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08 SUNDAY’S ZAMAN

SUNDAY, JUNE 15, 2008

NATIONAL

What went wrong after the July 22 elections? contýnued from page 1

But the preparations for a new constitution were put on the shelf and the EU process has been very slow. There are serious concerns in certain segments of society related to their lifestyles and questions over whether the AK Party will defend the rights of those who did not vote for it.

Dialogue between the AK Party and the main opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) was problematic from the beginning due to the opposition of the CHP to Abdullah Gül's candidacy for the presidency. The CHP did not name anyone for this position but hinted that it would prefer someone whose wife did not wear the headscarf, as Gül's did, and the efforts of the AK Party to communicate with the main opposition party failed. Since then there has been no dialogue between the two parties.

In addition, a segment of the mainstream media frequently published stories claiming that the lifestyle of the 'secularists' was in danger. The AK Party had difficulties assuaging the concerns of those segments of society.

But when it comes to what the AK Party did wrong and self-criticism within the party, there is a willingness for this, AK Party parliamentary group leader Nihat Ergün claims. But now, he says, is not the time for that.

"This is not the time to search for the AK Party's mistakes because there have been greater mistakes than those made by the AK Party," Erg ün explains. One day, of course, the AK Party will evaluate its own mistakes, but not today, Ergün says.

"The process that we are passing through is

not letting the AK Party take a self-critical approach and question itself about its own mistakes. First of all, Parliament's monopoly on the task of legislation has been removed. This is a very big issue. This subject is more important than anything. Even the biggest mistake of the AK Party is not equal to this mistake."

Professor Mehmet Altan claims that one of the main reasons for this political crisis is that the AK Party did not use its power for change and reform.

According to him, the power of the AK Party was significant enough to be able to undertake radical reforms that would have enabled Turkey to meet international standards, but this did not materialize.

"It promised a civil constitution, but did not do it. It promised to accelerate the EU process, but it slowed down the process. Instead of integrating into world politics, it turned toward local politics. It began to compete with the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) on nationalism. In short, it had the power for change, but it preferred to stay in the boundaries of the status quo established by Ankara," Altan says.

According to Altan, the breaking point for the AK Party started with an incident in Þemdinli from which it never recovered.

In Þemdinli, in the eastern province of Hakkari, on Nov. 9, 2005, two noncommissioned gendarmerie officers and a Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK) informant were caught red-handed as they set off a bomb at a bookstore that killed one person. The trial of the three suspects was transferred to Van for security reasons. Van Prosecutor

Ferhat Sarýkaya was disbarred by the Supreme Board of Prosecutors and Judges (HSYK) in April 2006 for exceeding his authority with the indictment in the case, which accused Gen. Yaþar Büyükanýt of involvement in the Þemdinli affair.

The AK Party did not support the prosecutor.

Although Altan regards the Þemdinli case as the turning point for the AK Party, intellectual and former politician Mehmet Bekaroðlu thinks the AK Party's problem was related to its ideological stance.

"The AK Party is actually a party that is against the totalitarian system, but it does not make the effort to change this system. It is not questioning this system, it is only questioning the persons within this system," Bekaroðlu says.

"The AK Party has the idea that if the system had been in the good hands, there would be justice. But whoever controls the system, because of the system itself, there would not be justice. This is the main problem of the AK Party; instead of changing the system, it tried to change the people in the system," he argues.

According to Bekaroðlu, the AK Party was thinking that it would seize the system and this would make the system automatically clean and fair. "This is where the fighting started; the holders of the system did not want to leave their positions," he says. "Instead of amending the status of the presidency and making this position fit in the parliamentary democracy, it thought that it would take this position and simply not do the unfair things done by the previous holders of this position. But this attitude led to fighting," Bekaroðlu explains.

Apart from ideological mistakes, the AK Party also made some tactical errors, according to Bekaroðlu. He says that it did not take steps for economical justice. Regarding the headscarf issue, he says, it chose the wrong time and the wrong partner. Bekaroðlu stresses that while the discussions on the new constitution were still ongoing, making amendments regarding the headscarf gave the perfect opportunity to opponents of the AK Party.

Bekaroðlu also said that because of its ideological and tactical mistakes the AK Party is getting lonelier day by day. "If the AK Party had been able to ensure the social justice, even the segments of the society that did not vote for it would have stood behind it," Bekaroðlu says.

Nihat Ali Özcan, a professor at the TOBB University of Economics and Technology, says there is no need to discuss what went wrong in the AK Party because the problems and the discussions Turkey is having are not related to the party's missteps, but are rather a matter of paradigm.

"The problem and the fight are very old. Since its establishment, the paradigm of the republic was not settled. Let's say that you made the best law regarding traffic rules; you still cannot prevent accidents. The standards of democracy are related to the educational level of the citizens, the consciousness of being a citizen and culture. Our standards on this subject are clear," he says. Özcan also asks a question: As political leaders, if they have the power to appoint anyone they want as deputies, do they have the right to talk about the lack of parliamentary democracy?

PHOTO

ALÝ ÜNAL

As a result of the Constitutional Court's decision, a regime crisis has arisen from the upset balance between the legislature and the judiciary which has inflicted significant damage on the country's parliamentary democracy.

One year after the elections, there is a closure case pending against the AK Party.

According to experts the economy is showing early warning signs of a coming crisis and there is uncertainty about the future.

But on the night of the election last year, AK Party leader and Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoðan, in his victory speech, promised something quite different: "It is a new page. I want to underline that our door is open to everyone. I urge everyone to act in accordance with the requirements of this new page."

Erdoðan also stressed that his party would act responsibly, with full awareness of being the central party in Turkish politics: "This victory, instead of spoiling us, increased the heavy burden on our shoulders. The success should not change our course. As for the voters who did not vote for us, I can understand the message that you gave through the ballot box. Don't worry, your votes are valuable for us. We respect your choices. We see different choices as an asset of democratic life."

Erdoðan had said that his government would continue to move toward the EU with determination and continue with its reforms.

The government had also promised to give Turkey a new civilian, democratic constitution.

Prime Minister Tayyip Erdoðan (R) greets supporters with then-Foreign Minister Abdullah Gül (L) at party headquarters in Ankara, on the evening of the July 22, 2007 elections. Ever since the AK Party's victory at the polls, tension with the secular elite has always been high.

AK Party closure case pushes DTP case off agenda, agitating Kurdish voters contýnued from page 1 As a result, they think they are considered second-class citizens in society," said Professor Hüseyin Hatemi, a lecturer at Ýstanbul University, in a phone interview with Sunday's Zaman.

A top state prosecutor filed a case with the Constitutional Court for the closure of the DTP last November on the grounds that it had become a focal point of terrorist activities, and a closure case was filed against the governing AK Party in March on charges that it had become a center of anti-secular activities.

The Turkish media have since then been focused on the AK Party closure case, edging the DTP out as if no case had been filed for its closure.

The indifference of the media to the pro-Kurdish party's risk of facing closure frustrates many.

"It is not possible to meet the DTP closure case with silence. This case should be criticized, just as is the case for the one filed against the ruling party. People who support the DTP are right to feel like second-class citizens and claim that they are subject to a double standard. They are in great despair," remarked Hatemi.

He also hinted that the feeling among Kurds that they are unwanted elements in society may bring with it a problem of further division. "This will, consequently, threaten the ties of fraternity between Turks and Kurds. This threat will make itself more apparent if the DTP is shut down. People of Kurdish descent residing in Turkey will stop pin-

ning their hopes on the idea that cooperation with Turks will prove useful. As a consequence, the disaccord within the public will increase, which will directly boost people's tendency to resolve their problems through anti-democratic means," he stated.

An overwhelming majority of Kurds in Turkey favor the idea that the problems they face should be solved through democratic means, not through terrorist activities, as espoused by the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).

The separatist PKK, designated as a terrorist organization by Turkey, the United States and the European Union, began its armed campaign in 1984 with the aim of acquiring autonomy for Kurds in southeastern Turkey. The group is responsible for the deaths of almost 40,000 people since then.

Mehmet Metiner, a Kurdish intellectual and a columnist for the Bugün daily, noted that DTP supporters are uneasy about the fact that the closure case against their party has been overshadowed by the AK Party case.

"There is a double standard imposed on the DTP. People who support this party feel like second-class citizens. They wonder why the closure case against their party is not the center of attention in the media like the AK Party case. They feel they are not cared for. They say they are excluded from society and are subjected to discrimination," he said.

Metiner also stated that Turkish democracy will

receive a serious blow if the AK Party and the DTP are disbanded. "For me, a political party should not be shut down unless it openly calls for violence.

Parties should be free to express their demands even if they want to restore Shariah rule or establish an independent state within the boundaries of our country. They should not be subjected to censorship. We shouldn't be criticized any further for placing emphasis on people's freedom of expression," he noted.

Turkey became the center of harsh criticism directed by various European countries after closure cases were opened against two political parties one after another. Officials from European countries stated that closure of political parties is not compatible with democratic systems and that it would deal a serious blow to the country's democratization process.

Why did AK Party closure case take precedence?

However, the fact that the media have focused almost solely on the AK Party closure case in the last couple of weeks does not seem to have surprised anyone.

Bugün's Metiner attributes this fact to the AK Party being in power. "The closure of the DTP will not be as destructive as the closure of the AK Party. Of course, its closure will put Turkey's democracy under the spotlight. But the AK Party's closure will have greater repercussions as the case filed against is more multifaceted. The top prosecutor wants to ban several

CM Y K

AK Party officials from political life. This means the case against the AK Party doesn't only target the party, it also targets AK Party politicians," he explained.

When Supreme Court of Appeals Chief Prosecutor Abdurrahman Yalçýnkaya appealed to the Constitutional Court on March 14 for the closure of the AK Party, he also requested a ban on 71 of its high-level officials from politics, including former party member President Abdullah Gül and Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoðan.

Ankara-based Association of Human Rights and Solidarity for Oppressed Peoples (MAZLUMDER) Vice President Nesip Yýldýrým agreed, adding that some "well-known" circles consider the AK Party a greater threat than the DTP. "That's why the AK Party closure case overshadows the DTP case. Some circles want to settle accounts with the ruling party. They prefer to focus on methods to totally eliminate the AK Party from the political arena rather than dealing with a closure case filed against the DTP. The votes garnered by the governing party in last summer's general elections have, undoubtedly, great impact on its making the headlines of several newspapers every day. The more a political party is supported by the public, the more attractive it is for the press," stated Yýldýrým.

The AK Party swept almost 47 percent of the vote cast all across Turkey on July 22 of last year and sent 341 deputies to Parliament. The DTP, on

the other hand, ran in last year's general elections with independent candidates and could only send 20 deputies to Parliament, the minimum figure required to establish a parliamentary group.

The Young Civilians, a Turkish civil society organization noted for its use of sarcasm in its protests, on the other hand, linked the case filed against the ruling party for its closure with a "judicial coup."

The top prosecutor's attempt to shut down the AK Party was defined as a judicial coup by many circles not only in Turkey but also by several countries across the world. Many said such attempts were not unprecedented in Turkish history -- pointing to a highly contentious "367 criteria" brought last year by the Constitutional Court for presidential elections which made the presence of 367 deputies in Parliament mandatory when the body convened to elect the president and which aimed at erasing the AK Party from the political arena.

