CROSS-CRUZAR by Tao Yi

- - - - - CR -OSS- -

INTEGRATIVE DESIGN STUDIO

ON THE FENCE

CR -UZAR

Yi TAO

CROSS-CRUZAR

An On the Fence Architecture of Neutral Ground that Brings Back the Edge Effect Yi Tao

00 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Field Excursion - P27

Towards the Architecture - P69

Movie Study - 5

Case -Study Worldbuilding P49

Construct the Building - P85

Context - 19

Program Analysis - P63

Exhibition - P142

Acknowledgments

001 BEGINNING RESEARCH Introduction Questions Movie Study Border Crossers Status Endnotes

017 SITE ANALYSIS Context Field Excursion Endnotes

038 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT Amphibian Tectonic Science Fiction Inspiration Worldbuilding Project Intention Program Analysis Towards the Architecture Endnotes

077 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT Design Progress Construct the Building Construction Details Code Analysis Systems and Sustainability Endnotes

123 DESIGN FINAL

Exhibition Construction Documents

155 APPENDIX

Refugee Camps Precedents Electrical Usage Calculations

Exhibition - P124 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgments I wish to thank the many people who assist me with this project and generously give their time and enthusiasm. I owe the greatest gratitude to Professor Ursula Emery McClure from the Louisiana State University School of Architecture, who mentors this fabulous studio project and pushes me further to produce a better design. I also want to express my thanks to Charley Silvio, the English Ph.D. student of Louisiana State University who helps me improves my writing in this book. Moreover, I am thankful to the reviewers who give constructive advice for my project. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my family and friends for supporting me in this stressful graduating semester.

01 BEGINNING RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION Located in a complicated and sensitive area between two fences on the border, the Cross-Cruzar project will investigate: 1) How architecture and design define cultural and societal concerns as the increasingly dynamic world demands more flexible and adaptable occupancies, 2) How one country identifies its position to another and how this identification defines the culture of a place. 3) And the issues of access, the relationship between identity and design, off-grid energy consumption, changing climate patterns, water management, land use, and habitat protection. Cross-Cruzar will be a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;land/water immigration port similar to a border station but more. A typical border station is the facility that provides controlled entry into or departure from the United States for persons and materials. ... and consists of the land, the buildings, the on- site roadways and parking lots.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; To augment these stations of OFFICIAL entry, Cross-Cruzar will provide for the UNOFFICIAL entry and immigrant/refugee services. For the less mobile and for the less fortunate, the FENCE will, in conjunction with being a pedestrian border crossing, it will also be a way-station. It will provide services for those who flee and/or do not want to be identified and services for those who flee and want to do so legally. It will be watchful but not watching. It will allow those that are separated to meet with those on the other side. Not through a small hole but in a space of allowance. Cross-Cruzar will not be a place divided, but a space for congregation and a moment of sanctuary.1 To begin this investigation, the book will start with the movie study and research policies regarding the Mexico-United States border.

BEGINNING RESEARCH

QUESTIONS Given the location between the double fences on the west end of the Mexico-United States border, the site complex raises numerous questions: What is a border? What is a national Border? What is a natural border? What is the difference between the national and natural border? How does one measure the width of a border? What kind of physical conditions are the borders in? Is there any difference between physical and psychological borders and what is it? What kind of Edge Effect happens on the border? Is there any buffer on the border? Why there are two fences on the San Diego-Tijuana border? How did the border look in history? Why was Friendship Park built and why is it closed now? How do people cross the border in different periods? What important historical events affect the border? How do people cross the Mexico-United States border? For what reason do people want to step over the border? What is the difference between legal crossing and illegal crossing? What kind of experience people will go through when crossing/getting close to the border? Is the experience different between the United States and the Mexico side? What perspective do both countries have on the border?

EDGE EFFECT

How does the border change the architecture? Does the border filter the crossers base on identity? What is the contrast between the architecture on both sides of the border? What is the tectonic of the fences/walls?

The edge effect is an ecological concept that describes how there is a greater diversity of life in the region where the edges of two adjacent ecosystems overlap, such as land/ water, or forest/grassland. At the edge of two overlapping ecosystems, species can be found from both of these ecosystems, as well as unique species that are not found in either ecosystem but are specially adapted to the conditions of the transition zone between the two edges.2

QUESTIONS

Fig. 1 Nature. Fig. 2 Infrastructure. Fig. 3, 4 Fence. Fig. 5, 6 Cross From America Side 7

BEGINNING RESEARCH

Fig. 7, 8 Cross From Mexico Side

MOVIE STUDY The region surrounding the US–Mexico divide is probably one of the most frequently filmed landscapes of North America. Since the beginning of commercial cinema, the border has been a leading or secondary character in dozens of movies, ranging from the obvious westerns to the less obvious horror, science fiction, and film-noir categories.3 Study of the scenes, sounds, characteristics, and stories of the movies was a starting point for understanding how the edge was divided between the two very different countries. In opposition to the ecological Edge Effect that would benefit both sides, the political edge clearly tries to create separation. Although the natural topography (Fig. 1) and infrastructures (Fig. 2) can freely cross the border, either the natural buffers or hundreds of miles of fences keep people out (Fig. 3, 4). In the films watched, the border serves as a one-way filter limiting the entrance to the United States. When people enter Mexico from the United States, only simple questions will be asked (Fig. 5, 6). On the contrary, if people attempt to enter the United States from Mexico, many strictly reviewed documents are required (Fig. 7, 8). This complicated process prohibits the Edge Effect and leads to risky illegally crossing of the border crosser and then become unauthorized immigrants.

