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IVE
DEAL
MODIFY
AGE
HANDLE
VER
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
ALTER
CARE
RIVET
IMPACT
SS
CT
CENTER
CONTACT
OBEY
HEED
PORE
FOCUS
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
ION
COMPREHEND
MEET
SNIFF
EHEND
PERCEIVE
ADJOIN
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
SMELL
VER
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
COME TO
DIG
RELATE
VE
APPREHEND
AFFECT
HEARING
SAVVY
HINT
CONCERN
GROK
REFER
OBEY
ING
G
FEEL
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
ENVISAGE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
VERIFY
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
DEAL
CARE
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
SMELL
OBEY
HEED
PORE
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
PERCEIVE
HEAR
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
HEARING
DIG
APPREHEND
SAVVY
GROK
OBEY
TRY
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
ENVISAGE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
VERIFY
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
DEAL
CARE
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
SMELL
GROK
OBEY
HEED
PORE
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
SMOKE
CONCENTRATE SNIFFLE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
PERCEIVE
HEAR
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
DIG
APPREHEND
SAVVY
GROK
OBEY
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
ENV
DIS
PRO
CHE
VER
WIT
ENV
COM
DIS
FIN
PER
IMA
UND
REA
VIS
NOT
OBS
WAT
WAT
SIG
VIE
SEE
SEE
HEAR
PERCEIVE
COME TO
ALLUDE
ADVERT
SUGGEST
STIR
MANAGE
MOVE
E
LIZE
E
STAND
NE
IVE
CARE
ALTER
VER
HEED
IMPACT
HANDLE
PORE
CONTACT
SS
COMPREHEND
OBEY
RIVET
SMELLING
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
SNIFFLE
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
ENVISAGE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
MODIFY
OBEY
HEED
PORE
SEE
SEEING
VIEW
SIGHT
WATCH
WATCHING
HAVE
TAKE IN
IDENTIFY
EAT
INGEST
ATE
REALIZE
UNDERSTAND
IMAGINE
PERCEIVE
FIND
DISCOVER
BASK
RELISH
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SAMPLE
DEVOUR
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COMPREHEND
WHIFF
SNIFF
REEK
EVOKE
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
INHALE
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
VERIFY
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
VISUALIZE
DEPLETE
SUGGEST
EXHAUST
NOTICE
EXPEND
PERCEIVE
OBSERVE
EATEN
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
PERCEIVE
HEAR
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
HEARING
DIG
APPREHEND
SAVVY
GROK
The tools of life.
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CONCENTRATE SMOKE
MEET
BREATHE
ION
CENTER
ADJOIN
INHALE
EHEND
FOCUS
STRIKE
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
VER
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
CONCERN
HEARING
PERTAIN
VE
DIG
AFFECT
GRASP
APPREHEND
HINT
RELATE
SAVVY
REFER
GROK
ING
G
FEEL
WIND
GROOM
DIG
HEARING
GRASP
COMPASS
REFER
HINT
AFFECT
PERTAIN
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
GRASP
OBEY
HEED
PORE
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
SMOKE
CONCENTRATE SNIFFLE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
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INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
NOSE
APPREHEND
FEEL
NEATEN
SMELLING
SAVVY
MODIFY
SURVIVAL of the SENSES
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
DIS
PRO
CHE
VER
WIT
ENV
COM
DIS
FIN
PER
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REA
VIS
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Academy of Art University, San Francisco, CA. Printed at
Eco-Copy, San Francisco, USA. Bound at Eco Copy, San
INTERPRET
HEAR
ALLUDE
ADVERT
SUGGEST
STIR
MANAGE
MOVE
STRIKE
E
LIZE
E
STAND
NE
IVE
DEAL
MODIFY
AGE
HANDLE
VER
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
ALTER
CARE
RIVET
IMPACT
SS
CT
CENTER
CONTACT
OBEY
HEED
PORE
FOCUS
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
ION
COMPREHEND
MEET
SNIFF
EHEND
PERCEIVE
ADJOIN
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
VER
UNDERSTAND
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
ENVISAGE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
VERIFY
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
TAKE IN
NOSE
SEEING
HAVE
SMELLING
SEE
TRY
SMELL
Book design copyright © 2011 by Tanya Mendiola
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
COME TO
Francisco, USA. All rights reserved.
VE
HEARING
DIG
APPREHEND
SAVVY
GROK
Typography 3, taught online by Lian Ng in Spring, 2011 at
CONCERN
RELATE
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
OBEY
Published by Tanya Mendiola for course number GR.330,
ING
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FEEL
SENSING SURVIVAL DEAL
CARE
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
SMELL
OBEY
HEED
PORE
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
PERCEIVE
HEAR
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
HEARING
DIG
APPREHEND
SAVVY
GROK
OBEY
TRY
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
ENVISAGE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
VERIFY
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
DEAL
CARE
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
SMELL
GROK
OBEY
HEED
PORE
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
SMOKE
CONCENTRATE SNIFFLE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
PERCEIVE
HEAR
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
DIG
APPREHEND
SAVVY
GROK
OBEY
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
ENV
DIS
PRO
CHE
VER
WIT
ENV
COM
DIS
FIN
PER
IMA
UND
REA
VIS
NOT
OBS
WAT
WAT
SIG
VIE
SEE
SEE
HEAR
PERCEIVE
COME TO
ALLUDE
ADVERT
SUGGEST
STIR
MANAGE
MOVE
E
LIZE
E
STAND
NE
IVE
CARE
ALTER
VER
HEED
IMPACT
HANDLE
PORE
CONTACT
SS
CT
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
MEET
COMPREHEND
OBEY
RIVET
SMELLING
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
ION
CENTER
ADJOIN
INHALE
EHEND
FOCUS
STRIKE
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
ENVISAGE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
MODIFY
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
OBEY
HEED
PORE
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
PERCEIVE
HEAR
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
HEARING
DIG
APPREHEND
SAVVY
GROK
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
VERIFY
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
May you rest in peace.
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
My Father
VER
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
CONCERN
HEARING
PERTAIN
VE
DIG
AFFECT
GRASP
APPREHEND
HINT
RELATE
SAVVY
REFER
GROK
ING
G
FEEL
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
MODIFY
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
DEDICATED TO
WIND
GROOM
NEATEN
PERFUME
COLOGNE
PERCEIVE
SUGGEST
DIG
HEARING
GRASP
COMPASS
INCLUDE
COVER
LISTENING
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
GRASP
OBEY
HEED
PORE
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
SMOKE
CONCENTRATE SNIFFLE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
PERCEIVE
HEAR
INTERPRET
EVOKE
NOSE
APPREHEND
UNDERSTAND
SMELLING
SAVVY
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
DIS
PRO
CHE
VER
WIT
ENV
COM
DIS
FIN
PER
IMA
UND
REA
VIS
NOT
OBS
WAT
WAT
SIG
VIE
SEE
SEE
INTERPRET
HEAR
ALLUDE
ADVERT
SUGGEST
STIR
MANAGE
MOVE
STRIKE
E
LIZE
E
STAND
NE
IVE
DEAL
MODIFY
AGE
HANDLE
VER
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
ALTER
CARE
RIVET
IMPACT
SS
CT
CENTER
CONTACT
OBEY
HEED
PORE
FOCUS
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
ION
COMPREHEND
MEET
SNIFF
EHEND
PERCEIVE
ADJOIN
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
SMELL
VER
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
COME TO
DIG
RELATE
VE
APPREHEND
AFFECT
HEARING
SAVVY
HINT
CONCERN
GROK
REFER
OBEY
ING
G
FEEL
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
ENVISAGE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
VERIFY
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
DEAL
CARE
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
SMELL
OBEY
HEED
PORE
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
PERCEIVE
HEAR
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
HEARING
DIG
APPREHEND
SAVVY
GROK
OBEY
TRY
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
HINT
REFER
FEEL
ENVISAGE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
VERIFY
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
SIGHT
DEAL
CARE
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
CONTENTS
NOSE
SAVVY
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
GROK
OBEY
HEED
PORE
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
SMOKE
CONCENTRATE SNIFFLE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
PERCEIVE
HEAR
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
DIG
WIND
SMELLING
GROK
APPREHEND
SMELL
OBEY
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
ENV
DIS
PRO
CHE
VER
WIT
ENV
COM
DIS
FIN
PER
IMA
UND
REA
VIS
NOT
OBS
WAT
WAT
SIG
VIE
SEE
SEE
HEAR
PERCEIVE
CONCERN
COME TO
ALLUDE
ADVERT
SUGGEST
STIR
MANAGE
MOVE
VE
E
LIZE
E
STAND
NE
IVE
HEARING
PERTAIN
GRASP
DIG
AFFECT
RELATE
WIND
APPREHEND
HINT
REFLECTION
AIR VIBRATIONS
OBJECT DECIBELS
EVOKE
REEK
UNDERSTAND
58
60
62
ALTER
SMELLING
CONSUME
ENVISAGE
102
HANDLE
ALTER
OBEY
HEED
SMELL
SUSPIRE
EATING
CONSUME
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
VERIFY
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
GRASP
OBEY
HEED
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
SMOKE
PORE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
CONTACT
HANDLE
NOT
VIS
REA
UND
EATEN
EXPEND
DEPLETE
BASK
PER
CONCENTRATE SNIFFLE
ALTER
OBS
ATE
SAVOR
MEET
IMPACT
WAT
INGEST
COMPREHEND
72
COMPREHEND
101
DISCOVER
98
SAVOR
92
SAVOR
87
SMELL
90 RESPIRE
88
PORE
CHOMP
WITNESS
85
IMPACT
97
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
BITE
ADJOIN
ENVISION
83
OBEY
PALATE
CONTACT
SNIFFLE
NIBBLE
78
PROJECT
CHECK
RIVET
BREATHE
77
CHOMP
BITE
MEET
CENTER
WAT
EAT
PERCEIVE
75
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
WITNESS
99
ADJOIN
STRIKE
COMPREHEND
SIG
IDENTIFY
IMA
70
CARE
HEED
IMPACT
NIBBLE
ENVISION
EXHAUST
MOVE
THE AFFECT OF A SCENT
DISCOVER
VIE
TAKE IN
RELISH
A CHANGE OF TONE
68
VER
PORE
CONTACT
SS
EXHAUST
INHALE
THE SEVEN PRIMARY ODORS
DEVOUR
INTERPRETATION MANAGE
SEE
HAVE
SENSE
THE COMMUNICATION
SNIFFLE
FOCUS
WHIFF
FIND
SEE
TRY
HEAR
OBJECT DECIBELS II
RIVET
THE TASTE BUDS
STRIKE
FLAVORS OF LIFE
COMPREHEND
SAMPLE
REEK
INTERPRET
ANATOMY OF THE EAR
DIS
COM
ENV
WIT
VER
SAMPLE
DEVOUR
EXHAUST
NIBBLE
BITE
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
DIS
PRO
CHE
FIN
PERCEIVE
63
HANDLE
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
MEET
ION
YOUR BUDS
COMPREHEND
ANATOMY OF THE TONGUE
MOVE
SNIFF
TASTE
DEVOUR
DISCOVER
THE QUALITIES OF TASTE PERCEIVE
STIR
PERCEIVE
PERCEIVE
COMPREHEND
AROMA
BREATHE
ADJOIN
EHEND
SAMPLE
MANAGE
HEAR
ANATOMY OF THE NOSE
SCENT
CENTER
57
INHALE
56
FOCUS
52
STRIKE
49
CLICKS
VER
48
FIND
46
PERCEIVE
45
SNIFF
43
STIR
41
PERCEIVE
36
SAVOR
EVOKE
UNDERSTAND
22
COMPREHEND
34
SUGGEST
33
IMAGINE
32
SAVOR
30
THE PROCESS OF BREATHING
SENSE
28
INTERPRET
26
SUGGEST
ADVERT
UNDERSTAND
25
IMAGINE
RELISH
ALLUDE
REALIZE
24
RELISH
REEK
UNDERSTAND
BASK
SUGGEST
LISTENING
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
20
SENSE
ADVERT
UNDERSTAND
EVOKE
LISTENING
COME TO
COVER
INCLUDE
16
INTERPRET
THE QUALITY OF TOUCH ALLUDE
VISUALIZE
CONCERN
RELATE
COMPLEXITIES OF VISION
BASK
SENSITIVE SPOTS
REALIZE
DEPLETE
NOTICE
AN EYE DEFICIENCY
DEPLETE
SUGGEST
EXPEND
OBSERVE
PERFUME
COMPASS
PERTAIN
WATCHING
GROOM
HEARING
NEATEN
WIND
NOSE
APPREHEND
DIG
SMELLING
SAVVY
GRASP
AFFECT
WATCH
HINT
REFER
FEEL
MODIFY
ANATOMY OF THE EYE
7
CT
THE TUNING FORK
LISTENING
LISTEN COVER
TOUCH
COME TO
VISIONING THE WORLD
PERCEIVE
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
INTERSECTION
VISUALIZE
DELICATE NERVES
INCLUDE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
SIGHT
VIEW
IDENTIFY
EAT
SEEING
SEE
TAKE IN
HAVE
VISUAL PIGMENT
EXPEND
INTERACTION
CONCERN
THE SENSORY CIRCLES
COMPASS
GRASP
HEARING
GROOM
WIND
APPREHEND
DIG
NOSE
SMELLING
SAVVY
GROK
REVERSE
PERCEPTION
SUGGEST
EXPERIENCES
NOTICE
RELATE
PERTAIN
WATCHING
OBSERVE
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
MODIFY
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
LAYERS OF THE RETINA
VISION
COVER
EATEN
ATE
ORIGIN
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
COLOR
INCLUDE
COMPASS
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
NOSE
SAVVY
SMELLING
REFER
GROK
ING
G
FEEL
INTRODUCTION
105
ND
E
LISTENING
COVER
SUGGEST
STIR
INCLUDE
COMPASS
ALLUDE
ADVERT
GRASP
DIG
RELATE
COME TO
APPREHEND
AFFECT
HEARING
SAVVY
HINT
CONCERN
GROK
REFER
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
SMELL
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
HEARING
DIG
APPREHEND
SAVVY
GROK
OBEY
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
Introductory of the Senses
G
OBEY
FEEL
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
INTRO EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
SMELL
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
UNDE
REALI
VISUA
NOTIC
OBSER
WATC
WATC
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEIN
SEE
The senses are given in order that they may instruct the soul, as also our rational mind.
The sensation itself evidently first takes place in the
The senses are the explorers of things in ultimates in
intended to communicate the fact of an excitement of
order that the soul may ascertain them by the means.
the nerve from the terminations of the nerves to their
Touch, sight, hearing, smell, and taste are inconceivable
centre in the brain-the sensorium. This irritation of the
without the presence of a nervous system, even if the
nerve is by no means similar to the first irritation. It is
sensory organs were in their present full development.
neither light nor sound, nor is it pressure nor warmth,
Every sensory organ may be shown to be connected
nor a current of liquid which can be tasted, nor of a gas
with the nervous system by means of nerve-trunks and
which can be smelt. It is rather a process of a peculiar
nerve-fibres.
kind, about which we may conclude that in all the nerves
Such an eye may have all the appearance of a sound one, it may receive the rays of light and form an image of objects on its background, and nevertheless no
brain. The sensation of light, a process to anyone most obscure, begins rather in the brain. It is clear that these ideas must be extended to the other sensory organs of taste, smell, and touch. All sensory nerves are only
of the body the irritation is one and the same, since, in the muscular as well as in the sensory nerves, it exhibits the same phenomena and obeys the same laws.
sensation can be produced, for the connection with the
All sensations perform certain offices. They indicate to
brain, the centre of the nervous system, is wanting. The
the soul the quality of the things which touch the sensory.
case is the same with the deaf ear, and with the arm
The soul is affected according to the disclosures of
devoid of feeling. The sensory organs are, therefore,
touch, if good, joyously, if evil, sadly, whence is affection
only instruments of the mind, which has its seat in
which is natural; for all the senses have own affections,
the brain, and by means of nerves makes use of these
according to the quality of the forms which touch them,
instruments to obtain information of external objects.
according as these agree or disagree with the state of
The forces which operate in the outer world-namely,
the soul, where fore as they agree or disagree with the
light, heat, sound, motion, and chemical affinity-produce
order of the universe and in their own universe. These
in the sensory organs an irritation of the sensory nerves
little sensory are fashioned for every kind of approaching
connected with them, and these convey the irritation
objects. Any external sensory, whether it be the tongue
which is there received throughout their entire length
or the nostrils or the ear or the eye, is a kind of common
to the brain. Each organ of sense has its own specific
sensory, consisting of infinite smallest things, which
irritation by which it is excited. The terminations of the
taken together constitute the sensory.
optic nerve in the eye can only be excited by light-waves, not by sound-waves, and the latter- can only excite the terminations of the auditory nerve in the ear. For the tactile nerves of the skin mechanical pressure and heat are specific excitements; for the nerves of taste and smell some chemical substance is necessary.
