gpNuuizfs; mKYf;F te;jd. gj;kdhgha kw;Wk; uNga;Nuh Mizf;FOtpd; mwpfi ; ffSk; mKYf;F te;jd.

9.1.4.1. Coiy ifahs; t jw; f hf ,af; f g; g hL rfytpjj;jpYk; CoYld; njhlu;Gila nghJr; rl;lq;fis mKy; g Lj; J k; Kftu; epiyaq; f Sf; F Nkyjpfkhf kj; j pa murhq;fkhdJ ,yQ;rj;ij ifahsf;$ba Kf;fpakhd epWtdkhf nghyp]; gilf;F fPohf Gyd; tprhuizf;fhd kj;jpa gpuptpid cUthf;fpaJ. 9.1.4.2. kj; j pa Gydha; T g; gpupT (CIB) 1941k; Mz;L ,uz;lhtJ cyfkfhAj;jj;jpy; Vw;gl;l ,yQ;rk; kw;Wk; CoYf;F gpd; cUthf;fg;gl;l tpN\l nghyp]; jhgdj;jpd; kuGtopapid nfhz;lNj kj;jpa Gydha;Tg; gpupthFk;. cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; gpd; tpN\l jhgdr;rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lL ,e;jpa cs;ehl;lYty;fs; mikr;rpd; ,lkhw;w mjpfhuk; KOehl;bw;Fk; mKy;gLj;jf;$bajhdJ. kj;jpa Gydha;T gpupT jdpNa nghyp]; mjpfhupfis kl;Lk; tprhupg;gij kl;Lg;gLj;jtpy;iy. Coy; tprhuizAld; njhlu;GgLifapy; kj;jpa Gydha;T gpupT 1988k; Mz;bd; Coy; ghJfhg;G rl;lj;ij ikakhf nfhz;ljhFk;.

2005k; Mz;L kj;jpa Gydha;Tg; gpupT ghupa Coy; jLg;G eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl;lJ. ,it Nkyjpfkhd nrhj;J Nru;jj ; nghyp]; tplaj;jpYk; Kuzhd eltbf;ifahf nghyp]; tiyg;gpd;dy; eltbf;ifapyhd gupNrhjidfspy; nra;ag;gl;l tprhuidfis kj;jpa tpopgG ; zu;T FO ,jid Nkw;ghu;it nra;jJ.

128

9.1.4.3. Nfushtpd; rk; g tk; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpdhy; rpghu;R nra;ag;gl;l ,uz;L Kf;fpakhd rpghu;Rfis Nfus murhq;fk; mKy; gLj;jpaJ. ,e;j Nehf;fq;fis ikakhf nfhz;L nghyp]; tpidahw;wy; kw;Wk; tif$wy; Mizf; F O xd; w pid cUthf; f paJ. ,jid ntw;wpfukhf mKy;gLj;jpajd; tpisthf epakdq;fs;> ,lkhw;wq;fs; vd; g tw; w py; murpay; jiyaP L fs; jtpu; f ; f g; g l; l J. vdpDk; ftdj;jpwF ; upaJ ahnjdpy; Coy; tptfhuj;jpy; vj;jifa khw;wKk; Vw;gltpyi ; y vd;gJ ftiyf;FupajhFk;.

Mizf;FOtpw;F vJtpj murhq;f mZruid ,y;iy vdpDk; jdpgg ; l;l tof;Ffs; tprhuiz nra;tjpyi ; y. mjdJ Muk;g rpghu;Rfshy; nghyp]g ; ilf;Fs; tif$wYf;fhd khw;wq;fSk; Gjpa fzpg;gL P fshFk;.

9.1.5. ghfp]; j hd; ,e;jpa nghyp]; rl;lk; 1861 (188k; mz;L jpUj;jk; kw;Wk; nghyp]; tpjpfs; 1934 kWrPuikg;G) ,JNt ,d;Wk; ghfp]j ; hdpy; mbg;gilr; rl;lkhf ,Uf;fpdw ; J. ,e;jr;rl;lk; murhq;f epyq;fSld; nghyp]hUf;F kpfg;ghupa mstpyhd mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;Ls;sjhf ; G+uz Rje;jpukpdi ; k fhzg;gLfpdw ; J184. ,jdhy;jhd; nghyp]pwF fhuzkhf> CoYf;F Kjw; fhuzpahf mikfpdw ; Jld; murpay; nry;thf;fpwF ; Kd;dpiyg;gLj;JfpwJ. mbg; g ilr; rl; l q; f Sk; nghWg; G fSk; ehd; F khepy murhq;fq;fshy; nfhz;L elhj;jg;gLfpdw ; d. ,jw;F Nkyhf kj;jpa murhq; f khdJ kj; j pa nghyp]; jpizf; f sj; i j kw; W k; vy; i yg; G wq; f shd tlf; F kw; W k; tlnjw; F Kidfis fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. ehd;F khepyq;fspYk; cs;s nghyp]; gilfs; Rje;jpukhdit. mtw;wpwF ; Njrpa mstpyhd xUikg;ghLk; ,y;iy. cs;tptfhu mikr;rNu Nkyhd;ikahf Nkw;ghu;it nra;fpwhu;. rpNu\;l epiy gjtpfs; midj;Jk; ghfp];jhd; nghyp]; Nritapdhy; epug;gg;gLfpwJ. ghfp];jhd; nghyp]; Nritf;F ,af;fg;ghl;L mikg;G ,y;iy. mJ xU Jizr;Nrit. ghfp]j ; hdpd; rptpy; Nrit mikg;G Nghd;W ,jd; cj;jpNahfju;fs; khfhz Nritf; F l; g l; l tu; f shf> Row; r p Kiwapy; > kj; j pa murpd; Kftu; f shfTk; mtu; f sJ Nritapd; Njitf; F Vwg gzpahw;Wthu;fs;. ghfp]j ; hd; nghyp]; Nritf;F kw;Wk; nghJthd rfy NritfSf;Fkhf tUlhe;j Njrpa guPli ; r xd;wpd; %yNk 184. nghyp]; fl;lisr;rl;lk; 1861 gpupT 3 muRf;F nghyp]pwF ; Nkyhf mj;jpal;efu; vDk; gjj;jpid ghtpff ; mDkjpgg ; Jld; vdpDk; ,J tiuaWf;fg;gltpyi ; y.

129

mjpfhupfs; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;whu;fs;. ghfp];jhd; nghyp]; Nritapy; ey; y rk; g sk; toq; f g; g LtJld; mJ kpfTk; rf;jptha;e;jjhFk;. kpf cau; Gs;spfis ngw;w khztu;fis njupTKiwapy; ,J ftu; J ld; ntw; w pngw; w Nju; t hsu; f s; ,];yhkhghj;jpw;F mUfpy; cs;s rp`hyh nghyp]; gapw;rp fy;Y}upapd; ,uz;L tUlfhy gapwr ; papd; gpd; khfhz Nritapy; jq;fs; flikfis Vw;ghu;fs;185. nghyp]; gilapy; cs;s fPoe ; piy Gs;spfs; ngw;wtu;fs;. fy;tp juhjukw;wtu;fs; vdpDk; ,tu;fSf;F kpf Fiwe;j msT NtjdNk toq;fg;gl;L jpwdw;w Ntiyahl;fshf kjpff ; g;gLthu;fs;. ngUk;ghyhd nghyp]; mjpfhupfs;> MAjk; jupj;jtu;fs; my;y. murhq;fj;jpd; murpay;; nry;thf;fpwF ; cl;gl;Nl jq;fs; flikfis 186 nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ . ,J fhydpj;Jt fhuu;fshy; nghyp]; fl;lisr;rl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; ,e;j fl;lisr;rl;lj;jpd; capue ; hb nghyp]; nghJkf;fs; cwit njuptpff ; hjJld; fUj;Jf;$w $bajy;y vdyhk;.

