PART 1: A BRIEF HISTORY OF STEEL ASSEMBLY IN ARCHITECTURE
TEMPLE OF APOLLO, Corinth, Greece, 6th c. B.C.
PARTHENON, Athens, Greece, 438 B.C.
PARTHENON, Athens, Greece, 438 B.C.
ROMAN AQUEDUCT, 33 B.C.
COLOSSEUM, Rome, 82 A.D.
PANTHEON, Rome, 124 A.D.
NOTRE DAME D’AMIENS, France, 13th Ct.
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NOTRE DAME D’AMIENS, France, 13th Ct.
Abbé M.-A. Laugier: THE VITRUIAN PRIMITIVE HUT “ESSAI SUR L’ARCHITECTURE” 1755
SKELETON SYSTEM
IRONWORKS, Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England, 1770s
Thomas F. Pritchard: COALBROOKDALE BRIDGE, Shropshire, England, 1777-79
Unknown: MARKET HALL OF THE MADELEINE, Paris, 1824
Unknown: HUNGERFORD FISH MARKET, London, 1835
Joseph Paxton: CRYSTAL PALACE, Hyde Park, London, 1851
Charles -L.-F. Dutert & Victor Contamin: GALERIE DES MACHINES, Paris, 1887-9
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William Le Baron Jenney: STEEL SKELETON SYSTEM, Chicago, 1879 +
Holabird & Roche: MARQUETTE BUILDING, Chicago, 1893
Holabird & Roche: McCLURG BUILDING, Chicago, 1900
Louis H. Sullivan: CARSON, PIRIE, SCOTT DEPARTMENT STORE, Chicago, 1899-04
Erich Mendelsohn: SCHOCKEN DEPARTMENT STORE Stuttgart, 1926-28
“CROWN HALL” -- Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: ARMOUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (IIT), Chicago, IL, 1952-56
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“CROWN HALL” -- Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: ARMOUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (IIT), Chicago, IL, 1952-56
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: ARMOUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (IIT), Chicago, IL, 1939-56
NEW NATIONAL GALLERY, Berlin, Germany, 1963-68
Renzo Piano & Richard Rogers: CENTRE POMPIDOU, Paris, France, 1971-77
Renzo Piano: NEW YORK TIMES BUILDING New York, NY, 2008
Norman Foster: 30 ST. MARY AXE, London, England 2004
Gustave Eiffel: EIFFEL TOWER, Paris, 1887-89
GARABIT VIADUCT, Central France, 1880-84
Buckminster Fuller
U.S. PAVILION – EXPO ‘67, Montreal, Canada, 1967
Norman Foster: SAINSBURY CENTRE FOR VISUAL ARTS, Norwich, England, 1974-78
Karsten Brauer: STUTTGART AIRPORT, Stuttgart, Germany, 1989-91
Norman Foster: STANSTED AIRPORT TERMINAL, Stansted, England, 1981-91
Norman Foster: RENAULT DISTRIBUTION CENTRE Swindon, England, 1980-83
Rem Koolhaas: CCTV HEADQUARTERS, Beijing, China, 2004-09
Herzog & de Meuron: NATIONAL OLYMPIC STADIUM “BIRD’S NEST”, Beijing, China, 2008
PART 2: CLADDING, ENCLOSURE, AND ACCESSORIZING
In modern curtainwall systems, the membrane that creates enclosure is not part of the structural system of the building, it is held onto the building through a secondary frame system.
The membrane may be comprised of insulated panels faced in metal‌
…or panels of stone…
…or panels of glass…
…or any variety of combinations of materials...
‌including wood.
Shore House, Donald Wexler Architect
Various devices for sun and rain control can be a fully integrated part of the secondary cladding system.
And don’t forget the opportunity to green the roof deck.
PART 3: FORCES and STRESSES
COMPRESSION
TENSION
SHEAR
BENDING
Courtesy: StudyBlue.com
Courtesy: StudyBlue.com
Architect’s Predictive “Rule of Thumb” for sizing structural members: PRIMARY MEMBERS • Beams • Girders • Columns
SECONDARY MEMBERS • Joists • Decks • Panel Framing
Depth of Member = (0.75) x (SPAN in feet) expressed in inches
Depth of Member = (0.50) x (SPAN in feet) expressed in inches
• Triangular truss height = approximately 1/4 its SPAN. • Rectangular truss height = between 1/12 to 1/8 its SPAN.