"In principle, we are against the closure of political parties in democratic countries, but there is a difference of quality in the closure cases filed against the AK Party and the DTP. A ruling party that has taken steps toward Turkey's democratization and in its bid for full EU membership is on the brink of closure. This is an open judicial coup. Some bureaucratic powers are trying to stage a judicial coup in Turkey by disbanding the ruling party," stated Erkan Þen from the Young Civilians.

S09-15-06-08.qxd

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12 SUNDAY’S ZAMAN

June 7 Portugal national football team’s defender Pepe shone with a brilliant goal, and Raul Meireles added a late second to give Portugal a 2-0 victory over Turkey on the opening day of Euro 2008 on Saturday.

Turkish warplanes struck a target of the outlawed Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) in northern Iraq on Saturday night. The General Staff in a statement made later said the air operation was carried out at 19:30 GMT but did not give details other than that its warplanes hit the PKK target “effectively.”

S U N D AY, J U N E 1 5 , 2 0 0 8

ALMANAC

Event of the week

June 8 The High School Entrance Examination (OKS), required for admission to science, social science, police, Anatolian and private high schools, was administered to Turkish eighth-graders for the last time ever. The two-hour exam began at 10 a.m. and was taken by 913,612 students -- 468,905 boys, 444,707 girls and 899 students of both sexes with disabilities.

Yet another worker died in a work-related accident at a shipyard in Ýstanbul’s Tuzla district. The Selahattin Aslan shipyard was the scene of the most recent accident, but the area’s shipyards have recently been the focus of criticism in the wake of a rash of deadly mishaps linked to unsafe working conditions. Worker Ýhsan Turhan was killed early on Sunday in the shipyard after being crushed by a steel plate weighing hundreds of kilograms as he was working.

June 9 Foreign Minister Ali Babacan met advisors of the Republican and Democratic presumptive candidates for the US presidency before wrapping up his lengthy visit to the United States on Monday.

Babacan met with campaign advisors to Senator Barack Obama, who looks set to secure the Democratic candidacy after a close race with rival Hillary Clinton, and Senator John McCain, the Republican presumptive candidate. Babacan also met with Clinton advisors. The New York senator withdrew her bid for the nomination over the weekend.

Harbor, Shipyard and Ship Construction and Repair Workers’ Union (Limter-Is) President Cem Dinç announced that workers at Turkey’s Tuzla shipyards will go on strike on June 16 to draw attention to unsafe working conditions at the shipyards and to prevent further work-related accidents there.

Emre Günaydýn, the key suspect in the killings of three Christians at a publishing house in eastern Malatya province last year, has mentioned another person who may have played an indirect role in the Malatya killings.

One soldier was slain and four others were wounded in the southeastern town of Þemdinli when a mine planted by the terrorist Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) exploded as their military unit conducted reconnaissance in the area.

Parliamentarians at Europe’s human rights watchdog, the Council of Europe, said they were preparing to discuss the ongoing closure case against Turkey’s ruling party at an urgent session in late June. The said Foreign Minister Ali Babacan had also been invited to the critical gathering, which observers fear could result in a decision to put Turkey back on a list of countries that require monitoring of their democratic practices.

The Turkish Statistics Institute (TurkStat) released data that indicated monthly industrial production in April had increased as a whole by 6.3 percent compared to last year’s figures. The institute attributed the increase to vehicle, trailer and semi-trailer manufacturing, accounting for 54.4 percent of the index, also noting that Coca-Cola, refined petroleum products and tobacco products accounted for 15.6 percent.

June 10 Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoðan made a speech accusing the Constitutional Court of violating the Constitution by exceeding its authority, the limits of which are set by law, over the court’s annulment of a constitutional amendment that would have allowed pious women to wear headscarves at universities.

PACE invites Babacan to urgent session Parliamentarians at Europe’s human rights watchdog, the Council of Europe, who are preparing to discuss an ongoing closure case against Turkey’s governing party at an urgent session later this month, announced on Tuesday that Foreign Minister Ali Babacan has also been invited to the critical gathering, which observers fear could result in a decision to put Turkey back on a list of countries that require monitoring of their democratic practices. The proposal to hold an urgent meeting came after a state prosecutor asked the Constitutional Court in March to close down the ruling Justice and

Turkey should be allowed to join the European Union, US President George W. Bush said at a news conference after a summit with the 27-nation bloc’s top officials in Slovenia.

A new survey released on Tuesday showed that Ýstanbul ranks 114th among 215 cities around the world in terms of quality of living. According to Mercer’s 2008 Quality of Living survey, European cities dominate the rankings of locations with the best quality of living, while Ýstanbul comes in at number 114. Last year Ýstanbul was in 121st place. Zurich retains its 2007 title as the top location for overall quality of living, followed by a tie between Vienna and Geneva and then by Vancouver and Auckland.

A Turkish Cypriot official said an agreement between Cyprus and Britain to improve bilateral relations had dealt a serious blow to a new peace drive on the ethnically divided island of Cyprus.

Hasan Erçakýca, a spokesman for Turkish Cypriot leader Mehmet Ali Talat, said the June 5 memorandum of understanding implied Greek Cypriot control over the Turkish Cypriot community and thus “went beyond the limit.” “Unless the consequences of this

Development Party (AK Party) on charges of becoming a “focal point for anti-secular activities.” The proposal was introduced at the initiative of the heads of the assembly’s five political groups and approved by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) during a recent meeting on May 29. Mevlüt Çavuþoðlu, an AK Party member and the head of the Turkish delegation to PACE, said Turkish deputies have been exerting intense efforts to prevent a possible decision calling for monitoring. A monitoring process will damage Turkey seriously and, compared to the past, it will be more difficult to re-

move oneself from that process, Çavuþoðlu said, noting that he believed PACE is not aiming to punish Turkey. They aim to help Turkey “overcome ongoing problems without a crisis,” he added, reiterating that the idea of an urgent debate has not been welcomed at all by Turkey. “If a decision to hold an urgent debate on a particular country is made, the possibility of that country being put under monitoring procedures is high,” Luc Van den Brande, a Belgian member of PACE, said, noting that the most important reason for holding the debate was the closure case against the AK Party.

development are amended, we will be faced with them as important problems in the settlement of the Cyprus problem,” he said in a written statement.

June 11 Wednesday was World Day against Child Labor. Turkey has reduced the number of employed children to 958,000 from 2.6 million in 12 years, according to figures from the International Labour Organization (ILO), which says that Turkey is one of the top three countries among 189 that are struggling to eliminate child labor.

Turkey’s budget ran a surplus of YTL 3.389 billion ($2.7 million) in May, after a deficit of YTL 1.076 billion in April, Finance Minister Kemal Unakýtan said. The budget surplus has risen by 66.4 percent over May 2007. Unakýtan stressed that unlike last year, revenue collected in 2008 met 94.8 percent of expenditures, excluding interest payments. The primary surplus, which excludes interest payments on government debt, was YTL 5.070 billion in May, compared to a surplus of YTL 3.09 billion in April.

REUTERS

Photo of the week

PHOTO

Turkey beats Switzerland 2-1, eliminating Swiss Turkey beat Euro 2008 co-host Switzerland in Wednesday's match, thanks to an added time goal, which boosted hopes that Turkey could head for more in the championship.

Millions of Turks took to the streets after the victory, carrying Turkish flags and chanting slogans in support of their national team. Arda Turan scored in the second minute of injury time, sending a right-footed shot from outside the area that deflected off Switzerland defender Patrick Mueller. Substitute Semin Þentürk also scored for Turkey, heading in a cross in the 57th minute. Hakan Yakýn had given Switzerland the lead during heavy rain in the 32nd minute. Turkey has three points in Group A and will play against Czech Republic, which also has three points. There is no goal difference between Turkey and the Czechs. If Turkey and Czech Republic draw in the last group match, the team to qualify for the quarterfinals will be clear after the penalty shootout without playing extra time, according to a change in UEFA rules.

The Foreign Affairs Commission of the French Senate cancelled a planned constitutional amendment that makes a referendum on the eventual accession of Turkey to the European Union mandatory and which has been described by Ankara as product of “a discriminative approach” toward Turkey by certain French politicians.

Turkey scored an extra time goal to beat Switzerland 2-1 on Wednesday and knock the co-hosts out of Euro 2008. Turkey scored with a strike from Arda Turan deep into four minutes of extra time to end Switzerland’s hopes in a match hampered by severe weather conditions.

June 12 Reha Çamuroðlu, an AK Party deputy of Alevi origin, said yesterday he had resigned from his post as an advisor within the party but not from the party itself. Çamuroðlu, formerly Prime Minister Erdoðan’s advisor in matters relating to Turkey’s Alevi community, indicated in a written statement to the press that he had not abandoned the party.

The Democratic Society Party (DTP) has submitted its defense to the Constitutional Court, claiming that the top court should reject a demand to close the party because the case runs contrary to justice and will place an unbearable burden on the country.

Thirty people, including two doctors and the manager of the Beykoz Land Registry Cadastre Department, were detained for suspected involvement in the extortion of real estate from elderly residents on the Asian side of Ýstanbul. The gang was exposed after an investigation into a body found in a Beykoz home showed that the victim was killed only 20 days after selling her home.

From there, the investigation led the police to the discovery of a gang that was extorting property from elderly people, most of whom were non-Muslims.

June 13 The final bell of the school year rang for approximately 15 million students across the country, signaling the start of the much-anticipated three-month summer break. Around 701,000 preschool children, 11 million primary school children and more than 3 million high school students will enjoy a summer vacation until Sept.

8, when the 2008-09 academic year begins. About 650,000 primary and secondary school teachers, on the other hand, don’t begin their break until July.

Osman Paksüt, a senior judge at the Constitutional Court, which is currently hearing a crucial case against the governing party, admitted to having had secret meetings with a top army commander. However, he denied speculation that they had communicated information on lawsuits filed with the top court against the ruling AK Party.

Medical tests confirmed that two physicians were infected with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), a disease carried by certain tick species. The chief physician of Ankara Numune Hospital, where the two doctors had treated a patient with complaints of a tick bite, verified that the doctors have contracted the disease after results came in from blood samples. More than 20 people from throughout central Anatolia have died this year from CCHF.

CM Y K

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TRAVEL

SUNDAY’S ZAMAN 13

S U N D AY, J U N E 1 5 , 2 0 0 8

The Foça s are main ly place s to come to soak up the atm osphere , stroll along th e seafro nt and eat good seafood .

Howeve r, if you think that wo n't be en ough, Bergam a and th e ruins of ancie nt Perga mum are a sh ort bus ride awa y

PHOTOS

MUSTAFA YÜKSEL

WHERE TO STAY Foçantique Hotel, Eski Foça. Tel: 0232-812 4313 Hotel Club Phokaia, Eski Foça. Tel: 0232-812 8080 Hotel Villa Dedem, Eski Foça. Tel: 0232-812 2838 Otel Naz, Yeni Foça. Tel: 0232-814 6619

HOW TO GET THERE There are regular buses from the upstairs section of the Ýzmir otogar to both the Foças. Far less frequent buses connect the two towns. To get to Bergama from Eski Foça, return to the main Ýzmir highway and catch an onward connection from Menemen.

CM Y K

PAT YALE FOÇA

foças

O W T F O A TALE ust north of Ýzmir sit two small resorts, both called Foça after the ancient settlement of Phocaea. The bigger of the two is Foça itself, sometimes called Eski (Old) Foça to distinguish it from its smaller neighbor, Yeni (New) Foça. Together, they make a great escape from the urban stresses of Ýzmir, which means that they both get very busy over weekends. Yeni Foça, in particular, is increasingly the province of wealthy second-home owners from the city.