9.1.5.1. rP u ; j pUj; j k; [dehaf gz;Gila ghfp]j ; hd; murhq;fkhdJ mikg;G tpjpfspy; gutyhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd czu;ej ; jhy; 1861k; nghyp]; fl; l isr; r l; l j; i j kP s ; nra; J 2001k; Mz; L nghyp]; fl;lisr;rl;lj;ij cUthf;fpaJ. mJ gioa fl;lisr;rl;lj;jpid jOtpaJ. jw;NghJ 2002k; Mz;L mit nghyp]; xOq;Ffspy; nfhz;L tug;gl;Ls;sJ. nghyp]; fl;lisr;rl;lk; 2004k; Mz;L ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ187. ,e;j fl;lisr;rl;lk; nghyp]; Rg;uPd;nlz;l; gjtpapid cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ,J vt;thnwdpDk; nghyp]; jdJ flikia tpidj;jpwdhf nra;tjpYk;> mtw;iw cWjpgg ; Lj;JtjpYk; Rg;uk P ; jd;ik nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdg;gLfpwJ. mJ NkYk; tpgupfi ; fapy; Nkw;ghu;it vd;gJ Nkw;ghu;it nfhs;if$lhfTk; > MNyhrid kw;Wk; topgg ; Lj;jy; vd;gtw;NwhL murhq;fk; nghyp]; nraw;ghl;L epu;thfKk;> epjpg; gpupTfSf;F nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gNjahFk;188.

185.ghfp]j ; hd; fl;likg;G kw;Wk; ebgq;F httb/www/photiuscom/conrlries/palastan national security/ palasten national security role are structure - 0-10444 html revised 27 march 2005 186 IBID 187 Nwhrp J.P ghfp]j ; hd; nghyp]; rPuj ; pUj;jk; xU gb Kd;Ndw;wk;. fh kdpj cupik Kaw;rp v.12. ,y 01 epA cs;s 2005 188. IBID

130

,e;j rl;lkhdJ khfhz> khtl;l epiyfspy; nghJg; g hJfhg; G Mizf; F Oit cUthf; f pd; w J. ,e; j Mizf;FO murhq;fj;jhy; epakpff ; g;gLk; cWg;gpdu;fisAk;> nghJ kf;fshy; epakpff ; g;gLk; cWg;gpdu;fisAk; nfhz;ljhFk; ,tu;fspd; gpujhd gzpahdJ nghyp]hu; rl;ltpNuhj nray;fspy; <LgLtijAk; cj; j pNahfG+u; t kw; w gzpg; G iufs; Vw; g ijAk; > nghJkf; f s; Kiwg; g hl; i l Vw; g ijAk; tprhupj; J cupa tprhuizf; F cj;jutpLjyhFk;. ,J nghyp]; Kiwghgl;L mjpfhu rigia rk\;b mstpy; cUthf;FtJld; ,e;j Rje;jpukhd gpupT nghJkf;fspd; Kiwg;ghL rk; g e; j khfTk; nghyp]hupd; Ju; e lj; i j kw; W k; myl; r pak; rk;ge;jkhfTk; tplaq;fisAk; ifahsf; $baJ khtl; l nghyp]hupd; epu; t hfkhdJ khtl; l nghyp]; Rg;ud P n ; ld;ld; nghWg;gpy; cs;sJ mtu; khtl;l ePjpthdpd; nghJthd fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fk; topelj;JjYf;Fk; cupatuy;yu;. ,tu; \Pyh erPk; (cs;Su; mjpfhu rig rl;l%yk; 2001 njupT nra;ag;gl;ltu;). nghyp]; nraw;ghLfspd; nghyp]; khtl;l; nraw;ghLfs;. fpupkpdy; tof;Ffspd; Gyd; tprhuid Nghd;wtw;iw jtpue ; j ; Vida nghyp]; nraw;ghLfSf;F nghWg;ghdtu;. nghyp]; Rg;ud P l ; d;ld; rpyUf;Nf tif nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;190. NkYk; rfy nghyp]; jiyikaf mjpfhupfshYk;. cggpupT mjpfhupfSk;. nghyp]; epiya mjpfhupfSk; %d;W tUlj;jpwF ; xUKiw ,lkhw;wk; ngw Ntz; L k; , ,jd; fhuzkhf murpaw; kag; g Lj; j g; g l; l ,lkhw;wq;fs; gjtpapy; ,Ue;J mfw;wy; vd;git ,aYkhdtiu Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ191. ,J Njrpa nghyp]; Kfhikj;Jt rigia cUthf;fpAs;sJld; rk\;b mstpy; juj;ij $l;lTk;. nghyp]; tptfhuq;fs; muRf;F MNyhrid $wTk; ];jhgpff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ192. nghyp]; xOq;Ffs; 2002 kw;Wk; 2004 vd;git mtjhdpff ; jf;fitfshFk; ghfp]j ; hdpd; Coiy gw;wp fijf;Fk; NghJ ku;#f; myp \h (gzpgg ; hsu; ghfp]j ; hd;> tjptpl kp\d;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp) Fwpgg ; pLifahy; ghfp]j ; hDf;F mOj;jq;fs;. ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; tpopg;Gzu;T Nghd;w Kk;Kid mZFKiw mtrpak; vd Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu. mtu; xU lrpDf;F Nkyhd Mizf;FOf;fisAk;> FOf;fSk; mikf;fg;gl;L ,Ug;gpDk; mit 190. nghyp]; fl;lis 2002 gpupT 33 191.IBID 192.IBID

131

Coiy fl;Lg;gLj;j jtwpAs;sikf;F fhuzk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l rpghu;Rfs; vdTk; mKy;gLj;jg;glhik MFk;.

9.1.5.2. nghJthd Coy; vjpu; g ; G Kaw; r pfs; nghyp]; kWrPuikf;F Nkyjpfkhf ghfp]j ; hd; murhq;fk; 194 jw;NghJ Njrpa tif $wy; gpuptpd; eput ; hfpff ; pdw ; J . ,e;j gpupthdJ Njrpa vjpug ; G ; eltbf;iffis 2002y; ,Ue;J Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ. ,jd; %yk; njupatUtjhtJ ghfp]j ; hd; fle;j 5 tUlq;fshf nghyp]; xOq;FKiwia rPuikg;gjpYk; Coy; jLg;gjw;fhfTk; Mu;tnkLj;J tUfpdw ; J. nraw;ghLfis cUthf;FtjpYk; ghu;ff ; mtw;iw mOy;gLj;JtjpYk; mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjpYk; tpopgG ; zu;Tl;lNy Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,J ,d;Wtiu fhzg;gltpyi ; y.

9.2. Coiy xopg;gjw;fhd topKiwfs; njhlu;ghf ,yq;if nghyp]; epWtdj; j pDlhf xg; G Nehf; f y; Ma; T tpN\l Gyd; tprhuiz gpupT> Njrpa nghyp]; Ma;TFO kw;Wk; ,yQ;r Mizf;FO tpN\l Gyd; tprhuiz gpupT : (SIU) ,J nghyp]; jpizf; f sj; j pd; cs; s f gpupthFk; . nghyp]hUf;F vjpuhd Kiwg;ghLfis ifahs;fpdw ; J. ,yQ;rk; rk;ge;jkhd Kiwg;ghL Mapd; tpN\l Gydha;Tg; gpupT Rje;jpukhf KbT nra;J mjid ,yQ;r Mizf;FOtpw;F tprhuzf;fhf rku;g;gpf;Fk;.

Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO (NPC) murpayikg;gpd; 17tJ jpUj;jj;jpwf ; ika cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J epakdq;fs;> ,lkhw;wk;> xOf;f fl;Lg;ghLfs;> gjtp ePff ; k; Nghd;wtw;wpy; (nghyp]; kh mjpgu;) jtpu mjpfhuk; cilaJ. nghyp]; eput ; hfk; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fspy; KiwghgLfs; njhlu;gpy; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FONt njspthd KbTfs; vLf;ff; $baJ196.

194. Njrpa tif$wy; gpupT 1999

132

,yQ; r Mizf; F O ,yQ;r Mizf;FOtpd; gpujhd gzpahdJ ,yQ;rj;ij jLg;gjw;fhd nghJkf;fspd; G+uz xj;Jiog;ig ngWjyhFk;. mj;Jld; MizahsUf;F kl;LNk Fw;wQ;Rkj;jg;gl;l tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpyhFk;. ,J njhlu;gpyhd %bitf;fg;ll ; njhlu;ghly;fs; njupa te;jhy; tprhuizfs; njhlUk;.

