Youth Integrity Survey Report - Sinhala by Transparency International Sri Lanka

: Advanced Level - Wiia fm< - W. fm. : Divisional Secretary - m%dfoaYsh f,alï - m%d. f,. : General Certificate Examination - wOHdmk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% - w. fmd. i. : Ordinary Level - idudkH fm< - id. fm. : National Youth Services Council- cd;sl ;reK fiajd iNdj : Transparency International Secretariat - g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a f,alï ld¾hd,h : Transparency International Sri Lanka - g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld : Television - rEmjdysksh : Youth Integrity Survey - ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| iñlaIKh

A.1: A3.1: B.1: B.2: A 1.1: A 1.2: A 1.3: A 1.4: A 1.5: A 1.6: A 2.1: A 2.2: A 3.1: A 3.2: A 4.1: A 4.2: A 4.3: A 4.4: B.1: B.2: B.1 -1: B.1 -2: B.2 -1: B.3 -1: B.3 -2: B.3 -3: B.4-1: B.4-2: B.5-1: B.6-1: C.1: C.2: C.3: C.4: C.5: C.6: C.7:

id¾:l;ajh i|yd iqms<smkaNdjh - ia;%S mqreI Ndjh wkqj 06 ¥IKh ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSfï yelshdj - ;reK iy jeäysá m%;sY;hla f,i 08 YS% ,xldfõ ish¨u m<d;a wdjrKh jk mßÈ osia;%sla 10 lska wyUqf,i f;dard.kakd 15 ,o ;reK ;reKshka 1004la iy jeäysáhka 1012la Y%S ,xldfõ osia;%sla is;shu - ióCIKh meje;ajQ osia;%slal 15 iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;sùu nrm;, .eg¨jla f,i 17 iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;sùu nrm;, .eg¨jla f,i ^ia;%S mqreI& 18 iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;sùu nrm;, .eg¨jla f,i ^kd.ßl iy .%dóh& 18 weh$Tyq lsisúsfgl;a fndre fkdlrk$ jxpd fkdlrk ksid iqms<smkaNdjh we;sfjhs 19 weh$Tyq lsisúfgl;a kS;sh fkdlvk ksid iqms<smkaNdjh we;sfjhs 19 weh$Tyq lsisosfkl ¥IKhg iïnkaO fkdjk ksid iqms<smkaNdjh we;sfjhs 19 weh$Tyq lsisosfkl ¥IKhg iïnkaO fkdjk ksid iqms<smkaNdjh we;sfjhs 20 jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka wdÞhu jeälr .ekSuo@ wjxl yd kS;s.relùuo@ 21 iqms<smkaNdjh we;s wh jxpkslhkag jvd id¾:ljkafkao@ 22 iqms<smkaNdjh we;s wh jxpkslhkag jvd id¾:ljkafkao@ ^wOHdmk uÜgug wkqj& 22 jxpdj fyda fndre lSu fkdlrk úg mdvq isÿjk wjia:dl§ Tjqkaf.a iqms<smkaNdjh 23 ms<sn| ±lau kS;shg msgqmEug jvd mjqf,a iu.sh w.hlrk mqoa.,fhl=f.a iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| ±lau 23 iqms<smkaNdjh iys; mqoa.,fhl= ¥IKfha fhfokafka úhou wju jQ úgh 24 fndrelshk$jxpdlrk$ kS;shg jvd mjq, w.hk fyda iq¿ w,a,ia ,ndfok whf.a 24 iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| kd.ßl iy .%dóh oDIaÀfldaKfhka jQ ±lau m%foaY yhl ;reK iy jeäysá wh w;r ¥IKh ms<sn| w;a±lSï 25 ;reK iy jeäysá wh w;r ¥IKh ms<sn| w;a±lSï ixikaokh - ia;%SmqreINdjh wkqj 26 rdcH wdh;kj, iuia: ls%hdldß;ajh ms<sn| ±lau 27 úúO rdcH fiajd wdh;kj, iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| ±lau 27 lsishï m%fhdackhla ,nd.ekSu i|yd ¥Is; .kqfokqjl kshe,Sug we;s leue;a; 28 jxpdlr iu;ajkjdg jvd úNd.hla wiu;aùug we;s leue;a; 29 jxpdlr iu;ajkjdg jvd úNd.hla wiu;aùug we;s leue;a; - ia;%SmqreINdjh wkqj 29 jxpdlr iu;ajkjdg jvd úNd.hla wiu;aùug we;s leue;a; - mÈxÑh wkqj 30 jeo.;a ,smsf,aLk ,nd.ekSu i|yd w,a,ia ,nd§ug we;s leue;a;- ia;%SmqreINdjh wkqj 31 jeo.;a ,smsf,aLk ,nd.ekSu i|yd w,a,ia ,nd§ug we;s leue;a; - mÈxÑh wkqj 31 iÞpdr fkdjk whqßka /lshdjlg fyda mdie,a we;=,aùulg we;s leue;a; - mÈxÑh wkqj 32 iÞpdr fkdjk whqßka zwfmaËs; /lshdjZ ,nd.ekSug we;s leue;a; 33 ¥IKh ÿrelsÍu i|yd jk ;reK ;reKshkaf.a N+ñldj - ;reKhska iy jeäysáhka w;r 34 ¥IKh ÿrelsÍu i|yd jk ;reK ;reKshkaf.a N+ñldj - ;reK ;reKshkaa iy 34 jeäysáhka w;r mÈxÑh wkqj ¥IKh jd¾;d lsÍug we;s leue;a; - ;reKhska iy jeäysáhka w;r 35 ¥IKhg tfrysj l:d fkdlsÍug fya;=- ia;%SmqreINdjh wkqj 36 ;reKhska iy jeäysáhka i|yd f;dr;=re ,efnk uQ,dY%hka 37 ;reKhska iy jeäysáhka w;r Y%S ,xldfõ ¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s rduqj ms<sn|j we;s ±kqu 37 ;reKhska iy jeäysáhka w;r Y%S ,xldfõ ¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s rduqj ms<sn|j 38 we;s ±kqu - wOHdmk uÜgu wkqj

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

rEmigyka fm<.eiau

wxlh msgq wxlh

flá fhÿï

A/L DS GCE O/L NYSC TIS TISL TV YIS

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld úOdhl wOHlaIjrhdf.a mKsjqvh f,dj mqrd ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍug;a wjxlNdjh iy hymd,kh m%j¾Okh lsÍug;a lemù isák cd;Hka;r jHdmdrhla jk g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kfha YS% ,xld YdLdj g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;khhs (TISL). oYlhlg muK fmr isg YS% ,xldfõ ls%hd;aul jk g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh ¥IKfhka f;dr YS% ,dxlsl iudchla lrd hk .ufkaoS úúO md¾Yjhka yd tlaj lghq;= lr we;' iudcfha ld¾hlaIu iy WoaoSma; jQ fldgila jk fh!jkhkag ¥IKhg tfrysj flfrk igfka jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla bgql< yelsh' fuu jeo.;a ld¾hNdrh y÷kd.;a g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a YS% ,xld wdh;kh ;u m%Odk ld¾hd,h u.ska rgj,a .Kkdjl iyNd.S;ajfhka isÿlrk ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| iólaIKh YS% ,xldfõo wdrïN lrk ,§' fuu iólaIKhg iyNd.Sjk wfkl=;a rgj,a jkafka *Sð" bkaaÿkSishdj iy ol=Kq fldßhdjh' fuu iólaIKh cd;sl ;reK fiajd iNdfõ iydh we;sj újD; úYaj úoHd,h u.ska isÿlrk ,o w;r tys m%;sM, ;=<ska YS% ,dxlsl fh!jkhska f.a iqms<smka Ndjfha uÜgï ms<sn|j jgyd. ekSug yelsjkq we;' YS% ,xldfõ ish¨u m,d;a ksfhdackh jk mßÈ Èia;s%la oyhlska ;reKhska 1004 fofkl=f.a ksheÈhla f;dard.kakd ,o w;r md,l lKavdula f,i jeäysáhka 1012 fofkl=o iólaIKh i|yd iyNd.S jk ,§' ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| iólaIKfha§ ,nd.kakd ,o m%uqL o;a;hka iy wkdjrKhka m%isoaêhg m;a lsÍug fmr ta ms<sn|j iudf,dapkhla lsÍug iy msgqn,h Èhhq;= wxY y÷kd.ekSug iudf,dapk /iaùula TISL wdh;kh úiska mj;ajk ,§' fcHIaG rdcH ks,OdÍka" ckudOHfõ§ka iy isú,a iudc ls%hdldÍka fuu úpdrKh i|yd iyNd.S jQy' fuu iólaIKfha m%;sM, iy o;a;hka ó,`. mshjf¾oS tkï" fh!jkhka ¥IKhg tfrys igkg fhduqlrjd .ekSug wjYH ie,iqï ilialsÍfï§ idlaIs iys; mokula ,ndfokq we;' fuu iólaIKfha m¾fhaIl f,i lghq;=l< újD; úYajúoHd,fha, wdpd¾h Ydka; wfíisxy uy;dg, le<Ksh úYaj úoHd,fha wdpd¾h kd,l úl%uisxy uy;dg iy cd;sl ;reK fiajd iNdfõ iNdm;s;=uka iy ld¾h uKav,hg fuu iólaIKh id¾:lj wjika lr.ekSug ±lajQ iyfhda.h ms<sn|j udf.a ia;=;sh iy lD;|;djh msßkukq leue;af;ñ' tia rkq.af.a úOdhl wOHCI g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a YS% ,xld

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iñlaIK jd¾;dj

m‚jqv

cd;sl ;reK fiajd iNdfõ iNdm;s$ wOHlaI fckrd,a;=uka f.a m‚jqvh Y%S ,xldfõ ;reK lghq;= wOHlaI ckrd,ajrhd iy cd;sl ;reK fiajd iNdfõ( —Y%S ,xld ;dreKHfha˜ iNdm;sjrhd jk uu" fujeks cd;sl iólaIKhlg uq, msÍu iïnkaOfhka g%dkaiafmarkais bkag¾keIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;khg fnfyúka Kh.e;s fjñ' úfYaIfhka u" rg ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd ;reKhkaf.a Yla;sh mkakr .ekaùug wm lghq;= lrñka isák ld,hl" rfÜ iudc-wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg n,mdk fuu iudcuh ndOdjka ms<sn|j ;reKhka ork woyia wjfndaO lr .ekSu w;sYhska m%fhdackj;a jkafka h' md,kh" ¥IKh iy w,a,i ms<sn|j ;reK mrmqr i;= oekSu wjfndaO lrf.k isàu" wkd.;fha § fuu ndOdjka id¾:l f,i ;=rka l< yels fyda msgqoelsh yels jk mßÈ fyg Èk kdhlhka jk j;auka ;reK ;reKshka oekqj;a lsÍug iy iú n, .ekaùug cd;sl ;reK fiajd iNdj jeks cd;sl wdh;kj,g fnfyúka Wmldrl jkq we;' rg ;=< isák iEu ;reKfhl= u b,lal lr f.k cd;sl ixj¾Okfhys ,d il%shj iïnkaO ùug ;reKhka n, .ekaùfï l%shdj,shl —Y%S ,xld ;dreKHh˜ fï jk úg ksr;j isà' j¾;udkfha §" Y%S ,xldfõ ck.ykfhka ie,lsh hq;= fldgila ^30]lg wdikak m%udKhla& meyeÈ,sj u wjqreÿ 15-29 w;r ;reK ;reKsfhda fj;s' Tjqkaf.a m%d¾:kdjka fnfyúka úúO jk w;r" m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhka ish jev lghq;=j, iSudfjka Tíng f.dia tajd úuid ne,Su wjYH fõ' 2010 jif¾ § ;k;=r Ndr .;a úg fuu ;;a;ajh jgyd .; yels jQ neúka" tjl ;reK mrmqr ;=< mej;s Wiia wfmalaId iemsßh yels jk mßÈ moaO;s" m%úIaghka" jev igyka iy jHdmD;s h<s yev .iajk ,È' ;reK lghq;= iy ksmqK;d ixj¾Ok wud;H .re v,ia w,ymafmreu ue;s;=udf.a mQ¾K wdYS¾jdoh we;sj cd;sl ;reK fiajd iNdjg y÷kajd fok ,o —Y%S ,xld ;dreKHh˜ kï ixl,amh" fmdÿfõ ;reK mrmqf¾ o ;reK ixj¾Ok lafIa;%fha kshe,s wka ish¨ md¾Yajlrejkaf.a o mQ¾K ms<s.ekSug ,la úh' wm Y%S ,xld ;reK md¾,sfïka;=jg uq, msrefõ Y%S ,xldj ck jika;hla w;aú¢ iuhl h' ug kï" wka lsis lf,l fkdjQ ;rï úYd, ;reK ck.ykhla isàu iïm;ls' m%cd uQ, uÜgfï ;reKhka fj; <Õd ùfï hka;%Kh jk" fï jk úg rfÜ oi foi ñ,shk 1'2lg wdikak ;reK idudðl;ajhla iys;j fmrg hñka isák Y%S ,xld ;reK iudc iïfï,kh" w¾:dkaú; ;reK iyNd.s;ajh iy ;reKhka n, .ekaùu iy;sl lsÍug úYsIag ld¾h Ndrhla bgq lr we;' rg ;=< mj;akd merKs;u iy úYd,;u ;reK wdh;kh o" ienúka u fuu l,dmh ;=< mj;akd merKs;u iy úYd,;u ;reK jHdmdrh f,i o ie,flk —Y%S ,xld ;dreKHh˜ fuu j;auka m%.;sh ms<sn|j fnfyúka wdvïnr úh hq;= h' Y%S ,xldfjys mj;akd j;auka ;;a;ajh iy miqìu ;=<" tla w;lska cd;sl ixj¾Okh ;=<;a wfkla w;ska ish fm!oa.,sl ixj¾Okfhys ,d;a il%shj iïnkaO ùug ;reKhkag jeä jeäfhka wjia:d ks¾udKh ù iy újD; ù we;' tfy;a rfÜ iudc-wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg odhl ùug kï" ish fm!oa.,sl iy jD;a;Sh ixj¾Ok m%uqL;djkag wu;rj Tjqka md,kh ms<sn|j o oekqj;alu w;a lr .; hq;= hehs wms oeäj úYajdi lruq' fuu lreKq ie,ls,a,g .kakd úg" ;reKhka md,kh ms<sn|j ork woyia úYaf,aIKh lsÍu i|yd g%dkaiafmarkais bkag¾keIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;kh fhdackd lr ;sfnk fuu jHdhduh by< ms<s.ekSulg ,la jkq ksiel h' ,,s;a mshqï fmf¾rd ^kS;sfõ§&" Y%S ,xldfõ ;reK lghq;= wOHlaI ckrd,a iy cd;sl ;reK fiajd iNdfõ iNdm;s

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j i単laIK jd他;dj

úOdhl iïmskavKh úOdhl iïmskavKh

fh!jkhka hkq cd;shl Ôjkd,shhs' YS% ,xldfõ ñ,shk myl fhdjqka ck.ykhla we;' th rfÜ ck.ykfhka 26] l m%;sY;hls' TjqkAyg /lshd wjia:d ,nd.ekSu .eg¨jlaj mj;sk w;r iEu jirlu ms<sfj,ska YsIHhska 150"000 la iy 130"000la w'fmd'i' îd'fm& iy w'fmd'i' ^W'fm& úNd.j,ska miq mdie,a moaO;sfhka neyer fj;s' Tjqka nyq;rh Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd fhduq fkdfõ' fï wkqj ;reKhskaf.ka 92] la wiïmQ¾K uQ,sl wOHdmkhla muKla ,ndf.k /lshd fidhd h;s' ishü ;reKhskag hym; i,ik idOdrK wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhla ,nd.ekSug kï ;reKhska tu ls%hdj,sfha fldgialrejka úh hq;=h' fhdjqka iudcfha wkd.;h r|dmj;akd fuu ixj¾Ok b,lalhka imqrd .ekSug kï Tjqka iqms<smkaNdjh iy wjxl;ajh fmr±ßlr f.k ¥IKhg tfrysùfï ±ä lemùulska lghq;= l< hq;=h' fuu fya;=j ksidu g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a YS% ,xld wdh;kh fh!jkhskaf.a iqms<smkaNdjh iy ¥IKhg tfrys ùfï keUqrej m%j¾Okh lsÍfï m%h;akhla Èh;alrk ,§' g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a YS% ,xld wdh;kh rg mqrdu isák fh!jkhska iu. lghq;= lrñka ;u m%cdjkaf.a fukau cd;sl uÜgfukao we;s l< hq;= fjkialïj, ksfhdað;hsska ùu i|yd Tjqkaj n,.ekaùg lghq;= lrkq we;' fï i|yd g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a YS% ,xld wdh;kh" g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a f,alï ld¾hd,h iy g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a *Sð" g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a bkaaÿkSishd" g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a ol=Kq fldßhd hk wdh;k yd tlaj lghq;= lrhs' fuu ls%hdj,sfha m<uq mshjr jQfha ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iólaIKhla Youth Integrity Survey (YIS) meje;aùuh' uqyqKg uqyqK,d isÿl< iïuqL idlÉPd mokï lrf.k iúia;rd;aulj isÿl< fuu iólaIKh u.ska iqms<smkaNdjh iy ¥IKh ms<sn|j ;reKhskaf.a wjfndaOh" wdl,am iy yeisÍï iïnkaOj uQ,sl ;;ajh ikd: lrkq ,eîh' wruqKq folla mokï lrf.k isÿl< fuu iólaIKh u.ska YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhskaf.a iqms<smkaNdjfha j;auka uÜgu ±k .kakd w;ru ¥IKhg iy jHdc;ajhg tfrysj Tjqkaf.a iyNd.S;ajfha uÜguo fidhd.ekSu isÿúh' gqj¾âia g%dkaiafmarkais úhÜkdï (Towards Transparency Vietnam) iy Tjqkaf.a yjq,alrejka úiska uq,skau ilialrK ,o iólaIK ls%hdj,sh fuu ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iólaIKh i|ydo g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a YS% ,xld wdh;kh úiska fhdÞ.kakd ,§' YS% ,xldfõ ixialD;sl iy iudchSh h:d¾:hka ms<sìUq jk whqßka iólaIKh jeäÈhqKq lrk ,o w;r g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh fuu iólaIKh isÿl< wfkl=;a rgj,a iu. ióm ixikaokhka isÿlsÍug yelsjk mßÈ flakaøSh m%Yak iy uQ,O¾u tf,iu mj;ajd.kakd ,§' ;reK ;reKshka 1000lg jeä ixLHdjla uqyqKg uqyqK,d isÿl< fuu iólaIKhg iyNd.S jQ w;r Bg wu;rj md,l lKavdhula f,ig 1000l jeäysáhkao tlajQy' iyNd.SjQ iEu wfhlau Tjqkaf.a ia;S% mqreI Ndjh" .%dóh iy kd.ßl mÈxÑh" wOHdmkh iy wfkl=;a iudc o;a;hka wkqj fjkalrk ,oS' iyNd.SjQ ishü jeäysáhka iy ;reKhska YS% ,xldfõ m<d;a kjfhka ^9& wyUqf,i f;dard .kakd ,o w;r kd.ßl iy .%dóh ck.ykh iudkqmd;slj ksfhdackh úh'