The sea around Foça is still home to a handful of rare Mediterranean monk seals, so named because the grey coloring of their backs set against the brown of the rest of their body resembles a traditional monk's cowl. Since the Turkish for "seal" is "fok," the town is often said to have been named in homage to the seals. However, other authorities think it more likely that Phocaea was named after the lowlying offshore islands which mariners may have thought resembled seals -- called "phoce" in Greek. Regardless, the monk seal is now a critically endangered species of marine mammal and there are probably a million tacky souvenirs making play with their image for every one of the remaining animals.

Of old Phocaea, disappointingly little has survived despite the fact that in its heyday it was an important town that sent colonists to found what is now Marseille in France. For itself, it is thought to have been founded in the eighth century B.C. by mariners from Erythrae on the Çeþme peninsula or from Teos, near Sýðacik, and went on to become an important trading center. Determinedly independent, Phocaea fought hard to avoid submission to the Romans. In the Middle Ages it developed a new role as the site of a Byzantine bishopric, before being gifted to Genoese traders. By the time the Ottomans came riding into town in 1455 its glory days were well and truly behind it.

Ancient Phocaea occupied what is now the site of Eski Foça, and it's there that visitors can inspect the remains of a shrine to the Mother Goddess Cybele gazing rather romantically out to sea. More obvious are the stretches of an old aqueduct very close to the bus terminal. Heading out towards Ýzmir you'll spot slight remains of a theater dating back to the fourth century B.C. Some fine Roman mosaics were also unearthed in the town center, giving a hint of what must have been.

The Genoese stamped their mark on the town more obviously in the form of the Beþkapýlar (Five-Gated) castle which stands between Eski Foça's two harbors, the pretty Küçükdeniz (Little Sea), where most of the tourism action takes place and the Büyükdeniz (Big Sea), where large fishing trawlers still tie up. The castle has been rather crudely restored and is not open to the public, which seems a shame when Foça lacks so much as a museum in the way of organized attractions.

Under the Ottomans, both Foças had large and wealthy "Greek" populations. As you stroll along the waterfront promenade in Eski Foça you will be able to admire some of their fine stone mansions which still survive today, a couple of them converted into pleasing hotels. Yeni Foça comes as more of a surprise, since there are whole backstreets of lovely old stone houses there, which are being restored at breakneck speed by new owners. In the inevitable way of things,

J

some are doing a good and sensitive job of the restoration, while others seem intent only on stamping their mark on the houses in whatever idiosyncratic way takes their fancy.

Eski Foça has no beach of its own, and Yeni Foça's is little more than a thin strip of gravelly sand, great for watching sunsets but hardly Bounty-bar beautiful.

Fortunately there are a number of small bays strung out along the road that links the two towns, and in the summer you can take daily boat tours out to the offshore islands and better bathing possibilities.

Yeni Foça has a couple of pleasant fish restaurants where you can tuck into a levrek (sea bass) and a glass of chilled white wine while watching the sun sink slowly into the sea. However, it's Eski Foça which boasts the livelier dining scene especially on weekends when the Ýzmirlis pour in and tables at the popular Kordon and Celep harbor-side restaurants are in short supply.

The Foças are mainly places to come to soak up the atmosphere, stroll along the seafront and eat good seafood rather than sightsee. However, if you think that won't be enough to keep you amused, you'll be pleased to learn that Bergama and the ruins of ancient Pergamum are only a short bus ride away.

Pergamum was one of the cities that carved out a role for itself in the power vacuum that followed the death of Alexander the Great. Whereas there's little to show for ancient Phocaea, there's more than enough left of ancient Pergamum to fill a good day of anybody's time. The two main sites lie at opposite ends of modern Bergama, a sprawling and not particularly beautiful town. Probably the more important of the two is the Asclepion to the southwest of the center. This was a hugely important medical center, created by a local citizen who'd been cured of ill health after traveling to the original Asclepion at Epidaurus in Greece. However, it wasn't until the second century that it acquired its greatest renown when it became the homebase of Galen, a physician believed to have authored some 600 books and whose theories on anatomy remained the basis for much medical treatment right up to the Renaissance.

The remains of the Acropolis and the enormous temple to the Emperors Trajan and Hadrian bestride a hill to the north of town and offer wonderful views over the surrounding countryside. It was here that King Eumenes II (197-159 B.C.) founded a library of some 200,000 books that came to rival the famous one in Alexandria in Egypt. Not much remains of the library now. However, you can still gaze in wonder at an extraordinary 10,000-seat theater that was built right into the hillside at an angle calculated to induce vertigo in much of its audience.

The finds from ancient Pergamum are housed in Bergama Museum, one of Turkey's finer local museums and positioned midway between the two sets of ruins.

There is one other site to see in town, which is the so-called Red Basilica (Kýzýl Avlu), a vast structure which started life as a temple to Isis, was converted into a Christian church and now contains a small mosque.

Back in Eski Foça there's accommodation to suit all budgets, but the prize for the most appealing place has to go to Foçantique, a colorful boutique hotel lovingly created out of an old Greek mansion by two ex-tour guides.

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14 SUNDAY’S ZAMAN

S U N D AY, J U N E 1 5 , 2 0 0 8

JUDICIAL REFORM BECOMES OBLIGATORY

EKREM BUÐRA EKÝNCÝ*

Following the arrival of the Justice and Development Party (AK Party) in power, the democratic and liberal remarks it made and its enthusiastic support for the EU inspired hope in many that comprehensive reforms would be realized in the political system. Some explained this by saying that the government adopted this attitude as it feared the possible opposition of the president at the time.

However, the most a president could do about a reform in this direction was to have it delayed; he could not prevent it. Nobody would be able to raise any objections, especially if it had been accepted in a referendum. This time all hopes built up for the new era that began after the elections, after which the president also changed. But there is still uncertainty. If the uncertainty is persisting for reasons we don't know, we have nothing to say then.

Even though the rumors circulating in recent days about judicial reform have kindled the fire of hope, the enthusiasm and excitement surrounding the reform intentions seemed to have disappeared when the Constitutional Court ruling against the headscarf freedom and the pending closure case cast a blight on the positive atmosphere. Indeed, there was a significant need for deep-seated reforms in the political system, reforms that would carry Turkey into the next century. Atop these reforms stands the elimination of elements hampering the primacy of the national will. Before the elections last year, the Constitutional Court had appealed to the government with a plan on its restructuring; however, nothing came of it. And it is clear that realizing such a reform at this point would be extremely difficult.

It would be unfair to contend that only the government is to blame for the point we have arrived at. All constitutional institutions in a country should be acting within the boundaries of the rule of law. Nobody has the right to see themselves in a position different or higher than what the law establishes for them. Moreover, as a lawyer who believes in the supremacy of law, honestly, it is upsetting as well as embarrassing for me to see that judicial authorities gave rise to the recent incidents.

Nonetheless, the latest developments clearly demonstrate once again how obligatory it is for the country to undergo a set of political and judicial reforms. My concern for the future of democracy and human rights in our country brings me to offer these personal pieces of advice: 1) Presidential elections in Turkey have always been

a source of trouble. The source of this very problem is the post of president itself. The president of Turkey is endowed with extreme powers. For a person who doesn't have any political or legal accountability, to be able to wield such great power is utterly unreasonable. It is also strange to have the president on one end of the executive body and the prime minister on the other. A two-headed administration! What's more, there is an artificial distinction; the president is seen as the head of the state, whereas the prime minister is seen as the head of the government. Since I'm also a law historian, I have the habit of taking a comparative approach to events. In the last century, the authority of kings was eliminated; however, their kingships were symbolically maintained and turned into a post that represents the state. When monarchies collapsed in the first half of the 20th century, the kings were replaced with presidents. Therefore, presidents in parliamentary regimes are completely symbolic, just like today's kings in Europe.

The United States uses the presidential system. The head of the government in such systems is the president; there is no prime minister. And in the disaster of the semi-presidential system of France, the president is elected by popular vote and in return for the powers he holds, he has political liability and accountability. The system in Turkey fits neither the presidential system nor the semi-presidential one, nor parliamentary regimes.

Through the latest changes the system of electing the president by popular vote has been introduced; however, this, too, is likely to bring about other problems given the president's current powers and position.

Thus either a presidential system that is in line with the Turkish nation's temperament and traditions should be implemented, the president should be directly elected by the people, and the political instability and polarization should be eradicated by holding the elections with smaller election regions, or the president should have powers that presidents normally have in parliamentary systems. He should be turned into a symbol by the removal of his executive powers. In that case, it would no longer be important whether the president was elected by the people or Parliament. Indeed, kings in parliamentary monarchies ascend the throne by being an heir to it but don't meddle in the government.

2) The Constitutional Court, which is charged with inspecting the compatibility of parliamentary legislation with the Constitution, is a controversial institution. The members of the high court are appointed by somebody who has no political accountability. On the other hand,

these appointed members don't have to be lawyers.

Over time, this has caused people to perceive the high court as one of the elements installed to limit the government's maneuvering. As a matter of fact, it is meaningful that in Germany and Italy the constitutional courts were founded right after the collapse of the Nazi and Mussolini regimes.

Britain, considered to be the cradle of democracy, doesn't have a constitutional court. Each decision passed by parliament is considered a constitutional law since this body is where the national will manifests itself. Thus they don't suffer any constitutional troubles.

This being the case, a constitutional court is not a necessary institution for democracy. For this reason, the duties of the Constitutional Court can be assigned to a commission whose members are elected, just as in France. Before last year's elections, the Constitutional Court had presented to the government a project regarding its restructuring; the project was somehow disregarded even though it presented an opportunity for change.

3) The Supreme Court of Appeals is an appeals court. This court legally inspects the decisions made by the courts of first instance. That is, it inspects whether the law is implemented properly and distinguishes correct interpretations from wrong ones. It highlights the difference between the two; it doesn't deliberate the case from the start. This earns it the quality of a supreme court of interpretation.

We used to have intermediate courts of appeal once upon a time. They deliberated the cases already heard at courts of first instance. Therefore, the number of cases referred to the appeals court was smaller, and thus the appeals court had enough time to focus on making interpretations to improve our judicial system. However, the intermediate courts of appeal were abrogated in 1924. Even though there have been attempts to reestablish them at times, it never happened, and this in turn caused the Supreme Court of Appeals to start working like intermediate courts of appeal and thus face a much greater workload. While making decisions collectively once upon a time, the courts started making decisions based on a single member's knowledge and personal opinion. And this caused people to adopt pessimistic views of the judiciary and start questioning the fairness of the verdicts. Unable to cope with its new workload, the Supreme Court of Appeals also started acting like a political institution over time. * Professor Ekrem Buðra Ekinci is an instructor at Marmara University's school of law.

CHINGIZ AITMATOV*

The name of my country embraced by mountains is Kyrgyzstan. Although our people have been dealing with writing and reading, none of this acquired the quality of general education. In training our children, we tended to employ the sayings of our great ancestors, the essence of nature and works of folklore. Religion, too, was given a role to some extent.

During the Soviet era, education acquired a collective quality among the Kyrgyz people. Although there were scientific and technological developments, these were not embraced by the general public. The main reason for this, in my opinion, was the effort to keep the Soviet people away from the developments around the world, and to merge the western and eastern civilizations in the big organization called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). As the world was progressing in another direction, we could not find our course toward development. This led to the transformation of the totalitarian and centrally governed countries into individual icebergs, with doors closed to the external world.