MOVIE LIST Touch of Evil (1958) The Wild Bunch (1969) The Border (1982) El Norte (1983) The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada (2005) Wetback: The Undocumented Documentary (2005) Babel (2006) Linewatch (2008) Sleep Dealer (2008) Sin Nombre (2009) Desierto (2015)

Moreover, these movies document the different ways people get close to or cross the borders (from all the way south to Central America to the north of the Mexico-United States Border). Walking is the most common choice for the border crossers (Fig. 9, 10). To enter the United States, they either need to sneak through a tremendous “no man’s land” or cut through the secured fence. A long list of supplies those travelers carry - water, salty cookies, and sardine cans - is necessary to keep them hydrated, sodium-balanced, and energized. The risks these unauthorized immigrants could encounter include the extreme environment, dangerous animals, unexpected robbery, and capture then deportation by the U.S. Border Patrols. But in the San Diego area, there are so-called “day-workers” who can cross the Tijuana River to work in the city during the day and go back during the night. MOVIE STUDY

Fig. 9, 10 Walk. Fig. 11, 12 Train. Fig. 13 Boat. 13

BEGINNING RESEARCH

Fig. 14 Swim.

In the films, border crossers also chose to take trains to get close to the Mexico-United States border especially for those who need to travel a long distance from Central America (Fig. 11, 12). But there is no passenger train between the U.S. and Mexico. So the border crossers have to climb on the top of moving cargo trains, which is so dangerous and numerous people are damaged or killed in this action every year. What is more, robbers and gangsters are likely to aim at the train travelers because the border crossers have nowhere to escape. In some cases, people attempt to traverse the Rio Grande, the river that divides the United States and Mexico. Travelers could take poorly hand-crafted boats (Fig. 13) or swim with all belongings in a plastic bag tied to their waists (Fig. 14). In summary, the uneven permeability of the border turns the positive Edge Effect into a humanitarian crisis. Based on the data from a documentary, each year there are about 3,000 people who leave Central America and go to the north, but only 300 of them make it.4 Peoplesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; strong wills to cross the border questions the necessity of the policies and fences. A better solution should be proposed to enhance the situation on both sides of the border and take advantage of the Edge Effect.

MOVIE STUDY

Migration experts and smugglers who charge from $5,000 to $10,000 to move Central Americans to the U.S. say these are the payments that must be made to get their human cargo to its destination Die or missing Die or missing days

2-3 weeks

Deportation

until get caught

United States walk/take boat walk/take train/take boat/swim e rt e r el o n use enjoy nt s yot esse randteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s catunn ned i n rom r rom r o f f o o i h c t t d d e e d i afe b and dream atten agen he the Rio Gcoyo ig a deta tatio orte bord rte bord t s o d a jo S n y CE low oss he in or ht & trol dep ates dep xico I ach et a erica ut pa t fol cr oss t hide e a g e r S g m b M d cau der P e cr it r rA Un Bo 15 you

Central America

Fig. 15 Illegal Crossing Process.

BEGINNING RESEARCH

BORDER CROSSERS STATUS Immigration to the United States

Illegal Entrance Cost

In 2015, 1.38 million foreign-born individuals moved to the United States, and 139,400 of them were from Mexico.5 This number did not include those who illegally crossed the Mexico-United States border.6

Compared to the time and cost for applying for a visa, illegal entrance is a better choice (Fig .15). The costs for a Central American to reach the United States are listed below:

To legally enter the United States, people need to either acquire refugee identification or apply for the immigration visa. The employment-based visa demands sponsorship from the employer. And the family-based visa is only available to family members of American citizens. After entering the United States, the foreign citizens can enroll in the Green Card Lottery and become a permanent resident. The time this takes cannot be estimated. The Immigrant Investor Visas are less time-consuming, but it requires one million dollars investment in a “qualifying commercial enterprise.”7 Thus, those limitations on entering the United States force the eager immigrants to cross the border in illegal ways.