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

A. wkdjrKh lr.;a m%Odk lreKq A.1 iqms<smkaNdjh flfrys we;s jákdlï iy wdl,am ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iólaIKfha m<uq wruqK jQfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j ;reK woyia .fõIkh lsÍu yd tys iajdh;a; iy mrdh;a; jákdlï iy tajd ;uka i|yd iy wkHhka i|yd m%;HlaIlr .kakd wdldrh fidhd ne,Suh' ta wkqj ;reKhskag fmdÿfõ ;ukaf.a wdl,amhkao" úfYaIfhka wkqka ms<sn|j iy mj;sk Ôjk ;;a;ajhkag wkqj iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j jgyd.; yels m%Yak ud,djlaa fhdÞ.kakd ,§' YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j kHdhd;aulj ie<lshhq;= wjfndaOhla ,nd we;s nj ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iólaIKfhaoS fy<súh' flfia fj;;a YS% ,xldfõ m%dfhda.sl Ôjk h:d¾:hka yuqfõ iqms<smkaNdjh hkqfjka woyialrk ;;a;ajhka iy ffoksl Ôú;fha§ iqms<smkaNdjh m%ldY lrk wdldrh ms<sn|j we;s wjfndaOh fndfydaúg kuHYS,S úh' iqms<smkaNdjh ;u Ôú;j,g jeo.;anj iyNd.SjQ ;reKhska f.ka 88] la m%ldY l< w;r fuu lemùu m%dfhda.sl ;,fha§ t;rï m%n, fkdùh' iqms<smkaNdjfhkaa hq;= mqoa.,fhl= ;u mjqf,a iduqysl;ajh /l .kq i|yd kS;sh lvlsÍu nyq;rhla úiska wkqu; lrk ,§' iqms<smka mqoa.,fhl= w;ska iuyrúg kS;sh lvúh yels nj iyNd.SjQjkaf.ka 20] la m%ldY lrk ,o w;r iyNd.SjQjkaf.ka 24]la m%ldY lf<a iqms<smkaNdjh iqÿiq jkafka iuyr wjia:dj,§ muKla njh' uq,Huh id¾:l;ajh yd iïnkaO lreKq j,§o tfiau úh' óg wu;rj wjxlùu iy kS;s.rel ùu Ôú;hg hï m%udKhlg muKla jeo.;ajk nj 30] lf.a woyi úh' 66%

mqreI 32%

71%

ia;%S 27%

10%

20%3

40%

50%6

70%

80%

iqms<smkaNdjfhka hq;a mqoa.,hskag Ôú;h id¾:l lr .; yelsh jxpdldÍ mqoa.,hskag Ôú;h id¾:l lr .; yelsh

rEm igyk A.1 id¾:l;ajh i|yd iqms<smkaNdjh -ia;%SmqreINdjh wkqj

uq,Huh id¾:l;ajh i|yd jxpksl nj jvd;a iqÿiq ud¾.hka jk nj YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska f.ka fldgila ^30]& úiska úYajdi lsÍu u.ska ¥IKhg fm<öu i|yd we;s keUqre;dj ms<sìUqfõ' fuh uq,Huh id¾:l;ajh iu. ;Èka ne£ mj;S' idfmalaI jYfhka by, Ôjk úhoï uÜgula iy .egqïldÍ wia:djr b;sydihla iys; rgla i|yd tfia ùu úu;shg lreKla fkdfõ'

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iñlaIK jd¾;dj

A.2 w;a±lSï iy p¾hdjka

úOdhl iïmskavKh

miq.sh jir ;=< ¥IK ls%hdjl kshe,S we;af;a iólaIKhg iyNd.SjQ ;reKhska f.ka 25]lg wvq ixLHdjls' fuf,i we;af;kau ¥IK ls%hdjl fh§ we;af;a idfmalaIj wvq ixLHdjla jk kuq;a ie<lsh hq;= ;reKhska ixLHdjla lsishï ¥Is; ls%hdjl kshe,Sug leue;a; m< lr we;' wOHdmkh iïnkaOfhka YsIHhska f.ka 70]la lsisu ¥Is; ls%hdjl kshe,S fkdue;s kuq;a whym;a ;;a;ajh jkafka 80]lg;a jeä nyq;rh /lshd wjia:djla i|yd fyda lsishï jeo.;a ,shú,a,la ,nd .ekSu i|yd ¥Is; ls%hdjl kshe,Sug leue;a; m<lsÍuh' fuu ;;a;ajh ;re‚hkag jvd ;reKhska w;ro kd.ßlhskag jvd .%dóh ;reKhska w;ro jeä nj fmkSf.dia we;' fuh mqoa.,sl jákdlï ms<sìUq lrk isÿùula fukau fudjqka wdpdrYS,S fkdjk wjYH;djhkag fyda wNsfhda. hkag uqyqKfok nj ms<sìUq lrkaklao úh yelsh' kd.ßl ;reKhska f.ka 40]lao .%dóh ;reKhska f.ka 23]lao ;u {d;sfhl= f.a wjYH;djhlg fyda mj;sk idudkH ;;a;ajh ksid wdpdrYS,S fkdjk yeisÍul fh§ug miqng fkdjk nj mjid we;' fuhska fmkajkafka ×;six.%h iy wúêu;a Wmldrhka lsÍfï ixialD;sh YS% ,xldj ;=< lemSfmfkk ,laIKhla jk njh' iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| m%n, jákdlï iys; ;reKhskag mjd fuu idudÔh iy mjqf,a mSvkhka yuqfõ wdpdrYS,S fkdjk yeisÍïj,g wkq.;fkdù isàug fkdyelsjkq we;' ¥IKh ms<sn|j w;a±lSï i|yd ;reKhka wdNdIh ,nkafka iqms<smkaNdjh iy ¥IKh Tjqka olsk wdldrh wkqjh' tuksid rdcH wdh;k iïnkaOfhka Tjqkaf.a úYajdih ms<sn| m%Yakh úfYaIfhka úu¾Ykh lsÍug g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;kh (TISL) ;SrKh lrk ,§' wfmalaIdl< mßÈu" rdcH ks,OdÍka ms<sn|j úfYaIfhkau fmd,sish iy m%dfoaYSh mßmd,kh flfrys" ;reKhska olajk ,oafoa b;d my;a ye`.Suls' fuu rdcH wdh;kj, mj;sk uq,a nei.;a by, ¥Is; ;;a;ajhka YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhskaf.a iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| Yla;sh iSudlrk ;j;a idOlhla jQjd úh yelsh'

A.3 ;reK iqms<smkaNdjhg we;s jk n,mEï iy .; yels ls%hdud¾. TISL wdh;khg ;reKhka ;u woyia$ u;jdo f.dvk.d.kakd wkaou ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd.;

yelskï ta wkqj Tjqkaf.a u;hka iqnjd§j iy Okd;aulj ilia lsÍug yelshdj ,efí' fï wkqj" YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska f;dr;=re ,nd.kakd wdldrh;a iudcfha mj;sk iqms<smkaNdjh iy ¥IKh ms<sn|j Tjqka fl;rï ±kqïj;a±hs ;yjqrelr .ekSu;a YIS iólaIKfha m%n, wfmalaIdjla úh' iólaIKhg wkqj YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska udOH .Kkdjlska f;dr;=re ,nd.kS' tajd w;r rEmjdysksh ^31]&" .=jkaúÿ,sh ^20]& iy cx.u ÿrl:kh ^18]& we;=<;ah' flfia fj;;a rfÜ fndfyda m%foaYj,g wka;¾cd, myiqlï fkdue;sùu ksid iudc udOHh fyda wka;¾cd,h u.ska jeo.;a f;dr;=re ,nd.; yelafla wfmalaIs; ixLHdjg jvd wvq ixLHdjlgh' ^ms<sfj,ska 5] la iy 4]la&' wjdikdjlg fuka YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhkag ¥IKh ms<sn|j rfÜ mj;sk kS;s rduqj ms<sn|j f;dr;=re ,nd§ug fuu udOHhkag we;af;a w,am yelshdjls' iólaIKhg iyNd.SjQjkaf.ka 6] la muKla fyd¢kau ¥IKh ms<sn`o ±kqj;a hhs is;d isá w;r 55]la lsisjla fkdo;a fyda b;d w,am jYfhka o;a lKavdhug wh;a úh' tfukau" fuu lreK iïnkaOfhka wOHdmk moaO;sh ;reKhskag ksis u.fmkaùu ,nd § fkdue;' m%d:ñl" oaú;Sh fyda ;D;Sh wOHdmk uÜgï w;r ¥IKh iïnkaOfhka mj;sk kS;s yd fr.=,dis ms<sn|j we;s ±kqïj;a nfõ fjkila olakg fkd,enqks'

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

;reK

17%

38%

39%

jeäysá

21%

38%

34%

20% fkdokS

40% b;d w,amh

60% ;rula

80% fyd¢ka okS

100% wÞ, ke;

rEm igyk A3.1 ¥IKh ms<sn|j f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSfï yelshdj ;reK iy jeäysá m%;sY;hka

wjidkfha§ ;uka ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ke.Sug leu;s±hs iólaIKh yryd ;reKhka f.ka úuik ,§' ;reKhska 73]la wvqu ;rñka iuyr wjia:dj,§ fyda ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ke.Sug iQÞkï nj mejiSu n,dfmdfrd;a;= iy.; ;;ajhls' tkuq;a ienúkau tfia isÿlr we;af;a ;reKhska f.ka 7]la muKla jk w;r wfkla whg tfiA fkdlr isàug úúO fya;= ;snqks' tuksid fjkila isÿlsÍug leue;a;la olajk fuu ;reKhskag ienúkau ¥IKhg tfrysùug yelshdj ,efnk mßÈ Tjqka n,.ekaùu wksjd¾hfhkA isÿl< hq;=h'

B. ks.uk iy ks¾foaY iqms<smkaNdjhg m;aùfï iy ¥IKhg tfrysùfï ienE jákdlu YS% ,dxlsl ;reKfhda ols;s' tfiajqj;a f;dr;=re ys`.lu" ¥Is; ks,OdÍkaf.ka we;sjk ixialD;sl iy iudcuh mSvkh" mjq,a in|;d iy ffoksl Ôjk rgdj u.ska fudjqkaf.a lemùu ÿ¾j,lr we;' iólaIKhg iyNd.SjQ msßñ iy .eyekq md¾Yjhka w;r m%n, fn§ula olakg ,enqkq w;r .eyekq md¾Yjh ;=< iqms<smkaNdjhg ±ä lemùula jpkfhka fukau ls%hdfjkao olakg ,enqks' tfukau kd.ßl ;reKhska ;u .%dóh i.hkag jvd iqms<smkaNdjh w.hlrkq ,eîh' flfiakuq;a fuu ;;ajhkag fya;=ù we;af;a fuu lKavdhï ,nk w;a±lSï iy uqyqKfok mSvkhka úkd Tjqka;=< we;s iÞpdrd;aul fyda ixialD;sl fjkialï fkdfõ' wvq;rñka we;eï wjia:dj,§ fyda ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ke.Sug YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska f.ka nyq;rhla leue;af;ka isà' fuu leue;a; ìh yd ;ud wirKhehs we;s jk ye`.Su ksid hgm;aù ;snqko tajd ch.; yels wNsfhda.hkah' iqms<smkakj Ôú; .;lsÍug we;s wfmalaIdjka imqrd.ekSug iydhùug iy ta i|yd ;reKhska n,.ekaùug m%n, mshjr .ekSug yelskï Y%S ,dxlsl ;reKhskaf.a wkd.;h §ma;su;a jk njg ks.ukh l< yelsh'

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iñlaIK jd¾;dj

fuu wruqK fmrgqlrf.k iy ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iólaIKh mokï lrf.k TISL wdh;kh my; i|yka ks¾foaYhka bÈßm;a lrhs'

• ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iólaIKh u.ska u;=jQ .eg¨ j,g ms<s;=re imhd.kq i|yd ¥IKh iy iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j w;sf¾l ióCIKhka iïmQ¾K lsÍu'

úOdhl iïmskavKh

• .=rejreka" wÞ< wud;Hjreka iy rdcH ks,OdÍka iu. tlaj ¥IKhg tfrys WmfoaYhkaf.a m%ñ;sh kexùug;a wOHdmk fuj,ï fj; iómùug we;s yelshdj jeä lsÍug;a lghq;= lsÍu'

• TISL iqms<smka ;dreKH ms<sn| jevigyk u.ska miq-mdie,a wOHdmksl jevigyka yryd ¥IKhg tfrysj igka lsÍu i|yd ienE kdhlhska njg m;aùug ;reKhskag wjia:dj ,nd§u'

• ¥IKhg tfrysj igka lsÍug ;reKhskag we;s wjia:d jeälsÍug Tjqka yd iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍu iy Tjqka tfia lrk úg kfjda;amdol iudc cd,hka Ndú;dlrñka iy ¥IKhg tfrys m%uqL;d ÿrl:k wxlhla y÷kajd foñka Tjqkag iydh ùu'

• iqms<smkaNdjhg m;aùfï§ YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska úiska uqyqKfok wNsfhda. yqqjdolajñka iqms<smkaNdjfhA w¾:j;a jákdlï m%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd úêu;a udOH jHdmdrhla Èh;alsÍu'

• m%isoaO we.hSï iy m%Þkhka u.ska wdo¾Yj;a N+ñldjka isÿlrk ;reKhska we.hSu" Tjqkaf.a lghq;= m%j¾Okh lsÍu iy ;reK kdhlhska i|yd WmfoaYk jevigykla ls%hd;aul lsÍu'

• fmd,Sish iy rdcH ks,OdÍka w;r ¥Is; .kqfokq m%;slafIam lsÍug;a ¥Is; b,a,Sï wju lsÍug;a ;reKhska yd tlaj kj l%ufõohkaa ilia lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu'

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j i単laIK jd他;dj

y`ÿkajdoSu

• YS% ,dxlsl ;reK ;reKshkaf.a iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j uQ,sl miqìu y÷kd.ekSu' • ;reKhka ¥IKhg tfrysj yd iqms<smkanj wNsfhda.hg ,laùug tfrysj l%shd;auljk uÜgu kS¾Kh lr .ekSu'

j¾;udkh jk úg os.= ld,Sk hqoaOhl m%;sM, j,ska iqjh ,nñka isák rgla jk Y%S ,xldj j¾.jdoS .eg¨jg úiÿqï fidhk w;r rg;=, Yla;su;a m%cd;ka;%jdoS md,k jHyhla m%;sIaGdmkh lr.ekSfï;a f.da,Sh jYfhka ms<s.;a udkj ysñlï iq/lSfï;a wNsfhda.d;aul ld¾hh wNsuqj isák ta ms<sn`o Wkkaÿfjka miqjk rgls1' tu wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug yels ienE moku mßmQ¾K iudchla f.dvke.Su nj ta i|yd lemù isák g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a YS% ,xld wdh;kfha (TISL) úYajdihhs' iqms<smka iudchla f.dvke.Su i|yd YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska w;r iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iúu;a jákdlï iy mqoa., lemùu ixj¾Okh lsÍu wjYHh' fuu iólaIKh tf,i jákdlï iy lemùï f.dvke.Sfï mq`:,a ls%hdj,shl m<uq mshjr f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' fuu wruqK idlaId;a lr.ekSu i|yd TISL wdh;kh" g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kfha uyf,alï ld¾hd,h iy g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a *Sð" g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a bkaaÿkSishd" g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a" ol=Kq fldßhd hk wdh;k yd taldnoaOj lghq;= lrhs'

y`ÿkajdoSu

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iólaIKfha wruqKq jkafka(

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iólaIKh wjOdkh lrkq ,enqfõ YS% ,xldfõ ;reKhska úiska iqms<smkaNdjh hk ixl,amh jgydf.k we;s wdldrh;a ¥IKh yd iïnkaO wjia:djka ms<sn| Tjqkaf.a ±kqïj;a nj iy wjfndaOh" ¥IKhg uqyqKÿka úg Tjqkaf.a wdl,am" yeisÍu, ls%hdjka" fukau ;reKhskaf.a jákdlï iy yeisÍï j¾Okh i|yd n,mdk idOl ljf¾o hkak ms<sn`oj;ah' fuu iólaIKh i|yd iqms<smkaNdjh w¾: olajd we;af;a mqoa.,hska fukau wdh;k úiska ms<s.; hq;=" ¥IKhg tfrysj ndOl ks¾udKh lrk" iÞpdrhg iy wdpdrO¾uj,g wkql+, m%;sm;a;Ska iy m%ñ;Ska iuqÞhla f,ih' fuu w¾: ±laùu g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh úiska 2009 jif¾ ksl=;al< ud¾f.damfoaYl w;afmdf;ys i|yka lr we;' iólaIKfha§ ;reKhska f,i i,ld we;af;a jir 15 isg 30 olajd jhia iSudfõ miqjkakkah'

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j i単laIK jd他;dj

l%ufõoh g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a YS% ,xld wdh;kh úiska isÿ lrk ,o ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| iólaIKh i|yd mokï jQfha gqj¾âia g%dkaiafmarkais úhÜkdï (Towards Transparency Vietnam) úiska 2011§ id¾:lj ksulrk ,o ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| iólaIKhhs' iólaIKh ls%hd;aul lsÍu ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd" gqj¾âia g%dkaiafmarkais úhÜkdï" g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a f,alï ld¾hd,h iy g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a *Sð" g%dkaifmarkais bkagkeIk,a bkaaÿkSishd" g%dkaifmarkais bkagkeIk,a ol=Kq fldßhd hk wdh;kj, ksfhdað;hska 2012 wms%fh,a udifha§ YS% ,xldfõ ó.uqfõ§ yuqjk ,§' úhÜkdufha iy f,alï ld¾hd,fha ksfhdað;hskaf.a úfYAI{ ±kqu Wmfhda.S lrf.k iólaIKh i|yd mrdñ;Ska idlÉPd lrk ,o w;r tajd foaYSh ;;a;ajhkag wkq.; lrk Wmdh ud¾.hka y÷kd.kakd ,§' ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| iólaIK ls%hd;aul lrk ,o úúO rgj,a w;r iuyr fjkialï ;sìh yels kuq;a wm ;reK iqms<smkaNdjh kxjd,Sug iy oQIKh msgqoelSug tlaj lghq;= lrk ksid iyfhda.S;djhg iy ixikaokhg yelshdj ,enqKs'

l%ufõoh

cd;Hka;r ixLHdk m%ñ;Skag wkql+,j ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iólaIKh i|yd YS% ,xldfõ m<d;a kjhu ksfhdackh jk mßos nyqúO ksheÈ l%uhla Ndú;dlrk ,§' YS% ,xldfõ ck.yk >k;ajh iy jd¾.sl ixLHdk ms<sn| úYaf,aIKhlska miqj tla tla m<d;lska jeäu ck.ykhla iy jd¾.sl úúO;ajhla we;s Èia;s%lal wgla ksheÈh i|yd f;dard.kakd ,§' niakdysr m<df;aoS w. k.rh jk fld<U k.rh fukau rfÜ iuia; ck.ykfhka 1$5 la isák niakdysr m<df;a jeäu ck.ykhla isák Èia;s%lal fol iólaIKh i|yd f;dard.kakd ,§' fï wkqj tla tla Èia;s%lalhlska kd.ßl m%foaY 11la o .%dóh m%foaY 11la o ^m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdY& f;dard.kakd ,§' fufia f;dard.;a m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdY j, W;=re" kef.kysr" ol=K" niakdysr iy uOHu fldgia ksfhdackh jk mßÈ kd.ßl ksheÈ tall 10lao .%dóh ksheÈ tall 10 lao ne.ska ^.%du ks,Odß fldÜGdY& wyUq f,i f;dard.kakd ,§' wk;=rej" f;dard.;a .%du ks,Odß fldÜGdY i|yd YS% ,xld ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska ilia lr we;s .Dy uQ,sl ,ehsia;= Ndú;dfldg iólaIKh i|yd iyNd.Slr .kakd b,lal lKavdhu ^;reK& iy md,l lKavdhu ^jeäysá& f;dard.kakd ,§2' wjidkfha§ cd;sl ;reK fiajd iNdfõ idudðlhska ieÿï,;a ióCIK lKavdhula úiska ;reKhska 1004 fofkl= iy jeäysáhka 1012 la iyNd.S jQ uqyqKg uqyqK ,d flfrk iïuqL mÍlaIK isÿlrk ,§'