INTERPRET
HEAR
COME TO
ALLUDE
ADVERT
SUGGEST
STIR
MANAGE
MOVE
E
LIZE
E
STAND
NE
IVE
CARE
DEAL
AGE
ALTER
VER
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
IMPACT
HANDLE
RIVET
CONTACT
SS
CT
CENTER
MEET
OBEY
HEED
PORE
FOCUS
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
ION
COMPREHEND
ADJOIN
SNIFF
EHEND
PERCEIVE
STRIKE
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
SMELL
VER
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
CONCERN
DIG
TOUCH
VE
APPREHEND
AFFECT
HEARING
SAVVY
HINT
RELATE
GROK
REFER
OBEY
ING
G
FEEL
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
ENVISAGE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
VERIFY
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
DEAL
CARE
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
SMELL
OBEY
HEED
PORE
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
PERCEIVE
HEAR
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
HEARING
DIG
APPREHEND
SAVVY
GROK
OBEY
ENVISAGE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
VERIFY
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
DEAL
CARE
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
SMELL
OBEY
HEED
PORE
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
PERCEIVE
HEAR
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
HEAR
DIG
APPREHEND
SAVVY
GROK
OBEY
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
EN
DI
PR
CH
VE
WI
EN
CO
DI
FI
PE
IM
UN
RE
VI
NO
OB
WA
WA
SI
VI
SE
SE
HEAR
PERCEIVE
CONCERN
COME TO
ALLUDE
ADVERT
SUGGEST
STIR
MANAGE
E
LIZE
E
STAND
NE
IVE
HANDLE
IMPACT
VER
HEED
CONTACT
ALTER
PORE
MEET
SS
CT
CONCENTRATE SNIFFLE
ADJOIN
COMPREHEND
OBEY
RIVET
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
SMOKE
BREATHE
INHALE
ION
CENTER
STRIKE
SCENT
EHEND
FOCUS
MOVE
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
VER
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
RELATE
HEARING
AFFECT
VE
DIG
HINT
GRASP
APPREHEND
REFER
PERTAIN
SAVVY
FEEL
GROK
ING
G
MODIFY
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
VISION
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
MODIFY
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
OBEY
HEED
PORE
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
PERCEIVE
HEAR
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
HEARING
DIG
APPREHEND
SAVVY
GROK
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
MODIFY
HEARING
DIG
APPREHEND
SAVVY
GROK
HAVE
TAKE IN
IDENTIFY
EAT
NOSE
WIND
GROOM
NEATEN
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
VERIFY
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
OBEY
HEED
PORE
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
PERCEIVE
HEAR
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
TRY
SMELLING
ALL SENSES ARE CONNECTED TO THE BRAIN
DI
PR
CH
VE
WI
EN
CO
DI
FI
PE
IM
UN
RE
VI
NO
OB
WA
WA
SI
VI
SE
SE
VISION SEE
SEEING
VIEW
SIGHT
WATCH
WATCHING 16
OBSERVE
OBSERVATION
NOTICE
VISUALIZE
REALIZE
UNDERSTAND
IMAGINE
PERCEIVE
FIND
DISCOVER
COMPREHEND
The ability to see is a sense that humans are
ENVISION
WITNESS
most dependent on. VERIFY
CHECK
PROJECT
SENSING SURVIVAL
DISCOVER
of the iris of the eye, varying in size to
an adjustable circular opening in the
regulate the amount of light reaching
center.
the retina.
The faculty or state of being able to see; the ability to think or plan the future with wisdom or imagination.
RETINA
The dark circular opening in the center
VISION
behind the cornea of the eye, with
PUPIL
IRIS
A flat, colored, ring-shaped membrane
The layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light and that trigger nerve impulses that pass via nerve to the brain.
17
The Sense of
SIGHT Surviving with Vision
SEEING
VIEW
SIGHT
WATCH
WATCHING
OBSERVE
OBSERVATION
NOTICE
VISUALIZE
REALIZE
UNDERSTAND
IMAGINE
PERCEIVE
FIND
DISCOVER
Vision is a complicated process that requires components of the eye and brain to work together.
In some well-known phenomena, it may be observed that
The initial step of this fascinating and powerful sense is carried
with their form. To the extent that particulars differ from the
out in the retina of the eye. Specifically, the photoreceptor
general to that extent they appear distinct. There are at one
neurons (called photoreceptors) in the retina collect the light
time differences of parts of a general, which produce forms of
and send signals to a network of neurons that then generate
images. So there are at another time differences of light and
electrical impulses that go to the brain. The brain then tells
shade as in the understanding there are the differences between
those impulses and gives information about what we are seeing.
good and evil, truth and falsity.
We will discover how the photoreceptors work, and specifically examine at the photoreceptor proteins to learn how light energy is converted into electrical energy. We will examine some of the current studies that are helping to further our understanding of the proteins involved in the vision process.
the impression of light lasts for an appreciable time after the light is withdrawn. It's known that color does not appear at all without light; neither do the differences of sight. There must be differences of light in order that images may appear
Differences of light and shade enable one to recognize the figure itself of an object: whether it is round or angular. These differences are not apparent except proximately. So also it is with contiguous and proximate things. Distance obliterates figure itself, and wipes out the angles, and makes them round;
Sight or vision is the ability of the eyes to focus and detect
for the shade is confused. Without intermediates quantity
images of visible light on photoreceptors in the retina of each
perishes, and the smallest is believed to be the and vice versa.
eye that generates electrical nerve impulses for varying colors,
What is intermediate enables one to recognize size or quantity;
hues, and brightness. Neuroanatomists generally regard it as
for everything appears as if present in the eye; hence distance
two senses, given that different receptors are responsible for
is measured by intermediates.
the perception of color and brightness. There are two types of photoreceptors: rods and cones. Rods are very sensitive to light, but do not distinguish colors. Cones distinguish colors, but are less sensitive to dim light. There is some disagreement as to whether this constitutes one, two or three senses. Some argue[citation needed] that stereopsis, the perception of depth using both eyes, also constitutes a sense, but it is generally regarded as a function of the visual cortex of the brain where patterns and objects in images are recognized and interpreted based on previously learned information.
Something worth seeing.
The refraction of the rays of light in the eye is much more complicated than in a simple convex lens; for, in the eye, the ray of light passes through several substances, and is refracted at the surface of each substance. The common result, however, produced by all these refracting media of the eye is exactly the eye in a somewhat slanting direction with the side of the nose, pierces the sclerotic coat and choroid, and then spreads out on all sides, so as to form, by means of the peculiar terminations with which it is provided, a kind of nerve-carpet, which is the most delicate sensory organ created by nature. The retina, towards the front of the eye, touches with the outer 20
circumference of the iris, and lies quite open to the transparent interior of the eye, so that the rays of light fall directly upon it, and create in it an impression of light. Before, however, the rays of light reach the retina, they pass through a number of transparent organizations which are situated in the circular hollow of the eye, and are here ingeniously fitted together like the parts of a microscope or telescope, with this difference only, that they are packed tightly together, so as to allow no trace of air between them. The outer covering of this transparent body is the cornea, mentioned above; then, towards the interior, follows first the aqueous humour, secondly the crystallize lens, L; and thirdly, the vitreous The aqueous humour fills, as we have seen, the space between the cornea, the iris and the lens. Directly behind the iris lies the crystalline lens, so well known, and resembling a very thick burning-glass. It is more convex upon its posterior than upon its anterior surface; in a living eye it is as clear-as crystal, and consists of a somewhat soft substance, which becomes harder towards the back of the lens. It has been discovered that this substance is not the same throughout, but that it consists of small vessels which are arranged in intricate lines, thus giving a sex-radiated structure to the lens.
SENSING SURVIVAL
NOTICE
OB S ERVATION
OB S ERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
S IG HT
VIEW
S EEING
S EE
ENVIS AG E
D IS COVER
P ROJECT
CHECK
LOOK
U ND ERS TA ND
VIS UA LIZE
REA LIZE
ANATOMY OF THE EYE
VISI 21
There are four straight and two oblique
eye. All the motions take place around the
muscles: the straight superior or elevator;
centre of the eye. Tendons are implanted
straight inferior or small depressor; the
in the circumference and by adherence
straight internal adductor towards the nose;
continued even to the cornea, and they form
the straight external abductor towards the
the aluminous tunic or white of the eye. The
temple: the oblique inferior or small muscle:
optic nerve follows every rotation of the eye,
the oblique great or trochee is so called
wherefore it is surrounded with fat; it also
because it passes through the cartilaginous
has a curvature towards the insertion of the
ring. These two oblique muscles turn the
globe, whence it can be extended. The pupil in natural site is directly in front. The lids themselves accommodate themselves entirely and naturally to the state of the motion or gyration of the bulb, so that the tarsus of the upper lid may always hold the pupil under itself. The pupil is dilated and contracted according to the quantities of light.
The Sense of Vision
LAYER
22
LAYERS OF THE RETINA The rod and cone layer gives us the starting point for conjectures upon the action of vision. The light which enters the eye must undoubtedly pass through all the given layers of the retina, and ultimately reach the rod and cone layer which is covered in externally by the black pigment of the choroid. Light can penetrate no further, since it is here absorbed by the black pigment.
SENSING SURVIVAL
23
a. In the interior, there is a fine limitary
d. Then the granular layer, which
g. Then follows the outer granular layer,
membrane, which is the boundary between
consists of a grey indistinct mass of
which is exactly like the inner one and
the retina and the vitreous body, formed
fine granules and is made up of closely
detects the light; h. And ultimately after
by astrocytes and the end feet of M端ller
packed cells, of which there are three
a second fine membrane is the layer of
cells. It is separated from the vitreous
varieties, bipolar cells, horizontal cells,
small rods and cones, both with a very
humor by a basal lamina.; b. Then towards
and amacrine cells; e. Next comes the
peculiar structure.
the exterior follows the layer of nerve
inner granular layer, consisting of little
fibres; c. Then comes layer of nerve-cells,
round grains; f. Then the intermediate
which consists of cells similar to the cells
granular layer, consisting of a fine
of the brain;
granular with small fibres which is a layer of neuronal synapses in the retina of the eye. It consists of a dense network of synapses between dendrites of horizontal cells;
The Sense of Vision
COMPLEXITIES OF VISION The eye is a complex biological device. The functioning of a camera is often compared with the
There are many types of eye problems
workings of the eye, mostly since both focus light from external objects in the field of view onto a
and visual disturbances. These include
light-sensitive medium. In the case of the camera, this medium is film or an electronic sensor; in the case of the eye, it is an array of visual receptors. With this simple geometrical similarity, based on the laws of optics, the eye functions as a transducer, as does a CCD camera. Light entering the
blurred vision, halos, blind spots, floaters, and other symptoms. Blurred vision is the loss of sharpness of vision and the inability to see small details.
eye is refracted as it passes through the cornea. It then passes through the pupil (controlled by the iris) and is further refracted by the lens. The cornea and lens act together as a compound lens to project an inverted image onto the retina.
F
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L
a
SEE
S E E I NG
a
b
a
VI E W
a
S I GH T
WAT CH
WAT CH I NG
O BS E R VE
O BS E R VAT I O N
NO T I CE
VI S UAL I ZE
R E AL I Z E
UNDE R S TAND
I MAGI NE
PE R CE I VE
FI ND
DI S CO VE R
CO MPR E H E ND
SENSING SURVIVAL E NVI S I O N
SIG REVERSE « Image to the brain It is true that the images formed on your retina are upsidedown. It is also true that most people have two eyes, and therefore two retinas. Why, then, don’t you see two distinct images? For the same reason that you don’t see everything upside-down. One of our most remarkable tools – the brain – is hard at work for us at this task.
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Processing visual information is a complex task – it takes up a relatively large portion of the brain compared to other senses. This is because your brain performs several tasks to make images ‘easier’ to see. One, of course, is combining the two images, which is helped by the corpus callosum, the tiny part of your brain which joins the two big hemispheres. The other part is handled in the optic part of your brain itself, and part of its job is to make images right-side-up. It does this because your brain is so USED to seeing things upside-down that it eventually adjusts to it. After all, it’s a lot easier to flip the image over than it is to try and coordinate your hands and legs with an upside-down world! As a result, though, it is believed that for the first few days, babies see everything upside-down. This is because they have not become used to vision. The process of being able to see is more complicated than you might imagine.
The Sense of Vision
PERCEPTION ÂŤ Getting focused All this external apparatus serves these uses: They serve to change external states according to the state of light in general; according to the state of objects; according to the state of the brain, as, to the state of the affections of its animus; then also according to the state of the affections and operations of its mind; to the state of the motion of the eye itself, actuated by means of its muscles; being so actuated, to avert all dangerous and hurtful accidents from the eye; to preserve the bulb itself of the eye by a perpetual dampening or instillation of humor or suitable ointment; to pour this humor about the eye in suitable quantity; finally also to produce the same, so that there may always be a sufficient supply present.
We know from experience that we are able to see distinctly objects at different distances from our eye. But on careful observation we shall find that we cannot form simultaneously a perfect picture of objects at different distances from us. Thus the eye is adjusted for objects at different distances, and this property of the eye is called adjustment. When our eyes are wandering over objects at very different distances from us, this
The optic nerve follows every rotation of the eye, wherefore it is surrounded with fat; it also has a curvature towards the insertion of the globe, whence it can be extended. The pupil in natural site is directly in front. The lids themselves accommodate themselves entirely and naturally to the state of the motion or gyration of the bulb, so that the tarsus of the upper lid may always hold the pupil under itself. The pupil is dilated and contracted according to the quantities of tight, according to the qualities of objects wherefore to the qualities of light, to distances, to opposed magnitudes, to the state of wakefulness or sleep, according to shadows, so and naturally, that nothing may hinder.
SENSING SURVIVAL
adjustment is constantly at work, though we are quite unconscious of it ourselves.
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The Sense of Vision
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ABOUT 8% OF MALES ARE COLOR BLIND. 29
AN EYE DEFICIENCY
COLOR BLINDNESS ÂŤ A different colored world Color blindness or color vision deficiency is the decreased ability to perceive differences between some of the colors that others can distinguish. It is most often of genetic nature, but may also occur because of some eye, nerve, or brain damage, or exposure to certain chemicals. While 8% of males are mainly effected, only .5% of females are color blind in one way or another. Color blindness is usually classed as a mild disability, but in certain situations, color blind individuals
LEFT The diagram is called an Ishihara color test. The test usually consists of a series of pictures of colored spots. The test most often used to diagnose red–green color deficiencies. A figure is embedded in the picture as a number of spots in a slightly different color, and
have an advantage over those with normal color vision. Based on clinical appearance, color
can be seen with normal color vision,
blindness may be described as total or partial.
but not with a particular color defect.
The Sense of Vision
COLOR ÂŤ Waves of the full spectrum The light which we perceive in nature is by no means of the
The colors in the spectrum are not sharply separated, but
same kind, but we distinguish a number of kinds of light which
pass gradually into each other. We can distinguish as quite
we term colors. All objects possess a certain color, due either
pure colors, red, yellow, green, blue, violet, each of which
to the light which they reflect, or which they transmit. We
produces a sensation entirely different to the others. The
speak, therefore, ordinarily of colored light, although physics
nearer, however, two colors are situated in the spectrum the
tells us that color cannot be separated from light, as if it were
greater relation they seem to bear to one another. Thus the
like a color which an artist lays on a picture. The kind of light
red seems to be more nearly related to the yellow than to the
which we call white, can be decomposed, by the prism, into a
green or blue; and the impression which yellow and green
number of colors, which comprise all the simple colors, and
produce is more similar than that produced by yellow and
which, when combined, produce all the colors which occur in
blue, or violet. A direct change however gradual, from red to
nature. If a sunbeam is allowed to fall upon a prism, the beam is
green, would seem to us unnatural, whilst the intervening
decomposed into a number of colors, which is called a spectrum.
yellow offers a natural connection between the two colors.
A ray falls through the opening, upon the prism. If the ray continued without interruption, a bright circle, would fall upon 30
the opposite wall. By refraction, however, the ray is turned, and since the colored rays which it contains possess different degrees of refrangibility, a colored stripe—a spectrum—is formed, in which the red, the least refrangible, is found. The spectrum also contains dark stripes, which are peculiar to sunlight, and are caused by the absorption of light by the gases present in the outer layer of the sun. The spectrum commences with red, which gradually changes to orange; then follows a smaller stripe of pure yellow at the line, and then green. The blue, which follows is of considerable extent, and we, therefore, distinguish blue at the line, and then indigo. The spectrum finally terminates with violet.