How can we forget that the openminded people from the Turkish Republic who were working in the area of education extended their helping hand to our iceberg? We must once again thank the late Turgut Özal, then president of the Turkish Republic, bowing repeatedly before his genius. This is because this man, acting in compliance with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's will, ensured that his own citizens went to their ancestral homeland with pure and good intentions.

Recently, I have been spending most of my time serving as the ambassador in Europe, and when I can find spare time from the old Europe, I immediately go to my motherland, Kyrgyzstan. As soon as I arrive in my country, I inquire about new developments. I feel proud when I hear about good developments. One such good development is the establishment of Kyrgyz-Turkish high schools. In my visits to these schools, I see that students are given high quality education, and I feel elated. I walk down the corridors of these schools and I converse with the teachers.

What I like most about these schools is that the students attending them can speak proficiently in the English, Turkish, Russian and Kyrgyz languages, and they can use computers adeptly. These schools provide educational services formulated according to the essence of the time to our future generations in this period when we are implementing democratic reforms and when the West and the East are competing with each other toward progress. I see that whatever instruction is needed for humanity in a modern world and whatever science will be needed in the future, and whatever qualities are needed for the civility of humankind, the teachers of the Sebat Kyrgyz-Turkish high schools are capable of providing this to the students. It is obvious that our young generation knows many things and that they learn many things. When I examine the school curriculum, I see that it is designed to give the science and skills needed today and in the future to the

students. I extend my deep gratitude to the teachers and instructors of these schools who provide students with contemporary education and instruction.

These schools combine the Kyrgyz, Turkish and Soviet pedagogies, as well as historical and contemporary pedagogies, and bring the progressive education standards of the world to the Tien Shan region. We watch Kyrgyzstan enter the world's globalization process in the field of education through the Sebat educational institutions. Every year the students of these schools participate in international science events and win top positions. In the past, we would rarely see participation in such events. This is a part of the success brought by the Kyrgyz-Turkish high schools, and this is the proof that the students, male and female, in the Tien Shan region receive education at world standards; and this is accelerated participation in the process of globalization. Currently, more than 3,000 students attend Sebat high schools and these schools are in high demand as only one out of 50 applicants can be admitted.

This is clear proof that these schools increase in value every year.

The students attending Sebat high schools can put into practice what they learn in theory, using the Internet as one the most important technologies in the world. The graduates of these schools can continue with their education abroad at the universities of their choosing. For instance, of the student graduates from Sebat high schools, 30 percent attend universities in Europe, 8 percent in the US, 4 percent in South Asian countries, 15 percent in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and 43 percent in Kyrgyzstan. Almost all of the graduates attend institutions of higher learning, and it is a source of pride for us to raise these students as cultured individuals. I have witnessed that the students who have completed university tend to return to their motherland, Kyrgyzstan, and work at their own high schools or in other fields.

Teachers are admitted to these schools after passing an exam, and Turkish and Kyrgyz teachers work together and share their knowledge and experience.

The ideals nurtured by the teachers of the Kyrgyz-Turkish high schools, the sacrifices they make and their endurance in the face of hardships remind me of instructor Duþen, a character in my novels.

The educational institutions such the Kyrgyz-Turkish high schools are actively being opened in the Turkic republics in Central Asia for the Turkish-speaking people of Siberia, in other words, the ancestral homeland of Anatolian Turks. I regard this as proof of deep roots of our brotherhood.

These altruistic teachers are searching not for the child lost in my novel, "White Ship," but for the generation lost in white Asia. No one knows the whereabouts of the child lost in the White Ship. But we can say where the generation lost in white Asia is -- it is in these schools. * The essay written by the acclaimed Kyrgyz author Chingiz Aitmatov, who died last week, for the Dialogue Eurasia Platform, of which he was a founding member and honorary chairman.

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Turkish teachers remind me of fictional characters in novels

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COLUMNS

SUNDAY’S ZAMAN 15

SUNDAY, JUNE 15, 2008

Baran’s Turkey One source of frustration for me is to have to correct -- at the risk of arduous polemics -- misleading elements in articles published on Turkey recently. But unfortunately, these times are seeing fierce psychological warfare, and the need for independent voices in the fog might be necessary.

You could be easily impressed by the piece by Zeyno Baran, published in the International Herald Tribune (June 10, 2008) and titled “Fighting for Turkey’s soul.” Although much more sophisticated than the propaganda piece last week by neocon Michael Rubin (The Wall Street Journal) and commendable for its argumentation, Baran’s article misleads the reader on many crucial points and suggests an alternative focus on where things are at the moment.

Let me take some segments and try to correct them.

In the intro, Baran writes: “Reading the Western press, one would think that there is a fight in Turkey between the democratic -- yet religious -- governing party and the secular -- but anti-democratic -- opposition. This is not the case. The ultimate battle is for Turkey’s soul: Will Turkey become a liberal democracy and remain an important member of the Euro-Atlantic community, or erode into an illiberal one, moving towards the Russia-Iran axis?”

Correction: This is exactly the case, and as the most respect-

ANDREW FINKEL

YAVUZ BAYDAR y.baydar@todayszaman.com

ed segment of Turkish and Western press writes continuously, the governing party -- democratic and secular, as US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice also confirmed recently -- has not shown a single sign that Turkey would erode into an illiberal democracy and move toward the Russia-Iran axis.

Baran writes: “For its part, Turkey has evolved as a democratic country because it has kept religion out of politics. The nation’s founding fathers charted the country’s course toward the West.

However, succeeding generations failed to spread the values and ideals of the republic to the masses. The institutions of democracy remained weak and democratic political culture failed to take root.”

Correction: Turkey has not kept religion out of politics. From very early on, the Directorate of Religious Affairs, a state institution, symbolized the place of religion in macro politics, deliberately representing only the Sunni segment, disregarding all others

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and dictating the conditions of how religion should be conducted in social life. Furthermore, it would be much more understandable if the following sentences were to be written like this: “However, succeeding generations failed to spread the values and ideals of democracy to the masses. The institutions of the republic remained weak and political culture therefore failed to take root.”

Baran writes: “Another dangerous trend is the systematic undermining of the military, the judiciary and the education system, the three critical institutions of Turkey’s secular and Western identity. Most recently, pro-secular rulings by Turkey’s highest court (based on the Constitution) have been labeled as ‘judiciary coups,’ even by some Turkish liberals and their Western supporters. What these well-intentioned supporters of democracy don’t seem to recognize is that they inadvertently strengthen hard-line Islamists, who argue that the current legal system is illegitimate and that Muslims need to be ruled under Shariah.”

Correction: Baran fails to substantiate in which areas specifically the military system is “undermined,” which for me would be interesting from a journalistic point of view. The same applies to how the criticism of “pro-secular rulings” strengthens hard-line Islamists who argue for Shariah -- because I have never heard of any group claiming to have a pro-Shariah political stance. More

evidence and explanation are badly needed here.

Baran writes: “One can add many more examples -- in general, it has become impossible to say anything critical about the government and still be considered mainstream and pro-democracy. In today’s Turkey dissent is crushed, and journalists and the business community are either co-opted or silenced.”

Correction: This is a very unfortunate statement because it is a lie. The harshest criticism of the government not only continues to come from the mainstream press, but also from the liberals who once openly supported the Justice and Development Party (AKP) for its efforts toward European Union reform and a new constitution. Dissent is NOT crushed in Turkey, in any segment.

Baran writes: “But the opposition’s anti-Western stand is more like that of a lover with a broken heart. Fundamentally, they want to join the European Union but fear that the Europeans will push them to undertake reforms that will make Turkey more Islamic, and then tell them that they are too Muslim to join a Western club.”

Correction: The opposition’s disappointment is, contrary to Baran’s version, not due to Turkey becoming more Islamic, but more free and pluralistic. Baran also forgets (deliberately?) to mention Cyprus, the issue that stands between Turkey and the EU. Also, the argument against Turkey “being Islamic” is not a new phenomenon.

ZURICH, REUTERS

ihsan.yilmaz@todayszaman.com

a.finkel@todayszaman.com

The real electorate: young mýlýtary offýcers

The lure of the East Ýstanbul will soon have a chance to judge for itself the merits of an exhibition that recently opened in London's Tate Britain, titled "The Lure of the East."

It is the first-ever, according to the curators, comprehensive survey of British painting of the Near East, including the Ottoman Empire, from the 17th to the 19th centuries. On display are numerous paintings and watercolors by influential artists like William Holman Hunt, Augustus John and even Edward Lear -- better known for their nonOriental art, but also quintessential Eastern voyagers like Frederic Leighton and John Frederick Lewis. Like coals to Newcastle or, as they say in Persian, like cumin to kermanshah, the exhibition, which has already been to New Haven, will come to the Pera Gallery in September before skipping on to the Sharjah Art Museum in the UAE. It is an exhibition that travels with quite a lot of intellectual baggage. Edward Said's ghost pervades the catalogue, many of whose contributors invite us to disapprove of the stereoscopic vision of artists too grounded in preconceptions of their own imperial culture, too alienated from the culture in which they find themselves to produce anything other than a glossy two-dimensional sheen.

And yet the paintings and drawings themselves contain those elements of life and light and intelligence to which creative people strive. The one thing that does stick out about the British Orientalists -- at least as portrayed in this exhibition -- is that they were less overtly voyeuristic than the slave markets and flesh-filled hamams of Ingres or Gérôme. On the whole, and with exception, these were Orientalists of a phlegmatic bent, not so much trying to realize their fantasies as interpret what was there.

Whatever its merits, the exhibition is a timely invitation to rethink what it means to perceive another culture. Said's "Orientalism" is now four decades old, and the intellectual fisticuffs the book provoked at its publication with the neocon granddaddy, Bernard Lewis, might seem to vindicate its premise that the Western scholars and artists who rediscovered the East were, whether they were conscious of it or not, the handmaidens of their political masters. They crafted, according to Said, a racist and essentialist discourse.

Yet there is a new generation of scholars who have emerged to do battle with Said -- who have no quarrel with his views on Palestine, who despair at US policy in the Middle East but who believe he has condemned generations of independent thinkers, brilliant scholars and talented artists with a trumped-up charge of original sin.

One of the painters featured is Richard Dadd, who returned from the Middle East in 1843 with what was diagnosed as sunstroke and who murdered his father in a schizophrenic frenzy. Looking at his character studies "Man with a Chubuk," or even the more extravagant "Flight out of Egypt," it is hard to believe that even he could have been mad enough to approve of the invasion of Iraq. Indeed, it is hard to believe that the artists responsible for sparse, bright panoramas or parodies of Western travelers dressed in Oriental gear, or affectionate portraits of the people whom they met, felt anything but sympathy for the land through which they traveled.

It is so much easier to essentialize people you have never met and places you have never visited than ones to which you have developed a commitment.

The curious thing, too, is that many of the images on display are the ones through which people of the "Orient" also make sense of their own societies. There is a sly quote from Orhan Pamuk in the exhibition to this effect. The Saidian argument would be that the ruling elites of these societies have borrowed Western hegemonic discourse, too. Yet often it is those same elites who are most resentful of outside interest -- be it the interfering European MP or the photographer who sees things that contradict the official line. Said himself became a bitter opponent of Yasser Arafat, and his writings were banned in the occupied territories.

Were these painters heroes of multiculturalism or proto-warriors in the clash of civilizations? Come autumn, Ýstanbul will have a chance to decide.