Unauthorized Immigrants The unauthorized resident immigrant population is defined as “all foreign-born non-citizens who are not legal residents which includes legal permanent residents (LPRs), naturalized citizens, asylees, refugees, and non-immigrants.”8 In summary, an estimated 11.4 million unauthorized immigrants were living in the United States by 2012. Most unauthorized residents either entered the United States without inspection or were admitted temporarily and stayed past the date they were required to leave. Unauthorized immigrants applying for adjustment to LPR status under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) are unauthorized until they have been granted lawful permanent residence, even though they may have been authorized to work. However, most of the unauthorized immigrants do not attempt to pursue a legal identification in the United States because of the complication of the process and fear of deportation.

Boatmen at Mexico’s southern border: $1.50 to cross Suchiate River from Guatemala. Lodging: $11.50 a room, which can hold many migrants. Central American gang: At least $100 per migrant to board Mexican freight train. Mexican police and immigration officials: $230 to $540 to pass; $25 to $40 a person to free detained migrant. Coyotes: $250 to $300 for Mexican, $500 to $700 for Central American, about $1,500 for European or Asian. Boatmen at Mexico’s northern border: $100 to cross Rio Grande into U.S. Drivers: $150 for ride from Rio Grande to stash house; $200 for ride north of Border Patrol’s highway checkpoint to Houston. Caretaker at safe house: $20 per person per day.9 The high-risk job of smuggling illegal immigrants to America is estimated to achieve a 6.6 million dollars business by 2010, which is higher than the yearly funding on the border walls issued by President Donald Trump.10

BORDER CROSSERS STATUS

Vt. Conn.

R.I.

D.C. Calif.

17 Aberdeen

Boston Chicago Berkeley San Francisco

Aurora

New York Baltimore Washington

Las Vegas Los Angeles Long Beach Aurora

Tuskegee

Fig. 16 Sanctuary States. Fig. 17 Sanctuary Counties. 18

10 BEGINNING RESEARCH

Fig. 18 Sanctuary Cites.

Hiring or Harboring Illegal Aliens

Sanctuary State/County/City12

After entering the United States, the border crossers want to settle down to achieve the American Dream. But the federal law prohibits American citizens to hire or harbor those unauthorized immigrants:

In opposition to the federal law, some states, counties, or cities in the United States and Canada either limit their cooperation with the national government effort to enforce immigration law or prohibit police or city employees from questioning people about their immigration status. These jurisdictions are categorized as the sanctuary states/counties/cities (Fig. 16, 17, 18).13 And the studies that investigate sanctuary status have found that sanctuary policies do not have a negative effect on the crime rate or economy.14

A person (including a group of persons, business, organization or local government) commits a federal felony when he or she: 1) assists an alien whom he should reasonably know is illegally in the U.S. or who lacks employment authorization, by transporting, sheltering, or assisting him to obtain employment, 2) encourages that alien to remain in the U.S., by referring him to an employer, by acting as employer or agent for an employer in any way, or 3) knowingly assists illegal aliens due to personal convictions. Penalties upon conviction include criminal fines, imprisonment, and forfeiture of vehicles and real property used to commit the crime. Anyone employing or contracting with an illegal alien without verifying his work authorization status is guilty of a misdemeanor. Aliens and employers violating immigration laws are subject to arrest, detention, and seizure of their vehicles or property. In addition, individuals or entities who engage in racketeering enterprises that commit (or conspire to commit) immigration-related felonies are subject to private civil suits for treble damages and injunctive relief.11 To make their living, unauthorized immigrants have to work illegally which means lower wage, no insurance, no welfare, and unpredictable inspection by the Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents. Ironically, these immigrants pay United States taxes.

In the 1980s, the sanctuary city movement took place to challenge the United States government’s refusal to accept the refugees from the Central American countries in which massacre happens to cease the communist movement.15 Faithbased groups in the southwest United States initiated the movement and eight churches publicly declared a sanctuary in March 1982.16 The first city in America that became a sanctuary city was San Francisco. It passed the largely symbolic “City of Refuge” resolution followed by a 1985 city ordinance which prohibited using city funds and resources to assist in federal immigration enforcement.17 As of 2017, there are over 300 states, counties, and cities that consider themselves sanctuary cities.18

Laws and Policies in California Sanctuary laws and policies allow illegal immigrants to live in certain areas. And the state of California recently becomes one of them: On October 5, 2017, Governor Jerry Brown signed a bill that makes California a ‘sanctuary state’. In spite of this, it does not bar local and state agencies from cooperating with ICE regarding certain illegal criminals and ICE is still free to carry out raids targeting illegal aliens within the state.19 Berkeley became the first city in the United States to pass

BORDER CROSSERS STATUS 11

Fig. 19 The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Rapid Response Teamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is seeking to offer refuge to people who may be sought by US immigration control by buying homes for them to live in Aaron P. Bernstein 20

12 BEGINNING RESEARCH

Fig. 20 Rev. Zach Hoover wants to help immigrant families fearing deportation stay hidden and together.