SENSING SURVIVAL
Physics teach us that the rays of a spectrum consist of light vibrations with different kinds of wave-lengths.
LEFT The eye, as is well known, is only to a
GAMMA RAYS
certain extent sensitive to light-vibrations. Physicists conclude that all the rays in the spectrum, visible as well as invisible, situated beyond the red and violet, consist
X-RAYS
of vibrations of the ether, which differ only in their wave-lengths, and are otherwise quite similar in form; of their vibrations, only those of intermediate length act upon the retina, while it is either of greater of less wave-lengths.
ULTR AVIOLET RAYS
31 INFRARED RAYS
RA DAR FM
TV
SHORTWAVE
AM
The Sense of Vision
32
VISUAL PIGMENT During the 1800’s the visual pigments were discovered in the retina. Scientists, working by candlelight, dissected the retinas from frog eyes. When the retinas were exposed to day light
In the photo-excitation process, the rhodopsin absorbs light and is excited to a higher electronic state. Numerous
they changed color. These scientists had discovered that the retina is photosensitive. They
studies have been carried out to try
realized that the color they were observing was due to presence of a visual pigment, which
to understand what happens after the
was given the name rhodopsin. Later studies showed that rhodopsin is a protein that is found
rhodopsin absorbs light. The retinal then dissociates from the opsin. The
in the disks of the rod cell membrane. Pigments are also found in cone cells. There are three
change in geometry initiates a series of
types of cone cells, each of which contains a visual pigment. These pigments are called the
events that eventually cause electrical
red, blue or green visual pigment. The cone cells detect the primary colors, and the brain mixes these colors in seemingly infinitely variable proportions so that we can perceive a wide range of colors. Prolonged exposure to colors, for example when staring at a particular object, can cause fatigue in cone cells. This results in a change in the way that you perceive the color of the object that you are viewing. There are many fewer cone cells than rod cells in the retina. Also many animals do not have cone cells and hence do not see in color.
SENSING SURVIVAL
impulses to be sent to the brain along the optic nerve.
INTERSECTION ÂŤ Field of vision The field of view (also field of vision, abbreviated FOV) is the
e
(angular or linear or areal) extent of the observable world
c
that is seen at any given moment. Humans have an almost
d
180-degree forward-facing horizontal field of view, while some birds have a complete or nearly-complete 360-degree field of view. In addition, the vertical range of the field of view in humans is typically around 100 degrees. The range of visual abilities is not uniform across a field of view, and varies from animal to animal. For example, binocular vision, which is important for depth perception, only covers 120 degrees (horizontally) of the field of vision in humans; the remaining peripheral 60 degrees have no binocular vision.
33
c
b c
FIELD OF VISION a. Normal optical axis, standing person b. Normal optical axis, sitting person c. Limits of field of vision d. Normal angle of vision e. Mox, angle of vision
The Sense of Vision
a. Approximately 30% of America is
NEAR-SIGHTED
b. Approximately 60% of America is
FAR-SIGHTED
c. Approximately 75% of America use
VISION CORRECTION
34
VISIONING THE WORLD The brain receives a sharply focused picture when light rays entering the pupils of the eye converge (come together) at a single point on the retina. However, if the eyeball is at all misshapen, the light rays will converge at a point in front of the retina (nearsightedness), or behind the retina (farsightedness). Both situations result in blurry vision. Convex lenses are prescribed to correct farsightedness and concave lenses are prescribed to correct nearsightedness.
SENSING SURVIVAL
OF THE 75% VISION CORRECTION PRODUCTS: 64% GLASSES
c.
11% LENSES
OF THE 64% THAT WEAR GLASSES: 58% WOMEN
d.
42% MEN
PEOPLE THAT USE BOTH GLASSES AND LENSES:
62% USE LENSES MORE
e.
STATI
c.
35
1.3 MILLION AMERICANS LEGALLY BLIND
a. About 30 percent of Americans are
c. 75% of adults use some sort of
e. About 1.3 million Americans are
nearsighted, to some degree, and about
vision correction. About 64% of them
legally blind. An estimated 47,000
60 percent are farsighted. Nearsighted
wear eyeglasses, and about 11% wear
people, one person every 11 minutes,
people have trouble focusing on an
contact lenses, either exclusively, or
become blind each year due to a number
image in the distance while farsighted
with glasses. Over half of all women
of leading causes such as glaucoma,
people have trouble focusing on an
and about 42% of men wear glasses.
macular degeneration, senile cataract,
image close up. b. Approximately 30% of
Similarly, more women than men, 18%
optic nerve atrophy, diabetic retinopathy,
the American population is near-sighted,
and 14% respectively, wear contacts.
and retinitis pigmentosa. These causes
and must use glasses for activities such
d. Of those who use both contacts
account for 51% of blind people.
as driving and schoolwork.
and eyeglasses, 62% wear contact lenses more often. About 34 million, as reported in a March 2008 wear contact lenses in the United States. About 125 million people world wide use lenses.
The Sense of Vision
HANDLE
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With the aid of the skin, we could learn much more about the
STIR
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ADJOIN
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IMPACT SENSING SURVIVAL
ALTER
nature of objects than just their form alone.
skin, containing blood capillaries,
part or organ of the body, such as the protuberance on the skin.
The outer layer of living tissue, in the particular outer cellular layer of a hair.
GLAND
A small rounded protuberance on a
CUTICLE
the epidermis that forms the true
PAPILLA
DERMIS
The thick layer of living tissue below
An organ in the body that secretes particular chemical substances for use in the body or for discharge.
nerve endings, sweat glands, hair follicles, and other structures.
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The Sense of
FEEL Surviving with Touch
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We know from experience that every part of our skin possesses a certain sensibility.
By handling a body we could learn its shape and form just as
This sensibility varies in different parts. This property is given
touch, as soon as we can compare it with the size of our hands
to the skin by a number of nerves which originate in the brain
and our body; and our judgment is fully capable of determining
and spinal chord, and extend in a tree-like form over the body.
the nature of its surface, whether it is smooth or rough, even
The sensibility of any part of the body is due to these nerves
or uneven. In short, the idea of the nature of bodies, in as far
alone, for as soon as such a nerve is lost or diseased, the part
as they differ in form, which we could obtain by the use of the
of the body supplied by it becomes devoid of sensation. We
sense of touch alone, would be sufficient to give our life an
must therefore consider the skin as a sensory organ which
incitement to activity. Our intelligence could even form matter
encloses our entire body, and is adapted to render every part
for abstract thought, from these perceptions alone, and by this
of the surface of our body sensible of external impressions,
means arrive at the conception of a line, an angle, a triangle,
and, indeed, of impressions of manifold kinds, which arouse
from which it would follow that mathematics is a science
in us peculiar sensations, and are inseparably connected with
independent of the observations of sight, although in reality its
mental processes. There can be no doubt that if we had neither
origin has been derived from this source. It is remarkable how
eyes nor ears, this organ of sense alone would be sufficient to
various the perceptions are which we can form by the aid of
enable us to construct an external world, which, however would
the skin alone.
thoroughly as by the eye, especially when we remember that the attention of the mind would be concentrated in a greater degree upon the sensation of touch, as is really the case of the blind. We learn the size and dimensions of a body which we can
of course be limited in compass. For we could only include in our knowledge the objects which we could immediately reach, which we could only bring into direct contact with our body, and which would betray their properties and nature by some kind of impression upon their skin, whilst a great part of the objects and occurrences in nature remain a secret to us. We learn the size and dimensions of a body which we can touch, as soon as we can compare it with the size of our hands and our body; and our judgment is fully capable of determining the nature of its surface, whether it is smooth or rough, even or uneven.
It's more than a feeling.
Meanwhile the sense of touch is
does not go further, nor does it slip
everywhere, it excites its organ to act
through the cuticles, for nature does not
according to its structure and nature;
suffer the loss of its spirit. Wherefore it
that is to say, it excites the cuticle, the
is only an outlet and turning point, that
muscles, the regions of the abdomen and
is, an exit from the papilla, in order that
chest, in one way; the lips, the cavity of
the spirituous humor may circulate. This
the palate, wherein it excites appetite,
filament must be of very great fineness.
in yet another. It even erects the penis
This filament returning from the papilla
itself, and the corresponding members of
furnishes a kind of new thrum, which,
the other sex, by touch, to the extreme
united to others of that first congeries,
point of desire; even by the touch of the
must certainly form a kind of little
neighboring parts; to say nothing of the
canal. Wherefore that papilla is a new
effect of taste and smell. If they are
beginning of some nervous thread, which
the extremities of the nerves fanned
must be called a nervous fiber.
organically for receiving sensation, it follows that the nerve does not end there. For there is everywhere a circle and a continuous path. The beginning is where the end is. The spirit, which is conveyed thither through the nerves,
SENSING SURVIVAL
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COMPOUNDS ÂŤ Knowing the touch The sense is very gross and is a sense only of greater
The uses of the sense of touch are, that they may
compounds and of the ultimate effects, for they are in the
announce to the soul what flows to and touches from
ultimates of the kingdom, where it touches the complex
the contiguous outer world; then also what flows to and
world. Wherefore only a congeries of the parts sensate;
touches from remaining objects, that is to say, what
the organ which serrates parts is that of taste, and the
infests that whole kingdom, whether it be from the world
organ, which sensate of parts is that of smell. Things,
or from allied subjects, or from itself, in case of sickness.
which are similar, coincide with these things in the organs,
In order that the soul may learn the affections of the
but they differ in compounds, for while a composition is
aerial atmosphere and perhaps also of the ethereal, and
touched, it is a composition of parts, which is sensated,
in order that it may be changed as to state according to
when a smaller part or the part itself is touched, there are
those affections; in order that the cutis and the whole
too few. In order that there may be a general sensation,
surface may undergo changes of state, according to all
the scales of the epidermis confer; the larger, coarser,
the affections of the body, of its blood, of the animus
less elastic, and the more of them, that are touched at the
and its spirit, of the mind and the soul; and may thus
same time, the grosser is the sense. Because the senses
arrange communications, especially of the parts which
of taste and smell are simulated; the papillary are similar
are insinuated from the air, or are expired into the air,
and can be sharpened according to mode of culture, and
according to every need, state and necessity, which are
according to need, as, for instance, if they be laid bare, the
the necessary media for the conservation and restitution
scales grow tender, they may be more distinctly disposed;
of the microcosm: and which are hidden within. They are
the papillae themselves are rendered sparser, and ordered
qualified for these uses.
41
in a more suitable form; for they are arranged in a more suitable form. That one papillae may be conscious of the touch and mode of another, and all together, from a particular form and the general effect of many things, they have this, that in whatever place sense exists, they. Sensate more exquisitely and distinctly.
The Sense of Touch
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THE SENSORY CIRCLES
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The property of determining the point
the mucous layer, which consists of a great
touched is called the skin's sense of locality,
number of small microscopic cells completely
which is a factor of the tactile sense. The
filling the depressions between the papilla
perception of contact is not sufficient to
of the dermis. Lastly, the outer layer is the
explain this phenomenon. This power is an
cuticle or epidermis, which forms a compact
important psychical action, which evidently
firm skin. The blood-vessels and nerves extend
takes place in the brain, and can only be
only as far as the surface of the dermis, and
explained by the supposition, that in our
to its papillar; the mucous layer and the
imagination a picture, as it were, of our skin's
epidermis are completely free from blood.
surface exists. The brain, in which the faculty is situated, is sufficiently answered by the physiology of the nerves. The skin itself consists of three layers. Upon the cellular tissue under the skin, which sometimes is very rich in fat, lies the first skin, the dermis, which is of a tolerably compact texture, and by tanning is converted into leather. Its surface consists of a greater or less number of cylindrical or conical protuberances, which are called papilla. Upon the dermis lies
SENSING SURVIVAL
If they are the extremities of the nerves fanned organically for receiving sensation, it follows that the nerve does not end there. For there is everywhere a circle and a continuous path. The beginning is where the end is. The spirit, which is conveyed thither through the nerves, does not go further, nor does it slip through the cuticles, for nature does not suffer the loss of its spirit. Wherefore it is only an outlet and turning point, that is, an exit from the papilla, in order that the spirituous humor may circulate. This filament must be of very great fineness. This filament returning from the papilla furnishes a kind of new
1. You have more pain nerve endings than any other type. 2. The least sensitive part of your body is the middle of your back. 3. The most sensitive areas of your body are your hands, lips, face, neck, tongue, fingertips and feet. 4. Shivering is a way your body has of trying to get warmer. 5. There are about 100 touch receptors on your fingertips.
thrum, which, united to others of that first congeries, must certainly form a kind of little canal. Wherefore that papilla is a new beginning of some nervous thread, which must be called a nervous fiber.
43
For emissaries, both those, which select food from the atmosphere, and those, which send forth effluvia and sweats, flow through that substance. Little canals are in woven in it, and are comprehended by it. Wherefore all changes of state from the papillary congeries return into it; these it either closes or opens, or otherwise arranges. For every change of state begins from sensation, as does life from sense; life is in sense. The affection of the papillary substance and its change must precede, thence the effect returns into the single things, especially into those that are contiguous. Thence come the phenomena of perspirations, of sweats, of absorptions, and of many other things; for the microcosm is like the world which now draws down and absorbs rain and the effluvia of the earth, now indeed sends back and repels them, and dears itself of disorderly things and calms itself. A similar state is put on by the glands and excretory organs, as in the little sensory themselves, and is propagated into all of them.
The Sense of Touch
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We’re all born with a great need for touch. To thrive, newborns must be fed touch as much as food.
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The nerve endings in your skin can tell you if something is hot or cold. They can also feel if something is hurting you. Your body has about twenty differnt types of nerve endings that all send messages to your brain. However, the most common receptors are heat, cold, pain, and pressure or touch receptors. Pain receptors are probably the most important for your safety because they can protect you by warning your brain that your body is hurt. Some areas of the body are more sensitive than others because they have more nerve endings.
While your other four senses are located in specific parts of the body, the sense of touch is found all over. This is because your sense of touch originates in the bottom layer of your skin called the dermis. The dermis is filled with many tiny nerve endings which give you information about the things with which your body comes in contact. They do this
Have you ever bitten your tongue and wondered why it hurt so much? It is because the sides
by carrying the information to the spinal
of your tongue have a lot of nerve endings that are very sensitive to pain. However, your tongue
cord, which sends messages to the brain
is not as good at sensing hot or cold. That is why it is easy to burn your mouth when you eat
where the feeling is registered.
something really hot. Your fingertips are also very sensitive. For example, people who are blind use their fingertips to read Braille by feeling the patterns of raised dots on their paper. Different kinds of nerve endings are in charge of picking up different kinds of stimuli. The Krause’s end picks up feelings of cold while the Ruffini endings are in charge of heat. Pacinian corpuscles are encapsulated nerve endings which pick up senses of pressure while the Meissner’s corpuscles picks up light and touch. Baroreceptors are special tactile receptors what detect changes in the blood pressure within the blood vessel.
The Sense of Touch
ENVIS ION
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45
INTERACTION « Sensitive to the touch
100°
90°
70°
a. Each of your fingertips contains over
b. The human body has many amazing
c.There are many different parts of
one hundred distinct touch sensors,
systems that help keep us running
the body that are more sensitive than
making in one of the most densely
smoothly through various conditions.
others. Starting at the top of the human
packed areas in your body. Your lips,
Our body has homeostatic functions
body, there are pressure/nerve centers
face, hands and tongue are also filled
that automatically monitor, adjust
or groups of muscles There is the nerve
with many sensors. Interestingly,
and regulate our important systems
center behind the ears, under the nose,
the lower part of your middle back
without our even knowing it. Shivering
at the base of the skull, the temple
contains the least number of receptors -
is just one of these homeostatic
region, and lips. This is just the head
something that isn’t obvious if you are a
functions our body employs to regulate
area and there are many more.
fan of a good back massage.
our body temperature. Also called thermoregulatory shivering, we shiver in an effort to keep ourselves warm. Our body attempts to maintain our core temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees C).
SENSING SURVIVAL
80°
50°
60°
40°
20°
30°
10°
0°
-20°
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-10°
THE MOST SENSITIVE PARTS OF THE BODY:
-30°
c.
-50°
SHIVERING IS A WAY YOUR BODY HAS OF TRYING TO GET WARMER. -40°
b.
RECEPTORS IN EACH FINGERTIP:
100 PER FINGERTIP
SPOT
a.