ÝHSAN YILMAZ

Kosovo’s hýstorýc, complýcated and confusýng day FÝKRET ERTAN f.ertan@todayszaman.com

Today is another historic day for Kosovo. After declaring independence on Feb. 17 and being recognized by 42 countries, including the US, Turkey and most EU members, Kosovo's constitution comes into force today. This should essentially mean that the task of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) ends today, opening a new era in Kosovo both in terms of the international mandate and Kosovo's governance. Based on a proposal for Kosovo's "supervised independence" arranged by former UN envoy Martti Ahtisaari, a European Union-led mission, called EULEX, must be established in Kosovo as a successor to UNMIK to supervise the adherence to the rule of law. Additionally, UNMIK's governing responsibilities must be transferred to Kosovo's government today.

However, by all accounts, parts of this will not happen and UNMIK will stay on in Kosovo for some time to come, albeit in a decreased capacity and with diminished staff in a "reconfigured structure," proposed by none other than UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon. What EULEX will do today is not known. What is known about it already is that it will not be able to deploy fully until September at the earliest. In addition to that, there are reservations about its mandate since no UN resolution exists on this matter simply because it is not possible to get one passed in the face of Russian opposition in the UN Security Council.

UNMIK will stay on because Ban sent a letter to the presidencies of Kosovo, Serbia, the European Union and UNMIK last Wednesday in which he outlined to the parties how UNMIK would adapt after June 15, when Kosovo's constitution comes into force.

The letter was confirmed by both the Kosovo authorities and UNMIK spokesman Alexander Ivanko later on. In this regard, Xhavit Beqiri from Kosovo's presidency said the president would first read the letter and then decide when it would be made public. Ivanko on the other hand, said it was known what the letter approximately contained although the precise details were not yet known, adding that he could not confirm or discuss the details until it actually happened.

In the letter, Ban backed the "reconfiguration" of UNMIK and recommended its "symbolic presence" in Kosovo.

The symbolic presence means that EU countries that haven't recognized the independence of Kosovo will not block future multilateral and other agreements between the EU and Kosovo as long as it has an appendix referring to UN Resolution 1244.

Although most EU member states have recognized Kosovo's declaration of independence from Serbia, some, such as Spain, Romania and Cyprus, have not, arguing that the recognition is a violation of UN Security Council Resolution 1244, which says that Kosovo is part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

The resolution in question came into force after the 1998-1999 conflict between Serb forces and Kosovo's ethnic Albanian majority and introduced a UN administration, namely UNMIK, which would govern Kosovo on Serbia's behalf. Since the resolution is still in force, Serbia and its chief ally, Russia, have been using it to prevent Kosovo's independence over the last two years. Unsuccessful in this regard, they recently decided to block the transfer of power from UNMIK to EULEX. Being the chief enforcer and implementer of UN resolutions, Ban had to respect Resolution 1244. For this reason he has decided not to terminate UNMIK's task completely but extended it for a period of time in which a solution or an agreement may be reached with Russia, Serbia and other opponents, which, of course, is highly unlikely.

Being a really historic day for Kosovo and the international community, today is also a very complicated and confusing day for the newest state in Europe.

The only beneficial thing the recent series of crises have brought about is that every day more and more people are becoming aware of the true nature of our regime. It is a kind of democracy, but one of a kind. It resembles more an archaic Greek democracy in which universal suffrage was an abhorrent anathema to the regime and only male elites had the right to vote. For the last 100 years, young military officers have been the real electorate of the country. Legitimacy also rests on them; everything else is merely details.

In 2003 and 2004 top generals intended to stage a military coup against a democratically elected government. One of the top officers, Özden Örnek, wrote down every minute detail about these coup attempts in his memoirs, which he kept on his personal office computer. Örnek initially denied that he wrote down all this and sued the journalist who published excerpts of these memoirs. But a forensic report confirmed that the memoirs do belong to the admiral. One detail in Adm. Örnek's memoirs is very important as it confirms my point above. These generals visited many cities throughout Turkey and spoke to many junior military officers about their coup intentions. Luckily, the electorate did not vote for the coup and the generals gave up, with only one of them, Þener Eruygur, remaining adamant about staging a coup, though so far without success.

Having also taken into account the 1908 coup, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's careful monitoring of the young officers and their intentions, the May 27, 1960 coup and the ones afterwards, we can conclude that without convincing the young military officers, one cannot stage a coup. The opposite is also true. If young military officers want a coup, the generals have to follow, at the end of the day, either by leading their juniors, as in the case of Gen. Kenan Evren and Sept. 12, 1980, or by obeying the juniors, as was the case with May 27, 1960.

If you read -- a must for students of Turkey -- Gen. Celil Gürkan's memoirs on another coup -- the March 12, 1971 coup -- you will see how generals intending to stage a coup saw the young officers' support as vital.

We need to look at the issue from a positive perspective. Unlike the generals, our real electorate -- the young officers -- are more open to the outside world, to regular people, to ordinary low-ranking soldiers and to the grass roots. Thus they are influenced by discussions, socio-political realities and phenomena around them. They also have a long future, so the country's future is important to them. That is why they opposed a coup in 2003 and 2004 after a newly elected one-party government came to power. Additionally, every one is aware that the Feb. 28, 1997 coup cost Turkey about $40 billion. Thus, we are not writing and discussing political issues in vain. We have a very important audience that matters: young military officers. Directly or indirectly, what we or the democratic world have to say will reach the ears of our audience, and they will make their free choice.

It is better than nothing. Young officers may listen to the democratic world, our friends, democratic and liberal thinkers and intellectuals, the majority of citizens -- however second-class they are -- and may hopefully still oppose a coup. If it was left to the top echelons of the bureaucracy -- military and civilian -- Ýstanbul business tycoons and the old media elite, they would definitely vote for an urgent coup. I am sure I do not have to prove this point here as everything these old oligarchic elite do nowadays shows repeatedly that they do not care about the country's reputation in the democratic world, the well-being of the country's 70 million people, the prosperity of the country or the rule of law. They have only one worry: What happens if they start a coup and it is then opposed by the electorate -young military officers -- or taken over by them?

Read Gen. Gürkan's memoirs. If any time is left, also peruse Gen. Evren's.

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16 SUNDAY’S ZAMAN

SUNDAY, JUNE 15, 2008

LEISURE

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Gregorian Calendar: 15 June 2008 C.E. Hijri Calendar: 11 Jumada al-Thani 1429 A.H. Hebrew Calendar: 12 Sivan 5768 calendar@todayszaman.com

E2 Today is the first day of Refugee Week (June 15-21) during which the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) globally promotes the theme of “refugee protection,” whether that involves providing shelter or fair treatment or the right to seek asylum.

Today is Father’s Day in most of the world’s countries. Father’s Day is a celebration inaugurated in the early 20th century to complement Mother’s Day in celebrating fatherhood and to honor and commemorate fathers and forefathers.

Today is the Feast of St. Vitus. The feast is observed with extra zeal in Italy, Germany and Serbia. St. Vitus (d.

303) is the patron saint of dancers, actors, comedians and sufferers of epilepsy. This feast day also honors his nurse, Crescentia, who converted him and her husband, his tu-

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‘The Incredible Hulk ’

THE INCREDIBLE HULK ÝSTANBUL: Niþantaþý Citylife: 11:45 14:15 15:30 16:45 18:00 19:15 20:30 21:45 Fri/Sat: 23:00 24:15 Caddebostan AFM: 10:30 12:00 13:30 15:00 16:30 18:00 19:30 21:00 22:20 Fri/Sat: 23:45 ANKARA: Ata On Tower: 11:45 14:15 16:45 19:15 21:45 Fri/Sat: 24:00 ÝZMÝR: Cinebonus Konak Pier: 10:30 13:15 16:00 18:45 21:30 Fri/Sat: 24:15 ANTALYA: Cinebonus Migros: 11:15 13:45 16:30 19:15 22:00 Fri/Sat: 24:15

THE HAPPENING

tor, Modestus, to Christianity. Vitus is the patron saint of the towns of Forio in Campania, Italy, and the town of Winschoten in the Netherlands. Various places in Austria and Bavaria are named Sankt Veit in his honor.

For obscure reasons, some 16th century Germans believed they could obtain a year’s good health by dancing before the statue of St. Vitus on his feast day.

The second Sunday in June is also observed in many Christian churches as Children’s Sunday.

Today is Valdemar’s Day in Denmark. Named after King Valdemar II (1170-1241), this day commemorates the Danish flag “Dannebrog” (1219) and reunification with Southern Jutland in 1920. Dannebrog is old Danish for “the Danish cloth,” and this Danish cloth is believed by the Danes to be the oldest national flag in the world. If you think there’s been a lot of flag waving in Turkey late-

ÝSTANBUL: Maçka Cinebonus G-mall: 11:00 13:30 16:00 18:30 21:00 Fri/Sat: 23:30 Suadiye Movieplex: 12:00 14:30 17:00 19:30 22:00 Fri/Sat: 24:15 ANKARA: Cinebonus Panora: 11:45 14:15 16:45 19:15 21:45 Fri/Sat: 24:15 ÝZMÝR: Konak AFM Passtel: 11:30 13:45 16:00 18:30 21:00

THE SECOND WIND ÝSTANBUL: Þiþli Megaplex Cevahir: 11:45 18:00 18:15 21:45 Caddebostan AFM: 10:40 13:50 17:00 20:10 Fri/Sat: 23:20

21 ÝSTANBUL: Maçka Cinebonus G-mall: 11:00 13:30 16:15 19:00 21:45 Fri/Sat: 24:00 Kadýköy Cinebonus Nautilus: 11:30 14:00 16:30 19:00 21:30 Fri/Sat: 24:00 ANKARA: Ata On Tower: 11:15 13:45 16:30 19:15 22:00 Fri/Sat: 24:00 ÝZMÝR: Konak AFM Passtel: 10:45 13:30 16:15 19:00 21:45 ANTALYA: Cinebonus Migros: 11:15 13:45 16:30 19:15 22:00 Fri/Sat: 24:00

SUPERHERO MOVIE ÝSTANBUL: Cinebonus Astoria: 11:15 13:15 15:15 17:15 19:15 21:15 Fri/Sat: 23:15 Kadýköy Cinebonus Nautilus: 11:15 13:15 15:15 17:15 19:15 21:15 Fri/Sat: 23:30 ANKARA: Cinebonus Panora: 11:45 13:45 15:45 17:45 19:45 21:45 Fri/Sat: 23:45 ANTALYA: CÝnebonus Migros: 11:30 13:30 15:30 17:30 19:30 21:30

Sudoku

AP

Cnbc-e

Hallmark horns and fat crosses, in the chic South Kensington district on Wednesday evening. “You should be proud of having the opportunity to do this work,” he said.

Young designers showed off their creations on Thursday inside the Tower of London, just steps from Britain’s grand and glittering crown jewels. Not all of the designers featured rare or precious material for their pieces. Tanvi Kant made necklaces out of material used to make saris and Rachel Galley’s designs featured bold lattice spheres which caged silver balls.