9.2.1. Kd; nraw; g hl; L tprhuizfSk; Neu; i k guP l ; i rAk; ,yq;iff;F ,yQ;rk; rk;ge;jkhd Gyd; tprhuizfs; nraw;ghl;L topKiw fhzg;gbDk; ,J Kiwghl;bid rhu;ghf nfhz;Nl fhzg;gLfpwJ. If;fpa mnkupf;f ehl;bd; nkhnyd; Mizf;FO ,j;jifa tprhuiz topKiw NghJkhdjy;y vd Rl;bf;fhl;As;sJ. ,J ,yq;ifg; Nghd;w Coy; kype;Js;s topKiwfspy; kpfTk; cz;ikahd tplakhFk;. mjpfhupfspd; tpOkpaq;fSf;F Clhf Coy; eilngw KbAk;. vd;gij ek;gKbahJs;sJ kpfTk; tpidj;jpwdhd topKiwahnjdpy; Kd; nraw;ghl;L tprhuizfs; nghyp]hiu Coypy; <LgLj;JtjpypUe;J ghJfhf;Fk; vd;gNjhL gaj;ij cUthf;Fk;. mtu; f s; jhk; gupNrhjpf; f g; g Lfpd; w hu; f s; vd; g ij mwpahJ ,Ue;jypdhy; MFk;. nghyp]; NritahdJ gy re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; Nkw;ghu;it ,y;yhj epiyapYk;. ghupa mstpyhd Neu;ikAlDk; nraw;gl Ntz;bajhFk;. ,it eilKiwf;F cjthJ vdpDk; vy;yh nghyp]; NritfspYk; njhlu;rr ; pahd Nkw;ghu;it mtrpak; vd;gJ ftdj;jpw; vLf;fg;gl Ntz;bajhFk;. ,jdhy; If;fpa mnkupff ; htpy; (IAB) cs;sf tif$wy; gpupT nghyp]; gilf;fSf;Fs; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; ,jw;fhd czu;Tfis tsu;jJ ; s;sJ. ,tu;fs; ,J nghJthf mjpfkhd guPl;irfs; njhlUk; NghJ jhkhfNt mtu;fs; ,aq;Ftjhf Fwpgg ; pLfpwhu;fs;. ,J Coy; nra;tjw;fhd gaj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;j topKiw If;fpa mnkupff ; htpy; > If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;> n`hq;nfhq; Nghd;w Coy; Fwpfhl;b Rl;nlz;zpy; 7 Gs;spfSf;F Nky; ngw;w ehLfspy; tpidj;jpwdhf mike;jJ. NkYk; Njrpa Neu;ik guPli ; r cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;F vg;gpuNjrj;jpwF ; mtrpakhd gapwr ; p Njitg;gLfpwJ vd;gijAk; Rl;bf;fhl;baJ. ,e;jNtiy ,q;F Rl;bf;fhl;l Ntz;bajhtJ> Kd;dpiy 133

tprhuizfSf;F Neu;ik guPli ; rAk;> ,yq;if nghyp]; epWtdj;ij nghWj;j tifapy; kpff;Fiwe;j nghUshjhu kw;Wk; kdpj tsq;fis nfhz;Ls;sjd; fhuzkhf nraw;gLj;j KbahJs;sJ. murhq;fk; ,J njhlu;gpy; $Ljy; %yjdkply; mtrpakhFk;. nghyp]; epWtdNk Muk;g rl;lj;ij mKy; gLj;Jk; Kftu; epWtdkhFk;. vdNt ,e;j epWtdj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; CoyhdJ ehl;bd; KOrl;l xOq;F tpjpfspy; rPuopgi ; g Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;gJ jpzz ; khFk;.

9.2.2. gpui[fs; kP s ha; T kw; W k; gq; f spg; G nghyp]hUf; F vjpuhd Fw; w r; r hl; L fs; nghyp]huhy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ Neu;ik jd;ikf;F ghjfkhFk;. ,e;j fUJNfhs; cz;ikahdNjh ,y;iyNah nghJkf;fSf;F nghyp]; kPjhd ek;gpf;if FiwNtahFk;. ,yq;ifapy; jw;NghJ nghyp]; kh mjpguhy; ifthfdkhf;fg;gl;l cj;jpNahfj;ju;fNs tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. rfy Kiwg;ghLfSk; nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. jw;Nghja ek;gpfi ; f mw;w epiy fhuzkhf gyu; nghyp]; epiyaj;jpy; KiwapLtij tpUk;Gtjpyi ; y. nghyp]; F&ukhf gfpuq;f tpsk;guq;fis nra;tjd; fhuzkhf Kiwg;ghL nra;gtu; jdf;F ghJfhg;G ,y;iy vd 197 ; hl;Ltjd; %yk; If;fpa fUJfpwhu; . ,e;j cz;ikfis ntspff mnkupff ; htpy; gpui[fs; Kiwg;ghl;L kPsha;T rig nghJkf;fspd; Kiwg;ghL njhlu;gpy; cjTtij Rl;bf;fhl;l KbAk;.

9.2.3. Gyd; tprhuizfis fz; f hzpj; j y; ,yq; i ff; F cs; s f Gyd; t prhuizfs; njhlu; g hf fz;fhzpjj ; Yf;F Gwk;ghd Mizf;FOf;fs; ,y;iy. ,J If;fpa ehLfs;. If;fpa ,uhr;rpak; kw;Wk; n`hq;nfhq; Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J njupatUfpwJ. jw;NghJ Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO ,jid Nkw;nfhz;lhYk; Gwk;ghd Mizf;FO ,jw;F mtrpakhFk;. nghyp]; epWtdj;ij Rj;jg;gLj;jy; jw;NghJ mtrpa Njit vdpDk;. ghupa Ntiyg;gStpid nfhz;Ls;s Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpwF ; ,jid Nkw;nfhs;sy; mnrsfupakhdjhFk;. vt;thnwdpDk; ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd; nghUspay; epiy ,j;jifa rfy fzpgg ; L P fisAk; Kiwahf mKy;gLj;j Ntz;ba nghUshjhu tsq;fis nfhz;bUf;ftpyi ; y.

If;fpa mnkupff ; htpy; cs;s Coy; vjpug ; g ; pwf ; hd jiyefu gil> jhk; jkJ gilazpia Fiwf;f Ntz;b ,Ug;gjhf mgpg;gpuhag;gLfpwJ. fhuzk; Coy; vjpu;gG ; fyhr;rhuk; ehl;by; mjpfupj;Js;sikahFk;.

134

murhq;fj;jpYk; caupa Coy; ,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhf Rje;jpu Kftu; epWtdq;fs ; ,r;re;ju;gg ; j;jpy; xd;W Nru;eJ ; ,g;gpur;rpiidia mZfp ,jid NkYk; tsu tplhJ jLg;gJ mtrpakhFk;.