THE CORRUGATION IS PERPENDICULAR TO THE SUPPORTING JOISTS.
Open Web Steel Joists
Open Web Steel Joists
Open Web Steel Joists
Graphics for illustrating steel in section: note the heavy outline. The hatch pattern is a double slanted line. (AutoCAD pattern “ANSI32�)
CONCRETE, MASONRY, AND FOUNDATIONS
CONCRETE, MASONRY, AND FOUNDATIONS
CONCRETE, MASONRY, AND FOUNDATIONS
COMPRESSION
CONCRETE, MASONRY, AND FOUNDATIONS
TENSION
CONCRETE, MASONRY, AND FOUNDATIONS
BEAM
CONCRETE, MASONRY, AND FOUNDATIONS
BEAM WITH FORCE APPLIED
CONCRETE, MASONRY, AND FOUNDATIONS
BEAM WITH FORCE APPLIED
CONCRETE, MASONRY, AND FOUNDATIONS
Unless the earth underneath a structural system is solid bedrock, gravity will attempt to pull the structure into the soil.
CONCRETE, MASONRY, AND FOUNDATIONS
The basic function of a foundation is to transfer and dissipate the loads applied to the structure into the earth along bearing walls and/or columns to reduce improper settlement.
CONCRETE, MASONRY, AND FOUNDATIONS
Foundation also contributes to resisting the effects of wind and other forces acting against the structure that can cause overturning and uplift.
CONCRETE, MASONRY, AND FOUNDATIONS
“WALL FOOTER”
CONCRETE, MASONRY, AND FOUNDATIONS
“COLUMN FOOTER” (OR “PAD”)
CONCRETE, MASONRY, AND FOUNDATIONS SUBSTANCE IS IN COMPRESSION AND TENSION AT SAME TIME
CONCRETE, MASONRY, AND FOUNDATIONS
CONCRETE, MASONRY, AND FOUNDATIONS
CONCRETE, MASONRY, AND FOUNDATIONS
CONCRETE, MASONRY, AND FOUNDATIONS
CONCRETE, MASONRY, AND FOUNDATIONS
CONCRETE, MASONRY, AND FOUNDATIONS GRADE BEAMS AND PILINGS: Where soil conditions are so poor that they can not be relied upon to provide adequate bearing strength to prevent settlement, PILINGS and GRADE BEAMS are used to rest the structure on reliable bedrock.
CONCRETE, MASONRY, AND FOUNDATIONS GRADE BEAMS AND PILINGS: Pilings are long posts that are either steel, wood, or precast concrete driven into the ground, or concrete poured into pre-drilled holes (“auger piles�). They behave as stilts, bypassing the poor soil around them and resting on the solid bedrock below. Grade beams connect all the pilings in a grid or frame, ontop of which the structure is built.
CONCRETE, MASONRY, AND FOUNDATIONS GRADE BEAMS AND PILINGS: Pilings are long posts that are either steel, wood, or precast concrete driven into the ground, or concrete poured into pre-drilled holes (“auger piles�). They behave as stilts, bypassing the poor soil around them and resting on the solid bedrock below. Grade beams connect all the pilings in a grid or frame, ontop of which the structure is built.
Habitable Roof Decks
THE DROP IN THE CONCRETE SLAB PREPARES FOR THE FINISHED ROOF DECK WHICH MUST DRAIN WATER AWAY FROM THE BUILDING’S INTERIOR.
AT THE HABITABLE ROOFDECK ABOVE THE LOBBY, PAVER PEDESTALS ARE SET ON THE CONCRETE DECK.
ROOFTOP DECK INSULATION (USUALLY A LAYERED RIGID FOAM PRODUCT) IS PLACED BETWEEN THE PAVER PEDESTALS. A WATERPROOF ROOFING MEMBRANE SEALS THE DECK.
REMEMBER THAT THE LIFE SAFETY AND ACCESSIBILITY CODES REQUIRE THAT THERE BE NO STEP AT THE DOOR THRESHOLD HIGHER THAN ½” MAXIMUM.
THE FINISHED WALKING SURFACE OF THE ROOFTOP DECK CONSISTS OF PAVERS SET ON THE PEDESTALS. THE GAPS BETWEEN PAVERS ALLOW RAINWATER TO SEEP THROUGH TO THE ROOF MEMBRANE BELOW. A ROOF DRAIN (NOT SHOWN) WILL TAKE RAINWATER OFF THE DECK.