As the young designers presented their craft, Ferry, Jones and Emin partied at an exclusive gathering in the fashionable east end hosted by Webster. Princess Beatrice mingled with Fennell, actor Trevor Eve and London’s beautiful people around a swimming pool decked in candles and flowers at another party in central London organized by Bond Street jeweler Boodles earlier in the week. Ballerinas pirouetted and walked among the guests, displaying diamond jewelry on their wrists under the discreet gaze of burly security men. London Reuters

Cem Kýzýltuð c.kiziltug@todayszaman.com 492

HARD

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EASY

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4 Yesterday’s Solution

9

7 3

7 1

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HOW TO PLAY? : The objective of the game is to fill all the blank squares in a game with the correct numbers. There are three very simple constraints to follow. In a 9 by 9 square Sudoku game: Every row of 9 numbers must include all digits 1 through 9 in any order Every column of 9 numbers must include all digits 1 through 9 in any order Every 3 by 3 subsection of the 9 by 9 square must include all digits 1 through 9

travelers’ s.o.s

EASY

6

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492

Crossword

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Comedymax 06:00 America’s Funniest Home Videos 07:30 The Game 08:30 American Dad 09:30 Frasier 11:00 What I Like About You 12:00 Slacker Cats 12:30 Still Standing 14:00 The Game 15:00 Everybody Loves Raymond 16:30 Miss Guided 17:00 What I Like About You 18:00 Rules of Engagement 18:30 Frasier 20:00 Two Guys and a Girl 21:30 Samantha Who 22:00 What I Like About You 23:00 JFL Stand-Up Series

TRT Tourýsm Radýo

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07:45 Angel in the Family 09:30 Noah’s Ark 11:15 Though None Go with Me 13:00 Miss Marple: The Sittaford Mystery 14:45 Noah’s Ark 16:30 Angel in the Family 18:15 Wild at Heart 19:30 Wild at Heart 20:30 Midsomer Murders: The House in the Woods 22:30 Who Killed Atlanta’s Children?

00:15 Sioux City 02:15 Who Killed Atlanta’s Children?

radýo guýde

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07:05 On Native Soil 09:10 Geppetto 10:50 Silk 12:50 He Loves Me...

He Loves Me Not 14:35 Fallen II: The Journey 16:15 The Football Factory 18:00 The Venice Conspiracy 20:00 Shooter 22:15 Je m’appelle Elisabeth 00:00 The Host 02:00 Venom 03:25 The Football Factory

08:00 Danny Phantom 08:30 Jimmy Neutron 09:00 Dora the Explorer 09:30 Go, Diego! Go! 10:00 Avatar 11:00 SpongeBob SquarePants 12:00 Back at the Barnyard 12:30 How I Met Your Mother 13:00 Amazing Stories 15:00 ER 16:00 Two and a Half Men 17:00 The Closer 18:00 Desperate Housewives 19:00 Smallville 20:00 Baby Geniuses 22:00 Cold Case 23:00 Scrubs 23:30 My Name is Earl 24:00 Family Guy 00:30 Smallville 01:30 Baby Geniuses 03:30 Scrubs

Mr. DýploMAT!

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Movýemax

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Top designers, royalty and stars of the art and music world dazzled the British capital this week with a whirlwind of glitter, glamour and luxurious parties at the first ever London Jewelry Week. Designers such as Theo Fennell, Stephen Webster, Shaun Leane and a wave of young new talent staged events across London to showcase their latest creations with gold, diamonds, platinum and other precious things gleaming at every show.

“This event profiles London as a global destination for jewelry design,” said Michael Hayman, CEO of The Communication Group which organized the week sponsored by London bank Coutts. British Queen Elizabeth’s granddaughter Princess Beatrice came out for the starstudded parties, which drew artist Tracey Emin, singer Bryan Ferry, Mick Jones of The Clash fame and others to see London’s finest jewelry. “The event is to get the very best of London together,” Hayman said. “We don’t think there is any other international city doing this.”

Events ranged from catwalk shows to promote the latest collections, an awards ceremony for young talent, seminars and parties hosted by top names like Webster, whose pieces adorn such stars as Christina Aguilera. The week, which has been on since June 11 and ends today, can be followed online at: www.londonjewelleryweek.co.uk.

“One of the criteria for success will be in terms of footfall in jewelry stores and spend,” Hayman said.

Theo Fennell, whose jewelry is now sold in Harrods, Selfridges and the Royal Exchange as well as in the Gulf and Moscow, underscored the importance of fresh design talent. “To be a jewelry designer is a fantastic profession,” Fennell told an awards party attended by Royal College of Art graduates at his store crammed with opulent jewels featuring hearts intertwined with serpents,

FRONTIER(S)

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Goldmax 07:25 Steal This Movie 09:15 A Cock and Bull Story 10:50 The Border 12:40 Head Over Heels 14:10 Raising Arizona 15:50 Othello 17:55 Stuck on You 20:00 Dune 22:20 Bad Girls 00:00 The Rocky Horror Picture Show 01:40 Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter 03:10 The Day After Tomorrow 03:40 Sleepless

Desýgn talent rules fýrst London Jewelry Week

ÝSTANBUL: Levent Cinebonus Kanyon: 12:00 14:30 17:00 19:30 22:00 Fri/Sat: 24:30 Kadýköy Cinebonus Nautilus: 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:15 19:30 21:45 Fri/Sat: 24:15 ANKARA: Ata On Tower: 11:30 13:00 15:30 17:45 20:00 22:00 Fri/Sat: 24:00 ÝZMÝR: Cinebonus Konak Pier: 10:30 12:45 15:00 17:15 19:30 21:45 Fri/Sat: 24:00 ANTALYA: Cinebonus Migros: 11:45 13:45 15:45 17:45 19:45 21:45 Fri/Sat: 24:15

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08:00 Cheers 09:00 Two and a Half Men 09:30 The King of Queens 10:00 Rachael Ray Show 12:00 The Martha Stewart Show 14:00 Ellen DeGeneres Show 16:00 The O.C. 18:00 Late Night with Conan O’Brien 20:00 The Daily Show with Jon Stewart 20:30 The King of Queens 21:00 Big Shots 22:00 CSI: NY 23:00 The Tudors 24:00 Comedy Night / Jim Norton 01:00 Celebrity Poker 02:00 World Series Poker 03:00 The Tudors

ly, you have to see a Valdemar’s Day. Today is a unique day in the history of civilian governance in Turkey. On this day in 1987 Chief of General Staff Gen. Necdet Üruð resigned from his post due to a difference of opinion between himself and the president, Turgut Özal. Ironically, the civilians were in favor of engagement in northern Iraq at the time and the army was against it.

Today is the Military Music Festival in Tournai, Belgium. This cultural observance takes place annually on the second Sunday of June.

Today is Race Unity Day. This observance is sponsored by the Bahais and promotes racial harmony and understanding and the essential unity of humanity. The observance has been held on the second Sunday of June since 1957. By Kerim Balcý

Ambulance: 112 Fire: 110 171 Police: 155 156 Maritime: 158 Unknown numbers: 118 Turkish Airlines: 444 0 849, U.S. Embassy: 0312 455 5555 U.S. Consulate: 0212 2513602-3-4 Russian Embassy: 0312 439 2122 Russian Consulate: 0212 244 1693-2610 British Embassy: 0312 455 3344 British Consulate: 0212 293 7540 German Embassy. 0312 455 5100 German Consulate: 0212 334 61 00 French Embassy: 0312 455 4545 French Consulate: 0212 292 4810-11 Indian Embassy: 0312 438 2195 Pakistani Embassy: 0312 427 1410 Austrian Embassy: 0312 419 0431-33 Austrian Consulate: 0212 262 9315 Belgian Embassy: 0312 446 8247 Belgian Consulate: 0212 243 3300 Egyptian Embassy: 0312 426 1026 Egyptian Consulate: 0212 263 6038 Israeli Embassy: 0312 446 3605

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00:00 Identification and Programming 00:25 Music 07:25 Identification and Programming 07:30 Music 08:30 News (English, French, German) 08:40 Live Broadcast (English, German, Russian) 10:30 News (English, French, German, Greek, Russian) 10:45 Live Broadcast (English, German, Russian) 12:30 News (English, French, German, Greek, Russian) 12.45 Live Broadcast (English, German, Russian) 15:00 News (English, French, German, Greek, Russian) 15:15 Live Broadcast (English, German, Russian) 18:30 News (English, French, German, Greek, Russian) 18:45 Live Broadcast (English, French) 21:30 News (English, French, German, Greek, Russian) 21:45 Live Broadcast (English, Greek) 23:58 Identification

Broadcast Areas: Alanya FM 94.4 Ankara FM 100.3 Antalya FM 92.1 Ayvalýk FM 101.1 Bodrum FM 97.4 Fethiye FM 103.1 Ýstanbul FM 101.6 Ýzmir FM 101.6 Kalkan FM 105.9 Kapadokya FM 103.0 Kuþadasý FM 101.9 Marmaris FM 101.0 Pamukkale FM 101.0 Trabzon FM 101.5

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SUNDAY’S ZAMAN 17

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Court ruling defeats Guantanamo purpose OPINION

By Peter Spiegel and Josh Meyer SUNDAY’S ZAMAN The Bush administration may not be legally required to shut down its detention center at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. But now there appears to be little legal reason to keep it open.

The Supreme Court’s ruling on detainee rights on Thursday eliminated the main reason for putting foreign prisoners in an offshore facility to begin with: to keep them out of US courts, where they could more effectively challenge their imprisonment.

The ruling reignited debate in Washington over whether it’s now time to close Guantanamo and remove a symbol that has been internationally controversial since it opened.

Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates is among administration officials making that argument, and the Pentagon has scouted options for transferring the detainees to American military prisons.

But the debate may be moot, because President Bush’s opinion has not changed.

“Given the history, I think there’s likely to be intense debate within the administration over this question,” said Matthew Waxman, a former Pentagon detainee affairs official who is now a law professor at Columbia University. “Will it happen in this administration? I hope so, but I’m pessimistic.”

Nevertheless, attorneys for many of the 270 detainees are planning to inundate the courts with petitions. The result will be dozens of court hearings that will force the administration to make public much of its evidence in a process it will find difficult to control.

The new civilian proceedings will differ dramatically from the original detention hearings held at Guantanamo, said Charles D. Stimson, who also has overseen detainee affairs at the Pentagon.

In civilian courts, detainees will have lawyers, and can present evidence and question witnesses. In some cases, evidence used against detainees at Guantanamo will be excluded in a US court, such as information obtained through coercion or classified material.

“The administration is going to have to roll up its sleeves and pull together the evidence against the detainees,” said Stimson, now at the Heritage Foundation, a Washington think tank.

Gates, who is attending a NATO meeting in Brussels and had not yet read the ruling, declined to claim it vindicated his position on closing Guantanamo. But he said the department will be assessing what it must do to comply.

“The ruling of the court is the law of the land, and we are going to have to look at what the implications are for us,” Gates said.

Gates’s efforts to close the prison were headed off by the Justice Department, which said that moving the prisoners to the US would give them broad rights to appeal to civilian courts.

In the last year, many of the administration’s most ardent supporters of Guantanamo, including William J. Haynes, a former Pentagon general counsel, and former Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales, have left government.

Still, powerful advocates remain, in particular Vice President Dick Cheney and his influential chief of staff, David S. Addington.

Bush himself on Thursday appeared to signal his administration would look to limit the effect of the ruling’s impact on detainee policies, much as it has in the past.

In a news conference in Rome, he added that he might seek new legislation to mitigate the court’s decision.

Of the approximately 270 detainees, 80 face war crimes trials -- fewer than 20 of which have begun. Sixty have been approved for release but have not yet been sent home for various reasons, including facing a possible threat of torture.