A. m%Yakdj,sh ie,iqï lsÍu ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iólaIKfha jHqy.; iïuqL mÍlaIK i|yd jQ m%Yakdj,sh jHdmD;sh i|yd tlajQ rgj,a y;ru mq`:,aj ;yjqre lrk ,§' my; i|yka úIhhka wdjrKh jk mßÈ fuu m%Yakdj,sh ukdj l%udxls; lrk ,§(

• • • •

iÞpdrh iy wdpdr O¾u - yeisÍu ms<sn| iïu;hka .ek ixl,amsl wjfndaOh' m%;sm;a;s - l=ulao jeros l=ulao ksjeros fjkalr y`ÿkd.ekSu. kS;s.rel nj - iudch úiska mkjd we;s kS;suh rduqjg wkq.;jk m%udKh' ¥IKhg olajk m%;sfrdaOh - ¥Is; ls%hdjkag tfrysj wNsfhda. lsÍfï yelshdj'

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

iólaIKhg iyNd.SjQjka iu. uqyqKg uqyqK ,d isÿl< iïuqL mÍlaIK j,ska ,nd.;a o;a;hka wkqj ;reKhska f.a iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| mrdñ;Ska ;=kla y÷kd.;a w;r tajd fuu jd¾;dfõ §¾> jYfhka úYaf,aIKh lr we;(

A.1 iqms<smkaNdjh flfrys ;dreKHfha jákdlï iy wdl,am ;reKhska ÿIKh jgydf.k we;s wdldrh uekne,Su fuu wOHhk mrdñ;sh u.ska W;aidy lrk ,§' iqms<smkaNdjh wdrlaIdlr .ekSu, uqo,a bmhSu iy kS;s.rel ùu ms<sn|j idfmalaI jeo.;alu ixikaokh lsÍu ms‚i úfYaIs; m%Yak iyNd.SjQjka f.ka wik ,§' wka whf.a iqms<smkaNdjh flfrys ;uka olajk ie,ls,a, iy Tjqka ;=< we;s úYaùh wjfndaOh wkqj iqms<smkaNdjh i|yd idfmalaI jákdlula ,nd§u ms<sn|jo iyNd.SjQjka f.ka úuik ,§'

A.2 ;reK w;a±lSï iy yeisÍï iyNd.SjQjkag ¥IKh ms<sn|j we;s i;H w;a±lSï iy tajdg Tjqka ±lajQ m%;spdr ms<sn|j fuu wOHhkh u.ska fidhd n,k ,§' Tjqka wvq jeä jYfhka ¥IKh bjid isá úfYaI wjia:djka ms<sn|j y÷kd.ekSuo fuu m%Yak j,ska wfmalaId lrk ,§' rdcH wxYfha ¥IKh YS% ,xldfõ ie<ls,a,g Ndckh úh hq;= lreKla f,i ks;r olajd we;' tu ksid fuu mrdñ;sh ;=< úúO rdcH fiajd imhkakka w;r mj;sk ¥IK ;;a;ajhka ms<sn`oj ;u wjfndaOh olajk f,i iyNd.SjQjka f.ka b,a,d isák ,§'

A.3 mßir n,mEï iy ls%hdud¾. ;reKhska ¥QIKh ms<sn|j ±k.;af;a fld;eklskao iy Tõyq YS% ,xldfõ ¥IKhg tfrys kS;s iy fr.=,dis ms<sn|j fl;rï ÿrg ±kqïj;a±hs ±k.ekSug fuu wOHhkh fhdÞ.kakd ,§' óg wu;rj iqms<smkaNdjh m%j¾Okh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka Tjqka olskd ls%hdud¾. iy ;u iudch ;=< ¥IKh isÿùug n,mdk ndysr idOl ms<sn|jo iyNd.SjQjka f.ka wik ,§' fuu mrdñ;sfhys wruqK jQfha YS% ,xldfõ fjkila isÿlsÍug ;reKhskaf.a we;s iQÞku iy tfia lsÍug Tjqkg we;s ndOd y÷kd.ekSuh' fuu iólaIKhg iyNd.S jQ wfkl==;a rgj, Ndú;d l< m%YAk fuys§o fndfydaúg Ndú;dlrk ,§' tfia jqjo YS% ,xldfõ ;reK iqms<smkaNdjh y÷kd.ekSug w¾:j;a Þhl;ajhla iólaIKh u.ska ,nd.ekSu ;yjqre lr .ekSu i|yd iyNd.SjQjka f.a iudc yd ck úldYk .;s,laIK Ndú;fhka w;sf¾l o;a;hkao ,nd.kakd ,§' úfYaIfhka ia;%S mqreI iy kd.ßl .%dóh hk Y%S ,dxlsl iudcfha mj;sk jeo.;a fjkialñ fol ms<sn|jo fuu iólaIKh u.ska fmkajdfok ,§' YS% ,xldfõ kd.ßl yd .%dóh ck iudchka w;r ;shqKq fn§ula ;sfnk w;r tuksid fuu o;a;hka fjkalsÍu jeo.;aúh3' ia;%SmqreINdjh iy kd.ßl .%dóh fNaohka ksid iyNd.SjQjka w;r m%;súreoaO;djhka wfmalaId lrk ,§' fuu m%;súreoaO;djhka §¾>jYfhka bÈßfha§ idlÉPd lr we;'

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iñlaIK jd¾;dj

B. lafIa;% lghq;= TISL ld¾h uKav,h" cd;sl ;reKfiajd iNdjg wkqhqla; ;reK iafõÉPd

lKavdhï iu. taldnoaOj lafIa;% lghq;= isÿlrk ,§' lafIa;% iólaIlhska iy wëlaIlhska YS% ,xld cd;sl ;reKfiajd iNdjg wkqhqla; ;reK iudc kdhlhska w;=ßkaa m;alr.kakd ,§' iuia:hla jYfhka m<d;a kjfhka iólaIKhg iyNd.SjQjka 2000 lg wêl úh' % 20

jeäysá ;reK

l%ufõoh

.ïmy

fld<U

nÿ,a,

.d,a,

r;akmqrh

hdmkh

wkqrdOmqrh

l=reKE.,

wïmdr

k.rh kqjrt<sh

rEmigyk( B.1 YS% ,xldfõ ish¨u m<d;a wdjrKh jk mßÈ Èia;s%la 10lska wyUqf,i f;dard.kakd ,o ;reKhska 1004la iy jeveysáhka 1012la

hdmkh wkqrdOmqrh l=reKE., .ïmy

wïmdr

fld<U

nÿ,a,

r;akmqrh

kqjrt<sh

.d,a,

0 km

50 km

rEmigyk( B.2 : Y%S ,xldfõ osia;%sla is;shu - ióCIKh meje;ajQ osia;%slal

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;sùu wfkl=;a lreKq j,g jvd ;u Ôú;j,g nrm;, .eg`:jla nj ióCIKhg iyNd.SjQ ;reKhska nyq;rhla úYajdi lrhs' tuksid YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska ;u mqoa.,sl Ôú; j,g;a" ;u mjq,a j,g;a" wd¾Ól ÈhqKqjg fukau fmdÿfõ rgg;a iqms<smkaNdjh jeo.;ajk nj jgydf.k we;s njg ks.ukh l< yelsh'

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iñlaIK jd¾;dj

m%Odk wkdjrKhka A. iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| ;reK jákdlï iy wdl,am YS% ,xldfõ mqoa., iqms<smkaNdjh iy ¥IKh iïnkaOfhka jk ;reKhkaf.a idudkH ±lau" jákdlï iy wdl,am ms<sn|j úYaf,aIKh lsÍu fuu wOHhkfha uQ,sl moku úh' fuu lreKq ms<sn|j ;reKhka úiska orK m%uqL woyia y÷kd.ekSu u.ska Y%S ,dxlsl ;reK ixialD;sh ms<sn|j iy w¾:dkaú; iudc fjkilg Tjqkaf.a we;s yelshdj ms<sn|j uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug yelsfõ' iqms<smkaNdjfhyss we;s idfmalaI jeo.;alu" fN!;sl iïm;a mqoa., iqms<smkaNdjh blaujdhk iSudjka" ukd iqms<smkaNdjhla we;s wh ;u iudkhka úiska olsk wdldrh hk lreKq ms<sn|j wik,o m%Yak wdY%fhka ;reKhka w;r iqms<smkaNdjh yd iïnkaO N+ñldjka iy ;;a;ajhka ms<sn|j uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug iólaIKh u.ska yelshdj ,enqks'

A.1 iqms<smkaNdjfhys jeo.;alu ms<sn| ±lau ;reKhka ;=< iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| jeo.;alula we;sùu YS% ,xldfõ Okd;aul iudc fjkila i|yd wjYH ;SrKd;aul idOlhls' iqms<smkaNdjhla fkdue;sùu ^¥IKho we;=,;aj& (i) ;reKhska jYfhka ;ukag" (ii) ;u mjq,aj,g iy ñ;=rkag" (iii) jHdmdrj,g iy fmdÿfõ uQ,Huh lghq;= j,g iy" (iv) rfÜ ixj¾Okhg n,mdkd m%Odk .eg¨jla f,i olskafka±hs hk m%YaKh iyNd.Sjkakka f.ka weiSfuka iólaIKfha fuu fldgfia§ fuu úp,Hh ms<sn|j .fõYkhla lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh'

m%Odk wkdjrKhka

tys m%;sM, wkqj" iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;sùu wfkl=;a lreKq j,g jvd ;u Ôú;j,g nrm;, .eg¨jla nj ióCIKhg iyNd.SjQ ;reKhska nyq;rhla ^84]& úYajdi lrhs' tuksid YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska ;u mqoa.,sl Ôú; j,g;a" ;u mjq,a j,g;a" wd¾Ól ÈhqKqjg fukau fmdÿfõ rgg;a iqms<smkaNdjh jeo.;ajk nj jgydf.k we;s njg ks.ukh l< yelsh' % 100 88%

86%

84%

85%

mjq,aj,g

wd¾Ólhg

rgg

iudc tall ;reKhskag

rEmigyk A1.1 : iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;snj nrm;, .eg¨jla f,i

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

iólaIK o;a;hka ia;%S mqreI iy" kd.ßl iy .%dóh jYfhka fjkal< miqo iudk m%;sM, olakg ,enqks' 85% 85%

;reK

jeäysá

ia;%S

85% 89% 84% 85% 86% 89%

mqreI

86% 84% 86%

ia;%S

89% 85% 84% 86%

mqreI

88%

04 rfÜ ixj¾Okh

jHdmdr$wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh

mjq,a$ñ;=rka

% 100

rEmigykA A1.2 : iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;snj nrm;, .eg¨jla f,i ^ia;%S iy mqreI&

ia;%S mqreI iudcNdjh wkqj iyNd.SjQjka w;r woyiaj, b;d iq`: fjkialï olakg ,enqkq kuq;a YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska w;r iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j b;d ±ä Wjukdjla iy Wkkaÿjla we;s nj meyeÈ,sh' rfÜ iqms<smkaNdjh iy ¥IK ksjdrKh m%j¾Okh lsÍug fuu Wkkaÿj W;af;ackhla f,i Ndú;d l< yelsh' b,lal.; m%foaY w;ßkaa iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;sùu nrm;, .eg¨jla f,i woyialrk nj mejiQ .%dóh ;reKhska ixLdj kd.ßl ;reKhskag jvd 5] muK jeäùula fmkaùh' fuh my; idlÉPdlr we;s m%jK;djhkag tkï" .%dóh ;reKhska ¥IKh ms<s.ekSug jeä keñhdjla we;s nj iu. mriamr;djhla fmkajhs' iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;sùu nrm;, .eg¨jla f,i woyialrk nj ;reK iy jeäysá we;=`: ióCIKhg iyNd.SjQjka w;=ßka nyq;rhlf.a ^80] jeä& u;h úh' tfiajqjo .%dóh iy kd.ßl ;reKhska w;r we;s ie,lshhq;= fjki u.ska fmkajkafka kd.ßl ;reKhska ;u .%dóh i.hkag jvd ¥IKh flfrys wixfõ§ njla ±laùu úh yelsh'

88% 87%

jeäysá

.%dóh

89% 89% 81% 82% 81%

kd.ßl

;reK

87% 88% 86% 88%

.%dóh

91% 83% 82% 83%

kd.ßl

86%

04 rfÜ ixj¾Okh

06 jHdmdr$wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh

08 mjq,a$ñ;=rka

% 100

rEmigykA A1.3: iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;snj nrm;, .eg¨jla f,i ^kd.ßl iy .%dóh&

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iñlaIK jd¾;dj

YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;sùu nrm;, .eg¨jla f,i fndfydaÿrg iudkju woyia lrk nj o;a;hka u.ska ;yjqre jk kuq;a tu ks.ukh fyd¢kau jgyd .; yelafla iqms<smkaNdjh hkafkys w¾:ho tf,iu jgydf.k we;s nj ;yjqrelr .ekSfuks' iólaIKfhaoS iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| w¾: oelaùï ;=kla Ndjs;d l< w;r Tjqka tu w¾: ±laùï yd tl`.±hs wik ,§' i) lsisúfgl;a fndre fkdlshk$ jxpd fkdlrk ksid Tyq $ weh ms<sn|j wkawh úYaajdih ;nhs' ii) lsisúfgl;a l=uk fya;=jla ksidj;a kS;sh lv fkdlrhs' iii) w,a,ia .ekSula fyda §ula lsisúfgl;a isÿ fkdlrhs' 0.3% 87.2%

jeäysá

12.5% 0.2%

;reK

15.3%

84.5%

20% Tõ

ke;

40%

60%

80%

100%

m%;spdr fkdolajhs

rEmigykA A1.4 : weh$Tyq lsisúsfgl;a fndre fkdlrk$ wkqkag jxpd fkdlrk úg iqms<smkaNdjh we;sfjhs' 0.5%

jeäysá

78.8%

20.8% 0.4%

77.4%

20% Tõ

ke;

40%

22.2%

60%

80%

100%

m%Odk wkdjrKhka

;reK

m%;spdr fkdolajhs

remigykA A1.5: weh$ Tyq lsisúsfgl;a kS;sh fkdlvk ksid iqms<smkaNdjh we;sfjhs'

by; i|yka rEmigyka wkqj YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska kS;sh leãug jvd fndrelSu iy jxpdj iqms<smkaNdjh ke;slr .ekSula f,i olsk nj fmkajd fohs' fuu fjki m%udKj;a ;rï úYd, fkdjk kuq;a o< jYfhka ;reKhska 22]lao jeäysáhka 20]lao kS;sh ms<sn|j úYajdihla fkdue;s nj olajd we;' tfukau 15]lg jvd ;reKhska fndrej fyda jxpdj iqms<smkaNdjh lvùula fkdjk nj weoySu úfYaIfhka wjOdkh fhduql<hq;= lreKla fõ' 0.3%

jeäysá

82.7%

17.0% 0.3%

;reK

85.6%

20% Tõ

ke;

40%

14.1%

60%

80%

100%

m%;spdr fkdolajhs

rEmigykA A1.6: weh$Tyq lsisúsfgl;a ¥IKhg iïnkaO fkdjk ksid iqms<smkaNdjh we;sfjhs' g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska nyq;rhla kS;sh leãug jvd ¥IKh iqms<smkaNdjh ke;sùug fya;=jkakla f,i woyk nj jvd meyeÈ,sh' tfiau jeäysáhkag jvd jeä ;reKhska ixLHdjla ¥IKh iqms<smkaNdjh ke;sùug fya;=jk nj ms<s.ekSuo iksgqyka l< hq;=h' flfia fj;;a ¥IKhg iïnkaO ùu ksid iqms<smkaNdjh ke;s fkdjk nj YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska f.ka 14]lf.a woyi ù we;'

A.2 jákdlï YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska iqms<smkaNdjh w.hk njo iqms<smkaNdjh ke;sùfï idOlhla f,i ¥IKh kS;sh leãug;a jvd nrm;, idOlhla fia olsk njo meyeÈ,s jk w;r fuu úYaajdihkag iïnkaO mqoa.,sl jákdlï ;yjqre lr .ekSuo jeo.;ah' fuu jákdlï uek .ekSu i|yd iqms<smkA nfjys jeo.;alu iy mjqf,a wdÞhu jeälr .ekSfï jeo.;alu iei¢h yels m%Yak ud,djla iyNd.SjQjkaa f.ka wik ,§' úfYaIfhkau m%Yakdj,sfhka my; i|yka m%Yak wik ,§( 1. fmdfydi;a ùu jvd;a jeo.;a lreKla jk neúka tu wruqK idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd fndrelSu fyda jxpdj" iuyr kS;s fkdi,ld yeÍu iy n,h wksis f,i Ndú;h ms<s.; yelsh' 2. fmdfydi;aùu wjxl ùug jvd uola jeo.;ah' 3. wjxl ùu fmdfydi;aùug jvd uola jeo.;ah' 4. wjxlùu fmdfydi;a ùug jvd b;d jeo.;ah'

jeäysá

;reK

fuys m%;sM, u.ska meyeÈ,s jkafka YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska f.ka nyq;rhla iqms<smkaNdjh jvd;a jeo.;a yd jákdlu nj woyk w;r tu ixLHdjg fndfydaÿrg iudk ;reKhska m%udKhla iqms<smkaNdjh fukau j;alïo jeo.;a jákdlï ,ndfok nj úYajdi lrhs' jvd;a idOkSh lreK jkafka ;reKhska f.ka 3]la muKla fmdfydi;a ùu jvd jeo.;afldg i,lkq ,nkafka ;reKhkaf.ka 3]la muKla ùuh' mqreI

18%

30%

47%

ia;%S

12%

29%

55%

mqreI

20%

27%

49%

ia;%S

15%

24%

54%

20% fmdfydi;a ùu jvd;a jeo.;ah

40% fmdfydi;aùu ;rula jeo.;ah

60%

80%

iqms<smkaNdjh ;rula jeo.;ah

100% iqms<smkaNdjh b;d jeo.;ah

fkdokS&

rEmigykA A2.1: weh$Tyq lsisúsfgl;a ¥IKhg iïnkaO fkdjk ksid iqms<smkaNdjh we;sfjhs'