a sanctuary resolution on November 8, 1971.20 The policy was first initiated in 1979 in Los Angeles, to prevent the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) from inquiring about the immigration status of arrestees. Many Californian cities have adopted ‘sanctuary’ ordinances banning city employees and public safety personnel from asking people about their immigration status.21 San Francisco declared itself a sanctuary city in 1989, and city officials strengthened the stance in 2013 with its ‘Due Process for All’ ordinance. The law declared local authorities could not hold immigrants for immigration officials if they had no violent felonies on their records and did not currently face charges.22 In the project site area, which is located in San Diego County, illegal immigrants are still facing the risk of deportation by the ICE agents. Thus, private shelters are provided by nongovernment organizations to harbor them.

but currently it is building up a higher and higher threshold for aliens. The federal laws and policies make the edge between two countries less permeable. Only parts of the Mexican or Central American immigrants are lucky or wealthy enough to enter the country. Thus, the humanitarian crisis happens as most of the immigrants suffer in this negative Edge Effect. The political edge prohibits the legal immigrants to meet their families from the other side and forces the illegal immigrants to take risking entrance. Although attempts like the sanctuary movement and the safe houses are made to accommodate the unauthorized immigrants, the edge defines an area in which they are labeled as unwelcome. Therefore, the sanctuary architect of the Cross-Cruzar project should be exempted from the laws and policies as a space those immigrants can stay. It should not only be a physical shelter but also a spiritual harbor in which they can rest, reunion and, be identified. Everything turns the Edge Effect into negative should be diminished so the old and new immigrants can establish the understanding with strangers.

Safe House Despite the existence of sanctuary cities, individual American citizens and organizations also provide shelters for families which at risk of deportation by the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (Fig. 19). Those shelters are known as Safe Houses.23 Moreover, under federal law, locations like churches and synagogues are public spaces that authorities cannot enter to conduct law enforcement actions. In 2011, the Department of Homeland Security instituted a policy limiting ICE action at religious locations. Thus, the religious buildings are ideal sanctuaries for the illegal immigrants (Fig. 20).24

A Sanctuary Building The movies regarding the Mexico-United States border might be unrealistic, but they are the extension of the authentic world. The United States is a country found by immigrants, BORDER CROSSERS STATUS 13

ENDNOTES 1. McClure, Ursula Emery. PROSPECTUS. 2018. Print. 2. “Edge Effect.” Deep Green Permaculture, 3 Apr. 2013, deepgreenpermaculture.com/permaculture/ permaculture-design-principles/10-edge-effect/. Accessed 15 Feb 2018.

10. Holland, Steve. “Trump budget to include $3 billion for border wall: official.” Reuters, Thomson Reuters, 9 Feb. 2018, www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-budget-wall/ trump-budget-to-include-3-billion-for-border-wallofficial-idUSKBN1FT09M. Accessed 1Mar 2018.

3. Dellagnese, Elena. “The US–Mexico Border in American Movies: A Political Geography Perspective.” Geopolitics, vol. 10, no. 2, 2005, pp. 204–221. Accessed 15 Feb 2018.

11. “The Law Against Hiring or Harboring Illegal Aliens.” Federation for American Immigration Reform, Dec. 1999, fairus.org/issue/illegal-immigration/law-against-hiringor-harboring-illegal-aliens. Accessed 16 Feb 2018.

4. Torres, Arturo Pérez, director. Wetback: The Undocumented Documentary. 2005.

12. “Sanctuary city.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 28. Jan. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary_city.

5. “Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States.” Migrationpolicy.org, 6 Apr. 2017. Accessed 16 Feb 2018.

13. “Dallas County sheriff eases immigration holds on minor offenses”. The Dallas Morning News. October 11, 2015. Accessed 14 Feb 2018.

6. Passel, Jeffrey S. and D’Vera Cohn, 2012b. “Unauthorized Immigrants: 11.1 Million in 2011,” Pew Hispanic Center, http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/12/06/unauthorizedimmigrants-11-1-million-in-2011. Accessed 16 Feb 2018.

14. Wong, Tom K. “The Effects of Sanctuary Policies on Crime and the Economy.” Center for American Progress, www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/ reports/2017/01/26/297366/the-effects-of-sanctuarypolicies-on-crime-and-the-economy/. Accessed 14 Feb 2018.

7. “The Immigrant Visa Process.” U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State, travel.state.gov/content/travel/ en/us-visas/immigrate/the-immigrant-visa-process. html. Accessed 16 Feb 2018. 8. Office of Immigration Statistics. “Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States.” Department of Homeland Security, 21 Sept. 2017, www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/populationestimates/unauthorized-resident. Accessed 16 Feb 2018. 9. “Border Crisis Shows Shadowy ‘Coyote’ Business In Mexico And Central America Is Booming.” Fox News, FOX News Network, 21 July. 2014, www.foxnews.com/ politics/2014/07/21/border-crisis-shows-shadowycoyote-business-in-mexico-and-central-america-is.html. Accessed 16 Feb 2018.