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Sensitive Spots Your fingertips have a very high number of sensory receptors relative to other parts of your body. This makes sense as your hands are the only part of your body specifically adapted to grasping and picking up objects. The four types of sensory receptors in your fingers are; pressure (of which there are numerous sub-types), pain, cold and heat.
The Sense of Touch
THE QUALITY OF TOUCH How important to you is the human touch? Well, studies show
There have also been studies conducted on sick babies in
that it is very important. Believe it or not, it helps boost one’s
hospitals and people in institutionalized setttings. Results of
immune system and is also a major aid in the healing process.
these studies showed that those who were given personal care
When under distress, just a loving hand can calm that person
and affection had a more speedy recovery that those who were
down. When ill, that person will recover or if the illness is
just given basic care and left alone in icilation with nobody else
terminal, the quality of life will be better for them because you
to visit them otherwise. Those who were not given the helping
showed them love and support. Who knows, you may extend
hand or affectionate human touch either stayed ill for a much
their length of days. If anyone needs the human touch, it’s one
longer period: or, they died faster.
who is ill or vulnerable.
48
SENSING SURVIVAL
CONTA
49
EXPERIENCES « A rewarding sense Human touch shows numerous benefits to infants and adults alike. In addition to controlling levels of stress and increasing the health of the body, regular touch can form important social bonds between individuals.
When you see a look of panic cross a loved one’s face, offer something that will have an immediate impact: your hand. Perhaps it’s instinct to do that anyway. In a recent study, the touch of
1. Regular touch therapy like massage has a number of health benefits. Regular
massage helps to improve the circulation of the blood, improve the flow of the lymph, lower
a loved one had real power in times of a crisis or distress.
blood pressure, boost the immune system, stress and improve the health and flexibility of muscles.
2. Massage and touch therapies play a role in decreasing anxiety in clients. Massage
can also improve sleep patterns, improve concentration, and increase the level of relaxation.
3, The positive benefits that can come from human touch are evident from birth. The
Vanderbilt Medical Center uses touch therapy in its neonatal intensive care unit. The light brushing and range of motion techniques that they use on the infants help reduce the levels of stress and insure that the babies will get a deep and long sleep.
The Sense of Touch
50
SENSING SURVIVAL
When you pick up an object, you might
Weight is linked to importance, so that
think that you are manipulating it, but
people carrying heavy objects deem
in a sense, it is also manipulating you.
interview candidates as more serious
Through a series of six psychological
and social problems as more pressing.
experiments, scientist have shown that
Texture is linked to difficulty and
the properties that we feel through
harshness. Touching rough sandpaper
touch, texture, hardness, weight, can
makes social interactions seem more
all influence the way we think.
adversarial, while smooth wood makes them seem friendlier. Finally, hardness is associated with rigidity and stability. When sitting on a hard chair, negotiators take tougher stances but if they sit on a soft one instead, they become more flexible with people.
The Sense of Touch
MODIFY
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
EFFECT
51
HEAR
With the aid of the skin, we could learn
PERCEIVE
COMPREHEND
much more about the nature of objects than just their form alone.
FOCUS
CENTER
RIVET
CONCENTRATE
PORE 52
HEED
LISTEN OBEY
UNDERSTAND
GROK
SAVVY
APPREHEND
DIG
HEARING
GRASP
COMPASS
INCLUDE
COVER
LISTENING
UNDERSTANDING SENSING SURVIVAL
INTERPRET
auricle.
containing the organ of Corti, which produces nerve impulses in response
A small anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear, transmitting vibrations between the malleus and stapes.
EARWAX
The spiral cavity of the inner ear
INCUS
humans and other mammals; the
COCHLEA
PINNA
The external part of the ear in
The protective yellow waxy substance secreted in the passage way of the outer ear.
to sound vibrations.
53
The Sense of
HEAR Surviving with Sound
HEAR
PERCEIVE
COMPREHEND
FOCUS
CENTER
RIVET
CONCENTRATE
PORE
HEED
OBEY
UNDERSTAND
GROK
SAVVY
APPREHEND
DIG
COVER
Hearing is the ability to perceive sound by detecting vibrations. The organ of hearing is not so fully exposed to our view as the eye. The latter exposes nearly the half of its surface to the light the former, on the contrary, conceals its most important parts deep in the solid structure of the head, and only exposes to view a very subordinate part, the Pinna or External Ear,
Sensations can never be explored without the exploration of the auras; for the one refers most exactly to the other. This is evident from hearing and the aerial atmosphere, from sight and the ethereal atmosphere, and from a still superior sense, which corresponds to a certain superior or celestial atmosphere. The sensory organs themselves are constructed altogether according to the nature of the modification of those things. Thus one respects the other as a principal.
which, on this account, in ordinary language, has received the
Natural harmony is the cause of affections and affections
unmerited title of the ear. The barbarous punishment of cutting
are the causes of the changes of state. As has been observed
off the ear, which was customary in olden times, and among
in other senses. The form will be such that quality thence
uncivilized nations, has clearly proved that the external ear
results. The quality is judged according to the harmony in
is not essential to the power of hearing. Moreover, most birds
which the ear, and especially the brain, is. The ear does not
have no external ear, and yet they have a very good, and partly
judge or sensate concerning harmonics, but the brain does
musical sense of hearing.
so, where lies the soul in its own organism of sensation.
The relation of the organization of the ear to that of the eye is the same as the nature of the range of vision to the range of hearing. Our range of vision is limited by an opaque body; in a transparent medium, however, it extends to the infinite distance of the stars, when the ray of light penetrates the
The ear indeed according to its state brings to the brain a harmony agreeable to its own form. Thus an injured ear brings a false harmony. But I am here speaking of a wellconstituted ear, which corresponds to the organism of the brain. Similar things may be added in regard to other senses.
eye in an almost straight line to its posterior surface. The extent of our perception of sound, even in our atmosphere, is very limited, but sound can penetrate the thickest walls and travel by the most circuitous paths, so that in the deepest mines where no light can penetrate, the ear gives us certain information of the existence of an exterior world. Thus, the inner parts of the ear are hidden in a deep cavity in the skull, which is provided with many wonderful labyrinthlike passages. Sound does not penetrate these passages in a straight line, but passes along a very complicated path, composed of tubes, membranes, and the ear-bones.
Did you hear that?
ORIGIN  The travel of a sound Although we can form no conception of sound, as such, except through the excitement of our auditory organs, nevertheless its origin and propagation in nature were recognized by physicists long before anything was known’s of its physiological action. In this respect physical acoustics were, to a certain extent, just as independent of physiological knowledge, as was the case with optics; since, in the latter, the adulatory theory was developed, without any definite knowledge of the constitution of the retina, and of the excitement of the nerves situated in it. It must be granted that the exclusively objective physical study of sound and light must necessarily have made some progress to enable us to consider the functions of the sensory organs physiologically; and it has been shown, that many of the inventions which have been laboriously made by the ingenuity of man during the last century, are to be found in the greatest perfection already existing in the Sensory Organs. Among the sensations of sound, there is one kind of sensation different from all others, and which has a definite character of its own. This is the sensation of musical sound, which is distinguished by the terms tone and note. All other impressions of sound which do not possess this character may be included under the term noise.
SENSING SURVIVAL
P ERCEIVE
HEA R
INTERP RET
U ND ERS TA ND ING
LIS TENING
COVER
INCLU D E
COMPA S S
G RA S P
HEA RING
D IG
A P P REHEND
S AVVY
G ROK
U ND ERS TA ND
OB EY
HEED
P ORE
CONCENTRATE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCU S
P ERCEIVE
HEA R
COMP REHEND
56
INTERP RET
U ND ERS TA ND ING
LIS TENING
COVER
INCLU D E
COMPA S S
G RA S P
HEA RING
D IG
A P P REHEND
S AVVY
G ROK
U ND ERS TA ND
OB EY
HEED
P ORE
CONCENTRATE
RIVET
FOCU S
COMP REHEND
CENTER
THE TUNING FORK The vibrations of the air consist of condensations and expansions, which follow each other with
A tone is produced as soon as any
great rapidity, and a tone is always produced if the vibrations follow each other with periodical
elastic body is set in rapid vibration. If,
regularity. A tone can therefore be produced if a continuous current of air is interrupted with great rapidity and regularity. An instrument invented is called a Siren, and in its simplest form is shows. It consists of a disc, perforated with holes arranged in circles, and which can be set in rapid
for instance, a thin piece of metal, or a knitting-needle, is fixed firmly at one end and its free end struck. The tone of a tuning-fork is produced in precisely the same manner. Imagine the tuning-
rotation. Air is blown through the tube against the holes. The more numerous the holes, and the
fork, in vibration. The branches of the
more rapidly the disc is made to revolve, the higher will be the tone produced. Each puff of air then
fork at each vibration approach first
produces a vibration of the air. The sire affords the means of determining the number of vibrations
each other and then recede, an action which is not apparent to the eye, in the
for any particular tone. If the disc is provided with a four series of holes, the number of which,
tuning-forks used for musical purposes,
counting from within outwards, is respective. If we blow upon them in this succession, we hear
since the vibrations are too small and
the recognized chord, which starting from the note, may be distinguished. The quality remains the same for every rate of revolution, provided the rate is constant, only the ‘ absolute pitch and character of the tones change with the rapidity. If we had a disc which was provided with rows of
follow each other too rapidly. On one
57
branch a pencil is fixed, which makes a mark upon a plate drawn rapidly before it. An undulating line is produced which gives the number of vibrations.
holes, corresponding to an entire scale, we could then produce perfect melodies upon it.
The Sense of Hearing
DECIB
HERTZ LEVEL
1,000
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
YOUNG ADULT
ELDERLY GUINEA PIG
MOUSE
WHALE
DECIBLES
170
160 150
140 130
58
120
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
JACKHAMMER
CAR TRAFFIC
WHISPER
LAWN MOWER
OBJECT DECIBELS The decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit that indicates the ratio of a physical quantity (usually power or intensity) relative to a specified or implied reference level. A ratio in decibels is ten times the logarithm to base 10 of the ratio of two power quantities. A decibel is one tenth of a bel, a seldom-used unit. The decibel is used for a wide variety of measurements in science and engineering, most prominently in acoustics, electronics, and control theory. In electronics, the gain of amplifiers, attenuation of signals, and signal-to-noise ratios are often expressed in decibels.
SENSING SURVIVAL
GUN SHOT
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
55,000
FREQUENCY
60,000
90,000
100,000
150,000
EQ FLAT
170 160 150 140 130
59
120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
HAMMERING
ALARM CLOCK
JET ENGINE
NORMAL TALKING
ROCK CONCERT
ORCHESTRA
The decibel’s logarithmic nature means
It’s commonly used in acoustics to
that a very large range of ratios can be
quantify sound levels relative to a 0
represented by a convenient number, in
dB reference which has been defined
a similar manner to scientific notation.
as a sound pressure level of .0002
This allows one to clearly visualize huge
microbar. The reference level is set at
changes of some quantity.
the typical threshold of perception of an average human and there are common comparisons used to illustrate different levels of sound pressure. As with other decibel figures, normally the ratio is a power ratio rather than a pressure.
The Sense of Hearing
COMPA S S
G RA S P
HEA RING
D IG
A P P REHEND
S AVVY
G ROK
U ND ERS TA ND
OB EY
HEED
P ORE
CONCENTRATE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCU S
P ERCEIVE
HEA R
COMP REHEND
60
REFLECTION ÂŤ How sound bounces When sound reflects off a special curved surface called a parabola, it will bounce out in a straight line no matter where it originally hits. Many stages are designed as parabolas so the sound will go directly into the audience, instead of bouncing around on stage. If the parabola is closed off by another curved surface, it is called an ellipse. Sound will travel from one focus to the other, no matter where it strikes the wall. A whispering gallery is designed as an ellipse. If
One example of air absorbing sound waves happens during a thunderstorm. When you are very close to a storm, you hear thunder as a sharp crack. When the storm is farther away, you hear a low rumble instead. This is because air absorbs high frequencies more easily
your friend stands at one focus and you stand at the other, his whisper will be heard clearly by
than low. By the time the thunder has
you. No one in the rest of the room will hear anything.
reached you, all the high pitches are lost
Reflection is responsible for many interesting phenomena. Echoes are the sound of your own
best absorptive material is full of holes
voice reflecting back to your ears. The sound you hear ringing in an auditorium after the band has stopped playing is caused by reflection off the walls and other objects. A sound wave will continue to bounce around a room, or reverberate, until it has lost all its energy. A wave has some of its energy absorbed by the objects it hits. The rest is lost as heat energy. Everything, even air, absorbs sound.
SENSING SURVIVAL
and only the low ones can be heard. The that sound waves can bounce around in and lose energy. The energy lost as heat is too small to be felt, though, it can be detected by scientific instruments.vv
61
The Sense of Hearing
AIR VIBRATIONS The proper sensation of hearing commences at the expansion of the auditory nerve in the labyrinth, whilst, the only action has been the conveyance of the sound-waves. The first
The next question is, whether the external ear renders us any assistance in recognizing the direction of sound. Doubtless we are
process in hearing is, therefore, the conveyance of the sound to the fluid of the labyrinth,
able to recognize the direction of sound, but
the waves of which have the power of exciting the expanded nerves. The sound is generally
we also learn from experience that in this
conveyed from the surrounding air to the labyrinth through the auditory canal, the tympanic
recognition we are liable to many errors of judgment. We recognize the origin of the
cavity, and the ear-bones. For, every body which vibrated in the air, throws the air which
sound-waves by the fact that the sound is
surrounds it into similar vibrations, which extend outwards from their point of origin, in the
heard most distinctly when the auditory canal
form of a circle, while their intensity decreased with the square of the distance. The vibrations consist of condensations and expansions of the air, which follow one another, like circles of waves upon the surface of water. Sound, however, can pass through solid bodies also, without
is in the same straight line with the direction of the sound-waves. For this purpose we turn the head in different directions until the sound appears to us to be loudest. In this case only a single ear acts, and the sound
the intervention of the air, and reach the labyrinth in this manner. If we strike a tuning-fork
must have sufficient duration to enable us to
gently, and hold it before the open mouth, we hear nothing, but as soon as it touches the teeth
determine its direction.
we hear its tone quite clearly.
62
SENSING SURVIVAL
CLICKS « Seeing without vision The Law of vibration might not be as well known as the Law of Attraction. However - the Law of Vibration serves as the foundation for the Law of Attraction. To understand this it is important to know that everything is energy. Science, through Quantum Physics, is showing us that everything in our universe is energy. When we go down on a sub-atomic level we do not find matter, but pure energy. Some called this the unified field or the matrix. Others talk about pure potentiality all being energy This Universal Law states that everything in the Universe moves and vibrates - everything is vibrating at one speed or another. Nothing rests. Everything you see around you is vibrating at one frequency or another and so are you. However your frequency is different from other things in the universe - hence it seems like you are separated from what you see around you - people, animals, plants, trees and so on. But you are not separated - you are in fact living in an ocean of energy - we all are. We are all connected at the lowest level - a level professor John Hagelin calls the unified field.
Sounds are created from vibrations, whether it’s a tuning fork, the reed of a musical instrument, or sound coming from someone’s voice box. The vibrations make the air molecules move backwards and forwards, creating something called a compression wave. The first set of air molecules pushes against the next set of air molecules, and the next, and the
63
next, carrying the sound. Slower vibrations produce lower notes and faster vibrations produce higher notes. The speed of the vibrations is called the frequency, and the highness or lowness of the note is called the pitch.
Everything has its own vibrational frequency, the table, the car, the picture frame , the rock, even our thoughts and feelings. It is all governed by The Law of Vibration. A table may look solid and still, but within the table are millions of millions of subatomic particles “running around” and “popping” with energy. The table is pure energy and movement. Everything in this universe has its own vibrational frequency. It is The Law of Vibration in action. However we can’t see it so it appears separate and solid to us. It is actually an illusion. The Law of Vibration is real. Even if you can’t see it it does not mean that it is not true.
The Sense of Hearing
BOU CO MPAS S
GR AS P
H E AR I NG
DI G
APPR E H E N D
S AVVY
GR O K
UNDE R S TA N D
O BE Y
PO R E
HEED
64
Direct sound issues from the source
furniture, are sound deadening. As
itself, such as those frequencies coming
furniture is moved into a empty room,
from an actors mouth. When a person is
the acoustics became “dead”. Close
close to us, we hear essentially direct
perspective sound contains a high ratio
sound including low-frequency chest
of direct sound to reflected sound.
tones. As the person moves farther away,
Distant perspective sound contains a
we hear more of the reflected sound.
high ratio of reflected to direct sound.