And about 130 are in an even murkier legal area, because the administration does not intend to charge them with war crimes, yet considers them too dangerous to release.

The ruling’s most significant impact will be on the approximately 130 detainees who are not expected to be tried as war criminals. Legal experts said that those captives now appear to have the same rights as any prisoner held in the US The 80 detainees who face trial as war criminals -- including alleged Sept. 11, 2001, mastermind Khalid Sheikh Mohammed -- face a more uncertain future.

Their new rights in civilian courts are unlikely to lead to their release. A Justice Department spokesman said war crimes trials already under way, including those for Mohammed and fellow Sept. 11 plotter Ramzi Binalshibh, would continue.

Still, the ruling is expected to bring a new rush to the courts by all detainees, except the 60 approved for release.

Within hours of the ruling, defense lawyers were printing the decision in Arabic, Pashto and other languages spoken by their clients, and urging them to read it and agree to seeking a hearing before a federal judge.

“There are reasons why people fought long and hard for this; it’s a much more neutral forum with a better set of procedural and evidentiary rules,” said Michael J. Berrigan, deputy chief defense counsel in the Pentagon’s Office of Military Commissions. “Any attorney worth their salt would seek review in federal court.”

Some attorneys representing detainees charged with war crimes already are preparing motions to dismiss the charges based on the ruling, Berrigan said.

Hundreds of lawyers representing detainees plan to demand status conferences with federal judges in Washington as part of a coordinated effort, said Shayana Kadidal, senior managing attorney for Guantanamo Global Justice Initiative at the Center for Constitutional Rights in Washington.

Chief Judge Royce C. Lamberth of the US District Court in Washington said he would call a special meeting of judges to plan for new cases.

Many of the cases are already in the pipeline, Kadidal said. But he also predicted that the administration would release many detainees before formal court hearings to avoid the embarrassment of adverse findings.

“The day the government has to show up in court and justify holding these guys for six years, the day before that is the day they are likely to get released.” Kadidal said.

“We want quick hearings and a quick resolution, and more importantly, the Supreme Court also wants a speedy resolution to these claims.” © Los Angeles Times, 2008

Irish ‘No’ vote plunges EU into crisis of confidence The Irish outcome seems certain to spark new questions about the EU's loss of public legitimacy, after a spate of referendum losses this decade in Denmark and Sweden, Ireland, France and the Netherlands on the euro and EU institutional reforms REUTERS

13.06.2008

PAUL TATLOR BRUSSELS

Ireland’s rejection of the European Union’s reform treaty plunged the bloc into a new crisis of confidence on Friday but other member states appear determined to plough ahead with ratification.

The resounding “No” vote in the only one of the 27 members to put the Lisbon treaty to a referendum highlighted again the EU’s inability to make itself attractive to citizens, three years after the French and Dutch rejected the EU constitution.

The euro currency, used by 15 EU countries, fell to a one-month low against the dollar on first signs of the negative vote. It means the treaty, meant to replace the constitution and give the EU stronger leadership, cannot enter into force as planned on Jan. 1.

“Financial markets are worried that the EU is doomed to a new period of self-doubt but do not expect a lasting negative impact on the economy or exchange rates” said Holger Schmieding, an economist at Bank of America in London. “It’s a significant political headache but not a significant economic issue for the time being,” he added.

Antonio Missiroli of the European Policy Centre think-tank, speaking after the Irish justice minister conceded defeat, said the vote triggered a European political crisis that required strong leadership in Ireland, in Brussels and key member states.

Britain, France and Germany were set to make clear their resolve to continue ratifying a treaty designed to overhaul the bloc’s creaking institutions. That may put the onus back on Dublin to find a way out that allows the reforms to take effect.

Chain reaction?

A senior diplomat said Prime Minister Gordon Brown had reassured key EU partners that London would complete “parliamentary ratification” despite likely fierce pressure from Euroskeptics for a referendum or to scrap the treaty.

PHOTO

S17-15-06-08.qxd

A “No” vote supporter celebrates the Irish rejection of the EU Reform treaty at Dublin Castle after the final result of the referendum was announced.

Other diplomats said the Czech Republic and Sweden had given similar assurances, making it likely that all other states will have approved the text by the end of the year.

Some EU governments had feared a weakened Brown would be forced to halt ratification, starting a chain reaction in other countries with Euroskeptical electorates.

The Irish outcome seems certain to spark new questions about the EU’s loss of public legitimacy, after a spate of referendum losses this decade in Denmark and Sweden, Ireland, France and the Netherlands on the euro and EU institutional reforms.

Many voters see the Union as a remote, elitist organization despite attempts to promote citizen-friendly policies such as cheaper mobile phone calls or green energy.

That seems particularly striking in Ireland,

which in 35 years of membership has emerged from agrarian poverty to become the second most affluent EU member state, due largely to the biggest per capita inflows of European aid.

“It’s part of a general disenchantment with the EU. We would have had similar results if there had been referendums in other EU states,” a senior European commissioner conceded, speaking on condition of anonymity a few days before the Irish vote.

Brussels was held responsible for everything negative and had become the main focus of fears about globalization, he said.

“There will be no repeat vote in Ireland.

That means the treaty is dead,” the commissioner said. “Others are less certain.”

Irish Prime Minister Brian Cowen appeared to rule out a second referendum during the campaign. The fact that Ireland has already

been made to vote again once after it rejected the Nice treaty in 2001 makes the idea improbable, but not impossible.

In the short term, the Irish vote means the new positions of a permanent president of the European Council of EU leaders and a stronger foreign policy chief with a real diplomatic service will be delayed.

The EU will be weakened internationally, notably in dealings with difficult powers such as Russia and Iran, by having to limp on with dysfunctional foreign policy and defense institutions, and by the sheer loss of face, diplomats said.

The United States, impatient for Europe to overcome a decade of introspection and become a more effective partner in meeting global security challenges, will have to wait a while longer.

South Korean Internet catches ‘mad cow madness’ Angry South Korean teenagers, Internet-savvy and armed with gadget-filled mobile phones, have helped turn a new conservative president’s triumph into crisis and possibly changed the way the country does politics.

President Lee Myung-bak, hardly in office three months, has been caught badly offguard by the fury swirling in the world’s most wired country, which began with a flurry of gripes about importing “dangerous” US beef and turned into a blizzard of complaints against his brief rule.

“Maybe, we have been experimenting with a new type of politics without even knowing it,” said sociology professor Chun Sang-chin, of Sogang University.

“The Internet has appeared to many people as the only platform to achieve democracy,” he said.

When Lee won the presidency in December, it was by the biggest margin in a democratic South Korean leadership election.

By the time the anger over beef had mushroomed into the biggest street protests the capital has seen in 20 years, the former construction company boss had became the most unpopular president at the start of their

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term that the country has seen.

His approval rating now is barely scraping 20 percent.

Social and political commentators said allegations that an April deal to import more US beef put society at risk of mad cow disease tore through the Internet and on SMS messages so fast that they became fact before the government or mainstream media had a chance to weigh in.

One early claim, which appeared to win wide credibility in one of the world’s most educated societies, was that the homogenous Korean race had a gene which made it particularly susceptible to the disease.

It was based on the paper of a South Korean scientist who later said his thesis was blown out of proportion.

By the time his rebuttal was published in the largest daily, the debate on the Internet had shifted to new fears, such as how easily Korean babies might catch bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) from diapers made with material from US cattle.

Students, already suspicious of Lee’s planned education reforms, were sending each other messages warning of a secret deal to import the supposedly diseased US beef for their school lunches. Seoul Reuters

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13.06.2008

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SPORT

Ford tactics keeps Loeb in Turkey Rally lead Ford handed Citroen's Sebastien Loeb the lead at the end of the first leg of the Rally of Turkey in a tactical ploy to keep the world champion in the unwanted role of ‘‘roadsweeper.’’ Ford’s Mikko Hirvonen, compatriot and teammate Jari-Matti Latvala and Italian Stobart Ford driver Gigi Galli eased off at the end of the final Phaselis 1 stage to push Loeb back to the top of the leaderboard. Ýstanbul, Sunday’s Zaman

SUNDAY, JUNE 15, 2008

PHOTOS

REUTERS

Angelo Taylor strives for comeback If US Olympic gold medalist Angelo Taylor has a motto, it should be: "I'll be back." Eight years ago, Taylor struck gold at the Sydney Games in the 400-meter hurdles, realizing a dream as a 21-year-old that he had been working toward since he graduated from high school four years earlier. He also won gold in the 4x400 meters in Sydney and two years later he was US champion at 400 meters. But his career went into a downward spiral through injury and legal troubles and it looked like it might never recover.

Now he is attempting to bounce back and take on a feat that nobody has previously achieved: to win gold in the 400 meters and the 400-meter hurdles at the Beijing Olympics in August. "It's going to be tough physically and mentally," Taylor said in an interview. "No one has ever attempted it." The steps of Taylor's downfall are easy to trace. Four years after his success in Sydney he made the semifinals of the 400-metershurdles at the Athens Olympics but failed to qualify for the final.

Shortly afterwards, doctors told him part of the reason. The pains he had been suffering in his shins -- agony he had been trying hard to ignore -- were actually stress fractures. Their advice was a professional athlete's nightmare: take a full year off.

Lost respect

At the Washington Nationals new ballpark, the team's curly W logo shines in the outfield. At Fenway Park in Boston, the world champion Red Sox display a pair of socks and at Houston's Minute Maid Park the Astros show a star shooting through the state of Texas Decorating the playing fields at Major League Baseball (MLB) parks has become high art with groundskeepers using mowers and hoses to painstakingly fashion elaborate logos and patterns in the grass.

At the Washington Nationals new ballpark, the team's curly W logo shines in the outfield. At Fenway Park in Boston, the world champion Red Sox display a pair of socks and at Houston's Minute Maid Park the Astros show a star shooting through the state of Texas.

The patterns are not carved or burned into the grass.

Rather, the groundskeepers carefully cut the grass in opposing directions so it lies at different angles that create contrasting shades of green when sunlight or the ballpark's massive floodlights reflect off the field.

"The patterns you can make are limited only by your imagination," said Dave Mellor, the chief groundskeeper at Fenway, where he has created images of the socks and Boston's stylized B in the outfield and infield.

Mellor, who first created playing field designs in 1993 when he was with the Milwaukee Brewers and is now something of a groundskeeper guru, has also created a figure 9 to honor Red Sox great Ted Williams's uniform number, an American flag on the anniversary of Sept. 11, and the name "Bruce" when rocker Bruce Springsteen played at the old ballpark.

"We have an opportunity to capture a moment," he said.

The Washington Nationals' curly W is the newest logo to attract interest, with fans, journalists and one television baseball commentator wondering aloud about how it was done.

"It's a matter of training the grass and the way the light reflects off it," said John Royse, the team's grounds crew supervisor.

Parallel stripes Before each game, members of the groundskeeping crew groom the outfield with a $50,000 sit-down mower that has five "reels" or rollers fitted with blades. They mow six-foot

(1.8-meter) wide stripes between the infield and the outfield wall -- parallel stripes that radiate out from or towards home plate. In this way the grass remains swept in one direction or the other.

When sunlight or floodlight strike the grass, a darker

shade of green reflects from the grass swept towards home, a lighter shade on the grass swept away from home, Royse said.

Then Royse heads for the outfield with a one-reel powered push mower to sharpen the curly W image, always taking note of the way the grass lies.

"It's like a dance," he said. "I go up, turn sharply and go down. I have to know my way around."