14 BEGINNING RESEARCH

15. Bracken, Amy. “Why you need to know about Guatemala’s civil war.” Public Radio International, www. pri.org/stories/2016-12-29/why-you-need-know-aboutguatemalas-civil-war. Accessed 14 Feb 2018. 16. Bauder, Harald. “Sanctuary Cities: Policies and Practices in International Perspective.” International Migration, vol. 55, no. 2, Aug. 2016, pp. 174–187., doi:10.1111/ imig.12308. Accessed 14 Feb 2018. 17. Kopan, Tal. “What are sanctuary cities, and can they be defunded?” CNN, Cable News Network, 25 Jan. 2017, edition.cnn.com/2017/01/25/politics/sanctuary-citiesexplained. Accessed 14 Feb 2018.

18. Lippert, Randy K., and Sean Rehaag. Sanctuary practices in international perspectives: migration, citizenship and social movements. Routledge, 2014. 19. Adler, Ben. “California Governor Signs ‘Sanctuary State’ Bill.” NPR, NPR, 5 Oct. 2017, www.npr.org/sections/ thetwo-way/2017/10/05/555920658/california-governorsigns-sanctuary-state-bill. Accessed 15 Feb 2018. 20. O’Donoghue, Liam. “Berkeley Is The Original Sanctuary City.” East Bay Express, East Bay Express, 17 Feb. 2017, www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/berkeley-theoriginal-sanctuary-city/Content?oid=5306164. Accessed 15 Feb 2018. 21. Carpenter, Amanda. “‘Sanctuary Cities’ Embrace Illegal Immigrants.” Human Events, humanevents. com/2007/05/04/sanctuary-cities-embrace-illegalimmigrants/. Accessed 15 Feb 2018. 22. Carcamo, Cindy. et al. “Trump’s crackdown on illegal immigration leaves a lot unanswered for sanctuary cities like L.A.” Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times, www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-sanctuary-cities20161114-story.html. Accessed 15 Feb 2018. 23. Bulman, May. “US Religious leaders create underground network to hide undocumented immigrants.” The Independent, Independent Digital News and Media, 24 Feb. 2017, www.independent.co.uk/news/world/ americas/us-underground-network-religious-leadersundocumented-immigrants-hide-deportation-donaldtrump-a7598296.html#gallery. Accessed 14 Feb 2018. 24. Lah, Kyung, and Mallory Simon. “There is an underground network readying homes to hide undocumented immigrants.” CNN, Cable News Network, 26 Feb. 2017, www.cnn.com/2017/02/23/us/california-immigrantsafe-houses/index.html. Accessed 14 Feb 2018.

ENDNOTES 15

IMAGES Fig. 1. Peckinpah, Sam, et al. The Wild Bunch. Warner Bros., 1969. Fig. 2. Nava, Gregory, et al. El Norte. American Playhouse, 1983. Fig. 3. Rivera, Alex, et al. Sleep dealer. Medusa, 2008. Fig. 4. Peckinpah. The Wild Bunch. Fig. 5. Welles, Orson, et al. Touch of evil. Universal Pictures Co., 1958. Fig. 6, 7. Iñárritu, Alejandro González, et al. Babel. Paramount Home Entertainment, 2006. Fig. 8. Torres, Arturo Pérez, director. Wetback: The Undocumented Documentary. 2005. Fig. 9. Cuarón, Jonás, et al. Desierto. Esperanto Kino, Itaca Films, CG Cinéma, 2015. Fig. 10. Bronfman, Edgar, et al. The Border. Universal, 1982. Fig. 11. Fukunaga, Cary Jôji, et al. Sin Nombre. Scion Films, 2009. Fig. 12. Torres,. Wetback: The Undocumented Documentary. Fig. 13, 14. Fukunaga. Sin Nombre. Fig. 16, 17, 18. “What Trump doesn’t tell you about sanctuary cities.” MSNBC, NBCUniversal News Group, 26 Oct. 2016, www.msnbc.com/specials/migrant-crisis/sanctuary-cities. Accessed 14 Feb 2018. Fig. 19. Reuters. “US Religious leaders create underground network to hide undocumented immigrants.” The Independent, Independent Digital News and Media, 24 Feb. 2017, www. independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-undergroundnetwork-religious-leaders-undocumented-immigrants-hidedeportation-donald-trump-a7598296.html#gallery. Accessed 14 Feb 2018. 16 BEGINNING RESEARCH

Fig. 20. CNN. “There is an underground network readying homes to hide undocumented immigrants.” CNN, Cable News Network, 26 Feb. 2017, www.cnn.com/2017/02/23/us/ california-immigrant-safe-houses/index.html. Accessed 14 Feb 2018.