Reflected sound is produced by the direct sound bouncing off the walls, floor etc. Reflected sound s much more complex in character than direct sound because the surfaces are at different distances from the source and have widely varying reflective properties. Interiors that contains a lot of hard surfaces like glass, stone, metal, etc, are said to be “live” because their high reflectivity. Soft or porous materials, like carpeting, draperies and upholstered
SENSING SURVIVAL
65
The Sense of Hearing
H EAR
P ER C EIVE
C OM PREHEN D
H E AR
F OC US
PE R CE I VE
C ENTER
CO MPR E H E ND HEA R
R I VET
FO CUS PER CE I V E
C ONC EN T RAT E
CE NT E R CO M PR EHEN D
PORE
HEAR
R I VE T
P E RC E IV E
CO NCE NT R AT E
HEAR
C OM P RE H E N D
PO R E
P ERCE
FO CU S H EED CEN TER O BEY R I V ET UND ERSTAN D
F OC U S
H E AR
HEED
COMP R
CENTER
PE R CE I VE
O BE Y
FOCU S
RIV E T
CO MPR E H E ND
UNDE R S TAND
CENTE
C ON C E N T RAT E
FO CUS
H E AR
GR O K
RIVET
P ORE
CE NT E R
PE R CE I VE
S AVVY
CONCE
CO N CE N TR ATE GR OK PO R E S AV V Y HEED AP P R E HEN D O BE Y DI G U N DE R STA N D H EAR IN G
HEED
HEAR
R I VE T
CO MPR E H E ND
APPR E H E ND
P ORE
OB E Y
P E RC E IV E
CO NCE NT R AT E
FO CUS
DI G
HEED
U N D E RS TA N D
C OM P RE H E N D
PO R E
CE NT E R
H E AR I NG
OB EY
G ROK
F OC U S
HEED
R I VE T
GR AS P
U ND ER
S AV V Y
CENTER
O BE Y
CO NCE NT R AT E
CO MPAS S
G ROK
A P P RE H E N D
RIV E T
UNDE R S TAND
PO R E
I NCL UDE
SAVVY
D IG
C ON C E N T RAT E
HEAR
GR O K
HEED
CO VE R
AP P RE
H E A RIN G
P ORE
P E RC E IVE
S AVVY
O BE Y
H E AR
L I S T E NI NG
D IG
G RA S P
HEED
C OM P RE H E ND
APPR E H E ND
UNDE R S TAND
PE R CE I VE
UNDE R S TANDI NG
HEARI
C OM PA S S
OB E Y
F OC U S
DI G
GR O K
CO MPR E H E ND
I NT E R PR E T
G RASP
IN C L U D E
U N D E RS TA N D
CENTER
H E AR I NG
S AVVY
FO CUS
H E AR
COMPA
C OV E R
G ROK
RIV E T
GR AS P
APPR E H E ND
CE NT E R
PE R CE I VE
INCLU
L IS T E N IN G
S AV V Y
C ON C E N TR AT E
CO MPAS S
DI G
R I VE T
CO MPR E H E ND
COVER
U N D E RS TA N D IN G
A P P RE H E N D
P ORE
I NCL UDE
H E AR I NG
CO NCE NT R AT E
FO CUS
LISTEN
IN T E RP RE T
D IG
HEED
CO VE R
GR AS P
PO R E
CE NT E R
U ND ER
HEAR
H E A RIN G
OB E Y
L I S T E NI NG
CO MPAS S
HEED
R I VE T
INTER
P E RC E IV E
G RA S P
U N D E RS TAND
UNDE R S TANDI NG
I NCL UDE
O BE Y
CO NCE NT R AT E
HEAR
C OM P RE H E N D
C OM PA S S
G ROK
I NT E R PR E T
CO VE R
UNDE R S TAND
PO R E
P ERCE
GR O K GR AS P SAV V Y C OM PASS A PPR E HE N D I NC LUDE DI G C OVER HEA R I N G LI S TEN IN G GR A SP UND ERSTAN DIN G CO M PA SS I NTERPRET I N CLU DE H EAR CO V E R P ER C EIVE L I STE N I N G C OM PREHEN D U N DE R STA N DI N G F OC US I N TE R PR E T C ENTER HEA R R I VET PER CE I V E C ONC EN T RAT E CO M PR EHEN D PORE FO CU S H EED CEN TER O BEY R I V ET
H E AR
PE R CEIVE
CO MPREHEND
FO CUS
CE NT ER
EIV E
H E AR
R I VE T
PE R CE I VE
CO NCENTRATE
CO MPR E H E ND
PO R E
RE HEND
HEAR
FO CUS
HEED
S
PERCEIVE
CE NT E R
O BE Y
ER
COMPREHEN D
H E AR
R I VE T
UNDE RSTAND
FOCUS
PE R CE I VE
CO NCE NT R AT E
GR O K
CEN T ER
CO MPR E H E ND
PO R E
S AVVY
HEED
APPR EHEND
ENT R ATE
RIVET
HE A R
H E AR
FO CUS
CON CEN T R ATE
PE R CEI V E
PE R CE I VE
CE NT E R
H E AR
O BE Y
DI G
PORE
CO M PR E HE N D
CO MPR E H E ND
R I VE T
PE R CE I VE
UNDE R S TAND
H E AR ING
HEED
FO CU S
HEAR
FO CUS
CO NCE NT R AT E
CO MPR E H E ND
GR O K
GR AS P
OB EY
CE N TE R
P E RC E IV E
CE NT E R
PO R E
FO CUS
S AVVY
CO MPASS
UN DERSTAN D
RIVET
C OM P RE H E N D
R I VE T
HEED
CE NT E R
APPR E H E ND
I NCL UD E
G ROK
CO N CEN TR ATE
F OC U S
CO NCE NT R AT E
O BE Y
R I VE T
DI G
CO VE R
SAVVY
PO R E
CENTER
HEAR
PO R E
UNDE R S TAND
CO NCE NT R AT E
H E AR I NG
L I S T ENING
ING
APPREHEND
HE E D
RIV E T
P E RC E IV E
HEED
GR O K
PO R E
GR AS P
UNDE RSTAND ING
P
DIG
O BEY
C ON C E N T RAT E
C OM P RE H E N D
O BE Y
S AVVY
HEED
CO MPAS S
I NT E RP RET
AS S
HEARIN G
U N DER STA N D
P ORE
F OC U S
UNDE R S TAND
APPR E H E ND
O BE Y
I NCL UDE
H E AR
UDE
G RASP
GR O K
HEED
CENTER
GR O K
DI G
UNDE R S TAND
CO VE R
PE R CEIVE
R
COMPASS
SAV V Y
OB E Y
RIV E T
S AVVY
H E AR I NG
GR O K
L I S T E NI NG
CO MPREHEND
IN CLUDE
A PPR EHEN D
U N D E RS TA N D
C ON C E N T RAT E
APPR E H E ND
GR AS P
S AVVY
UNDE R S TANDI NG
FO CUS
COVER
DI G
G ROK
P ORE
DI G
CO MPAS S
APPR E H E ND
I NT E R PR E T
CE NT ER
LIST EN IN G
HE A R I N G
S AV V Y
HEED
H E AR I NG
I NCL UDE
DI G
H E AR
R I VE T
UN DERSTAN DI N G
GR A SP
A P P RE H E N D
OB E Y
GR AS P
CO VE R
H E AR I NG
PE R CE I VE
CO NCENTRATE
IN T ERPRE T
CO M PA SS
D IG
U N D E RS TA N D
CO MPAS S
L I S T E NI NG
GR AS P
CO MPR E H E ND
PO R E
RSTA N D
EHEN D
NI NG
RSTA N D I NG
PR E T
EIV E
COMPA S S
G RA S P
HEA RING
D IG
A P P REHEND
S AVVY
G ROK
U ND ERS TA ND
OB EY
HEED
P ORE
CONCENTRATE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCU S
COMP REHEND
HEA R
P ERCEIVE
ANATOMY OF THE EAR
68
The external ear is a kind of plane raised up for receiving the
The external ear, together with the auditory canal, certainly
modifications of the air, that is to say, sounds; into this plane
forms a funnel-shaped ear-trumpet, which, in horses for instance,
the modifications inflow everywhere, for it is not to be believed
we find in a form which answers this purpose, as a true funnel
that it flows into it from one point to another, but into that
with tolerably smooth walls. The marked strengthening of the
whole hollowed out area, indeed, directly into the ear itself.
sound produced by a funnel-shaped ear-trumpet, which can easily
The concha of the ear is so formed, and at the same time the
be imitated by placing a roll of paper in the ear, is especially
auditory tube, that not air, but a modification of the air appears
remarkable if we close the other ear and then listen to the
to flow both in and out. The external ear is so made that the
general rustle in the air; or, still better, if we endeavor to hear the
modified air strikes it everywhere; it either flows following
ticking of a watch placed upon the table at a slight distance, with
the walls into a spire, or is reflected, where the outwardly
and without the tube. The sound waves which fall upon the wide
inclined lamella, although covered, receive it; these lamella
opening are reflected inwards by the sides of the tube, and this
receive alia repel. The vibration thus dashing in, where strikes
causes a continual increase in the intensity of the sound-waves
the organ, which is constructed, for the propagation of sound to the beginnings in the brain, there operates according to the
Nevertheless, the external ear has some influence on the hearing,
organism of that part.
for a marked difference is produced by an artificial increase
It is otherwise in brutes, the ears of which are otherwise
general practice with deaf persons when they wish to hear more
formed; for they do not seize upon articulate sounds, but only
distinctly. The endeavous has also been made to discover whether
sounds which signify affections. The brutes are only for the
the angle which the surface of the ear maker with the side of
signifying of their affections to the ear in a general way, as in
the head may not have some effect on the acuteness of hearing,
love, in anger, in hunger, etc. Otherwise such ears are without
and it had been supposed that an angle of 40 degrees is the most
use. Therefore the uses of the external auditory duct are: To
suitable for this purpose. Still, most persons might well object,
collect and concentrate every sonorous modification, that it may
on resthetic grounds, to such a large angle, especially when the
be strong; to that modification upon the membranes, cartilages
change of the position of the ear with regard to the head makes
and bones.
scarcely any perceptible difference to the hearing. It has also
in the size of the external ear by means of the han, which is a
been supposed that, in consequence of its being composed of elastic cartilage, it has the power of receiving the sound-waves from the air, and conveying them through its mass to the auditory canal and tympanic membrane, and that its surface is increased for this purpose by such a number of folds. But such an action can only be very unimportant; or if the ears are entirely closed With wax, we are rendered quite deaf to all sound which is conveyed by the air, and the external ear renders us no perceptible assistance. Nor do we hear the ticking of a watch, if it is placed on the cartilage of the ear when the auditory canal is dosed, while it may be heard very distinctly if placed on the bone behind the ear. We must, therefore, consider cartilage as a bad conductor of sound.
SENSING SURVIVAL
LIST 69
The essential parts of the organ of hearing are represented, in their natural size. We see the Auditory Canal, D, which terminates within with the Tympanic Membrane, C. This membrane is circular and stretched obliquely, and is followed within by a hollow, filled with air, B, the Tympanic Cavity whose walls are formed of bone. In it are situated the Ear-bones, three in number, called the Hammer (Malleus), the Anvil (Incus), and the Stirrup (Stapes). The hollow opens inwards and leads to a canal, the Eustachian Tube, which is extended in a trumpet-like form and opens into the Pharynx. On the inner wall of the tympanic cavity there are two opening closed with membranes, an oval aperture, Fenestra Ovalis, on which the base of the stirrup rests, and a circular aperture, Fenestra Rotunda, the membrane of which is free.
The Sense of Hearing
200 190 180
NOIS
210
170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 090 080 70
070 060 050 040 030 020 010
OBJECT DECIBELS II The decibel confers a number of advantages, such as the ability to conveniently represent very large or small numbers, and the ability to carry out multiplication of ratios by simple addition and subtraction. The decibel symbol is often qualified with a suffix, that indicates which reference quantity or frequency weighting function has been used. For example, dBm indicates that the reference quantity is one milliwatt, while dBu is referenced to 0.775 volts RMS.
SENSING SURVIVAL
71
A decibel (dB) is one tenth of a bel (B),
A field quantity is a quantity such
When referring to measurements
i.e. 1B = 10dB. The bel is the logarithm
as voltage, current, sound pressure,
of power or intensity, a ratio can be
of the ratio of two power quantities
electric field strength, velocity and
expressed in decibels by evaluating
of 10:1, and for two field quantities in
charge density, the square of which
ten times the base-10 logarithm of the
the ratio.
in linear systems is proportional to
ratio of the measured quantity to the
power. A power quantity is a power or a
reference level.
quantity directly proportional to power, e.g. energy density, acoustic intensity and luminous intensity. The calculation of the ratio in decibels varies depending on whether the quantity being measured is a power quantity or a field quantity.
The Sense of Hearing
In all musical instruments the tones are produced by some such action as this. A stretched string, which produces the tone in pianos and stringed instruments, vibrates in the manner, by springing first to one side and then to the other. A glass plate or a bell sounds when it is struck, in consequence of the vibrations, which its particles make at right angles to its surface. Such vibrations, which are made in a direction perpendicular to the length of the body, or better, same to the direction of the propagation of the vibrations, are called transverse vibrations. Longitudinal vibrations, however, can also produce tones; for instance, metallic rods when struck upon their terminal surfaces, or wooden rods when rubbed in the direction of their length.
72
A tone is caused by the vibrations of a
which can be used hi the organ, or as a
solid elastic body. A tone, however, can
flute. Air streams up from below into the
be produced directly by vibrations of air,
chamber K from bellows, and is directed
when, for instance, we blow across the
by the triangular piece of wood, through
mouth of a hollow ball, of a bottle, or of
a small cleft, against the lip, by which
a hollow cylinder. An instrument which
it is made to blow against the column
rests on this principle is the mouth-pipe,
of the air contained in the cylinder, and throws it into vibration. In this action the air is compressed by the first shock, then expands, comes again in contact with the current of air, and is thus made to vibrate periodically, which vibrations consist of condensations.
SENSING SURVIVAL
G RA S P
HEA RING
D IG
A P P REHEND
S AVVY
G ROK
U ND ERS TA ND
OB EY
HEED
P ORE
CONCENTRATE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCU S
COMP REHEND
P ERCEIVE
HEA R
A CHANGE OF TONE
DEE
DAAH
DO
DOO
RECEPTION « The pleasure of hearing
73
We use our senses to learn what is going on in the world around
vibrates when it is hit by sound waves. When the eardrum vibrates,
us. In ancient times, a person’s survival depended upon being
it causes three small bones to vibrate. These are called the malleus,
able to hear and see dangers in the environment. The other
or hammer, the incus, or anvil, and the stapes, or stirrup. (Look at a
senses of taste, touch, and smell also helped people survive.
picture of the parts of the ear, and you will see that these tiny bones
Many people think that sight is the most important sense. Early
are named for their shapes.) From there, the sound passes into the
humans would have run right into danger without their sense
inner part of the ear, where the vibration is carried through fluid in
of sight. Even today, it is hard for most of us to imagine living
parts called the cochlea, which is curled up like a snail, and the three
without our sense of sight. However, today’s survival skills
semicircular canals. The fluids in these parts shift as we change
are different than the survival skills that the cave man used.
position, and so they are also involved in helping us keep our sense
Today, communication is one of man’s most important skills, and
of balance. Finally the sound arrives at the auditory nerve, which
communication depends on the sense of hearing. Even when we
carries the message to the brain.
communicate by visual means, such as typing, we are still using the language that most of us first learned by listening. Hearing is a complicated process, as you can see by all of the tiny parts of the ear that are involved. The outer part of the ear, the part that we usually see, is called the pinna. The pinna is the curved outside part of the ear that collects sound waves which travel to our ear through the air. The sound waves next travel into the middle part of the ear through a tube called the auditory canal. Our eardrum is at the end of the auditory canal. It is stretched tight, like the head of a music drum, and it
The Sense of Hearing
COMPA S S
G RA S P
HEA RING
D IG
A P P REHEND
S AVVY
G ROK
U ND ERS TA ND
OB EY
HEED
P ORE
CONCENTRATE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCU S
COMP REHEND
P ERCEIVE
HEA R
INTERP RET
U ND ERS TA ND ING
LIS TENING
INCLU D E
COMPA S S
COVER
DE
TON 74
The pitch or tone of a sound wave is
The detection of distance is more difficult
determined by its frequency, which is the
and often relates to loudness and quality
wavelength divided by the speed of sound.
of the sound heard. Your ear senses sounds
The sound you hear consists of different
which consist of pitch and loudness. Animals
frequencies or wavelengths, which determine
and humans can hear sounds in a limited
their pitch. Humans and animals can only hear
range. You can also determine direction and
within a limited range of pitch or frequencies,
sometimes distance through your hearing.
depending on the species. This limitation affects their perception of the world around you, since there are sounds that you or animals can’t hear that others can. The amplitude of a sound wave determines its loudness. There is a minimum amplitude required for you to hear a sound. This varies with the species of animal. Sounds that are too loud can injure your ear and result in loss of hearing. You can detect the direction a sound is coming from and, in some cases, its distance. The detection of direction is determined by comparing the sound heard by each ear.