The type of grass is important. As the Nats' park was going up last winter, the club wanted a turf that would withstand Washington's subtropical climate but also could be aesthetically pleasing, said Royse.

Kentucky bluegrass was chosen over the Bermuda grass of the club's former park, RFK Stadium, because it was easier to manipulate and its blades had a waxier and therefore shinier epidermis, he said.

"With Kentucky bluegrass, it's easier to make designs," he said.

Just before opening day in late March, the curly W was first created with the help of a specially made plastic template.

The template had not been needed since, Royse said.

The curly W fades when the Nats are on the road and the grass is not cut every day. But Royse, who earned a bachelor's degree in "Turfgrass Science" from Penn State University, marks reference points in the design with a spray gun and water-based dye. He refreshes the image when the Nats return.

Mellor said he rotated patterns every 10 to 14 days at Fenway to alleviate wear and tear from a mower's turns in the grass. With some patterns he also shot water from hoses for finishing touches.

The league required that turf art should not distract ballplayers or compromise their safety, said Mellor, who has written books about how to create lawn art at home.

Many baseball teams are selling naming rights to their ballparks to bring in more revenue but Mellor does not want to see corporate logos emblazoned on athletic fields.

"A corporation would want its logo done in a certain way and that could hurt the grass," he said. Washington Reuters

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REUTERS

Groundskeepers cut fýne fýgures ýn the outfýeld

PHOTO

Washington Nationals ground crew supervisor John Royse tidies up his final cut of the "W" in centerfield at Nationals Park prior to the Nationals' MLB baseball game with the St. Louis Cardinals.

Then, in 2006, he pleaded guilty to contributing to the delinquency of two underage girls and was sentenced to three years' probation. The sentence, his injuries and the fact that his sporting triumphs were far behind him, brought him low. "I didn't know if I would run track again because of the injuries...I lost a lot of respect among non-athletes. On the Web and on (athletics) chat groups they thought I was all washed up," Taylor said.

By the time he got back to training full time he was also working full time, as an electrician. His job involved low-voltage work and installing data and telephone cables around Atlanta, where he had lived since childhood. "It was tough mentally and physically. I was working an eight-hour job and even then I had to go training and then go home and deal with my two kids. I didn't get much sleep," Taylor said. In fact the children, twin boys born around that time, helped him through, giving him a purpose when he could not train.

One turning point came for the 6-foot-2-inch (1.88-meter) runner when in January 2007 he signed with agent Kimberly Holland, who manages a stable of US athletes as CEO of Icon Management.

"He didn't have a contract at the time. He was working as an electrician. He said: ‘Lord, what am I going to do now?'" said Holland. "My concern primarily was that he'd been away (from the sport). We just built a case for him one meet at a time." Last year, however, he won world championship bronze in the 400 meters and gold in the 4x400 relay and that season ranked third in the world at 400 meters and sixth at hurdles.

Taylor won gold in the 4x400 relay in Sydney, though that medal has since been tainted by the doping admission of his team mate Antonio Pettigrew and bans for other team members.

The individual gold was the greater achievement, not least because it came running out of lane one, considered the toughest lane because of its tight turns. "I had a great start. I was rolling. It was almost like an out-ofbody experience. All I remember was the gun going off, the first hurdle and then coming off the last bend. I gave everything I had," said Taylor, who still watches videos of the race. "At the finish, I dropped to my knees and gave thanks to God. It had been a long year," he said.

Taylor's account plays down the drama of the race. It was the closest Olympic finish the event had ever seen. Taylor beat Saudi Arabia athlete Hadi Souan Somayli by 0.03 seconds with a time of 47.50.

These days Taylor trains full time, lifting weights, practicing hurdling and sprinting and doing some long runs too. In evidence of his versatility, he set a personal best in the 200 meters at a race in Martinique in May. He looks forward with a maturity and determination he says would have been unthinkable that night in Sydney.

"I definitely want to win Olympic gold. Those are my goals. But if I don't I'm fine with that. I already got two gold medals. A lot of people run their whole career and don't achieve what I've achieved," he said.

Asked if a gold in Beijing, or even two, would represent a comeback, he said: "I feel like I've already bounced back." Atlanta Reuters

Angelo Taylor

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SPORTS

SUNDAY’S ZAMAN 19

S U N D AY, J U N E 1 5 , 2 0 0 8

PHOTOS

REUTERS

Czech Republic banking on luck for quarters berth

PHOTO

REUTERS

The Czechs have suffered from two previous European Championship rule changes and so had been practicing penalties this week so it does not happen again.

They face Turkey today and because the teams are equal on points, goal difference and goals scored, a draw in normal time would mean activating the new rule of a penalty shootout to decide which of them earns a Euro 2008 quarterfinal spot.

Having lost the Euro 96 final to Germany on the then newly introduced 'golden goal' rule, and fallen at the Euro 2004 semifinal stage against Greece to a new 'silver goal', the Czechs could be forgiven for disliking change.

Coach Karel Brueckner remained philosophical about the possibility of being cursed by yet another new rule. “It is a coincidence,” he told a news conference on Thursday at the team's training base in the Austrian mountains. “You can't do anything about it.”

Portugal has already qualified for the last eight from Group A after beating the Czechs 3-1 on Wednesday, while the other group member Switzerland cannot make it through.

“I have no feelings,” Brueckner said. “It could be my last match in charge, but there is another alternative.” Ýstanbul/Vienna Sunday’s Zaman

Turkey coach Fatih Terim (L) congratulates Arda Turan for scoring the winning goal for the Turks during their Group A match against co-host Switzerland in Basel on Wednesday night.

Turks’ destiny in their own hands this evening The match against the Czechs in Geneva is of paramount importance for Turkey and so there is no room for error.

The Turks have to play prudently and aim for victory without leaving gaping holes in the midfield and defense OKAN UDO BASSEY ÝSTANBUL

The Turks would march majestically into the Euro 2008 quarterfinals if they beat the Czech Republic in their last Group A game in Geneva today. They could also make the last eight if they win the penalty shootout, in case of a draw.

But the upbeat Turks are in no mood to leave anything to chance. Buoyed by their last-gasp 2-1 win over Switzerland on Wednesday, they are now relaxed and ready to claim a Euro 2008 quarterfinal spot with victory over the Czech Republic.

The Turks have exactly the same record, including goals scored for and against, as the Czechs after their opening two group games and should they draw in Geneva a penalty shootout would ensue after normal time.

That would be the first time a major tournament would have the outcome of an opening group decided by penalties but the Turks are not intending to let it go that far.

UEFA introduced the new rule for Euro 2008 and Turkey winger Kazým Kazým said he had not been aware of the change. “But we'll be ready as I'm sure our coach knows that,” he told reporters.

“You can't be scared about taking a penalty because if you miss you miss. That's the way it is.”

The Czechs have been involved in three shootouts at major championships, winning all three and scoring all 20 of their penalty attempts, while Turkey have never been involved in a major tournament shootout.

Portugal beat the Czechs 3-1 on Wednesday, securing top spot in the group following their 2-0 win over Turkey in the opening match. The Turks or the Czechs will

therefore face the winner of a Group B that includes Germany and Croatia.

Midfielder Hamit Altýntop said on Wednesday that Turkey would be hoping to finish the Czechs off in normal time. “I think that with this squad we can beat any team and we showed that in the second half against Switzerland,” he said.

“Morale is now sky high in the camp,” stated Kazým. “If you saw our room afterwards everyone was ecstatic,” he said, after Turkey had knocked co-host Switzerland out of the tournament with an injury-time winner on Wednesday.

“Everyone is more relaxed now,” the 21year-old told reporters. “We know now that it's in our hands and if we beat the Czechs we'll go through. That's how we want it. We've got the upper hand but we're not going to go into it thinking that. We're just going to go in thinking

we've got to get the three points,” he added.

Turkey coach Fatih Terim will need to find replacements for missing players with at least a few of his players collecting injuries. With knee injuries picked up by defenders Gökhan Zan and Servet Çetin in the opening 2-0 defeat against Portugal, and bruising for captain Emre Belozoglu, four other players were injured in the Swiss match on Wednesday.

Gökdeniz Karadeniz is suffering an abdominal injury and Tümer Metin has a groin injury, team officials said Thursday. Fullback Hakan Balta and Emre Asik are also being treated for head injuries suffered during the game.

Today’s match is of paramount importance for Turkey and so there is no room for error. The Turks have destiny in their own hands; they have to play prudently and aim for victory without leaving gaping holes in the midfield and defense.

Soccer is all about the present Turkey coach Fatih Terim has paid tribute to attacking midfielder Arda Turan, who snatched an injury-time winner for Turkey over Switzerland in Basel on Wednesday.

Terim hailed a player he called potentially one of Europe's "most outstanding" after the left-winger decided an enthralling Group A game against Switzerland with a deflected last-gasp goal. "He is a very important player, very talented," said the coach. "He needs to improve his stamina during a game, but if he does he will be one of the most outstanding players in Europe."

If Arda is one of the best in Europe, then why did Terim not include him on the team that was beaten by Portugal in the opener? The same applies to “supersub” Semih Þentürk who was not included in the opening and came in as a second-half substitute on Wednesday to score Turkey’s equalizer against the Swiss.

CM Y K

There are more questions than answers when Terim’s team selection is at issue. He has been mercilessly criticized by the local sports media since he named Turkey’s Euro 2008 squad, and especially after the European Championship began last weekend, for preferring players past their prime and players who play at pedestrian pace to young on-form players.

It is an undeniable truism that soccer is all about the present, not the past. In other words past form counts for naught and it’s present form that matters. No sports writer, in my opinion, has anything personal against Terim and so the coach has to take the criticisms in good faith because everyone wants the national team to go as far as it takes in this championship.

The formula is simple: Put the right players in the right place. If this is done, there is no reason why Turkey cannot send the tiny Czech Republic packing this evening. Okan Udo Bassey Ýstanbul

Luiz Felipe Scolari

Coach Scolari looks forward to upcoming games The Portuguese earned the luxury of more than a week's preparation for their Euro 2008 quarterfinal on June 19 after two victories in Group A. The Portuguese, whose match against eliminated co-hosts Switzerland in Basel today is a formality, face the runner-up of Group B, that is led by Croatia.

“I'm very satisfied with the victory and Portugal going through after two matches, it's an historical achievement,” coach Luiz Felipe Scolari said after Wednesday's 3-1 win over Czech Republic.

The Portuguese have not dominated a European Championship group in the same way before although they won all three first round matches at Euro 2000 and reached the semifinals.

When Portugal hosted Euro 2004 it had to recover from an opening match defeat before progressing to the final.

“To see the team play as they did today is good because it shows quality for the future,” Scolari said. He said Portugal only needed to adjust “some minimal technical deficiencies.”

Scolari said at the Stade de Geneve that he had not decided how to prepare for the match against Switzerland but that was before the Swiss had lost 2-1 to Turkey to go out.

He is likely to alter his team, unchanged since a 20 warm-up win over Georgia in Viseu a week before the tournament kicked off, having said earlier that his best choice was not 11 but 23 and that most of the squad would probably see action. Geneva Reuters GROUP A STANDINGS

P

W

D

L

GF GA

Pts

Portugal

2

2

0

0

5

1

6

Turkey

2

1

0

1

2

3

3

Czech Rep

2

1

0

1

2

3

3

Switzerland

2

0

0

2

1

3

0

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14.06.2008

00:17

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