02 SITE ANALYSIS

United States California

Arizona

New Mexico

Texas

Mexico USBP Sector HQ USBP Station

Friendship Park

STIE United States Mexico

Fig. 1 USBP Sector Stations on Mexico-United States Border. 2

18 SITE ANALYSIS

Fig. 2 Building Site Map.

CONTEXT Mexico-United States Border The Mexico-United States boundary was established by Treaties in 1843, 1853, and 1970. It starts with 18 miles in the Pacific Ocean at the West Coast, extends 1,954 miles through regions including deserts, rugged mountains, abundant sunshine, two major rivers, and ends with its last 12 miles in the Gulf of Mexico. The Colorado River and the Rio Grande make up approximately two-thirds of the international edge. These rivers provide life-giving waters to the largely arid but fertile lands along the rivers in both countries.1 23 U.S. counties and 39 Mexican municipalities are built along the border. Immigrants are the major factor which raises the population in this area with both countries providing employment opportunities. The Mexico-United States border is significant in economic development on both sides but is subject to be affected negatively or positively when there is a change in policies.2 Along the border, there are 48 crossings and 330 ports of entry (Fig. 1). Border crossings take place by roads, pedestrian walkways, railroads, and ferries.3 The border separating Mexico and the United States is the most frequently crossed international boundary in the world,4 with approximately 350 million legal crossings taking place annually.5

San Diegoâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Tijuana Conurbation The San Diegoâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Tijuana area is the largest international metropolitan conurbation shared between the United States and Mexico, and the fourth largest in the world. This conurbation consists of San Diego County in the United States and the municipalities of Tijuana, Rosarito Beach, and Tecate in Mexico.6 The population of the region in 2012 was 4,922,723.7

The San Diego-Tijuana Conurbation is the busiest landborder crossing in the world. Over fifty million people cross from this part of the border each year.8 San Diegoâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Tijuana has become a dominant commercial center on the border after the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994. The major industries in San Diego-Tijuana are stated as below: Renowned for natural beauty, tourism is a leading industry in the region and its coastal environs have been paramount factors in the growth of action sports-lifestyle companies. Other key industries include military, biotech, and manufacturing.9

CONURBATION Conurbation is a term coined by Patrick Geddes in 1915 to describe large-scale city regions such as Greater London, New York/Boston, or the Ruhr. It is not a statistically based concept, but normally refers to one city or a conglomerate of very large cities surrounded by extensive suburbs, which form a continuous urban and industrial built-up environment. In most cases, transportation systems are developed to link all districts within the conurbation, so as to create a single urban labour-market or travel-to-work area. Alternative terms are urban agglomeration and, in the United States, metropolitan area.10

CONTEXT 19

Temperature (Â°F)

Rainfall (Inches)

120

111 99

100 88

101

100

2.5 107 100

1.5

60 34

50 43 36

1 32

0.5

20 0

Jan

Feb

Record High Temperateure Record Low Temperateure

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Average High Temperateure Average Low Temperateure

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Fig. 3 San Diego Temperature and Precipitation. Fig. 4 San Diego Radiation Range.

Average Rainfall

Radiation (Btu/sq.ft) 160

Fig. 5 San Diego Wind Rose. North

Illumination (footcandles) 5000 4500

140

4000

120

20 25

3500

100

3000

30 35

West

East

2500 2000

1500

1000

20 0

500 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

Direct Normal Illumination Average Daily

20 SITE ANALYSIS

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Direct Normal Radation Average Daily

Oct

Nov

Dec

10%

South Max Wind Speed (mph) Min Wind Speed (mph) Yearly Wind Occurrence Frequency

Project Site

Climate

The project site is located in the West of the San DiegoTijuana Conurbation. It is a 100 ft-wide strip area between two fences that separates Mexico and United States (Fig. 2). Part of the site is the bi-national Friendship Park, which was built in 1971 by First Lady Pat Nixon to allow the residents of the two countries to meet.11 But nowadays, the meeting point has limited open hours on weekend mornings from 10 am to 2 pm and is monitored by U.S. Border Patrols 24 hours a day.12

The climate in San Diego-Tijuana area can be described as:

At the Northeast of the site is the Border Field State Park and part of the Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve which is an important wildlife habitat. The salt and freshwater marshes in the habitat give refuge to migrating waterfowl and resident wading birds, such as the black-necked stilt, American avocet, green-winged teal, American wigeon, and pelicans.13

San Diego–Tijuana straddles a Mediterranean climate and Semi-arid climate area.14 The Mediterranean climate is characterized by generally warm, dry summers on the near coastal regions while with a slight temperature increase westward, and relatively cool, mild, wet winters; this is the climate that dominates northern San Diego– Tijuana. In southern San Diego–Tijuana, the semi-arid climate is observed, though characteristics of the DrySummer Subtropical Mediterranean climate are present, with most of the annual precipitation falling in the winter.15 (see Fig. 3) The climate of the area often varies significantly due to the abundance of microclimates characterizing the region. San Diego–Tijuana’s topography, bays, coastal hills, mountains, canyons and gorges maintain their own climates while being relatively near to each other. During the May gray and June gloom seasons, a dense cloak of coastal clouds, known as marine layer, covers the coastal areas, keeping the area cool and moist to up to 5–10 miles inland. Yet once outside this cloud, the weather in sharp contrast can be warm and sunny.16 The natural light in San Diego allows the buildings to use less electric lighting and supply power with solar panels (Fig. 4). Requirements on heating and air conditioning are minimized because of the comfortable temperature all year. The lack of rainwater requires the landscape design to implement arid plants. The prevailing wind in San Diego is from the northwest (Fig. 5).