SENSING SURVIVAL
THE COMMUNICATION The communication of sound through bone is of no value to man under ordinary circumstances, since we do not generally bring the head into close contact with the sounding body. In fishes, however, it plays a very important part, for they possess external ear, but only a labyrinth, which is entirely closed by walls of bone, or is only covered with membrane on its outer surface. The sound-waves of the water, therefore,
H E AR
are transferred directly to the fluid of the labyrinth through bone. This is possible because the sound-waves of water,
PE R CE I VE
which is well known to be incompressible, are similar to those of a solid body, and do not, like those of the air, consist of
CO MPR E H E ND
expansions and condensations. Sound-waves of the air, on the contrary, are transferred to solid bodies and to liquids with
FO CUS
great difficulty; and to effect this, ingenious contrivances are required. In case of illness the communication of sound
75 CE NT E R
through the bones can be of considerable importance to us. If the apparatus for the communication of sound diseased, and
R I VE T
can no longer perform its duties, in spite of deafness, sound can still be communicated by means of bone, which then gives
CO NCE NT R AT E
physicians a very important diagnostic sign that the labyrinth and the auditory nerve are in an sound condition. The regular action with which we have to do is the conveyance
PO R E
HEED
of sound through the air, beginning with the reception of the sound-waves by the external ear and the auditory canal, and
O BE Y
ending with the transfer of the same to the labyrinthine fluid. In this path there are many ingenious contrivances, which are
UNDE R S TAND
deeply interesting. Although there is much in this action which is not yet explained with sufficient certainty, still, since the
GR O K
investigations. Many discoveries have been made which have opened the way for new enquiries. Of course enigmas still
S AVVY
occur, as is generally the case of nature. APPR E H E ND
DI G
H E AR I NG
GR AS P
CO MPAS S
I NCL UDE
CO VE R
L I S T E NI NG
UNDE R S TANDI NG
The Sense of Hearing I NT E R PR E T
76
WHEN A SOUND WAVE MEETS AN OBSTACLE, A PORTION OF THE WAVE IS REFLECTED FROM THE OBSTACLE.
SENSING SURVIVAL G RA S P
HEA RING
D IG
A P P REHEND
S AVVY
G ROK
U ND ERS TAND
OB EY
HEED
P ORE
CONCENTRATE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCU S
COMP REHEND
P ERCEIVE
HEA R
sides, but rather from above, below or immediately in front of the face, there is no time lag between the ears. In situations such as this, the outer ear is important as it helps determine the tone of the sound. Experience has taught us that the tone can help determine the source of the sound. People riding a motorbike wearing a helmet, for example, often find it difficult to hear where an ambulance is coming from, as the helmet reduces the outer ear’s ability to determine the sound.
77
INTERPRETATION ÂŤ False direction of sound Time lag, wave length and tone - all these factors play important parts for the brain when determining the direction of sound. In the following description, they are treated under separate headings, but when a person registers a sound, all three factors interact, helping to determine the direction from where it originates. Time lag is of particular importance when determining so-called impulse sounds like a click or a bang. If a sound comes in at an angle to the right of the face, the sound waves will not reach both ears at the same time. The time lag is due to the fact that the distance from the sound source to the left ear is a little longer than it is to the right ear. Therefore, the sound waves must travel a little longer before reaching the left ear which is farthest away. The brain registers the time lag and informs us that the sound originates from a place a little to the right of the face.
The Sense of Hearing
COMPA S S
G RA S P
HEA RING
D IG
A P P REHEND
S AVVY
G ROK
U ND ERS TAND
OB EY
HEED
P ORE
CONCENTRATE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCU S
COMP REHEND
P ERCEIVE
HEA R
INTERP RET
U ND ERS TAND ING
LIS TENING
INCLU D E
COMPA S S
COVER
If a sound does not come from the
ODORIZE
ODOURISE
SMELL
SMELLING
NOSE
WIND
GROOM
NEATEN
PERFUME 78
With the aid of the skin, we could learn much more about the nature of objects than
COLOGNE
PERCEIVE
SUGGEST
just their form alone. EVOKE
REEK
SENSE
COMPREHEND
SCENT SNIFF
WHIFF
INHALE
BREATHE
SNIFFLE
SMOKE
RESPIRE SENSING SURVIVAL
SUSPIRE
and respiratory tract, in structures such as the external ear, and in the
the left and right nasal cavities in humans and most other vertebrates.
A slimy substance, typically not miscible with water, secreted by mucous membranes and glands for lubrication, protection, etc.
NOSTRIL
The small thin bone separating
MUCUS
found in various forms in the larynx
VOMER
CARTILAGE
Whitish, flexible connective tissue
Either of two external openings of the nasal cavity in vertebrates that admit air to the lungs and smells to the olfactory nerves.
articulating surfaces of joints.
79
The Sense of
SMELL Surviving with Scent
SNIFF
WHIFF
INHALE
BREATHE
SNIFFLE
SMOKE
RESPIRE
SUSPIRE
ODORIZE
ODOURISE
SMELL
SMELLING
NOSE
WIND
GROOM
This nasal sense very greatly exercises the brain, and restores the body, sometimes in an instant.
Smell in order that the mucus may be drawn off from the
The uses of smell are as follows. Smell exists in order that the
is excited, a glandule is also excited; thus also the ducts,
soul may take cognizance of what slips into the lungs, for the
membranes and arteries, are conjoined; for the sense is the
sake of the blood, which takes thence atmospheric elements,
cause of the action of all these things, for it is their life.
organs. From the ear. From the eye. From the brain. From the blood. Whence it is the duct from all [the organs of the head]. Wherefore it is intermediate to all, and as it were the central place, whither all the units flow together. When a papilla
and is thereby turned into arterial blood. In order that the brain may be exhilarated, and perchance that its spirit may take in ethereal and, as it were, celestial elements by this way. The aliments, which smell sensate, more than taste, are the purer citing. Of the blood. But because aliments and elements of both kinds [that is of smell and of taste] contribute to the nutrition and refreshment of the blood, hence there is 80 great an affinity between them; each sense fully instructs the soul, as may appear in brutes. The lungs sensate at the same time, wherefore animals draw the animations of their respiration deeply. The use of these things, which the sense of smell offers, is the circle; the use is for the soul, for the spirit, for the blood, and from the blood it returns into the spirit; thus all things are clarified and exalted into gladness. The first movement of this sensation is the reception of those things which touch; the second, thence arising, is sensation; the third, flowing forth from sensation, is affection; the fourth, is change of state; the fifth, is the effect.
Breath right through.
When you take a breath, oxygen is
In the process of using the oxygen,
moved in through the nose and into
the body’s cells create carbon dioxide,
the trachea, or windpipe. The trachea
which the body cannot use. The carbon
splits into two tubes, or bronchi,
dioxide is moved by the blood inside
which connect to the lungs, then
the veins back to the lungs, where it
branches out into smaller bronchioles.
is exchanged in the alveoli. When you
As the lungs expand and take in air,
exhale, the carbon dioxide is moved
the diaphragm -- a muscle beneath the
from the lungs, up through the trachea
ribs -- contracts, reducing pressure in
and out of the nose and mouth.
the chest cavity and creating suction. Once inside the lungs, oxygen travels from the bronchioles to millions of tiny capsules, or sacs, called alveoli. Inside the alveoli, oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide. The new oxygen is transported by red blood cells in the arteries throughout the body, where tissues use the oxygen for energy.
SENSING SURVIVAL
S U G G ES T
P ERCEIVE
COLOG NE
P ERFU ME
NEATEN
G ROOM
WIND
NOS E
S MELLING
S MELL
OD OU RIS E
OD ORIZE
82
PASSAGEWAYS « The path of air The breathing process begins when you breathe in air through
When you breathe, you inhale air and pass it through your
your nose, and into your lungs. When this happens your lungs
nasal passages where the air is filtered, heated, moistened
expand and cause the muscle called the diaphragm to contract
and enters the back of the throat. The esophagus (food tube)
and go down. When this causes pressure to build up in your
is located at the back of the throat and the trachea (windpipe)
chest and the oxygen that you breathe in passes through the
for air is located at the front of the throat. When you eat,
lungs and into the arteries and the red blood cells carry the
a tiny flap called the “epiglottis” closes down to cover the
oxygen all over your body. The tissue in your body uses the
windpipe so food won’t go down the wrong pipe. Air flows
oxygen for heat and energy and then burns it like a fuel. After
down through the windpipe, past the vocal cords (voice box),
the tissue uses the fuel it then turns into carbon dioxide and is
to where the lowest ribs meet the center of your chest. This
carried back to the lungs by the veins. When the carbon dioxide
is where your windpipe divides into two tubes which lead to
reaches the lungs and the lungs are as full of air as they can
each of the two lungs that fill most of your ribcage. Each lung
hold you begin to exhale or breathe out. The carbon dioxide is
feels just like a sponge. Inside each of your sponge-like lungs,
blown back out of the lungs through the nose and mouth.
there are tubes called bronchi which branch into even smaller
You have to breathe because all of the cells in your body require
tubes just like the branches of a tree. At the end of these
oxygen. Without oxygen, your body wouldn’t move. It would be like a parked car without no battery. The car might have gas, but without a battery, forget it. So you might have blood in your body, but without oxygen, forget it. You receive oxygen from
83
tubes are millions of itty bitty bubbles or sacs called alveoli. If you were to spread out flat all of the air sacs in the lungs of an adult, the tissue would cover an area about the third of the size of a tennis court.
breathing in air and then the oxygen goes to your blood which is then circulated throughout your entire body. Outside of your body, the air pressure is greater and you suck in air when you inhale. The air then expands your lungs like two balloons being blown up. When your diaphragm relaxes, it moves up and the cavity inside your body gets smaller. Your muscles will then squeeze your rib cage and your lungs begin to collapse as the air is pushed up and out your body when you exhale. About 18 20 times a minute, you breathe in. When a doctor puts hisor her hand on your shoulder or back and looks at the clock, they are keeping track of how many times you breathe within one minute. This is how one of your vital signs is measured.
The Sense of Smell
S U G G ES T
P ERCEIVE
COLOG NE
P ERFU ME
NEATEN
G ROOM
WIND
NOS E
S MELLING
S MELL
OD OU RIS E
OD ORIZE
S U S P IRE
RES P IRE
S MOK E
S NIFFLE
B REATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
S NIFF
COMP REHEND
REEK
EVOK E
S ENS E
THE PROCESS OF BREATHING
SME How the sense of smell penetrates the common sensory. It takes place especially through the fibers of the olfactory nerves. Wherefore those fibers tend by the armillary processes 84
through the pores of the cribriform plate even to those little organs. Those fibers are therefore multiplied and are thin; for the thinner they are the more suitable they are for the sense; furthermore, they are almost fluid, according to the description, —all these things being arguments of exquisite sensation. These fibers are annexed to all the fibers of the medulla of the brain; for they arise between the corpora striate and the thalami of the optic nerves.
SENSING SURVIVAL
THE AFFECT OF A SCENT How this nasal sense very greatly exercises the brain, and restores the body, sometimes in an instant. This may appear from certain medicines, which with stupendous swiftness induce changes; [such a medicine] relieves headaches, removes pains, heals deafness itself, and blindness arising from causes in the brain. This is because the nose is the very ultimate centre of the skull. Of the brain, of its meanings. Of the fibers, of the cortex, of the convolutions, in order that from that focus it may
its parts; and indeed extends to beginnings and arises from beginnings, therefore it is not a palliative cure.
85
The first movement, or reception, is of the body or of the nostrils, which admit the air fecund with effluvia. The second, or sensation, is of the soul herself; for she sensate the minutest division of touch. The third, or affection, is of our mind and at the same time of the soul; for the mind does not receive the minutest divisions, but only the affection thence redounding, and its varieties; thence it is evident how obscure our sensation is, for one affection consists of infinite things; wherefore it is evident how fallacious it is. The fourth, or change of state, is of the mind and at the same time of the organ or sensory; appetite indeed intercedes and a certain affection of the animus. The fifth, or the effect, is of the organ itself and at the same time of the whole body to which application is made. and to which use it yields; for all things in the whole body dispose themselves for receiving, and for serving the common use. Not only is the organ itself changed as to its state according to causes of appetite, but also all those things are changed which conspire, as the trachea and the lungs. The veins themselves, which draw in aerial aliment, take upon themselves similar states; they. Open or close, thus they seek or turn away from a thing; in the same manner as the brain so does the fiber, for a like affection returns into the fiber. A similar change of state sometimes occupies the cuticles, which excite a similar cause and snatch up atmospheric foods.
The Sense of Smell
CO L O GNE
PE R FUME
NE AT E N
GR O O M
W I ND
NO S E
S ME L L I NG
and modification, which traverse the whole superior region and
S ME L L
From both is brought about the effect of contraction. Expansion
O DO R I ZE
but double; smell is conjoined with a subtle sensation of touch.
O DO UR I S E
run through every part. For the sense of smell is not simple,
Nose, the prominent structure between the eyes that serves as the entrance to the respiratory tract and contains the olfactory organ. It provides air for respiration, serves the sense of smell, conditions the air by filtering, warming, and moistening it, and cleans itself of foreign debris extracted from inhalations. The nose has two cavities, separated from one another by a wall of cartilage called the septum. The external openings are known as nares or nostrils. The roof of the mouth and the floor of the nose are formed by the palatine bone, the mouth part of which is commonly called the hard palate; a flap of 86
tissue, the soft palate, extends back into the nasopharynx, the nasal portion of the throat, and during swallowing is pressed upward, thus closing off the nasopharynx so that food is not lodged in the back of the nose. The shape of the nasal cavity is complex. The forward section, within and above each nostril, is called the vestibule. Behind the vestibule and along each outer wall are three elevations, running generally from front to rear. Each elevation, called a nasal concha or turbinate, hangs over an air passage. Beside and above the uppermost concha is the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. The rest of the cavity is the respiratory portion. The respiratory area is lined with a moist mucous membrane with fine hairlike projections known as cilia, which serve to collect debris. Mucus from cells in the membrane wall also helps to trap particles of dust, carbon, soot, and bacteria. Sinus cavities are located in the bony skull on both sides of the nose. In the olfactory (smelling) portion of the nose, most of the lining is mucous membrane. A small segment of the lining contains the nerve cells that are the actual sensory organs. Fibres, called dendrites, which project from the nerve cells into the nasal cavity, are covered only by a thin layer of moisture. The moisture dissolves microscopic particles that the air has carried into the nose from odour-emitting substances, and the particles dissolved in the fluid stimulate the olfactory nerve cells chemically.
SENSING SURVIVAL
WHIFF
S NIFF
COMP REHEND
S ENS E
REEK
EVOK E
S U G G ES T
P ERCEIVE
COLOG NE
P ERFU ME
NEATEN
G ROOM
WIND
NOS E
S MELLING
S MELL
OD ORIZE
OD OU RIS E
ANATOMY OF THE NOSE
NOS 87
They present their broad end to the surface,
evidently act upon the terminal apparatus
but become attenuated when traced inwards
of the olfactory nerve, are not, however,
towards the underlying network. Between
directly received by the nerve-fibers, but by
them we find long rod-like filaments which in
the olfactory cells, the fibers themselves very
their lower part swell out into a nut-shaped
probably not being excited in the slightest
expansion, and then are prolonged into a fine
degree by the greater number of odorous
fiber towards the interior. Now, as this fiber
substances, certainly not by those in the
has a great resemblance to the finest nerve-
gaseous form. We remember that neither are
fibers, and loses itself near the terminations
the optic nerve-fibers affected by the waves of
of the finest fibers of the olfactory nerve, it
sound and shall here find ourselves justified in
very probably has some connection with the
coming to a similar conclusion.
olfactory nerve. There formations have been termed by the olfactory cells. Very small fine fairs have been observed upon the ends of the small rods in some animals, when the specimens have been perfectly fresh. The odorous substances, which, together with the air inhaled, are brought into contact with the olfactory mucous membrane, and thus
The Sense of Smell
ETHERAL
CAMPHORIC
PEPPERMINTY
LAUNDRY DETERGENT
MOTHBALLS
TOOTHPASTE
FLORAL
PUNGENT
PUTRID
MUSKY
FLOWERS
VINEGAR
ROTTEN EGGS
PERFUME
88
THE SEVEN PRIMARY ODORS There are 7 primary odors that have their own receptor sites. The primary 7 odors, according to the theory, are camphor, musk, floral, peppermint, ether, pungent and putrid. These 7 primary odours were proposed to have different shaped receptors corresponding to the shape of the molecules. Another theory suggests that the olfactory molecule diffuse across the surface of the receptor cell that creates an ion pore.