9.2.4. murpay; jiyaP L nghyp]; Coy; jLg;gpy; kpfTk; jilahd fhuzkhf ,Ug;gJ murpay; jiyaPlhFk;. ,e;j gpur;rpidia ,e;jpahTk;> ghfp]j ; hDk; vjpuN ; ehf;Ffpdw ; d. ,J ,e;ehLfspy; cs;s fhydpjJ ; t fhy nghyp]; fl;lisr;rl;lj;jpd; %ykhf cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. ghfp]j ; hd; kpf mz;ikapy; nghyp]; rl;lj;ij kPsha;T nra;jjd; %yNk ,jid ntspf;nfhzu;ej ; J. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;Fo murpay;thjpfspd;; vJtpj jiyaPLk; ,d;wp epakdq;fs; ,lkhw;wq;fs; vd;gtw;iw Rje;jpukhd Kiwapy; mZf Ntz; L k; vd vjpu; g hu; f ; f pd; w J. nghyp]; mjpfhupfsplk; elj;jpa gy fye;Jiuahly;fspd; %yk; mtu;fs; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO kPJ ek;gpfi ; f ,oe;Nj fhzg;gLfpdw ; du; vd njupatUfpdw ; J. Vnddpy; murpay; tpisahl;Lf;fs; %yk; jq;fsJ kPjhd Kuzhd KbTfshy; f\;lg;gpuNjrj;jpwF ; ,lkhw;wk; nra;J tpLthu;fs; vd;gjhFk;. vdNt nghyp]; Coy; kypej ; jhf epidf;Fk; murpay;thjpfs; kw;Wk; gpui[fs; kPJ ,yf;F itg;gJ vd;gJ rupahdjhFk;. ,jid nraw;gLj;jpa If;fpa ,uhr;rpak; Kw;wpYk; ntw;wp fz;Ls;sJ. 9.2.5. cjtp mjpfhupfisg; ghJfhj; j y; ,yq; i fg; nghyp]; epWtdk; tpRthrj; j pw; F Nkyhf Neu;ikf;fhf kjpg;gplf;$bajhFk. NkYk; caujpfhupfSf;F nfsutkspfF ; k; xOf;ff;fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F kpFe;jtu;fs;. ,jdhy; fPoe ; piy cj; j pNahfj; j u; f s; rl; l tpNuhj gzpg; G fis mtkjpf; f tpUk;Gtjpyi ; y> mtu;fSf;F ,e;j topKiwapy; ,Ue;J kPzL ; Coiy jLf;f KbahJs;sJ. ,jw;fhd Kiwg;ghL xd;wpid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; xUtu; nghyp]; gilazpfF ; s; xuk; fl;lg;gl;ltuhfTk;. jdJ gjtpAau; tha;gG ; fis ,oe;jtu;fshfTk;> ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwg;ghL rk;ge;jkhf tpRthr jd;ik NghjpasT ,y;yhky; Nghtjw;Fk; cl;gLtu;. ghfp]j ; hd; murhq;fk; nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;G Mizf;FO epWtpaJ. mjdJ Muk;g flikfshtd nghyp]hiu vJtpj rl;ltpNuhj eltbf;ifapy; ,Ue;J ghJfhj;jYk; rl;ltpNuhj 135

gzpgG ; iufspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;gJkhFk;. ,t;thwhd xU Rje;jpu mikg;G xd;W ,j;jifa fPoe ; piy cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis ghJfhg;gjw;F epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf ,e;j mjpfhupfs; fhg;ghw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,J Kiwahd tprhuizfs; %yKk; Coy; gpuNjrq;fis KOikahf Mf;fpukpg;gjd; %yKk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glyhk;.

9.2.6. ,yq;ifapy; Coy; vjpu;g;G fyhrhuj;ij tsu;j;jy; nghJkf;fspd; xj;Jiog;G ,d;ik fhuzkhf ,yq;ifapy; gy epWtdq;fs; ,g;gzpia rpwg;ghf nra;a Kbtjpyi ; y. Coy; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l xd;whf khwpAs;sJ. n`hq;nfhq; ,yq;ifapy; ,k;%d;Wtpjkhd mZFKiwfis mKy;gLj;j fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJ. mit gpdt ; UkhW: 1. Coy; vjpug ; G ; rl;lj;ij cUthf;fy; nghJkf;fis ,yf;fhf nfhz;l epfo;Tfs; 2. Coiy jLj;jy; : CoYf;F rhjfkhd topKiwfis Muha;eJ ; mtw;iw milj;jy; 3.rl;lj;jpwF ; l;gLj;jp jz;lid ngw;W nfhLj;jy; e Pq ;f s ; n g h y pR f ;F Vj k ; md ;g s pg ;G f s ; t oq ;f pAs ;s Ph ;f s h ?

120

Yes

No

100 80 60 % 50 40 20

136

On arrest detention

To reply as on accused

Violation of traffic laws

Regarding NIC/PP/DL

To obtain a character certificate

To obtain a Police report

To make a compliant

0

10. KbTWj; j Yk; MNyhridfSk; nghyp]; jpizf;fsk; r%fj;jpwF ; ngWkjpkpF Nritfis toq;Ffpdw ; J. vt;thnwdpDk; nghyp]hUf;Fk; nghJkf;fSf;Fk;. murhq;fj;jpwF ; k; ,ilapyhd tsu;eJ ; tUk; cz;ik ahnjdpy; nghyp];Jiw Coy; kype;jJk; tpidj;jpwdw;wJkhf cs;sJ. vd;gNjahFk;. ,e;j Ma;tpd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhdJ nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpwF ; s; CoYf;fhd fhuzq;fis fz;lwpeJ ; mjid eptu;jj ; pgg ; NjahFk;. mj;Jld; tif$wiyAk; kw;Wk; epiyj;J epwf ; f; $baJkhd nraw;ghl;L Kiwia Vw;gLj;jp r%fj;jpd; gpui[fis Gjpa rPuj ; pUj;jj;jpwF ; mu;gg ; zpgG ; nra;tjw;F Cf;Ftpgg ; jhFk;.

10.1. epWtd tiyg; g pd; d iy Nkk; g Lj; j y; 10.1.1. Ntiytha; g ; G 4Ntiythg;Gf;fhd juk;> kw;Wk; juhjuq;fis NkYk; ftdj;jpw; vLj;jy; 4Ntiytha;gG ; f;fhd epge;jidfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfspy; Jyhk;gu jd;ik Ngzy; 4fhd;]l ; gpsf ; s; epakdj;jpd; NghJ mbg;gil fy;tpj; jifikfs; Nkk;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL mtu;fsJ r%f njhlu;Gfs;> njhlu;ghly;fs;> kw;Wk; tpNtfj;jpwd; gupNrhjpff ; g;gly; Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; Ez;zwpT my;yJ nghJ mwpT rk;ge;jkhd guPl;ir mKy;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;> tpN\l kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g gpupTfs; jq; f Sf; F upa tpj; j pahrkhd nghUj; j khd epge; j idfis nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

4,e;j Nritapd; juj;ij cau;jJ ; tjw;fhf gl;ljhupfis cjtp nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu;> tpN\l gpupTf;fhd cjtp ,d;]n ; gf;lu;fs; gjtpfF ; Neubahf epakdk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL ,tu;fSf;fhd Cf;FtpgG ; fs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; (jFjpAs;s egu;fs; nghyp]; Nritapy; ,ize;J nfhs;tij Cf;Ftpgg ; J) 4nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpy; epyTk; ghy; rkepiy ,d;ikia Nghf;Ftjw;fhf jFjpAs;s ngz;fs; Nritapy; ,iztij Cf;Ftpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. (ngz;fSf;fhd tpN\l Nfhl;lhKiw mKy;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;) 137

4Nju;thsupd; gpd;ddp gw;wpa KOtpguKk; njupa Ntz;Lk;. vd;gNjhL mtu; / mts; mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy; vJtpjkhd kpif jd;ikahd my;yJ Kuz;ghlhd gof;ftof;fq;fs; cs;stuh vd;gJk; cau; Neu;ikjd;ik mjpcau; juhjuk; vd;gdTk; rpghu;R nra;ag;gLjy; mtrpak;.

10.1.2. fl; l ikg; G rpNu\;l nghyp]; mjpfhupfshy; kw;Wk; mDgt];jfu;fshy; nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpw;Fs; Nkw;ghu;it ,d;ik Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;lg;gl;lJ. ,jid ghu;fF ; k; NghJ Vwf;Fiwa 65000Fk; Nkw;gl;l nghyp]hiu xU jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; eput ; fpff ; KbahJ. eput ; hf fl;likg;gpy; ,ilepiyapy; gy mjpfhu kl;lq;fs; ,Ug;gJ ,r;Nritia NkYk; gytPdkhf;Fk;. ,jdhy; jw;Nghja Mszp kl;lk; kw;Wk; fl;likg;gpd; nfhs;if kl;lj;jpy; kPs ftdj;jpw; vLf;gg ; ly; Ntz;Lk; 10.1.3. gapw; r p 4fhd;]l ; gpsf ; s;> rhu;[d;l; juj;jpDs;NshUf;F kdpj cupikfs;> Gyd; tprhuizfs;> nghJrd njhlu;G vd;gtw;wpy; NghjpasT gapwr ; p toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk. 4njhopy; thd; i k> nghJrd njhlu; G fs; > kdpj cupik tpopg;Gzu;Tfs; kw;Wk; tpidj;jpwd; Nkk;gLj;jy; njhlu;gpyhd nrayku;Tfs; mspff ; g;gl Ntz;Lk;.

4rptpy; r%fq;fshy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gLk;> nrayku;Tfs;> tpupTiufs; nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; fye;J nfhs;s Cf;Ftpgg ; jd; %yk; nghJrd cwit Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.

