Smart Landscape & AI City by tmacwind

SMART LANDSCAPE & AI CITY Contemporary Landscape Theory ABPL90078 Tracy Du Manifesto Du Yuqing 800859

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ..........................................................................5 Discovering existing social issues in Fukushima...................6 Understanding the intelligent network topologies..............8 Linking AI and the smart landscape .....................................9 Connecting associated nodes to form a network ..............13 Conclusion ..........................................................................15 Precedents ..........................................................................16 Annotated Bibliography .....................................................17 Reference ............................................................................21

Nuclear Disaster Destroyed Fukushima (Barria, C. 2011)

INTRODUCTION Shinkenchiku Residential Design Competition 2018 requires participants to imagine a world that utilizes Artificial Intelligence (AI) or to find new possibilities in an AI society. The development of AI is a transitional moment for a landscape architect to investigate and discuss latest social issues. When we consider the competition in Fukushima where is a Japanese prefecture. The city suffered a nuclear disaster caused by an earthquake in 2011. The local government is struggling to rebuild Fukushima. It is necessary to generate new inspirations for the urban restoration. Fukushima refugees experienced growing visible and invisible estrangemaent from the government and society. Landscape is potential to eliminate peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fears and mitigate divergence after a natural disaster. In addition, AI is possible to provide unconventional approaches. If we plan to regenerate Fukushima through an AI city for new possibilities, it will be interesting to take the landscape as a node. The node, which is defined as the smart landscape in this manifesto, can be connected by AI factors to form a stable network. The smart landscape does not depend on what AI is capable of but can drive landscape architects to speculate new possibilities with the help of AI. It can add reliance, control cost and augment equality in Fukushima, thereby filling gaps and remove the estrangement. We can separate the formation of the network into five parts. Firstly, it is significant to take further observation of social issues in Fukushima. Secondly, the importance of the network topologies is supposed to guide the connection between AI and the smart landscape. Next, in order to find unprecedented approaches to the issues, designers may link AI and the smart landscape through potential elements of landscape architecture and urban planning. At the following step, we have to select a better type of the network for the AI-link nodes. Finally, the smart landscape can create a new AI city in Fukushima. The manifesto targets to discuss how AI and landscape elements can generate new hope in a post-disaster society. We take advantage of these elements and connect the smart landscape, which can create novel relationships between landscape architecture and society. The new associations may encourage Fukushima evacuees to eliminate estrangement.

A worker, wearing a protective suit and a mask near No. 3 reactor building. (Hanai, T. 2016)

DISCOVERING EXISTING SOCIAL ISSUES IN FUKUSHIMA Estrangement after the disaster Before constructing an AI city in Fukushima, it is necessary to understand a current condition that the disaster cut the social links. Most Fukushima victims are likely to feel estranged from the government. In 2011, the natural disaster caused a nuclear meltdown, releasing radioactive materials. Kayo Watanabe, a female refugee, revealed the truth three months after the disaster. In fact, the government did not tell anything dangerous to people. She measured the radiation level by herself due to a doubt of the government. Hanlon (2012) emphasized that the government should have concerned with the lives of thousands of people, rather than the secure use of the nuclear power. Today, although the government informs that residents can return to Fukushima, only thirteen percent of evacuees want to go back (Stover, 2017). Fukushima evacuees are reluctant to rely on governmental guidance not only because of the loss of faith but also the estrangement from the hometown which kill their tolerance. They cannot withstand the cost to reconstruct a life in Fukushima, including moving home, finding new jobs and rebuilding the social network. In addition, Horie, S. & Managi discovered that psychological costs and the potential fear of health problems stemming from radiation remain vast. The costs and the fear caused the estrangement among people. Gingold (2015) mentioned that Fukushima mothers worried about the future discrimination if people found where their kids come from. They cannot decide to return without consideration of child health. Unlike younger generations, elder people are inclined to return because of nostalgia and the social responsibility (Hiroki & Takano, 2012). From Lahâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s report in 2011, retirees were willing to replace young people for the urban renewal due to their less sensitivity to radiation. The divergent attitude of returning Fukushima can help the reconstruction in a short time (Fig.1).