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iñlaIK jd¾;dj

ióCIK o;a;hka ia;%SmqreINdjh wkqj fn§fï§ ;reKshka iqms<smkaNdjh flfrys jeä jákdlula ;nk w;r fmdfydi;a ùu ms<sn|j olajkqfha ie,lsh hq;= wvq jákdluls' Y%S ,xldfõ iudc fjkila isÿlsÍfï .dul n,h f,i fndfydaúg ldka;djka bÈßfhka isák nj fmkajQ fjk;a m¾fhaIK m%;sM, fuu iólaIK m%;sM, u.skao m%;srdjh ù we;4' iuia:hla jYfhka iyNd.S jQ ;reKhka fukau ;re‚hka f.ka 1$3la iqms<smkaNdjh jvd jeo.;a nj;a iqms<smkaNdjh fukau j;alïo jeo.;a jákdlï f,i fmkajd§ we;' fuhska woyia flfrkafka YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska fuu m%Yakh foi m%dfhda.slj msúfik njh' tkuq;a ;reKhska iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| m%;sm;a;Ska iy jákdlï flfrys fl;rï .eUQrg lemù we;a±hs hk m%Yakh mek k.S'

23%

28%

43%

;reK

mqreI

19%

30%

48%

mqreI

24%

46%

ia;%S

20%

24%

52%

jeäysá

ia;%S

20% wdÞhu jeälr .ekSu jvd;a jeo.;ah

40%

60%

wdÞhu jeälr .ekSu ;rula jeo.;ah

80% wjxl ùu iy kS;s.rel ùu ;rula jeo.;ah

100% wjxlùu iy kS;s.rel ùu b;d jeo.;ah

fkdokS

rEmigy A2.2: jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka l=ulao@ wdÞhu jeälr .ekSuo" wjxl yd kS;s.rel ùuo@

m%Odk wkdjrKhka

iólaIKfha§ kS;sh iïnkaOfhka ;reKhkaf.a we.hSuo úuik ,§' fuys§ ,o m%;sM, úfYaIfhkau .eg¨ldÍ úh' jeäysáhka fuka fkdj ;reKhska wjxlùu iy kS;s.relùu ms<sn|j b;d wvq jeo.;alula olajd ;snqks' ia;%SmqreINdjh wkqj i,ld n,k úg ;re‚hka wdÞhu flfrys wvq jeo.;alulao iqms<smkaNdjh flfrys jeä jákdlulao ,nd § ;snqks' ;reKhskaf.a iy jeäysáhkaf.a m%;spdr w;r fjki l=vdjk kuq;a ^4 -6]& thska .uH jkafka ;reK mrmqr ;=< kS;sh ms<sn|j wvq úYaajdihla mj;sk njhs' A2.2 rEmigyka j,ska ±lafjk mßÈ fndrelSu" jxpdj fyda ¥IKhg jvd kS;s .rel fkdùug wvq jeo.;alula fmkajd we;' iólaIKh i|yd jQ jeäysáhkag jvd ;rKhskaf.a ixLHdjo wvqh'

A.3 wdl,am iqms<smkaNdjhla iys;j cSj;a ùug lemùisásk ;reKhkag mjd tu iqms<smkaNdjh lv lsÍug isÿjk mSvkhkag uqyqK§ug isÿjkq we;' YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska iqms<smkaNdjh uq,Huh id¾:l;ajh yuqfõ mdjdÈh hq;a;la f,ig olskafkao ke;fyd;a iqms<smkaNdjh uq,H id¾:l¾jhg w;aje,la jkafkao hk lreK ms<sn|j iólaIKfha fuu fldgfia§ i,ld n,k ,§' iqms<smkaNdjh uq,H id¾:l;ajh yuqfõ mdjdosh hq;a;la f,i i,lkafka kï ;reKhkag iqms<smkaNdjh /l.ksñka ¥IKhg tfrysj igka lsßug w;s yelshdjg RKd;aul mSvkhla f.k fokafkah'

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

66%

mqreI 32%

71%

ia;%S 27%

10%

20%3

40%

50%6

70%

80%

iqms<smkaNdjfhka hq;a mqoa.,hskag Ôú;h id¾:l lr .; yelsh jxpdldÍ mqoa.,hskag Ôú;h id¾:l lr .; yelsh

rEmigykA A3.1: iqms<smkaNdjh we;s wh jxpkslhkag jvd id¾:lNdjhg m;aùug fndfydaÿrg bvlv mj;S@

YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhka iy ;re‚hka hk fomd¾Yjhu iqms<smkaNdjh we;s whg id¾:l úh yelsh hk úYajdifhka miqùu Okd;aul m%jk;djhls' tkuq;a ;reKhska f.ka 1$3 la muK is;kafka id¾:l;ajh i|yd jxpdl< hq;= njh' fuu m%jk;djh ;re‚hkag jvd ;reKhka w;f¾ lemS fmfkk w;r Tjqkaf.ka mq¾K 1$3lau mjikafka id¾:l;ajh i|yd jxpdj wjYHh njh' 57%

wOHdmk uÜgu

;D;Shsl

42%

65%

oaú;Shsl

34%

66%

uQ,sl 0%

31%

10%

20%

30%

iqms<smkaNdjh we;s whg Ôú;h id¾:l lr .; yelsh

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

jxpdlrk mqoa.,hskag Ôú;h id¾:l lr .; yelsh

rEmigykA A3.2: iqms<smkaNdjh we;s wh jxpdlrkakkag jvd id¾:ljkafkao@ ^wOHdmk uÜgug wkqj&

o;a;hka wOHdmksl uÜgï wkqj fnÞ fjkal< úg jvd;a .eg¨ iy.; m%;sM, ,enqks' wvqu wOHdmk uÜgï iys; wh id¾:l;ajh i|yd fyd|u udj; iqms<smkaNdjh nj mjid we;s nj meyeÈ,sh' ta w;r ;D;Shsl wOHdmkh ,enQjkaf.ka ;sfofkl=f.ka tla wfhl=f.a úYajdih jQfha ¥IKh iy jxlNdjh id¾:l;ajhg u`. fmkajk njh' fuh .eg¨ldÍ ;;ajhla jkafka wd¾Ól moaO;sh ms<sn|j jvd;a fyd¢ka jgyd.;a lKavdhu id¾:l;ajh ,`.dlr fok udj; ¥IKh yryd jeà we;s nj úYaajdi lsÍuh' tfukau id¾:l;ajhg m;ajQ wh fufia úYajdi lrk njo fuhska fmkajdfohs' ;reKhska ;rï m%n,j fkdjqko fuu m%jK;djh jeäysáhka i|ydo tfiauh' id¾:l;ajfha udjf;a bÈßhg hkúg ÿIKho jeäjk nj fï wkqj m%;HCI fõ' fuu m%jk;djh ms<sn|j bÈßfha§ ksielfhkau ;jÿrg;a fidhd ne,sh hq;=h'

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iñlaIK jd¾;dj

A.4 iqms<smkaNdjh lemlsÍug we;s leue;a; iqms<smkaNdjh i|yd lemjk nj m%ldY lsÍu myiqh' tkuq;a iqms<smkaNdjh wNsfhda.hg ,lajk wjia:dj,§ tu lemùu fld;rï .eUqrg mj;skafka ±hs ±k.ekSug yelshdj ,efí' fuu f;dr;=re y÷kd.ekSu i|yd iqms<smkaNdjh /l.ekSu úhou jeäjk lreKla jk úg fndrelSug" jxpdlsÍug iy w,a,ig leue;a; we;slr.kakd flfkl=f.a iqms<smkaNdjh .ek iy mjqf,a iu.sh fjkqfjka iqms<smkaNdjh ydkslr.kakd wh ms<sn|j iyNd.Sjkakka f.ka úuik ,§'

0.6%

jeäysá

53.8%

45.6% 0.4%

;reK

52.5%

20% Tõ

ke;

47.1%

40%

60%

80%

100%

m%;spdr fkdolajhs

rEmigykA A4.1: jxpd lsÍu fyda fndrelSu isÿ fkdl<fyd;a mdvq isÿúh yels wjia:djloS iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| mqoa.,hl=f.a ±lau ^jeäysá " ;reK& 0.9%

jeäysá

47.1%

52.0% 1.4%

20% Tõ

ke;

40%

60%

80%

m%Odk wkdjrKhka

56.0%

42.6%

;reK

100%

m%;spdr fkdolajhs

rEmigykA A4.2: kS;shg msgqmEug jvd mjqf,a iu.sh w.hlrk mqoa.,fhl=f.a iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| ±lau ^jeäysá" ;reK&

úhoï iy mjqf,a w.hka iu. iqms<smkaNdjh uekSug iólaIKhg iyNd.SjQjkaf.ka b,a,d isá úg mqÿuhlg fuka ,enqkq m%;sM,j, b;d id¾:l n,mEula olakg ,enqks' lsishï ;a;ajhla hgf;a mqoa.,hl= fndre lshñka jxpdlrñka kS;s úfrdaëj lghq;= lrkjdkï tu mqoa.,hd iqms<smka mqoa.,fhlaoehs ;reKhskaf.ka úuik ,oS' YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska f.ka 47]lau m%ldY lr isáfha tfia fkdlr isàfuka mdvq isÿjk ;;ajhla hgf;a fkdje,elaúh yels wjia:djl fndrelSu fyda jxpdlsÍu ksid iqms<smkaNdjhg ydkshla isÿ fkdjk njh' nyq;rhla ;reKhska ^56]& lshd isáfha mjqf,a iu.sh fjkqfjka kS;shg msgmEu ksid iqms<smkaNdjhg ydkshla isÿ fkdjk njh'

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

0.4%

jeäysá

36.5%

63.1% 0.5%

;reK

32.1%

20% Tõ

ke;

67.4%

40%

60%

80%

100%

m%;spdr fkdolajhs

rEmigykA A4.3: iqms<smkaNdjh iys; mqoa.,fhl= ¥IKfha fhfokafka úhou wju jQ úgh'

wjidk jYfhka" YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska nyq;rhla l=vd mßudkfha ¥IKhka isÿlsÍu iqms<smkaNdjhg ydkshla fia fkdi,lhs' fuu .eg`MldÍ fidhd.ekSu fmkajdfokq ,nkafka l=vd mßudK ¥IKh ksid isÿjk nrm;, m%;súmdlhka ms<sn|j ;jÿrg;a wOHdmkhla iy ±kqula ,nd§u wjYH njh' iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j w¾:±laùfï§ jeäysáhkag jvd ;reKhska wvq m%;sY;hlajqjo kuHYS,S njla oelaùu úfYaIfhka i`oyka l< hq;=h'

43% 37%

;reK

kd.ßl

28% 62% 48%

.%dóh

37%

jeäysá

44% 44%

kd.ßl

32% 64% 51%

.%dóh 41%

10%

20%

30%

mdvq isÿjk úg yer fndre fkdlshk$jxpd fkdlrk

40%

50%

kS;shg jvd mjqf,a iu.sh w.hk

60%

70%

80%

uqo, jeo.;afkdjk úg yer wka wjia:dj,§ ¥IKh m%;slafIam lrk

rEmigykA A4.4: fndrelshk$jxpdlrk" kS;shg jvd mjq, w.hk fyda iq¨ w,a,ia ,ndfok whf.a iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| kd.ßl iy .%dóh oDIaÀfldaKfhka jQ ±lau

iqms<smkaNdjfhyss wka;¾.;h ms<sn|j ;on, fkdjQ woyila ork njg fmkajQ .%dóh ;reKhka w;r fuu m%jK;djh úfYaIfhkau olakg ,enqks' tkuq;a Tjqka kd.ßl ;reKhkag jvd iqms<smkaNdjh w.h lrk ,§' fuu m%jK;djh mjqf,a tluq;=j iy l=vd w,a,ia f.ùu ms<sn| m%Yak j,oSo olakg ,enqks' fuhg we;s fya;= ixlS¾Kh' .%dóh ;reKhska kd.ßl ;reKhskag jvd ¥IKh iu. .kqfokq lsÍfï wjia:djkag uqyqKfokjd úh yelsh' tuksid ;u jákdlï Tjqkaf.a Ôjk h:d¾;hka iu. .,md.ekSug Tjqkag isÿù we;5' wOHdmkhg iy udOHh weiqrelsÍug jeä wjia:d ,nk kd.ßl ;reKhd ;=< iqms<smkaNdjh lvùï bjiSfï iajNdjh wvqùuo ;j;a fya;=jla úh yelsh'

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iñlaIK jd¾;dj

iduqyslj" fuu m%;sM, j,ska fmkajkafka YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhd iqms<smkaNdjh fkdfi,aúh yels m%;sm;a;shla f,i fkdolsk njh' Tjqka iqms<smkaNdjhg iydh olajk w;ru thska ;ukag mqoa.,slj mdvq isÿjk úg fyda mjq,a in|;d j,g yria jk úg iqms<smkaNdjh fkdi,ld yß;s' iuia; YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhka f.ka wvlg wdikak ixLHdjla uQ,sl jYfhka iqms<smkaNdjh wdÞhug jvd jeo.;a f,i fkdie,lSu fuu lreK ikd: lrhs' ^A4.1,2,3,4&' fjka fjkaj .;a l, YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhd mjqf,a iqms<smkaNdjh iy úhoï j,lajd.ekSu ms<sn|j jeä jákdlula ,ndfok w;r l=vd m%udKfha ¥IKhka fkdi,ldyßk nj m%;sM, j,ska ksrEmkh fõ' iqms<smkaNdjh iïnkaO fmdÿ wjfndaOh ms<sn| m%Yakh ióCIkfhaoS u;=fõ' flfia kuq;a mjq,a jákdlï iy úhoï j,lajd.ekSu iqms<smkaNdjh m%j¾Okh lsÍfï yd ¥IKh je,elaùfï l%shdud¾.hkaySoS Yla;su;a n,fõ.hka f,i fhdod.; yels nj ;yjqre fõ.

B. ¥IKh ms<sn| w;a±lSï ¥IKh f,djmqrd mj;sk h:d ;;a;ajhls' tkuq;a ;reKhska ¥IKfhys kshef,k m%udKh Tjqka iqms<smkaNdjh olsk wdldrh" rdcH ;ka;%h flfrys Tjqkaf.a we;s úYajdih iy iudch fjkialrkakka f,i lghq;= lsÍug Tjqkaf.a we;s leue;a; flfrys ie,lshhq;= n,mEula we;s lrhs' fuu m%YaKh úi|d.ekSu i|yd iólaIKhg iyNd.Sjkakka úiska miq.sh jir ;=< ¥IKh ms<sn|j ,o w;a±lSï jd¾;d lrk f,i b,a,d isák ,§' ;reKhkag uqyqKmEug isÿúh yels úúO j¾.fha ¥IK we;=<;ajk mßÈ m%Yak fjka lrk ,§' ia;%SmqreINdjh" mÈxÑh iy wOHdmksl iqÿiqlï jeks lreKqo Ndú;dlrñka w;sf¾l úYaf,aIKhka isÿlrk ,§' 20% 18% 16%

18% 14%

14%

¥Is; .kqfokq

10% 6%

m%Odk wkdjrKhka

12%

6% 4%

2% 0% ,smsf,aLk $ n,m;%

úNd. iu;aùu

ffjoH i;aldr

fmd,sia .eg`: u.yeÍu

/lshdjla ,nd.ekSu

jHdmdrh ÈhqKqlr .ekSu

rEmigyk B.1: m%foaY yfhys ;reK iy jeäysá wh w;r ¥IKh ms<sn| w;a±lSï

¥IKfhys fh§ isák ;reKhskaf.a m%;sY;h b;d l=vd nj fuu rEmigyk meyeÈ,sj fmkajhs' jvd;a iq,n ¥IKhka isÿù we;af;a rdcH mßmd,kfha iy fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fõh' YS% ,xldfõ rdcH wxYfha ¥IKh nrm;, .eg¨jla njg mj;akd ms<s.ekSu fuu ióCIKh yryd kej; ikd: fõ' wOHdmkfha iy ffjoH fiajdj, olajd we;s idfmalaIj wvq ¥IK m%udKhka i;=gqÞhl ;;a;ajhls' iqms<smkaNdjh we;s wh wOHdmkfhka neyer lsÍfuka iy fi!LH fiajd i|yd we;s

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

uQ,sl whs;Ska W,a,x.>Kh lrñka isÿjk fuu lafIa;%j, ¥IKh iudch ienúkau mSvdjg m;alrkakg iu;a fõ' m%;sM, jeäÿrg;a fmkajd fokafka ;reKhskag jvd jeäysáhka iq`M jYfhka fyda jeämqr ¥IKfha kshef,k njh' jeäysáhkaf.a fuu ls%hdjka wd¾Ólhg iy iudc moaO;shg jeä noaOùula ksid isÿfõ±hs meyeÈ,s ke;' flfiafj;;a ;reKhska yd jeäysáhka w;r we;s fuu fjki jeäÿr wOHhkhla lsÍug ;rñ ie<lsh hq;= ;;ajhla fkdfõ' 19% 4% 7%

mqreI

26% 8%

;reK

5% 9% 3% 5%

ia;%S

9% 6% 3% 23%

jeäysá

4% 12%

mqreI

26% 7% 6% 11% 1% 6%

ia;%

8% 10% 3%

5% ,smsf,aLkhla$ n,m;%hla ,nd.ekSug

10% úNd.hla $ jevigykla iu;aùug

15% ffjoH m%;sldrhla ,nd.ekSug

20% fmd,sisfha ovhla u.yeÍug

/lshdjla ,nd.ekSug

25%

30%

jHdmdrh ÈhqKqlr .ekSug

rEmigyk B.2: ;reK iy jeäysá wh w;r ¥IKh ms<sn| w;a±lSï iy ia;%SmqreINdjh ixikaokhla

yd yria

ia;%SmqreINdjh wkqj iyNd.SjQjka fnÞ ixikaokh lsÍfï§ ÿIKh ms<sn| .eyekq msßñ fomd¾Yjfha w;a±lSï w;r ie,lshhq;= fjkialï olakg ,enqKs' ldka;djka yd iei£fï§ msßñ iyNd.SjQjka ¥IKh yd iïnkaO ùfï wjia:d jeäh' ^B.2& ie,lsh hq;= fjkialï olakg ,enqfka rdcH wxYfhaa ¥Ikhka yd iïnkaOjh' mqoa.,sl wxYfha w,a,ia b,a,Sfï wjia:d fomd¾Yjfhau fndfydaÿrg iudk úh' fmd,sish yd iïnkaO ¥IK w;a±lSï ,enQ msßñka f.a ixLHdj jeäúh' msßñka isõ fofkl=f. ka tla wfhla miq.sh jir ;=< fmd,sish u.ska w,a,ia b,aÆ wjia:djkag uqyqK § ;snqLs' tfukau ,sms f,aLk yd n,m;% ,nd.ekSfï § msßñka miafofkl=f.kau tla wfhla w,a,ia w;a±lSï ,nd ;snqKs' YS% ,dxlsl iudcfha iïm%Þhsl ,sx.sl ls%hdj,Ska iu. fuu w;a±lSï .e,fma' jdyk meoùu jeäjYfhka isÿlrkafka iy ta wkqj fmd,sish yd rdcH ks,OdÍka iu. iïnkaO jkafka msßñkah' fï ksid msßñka ¥IK w;a±lSï jeäfhka ,eîu ms<s.;yels ;;ajhla jk w;r .eyekqka msßñka iu. iudcfha iudkd;au;djfhka lghq;= lsÍfï§ Tjqkago ¥IK iïnkaO w;a±lSï jeäjkq we;' wOHdmk uÜgu" isú,a iudch iu. iïnkaOùu fyda mÈxÑh jeks ckúldYk idOlhka ¥Is; .Kqfokq iïnkaOfhka ixLHdf,aKd;aulj id¾:l n,mEula isÿ lsÍula fkdfmkaùu úu;shg lreKls'