4jkpo; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;F jkpo; nkhopapyhd gapwr ; p toq;fg;gly; mtrpak;.

4rpq;fs nkhop cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;F jkpo; nkhop gapw;rp toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. (jkpo; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;F rpqf ; sk;) ,jd; %yk; mtu;fsJ njhlu;ghly; tpUj;jpahFk;.

4jkpo; / rpq;fs (jha;nkhopf;F Nkyjpfkhf) nkhop njupe;j mjpfhupfSf;F NghjpasT Cf;FtpgG ; fs; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

4ntspehl;L gapwr ; pfs; rpNu\;l nghyp]; juj;jpwF ; kl;Lk; vd tiuaWf;fg;glhJ fdp\;l ju nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;Fk; 138

tha;gG ; mspff ; g;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

4ntspehl;L gapwr ; p thag;Gfs; mjp$ba Neu;ik jd;ik tha;ej ; nghyp]; nraw;gLk; ehLfSf;fpilapy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

10.1.4. gjtpAau; T fs; 4gjtpAau;TfSf;fhd jpll ; q;fspYk; ntspgg ; il jd;ik Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL> Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO gjtpAau;Tfspy; fzprkhd tpidj;jpwdhd ebgq;fpid toq;f Ntz;Lk. 4nghyp]; kh mjpgupdhy; epakpff ; g;gLk; MNyhrfu;fSld; xt;nthU juj;jpYs;s mjpfhupfis cs;slf;fpa xU KOikahd FO jPu Muha;eJ ; gjtpAau;TfSf;fhd nfhs;iffis tFf;f Ntz;Lk;.

4nraw;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jt xOq;FKiw Ngzg;gl;L tplaj;jpwf ; hd jPuT ; vd;gijtpl Nehf;fq;fSf;fhd epge;jidfs; kjpgg ; L P nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

10.1.5. ,lkhw; w q; f s; 4nghyp]; mjpfhupfspd; ,lkhw;w tplaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; njhlu;gw;w jd;ik fhuzkhf Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO tpidj;jpwDld; nraw;gl;L nghyp]hupd; ek;gpfi ; fia ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; Rje;jpu jd;ik Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

4nghyp]; epiy nghWg;gjpfhupfs;> kw;Wk; jiyik nghyp]; gupNrhjfu; juj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;NlhuJ ,lkhw;wq;fis nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; fye;jhNyhridf;F mikaNt ,lk; ngwy; Ntz;Lk;.

4Nju;jy; fhyq;fspd; NghJ Nju;jy; Mizahsupd; mDkjpAlNdNa ,lkhw;wq;fs; eilngw Ntz;Lk;.

10.1.6. rk;gsk;> $ypfs;> kw;Wk; gbfs; Nritapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gw;wp fzpgg ; pLifapy>; nghyp]hu; jq;fsJ Nritfis toq;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; vjpug ; hu;ff ; g;gLtu;. mtu;fsJ rk;gsq;fSk; Vida %d;W gilfSf;F (,uhZtk;> flw;gil> tpkhdg;gil) rkkhdjhf cUthf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,J eprr ; akhf mtu;fSf;F njhopy; jpUg;jpapid Vw;gLj;Jk; mNjNtis mtu; f sJ Nritapd; juKk; epr; r ak; NkNyhq; F k; vd vjpu;ghu;ff ; g;gLfpwJ.

139

10.1.7. jz; l idfSk; ntFkjpfSk; 4jw;NghJ tof;fpYs;s ntFkjpfs; toq;Fk; xOq;FKiwf;F Nkyjpfkhf> jpizf;fsk; nghyp]; mjpfhupfshy; nfsutpff ; f;$ba ntFkjp jpll ; k; xd;wpid nghyp]huhy; ehSf;F ehs; Mw;Wk; Neu;ikahd NritfSf;fhf cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.

4Coy; eltbf;iffspy; <LgLk; rfy nghyp]; mjpfhupfSf;Fk; kpfTk; fLikahd jz;lid toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

4nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpy; cs;s cjhuzkhd jiytu;fSf;F mtu;fsJ cjhuzkhd elj;ijf;F> Nehf;fq;fspd; epge;jid mbg;gilapy; ntFkjp mspff ; g;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

10.1.8 xOf; f hw; W eltbf; i ffs; 4xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffs; Kiwahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJld; mit Jyhk;gu jd;ik kpff ; jhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

4Kiwg; g hl; l hsu; f s; jpUg; j pailaj; j f; f jhd nraw; g hl; L xOq;FKiwapy; mtu;fis ftu;tJld; nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpd; kPJ nghJkf;fs; ek;gpfi ; f nfhs;sj;jf;f tifapy>; nghJkf;fspd; Kiwg;ghL njhlu;gpyhd eltbf;if mika Ntz;Lk;.

4Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO Gwk;ghd Kiwg;ghl;L nrad;Kiwia murpayikg;gpd; 155 G2 f;F mikthf mikg;gJld; ,j;jF rkaq;fspy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwg;ghLfSf;fhd jPu;TfSf;fhd tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tpjpfs; ghuhSkd;w rl;l%yj;jpy; mq;ff P upfg ; g ; l;L Ntz;Lk;.

10.2. xOq;FKiw Fiwg;ghLfspy; ,Ue;J kPnsOjy; 10.2.1. kdpj cupikfs; 4kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd mwpthdJ njhlu;rr ; pahd gapwr ; pfs; %yKk;> kPsha;T %yKk;> ntspgg ; Lj;Jtjd; %yk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

4r%ftpaw; xOq;FKiwfSf;fhd khw;W eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; fpupkpdy; topKiwfs; rk;ge;jkhd gapwr ; p nrayku;Tfs; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

140

4tpN\l ntspkhtl;l gpuNjrq;fs;> nghJkf;fSf;F mtu;fsJ cupikfs; rk;ge;jkhd nraw;jpll ; q;fs; tpupTiufs; %yk; tpopgG ; zu;T Vw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

4nghyp]; kdpj cupikfs; gpupT ,d; D k; cUthf; f g; g l Ntz;baJld;> Njrpa mstpy; kdpj cupik kPwYf;F vjpuhf eltbf;iffSk;> kdpj cupik kPwy; rhu;ghf nghyp]; mjpfhupfSf;F vjpuhd eltbf;iffs; tYthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

4Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO Kiwahd xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffs; kdpj cupik kPwy; mjpfhupfSf;F vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

4mtru fhy epiyfspd; NghJ ifJ nra;jy;> jLj;J itj;jy; kw;Wk; Njitahd jfty;fis kdpj cupik Mizf;FO kw;Wk;; ICRC f;F njupag;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

10.2.2. nghyp]; r%f cwT 4nghyp]; nghJkf;fs; cwit Nkk;gLj;Jk; Kfkhf ehlshtpa uPjpapy; nraw;jpl;lq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. nghyp]; epiyaq;fs; cj;jpNahfG+u;tkw;w $l;lq;fs; thuhe;jk;> my;yJ khjhe;jk; jq;fsJ Ve;Jg;gpuNjrq;fspy; elhj;jp fye;JiuahLtjd; %yk; nghyp]; nghJkf;fs; ey;Ywit fl;bnaOg;gyhk;.