However, the gap of the age composition may cause an imbalance of social structure. Consequently, latent social issues will be aggravated, such as labor shortage, aging population, and health of the elders. The new possibility of settling the estrangements are imperative. It cannot be a top-down policy or a governmental propaganda of urban renewal. The future Fukushima should change from the inside so that influence peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s current value.

Potential estrangement in an AI city Estrangement potentially occurs in an AI city as well. For example, people increasingly depend on smart devices. It is reasonable to associate an image that people may excessively rely on AI robots in the intelligent city. Latent estrangement from friends or the family will challenge the social harmony. One suggestion is to teach robots a moral code (Griffiths, 2015), asking them to cooperate with human groups. But a self-learning AI robot may understand bad morality. Another solution is to instruct AI robots to perform as we need. A group of scientists and entrepreneurs, including Elon Musk and Professor Hawking, signed an open AI letter which put emphasis on â&#x20AC;&#x153;Our AI systems must do what we want them to doâ&#x20AC;?. From this circumstance, AI city in Fukushima is not an administration-free city. We have to link AI and the smart landscape within a controllable intelligent network, avoiding the generation of gaps by artificial presets and restricted permissions.

People may tell AI robot what they can do ( Tsuno, Y. 2014)

Visulization of the network topology. Retrieved from https://thetechtif17.wordpress.com/2017/10/22/topologi-jaringan-komputer/

UNDERSTANDING THE INTELLIGENT NETWORK TOPOLOGIES Prior to connecting the smart landscape and form an AI network, it is necessary to understand the intelligent network topologies. Their types and advantages may help landscape architects to generate speculations for the Fukushima renewal. Newman (2003) discussed the complex network which can represent a set of nodes. Initial analysis of networks concerns about mathematics problems that are reflected by graphs of vertices or edges. In recent years, networks are able to represent various systems in the real world (Newman, 2003). For example, service-independent telecommunications network drew forth the concept of an intelligent network. In Chen & Yang (1999)â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s study, they found the advantage of the intelligent network is the capability that can promote existing service. It does not limit in telephone service since internet plays an important role in technology development. Increasing communication drives people to research topologies of the network. Beal (2017) gave a simple definition of the intelligent network topologies which refer to the layout of related items. The layout can help people to understand physical and logical connections. The intelligent network topologies are significant to integrate AI with the smart landscape. For instance, existing natural reserves are different points. Edges can be AI-based information. It can transfer complex environment into simple patterns, then facilitating to understand the spatial structure and reform the traffic structure. Moreover, the transformation can guide designers to optimize the solution. The process of selecting a better network topology will contribute to constructing an AI city. The comparison can theoretically support the manifesto.

LINKING AI AND THE SMART LANDSCAPE The intelligent network topology helps to link AI and the smart landscape. Before comparing which type is better, functions of the smart landscape should be acknowledged. Through understanding the social issues in Fukushima, estrangement may have adverse impacts after the disaster. If no great change takes place, the society will be unhealthy and unstable. AI city sounds like a shift. Batty (2018) argues that the real power of AI may well come from a collaboration of man and machine, rather than working more powerfully by itself. Designers can collaborate with the smart landscape to reach the real power. If the smart landscape is capable of adding trust, reducing cost and injecting equality from landscape perspectives, landscape architects will achieve the power which may fill gaps and remove estrangement. Responsive data may gain faith from people In 2013, a synthetic urban ecologies studio proposes a responsive landscape in West Oakland, CA. The real-time data is a foundation of the landscape and acquired from intelligent sensors may transfer visual information to users. Sensors are hidden everywhere, such as under the bridge, at the top of a house and in a public transportation. AI may analyze the collected data of environmental change, people movement, and traffic conditions. The sensing system is not controlled by the government and people can get the open data whenever and wherever possible. The synchronous visualization allows users to understand the data easily. For example, gradient color will tell people where the PM level is a risk to health. From the synthetic system, landscape architecture is not only aesthetical infrastructures but also can convey the information. The information objectively reflects the natural condition. It should obtain trust from Fukushima refugees.