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iñlaIK jd¾;dj

B.1 rdcH wdh;k ms<sn| wjfndaOh

;reK

jeäysá

YS% ,xldfõ rdcH wdh;k f.!rjhg md;% ù fkdue;s w;r tajd ksr;=rej ¥IK fpdaokd ,nhs6' tu ksid iólaIKfha fldgila fuu rdcH wdh;k ms<sn|j ;reKhsf.a ±lau fidhd ne,Su i|yd fhdÞ.kSug TISL wdh;kh ;SrKh lrk ,§' fndfyda fokd ks;r iïnkaO jk rdcH wdh;k jkafka fmd,Sish" m%dfoaYSh mßmd,k wdh;k" cd;sl fi!LH fiajd wdh;k iy wOHdmk wdh;khkah' tu ksid fuu wdh;k ms<sn| uyck woyia u.ska rch ms<sn|j iy fmdÿfõ kS;sh ls%hd;aulùu ms<sn|j Tjqkaf.a ±lau u.ska ±ä n,mEula isÿl< yelsh'

ia;%S

37%

50%

11%

mqreI

32%

50%

16%

ia;%S

34%

53%

12%

mqreI

33%

52%

14%

20% fyd|hs

40% ;rula fyd|hs

60%

80%

;rula krlhs

100% b;d krlhs

rEmigyk B.1 -1: rdcH wdh;kj, iuia: ls%hdldß;ajh ms<sn| ±lau

m%Odk wkdjrKhka

mqoa.,sl wOHdmkh" fi!LHh iy jHdmdr .re;ajh w;ska by, w.hla fmkajQ w;r iuia;hla jYfhka rdcH wdh;k ÿ¾j, ;;ajhl mej;=Ks' Rcq ixikaokhla lsÍfï§ ;reKhska mqoa.,sl wdh;k flfrys úYajdihla we;s nj fy,sjQ w;r rdcH fi!LH fiajh i|yd by, ms<s.ekSula fmkajkq ,eîh' udkfha wfkla wka;h foi n,k úg iyNd.S jQjka wvlg jvd fmd,sia fiajh zkrlZ fyda zb;d krlZ f,i j¾. lr ;snqKs' iyNd.SjQjka f.ka wvlg jvd wys;lr f,i j¾. lr ;snqfka fmd,Sish muKla jk kuq;a m%dfoaYSh iy cd;sl mßmd,k wdh;khkao ta wdikakfhau úh'fuu wdh;k zfyd|Z fyda zb;d fyd|Z f,i y÷kdf.k isáfha iq`: nyq;rhla muKls' rdcH jHdmdr 3.0 2.5

mqoa.,sl fi!LH uOHia:dk

mqoa.,sl jHdmdr

2.0

iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| ±lau m%udKd;aulj

1.5 1.0 0.5

cd;sl fi!LH uOHia:dk

mqoa.,sl wOHdmkh

m%dfoaYSh md,k wdh;k

cd;sl wOHdmkh

1. b;d fyd|hs

cd;sl md,k wdh;k

2. ;rula fyd|hs

fmd,Sish$ wdrlaIl wxY

3. ;rula krlh

4. b;d krlhs

rEmigyk B.1 -2: úúO rdcH fiajd wdh;kj, iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| ±lau

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

B.2 ¥IKfhys kshe,Sug we;s leue;a; g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh úiska ¥IKh w¾: olajd we;af;a zmejÍ we;s n,h mqoa.,sl ,dNh i|yd wh:df,i Ndú;dlsÍuZ f,ih' ^g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a ir, Wmfoia ix.%yh" 2009&' flfiakuqÿ ¥IKh úúO l%u iy úê j,ska meñfKa' w,a,i" ×;six.%yh" jxpksl mßyrKh" n,y;aldrh" wNsu;h whq;= f,i ,nd§u" wksis wkq.%yhka fï w;ßka lsysmhls' fuu ¥IKhka fndfyduhla i|yd fomd¾Yjhla wjYHh' tla md¾Yjhla ¥IKh isÿùu m%;slafIam l< fyd;a b;d ¥Is; ks,OdÍka mjd uev,sh yelsh' tu ksid jd¾;dfõ fuu fldgfia§ YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska úúO ¥Is; .Kqfokqj, kshe,Sug we;s leue;af;ys m%udKh ms<sn|j fidhdne,Sug TISL wdh;kh ;SrKh lrk ,§' ¥IKh isÿjk wjia:d y;rla iólaIKfha§ úfYaIfhka y÷kd.kakd ,§' ^B.2-1&' my; i|yka lreKqj,ska tlla imqrd. ekSug wjia:dj ,efí kï iÞpdrd;aul fkdjk fyda ¥Is; b,a,Sulg ;uka m%;spdrh olajkafka flfia±hs iólaIKhg iyNd.SjQjka f.ka wik ,§( 1. 2. 3. 4.

jeo.;a úNd.hla iu;aùu jeo.;a ,smshla fyda f,aLKhla ,nd.ekSu fyd| mdie,lg $ iud.ulg we;=,aùu uy;a n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;enQ /lshdjl iïuqL mÍlaIKh iu;a ùu

20% 18% 16%

18% 14%

14% 12% ¥Is; .kqfokq

10% 6%

6% 4%

2% 0% ,smsf,aLk $ n,m;%

úNd. iu;aùu

ffjoH i;aldr

fmd,sia .eg`: u.yeÍu

/lshdjla ,nd.ekSu

jHdmdrh ÈhqKqlr .ekSu

rEmigyk B.2 -1: lsishï m%fhdackhla ,nd.ekSu i|yd ¥Is; .kqfokqjl kshe,Sug we;s leue;a;

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iñlaIK jd¾;dj

100% 90% 80% 70%

72%

70%

60% 50% 40% 27%

30%

24%

20% 10% 0%

3% wiu;a jQj;a fyd|u hy`:jdf.a jxpdjlska f;drj Wmldr m;ñ úNd.hg uqyqK foñ ;reK

úNd.h iu;aùu i|yd ´kEu fohla lrñ

m%;spdr fkdolajhs

jeäysá

rEmigyk B.3 -1: jxpdlr iu;ajkjdg jvd úNd.hla wiu;aùug we;s leue;a;

;reK

ia;%S

74%

24%

mqreI

70%

25%

ia;%S

74%

24%

mqreI

66%

29%

20% wiu;a jQj;a jxpdjlska f;drj úNd.hg uqyqK foñ

40%

60%

fyd|u hy`:jdf.a Wmldr m;ñ

80% úNd.h iu;aùu i|yd ´kEu fohla lrñ

m%Odk wkdjrKhka

jeäysá

wOHdmkhg wÞ,j jxpdfjka bÈßhg hdug nyq;rhla YsIHfhda leue;a;la fkdolajk nj by; o;a;hka f.ka ikd: fõ' wOHdmk lafIa;%h ;=< ¥IKfhys fhfokafka YsIHhka w;=ßka b;d l=vd ixLHdjla nj ±lajQ m%;sM,h fuhskao ;yjqqre fõ' ^B.3-1&' we;af;kau wOHdmk lafIa;%fha ¥IKfhys fhÿkq nj mejiQ YsIH ixLHdj úNd.h iu;a ùug ´kEu fohla lrkakg leu;s YsIH ixLHdj yd fndfydaÿrg iudk úh' fuu YsIHhskag wjia:dj ,enqkfyd;a ´kEu wjia:djl ;u .=rejrekag w,a,ia Èug iQÞkï nj fuhska meyeos,s kuq;a fuu m%Yakh iïnkaOfhka ;jÿrg;a m¾fhaIK lsÍu wjYHh'

100% m%;spdr fkdolajhs

rEmigyk B.3 -2: jxpdlr iu;ajkjdg jvd úNd.hla wiu;aùug we;s leue;a; - ia;%S$mqreINdjh wkqj

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

.%dóh

67%

27%

5% 1%

kd.ßl

77%

.%dóh

65%

28%

6% 0%

kd.ßl

74%

25%

0% 0%

21%

1% 1%

;reK

jeäysá

iqms<smkaNdjh /l.ekSu flfrys ;reKhkag jvd ;reKshka f.a lemùu fmkaùu ;=<ska wOHdmk úIhfhys ,sx.sl fjkialu lemS fmfka' B.3-2" rEmigyfkyss oelafjk mßÈ ;reKhskaf.ka 30] lau ;u úNd. iu;aùu i|yd l=uk wdldrhl fyda iopdrd;aul fkdjk ls%hdjl fh§ug iQÞkï nj fmkajd we;' 5]la muKla iu;aùu i|yd ´kEu fohla lrk nj mjid we;s kuq;a fuh wjOdkh fhduql< hq;= fy,sorõjls'

20% wiu;a jQj;a jxpdjlska f;drj úNd.hg uqyqK foñ

40% fyd|u hy`:jdf.a Wmldr m;ñ

60%

80% úNd.h iu;aùu i|yd ´kEu fohla lrñ

100% m%;spdr fkdolajhs

rEmigyk B.3 -3: jxpdlr iu;ajkjdg jvd úNd.hla wiu;aùug we;s leue;a; - mÈxÑh wkqj

.%dóh iy kd.ßl jYfhka fjkalsÍfï§ o iólaIKfha§ fy<sorõjQ fmdÿ m%jk;djhu ;yjqre úh' .%dóh YsIHhska ¥IKfhys kshe,Sug fm<fUk w;r iÞpdrd;aul yeisÍu i|yd lemùu wvqfjka fmkajd we;' flfia kuq;a m%;sM,h u.ska .=rejreka ¥Is; b,a,Sï isÿlsÍu by, uÜgul mej;Sula fmkakqï lrkafka±hs fuu iólaIKfhka ikd: l< fkdyel'

B.4 jeo.;a f,aLkhla ,nd.ekSu wfkla lafIa;%j,g jvd rdcH ks,OdÍka yd iïnkaO ¥Is; ls%hdjkays kshe,SSug iólaIKhg iyNd.SjQjka jvd jeä leue;a;la olajk nj fy<súh' jeo.;a ,sms f,aLk ,nd .ekSu i|yd iÞpdrd;aul fkdjk yeisÍïj, kshe,Sug ;reKhska f.ka 30]lau leue;a; m< l< w;r 10] lg wdikak ;reKhska ixLHdjla w,a,ia §ugo bÈßm;a jkq we;' rdcH wdh;k ls%hdldß;ajh ms<sn| m%;sM, ^B.4-1,2& wkqj ;reKhskaf.a iÞpdrd;aul m%ñ;Skaf.a lsishï fjkila isÿlr. kakjd fjkqjg ¥IKhg m%;spdr ±laùu flfrys jeä m%jk;djhlaa olajk nj fmkajd we;' B.4-1 rEmigyfkaa ±lafjk m%;sM,h ;reKhskaf.a iÞpdrh ms<sn| m%Yakhlg jvd rdcH ks,OdÍkaf.a ÿ¾j, ld¾h idOkh ms<sn| m%;sM,hla fia fmfka'

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iñlaIK jd¾;dj

jeäysá

25%

43%

26%

mqreI

19%

46%

27%

ia;%S

18%

54%

23%

mqreI

19%

45%

27%

;reK

ia;%S

20% ,efnkf;la isáñ

40% ld,h idOdrk lr.ekSu i|yd fldmuK l,a .;fõ±hs wiñ

60%

80%

blaukska lr .ekSu i|yd ×;sfhl= fyd hy`:fjl= fidhd.ekSug fjfyfiñ

100% ls%hdj,sh blaukalr .ekSu i|yd wh:d f.ùula lrñ

m%;spdr fkdolajhs

rEmigyk B.4-1: jeo.;a f,aLk ,nd.ekSu i|yd w,a,ia ,nd§ug we;s leue;a;" ia;%SmqreINdjh wkqj

.%dóh

17%

40%

33%

kd.ßl

27%

49%

20%

.%dóh

15%

45%

30%

kd.ßl

22%

53%

21%

4% 0%

80%

100%

20% ,efnkf;la isáñ

40% ld,h idOdrk lr.ekSu i|yd fldmuK l,a .;fõ±hs wiñ

60%

blaukska lr .ekSu i|yd ×;sfhl= fyd hy`:fjl= fidhd.ekSug fjfyfiñ

10%

3% 0%

10%

ls%hdj,sh blaukalr .ekSu i|yd wh:d f.ùula lrñ

m%Odk wkdjrKhka

;reK

jeäysá

flfia fj;;a .%dóh iyNd.SjQjka wka whf.a iydh .ekSug fyda wh:d f.ùula isÿlsÍug jeä m%jk;djhla ±laùu u.ska kd.rsl$.%dóh fjki meyeÈ,sj olakg yelsh' kd.ßl iy .%dóh ;reKhska fjka lsÍfï mq`:,a m%jk;djh yd tl`. fkdjk kuq;a fuh .%dóh m%foaYj, rdcH ks,OdÍkaf.a w;sYh ÿ¾j, ls%hdldÍ;ajh flfrys olajk ,o m%;spdrhla f,i ±laúh yelsh'

m%;spdr fkdolajhs

rEmigyk B.4-2: jeo.;a ,smsf,aLk ,nd.ekSu i|yd w,a,ia ,nd§ug we;s leue;a;" mÈxÑh wkqj

B.5 /lshd ,nd.ekSu i|yd wdpdr O¾u ì|,Su fuu m%YakfhA§ iÞpdr fkdjk l%uhlg /lshdjla fyda mdie,lg we;=,aùug wjia:djla ,nd§u fyda Tjqka jvd;au ms%h l< iy wfmalaId l< /lshdj ,nd.; yelsjkafka kï Tjqka m%;spdr olajkafka flf,il±hs iólaIkhg iyNd.SjQjkaf.ka wik ,§' Tjqka zTõZ iy zke;Z w;r ,ndÈh yels m%;spdrhka y;rlska tlla f;dard.kakd ,§'

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

22%

;reK

jeäysá

.%dóh

kd.ßl

31%

22%

23%

.%dóh

kd.ßl

11%

29%

36%

34%

36%

22%

20% th wmQrehs Tn b;d leue;af;ka zTõZ lshhs

19%

23%

40%

17%

40%

26%

60%

th idudkH fohla f,i i,ld Tn zTõZ lshhs

80%

100%

Tn leu;s ke;s kuq;a Tnf.a ×;shd i;=gq lsÍug zTõZ lshhs

fl,skau l< fkdyels nj mjihs

m%;spdrhla fkdue;s

rEmigyk B.5-1: iÞpdriïmkak fkdjk whqßka /lshdjlg fyda mdie,a we;=,aùulg we;s leue;a;" mÈxÑh wkqj

idudkH mdie,a we;=,;aùu i|yd fyda /lshdjla ,nd.ekSula i|yd ;uka iÞpdrd;aul fkdjk fhdackdjlg leue;a; m<lrk nj ;reKhska f.a w;s nyq;rhla m%ldY lrk ,§' (B.5-1)' .%dóh iyNd.SjQjkaf.ka 17]la muKla ;uka fl,skau iÞpdr fkdjk fhdackdj m%;slafIam lrkq ,nkafkaa kd.ßl iy .%dóh iyNd.SjQjka w;r ie,lshhq;= fjkila olakg ,enqKs' kd.ßlhska olajk ,o m%;spdrh Bg jvd uola mßmQ¾K;ajfhka hqla;h' tkuq;a lsishï we;eï wjia:djl§ 73]la fhdackdj ms<s.kS' fuu ixLHdj fu;rï by, w.hla .kq ,enQfha ixialD;sl iy wd¾Ól lreKq j, taldnoaO m%;sM,hla ksid úh yelsh' wd¾Ól jYfhka .;a l, wOHdmksl iy wd¾Ól wjia:d Y%%S ,xldfõ úr, j olskakg ,efnk w;r ÿ.Snj idfmalaI f,i by, uÜgul mj;S' fndfydaúg iyNd.SjQjka Tjqkaf.a fm!oa.,sl ;;a;ajh ms<s.ksñka zke;Z hkqfjka mejish fkdyels ksid fuu m%YaKhg h:djd§j iy m%dfhdaa.slj ms<s;=re ÿkakd úh yelsh' ixialD;sho fuys§ n,mEula we;s lrhs' fuh idudkH fohla f,i i,ld ms<s.kakd nj kd.ßl ;reKhska 22]lao .%dóh ;reKhska 36]lao mjik ,§' ;j;a kd.ßl ;reKhska 40]lao .%dóh ;reKhska 23]lao mjik ,oafoa ;uka fuh ms<s.kafka tu wjia:dj ,ndÿka ×;shd i;=gq lsÍug njh' fuu m%;spdrhkaf.ka fmkS hkafka YS% ,dxlslhka ;u /lshdfõ iy mdief,a bÈßhg hdu i|yd mqoa.,sl in|;d iy ×;six.%yh u; fnfyúka úYajdilrk njls'fuh ol=Kq wdishdfõ wkfmalaIs; ;;ajhla fkdjk kuq;a th fnfyúka w¾nqOldÍ o fõ' kd.ßl$.%dóh fjkalsÍïj,§ ;jÿrg;a fmkShkafka iÞpdrj;a fkdjk /lshd ,nd§ï iy mdie,a we;=,alsÍï idudkH ixisoaêhla jk njh' flfiakuq;a kd.ßl mßirfha§ 40]la iyNd.SjQjka mejiqfõ iÞpdr fkdjk wkaoñka /lshdjla fyda mdi,lg we;=,;aùfï wjia:dj ×;sfhl= úiska i,id fokafkakï Tjqka ta ms<sn|j wys;la fkdis;k njh' Y%S ,dxlsl ;reKhska iudcfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j ixl,am kexùug kï fuu ixialD;sl lvbï ì|y, hq;=h'

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iñlaIK jd¾;dj

B.6 zisyskZ /lshd ,nd.ekSu flfiakuqÿ" zisyskZ /lshdjla iïnkaOfhka m%Yakh fjkalr .;aúg m%;sM, uú; lrjk iq`: úh' iÞpdrd;aul fkdjk wdldrhg /lshd ,nd.ekSug iyNd.SjQjka jeäfofkla leue;a; olajkjd fjkqjg nyq;rhla fl,skau tu ,nd.ekSu m%;slafIam lr we;' wjdikdjlg fuka fuu m%YaK jdlHhg k.d ;ssnQ wdldrh fjkia ùu ksid ixikaokhla l< fkdyel' flfiajQj;a fuhska fmkajkafka YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhkaa zisyskZ /lshdj ;u iqms<smkaNdjhg ydks fkdjk fia ,nd.;hq;= tlla nj úYajdi lsÍuh' iSñ; m%;sM, u; ks.ukhkag meñkSfï wjÞku we;sj" B.6-1 rEmigyfkkaa olajkafka YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhskaf.a wkd.;h b;d iqn Þhl njh'