4Fw;wj;jLg;G kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs; cwT gpupT gapwr ; p nrayku;Tfis Muk;gpjJ ; elhj;Jtjd; %yk; nghJkf;fSldhd cwTfis rfy nghyp]huplj;jpYk; Nkk;gLj;jyhk;. (nghJ kf;fSld; Neub njhlu;Gs;stu;fs;) 4nghJrd cwT mjpfhupfshf epakpff ; g;gl;Ls;s gl;ljhupfSf;F NghjpasT gapwr ; pfs; toq;fg;gLtJld; mtu;fsJ nraw;ghl;Lf;F Vw;g mjp cr;r rk;gsj;jpid toq;fp Mtz nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

NkYk; ,tu;fsJ ebgq;F nfsutpff ; g;gl Ntz;baJld;> Vida cWg;gpdu;fSk; ,tu;fSf;F cWJizahf tpidj;jpwDld; nrayhw;w MNyhrid toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

4nghyp]; epiyaq; f s; r%fj; j py; fhj; j pukhd ebgq; i f toq;FtJld; > r%fj;jpy; cs;s epWtdq;fSld;> r%f Nritfs; jpll ; q;fisAk; Fw;w jLg;G eltbf;iffisAk; nraw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

4xt;nthU nghyp]; epiyaq;fspYk; ngz;fs; rpWtu;fSf;fhd gpupT ];jhgpf;fg;gl;L ngz;fs; rpWtu; cupikfs; ghJfhf;fg;gl 141

Ntz;Lk;192. juhjuKs;s ngz; nghyp]; mjpfhupfs; tpN\lkhf MNyhrid toq; f Yf; F gapw; w g; g l; L > tpN\lkhf ngz; f s; rpWtu; f s; rk; g e; j g; g l; l kNdhjj; J t uP j pahd tplaq; f is ftdpg; g jw; F gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. khw;whf r%f gpui[fs; tpjj ; pahrkhd mbg; g ilapy; (nfhe; j uhj; J mbg; g ilapy; ) nghyp]hUf; F ,e;Nehf;fq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; cjTtjw;fhf epakpff ; g;gl Ntz;Lk;. khjhe;jk; xt;nthU nghyp]; epiyaq;fspYk; ,j;jifa gzpfs; njhlu;ghd kjPgg ; L P fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

10.2.3. Fw; w thspfs; kw; W k; rhl; r pfspd; ghJfhg; G Fe;ethspfs; kw;Wk; rhl;rpfspd; ghJfhg;gpwf ; hf Kiwahd xOq; F gLj; j g; g l; l topKiw cUthf; f g; g Ltjd; %yk; Fw; w thspfSk; > rhl; r pfSk; jhkhfNt Kd; t e; J Fwpwk; nra;gtu;fSf;F vjpuhf rhl;rpakspff ; Kidtij Cf;Ftpff ; yhk;.

10.2.4 Nkw; g hu; i t FiwT 4nghyp]; fl;likg;G kPsikf;fg;gl;L cau;kl;lj;jpyhd fLikahd Nkw;ghu;it mtrpag;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. 4Coy; epiyfis jLg;gjw;fhd mbf;fb njhlu; gupNrhjidfs; mtrpag;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. 4nghJkf;fspd; gq;Fgw;WjYlfhd fLikahd Nkw;ghu;it rfy eltbf;iffspYk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. (mnkupf;fKiw (COMSTANT) gq;Fgw;WjYld; fLikahd Nkw;ghu;it xOq;F) 10.2.5. tsg; g w; w hf; F iw 4nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpd; Nritia Nkk;gLj;Jk; Kfkhf Gyd; tprhuizfs; cau; njhopyE ; l;g KiwfSf;F Vw;g kiwthd fkuh> etPd gjpT nra;Ak; ,ae;jpuq;fs;> etPd kag;gLj;jg;gl;l fzzp ghtiz xOq;F vd;gdtw;Wld; D.N.A. gupNrhjid trjpfs; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

4Gyd; tprhuzfs; Kiwahf njhlu;tjw;F Vw;w tifapyhd Nghf; F tuj; J trjpfs; Nkw; n fhs; s g; g l; L ghJfhg; G kw; W k; tpidj;jpwd; NkNyhq;fr; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

4jw;NghJ tsu;e;J tUk; NjitfSf;F Vw;w tifapdjhd njhopyE ; l;g gapwr ; pfs; njhlu;rr ; pahf toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

142

4ePjpgg ; pur;rpidia Fiwg;gjw;F Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOTk; nghyp]; kh mjpgUk;> Rje;jpukhf jpiwnrup kw;Wk; nghyp]; ,yhfhTf;F nghWg;ghd mikr;rUld; fye;J Ngrp> nghyp]; ,yhfhTf;Fs; epjpr;rk;ge;jkhd gpur;rpidfs; jtpu;ff ; Ntz;Lk;.

Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOTk;> nghyp]; kh mjpgUk; jpiwNrupapd; mDkjpAld; epjp kw;Wk; njhopEl;g cjtpfs; ntspehLfspy; Rje;jpukhf Neubahf ngWtjw;fhd tha;gg ; pid mspff ; Ntz;Lk;.

(Njitaw;w epge;jidfs; ,d;wp) 10.2.6. epu;thfk; kw;Wk; ePjp rk;ge;jkhd Vida epWtdq;fSld; ,ize; J elhj; J jy; (ePjprN ; rit kw;Wk; rl;lkh mjpgu; jpizf;fsk;) 4rl;lj;juzpfs; jpizf;fsk; xd;iw cUthf;Fk; xOq;FKiw cUthf; f g; g l; L nghyp]; jpizf; f sKk; > rl; l j; j uzpfs; jpizf;fsKk; jq;fs; eltbf;iffs; ,ize;J nraw;gLj;j tha;gg ; spff ; Ntz;Lk;.

4njupT nra;ag;gl;l nghyp]; mjpfhupfSf;F topfhl;ly; rk;ge;jkhd gapwr ; p mspff ; g;gl;L eput ; hfk;> ePjp rk;ge;jkhd jhkjk; fhuzkhf tof;Ffspy; Vw;gLk; jhkjq;fs; jtpu;ff ; g;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j rl;lj;juzpfSf;F Nkyhf ePjpkd;w rhu;[d;lf ; Sf;F njhlu;rr ; pahd gapwr ; p rl;lkh mjpgu; jpizf;fsj;jhYk;> nghyp]; cau; gapwr ; p fy;Y}upahYk; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

4nghyp]; ahjhapDk; xU rl;lg;gFjp jq;fSf;F Fw;wthspfisg; ghug;gLj;Jtjpy; jilahf ,Uf;Fnkd fUjpdhy;> mj;jifa gFjp njhlu;ghf Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; ftdj;jpwF ; nfhzug;gl;L rl;l rPuj ; pUj;jj;jpwF ; tif nra;gg ; l Ntz;Lk;.

10.2.7. Coiy Fiwj; j y; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf; F O 4Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; Rje;jpujd;ik kPsikf;fg;lL ; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpw;F cWg;gpdu;fs; murpayikg;G rigf;F epakpff ; g;gl;l gpdN ; g epakpff ; Ntz;Lk;.

4Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf; F O eP j pj; J iwapy; cWjpahd mikg;ghf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

143

4Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; fl;likg;G kPsf ; tdk; nrYj;jgl;L nghyp] ; k ; h mjpguhy; nraw;gLj;jgLj;jg;gLk; rpy epht ; hf nraw;ghLfs ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk;.

4vt;thnwdpDk; rfytpjkhd KbTfSk; rl;lkh mjpgUld; fye;jhNyhrpjJ ; ngwg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

4Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO kw;Wk; nghyp]; kh mjpgu; mth;fSk; ,ize;Nj nghyp]pwF ; Coy; vjphg ; g ; pwf ; hd eltbf;iffs; toq;f Ntz;bath;fshth;. mJ gue;jstpy; ghJfhg;G>jLg;G>kw;Wk; topfhl;ly; Nghd;w nghyp]py; ,lk;ngWk; Coiy Fiwgjw;fhFk;.mj;Jld; murpaypdhw; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l Coy; kw;Wk; nrhe;j rYif mbg;gilapyhd Coy;fSk; jLf;f$bajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Kd; nraw;gL Gyd;tprhuid kw;Wk; Neu;ikguPli ; r ,yq;ifapd; Gyd;tprhuiz nraw; g hLfs; Kiwg; ghl; i l mbg; gilahf ; Kd; nraw;ghl;L Gyd; nfhz;litahFk;195. nghyp]; epWtdj;jpwF tprhuizAk; > Neu; i k guP l ; i rAk; mwpKfg; g Lj; j g; g l; L nraw; g Lj; j g; g Lkhapd; vJtpj Kiwg; g hLk; ,d; w p ,tw; w py; ntw;wpfhzyhk;. gpui[fs; kP s ha; T k; gq; F gw; w Yk; nghyp]hUf; F vjpuhf cs;s Kiwg;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; gpui[fs; kPsha;T kw;Wk; gq; F gw; w Yldhd Gyd; t prhuizfs; mwpKfg; g Lj; j g; g l; L ek;gfj;jd;ikahd Vw;Wf;nfhs;siy nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpw;F vjpuhd Gfhu;fspd; NghJ Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F ,e;eilKiwapy; nghJkf;fSk; cs;thq;fg;gl;L ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;. cs;sf Gyd; tprhuidfis fz;fhdpg;gjw;fhd Mizf;FO cs;sf tprhuizfspy; Vw;gLk; ek;gfkw;w jd;ikia ,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;F r%fk;> rpNu\;l nghyp]; cWg;gpdu;fs;> Neu;ikahd mDgtKila rl;lj;ij mKy;gLj;jpa egu;fs;> Nghd;Nwhu;fis cs;slf;fpa Rje;jpu Mizf;FO %yk; Gyd; tprhuiz Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,J Rje;jpukhd KbTf;F toptFg;gJld; jpizf;fsj;jpd; kPJ nghJkf;fSf;F ek;gpf;if Vw;gLk;.

Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf; F O kw; W k; nghyp]; jpizf; f sk; kP j hd ghu; i t nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpdJk;> Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpdJk; Nritfs; gpdt ; Uk; tifapy; kjpgg ; L P nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

144

4nraw; g hLfis kjpg; g P L nra; t jw; f hd ghuhSkd; w f; FO mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

4NtnwhU nghJeytha ehL xd;wpdhy; nghyp]; jpizf;fs eltbf;iffs; kPsha;T nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

Neu; i kj; j pwd; gpupT 4nghyp]; jpizf; f sk; NghJkhd trjpfs; tsq; f Sld; Neu;ikj;jpwd; gpupT xd;wpid cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; CoYf;fhd fhuzq;fis fz;lwptJld; mtw;iw ntspf;nfhzu;tjw;fhd eilKiwfis ntspgg ; Lj;jYk;> CoYf;F vjpuhd epWtd ghJfhg;G gapwr ; pfisAk; ngwyhk;.

10.2.8 murpay; jiyaPLfs; 4nghyp]; nraw;ghLfspy; murpay; jiyaPL Fw;wkhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

4Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO ,j;jifa KiwghLfs; jdpegu; my;yJ cj;jpNahfj;ju; xUtuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; NghJ mJ njhlu;gpy; tprhuizfs; ifahs;tjw;Fk; mDkjp mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

4nghJkf;fs; ,t;thwhd murpay; jiyaPLfs; njhlu;gpy; ve;NeuKk; ntspapy; njupaf;$ba tha;gG ; fs; mspff ; g;gly;.

10.2.9. Kiwaw; w Nky; k l; l cj; j pNahfj; j upd; ghJfhg; G .

Mizfs;

kw; W k;

fP o ; e piy

Nky; k l; l Mizfs; nraw; g Lj; j hj NghJ fP o ; e piy cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ghjpgg ; pypUe;J ghJfhf;ff;$ba Rje;jpu mikg;G xd;W cUthf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; NghJ fPo; epiy cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;bAs;sJld;> ,j;jifa cj;juTfis gpwg;gpf;Fk; cau;kl;l cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; kPJ xOf;fhw;W eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

10.2.10. gpuKfu; ghJfhg; G rhjhuz ghjpgG ; epyikf;F ClhfNt gpuKfu; ghJfhg;G Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL mJ nghyp]pd; gpujhd gzpahf mikaKbahJ. Kf;fpakhd gpujhd egu;fs; kl;LNk gpuKfu; nfsutj;jpwF ; cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; rfy murpay; thjpfisAk; > murpaw; fl; r p cWg; g pdu; f isAk; gpuKfuhf fUjf;$lhJ. (Fwpg;G: nghyp]; rfyUf;Fk; ghJfhg;G toq;f flikg;gl;Ls;sJ) 145

10.3 KbT vz;zq;fs; nghJkf;fspd; ek;gpfi ; ff;F ghj;jpukhd tifapy; jq;fsJ Nritia mu;g;gzpf;fj;jf;f mjpAau; Nritia toq;ff;$ba ek;gfj;jd;ikahd epWtdkhf nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;ij khw;Wtjw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s MNyhridfs; mKy;gLj;jg;gLkhapd; ntw;wpfukhd ngWNgWfs; vjpuN ; ehf;fyhk;. ,e; j Ma; t hdJ ,yq; i f nghyp]; jpizf; f sj; j pd; xj;Jiog;Gld; elj;jg;ngw;wJ. ehk; ,jw;F gy;NtW topfspYk; xj;Jiog;G ey;fpa midtUf;Fk; ed;wpAilatu;fs; MNthk;. ehk; ,e; j MNyhridfs; nghyp]; jpizf; f sj; j pw; F nfhs; i f tFg;ghsu;fs;> nghJkf;fs; MfpNahUf;F ngWkjp tha;ej ; it vd ek;GfpdN ; whk;. ,jd; %yk; nghyp]; jpizf;fsk; tsul;Lk;. “ehk; Coyw;w ,yq;ifia mDgtpgg ; jpy; ifNfhu;jJ ; nfhs;Nthk;”

146

ed;wp etpyy; vq;fsJ kdg;G+u;tkhd ed;wpfs; cupjj ; hfl;Lk;... êjpU. re;uh ngu;dd;Nlh > nghyp]; kh mjpgu; êjpU epkhy; nkjptf > gpujp nghyp]; kh mjpgu;> fz;b gpuhe;jpak; êjpU. J. jq;fNtY > gpujp nghyp]; kh mjpgu; rl;lk; êjpU. mNrhfh tp[ajpyf> gpujp nghyp]; kh mjpgu;> Fw;wg;Gdha;T jpizf;fsk; êjpU. D.A.D. nghd;Nrfh > gpujp nghyp]; kh mjpgu;> nghyp]; kh mjpgupd; gpuj;jpNaf cjtpahsu; êjpU. yhy; FyNrfu > rpNu\;l nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu; > nghyp]; kh mjpgupd; gpuj;jpNaf cjtpahsu; êjpU. jPghy; jy;ghjJ > rpNu\;l nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu;> gzpgg ; hsu; nghyp]; gapwr ; pff ; y;Y}up êjpU. rprpu nkd;b]; > rpNu\;l nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu;> gzpgg ; hsu; Fw;wg;Gydha;T jpizf;fsk; êjpU. upad;]p ngNuuh> rpNu\;l nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu;> gzpgg ; hsu; nghyp]; nghJkf;fs; cwT gpupT êjpU. Mde;j n`l;bahuhr;rp > rpNu\;l nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu;> Kd;dhs; gzpgg ; hsu;> nghyp]; gapwr ; pff ; y;Y}up êvkf;F vjtp nra;j rfy nghyp]; mjpfhupfSk; ênghyp]; r%f cwT mjpfhupfs; êjpU. ud;[pj; mNg#upa > [dhjpgjp rl;lj;juzp> Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO Kd;dhs; jiytu; êxa;T ngw;w ePjpgjp mkPu; ];khapy; > ,yQ;r Mizahsu; êjpU. gpaNrd udrpqf ; > gzpgg ; hsu; ehafk;> ,yQ;rk; kw;Wk; Coy; rk;ge;jkhd tprhuiz Mizf;FO êjpU. netpy; FUNf > rpNu\;l Gydha;T mjpfhup> ,yQ;r kw;Wk; Coy; tprhuiz Mizf;FO êjpU. nftpd; fplu; p[; > If;fpa ehLfs; njhopyE ; l;g mwpTiuahsu;; ,yq;if nghyp]; jpizf;fsk; êjpU. ee;jp mkurpqf ; > gzpgg ; hsu; Njrj;ij fl;bnaKg;GNthk; epiyak;> fz;b êjpU. ruj; n[atu;jd > fpisj;jiytu;> vf;rj; [hjpapdN ; f kpju; rq;fka> fz;b êjpUkjp. re;jpupfh ky;fhe;jp > epff ; tnul;ba ngz;fs; mzp êjpU. fe;jg;gh> nfhs;Sgpba ê[drtpa r%f eyNehd;G epiyak;> mf;fiwg;gw;W êjpU. gpujPg; gPup]; kw;Wk; mtuJ FOtpdu; - r%f Fwpfhl;b nghJ toq;fy; Ma;T kw;Wk; nghJkdg;ghq;F Ma;T êjpUkjp. H.L.A. gPyq P ; > mwpfi ; f njhFg;ghsu; êmNrhfh Kd; ml;ilg;glk; êvq;fsJ mr;rg;gjpgg ; hsu; fgpy tpsk;guk; ênghJrd cWg;gpdu;fs; vkf;F gy;NtW tifapYk; cjtpatu;fs; tpN\lkhf Fwpg; g plNtz; b aJ. êNkd;ikjF J}Jtu; kw;Wk; jpUkjp. ky;uh td;dpahuhr;rp >mwpTiuahsu; > mgptpUj;jp epiyak; > nehuhl; ,j;jpll ; j;jpwF ; cjtpatu;fs; êepiwNtw;Wf;FO cWg;gpdu;fs; gzpfF ; Oit jpwk;gl topelhj;jpatu;fs; êjpU. jhrp nrdtpuj;d > xa;Tngw;w rpNu\;l nghyp]; mj;jpal;rfu;> ,j;jpll ; j;ij Muk;g fl;lj;jpy; Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpatu;.