A data framework may create new possiblities in the AI city (Wang,Y. Liu,T. & Williams,M. 2013)

The smart landscape has to hold the properties of responsive landscape, such as sensing and synchronization. The accuracy of AI sensors is the first reason why people believe the information. It changes the interactive communication between human and landscape. Almost all accessible landscape facilities can be introduced in the sensing system, such as a slide for children and a barrier-free path for elders. The landscape also can be a site, such as a garden surrounded by interactive plants or a square established by responsive materials. The information will be contained in these materials and be conveyed through the application of the smart landscape. Easy accessibility to credible data is significant to Fukushima people and direct availability can achieve trust. For example, children prefer to play with sands. When the color of sands changed, it can be an early warning of an earthquake. Elder people are likely to enjoy their time at a park. Variable paving of pathways may remind a possible typhoon. Landscape architects should address the meaning of different materials for AI. Furthermore, the visual explanation also can provide opportunities for children and elders to understand the data effortlessly. More importantly, personal response to the smart landscape can give feedback to the AI city. As the project cited in West Oakland, AI sensors also collect peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s feelings from social media when they pass through the smart landscape. The exchange process of information can improve the sense of participation (Fig.2). Zhang (2017) mentioned the responsive landscape can encourage people to enlighten personal interest and motivate landscape practices. The exchange of motivation may help the smart landscape take response through data of personal selection. For example, when people are in a traffic jam which AI does not monitor. They can select to upload the experience through the smart device. The smart landscape can distribute the information and AI system is able to reconfigure the road network as fast as possible. The responsive data will be important when people seek safety during a natural disaster. Therefore, the smart landscape conveys responsive data in time and people must trust the information because of participating in updating.

Fig.2 The smart landscape can help AI to collect data and the responsive data of the communication between them also transfer to the AI system. (Du, Y. 2018)

Dynamic scale and space may reduce the cost Except for collecting and understand the data, the smart landscape is also able to reduce the cost. Abundant researches prove that AI can provide safer and faster transportations, a more reliable health care, and more helpful robotic assistants. These AI features can relieve the worry about the costs. However, the smart landscape does not only focus on the AI application, it should encourage Fukushima evacuees to change

perception. Aforementioned easy accessibility to information can add trust. Likewise, the convenient reachability can reduce the cost. Relieving the financial or psychological pressure is crucial for Fukushima refugees to reconsider the city. Giovanni & Elena (2014) put forward an idea that a dynamic scale represented by AI. It can create an unlimited space and link all-around documents. The dynamic scale will not be influenced by subjective influence from humans and will not be limited by fixed location. Almost nothing will cost from human errors and spatial transformation. The smart landscape can learn from the dynamic conception. No matter it will evolve into alterable spaces or mutative infrastructures, visible and invisible cost can be saved in Fukushima. For Fukushima people, alterable spaces can cut the cost of governmental management. The smart landscape will blur the spatial boundary between cities. In the AI city, faster transportation may reduce the time cost. The smart techniques of mutative infrastructures will change the spatial structure against the natural disaster which may save the labor cost. For example, the dynamic retaining walls can automatically rise when erosion occurs, and the slope of roads can change for storm-water drainage. These spatial alterations may not cause maintenance cost. Furthermore, the synthetic smart landscape can provide data for real-time simulation of urban planning. People can know the cost and make a budget in terms of the simulation, not worry about the cost of an uncertain prediction. Although the financial cost does not cut down from figures, the mental tolerance to the pressure will be rebuilt. It may change the sense of estrangement from home. On the grounds of the impacts, dynamic features empower the smart landscape to find approaches to cost savings from the scale and spatial aspects.