50%

47% 41%

40%

38%

29%

30%

23% 20%

20%

10%

;reK

m%;slafIamlr" idlÉPdlsÍfuka miq leu;sùu

fuh idudkH l%uh ksid leu;sùu

m%;spdrhla fkdue;s

m%Odk wkdjrKhka

fl,skau ztmdZ lSu

jeäysá

rEmigyk B.6-1: iÞpdrfkdjk whqßka zisysk /lshdjZ ,nd.ekSug we;s leue;a;" mÈxÑh wkqj

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

C. mßirh iy iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| ls%hd wdYdj iy n,h ms<sn| wfmalaIdjka u; mokï jQ ¥IKh m%n, n,fõ.hls' ¥IKhg tfrys igk wmyiq ld¾hhla jk w;r mqrjeis ieuf.a tluq;=fjka l<hq;= fohls' fuu fya;=j ksid YS% ,xldfõ iqms<smkaNdjh m%j¾Okh lsÍug iy ¥IKh ke;s lsÍfï N+ñldjla i|yd fuu ;reKhskaf.a we;s yelshdj TISL u.ska fidhd ne,Sh' fï iïnkaOfhka w¾:dkaú; f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSu i|yd" ¥IKh ke;slsÍu i|yd Tjqka ls%hdlrkafka kï ¥IKhg tfrysj mqoa.,slju y~ke.Sug bÈßm;a jkafka±hs iy" ¥IKhg úreoaOj ke.Sisàug fkdyelsjk fya;= fudkjd±hs iyNd.SjQjkaf.ka wik ,§' 2% 1% 47%

jeäysá

35%

15%

56%

;reK

33%

20%

40%

wmg m%Odk N+ñldjla we;

60%

wmg we;af;a iSñ; N+ñldjls

80%

100% fkdokS

wmg N+ñldjla ke;

m%;spdrhla fkdue;s

rEmigyk C.1: ¥IKh ÿrelsÍu i|yd jk ;reKhdf.a N+ñldj" ;reKhska iy jeäysáhka w;r

.%dóh

44%

33%

kd.ßl

51%

37%

.%dóh

51%

36%

11%

kd.ßl

61%

21%

;reK

jeäysá

iyNd.SjQjkaf.ka f.ka 56]la ;reKhskag ¥IKh ÿrelsÍu i|yd m%Odk N+ñldjla ;sfnk nj iy ;j;a 33]la Tjqkag iSñ;jQ fyda N+ñldjla ;sfnk nj mejiSu Okd;aul ;;ajhls' ;reKhskag m%Odk N+ñldjla ;sfnk nj jeäysáhkag jvd ;reKhskau úYajdi lsÍu is;a.kakd iq`:h' ta w;r jeäysáhka fndfydaúg úYajdilrkafka ;reKhskag fï iïnkaOfhka lsisjla l< fkdyels njls'

20% wmg m%Odk N+ñldjla we;

31%

40% wmg we;af;a iSñ; N+ñldjls

60%

80%

wmg N+ñldjla ke;

5% 3%

100% fkdokS

m%;spdrhla fkdue;s

rEmigyk C.2: ¥IKh ÿrelsÍu i|yd jk ;reKhdf.a N+ñldj" ;reKhska iy jeäysáhka w;r mÈxÑh wkqj

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iñlaIK jd¾;dj

fuu o;a;hka fnÞ fjka l< úg kd.ßl iy .%dóh ;reKhska w;r lemS fmfkk fjkilaa olakg ,enqKs' kd.ßl ;reKhska ¥IKh ke;s lsÍu i|yd jvd;a n,.eka ù we;s nj ms<s.kakd w;r ;ud fuys§ iïmQ¾Kfhka n,rys; hehs nj ms<s.ekSug wlue;súh' fuu ;;a;ajh idudkH ms<s. ekSu yd ieioSfïoS .%dóh ;reKhd ¥IKh bjik iy iÞpdrd;aul fkdjk yeisÍïj, fhoSfï m%jK;dhla mj;S' .%dóh m%foaYj, ;reKhska ¥IKhg tfrysùug Yla;shla fkdue;s hhs is;Sug jvd bvlv we;s w;r tneúka Tjqka ¥IKh ;u ffoksl Ôú;fha wx.hla f,i ms<s.kS' ta wkqj .%dóh ;reKhska ¥IKhg tfrysj fufyhùu i|yd n,.ekaùug jeä wjOdkhla fhÈh hq;=h' 50%

40% 32.3%

34.3% 31.7%

31%

30%

26.7%

28.3%

20%

10%

6.9%

8.5%

0% Tõ" uu th lf<ñ

ieuúgu fkdfõ

ke;" uu tfia fkdlrñ

jeäysá

m%Odk wkdjrKhka

;reK

Tõ" uu th lrkafkñ

rEmigyk C.3: ¥IKh meñ‚<s lsÍug we;s leue;a;" ;reKhska iy jeäysáhka w;r

¥IKhg tfrysj y~ke.Sug iyNd.SjQjkaf.a we;s leue;a; úuik mßÈ m%YaKh fjkia l< úg m%;sM, jvd;a ixlS¾K úh' ;reKhska f.ka 7]la muKla ¥IKhg tfrysj ±kgu;a y~k.d we;' tfukau 27]la ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ke.Sug fldfy;au iQÞkï ke;' fuhska fmkajkafka wvq jYfhka ;reKhska f.ka 20]la ;ukag fjkila isÿlsÍug yels fj;ehs úYajdi lrk kuq;a tu fjki ;uka úiskau lsÍug leue;a;la fkdoelaùuh' jvd;a i;=gg m;aúh yels lreK jkafka iEu ;reKhska ;sfofkl=f.ka flfklau ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ke.Sug leue;af;ka isák w;r tjeksu jQ ixLHdjla ieuúgu fkdj iuyr úfgl muKla fyda y~ke.Sug iQÞkï ùuh' flfiakuq;a fuu m%;spdrhka ms<sn|j jgyd.; hq;af;a Y%S ,dxlsl iudc ikaO¾Nh ;=<h' l=ßre hqoaOhlska miq ;ju;a m%;sidOkh jk YS% ,xldfõ udkj ysñlï jd¾;dj ms<sn|j tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh" yshquka rhsÜia fjdÉ wdh;kh (Human Rights Watch) iy bkagkeIk,a l%hsisia .DDma (Internationl Crisis Group) iy ;j;a wdh;k m%YaK lr we;7' fndfyda ;reKhska" úfYaIfhkau

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

iq`: jd¾.sl lKavdhïj,g wh;ajk ;reKhska ¥IKhg tfrys ùfï§ Tjqkaf.a wkd.;h ms<sn|j muKla fkdj YdÍßl wdrlaIdj ms<sn|jo ie,ls,su;a jkjd we;' C-4 rEmigyfkka fmkajk mßÈ iEu Y%S ,dxlsl ;reKhska isõfofkl=f.ka tla wfhla ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ fkdk.kafka ìh ksidh'

ia;%S

31%

mqreI

34%

20% wdrlaIl fya;+ka ksid

37%

26%

32%

40% th M, rys;jk ksid

60%

26%

80%

fy,dolskafka flfia±hs uu fkdoksñ

100% fuh uf.a j.lSula fkdfõ

m%;spdrhla fkdue;s

rEmigyk C.4: ¥IKhg tfrysj l:d fkdlsÍug fok ,o fya;=" ia;%S mqreINdjh wkqj

flfia kuq;a ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ fkdke.Sug we;s jvd;a id¾:l fya;=j f,i iyNd.SjQjka úiska i,lk ,oafoa tfia lsÍu M, rys; ksidh hkakh' Y%S ,xldj jeks idudkH m%cd;ka;%jd§ rgl fuh b;d w¾nqoldÍ m%;spdrhls' ¥IKhg tfrysùu iïnkaOfhka isÿl< yels N+ñldjla ;ukag we;s nj YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhskaf.ka nyq;rh ms<s.kakd úg fuu ;reKhska f.ka wvla muK ^45]& i,lkafka ;u y~ke.Su M, rys; fohla f,ih' Bg w;sf¾lj ;j;a ;reKhska 23] la mjid isáfha ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ ke.Su ;ukaf.a j.lSu fkdjk njh' fuh wjdikdjka; ;;a;ajhls' ulaksido h;a" ¥IKhg tfrysj l:d lsÍfï jeo.;alu ms<sn|j ±kqj;a nfõ wvqjla thska ms<sìUq jk ksidh' ¥IKh ms<sn|j meñ‚,s isÿ lrk l%ufõoh ;reKhska f.ka 6]la fkdokakd nj mejiSu by; fy<sorõj ;jÿrg;a ikd: lrhs' fuhska ;yjqrejkafka YS% ,dxlsl Ôjk ikaO¾Nh ;=< ;reKhska ¥IKhg trysj y~ke.Sug leue;a;la we;;a th isÿjkafka iuyr fldkafoais iïmQ¾K jqjfyd;a muKla hkakh' m<uqj" tfia lsÍu wdrlaIdiys; nj Tjqkag ye`.Shd hq;=h' fojkqj" ¥IKhg tfrysj l:dlsÍfï jeo.;alu iy tjeks ls%hdldrlï j,ska ienE Ôú;hg we;súh yels n,mEu ms<sn|j Tjqka fyd¢ka ±kqïj;a úh hq;=h' ;reKhska ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ke.Su j,lajkafka wOHdmkfha iy ±kqïj;anfõ wvqmdvqjla ksid kï ;reKhska ¥IKh ms<sn|j ±k.kafka flfia±hs wjfndaOlr .ekSu jeo.;ah' iólaIKfha fuu wjidk fldgfia§ YS% ,xldfõ ¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s iy fr.=,dis ms<sn|j Tjqka fldf;laÿrg ±kqïj;ao hkak iy Tjqka tu f;dr;=re ,nd.;af;a flfiao hkak ms<sn|j iyNd.SjQjkaf.ka m%Yak lrk ,§' fndfyda iyNd.SjQjka ;u f;dr;=re ±kf.k we;af;a rEmjdysksh ^31]&" .=jka úÿ,sh ^20]& iy uqøs; mqj;a m;a u.ska ^17]& yryd ùu úu;shg lreKla fkdfõ' tfiajqjo úfYaIfhkau ;reK iyNd.SjQjka cx.u ÿrl:k yryd o ^18]& f;dr;=re ±kf.k ;snQ w;r tfia f;dr;=re oek.;a jeäysá iyNd.SjQjka isáfha wvq ixLHdjls ^10]&' iudc cd,hka iy wka;¾cd,h ;=<

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iñlaIK jd¾;dj

;reKhska flakaø.; jQ idlÉPdjka ks;r we;sjk kuq;a Y%S ,xldj ;=< fuh i;Hhla fkdjk nj m¾fhaIK j,ska fmkS f.dia we;' iudc udOHhka u.ska f;dr;=re ,nd.;a nj mejiQ ;reKhska isáfha 5]la muKh' ishhg 4la wka;¾cd, mqj;am;a u.skao 4]la iudc cd,hka u.skao f;dr;=re ,ndf.k ;snqks' fuhska woyiajkafka YS% ,xldj ;=< ¥IKhg tfrys wOHdmkh iudc udOHhg iy wka;¾cd,hg tla lsÍu i|yd úYd, jev fldgila lsÍug b;sßù we;s njh' flfia fj;;a YS% ,xldj iSñ; wka;¾cd, myiqlï iys; rgla f,i mj;sk njo igyka lr.; hq;=h8' 50%

40% 33% 31%

30% 26% 23% 20%

20%

18%

17%

10%

0% rEmjdysksh

.=jkaúÿ,sh

;reK

cx.u ÿrl:k

uqøs; mqj;aam;a

iudc udOHh

wka;¾cd, mqj;am;a

iudc cd,hka

fjk;a

jeäysá

;reK

21%

38%

17%

38%

20% f;dr;=re fkdue;

40% f;dr;=re b;d iSñ;h

60% f;dr;=re iSñ;h

34%

39%

80% m%udKj; f;dr;=re mj;S

m%Odk wkdjrKhka

rEmigyk C.5: ;reKhska iy jeäysáhka f;dr;=re ,nd.kakd uQ,dY%hka

100% m%;spdrhla fkdue;s

rEmigyk C.6 ;reKhska iy jeäysáhka w;r Y%S ,xldfõ ¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s yd fr.=,dis ms<sn|j we;s ±kqu

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

;reKhska úúO uQ,dY%hkaf.ka f;dr;=re ,nd.kakd kuq;a tu lsisÿ uQ,dY%hla ;reKhskag m%udKj;a f;dr;=re imhkafka ke;s njo meyeÈ,sh' f;dr;=re ,ndfok m%Odk uQ,dY%h jk rEmjdysksh keröfï myiqlï ;ju;a we;af;a ;reKhskaf.ka 31] lg muKls' ¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s iy fr.=,dis ms<sn|j Tjqka okakd m%udKh ms<sn|j ;reKhska f.ka úuiQ úg f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSfï ÿIalr;djh fyd¢ka meyeÈ,s úh' ¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s iy fr.=,dis ms<sn|j zfyd¢kau okakdZ nj mejiQfõ ;reKhskaf.ka 6]la muKls' ishhg 39 la z;rulaz ±kisá kuq;a ;reKhskaf.ka nyq;rh ^55]&zb;d iq`:fjka okakd njfyda lsisjla fkdokakdZ nj mejiQy' iólaIKfha wfkl=;a fndfyda m%;spdrhka ms<sn|j iy-iïnkaO;djhla we;slr .ekSug fuu f;dr;=re Wmldr fõ' ¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s yd fr.=,dis ms<sn|j iuyr ;reKhkag fyd| jegySula we;s kuq;a ;j;a fndfyda fofkl=g tu jegySu fkdue;' tuksid" ;reKhskaf.ka lsishï m%;sY;hla ;=< iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;s nj iy wdpdrYS,S fkdjk yeisÍï ms<s.kakd nj;a mejfik m%ldY jgyd.; hq;af;a fuu idfmalaI jYfhka fkd±kqj;a nfõ ikaO¾Nh ;=<h'

;reK

jeäysá

wjdikdjlg fuka wOHdmk moaO;sh u.ska fuu .eg¨jg úi÷ula ,ndfokafka ke;' C.7 rEmigyfkkaa fmkajk mßÈ iyNd.SjQjka m%d:ñl wOHdmk uggfï isg ;D;Shsl uÜgug hdfï§ ¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s iy fr.=,dis ms<sn|j zlsisjla fkdo;aZ fyda zb;d w,am jYfhka okakdZ ixLHdj wvqjQfha 7]lska muKls^61] isg 54] olajd&' ta w;r z;rula okakdZ ixLHdj 7]lska jeäù we;s w;r zfyd¢kau okakdZ ixLHdfõ fjkila isÿù fkdue;' fuu m%;sM, wkqj ¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s yd fr.=,dis ms<sn|j ;reKhska ±kqïj;a lsÍfï wOHdmk wjYH;djhka wOHdmk moaO;sh u.ska imqrkafka fkdue;s hehs hk .eg`:ldÍ ks.ukhg t<ôh hq;=j we;' Y%S ,dxlsl ;reKhskag ¥IKh iïnkaOfhka hym;a wOHdmkhla ,ndfkdokafka kï ¥IKhg tfrys uqyqKg uqyqK,d lrk ls%hdl,dmhka flfrys Tjqkaf.a woyia iy wdl,am fjkia lsÍu i|yd ,efnkafka b;d mgq wjia:djls'

;D;Shsl

12%

oaú;Shsl

15%

oaú;Shsl

43%

20% ke;

40%

38% 33%

32%

41%

16%

m%d:ñl

36% 32%

13%

b;d w,amh

14%

33%

30%

m%d:ñl ;D;Shsl

40%

28% 40% ;rula

60% fyd¢kau

6% 5% 6%

40%

33%

80%

100%

m%;spdrhla fkdue;s

rEmigyk C.7: ;reKhska iy jeäysáhka w;r Y%S ,xldfõ ¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s yd fr.=,dis ms<sn|j we;s ±kqu - wOHdmk uÜgu wkqj

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iñlaIK jd¾;dj

m%Odk wkdjrKhka

jeäysáhkag jvd ;reKhska ¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s yd fr.=,dis ms<sn|j ±kqïj;a njla m%ldY lsÍu m%YxikShh' fomd¾Yjh w;r fjki idudkHfhka l=vd jk w;r úfYaIfhkau wvq wOHdmkhla ,o jeäysáhka ¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s yd fr.=,dis ms<sn|j ±kqïj;a njla fkdue;s wh jQy' tkuq;a ;D;Shsl wOHdmkh;a iu. m%;sM, fndfyda fihska fjkia fjhs' fyd¢ka wOHdmkh ,o miq ¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s yd fr.=,dis ms<sn|j ±kqïj;a jQ jeäysáhka ixLHdj fo.=Khlg;a jvd jeäúh' iaÓr ks.ukhlg meñKSug fuu m%;sM, m%udKj;a fkdjk w;r" ;D;Shsl wOHdmkfha m%ñ;sh ms<sn| .eg¨ldÍ m%jk;djhla fuhska fmkajhs'

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j i単laIK jd他;dj

ks.uk iy ks¾foaY ;reKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| iólaIKfha (YIS) wruqKq folls( YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhskaf.a mqoa., iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j j;auka mdolf¾Ldj msysgqjd .ekSu iy iqms<smkaNdjh lvùï iy ¥IKhg tfrysj ;reKhskaf.a ls%hdldß;aj uÜgu fidhd .ekSuh' fuu wruqKq folu w¾:dkaú;j imqrd.; yels úh' fuys bÈßm;a lr we;s iólaIK fidhd.ekSï wkqj YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska iqms<smkaNdjh w.h lrk kuq;a fuu jákdlï ish ffoksl Ôú;fha§ idlaId;a lr .ekSfï§ wmyiq;djhkag uqyqK§ug isÿjk nj fmkajd § we;' iqms<smkaNdjh hkq igkalr /l.ekSug ;rï iqÿiq uQ,sl yrj;a jákdlula f,i i,lkjd fjkqjg ¥IKh iy iqms<smkaNdjh lvùï Tjqka f,dalh foi n,k oDIaÀh wkqj Tjqka ;=< ld jeoS ;sfnk kue;s h:d¾:hg YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska nyq;rhla uqyqK Èh hq;=h'

A. ks.uk iólaIKfha m%uqL mrdñ;Ska i;r ms<sn|j fuys my; idlÉPd lr we;s w;r ta tla tla mrdñ;sh yd iïnkaO m%Odk fidhd.ekSï iy ks.ukhka o i|yka lr we;' YIS iólaIKfha wruqKq ,`.dlr .ekSfï§ fukau .;hq;= ls%hdud¾.hka ms<sn| ks¾foaY ,nd.ekSu i|yd wjYH ±kqï uQ,hla we;slr .eksugo fuu f;dr;=re ;SrKd;aul jkq we;'