SENSING SURVIVAL
THE EXPERIENCE OF TASTE IS: 75% SMELL
b.
25% TASTE
NUMBER OF OLFACTORY RECEPTOR CELLS: DOG 1 BILLION
RABBIT 100 MILLION
HUMAN 40 MILLION
STATI
a.
89
a. A nose that’s in less than tip-top
b. The olfactory system is often
c. Dogs can distinguish non-identical
condition can affect taste buds too.
described as the most “primitive”
twins by smell, but not identical ones.
Researchers say 70-80 percent of the
sensory system because of its early
Dogs have 1 million smell cells per
flavors we taste come from what we
phylogenetic development and its
nostril and their smell cells are 100
smell, which is why foods become
connections to older, subconscious
times larger than humans.
flavorless when we’re plugged up.
portions of the brain. From the olfactory bulbs, odor messages go to several brain structures that make up the “olfactory cortex,” an area that evolved before the cortical areas that give us consciousness. Thus, odor messages go to primitive brain areas where they influence emotions and memories, and to “higher” areas where they modify conscious thought.
The Sense of Smell
90
In all the other sensory organs we have been
first place belongs to all those substances
able to divide the sensations into distinct kinds.
which are formed during the decomposition
But in the organ of smell these sensations are
of animal matter. It is due to a remarkable
so numerous, that it is almost impossible to
harmony in our organization that nearly
classify them. As a general rule we call those
all substances with a bad smell have an
odors which are pleasant to us, agreeable
injurious effect upon the body. The gases
consideration a general excitement of
smells, and those which are bad smells. Smells
with a bad smell, such as sulphuretted
the entire nasal mucous membrane,
are particularly characteristic of some kinds
hydrogen and others, are indeed, powerful
of ethers and essential oils which are found
poisons, which in large quantities have a
in many plants, and are, therefore, used in
fatal effect. Meat, also, which is in a state
the preparation of such essences as cologne.
of decomposition, is repugnant not only to
Each of these pleasant smelling substances,
our smell, but to our taste, and, if eaten,
moreover, possesses a perfectly distinct smell.
may be the cause of dangerous illness.
When strongly concentrated they sometimes
The organ of smell is a very important
become pungent or overpowering.
protection to the entire organism, and
In direct opposition to these substances are those which have a bad smell, to which some gases and vapors of simple composition belong. Some of the representatives of this group are sulphuretted hydrogen, phosphuretted hydrogen, arseniuretted hydrogen, bisulphide of carbon, and number of volatile hydrocarbons. A great number of compound organic bodies also possess a distinct bad smell. In this group the
SENSING SURVIVAL
prevents the entrance of many injurious bodies. It is not every injurious substance, however, that is betrayed by the sense of smell, as, for instance, carbon protoxide, a pernicious gas without smell.
Many injurious substances cannot be said to have a bad smell, but still, when present in large quantities, their odor is unpleasant, as, for instance, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and ammonia. But, besides the influence exerted upon the sense of smell, we have to take into
which is richly provided with delicate nerve-fibers of the trifacial nerve. For instance, the sharp stinging sensation caused by ammonia, is not due to an excitement of the olfactory nerve.
OD ORIZE
S U S P IRE
RES P IRE
S MOK E
S NIFFLE
B REATHE
INHA LE
WHIFF
S NIFF
COMP REHEND
S ENS E
REEK
EVOK E
S U G G ES T
P ERCEIVE
COLOG NE
P ERFU ME
NEATEN
G ROOM
WIND
NOS E
S MELLING
OD OU RIS E
S MELL
AROMA ÂŤ Development of a scent
91
The Sense of Smell
S NIFF
COMP REHEND
S ENS E
REEK
EVOK E
S U G G ES T
P ERCEIVE
COLOG NE
P ERFU ME
NEATEN
G ROOM
WIND
NOS E
S MELLING
S MELL
OD OU RIS E
TRY
HAVE
TAKE IN
INDENTIFY
COMPREHEND
EAT
With the aid of the skin, we could learn
INGEST
ATE
EATEN
EXPEND
DEPLETE
BASK
92
RELISH
SAVOUR
PERCEIVE
SAMPLE
DEVOUR
EXHAUST
NIBBLE
BITE
CHOMP
SAVOR
CONSUME
EATING
TASTE SENSING SURVIVAL
much more about the nature of objects than just their form alone.
mouth in vertebrates.
part or organ of the body.
A fold or ridge of tissue that supports or checks the motion of the part to which
U VULA
A small rounded protuberance on a
FRENUM
the cavities of the nose and the
PAPILLAE
PALATE
The roof of the mouth, separating
Fleshy extension at the back of the soft palate that hangs above the
it is attached, in particular a fold of skin
throat. A similar fleshy hanging
beneath the tongue, or between the lip
structure in any organ of the body, particularly one at the opening of the
93
The Sense of
TASTE Surviving with Taste
SAMPLE
DEVOUR
EXHAUST
NIBBLE
BITE
CHOMP
SAVOR
CONSUME
EATING
TRY
HAVE
TAKE IN
INDENTIFY
COMPREHEND
EAT
INGEST
ATE
EXPEND
DEPLETE
The tongue possesses both the sense of taste and the sense of touch; thus there is a further dimension, which is the affection of touch.
On this account the result of the experiments upon the
Although the sense of taste is most necessary to the
observed by other careful experimenters that all sensation is
enjoyment and welfare of man, science as yet knows but little
wanting when an substance is applied with a pencil upon an
of its nature with certainty. Even the extent of its diffusion
isolated point, and every movement of the root of the tongue
in the cavity of the mouth has not yet been satisfactorily
is carefully avoided. It is possible that this may be caused
determined. It is, indeed, certain, that the tongue is the
by individual peculiarities, and that the sensitiveness is more
principal seat of the organ of taste, and that the sensation of
strongly developed in some persons than in others. It seems,
taste is most intense at the back or root of the tongue. The
in short, only a confirmation of the old saying, ‘There is no
tip of the tongue also possesses a sense of taste, which every
accounting for taste.
delicacy of the power of taste possessed by the palate is still mere doubtful, although it is commonly considered to have an extremely delicate sensation of taste. Many observers assert that the whole of the soft palate and the pillars of the faucets possess a sensation of taste. Many observers assert that the whole of the soft palate and the pillars of the faucets possess a sensation of taste, and yet it has been
one must know from experience. The opinions of the different experiments are greatly at variance as to the properties of the remaining portions of the surface of the tongue. According to the greater number, the under surface of the tongue possesses no power of taste, or a very dull one, though in most cases the edges of the tongue possess this power. Observations are, however, very difficult to make, and uncertain in their result, because substances placed upon a certain spot of the tongue, will not readily remain isolate, but spread very rapidly, and since the slightest trace is sufficient to be recognized, we are exceedingly liable to deception. The organ is affected according to the state of each brain. If the brain is sick; if its animus is affected. If the mind persuades itself that this would be suitable for blood, it therefore appetizes it and loves that which hurts. Hence is the appetite for unsuitable things, for medicines, for pains themselves; for the mind has respect to the health of the body and the restitution of the blood; thence it is evident that a similar harmony occurs when nature indicates foods suitable for the body.
The taste of victory.
chemical properties is shown by the acids and alkalis. There are certain compounds in chemistry, which are distinguished by a sour taste, and are therefore termed acids. They have also the property of altering certain coloring matters. In opposition to these acids stand bases, and the soluble bases, or alkalis, which are caustic like the acids, and turn reddened litmus blue again. In the combination of acids and bases to form salts, both lose their characteristic peculiarities, and even their peculiar taste, and then have a different one, either a saline taste, as in chloride of sodium, or a bitter taste, as in sulphate
96
of magnesia, or even a sweet one, as in acetate of lead.
ZOOM-IN ÂŤ Microscopic investigation The anatomical and microscopic investigations of the organ of taste afford a much safer standpoint. The entire surface of the tongue is covered with little elevations called gustative papillae, which are invisible to the naked eye. Some of them terminated in a bundle of fibers, and others are broad and bushy on their surface. At the root of the tongue a semicircle is formed by a larger papillae, each of which is surrounded by a circular mound. Small depression have been observed surrounding these circumvallated papillae. The papillae stand in the depressions formed by the mounds, and are filled internally with oblong cells, which are connected by prolongations with nerve-fibers. Similar organs have been observed upon the other papillae of the mucous membrane of the tongue, and it is probable that in them we must look for the true instruments of taste.
SENSING SURVIVAL
D EVOU R
S A MP LE
P ERCEIVE
S AVOU R
RELIS H
BASK
D EP LETE
EXP END
EATEN
AT E
ING ES T
E AT
COMP REHEND
IND ENTIFY
TA K E IN
HAVE
TRY
A better agreement between taste and
It is not so easy to decide whether there be a special nerve of
The sweet taste is the opposite to the bitter and sour taste, in
taste as was the case with the other senses. There is certainly
as much as we were able to mitigate the unpleasantness of the
a nerve, the glosso-pharyngeal nerve, which must, without
two latter by the former, when for instance, we mix sugar with
doubt, be regarded as the most important nerve of taste, but its
food which has a bitter or sour taste. Since we thus, as it were,
gustative fibers are connected with innumerable motor nerves
correct the taste without allowing the sugar to react chemically
of the lower part of the head, whilst the optic, auditory, and
upon the bitter and sour substances, it seems to us that some
olfactory nerves are entirely free from any foreign admixture.
kind of interference with the sensations must take place for
When this nerve has been severed it has been observed that
which we can find no explanation. It is also possible for the
animals after this operation will devour food, even when mixed
sweet taste to be combined with the sour and bitter tastes, and
with the bitterest substances, which an animal in a normal
produce a pleasant one. But it is well known, on the other hand,
condition would refuse to touch. Besides the nerve named
that a saline taste is not mitigated by the addition of sugar, and
above, another sensory nerve is found in the tongue, the
that they never combine so as to produce a pleasant sensation.
97
lingual nerve, which provides it with the sense of touch and with sensitiveness. It is still uncertain whether it possesses gustative fibers, besides the ordinary sensory fibers. At any rate, it can certainly be excited by sapid substances, when they are of a sharp caustic nature, such as strong acids, alkali, strong roots, etc. One of the qualities of the sensation of taste is, that sweet and bitter substances seem to produce a distinct sensory impression, apart from any other irritation of the sensory nerves. No concentration, however strong, of these sensations will ever amount to the pain, whilst a sour taste will produce a contractive and painfully burning feeling. They stand in direct opposition to each other, for the sweet taste appears to us the pleasant, and the bitter taste the unpleasant sensory impression. It is the sweetness of the milk which has such a charm for the infant, and which, when it is hungry, conduces to its reception of nourishment. The bitter and sour taste which we allow to a certain extent in our food, would be distinctly refused, by the much more sensitive gustatory organs of the infant, as an unpleasant sensation.
The Sense of Taste
D EVOU R
S A MP LE
P ERCEIVE
S AVOU R
RELIS H
BASK
D EP LETE
EXP END
EATEN
AT E
ING ES T
E AT
COMP REHEND
IND ENTIFY
TA K E IN
HAVE
TRY
EATING
CONS U ME
S AVOR
CHOMP
NIB B LE
EXHAU S T
B ITE
THE QUALITIES OF TASTE
The contrast between these sweet and bitter
explanation of the fact, for many substances
tastes is shown by the following phenomena.
of an entirely different composition, have the
After having tasted any bitter or saline
same taste. Besides sugar, which is composed
substance, pure water, if taken immediately
of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, acetate of
afterwards, will appear to be sweet; and
lead has a sweet taste also. Again, many
sometimes a sour taste will remain in the
substances have a bitter taste, such a quinine,
mouth even after we have eaten a large
sulphate of magnesia, and others, which differ
amount of sugar. We cannot help thinking
entirely in their composition, and have nothing
of the great similarity between these
in common in their chemical characteristics.
phenomena and that of the contrast of colors, but we have as yet no stand-point upon 98
which to follow out such as a comparison. We ought first to enquire what is the cause of the difference in the sensations produced by different gustative irritations, but unfortunately no positive information can be given upon this point. We might, indeed, very well assume the existence of several kinds of nerves with different terminal organs, one producing a sweet, another a bitter, and a third a sour taste. But science has not yet been able to give sufficient information upon this question by any experiments or observations. Still less are we able to say why one substance should taste sweet, and another bitter. At least the chemical composition of substances can give no explanation of the fact, for many substances can give no
SENSING SURVIVAL
A better agreement between taste and chemical properties is shown by the acids and alkalis. There are certain compounds in chemistry, which are distinguished by a sour taste, and are therefore termed acids. They have also the property of altering certain coloring matters.
S AVOR
CHOMP
B ITE
NIB B LE
EXHAU S T
D EVOU R
S A MP LE
P ERCEIVE
S AVOU R
RELIS H
BASK
D EP LETE
EXP END
EATEN
AT E
ING ES T
E AT
COMP REHEND
IND ENTIFY
TA K E IN
TRY
HAVE
FLAVORS OF LIFE
TAST
99
THE TASTE BUDS Taste buds contain the receptors for taste. They are located around the small structures on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus and epiglottis, which are called papillae. These structures are involved in detecting the five (known) elements of taste perception: salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami. Via small openings in the tongue epithelium, called taste pores, parts of the food dissolved in saliva come into contact with taste receptors. These are located on top of the taste receptor cells that constitute the taste buds. The taste receptor cells send information detected by clusters of various receptors and ion channels to the gustatory areas of the brain via the seventh, ninth and tenth cranial nerves.
The Sense of Taste
100
SENSING SURVIVAL
TASTE IS THE WEAKEST SENSE.
D EVOU R
S A MP LE
P ERCEIVE
S AVOU R
RELIS H
BASK
D EP LETE
EXP END
EATEN
AT E
ING ES T
E AT
COMP REHEND
IND ENTIFY
TA K E IN
HAVE
TRY
PALATE ÂŤ A peculiar sensation Wherefore the uses are: That the sense may perceive what lies hidden in the foods which are taken, whether they are suitable for the blood, whether they ought to be turned into chyle, whether they ought to be committed to the stomach, and the chyle and blood-making viscera; wherefore, that it may perceive what will serve the corporeal life, and be homogeneous with it; wherefore, the tongue is prefixed to the abdominal viscera, and that sense is for the nutrition of the corporeal life. That
Now as to the first use, that the senses may perceive what lies hidden in the foods, which are taken, whether they are suitable for the chyle, the blood and the viscera, or whether those things are homogeneous which touch this barrier and gate, these things are to be
sense may affect the animus and the body itself, and thus excite the appetite, and continue the desire
observed. Wherefore, we must consider
for food, or even that it may affect in a contrary manner, that it may reject things taken, and may
the objects of taste themselves, and the
extinguish the appetite; wherefore, that it may desire a thing if it be good, may turn aside and reject it if it be evil; whether a thing be truly good or truly evil for the body, is not given man to know by nature, but by art, although there are indications in the appetite itself for what is taken, which precede in man;
media and aids. The tongue possesses both the sense of taste and the sense of touch; thus there is a further dimension, which is the affection of touch.
it is otherwise in brutes. The sensation of taste is only an affection, for we do not feel how [an article of food] pricks, hurts, how many are the spicules, what things are flat, what spherical, how they are joined; for to sensate that, is sensation itself; but only how the organ is affected, pleasantly or unpleasantly, sweetly or bitterly, hot or cold; for it is every little sensory which does the carrying to the common sensory, that is, to the cortical substance. This is the reason why the ideas of the modes of taste and smell cannot be impressed upon the memory in the same manner as can the modes of sight and hearing, wherefore neither can they be similarly reproduced.