147

Adendum to “In persuit” of ‘Absolute Integrity’

PARLIAMENTARY CONTRIBUTION TO MAKE THE POLICE EFFECTIVE This brief note deals with the analysis of the national budget on the police. The major observations and findings are given below:

1.

The cadre in the Police Department has not changed over the years. It is seen from the statistics given in the Annex A & B the estimated cadre in 1999 was 68,932 while in 2005 it was 67,770 according to the annual estimates of the government. Further it was noted that the actual staff strength is 63,797 in 2005 according to the departmental records thus indicating 3,973 vacancies when compared to the approved cadre. This situation needs to be compared with the increasing trend of crime and the population.

2.

Total expenditure of the police department as a percentage of the total National budget over the last 3 years is compared below.

Year

National Budget * Rs Mn

Police Budget Rs Mn x

%

2003

422,102 (Actual)

13,801

3.2%

2004

487,309

14,250

2.9%

2005

563,428

17,589

3.1%

3.

4

Police Capital investment as a percentage of total National Capital investment Over the last three years is as follows

Year

National Budget*

Police Budget x

%

2003

87,409 Actual

341 Actual

.39%

2004

97,631

1,184

1.21%

2005

144,440

1,502

Health and welfare (Recurrent) allocation compared to the approved cadre is compared below; 1.03%

148

Year

Allocation

Total Cadre

Rs

Per head per Annum

Per head per month

Rs

Rs

1999

43,873,000

68,932

636

53

2000

59,597,000

73,932

806

67

2001

96,336,000

75,719

1,272

106

2002

98,847,000

75,968

1,301

108

2003

107,861,000

86,715

1,244

103

2004

125,726,000

67,770

1,855

155

2005

195,776,000

67,770

2,888

240

2006

206,960,000

67,770

3,053

254

Amount allocated for welfare and health appear to be insufficient compared to the nature of work to be performed by the officers 5.

VIP Security allocation (Recurrent)

Year 1999

Allocation Rs 203,808,000

Per person per annum Rs 271,784

2000

280,505,000

374,006

2001

498,275,000

664,436

2002

562,885,000

750,513

2003

583,095,000

777,460

2004

612,910,000

817,213

2005

807,620,000

1,076,826

2006

843,500,000

1,124,666

Number of VIPP as per annual estimates is as follows 2003 Actuals

2004 Estimates

2005 Estimates

Local (annual)

250

250

260

Foreign

500

500

500

VIP Security expenditure has not changed even after the Ceasefire agreement instead increased.

Some important expenditure budget details given in Annexure A & B.

in respect of the Police department are

149

SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURE ALLOCATION BY CATEGORY AS PER ANNUAL ESTIMATE

Categary

1997

1998

1999

1999

2000

2000

2001

2001

2002

Actual

Actual

Estimate

Reseaved

Estimate

Reseaved

Estimate

Reseaved

Estimate

Annex A

2003

2004

Estimate Estimate

2005 Estimate

Recurrent Personal Emoluments

3854,416066

4605010182 4199600,000 4199600,000 5205030,000 5329,377600 6202,355,000 6327046000 7818350,000 7711880,000 7,740000,000 9185380,000

Travelling Expenses

1918,248,639

2303082,938 2020500,000 2020500000 2400,000,000 2517432510 2701500,000 2567721,000 2590,000,000 2632,000000 2677000,000 2898000,000

Supplies

1155,659,216

1077107546

602000000

140023544

163933,168

74170000

Maintenance

602000000 1498332,000 1148,500,390 1505,550,000 1208,433006 1631360,000 1645135000 1693715,000 2562005,000 95270390 102,000,000

166431980 162,000,000

173930006 168325,000

165525000

172300,000 217300,000

554905520 490,975,000

587774006

613045000

655155,000 847225,000

74170

Contracted services

369 141,587

429431462

336830000

336830000 415,000,000

615998 589545,000

Transfer

150

3059,316

1830987

950,000

950,000

900,000

26332,409

223393821

165,950

165950006

30100,000

7466,880 777

8803790105

Rehabilitation and Improvements

211520,296

293967398

Acquisition of assets

773,174263

Other Recurrent penses

ex-

Total

1920,006

2500,000

3000,000

217814000 171620,000 262559,000

113010000

87265000

1900,000

1700,000

3000,000

3000,000

124830,000 271670,000

7400000000 7400,000000 9651362,000 9936362000 11235700,000 11129393,006 12,913090000 12857850000 13066000,000 15984580,000

Capital

Total Actual Grand Total Staff

95000000 104350,000 164350,000 187630,000

205427006

56200,000

1083073394

505000000 505,000,000 695650,000 1685650000 948450,000

855085006

238500000

98694559

1377,040792

600000000 600,000,000 800,000,000 1850000,000 1136100,000 1060,512,000 294700,000 223300,000 1184865,000 101800,000

8451575336

10180830897

800000000 8000,000,000 10451362,000 11292105326 12371800,000 12189895000 13207790000 13081150,000 14250865,000 17589580,000

68488

68929

95000000

68932

73932

73932

75719

75719

75719

75968

35800000

36300,000

71300,000

187500000 1148565,000 1431900,000

86715

67770

67770

SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURE BY CATEGORY PROGRAMME AND PROJECTS.

Programme/ Project title National security & Defence Recurrent Expenditure 1. General administration & Estabilishment services 2. Law Enforcement, public order and stafe security

1997

1998

Actual

Actual

1999

1999

2000

2000

Estimate Reseaved Estimate Reseaved

2001

2001

2002

2003

Annex B

2004

2005

2006

Estimate Reseaved Estimate Estimate Estimate Estimate

78390,000 104710000

99493000

112133

215763

220910

6686,703857 7794946638 6468384,000 6468384000 8637395000 8590,795000 9,360,460,000 9486851000 11,014495,000 10847131000

10956011

12985,141

13246500

48,683,725 104844244

69930,000

69930,000

71490,000

82,108000

99593,000

151

3. Special taskforce

566284856 667423533 613975000

613975000 642075000 927075000 1256100,000 965813000 1137,270,000 1220270000

1259220

1780,280

1806500

4. VIP Security

165208339 236575690 203838000

203838000 247005000 280505,000 421600,000 498275006 562,885,000 583095000

612910

807620

843500

98847,000 107861000

125726

195776

206960

7466,880777 8803,790,105 7400,000,000 7400,000,000 9651,362000 9936,362,000 11235700,000 11129353000 12813,090,000 12857850000

13066000

15984580

16324370

1104165

1124630

1,160,000

5. Health and Welfare Total

-

-

43873,000

43873000

53397000

59597000

92830,000

96336,000

Capital 1. General Administrater & Estabilishment services 2. Law Enforcement 3. S.T.F. 4. VIP Security Division.

39995,983 330069862 20,000,000

-

-

-

-

944,086,576 990,173,828 512586,240 532,586240 628945,000 1487445000 729000,000 648065000 194000,000 138000,000 -

612000

56,558,910

63163,760

238192

1600,000

63163760 146455000 291455000 376800,000 328480000

83000,000

73000,000

69000

327470

350,000

45729746

1350000

11000,000

7000,000

7000

8000

8500

32617000

6700,000

4700,000

4700

43100

46300

22500,000 28650,000 1060512000 294700,000 223300,000

1184865

1503200

1564800

1600,000

2100,000

1650,000

48600,000

5. Health & Welfare

-

5355,819

Total

984694559 1377040792

2650,000

2650,000

22500,000

152