A.1 iÞpdrh iy idrO¾u - yeisÍfï iïu;hka ms<sn| m%dfhda.sl wjfndaOh ¥IKh flfrys ;reKhskaf.a jegySu" wdl,am iy jákdlï ms<sn| mrdñ;Ska .ek úmrï l< úg ksielju ,efnkafka úiq`: Ñ;%hls' Y%S ,dxlsl ;rKhska iqms<smkaNdjh hkq l=ula±hs okakd w;r ;u Ôú; w,,d iqms<smkaNdjh w.h lr;s' iqms<smkaNdjh jeo.;a njg m%;spdr olajk kuq;a iqms<smkaNdjhg t,a,jk úúO ;yxÑ iy iSudjka yuqfõ fuu m%;spdrhka b;d ÿ¾j, fõ' iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| úúO w¾:l:khka .ek úuiQ úg ie,lsh hq;= wvq ixLHdjla ^12] isg 20] olajd& fndrelSfuka" ¥IKfhka iy kS;sh lvlsÍfuka je,lSu we;=<;ajk fmdÿ wr:±laùu yd tl`. fkdfj;s' fuu m%jk;djh jvd;a m%n, jkafka kS;sh lvlsÍu yd iïnkaOfhks' kS;sh lvlsÍu flfkl=f.a mqoa., iqms<smkaNdjh ì| .ekSula fkdjk nj iEu YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska mia fofkl=f.kau tla wfhla úYajdi lr;s'

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

ks.uk iy ks¾foaY

ziqms<smka mqoa.,fhl==Z i;=úh hq;= .=Kdx. ms<sn|j YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska ;=< we;s jegySu o kuHYS,S nj fmkS hhs' fkdlr isàfuka mdvq isÿjk wjia:dj,§ ziqms<smka mqoa.,hdZ fndrelSu fyda jxpdj isÿlrkq njg YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska f.ka wvla muK úYajdi lr;s' mßmq¾K mqoa.,hd ;u mjqf,a iu.sh fndrelSug" jxpdjg iy ks;sh leãug jvd by,ska ;nd i,lk nj Bg;a jvd jeä ;reKhska ixLHdjlf.a úYajdih úh' ^A.4-1,2,3,4 rEmigyka& wjidkfha§ ziqms<smka mqoa.,hdZ iq`: mßudk ¥IKj, fhfokakg leu;s flfkl= hehs YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska f.ka 67]la ms<s.ks;s'

A.2 m%;sm;a;s - yß jerÈ ms<sn| fjki jgyd .ekSug we;s yelshdj uq,Huh id¾:l;ajh iy WÞr Ôú;hla .;lsÍu ixikaokh lrk f,i b,a,d isá úg YS% ,xldfõ§ id¾:l mqoa.,hl= we;s mSvkh mßmQ¾K m%;sm;a;Ska wNsnjd hk nj meyeÈ,sh' iqms<smka Ôú;hla .; lsßu b;d jeo.;a hhs ;reKhskaf.ka 50]lg wdikak m%udKhla úYajdil< w;r j;alïj, iy iqms<smkakNdjfha iunr;djhla mej;Su i;H jYfhkau jeo.;a wruqKla nj nyq;rhlf.a ±lau úh' óg wu;rj Y%S ,dxlsl ;reKhska miafofkl=f.ka tla wfhla iqms<smkaNdjhg jvd j;alu w.h lr;s' fuu m%;sM, ;reKhska úiskau iqms<smkaNdjh i|yd m%ldYl< jákdlï iu. fl,skau mriamr;djhla olajhs' tlaj .;a l< fmkShkafka Y%S ,dxlsl ;reKhd iqms<smkakNdjfha jeo.;alu y÷kdf.k we;s kuq;a iqms<smkak Ôú;hla .;lsÍu hkafkka woyia lrkafka l=ula±hs ieuúgu jgydf.k fkdue;s njh' iqms<smkaNdjh fi,úh fkdyels m%;sm;a;shla f,i ieuúgu i<ld fkdue;s w;r th foaYsh iïm%Þhkag iy mj;sk ienE wNsfhda.hkag m%;spdr olajk kuHYS,S ixl,amhla f,i i,ld we;' Tjqkaf.a ienE Ôú;j,§ iuyr úhoï iy in|;d iqms<smkaNdjhg jvd jeo.;a hhs i<lk YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska jxl .kqfokqj, fhfoñkau Tjqkaf.a iqms<smkaNdjh /l.; yelshhs úYajdi lrhs' flfiakuq;a YS% ,xldfõ iS>% f,i by, hk w;HdjYH øjH iy bkaOk ñ, yd jeäjk we;ske;s mr;rh yuqfõ ÿ.Snj m%n, wjOdkhla fhduqúh hq;= idOlhla nj igyka l< hq;=h' tuksid fndfyda ;reKhska iqms<smkaNdjh mrÿjg ;nd j;alñ flfrys Wkkaÿùfï wjYH;djhla ols;s' ;re‚hka iqms<smkaNdjh flfrys jeä lemùula we;s njo lemùu ÿ¾j,u jQfha .%dóh ;reKhska w;r njo YIS iólaIKfhka fmkS f.dia we;' fuu ;;ajh o;a;hka .Kkdjlskau ;yjqre jQ w;r thska woyia jkafka kd.ßl ;re‚hkag iudc fjkialï isÿ lsÍfï mqfrda.dñka ùfï yelshdj w;s njh' tfukau .%dóh ;reKhska úfYaIfhkau .%dóh msßñka iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| wOHdmkh ,nd§fï iy m%j¾Okfha uq,sl b,lal lKavdhï úh hq;=h' fuu fjkialï j,g n,mdkd fya;= y÷kd .ekSu wmyiqh' ia;%SmqreINdjh w;r we;s fjkialï úúO wOHdmk uÜgï yrydo fkdfjkiaj mj;sk w;r kd.ßl iy .%dóh fn§u fmkajd fokafka fuu mr;rhka Y%S ,dxlsl ixialD;sh iu. uq,a nei.;a tajd njh' kd.ßl iy .%dóh fjkialï jvd;a ixlS¾Kh' iólaIKfhka fmkajd fokafka .%dóh ;reKhska ksr;=reju ¥IKh yd .efgk w;r idïm%Þhslju ×;s ix.%yh mj;sk iudc wka;¾ in|;d iu. Ôj;aùug Tjqkag isÿ ù we;s njh' mßmQ¾K mqoa.,hkag ,efnk wjia:d ms<sn|j .%dóh ;reKhskag olakg ,efnkafka wvqjYfhka jk w;r Tjqka ;u ffoksl Ôú;fha fldgila f,i wdpdr O¾uhkag mgyeks lreKq ms<s.ekSug isÿfõ' fuu fya;+ka ksid .%dóh ;reKhka wvq iqms<smkaNdjhla we;s msßila njg m;a fkdjk kuq;a iqms<smkaNdjhg jvd;a m%;sjd§ jk Ôjk l%uhlg Tjqkaf.a jákdlï iy yeisÍï n,y;aldrfhka wkq.; lr .ekSug Tjqkag isÿù we;'

A.3 kS;s.rel ùu - kS;shg wkql+,jk m%udKh iqms<smkaNdjh w¾: ±laùfï§ kS;sh lv lsÍug jvd fndrej" jxpdj iy ¥IKh iqms<smkaNdjhg tfrys ls%hdjka f,i ;reKhska y÷kd.kakd ,§' fuu fidhd.ekSfuka fmkajkafka Y%S ,dxlsl ;reKhska kS;sh flfrys olajk meyeÈ,s m%;sfrdaOhhs' ksoiqkla f,i ;reKhska rdcH ks,Odßfhl=g fyda fmd,sia ks,Odßfhl=g w,a,ila §ug leue;a; ±laúh yels kuq;a .=rejrfhl= úIhfhys tfia fkdfõ' úfYaIfhka fmd,Sish flfrys úYajdihla fkdue;snj fujeks wdl,amhka we;sjk uQ,h f,i ±laúh yelsh'

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iñlaIK jd¾;dj

miq.sh jir ;=<§ ienE f,iu ¥IKhg tfrysj lghq;= lrk ,oafoa ;reKhska iq`: ixLHdjla jk kuq;a iuia:hla f,i YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska ¥IKhg tfrysùu i|yd úYañ; leue;a;la ±laùh' fuhska w`.jkafka fuu ;reKhkag iqms<smkaNdjh flfrys lemùu i|yd iy ¥IKhg tfrysùu i|yd wjYH wOHdmkh ,ndÈh hq;= njh' msßñka ¥Is; ls%hdjkays kshe,Su ie,lsh hq;= f,i jeä nj iksgqyka lr .ekSuo jeo.;ah' iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| jákdlï j,§ iA;%SmqreI úIu;djhka f.a m%;sM,hla f,i fuh isÿù ±hs mejiSu wmyiqh' ;reKhska ¥IKh i|yd jvd;a fm<Uùug ,lajk w;r tu ksid ;u Ôú;fha jákdlï moaO;sh;=< ¥IKh n,y;aldrfhka ms<s.ekSug Tjqkag isÿ úh yelsh' fuu .eg`:ldÍ m%jk;djhg fya;= jgyd.ekSug jeäÿr m¾fhaIK isÿl< hq;=h' fuu fya;=j fkdi,ld iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j Tjqkaf.a wjfndaOh jeälsÍug iy ¥IKhg m%;sfrdaë ùfï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd ;reKhska b,lal lr.; hq;= nj meyeÈ,sh'

A.4 ¥IKhg m%;sfrdaë ùu - ¥Is; mqreÿ fjkia lsÍfï yelshdj ¥IKh je,elaùu i|yd ;u mrmqr úiska isÿl< hq;= N+ñldjla we;s nj ;reKhska nyq;rhla úYajdi lr;s' fuh wjOdrKh lr.; hq;= idOkSh ks.ukhls' flfiafj;;a YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska f.ka 6]la muKla ienE f,iu ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ke.Sfuka meyeÈ,s jkafka ;reKhska ¥IKh uev,Sug ie,lsh hq;= ld¾hNdrhla m%dfhda.slj bgq fkdlrk njh' tkuq;a iEuúgu fyda iuyr wjia:dj,§ ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ke.Sug ;reKhska nyq;rhla leue;af;ka isà' ienE ls%hdj iy is;=ú,s w;r we;s fuu mriamrhg fya;= fm!oa.,sl fukau jHqyd;aulh' id¾:l;ajhg fyd|u udj; ¥IKh f,i olsk ;reKhska tu h:d ;;ajhg wNsfhda.lsÍug leue;a;la fkdolajkq we;' wjdikdjlg fuka id¾:l;ajhg we;s fyd|u udj; fyda tlu udj; jxpdj f,i YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska fndfyduhla ols;s' fuu úYajdih .%dóh ;reKhska w;r fukau wOHdmkhla ,enQjka w;ro nyq,h' ¥IKh ;=<ska id¾:l;ajh fmkajkakka iu. fndfydaúg .efgk lKavdhï jkafka fudjqka nj fuhska ms<sìUq fõ' YS% ,xldfõ rdcH fiajd imhkakka ms<sn|j ;reKhska nyq;rhla ;=< we;s my;a u;h fuu ks.ukh ie,lshhq;= mßÈ Yla;su;a lrhs' fmd,Sish iy m%dfoaYSh mßmd,kh hk fowxYhu by, uÜgul ¥IKhla iy wvq uyck úYajdihla ,ndisák nj biau;= lr ;snqKs' fuu wdh;k j,ska ´kEu tlla iu. ks;r we;sjk wka;¾ ls%hdjka ksid ;reKhska ;=< iqms<smkaNdjh mj;ajd .ekSfï iy m%j¾Okh lsÍfï yelshdj wvqúh yelsh' wfkla w;g" rdcH ks,OdÍka iu. wka;¾ ls%hd mj;ajk lKavdhï ;=< iqms<smkaNdjh i|yd kuHYS,S iy úúO jQ lemùula mj;sk nj ks.ukhka fmkajdfohs'

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

ks.uk iy ks¾foaY

jHQyd;aul jYfhka iEu ;reKhska ;sfofkl=f.ka flfkla Tjqkag ÿIKhg tfrysj lghq;= lsÍug Yla;shla fkdue;s njla y`.jhs' ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ ke.Su ;u j.lSu fkdjk nj ;j;a ;reKhska 25] lf.a woyih' lsishï uÜgul ÿria: Ndjhla iy wiïnkaO;djhla w`.jk fuu úYajdihka b;d w¾nqoldÍ jk w;r th ;reKhska ¥IKhg tfrys ùfï m%h;akhka fudglrkakla úh yelsh' flfia kuqÿ fuu .eg¨ i|yd idfmalaI jYfhka ir, úi÷ïo we;'

B. ks¾foaY YIS iólaIKh ±kqu W;amdokh l< fuj,ulg jvd jeä fohls' iqms<smkaNdjh i|yd iy ¥IKhg

tfrysj igka lsÍu i|yd ;reKhska n,.ekaùfï cd;Hka;rh yd taldnoaO mq`:,a ls%hdkaú;hl m<uq mshjr o fuhhs' tuksid TISL wdh;kh"fuu jd¾;dfjka ;u ;ukaf.a ks.ukhkag t<öug fuh mßYS,kh lrkakka Èß.kajk w;r Y%S ,dxlsl ;reKhska n,.ekaùu i|yd my; i|yka ks¾foaYhka bÈßm;a lrhs' fuu ks¾foaYhka imqrd.ekSu i|yd wÞ, ish,a,ka iu. TISL wdh;kh lghq;=lrkq we;s w;r ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j lemjk ish,a,kagu fuu wr.,fha§ wm yd tlajk f,i werhqï lrkq ,efí'

B.1 ÿIKh iy iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| úu¾IK YS% ,xldfõ ;reKhskaf.a iqms<smkaNdjh iy ¥IKh ms<sn|j jeo.;a uQ,sl ióCIK f;dr;=re YIS iólaIKh u.ska imhkq ,eîh' flfiakuqÿ fuu f;dr;=re kj .eg¨ u;=lr we;s w;r tlS .eg`: j,g ms<s;=re fiùu u.ska iqms<smkaNdjh m%j¾Okh lsÍug TISL wdh;khg yelsjkq we;' iólaIKhg iyNd.SjQ ;reKhskaf.a .%dóh$ kd.ßl fn§ug fya;= idOl" iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j jeo.;a f;dr;=re iu. ;reKhska weu;Sfï jvd;a M,Þhl l%u fudkjdo hkak iy ;re‚hka iqms<smkaNdjh i|yd jeä lemùula fmkaùug fya;= wjfndaOlr .ekSu i|yd úfYAIfhkau jeäÿr f;dr;=re wjYHfõ' fuu m¾fhaIK i|yd w;sf¾l iólaIKhka wjYH fkdfõ' ta fjkqjg ;u uQ,sl oeKqu ÈhqKqlr .ekSu i|yd TISL wdh;kh ;=ka wdldr m%fõYhla ls%hd;aul lrkq we;' m<uqj" m¾fhaIlhska ±kg TISL wdh;kh i;= cd;sl iqms<smkakNdjfha moaO;s we.hSu iy mqrjeis jd¾;dm;a iólaIK jd¾;d we;=`: m%ldYk mßYS,kh lr tu m%;sM, YIS iólaIK m%;sM, iu. ii|kq we;' fojkqj" TISL wdh;kh ±kg isák iyNd.SjQjka iy iylrejka yd tlaj wÞ, lKavdhï iu. wúêu;a iïuqL idlÉPd mj;ajd iólaIKfha m%;sM, ms<sn| úfYaIs; m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re ,nd.ekSug lghq;= flf¾' ;=kafjkqj" wfkl=;a ;reK ls%hdldß;aj jevigykaj, fuka TISL wdh;kh Yla;su;a wëËKh lsÍfï iy we.hSfï ls%hdj,shla mj;ajdf.k hkq we;' fuu ls%hdj,shka ;=<ska by; i|yka m%Yakj,g ms,s;=re f,i w.kd f;dr;=re o;a;hka ckkh lrkq we;' fuu fuj,ï ;=k taldnoaO jQúg wjYH ±kqï mr;rhka mqrjd .ekSug yelsjkq we;s w;r ta wkqj ;reKhska w;r id¾:lj iqms<smkaNdjh m%j¾Okh lsÍug TISL wdh;khg yelsjkq we;'

B.2 mdie,a wOHdmkh jeäÈhqKq lsÍu ;reKhska m%d:ñl wOHdmk uÜgïj, isg ;D;Shsl wOHdmk uÜgï olajd hk úg ¥IKh ms<sn| kS;s yd fr.=,dis ms<sn| Tjqkaf.a idfmalaI ±kqu ÈhqKq fkdjk nj iólaIKfhka fy<s úh' fuhska fmkajkafka ¥IKh iy iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| ;SrKd;aul ±kqu mdie,a moaO;sh ;=<ska ;reKhskag fkd,efnk njh' ta wkqj mqoa.,slj .=rejreka iu.;a wÞ, wud;Hjreka iu.;a rdcH ks,OdÍka iu.;a fuu Wmfoia ,nd§fï m%ñ;Ska ÈhqKq lsÍug;a ta i|yd wjYH wOHdmksl fN!;sl iïm;a ,nd§ug;a TISL wdh;kh lghq;= lrkq we;'fuu iïm;a w;r bf.kSug iy wjfndaOhg iqÿiq f,i ilia jQ wdpdrO¾u" jákdlï iy iÞpdrd;aul yeisÍu ms<sn|j lshùu i|yd fmd;a iy m%ldYk we;=<;a úh yelsh' ÿ.S nj by< uÜgul mej;sho Y%S ,xldj Yla;su;a wOHdmk moaO;shla mj;ajdf.k hk w;r b;du by< idlaIr;d uÜgï ms<sn|j Woï wkk rgls' tu ksid fuu ls%hdj,sfha§ mdie,aj,g

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iñlaIK jd¾;dj

iy .=rejrekag M,ÞhS iylrejka úh yelsh' wjYh iïm;a iy mqyqKqj ,nd§u u.ska ¥IKhg tfrysj igkalsÍug ;reKhska n,.ekaùu i|yd fuu Yla;su;a wOHdmk moaO;sh Ndú;d lsÍug TISL wdh;kh wfmalaId lrhs'

B.3 mdief,ka miq wOHdmkh iy ±kqu j¾Okh mdie, wOHdmkfha jeo.;a wxYhla jk w;r úêu;a mka;s ldurfhka neyer jQ mßirhla ;=< ;reKhska yd lghq;= lsÍfï uy`.= wjia:djka mj;sk nj TISL wdh;khg fmkS f.dia we;' wNsfm%arKh jQ ;reKhskag iqms<smkaNdjh iy ¥IKh .ek .eUqre wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug;a fjkila we;slsÍfï kshuqjka ùug;a wjia:djla we;' TISL wdh;kfha iqms<smkA ;dreKH jevigyka u.ska ¥IKhg tfrys igfka§ ienE kdhlhska ùug wjYH fuj,ï ,nd.ekSug ;reKhskag wjia:dj ,efí' fuu wjia:dj fld<ôka neyer ;reKhskago ,nd§ug TISL wdh;kh wfmalaId lrhs' iólaIKfha§ fmkS.sh mßÈ .%dóh ;reKhska fuys b,lal lKavdhu úh hq;=h' tuksid ;reKhska i|yd úIh ndysr ls%hdldrlï iy iïm;a ,nd§ug ish .%dóh iylrejka iu. tlaj TISL wdh;kh lghq;= lrkq we;'