The Sense of Taste
D EVOU R
S A MP LE
P ERCEIVE
S AVOU R
RELIS H
BASK
D EP LETE
EXP END
EATEN
AT E
ING ES T
E AT
COMP REHEND
IND ENTIFY
TA K E IN
HAVE
TRY
EATING
CONS U ME
S AVOR
CHOMP
NIB B LE
EXHAU S T
B ITE
101
The tongue is able to move in nearly every direction, expand, compress and display a fine degree of articulation. Such muscular control allows us to manipulate our food and speak. The organ’s ability to transform into a variety of shapes comes from its composition of skeletal muscle interspersed with fat. The tongue and its muscles are laterally symmetrical: a median septum divides the organ into two halves. The tongue is made up of two types of muscles: extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic muscles originate from elsewhere in the body and attach to the tongue. They connect with surrounding bones and help the organ move up and down, from side to side and in and out. The tongue’s extrinsic muscles all end in “glossus,” which, unsurprisingly, means “tongue.” The genioglossus depresses the tongue and thrusts it out. The styloglossus raises and 102
withdraws the tongue. The palatoglossus raises its back. And, the hyoglossus lowers the tongue’s sides. Despite the tongue’s fine degree of articulation, the extrinsic muscles also keep it firmly lashed in place. The muscles connect to the mandible, or jawbone, the hyoid bone, a U-shaped structure that supports the tongue, and the styloid processes of the temporal lobes. The styloid processes suspend the hyoid bone with muscles and ligaments, making it the only bone that doesn’t come into contact with another. Unlike extrinsic muscles, intrinsic muscles originate within the tongue. They allow it to expand and contract, altering its shape and size. The tongue’s intrinsic muscles, which include the longitudinalis superior, longitudinalis inferior, transversus linguae and verticalis linguae, are especially important for speech and deglutition, or swallowing food. Mucous membrane covers the tongue’s mass of muscles and fat. The double-layered membrane helps block microbes and pathogens from entering the digestive system and other body cavities that come into contact with the outside. The epithelial layer of the mucous membrane secretes mucus that helps moisten the mouth and food.
SENSING SURVIVAL
CONS U ME
S AVOR
CHOMP
B ITE
NIB B LE
EXHAU S T
D EVOU R
S A MP LE
P ERCEIVE
S AVOU R
RELIS H
BASK
D EP LETE
EXP END
EATEN
AT E
ING ES T
E AT
COMP REHEND
IND ENTIFY
HAVE
TRY
TA K E IN
ANATOMY OF THE TONGUE
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth.
The four common tastes are sweet, sour, bitter,
The tongue is covered with moist, pink tissue
and salty. A fifth taste, called umami, results
called mucosa. Tiny bumps called papillae give
from tasting glutamate (present in MSG). The
the tongue its rough texture. Thousands of taste
tongue has many nerves that help detect and
buds cover the surfaces of the papillae. Taste
transmit taste signals to the brain. Because of
buds are collections of nerve-like cells that
this, all parts of the tongue can detect these
connect to nerves running into the brain.
four common tastes; the commonly described
The tongue is anchored to the mouth by webs
103
“taste map� of the tongue doesn’t really exist.
of tough tissue and mucosa. The tether holding down the front of the tongue is called the frenum. In the back of the mouth, the tongue is anchored into the hyoid bone. The tongue is vital for chewing and swallowing food, as well as for speech.
The Sense of Taste
FLAVO
a. Approximate number of taste buds
10,000 taste buds
b. Approximate height of taste bud
5-100 microns
a. The four basic tastes
Sweet, salty, sour, bitter
104
a. Taste buds contain the receptors for
b. A micrometre is one-millionth of
c. Girls have a better sense of taste
taste. They are located around the small
a metre (1/1000 of a millimetre, or
than boys. Every third child of school
structures on the upper surface of the
0.001mm). Its unit symbol in the
age prefers soft drinks which are not
tongue, soft palate, which are called
International System of Units (SI).
sweet. Children and young people love
papillae. hese structures are involved
The use of the term micron also helps
fish and do not think of themselves as
in detecting the five elements of taste
differentiate the unit from measuring
being fussy eaters. Boys have a sweeter
perception: salty, sour, bitter, and sweet.
device of the same name.
tooth than girls. Teenagers taste
Small openings in the tongue epithelium,
differently. And finally, schoolchildren
called taste pores, parts of the food
in northern Denmark have the best
dissolved in saliva come into contact
taste buds.
with taste receptors.
SENSING SURVIVAL
c. Girls have more taste buds than boys
It takes 24 hours for taste buds to cleanse themselves after being exposed to these substances.
SMOKING ALCOHOL CAFFEINE SPICY HOT FOODS ONION GARLIC
105
Your Buds Taste buds can be dulled or even damaged if they are irritated by extreme heat or cold, infections, a dry mouth, smoking, spicy foods, extremely sour foods, and some medications. Some people are sensitive to a particular food, such as walnuts, which may cause soreness in their mouth. Cigarette smoking not only causes cancer and cardiovascular disease, it also dulls taste, making food less palatable, a new study suggests.
The Sense of Taste
INDEX
A
F
AIR 20, 40, 56, 68, 78, 82
FEEL 12, 36, 38, 40, 42, 96
PLEASURE 72
TOUCH 12, 36-42
ANATOMY 20, 68, 86, 102
FLAVOR 88, 98, 104
PUPIL 16, 30, 36
TUNING 56
B
FOCUS 18, 36, 52, 54, 68, 84
Q
V
QUALITIES 36, 96
VIBRATION 52-76
QUALITY 12, 54, 68
VISION 16-34
R
VISUAL 15, 18, 36
BLIND 24, 28, 38, 44
BORN 44
BOUNCE 60
BRAIN 12, 16, 28, 38, 54, 80
FORK 52
FRENUM 92, 102
FREQUENCY 62, 64, 70
RECEPTION 72, 80, 84, 86
W
REFLECTION 60
WAVE 12, 30, 60, 68. 80
I
BREATH 78, 80, 82, 86 INCUS 52, 68, 72
RETINA 16-30
BUDS 88, 98, 102, 104 INTERACTION 44, 50
C
REVERSE 24 INTERPRETATION 76
CARTILAGE 68, 78 IRIS 16, 20, 24 CLICKS 62
COCHLEA 52, 72
S SCENT 78, 80, 84
N
SEE 16, 18, 28
NERVE 12, 18, 28, 48. 50 COLOR 16, 18, 28, 50, 98
SENSE 10-104 NOISE 55, 58, 70
COMMUNICATION 40, 72, 74
SENSITIVE 16, 94 NOSE 78, 82, 84, 86
CUTICLE 36, 40, 42
D DECIBELS 58, 70
SENSORY 12, 38, 42, 68 NOSTRIL 82, 84, 86
O ORGANS 12, 40, 54, 80
DERMIS 36, 40, 42 ORIGIN 38, 56 DIRECTION 32, 66, 74
E EAR 52, 54, 58, 62
EARWAX 52
EFFECTS 40, 50
EXPERIENCE 48, 62
SIGHT 16-36
SKIN 34, 36, 38, 52
SMELL 12, 78, 80-100
P
SOUND 12, 52-76
PALATE 40, 82, 90
SURVIVING 18, 38, 54, 80
PAPILLA 36, 40
T TASTE 94, 98
PAPILLAE 32, 36, 40 TONE 56, 74, 82 PERCEPTION 13, 28, 32, 54 TONGUE 12, 82, 94, 96 PINNA 54, 52, 72
GROK
SAVVY
REFER
HINT
OBEY
INTERPRET
HEAR
ALLUDE
ADVERT
SUGGEST
STIR
MANAGE
MOVE
STRIKE
E
LIZE
E
STAND
NE
IVE
DEAL
MODIFY
AGE
HANDLE
VER
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
ALTER
CARE
RIVET
IMPACT
SS
CT
CENTER
CONTACT
OBEY
HEED
PORE
FOCUS
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
ION
COMPREHEND
MEET
SNIFF
EHEND
PERCEIVE
ADJOIN
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
VER
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
ENVISAGE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
VERIFY
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
TAKE IN
NOSE
SEEING
HAVE
SMELLING
SEE
TRY
SMELL
California on May 6th, 2011.
COMPASS
GRASP
COME TO
VE
HEARING
CONCERN
DIG
Flama Book and is set at 5pt with 8pt leading.
RELATE
with 11pt leading. The mouse type of this book uses
APPREHEND
The main body copy uses Flama Book and is set at 7pt
AFFECT
The typeface for the title of the book is Flama Light.
ING
G
FEEL
This book was printed and bound in San Francisco, DEAL
CARE
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
SMELL
OBEY
HEED
PORE
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
PERCEIVE
HEAR
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
HEARING
DIG
APPREHEND
SAVVY
GROK
OBEY
TRY
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
ENVISAGE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
VERIFY
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
DEAL
CARE
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
SMELL
GROK
OBEY
HEED
PORE
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
SMOKE
CONCENTRATE SNIFFLE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
PERCEIVE
HEAR
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
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DIG
APPREHEND
SAVVY
GROK
OBEY
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
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ATE
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ENV
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IVE
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CONCENTRATE SMOKE
MEET
COMPREHEND
OBEY
RIVET
SMELLING
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
ION
CENTER
ADJOIN
INHALE
EHEND
FOCUS
STRIKE
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
VER
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
CONCERN
HEARING
PERTAIN
VE
DIG
AFFECT
GRASP
APPREHEND
HINT
RELATE
SAVVY
REFER
GROK
ING
G
FEEL
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
ENVISAGE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
MODIFY
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
OBEY
HEED
PORE
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
PERCEIVE
HEAR
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
HEARING
DIG
APPREHEND
SAVVY
GROK
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
VERIFY
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
MODIFY
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
GRASP
OBEY
HEED
PORE
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
SMOKE
CONCENTRATE SNIFFLE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
PERCEIVE
HEAR
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
HEARING
DIG
APPREHEND
SAVVY
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
DIS
PRO
CHE
VER
WIT
ENV
COM
DIS
FIN
PER
IMA
UND
REA
VIS
NOT
OBS
WAT
WAT
SIG
VIE
SEE
SEE
INTERPRET
HEAR
ALLUDE
ADVERT
SUGGEST
STIR
MANAGE
MOVE
STRIKE
E
LIZE
E
STAND
NE
IVE
DEAL
MODIFY
AGE
HANDLE
VER
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
ALTER
CARE
RIVET
IMPACT
SS
CT
CENTER
CONTACT
OBEY
HEED
PORE
FOCUS
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
ION
COMPREHEND
MEET
SNIFF
EHEND
PERCEIVE
ADJOIN
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
VER
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
COME TO
VE
DIG
RELATE
HEARING
APPREHEND
AFFECT
CONCERN
SAVVY
HINT
SMELLING
SMELL
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
ENVISAGE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
VERIFY
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
DEAL
CARE
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
SMELL
OBEY
HEED
PORE
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
PERCEIVE
HEAR
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
HEARING
DIG
APPREHEND
SAVVY
GROK
OBEY
TRY
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
ENVISAGE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
VERIFY
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
DEAL
CARE
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
SMELL
OBEY
HEED
PORE
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
PERCEIVE
HEAR
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
HEAR
DIG
APPREHEND
SAVVY
GROK
OBEY
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
ENV
DIS
PRO
CHE
VER
WIT
ENV
COM
DIS
FIN
PER
IMA
UND
REA
VIS
NOT
OBS
WAT
WAT
SIG
VIE
SEE
SEE
VISIO TOUCH HEAR
GROK
REFER
OBEY
ING
G
FEEL
COME TO
E
INCLUDE
COMPASS
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
MODIFY
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
HEARING
DIG
APPREHEND
SAVVY
GROK
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
MODIFY
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
HEARING
DIG
APPREHEND
SAVVY
GROK
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
HEAR
PERCEIVE
SUGGEST
STIR
MANAGE
MOVE
STAND
NE
IVE
CARE
ALTER
VER
HEED
IMPACT
HANDLE
PORE
CONTACT
SS
CT
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
MEET
COMPREHEND
OBEY
RIVET
SMELLING
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
ION
CENTER
ADJOIN
INHALE
EHEND
FOCUS
STRIKE
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
VER
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
ADVERT
E
COVER
ALLUDE
LIZE
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
ENVISAGE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
OBEY
HEED
PORE
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
PERCEIVE
HEAR
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
VERIFY
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
OBEY
HEED
PORE
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
PERCEIVE
HEAR
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
TASTE SENSE
CONCERN
VE
HEARING
PERTAIN
GRASP
DIG
AFFECT
RELATE
APPREHEND
HINT
NOSE
SMELLING
SMELL
SAVVY
GROK
REFER
ING
G
FEEL
DIS
PRO
CHE
VER
WIT
ENV
COM
DIS
FIN
PER
IMA
UND
REA
VIS
NOT
OBS
WAT
WAT
SIG
VIE
SEE
SEE
CONTACT
IMPACT
ALTER
ENVISION
WITNESS
VERIFY
D
PERTAIN
WATCH
REFER
SEEING
AFFECT
FEEL
SEE
SIGHT
MODIFY
ENVISAGE
HINT
DEAL
DISCOVER
VIEW
CARE
PROJECT
HANDLE
MEET
ADJOIN
DISCOVER
COMPREHEND
STRIKE
STIR
UNDERSTAND
FIND
SUGGEST
REALIZE
MOVE
ADVERT
VISUALIZE
PERCEIVE
ALLUDE
NOTICE
MANAGE
COME TO
OBSERVE
IMAGINE
CONCERN
WATCHING
ATE CHECK
ND
ND
RELATE
SNIFFLE
BREATHE
INHALE
WHIFF
SNIFF
COMPREHEND
SENSE
REEK
EVOKE
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GROOM
HEARING
DIG
APPREHEND
SAVVY
GROK
OBEY
HEED
PORE
NEATEN
GROOM
WIND
NOSE
SMELLING
SMELL
SUSPIRE
RESPIRE
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
RIVET
CENTER
FOCUS
COMPREHEND
PERCEIVE
HEAR
INTERPRET
UNDERSTAND
LISTENING
COVER
INCLUDE
COMPASS
GRASP
HEARING
DIG
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
ENVISAGE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
VERIFY
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
AFFECT
HINT
REFER
FEEL
MODIFY
DEAL
CARE
HANDLE
ALTER
IMPACT
CONTACT
MEET
ADJOIN
STRIKE
MOVE
MANAGE
STIR
SUGGEST
ADVERT
ALLUDE
COME TO
CONCERN
RELATE
PERTAIN
EAT
GROOM
NEATEN
DIG
HEARING
INGEST
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
EATING
IDENTIFY
CHOMP
WIND
SNIFFLE
RIVET
BITE
APPREHEND
BREATHE
CENTER
NIBBLE
NOSE
INHALE
FOCUS
DEVOUR
SAVVY
WHIFF
COMPREHEND
SAMPLE
SMELLING
SNIFF
PERCEIVE
PERCEIVE
GROK
COMPREHEND
HEAR
SAVOR
SMELL
SENSE
INTERPRET
RELISH
OBEY
REEK
UNDERSTAND
BASK
SUSPIRE
EVOKE
LISTENING
DEPLETE
HEED
SUGGEST
COVER
EXPEND
CONSUME
PERCEIVE
INCLUDE
EATEN
RESPIRE
COLOGNE
COMPASS
ATE
PORE
PERFUME
GRASP
INGEST
SAVOR
NEATEN
HEARING
EAT
CONCENTRATE SMOKE
GROOM
DIG
The tools of life.
WATCH
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
ENVISAGE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
VERIFY
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH
REEK
SENSE
COMPREHEND
WHIFF
INHALE
SUSPIRE
SMELL
SMELLING
NOSE
WIND
GROOM
COVER
LISTENING
UNDERSTAND
INTERPRET
HEAR
PERCEIVE
COMPREHEND
FOCUS
CENTER
RIVET
CONCENTRATE SNIFFLE
RESPIRE
INCLUDE
PORE
HEED
OBEY
GROK
SAVVY
APPREHEND
DIG
HEARING
GRASP
COME TO
ALLUDE
ADVERT
SUGGEST
STIR
MANAGE
MOVE
STRIKE
ADJOIN
MEET
CONTACT
IMPACT
ALTER
HANDLE
DEAL
MODIFY
FEEL
REFER
HINT
AFFECT
CARE
EVOKE
COMPASS
CONCERN
NEATEN
SMOKE
BREATHE
SNIFF
SUGGEST
PERCEIVE
COLOGNE
PERFUME
NEATEN
GRASP
RELATE
GROOM
DIG
PERTAIN
SURVIVAL of the SENSES
EAT
IDENTIFY
TAKE IN
HAVE
TRY
EATING
CONSUME
SAVOR
CHOMP
BITE
NIBBLE
EXHAUST
DEVOUR
SAMPLE
PERCEIVE
SAVOR
RELISH
BASK
DEPLETE
EXPEND
EATEN
ATE
INGEST
EAT
WATCH
SIGHT
VIEW
SEEING
SEE
ENVISAGE
DISCOVER
PROJECT
CHECK
VERIFY
WITNESS
ENVISION
COMPREHEND
DISCOVER
FIND
PERCEIVE
IMAGINE
UNDERSTAND
REALIZE
VISUALIZE
NOTICE
OBSERVE
WATCHING
WATCH