Synthetic landscape can fast convey the information (Wang,Y. Liu,T. & Williams,M. 2013)

Liberal site may add equality In order to stimulate notion transformation among Fukushima evacuees, the smart landscape needs to balance the social structure. Gaps exist in different generations due to ages and experience. It is impossible for the smart landscape to erase the gaps. However, if people have sufficient expression, the post-disaster sorrow will not degenerate into estrangement. Topotek 1 (2013) constructed Superkilen in Copenhagen which represents the equality. Diverse culture from countries displays through symbols, colors, infrastructures and elements. The combination of these irrelevant materials adds equality to the site. The smart landscape should convert cultural diversity to human personality. It can create a liberal site in Fukushima for people from different background. Stauskis (2017) advocated an idea that urban space should provide an equal space for weaker citizens to enjoy social life rather than sheltering from a society with services. The smart landscape needs to create the space where Fukushima evacuees are able to use from different ages, jobs, and genders. With the help of AI, the smart landscape can achieve a large volume of ideas from people. The urban planner will find how to visualize complex emotional feelings and respect the diversity. For example, wheelchair access and unisex toilets are the equal spaces at the present stage. In the AI future, people can equally enter into space. For instance, elder people and children can reach the dangerous space independently by technical support.

CONNECTING ASSOCIATED NODES TO FORM A NETWORK Removal of the estrangement cannot avoid the connection. After proving the smart landscape can add reliance, control cost and augment equality, the next important step is to consider how the AI can link the nodes (the smart landscape). The network may provide theoretical support to the collaboration between AI and people. The first type is an undirected network (Fig.3). Nodes (the smart landscape) are bidirectionally connected. It may efficiently connect related smart landscape. The network seems to eliminate the estrangement by stackFig.3 The undirected network can only ing advanced techniques. However, the twoshow the connection of the associated way direction may accumulate heavy data. The biggest drawback of the undirected network the smart landscape (Du, Y. 2018). is a replication of central information. Ricard & JosĂŠ (2001) suggested that the network should remain homeostasis. For example, the residential structure of Fukushima should be decentration. The main shopping mall seems not suit for the post-disaster city. The urban planning of the city is supposed to be scattered. It will facilitate to distribute the smart landscape, thereby getting diverse data from a larger range.. Another type is the directed network (Fig.4). Nodes are connected by vertex and edges which are directed. The network will avoid information congestion. The smart landscape can be utilized in clear direction by people and AI. For landscape materials, Learey (2015) discussed how to balance hardscape and softscape materials in gardening. The focused directions of two materials are different. Hardscape can help visitors to notice the change and the plant selection can soften the hardscape edges. For example, a concrete walkway can soften the Fig.4 The directed network can connect brick but also highlight the colorless concrete. the smart landscape by vector lines. The Vegetation may blur the boundary between difapproach can avoid redundant data (Du, ferent materials. It is important to balance the Y. 2018). proportion of these materials.

However, the network is not the most economical due to the same weight of nodes. AI may treat the connection equally. The homogenization will influence the allocation of hardscape and softscape. In Fukushima, the distribution of materials should express the information from non-uniform approaches and create characteristic. People are inclined to communicate with the smart landscape which has a particular inclination. For example, plants mainly convey the air condition, rocks mainly predict crustal movement, and the water mainly records the wind direction. It reveals that directions of the network are not enough to show the landscape peculiarity. The better type is the intelligent network (Fig.5) where directed edges and nodes have different weight. This type not only fosters strengths and circumvent weaken of the former two types. For example, Stern & Marsh (1997) demonstrated an idea that Roads were the primary definers of an urban form. We can imagine the freeway connected different edge cities like a network. In the directed freeway, the scale of exits can represent the value of the edge city. Respective development may decide the weight (value) of the node (the edge city). The value can be diFig.5 The directed network with differvided into the primary and the secondary ones ent-weight nodes can be the most ecoafter the development. If the demonstration of nomical type. After an AI intervention, the urban expansion can be applied to other denetwork will be constructed before the velopments, such as the reform of rural placchange of value. (Du, Y. 2018). es and the construction of cultural attractions, it will instruct urban planners to develop with orders and emphases. In addition, If AI impacts on the network, the value will be predicted before the consequence come true. When the intelligent network takes effect in Fukushima, the city can combine different materials of the smart landscape, distributed residential structures, different values of areas, and AI techniques. Fukushima refugees can see a prospect with directional interventions and the key point of development.