B.4 wdo¾Yk Yla;shlska hqla;j ¥IKh wëËKh i|yd ;reKhska Èß.ekaùu YIS iólaIKhg wkqj ;reKhska nyq;rhla ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ ke.Sug leue;a;la ±lajQjo ta

i|yd ienE f,iu lghq;= lrkafka iq`: msßils' ÿIKhg tfrysj igkalsÍug ;reKhskag we;s wjia:d jeälsÍug TISL wdh;kh Tjqka yd tlaj lghq;= lrk w;r Tjqka tu ld¾hhfha kshef,k úg ta i|yd iyfhda.h o ,ndfokq we;' kùk iudc udOH fuj,ï Ndú;dlrñka iy ÿIKhg f.dÿrejQjkag iy ¥IKfha idlaIslrejkag ffk;sl Wmfoia ,ndfok uOHia:dkhla jk ziqieß fijkZ (Shelter for Integrity) uOHia:dkh yryd ;reKhskag fl,skau Wmldr lsÍug TISL wdh;kh wfmalaId lrhs' tfukau TISL wdh;kh ;reKhskag ;u woyia m%ldYlsÍu i|yd fõÈldjla ilia lr §ug;a ¥IKhg tfrysj igkalsÍu i|yd wdOdr lsÍug;a bÈßm;a jkq we;'

ks.uk iy ks¾foaY

flfiajqjo ;reKhska ¥IKhg tfrysj ;u y~ ke.Sug ±k.; hq;= w;r Tjqkaf.a tu ls%hdjka j,ska n,mEula we;s l< yels njg ye`.Sula iy úYaajdihla Tjqkag we;súh hq;=h' tu ksid ¥IK ls%hd ms<sn|j meñ‚,s l< hq;= l%ufõohka ms<sn| ±kqu j¾Okh lsÍug;a ¥IKh uka;=lrKh lsÍug iy ¥IKhg tfrys ls%hdldrlïj, n,mEu ms<sn|j wOHdmkhla ,nd§ug;a TISL wdh;kh lghq;= lrkq we;' ;reKhska i|yd we;s cd;Hka;r ksïj<¨ mq`:,alsÍu i|yd YIS iólaIKh;a iu. we;s lr.;a cd;Hka;r cd,hka WkkaÿlsÍugo TISL wdh;kh lghq;= lrkq we;' fuu.ska ¥IKhg tfrys igfka cd;Hka;r mßY%ufha fldgila f,i ;reKhska lghq;= lrkq we;s w;r wfkl=;a rgj, w;a±lSïj,ska iy id¾:l ls%hdj,Ska f.ka mdvï bf.k.ekSugo Tjqkag yelsjkq we;'

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

B.5 nyq - udOH iy iudc udOH ;=<ska iqms<smkakNdjfha jákdlï m%j¾Okh lsÍu YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska iqms<smkaNdjh w.h lrk kuq;a fuu we.hSï kuHYS,S jk nj;a iuyrúg wvq ±kqj;anjla olajk nj;a meyeÈ,s fõ' tuksid iqms<smkakNdjfha w¾:dkaú; jákdlï m%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd TISL wdh;kh udOH m%pdrKhka Èh;alrkq we;' fndfyda YsIHhska ;u f;dr;=re ,nd.kafka rEmjdysksfhka iy .=jkaúÿ,sfhka jk w;r cx.u ÿrl:k u.ska f;dr;=re ,nd.kakd ixLHdj jeäfjñka mj;S' iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j Yla;su;a m‚jqv iu. ;reKhka lrd hdug TISL wdh;kh fuu udOHhka úfYaIfhkau cx.u ÿrl:k iy .=jkaúÿ,sh Ndú;d lrkq we;' iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| jákdlï m%j¾Okh lsÍu u.ska fuu jákdlï Yla;su;a lsÍug iy meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug ;e;alrk w;rutajd ms<sn| wdo¾Y lemùï f.dvkef.kq we;'

B.6 - ;reKhska i|yd wdo¾Yj;a pß; YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska fndfydafofkl= is;kafka fndrej iy jxpdj id¾:l;ajhg wjYH ud¾.hka njhhs YIS iólaIKfhka fmkajd § we;' iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j kuHYS,s ixl,amhka we;s whg .relsÍugo ;reKhska leue;a;la olajhs' m%dfhda.slj w,a,ia §u isÿlrk ;reKhska ixLHdj wvq jk kuq;a w,a,ila §u jrola fkdjk ls%hdjla f,i fndfyda ;reKfhda ols;s' ;reKhska wkqka wkq.ukh lsÍug fmf<fUk w;r Tjqkag u. fmkajk WmfoaYlhka iy ùrjrhka isá;s' fuu wdo¾Yj;a pß; u.ska ;reKhskaf.a wdl,am iy jákdlï uQ,sljYfhka fjkial< yelsh' tuksid ienE iqms<smkaNdjh fmkajk iy fuu jerÈ wdl,am ì|fy,k wdo¾Yj;a pß; Y%S ,dxlsl ;reKhskag wjYHh' fuu m%h;akfha§ w;S;fha isá iy j¾;udkfha isák m%isoaO pß; iy iqms<smkaNdjh ;=<ska iqúfYaIS ;;a;ajhka ,nd.;a idudkH YS% ,dxlslhka we;=<;aúh hq;=h' úYsIaG YS% ,dxlslhskag m%Kduh mqolrk cd;sl iqms<smka iïudkhla TISL wdh;kh ±kgu;a ls%hd;aul lrhs' ienE mßmQ¾K mqoa.,fhl= f,iska id¾:l;ajhg m;aùug YS% ,xldj ;=< wjia:dj ;sfnk nj ;reKhska ±k.; hq;=h' fïksid TISL wdh;kh jHdmdßl f,dalfha" rdcH wxYfha iy l,d fËa;%fha wh w;=ßka w;súYsIag kdhlhska fidhd Tjqkg m%isoaêfha Wmydr olajkq ,nhs' TISL wdh;kfha wOHdmksl iy ls%hdldß;aj jevigyka j,g iyNd.Sùug f;dard.kakd ;reKhska i|yd TISL wdh;kfha ld¾huKav,h mqoa.,sl uÜgfuka ;ks ;ksj WmfoaYk iydh ,nd fokq we;' fuu ls%hdj u.ska ,nd.; yelafla b;d mgq n,mEula jqjo tu.ska .eUqre n,mEula ,eîfï yelshdjlao we;' ±kqfuka iy u.fmkaùfuka ;reKhska n,.ekaùu u.ska YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska w;=ßka fjkila we;s lsÍug yelshdj we;s Yla;su;a lKavdhï ìyslr úh yelsh'

B.7 ;re‚hkag úfYaIs;jQ ls%hdjka TISL wdh;kh ;re‚hka b,lal lr.;a wOHdmk ls%hdldrlï isÿlrkafka Tjqka iudcfha fjkialï w;s lrk lKavdhula f,i n,.ekaúugh' YIS iólaIKhg wkqj YS% ,dxlsl ;reKshkaf.a

iqms<smkaNdjh flfrys iy ¥IKhg tfrysùu flfrys Yla;su;a lemùula we;s nj fmkajd we;' TISL wdh;kh fuu ;re‚hkag wOHdmkh" iyfhda.h iy WmfoaYkh ,nd§fuka Tjqkag wkq.%yh olajkq we;' YS% ,dxlsl iudcfha ldka;dj ks;r fldkajQ ;;a;ajhl miqfõ' tkuq;a mjqf,a iy fmdÿ iudcfha jeo.;a N+ñldjlao weh bgq lrhs' úfYaIs;jQ ;re‚hka iu. ls%hdlrñka iqms<smkaNdjh f.dv k.kq i|yd;a ¥IKhg tfrysj;a igka lrk kj ldka;d kdhl;aj mrmqrla we;s lsÍug TISL wdh;kh lghq;= lrkq we;'

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iñlaIK jd¾;dj

B.8 b,lal .; .%dóh ¥IKh by; olajk ,o ks¾foaYhka f.a ikaO¾Nh ;=< TISL wdh;kh úfYAIfhkau .%dóh m%foaY b,lal lrkq we;' YS% ,xldjg ,efnk wdOdr iy iyfhda.hka fndfydaúg w.kqjrg tald.% ù we;' wdOdr .%dóh ck;dj fj; ,`.djk úg tajd fndfydaúg .egqï iy iajdNdúl úm;aj,ska ;u Ôú; mSSvdjkag m;ajQjka i|yd ,ndÈh hq;= yÈis wdOdr i|yd fjkafõ' .%óh iudchka i|yd flfrk fuu iSñ; lghq;= j,ska Tíng hk fuu jHdmD;sh ck j¾.h fyda mÈxÑh fkdi,ld iuia; YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska flfrys n,mEula we;slsÍu i|yd ls%hd;auljk jHdmD;shls' f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSfï yelshdj" wd¾Ól wjia:d" fi!LHh fiajd iy ;j;a myiqlï w;ska YS% ,dxlsl .%dóh ck;dj ;jÿrg;a fldkaù isà' TISL wdh;kh .%dóh ;reKhska uqyqKmd we;s fuu wNsfhda. y÷kdf.k isák w;r ;u ;reK jevigyka i|yd fuu ;reKhskaj we;=<;alr .ekSug iy Tjqkaj n,.ekaùu i|yd lghq;= lsÍug n,j;a m%h;akhla orkjd we;'

B.9 b,lal.; fmd,sia iy fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a ¥IKh fmd,sisfha iy fmd,sia ks,OdÍka f.a mj;sk ¥IKh Y%S ,xldõ m%isoaO .eg¨jls' wjdikdjlg fuka fuu lKavdhïj, ks¾Oh ¥Is; ls%hd iEu wdldrhlskau ;reKhskag n,mEïlrk w;r Tjqkag iqms<smkaNdjfhkaa hq;a Ôú; .;lsÍugTjqkag we;s yelshdj wysñ lrjhs' fujeks ¥IKhka ;reKhka flfrys fukau" Tjqkaf.a Ôjk jákdlï" wdl,am iy iqms<smkaNdjh i|yd ke.S isàu flfrys RKd;aul n,mEula we;s lrk nj YIS iólaIKhg wkqj fmkSf.dia we;'

ks.uk iy ks¾foaY

fujeks kSp ¥IKhka wjika lsÍug TISL wdh;kh ish b;sydih mqrdu ±äfia lemù we;' bÈßhgu hk fuu wr.,h i|yd kj ±kqula iy kj iïm;a imhñka YIS iólaIKh kj uxfm;a újr lr § we;' ¥Is; .kqfokq ms<sflõ lsÍfï kj Wmdh ud¾.hka we;slsÍug;a ¥Is; b,a,Sï wju lrñka fmd,sish iy fmd,sia ks,OdÍka w;r iqms<smkaNdjh we;s lsÍug;a ;reKhska iu. tlaj TISL wdh;kh lghq;= lrkq we;'

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

miq igyka 1' rcfha ks, ixLHd wkqj 2012 § o, cd;sl ksIamdokfha j¾Okh 6'5]la úh' 2008 f,dal wd¾Ól wjmd;h yuqfõ fuh Yla;sula wd¾Ól m%;sidOkhls' tfukau o, cd;sl ksIamdokhg l¾udka; wxYfhka ,o Þhl;ajfha ilial< w.h 10] jQ w;r fuh wkd.; jegqma iy wdÞhï j¾Okfha Yla;su;a miqìuls'(http://www.sttistics.gov.lk/national _accounts/ press%20 release/gdp%20summary%20 indicators%202012%20annula.pdf n,kak'& 2' m<d;a uÜgfuka ksfhdackh l< ;reK iy jeäysá ixLHdjka iy m%;sY;hka my; olajd we;(

m,d;

;reK

jeäysá

tl;=j

ixLHdj

5.5

5.4

110

5.5

kef.kysr

109

10.9

9.1

201

10.0

jhU

107

10.7

117

11.6

224

11.1

W;=re ueo

6.4

6.1

126

6.3

W;=re

4.5

4.6

162

16.1

160

15.8

322

16.0

ol=K

7.3

7.4

148

7.3

W!j

5.4

6.3

118

5.9

ngysr

335

33.4

340

33.6

675

33.5

tl;=j

1004

100.0

1012

100

2016

100.0

uOHu

inr.uqj

m,d;a 10ka f;dard.;a ;reK yd jeäysá iyNd.SjQjka f.a ksheÈh úisr isá wdldrh'

100% 90%

kd.ßl

80% .%dóh

70% 60%

50.6%

49.4%

50%

50.2%

49.8%

40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

;reK

jeäysá

rEmigyk(iyNd.SjQjka f.a ksheÈh" kd.ßl iy .%dóh jYfhka

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iñlaIK jd¾;dj

3' rcfha ks, ixLHdk wkqj jvd kd.ßl m<d;a ^ol=Kq iy niakdysr m<d;a& rfÜ uOHu" W;=re yd kef.kysr fldgfia jvd .%dóh m,d;a yd ii|k úg b;d ie,lshhq;= fjkila fmkajhs' .%dóh m<d;aj, ldka;d ú/lshdj b;d by,h" tfukau iuia:hla jYfhka .%dóh ckhd ldhslj Y%uh fhosh hq;= iys; /lshd ^lDIsl¾uh jeks& j, ksr; fj;s' jdyk whs;sh" wdydr msiSu i|yd or Ndú;h" k, c, myiqlï jeks uQ,sl o¾Yl j,ska mjd kd.ßl iy .%dóh m%foaY w;r m%Odk fjkialï fmkajhs' fuu fjkialï 30] isg 50] olajd fõ' m<d;a w;r iudc wd¾Ól ixLHdkhkaf.a mQ¾K ú.%yhla i|yd http://www.cbsl.gov.lk/pics_n_docs/10_pub/_docs/ statistics/other/socio_econ_%20data_2011_e.pdf fjí wvúh n,kak' 4'idfmalaI jYfhka iA;%S mqreI fNaofhka f;dr n,.ekaùu ms<sn|j YS% ,xldfõ Yla;su;a kS;s mj;sk w;r ,sx. iA;SmqreI fNaofhka f;dr wOHdmk wjia:d .ek hym;a jd¾;djla we;' tfiakuq;a tÈfkÞ ienE ;;a;ajhka hgf;a" úfYaIfhkau ÿ.S nj ksid fyda fjk;a whqrlska fldkaù isák ldka;djka yd iïnkaOfhka ;ju;a wiudk ,sx.sl in|;d .eg¨ iys; cd;shla njg m;aù we;' /lshd iïnkaOfhka ldka;djka wjdisÞhl ;ekl isák w;r ksjfia§ iu;ek ,nd. ekSu i|ydo ±ä m%;sfrdaOhlg uqyqK fohs' rg;=< wj;ekaj isák ldka;djka úfYaIfhkau wmyiq wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK fo;s' ksoiqkla f,i hqoaOfhka ydksjQ m<d;aj, /lshd wjia:d ,eî we;s ldka;djkaf.a ixLHdj b;d l=vdh' ksoiqkla f,i" W;=re m<df;a ldka;d /lshd kshqla;sh 14]ls' ^my; i|yka fjí wvúfhka ,nd.; yels Y%S ,xld rcfha ks, ixLHd f,aLk n,kak( http://www.cbsl.gov.lk/pics_n_docs/10_pub/_docs/statistics/other/socio_econ_%20data_2011_e.pdf ). fuys m%Óm,hla jYfhka ldka;djkaf.a tÈfkÞ w;a±lSï Tjqkaf.a msßñ iudkhkag jvd fjkiah' Tjqka woaú;Sh ixialD;sl w;a±lSï ,ndf.k we;s w;r YIS iólaIKfhys ±lafjk Tjqkaf.a fjkiajQ m%;spdrhka ta wkqj jgyd.; hq;=h' YS% ,xldfõ iA;S%mqreI iudc Ndjh ms<sn| f;dr;=re úia;r i|yd “Sri Lanka gender Assesment, Asian Developmnet Bank, 2008” jd¾;dj n,kak' ^fuh http// www2.adb.org/ documents/ reports/cga-sri.pdf fjí wvúfha we;=<;ah&' tfukau" “SwarnaJayaweera & Chandra Gunawardena, Social Inclusion:Gender and Equity in Education Swaps in South Asia,Sri lankan Case Study. Unitied nations Children’s Fund Regional Office for South Asia.” jd¾;djo n,kak' ^fuh http://www.unicef.org/rosa/unicef_rosa%28srilanka_case_study%29.pdf fjí wvúfha we;=<;ah&' 5'.%dóh ck;dj m%dfoaYSh mßmd,k wdh;k iy fmd,sia fiajd uÜgfuka ¥IK b,a,Sï j,g ks;;=reju ,lajk nj TISL wdh;kfha 2010 cd;sl mßmQ¾K;aj iólaIkfhka iy mqrjeis jd¾;d m;a ^2011& u.ska fy<súh' http://www.tisrilakna.org. fjí wvúfhka ;j;a f;dr;=re ,nd.; yelsh' 6' YS%S ,xldfõ rdcH ks,OdÍka fndfyduhla iïnkaOfhka .eUqre wúYajdihla iy l,lsÍula we;s nj TISL wdh;kfha 2010 cd;sl iqms<smkA iólaIKfhka fy<súh' fuu ;;ajhka m%dfoaYSh mßmd,k wdh;k yd fmd,sish iïnkaOfhka jvd ;S¾j úh' cd;sl iqms<smkA iólaIKh ms<sn| iïmQ¾K m%;sM, i|yd lreKdlr http://www.tisrilakna.org/pub/ reports/ NIS_SL_2010.pdf fjí wvúh n,kak' 7' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ysñlï ljqkais,h úiska 2012 ud¾;= udifha§ YS% ,xldfõ ;snQ isú,a hqoaOfha wjidj Èkj, isÿjQ njg fpdaokd t,a,jk hqO wmrdO ms<sn|j mÍlaIKhla lrk f,i YS% ,xld rcfhka b,a,d isák fhdackdjla iïu; lr .kakd ,§' fuu fhdackdj" hqoaOfha wjidk wjia:dfõ§ fou< irKd.;hskag ie,l+ wdldrh ms<sn|j rch cd;Hka;r jYfhka .¾ydjg m;alsßfï tla mshjrls' fï ms<sn| úia;r i|yd( Human Rights Watch, 2013, Sri lanka Chapter (Available at http://www.hrw.org/world-report 2013/country-chapters /sri-lanka): Sri Lanka’s Authoritarian Turn: The Need for International Action.Asia Report No.243 Feb. 2015. n,kak' 8' udOH ms<sn| rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhla jk zksoyia ksjiZ (Freedom House) ixúOdkhg wkqj 2011 jif¾§ YS% ,xldfõ wka;¾ cd, .%dylhka (penetrations) 15]la úh' fuu ixLHdj jeäfjñka mj;S' iudk wd¾Ól uÜgï iys; rgj,a w;r

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

miq igyka

mjd fujeks my;a uÜgfï wka;¾cd, .%dykhka widudkHh'

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j i単laIK jd他;dj

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

iqms<smkaNdjh yd ;dreKHh iólaIK jd¾;dj

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a 185$5" yhsf,j,a mdr" fld<U 6" YS% ,xld ÿrl:k ( 011 4369781 - 3 *elaia ( 011 2506419 B-fï,a ( tisl@tisrilanka.org fjí ( www.tisrilanka.org

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iñlaIK jd¾;dj

9 789551 281595