CONTEXT 21

Colorado River Hydrologic Region

Oceanside Vista Carlsbad

San Marcos San Escondido

Dieguito River Basin Julian

Solana Beach

Poway

Del Mar

San Diego River Basin

La Jolla

Santee

El Cajon La Mesa

Sweetwater River Basin

Imperial County San Diego County

Encinitas

San Diego

Otay River Basin Chula Vista

San Ysidro Mountains

Campo

es United Stat Mexico Tecate

Tijuana

California a Baja Californi

Rosarito

Study area boundary

20 MILES

San Diego International Airport San Diego

Otay Mesa Port of Entry San Ysidro Land Port of Entry

Tecate Port of Entry

Tijuana International Airport Tijuana

Fig. 6 Location of San Diego Hydrogeology study area, the five major river basins (San Dieguito, San Diego, Sweetwater, Otay, and Tijuana) surface water drainage and pipelines in San Diego County, California and Baja California, Mexico.

Major Highway Light Rail USBP Sector HQ Airport

22 SITE ANALYSIS

Fig. 7 San Diego-Tijuana Conurbation Traffic Map.

Hydrology

Traffic

As a result of rare precipitation, San Diego’s water supply heavily depends on the State Water Project (SWP) and Colorado River. The SWP delivers twenty percent of the county’s water supply with melted snowpack and rainfall runoff from Northern California. Meanwhile, 60 percent of the water supply comes from the Colorado River.17 Methods such as saltwater desalination provide options for obtaining fresh water. The San Diego Water Authority approved a Water Purchase Agreement with a private company named Poseidon Water to fulfill about 8 percent of the San Diego region’s water demand on desalinated water.18

There are three ports of entry serving the San Diego-Tijuana conurbation region: San Ysidro, Otay Mesa, and Tecate. The trolley lines connect the border ports to the Downtown and Old Town San Diego. On the Tijuana side, since the inhabited area is closer to the border, a bus system is operating. What is more, San Diego–Tijuana is at the junction of major interstates, state routes, and federal highways. And the conurbation is the home base of three major airports: the San Diego International Airport (Lindbergh Field), Tijuana International Airport (General Abelardo L. Rodríguez) and McClellan-Palomar Airport (Carlsbad) (Fig. 7).20

Besides water shortage, the site is also facing the problem of water pollution. San Diego shares the Tijuana River watershed with Tijuana (Fig. 6). And the Tijuana River, which flows mostly in Mexico side, collects the sewage spill along the river and disposes the massive amount of untreated wastewater on the beaches of southern San Diego County.19 The water pollution, as well as the separation of habitats along the border by the fences and wall, becomes the environmental crisis America and Mexico are facing.

There is no public transportation that connects the project site to the other parts of San Diego. Vehicles are allowed to enter the Border Field State Park on Saturdays and Sundays when the roads are not flooded since the roads are subject to frequent flooding from winter to early summer.21 Currently there is no entrance from Mexico on the project site. There is a concrete paved road for Border Patrol vehicles existing in the project site, but the limited space cannot fit a parking lot. On the United States side, parking space is provided for Friendship Park. Drivers can enter the site together with pedestrians who walk up from the beach. On the Mexico side, a drop-off place is designed for the park. Thus, the pedestrian entrance is considerable for accessibility and security reasons.

CONTEXT 23

Coastal Wetland

Beach

Ocean

United States

Mexico

Human Inhabitation

Friendship Park

Beach

United States 10

24 SITE ANALYSIS

Buffer

Mexico 11

Patterns and Edges

Conclusion

The context in which the project site is located is a puzzle made of patterns and edges (Fig. 8). Two edges define the three natural patterns on site: ocean, beach, and coastal wetland. The national border is placed perpendicular to and separates the natural patterns (Fig. 9). In 1971, Friendship Park was built over the border. On the Mexico side, human inhabitation fills up the area and stops at the border. In contrast, the United States preserves its side as natural (Fig. 10). At last, the two fences are erected. The fenced buffer zone between them reinforces the segregation and cross over natural edges in an unnatural manner of two countries over all the existing patterns (Fig. 11).