The prospect of an AI city with networks (Kate, 2016)

CONCLUSION Fukushima is a post-disaster city where evacuees feel estranged from the government, individual home, and other people who suffered the same experience. Removal of the estrangement requires new approaches to reconstruct the city. The tendency of AI application inspires the theme of this manifesto. AI apparatus can improve peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lives from medical treatment and powerful workforce. Furthermore, AI can enable landscape architecture to generate new speculations. With the help of intelligent collaboration, the smart landscape can improve trust, maintain cost and create equal opportunities for evacuees. The combination provides possibilities for landscape architects to fill the gap by connecting the smart landscape. The landscape may act as a node of the intelligent network in the new Fukushima. When the features connected by a network which contain the direction and individual value, the AI city may change refugeesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; ideas from landscape materials, spatial structure, construction developments. It can encourage people to reconsider where they will live and what they can do for the reconstruction of Fukushima. The synergic smart landscape can work without regional limits. The alteration can encourage designers to introduce AI techniques in other cities. The intelligent network is an abstract speculation which will contribute to simplifying complicated problems and forming solutions to the future city. But the abstraction is potential to be factual because of multidisciplinary combination. Cross-disciplinary research makes a solid foundation for the development of AI. When the technique becomes mature, AI may benefit the subjects. The synchronous and automatic system may help people to share knowledge, simulate predictions, and break the gap of interdisciplinary communication. When landscape architects discuss about AI, it cannot avoid to consider social issues and human welfare. Although terra incognita of AI is likely to cause fear. For example, if AI manages to challenge humans and convey mistake information through the smart infrastructure, landscape designers have to cooperate with IT practitioners and pre-consider the worst condition. However, the unknown area cannot drive designers to refuse the smart landscape, especially in a post-disaster city. The manifesto offers directions of the reconstruction. Through interdisciplinary combination, AI city can extend utilizations in other places.

PRECEDENTS Synthetic Urban Ecologies Studio, West Oakland, CA Wang, Y., Yi, L., & Williams, Matty. ( 2013 ). Synthetic Urban Ecologies Studio. Retrieved from http://responsivelandscapes.com/2013/12/07/datascape-2/

The project intends to enhance environmental quality and human health in West Oakland through guiding ambient residents to comprehend real-time data of pollutants and make a healthier commuting decision. The project offers an opportunity for users to read elusive data with visual information on mobile apps. For example, people can find a gradient-color map in terms of PM levels and the colors will change simultaneously with environmental monitoring sensors. The information can help users to avoid high pollution areas. The synthetic features will also collect information from social media so that improve peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sense of participation. Through the interactive communication, the project can add trust for information transition. In addition, the responsive data can reduce the cost for landscape construction. It will be a right direction of an automated smart landscape in a feature AI city. Superkilen, Copenhagen Topotek 1. (2013). Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/286223/superkilen-topotek-1-big-architects-superflex

The project is an urban space for diverse culture. A sort of collection of global found objects which can represent more than 60 nationalities, such as palm tree from China and muscle beach from LA. The project provides possibilities for landscape architecture to add equality from infrastructure. Although the symbol interpretation is not likely to be the most proper approach for equal expression, the idea can be made use to improve meanings of landscape materials. For example, in an AI city, elder people and children can reach a dangerous place without physical limitation. It may help designers to propose the new pattern of urban planning.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Discovering existing social issues in Fukushima Hanlon, M. (2012). The World Has Forgotten the Real Victims of Fukushima. The Telegraph. Retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/9094430/The-world-has-forgotten-the-real-victims-of-Fukushima.html The article advocated that the real victims of Fukushima Nuclear Disaster were ignored. Scientists devoted themselves to understanding the secure use of the nuclear power, and the government and media report put emphasis on discussing the future of the nuclear power. However, the Fukushima refugees suffered the sorrow of family broken, depression, disappointment. It is necessary to understand that the refugees did not trust the government. The social issue may adversely impact on the reconstruction of Fukushima. People feel estranged from the government. The smart landscape is potential to add trust for Fukushima evacuees though responsive infrastructures. For example, when disaster comes, people may get the information from the color change of a tree. The direct information without the governmental intervention may acquire trust from post-disaster people.

Horie, S. & Managi, S. (2017). Why Do People Stay In or Leave Fukushima. Journal of Regional Science. The essay analyzed the Fukushima peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s preference of returning home. They discovered that evacuees did not want to return because of the cost. The Fukushima refugees are not willing to bear financial and psychological cost from moving again, although most of them are still living in temporary boardrooms. Evacuees have to suffer estrangement from home, relatives, and friends. People worry about the cost due to the mobility and unpredictability. AI techniques not only can reduce the cost of transportation and engineering construction, but also can synchronously simulate through data analysis. The importance of reducing cost should be concerned in an AI city. It is possible for designers to take advantage of automation and synchronization of the smart landscape. The synthetic smart landscape can provide data for real-time simulation of urban planning.

Understanding the intelligent network topologies Newman, M. (2003). The structure and function of complex networks. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. The author discussed the complex network which can represent a set of nodes from math perspectives. The approaches can be divided into undirected network, directed network, and intelligent network. The undirected network connects nodes with different edges without directions. It may collect a huge amount of information. The directed network can connect nodes with directions but it is not efficient because every node is connected with the same weight. The intelligent network can collect nodes with directions and weights. The approach can eliminate the deficiency of accumulation and highlight the major process. From a landscape perspective, the smart landscape can be regarded as a node which can be connected to group an intelligent network. The intelligent network can be tangible from landscape materials, infrastructures and urban planning.

Linking AI and the smart landscape Zhang, Z. (2017). Human Factors in Responsive Landscapes: Importance and Method. Journal of Digital Landscape Architecture, 2017(2). 10-17. The article mentioned that human intervention is the major contributor to the changing environment. The study focused on the interaction between human and environment. Unlike the research which regards ecological factors are input data and peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s response is output performance. The author introduced the responsive landscape and simulate factors of interaction. People can be regarded as input data, the performance of responsive technologies can be output aesthetics value. The process of the interaction may intensify the participation of people. When the interaction occurs with landscaping design, people may consider that their input is trustworthy, thereby conduce to improving trust between human and landscape.

Giovanni, R., & Elena, M. (2014). Visualization as a Model. Overview on Communication Techniques in Transport and Urban Planning. Tema: Journal of Land Use, Mobility And Environment. doi:10.6092/1970-9870/2532 The authors introduced new visualization tools which can change the presentation of a plan. They put forward a framework of information. It can conceive the visualization as a model, data will be managed and represented in different levels of expertise. Different expertise may offer a dynamic scale for landscape architecture. All-around documents will be achieved by visualization tools so that the city plans will be understood before the realization. The visualization system may help the smart landscape to get information with low cost. The digital visualization tool can be the major tool in the AI city which will convey the information with a more credible and economical method. It can inspire the manifesto to find how to create AI city to reduce cost through conveying information. In addition, the article also made a comparison between non-digital and digital approaches which can encourage designers to update techniques in a right direction.

Stauskis, G. (2017). The Methodology for Evaluating Accessibility as A Tool for Increasing Social Responsiveness of Urban Landscapes in Singapore. Acta Sci. Pol. Formatio Circumiectus, 16 (2). 199–216. The article discussed the accessibility of public environment which can influence people in from different background in Singapore. The disabled persons play the active role evaluating the analysis of accessibility for the developed assessment tool. The author concluded that accessibility can be improved through “improving the quality of the urban environment and architectural design of buildings, updating the building regulations, as well as construction and maintenances of open spaces and buildings”. As a landscape architecture, the accessibility is crucial to add equality for Fukushima people. Special facilities do not augment estrangement between the disabled and ordinary people because the facilities can provide the fair accessibilities. It is necessary for designers to offer the same treatment on Fukushima refugees. Through reaching a place with the fair opportunity, the evacuees can have a sense of equality.

Connecting associated nodes to form a network Ricard, S. & José, M. (2001). Complexity and Fragility in Ecological Networks. Proceedings: Biological Sciences, (1480), 2039. The article analyzed the model of food network from mathematic perspectives. However, the point advocated by the author is worth making reference in the manifesto. Undirected network exhibits high homeostasis and reveals an intrinsic fragility, if one of them is removed randomly, the network cannot work. The unstable network will also impact on connections of the smart landscape. The smart landscape should be dynamic nodes and be alternative though AI techniques. The importance of decentration has to be considered in the AI network. Moreover, the decentration can also settle the issue that the undirected network will accumulate a huge amount of useless information. The issue will limit the efficiency and the range of data.

Learey, F. (2015). Landscape Plantings & Patios – How to Create Balance. Retrieved from https://www.gardendesigninc.com/blog/balancing-softscape-with-hardscape/ The article discussed how to balance hardscape and softscape materials in gardening. Hardscape can help visitors to notice the change and the plant selection can soften the hardscape edges. Concrete is a common hardscape. A variety of color can perform different styles. Red brick can make a contrast to the green plants. The author mentioned that designing a concrete walkway with neutral tones mixed with an outer brick edge, can soften the brick but also brighten the neutral concrete. In addition, stone walls can create enclosures, creating separate spaces within the landscape. Softscape plays a role of corresponding color scheme The hardscape will be the main landscape and the vegetation can be used to soften hardscape edges. The combination of these two materials inspires the AI city to make a balance between a connection of different smart landscape. Not all of the smart landscape should develop the same position in the AI city, they can take effect by respective emphasis.

Stern, M & Marsh, W. (1997). The decentered city: edge cities and the expanding

metropolis. Landscape and Urban Planning, 36(4). 243-24 The author understood the urban planning through the road network. It is easy to find the law that the connection types are related to the development of expanding metropolis. The evolution of edge cities surrounds the old central city through the high way. The cities include many functions, such as living, working, shopping, and increasingly, civic activities. Because of the development, the power of the central city will be reduced and the network of edge cities may become the popular planning approaches. The smart landscape with AI technique can borrow the network pattern of the highway and the edge cities to explain the intelligent network. Edge cities will be established to make different objectives come true, some are tourism cities but some are agricultural industries. The connection of the smart landscape seems like the pattern that the highway connects edge cities. The smart landscape will not gather together in one realm but distribute with directions and priorities.

REFERENCE Batty, M. (2018). Artificial Intelligence and Smart Cities. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science,45(1),3-6. Beal, V. (2017). What Are Network Topologies? Retrieved from http://www.webopedia. com/quick_ref/topologies Carreras, E. (2017). Traffic Control and Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved from https://medium.skyrocketdev.com/traffic-control-and-artificial-intelligence-4537d7761ab2 Chen, S., & Yang, L. (1999). Intelligent Networks. Retrieved from http://www.tml.tkk.fi/ Studies/Tik-110.300/1998/Essays/in_2.html Gingold, N. (2015). Some of Japan’s ‘Nuclear Refugees’ Can Finally Go Home — But They Don’t Want To. PRI’s The World. Retrieved from https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-03-11/some-japans-nuclear-refugees-can-finally-go-home-they-dontwant Griffith, S. (2015). Artificial Intelligence Is a Very Real Threat - and Robots Could Wipe Out Humanity by Accident. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3143275/Artificial-intelligence-real-threat-robots-wipe-humanity-ACCIDENT-claims-expert.html Hiroki & Takano, N. (2012) Fukushima: The Social Impact of A Nuclear Disaster. Retrieved from https://theecologist.org/2012/feb/15/fukushima-social-impact-nuclear-disaster Lah, K. (2011). Japanese Seniors volunteer for Fukushima ‘suicide corps’. Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/05/31/japan.nuclear.suicide/index. html Stover, D. (2017). Losing faith: the Fukushima cleanup at six years. Retrieved from https:// thebulletin.org/losing-faith-fukushima-cleanup-six-years10617 Weinstock, M. (2013) The Evolutionary Dynamics of Sentience in Cities. The Innovation Imperative: Architectures of Vitality. Weinstock, M & Gharleghi, M. (2013). Intelligent Cities and the Taxonomy of Cognitive Scales. System City: Infrastructure and the Space of Flows, 83(4), 56-58.

Contemporary Landscape Theory ABPL90078 Semester 1,2018