The project site occupies the strip of land between the preserved America side and inhabited Mexico side at the West end of the border and facing the Pacific Ocean. The original continuous coastal line is blocked by fences. Since there are border ports in San Diego-Tijuana area, the CrossCruzar project should not be a place for daily crossing or filtering for border crossers. On the contrary, because of the leisure environment the site faces as well as the adjacency to the built parks and recreational destinations, the site should embrace a relaxed atmosphere rather than operate under heavy surveillance like a prison. Cross-Cruzar can be a place for unidentified people to seek for shelter. The comfortable climate allows the building to adapt passive design strategies with natural ventilation. The natural resources on the site enable the building to generate clean power from the sun to support daily use. To minimize the environmental impact, the project ought to implement a water recycling system and collect rainwater on site. What is more, Cross-Cruzar project is a modification of the MexicoUnited States border, thus innovative strategies should be figured out to improve the permeability for animals to recover the habitats along the border. There are beneficial and disadvantage edges for humans or nature on the project site. They compose the unique site identification. These Edge Effects on the boundaries of patterns can be transferred to opportunities that can inspire the interfacing between different races, different counties, as well as humans and nature.

Fig. 8 Site Model. Fig. 9 United States and Mexico Fig. 10 Beach and ocean, Friendship Park, Inhabitated area. Fig. 11 United States, Mexico, and fenced area.

CONTEXT 25

26 SITE ANALYSIS

FIELD EXCURSION

Fig. 12 Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve Trail Map. Fig. 13 Typical sections of the trail. Fig. 14 Dirt route with horeshoe foorprints.

Greetings: the Tijuana River Estuary

Fig. 15 Sand route. Fig. 16 Tijuana River.

The field trip starts with the exploration at the Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve area, which “encompasses beach, dune, mudflat, salt marsh, riparian, coastal sage scrub, and upland habitats surrounded by the growing cities of Tijuana, Imperial Beach, and San Diego.”22 Entering from the north entrance with the helicopters haunting on the air, people can easily get lost by following the outdated map and misleading signs (Fig. 12). Along the trail are shrubs and land covers which are upright, coarse form, and have needle-shaped leaves. These plants are the result of a limited amount of water supply (Fig. 13). The traces on the dirt route imply the area is frequently flooded. And the footprints of horseshoes, which are hints of the human activity on this land, are quickly hardened by the fierce sunlight (Fig. 14). The soil type changes as the trail approaches the beach from dirt to sand (Fig. 15). Incidentally, the Tijuana River is encountered on the detour of the main trail towards the south (Fig. 16).

Fig. 17 View of the border from Imperial Beach.

Instead of taking the paved concrete road only designated for the border patrols, people need to walk from the entrance of the Border Field State Park, and cross the nature edges between the coastal marsh and beach to reach the project site. The topography of the site dramatically drops about 41 feet in elevation within 90 feet distance on the beach. The megastructure – a black grid fence that follows the topography and stretches all the way into the Pacific Ocean – has a foreboding presence to the people along the beach (Fig. 17). When getting close to the black fence, people can see another wire net fence parallel to the black one which stops at the upper beach. But the patrol vehicle at top of the hill and the sign that says “Restricted Area” extend the limitation into the ocean. This unfriendly area – two fences and the no man’s land between them – indicate that the tour is over and people should turn around. Exploratory Trip: San Diego Architecture

FIELD EXCURSION 27

28 SITE ANALYSIS

The first stop of the architecture scavenger trip is the Salk Institute (Fig. 18) which was designed by Louis I. Kahn in 1960s. The collaboration of the form, material, light, and shadow, like the other Kahn buildings, composes a poem. It is a temple that sits on the seashore and celebrates the enlightenment of knowledge. The center piazza is led by the slim spring in the center and aligned buildings on the sides to visually connect to the ocean (Fig. 19). The wood strips on the facades were recently replaced because of the erosion by salt spray. In opposition to the wood, concrete surfaces have proved long lasting for a marine environment (Fig. 20, 21). Advanced design is created by the 8-ft high space between each floor for placement of all the equipment and infrastructures (Fig. 22). Designed with light and shadow, with the ocean and clear sky as background, the Salk Institute creates a classic image of monumental space.(Fig. 23).

Fig. 18 Salk Institute. Fig. 19 The Spring of Knowledge. Fig. 20 Skecth of facade with wood strips. Fig. 21 Concrete surfaces. Fig. 22 Service floor. Fig. 23 Shadow.

The Geisel Library in the University of California San Diego Campus is a brutalist building finished in 1970 (Fig. 24). It consists of a six-floor tower above ground and two floors beneath it. The top tower exposes all of the concrete structure (Fig. 25). The idea of the building form resembles hands holding a stack of books, but the material combination of concrete, steel, and glass make it a bizarre spaceship with coarse detail and arbitrary material joists. The lower part, which connects to a reflective zigzag faรงade building and a garden, becomes a vivid study space that is very popular with students. Nonetheless, the plan of Geisel Library embraces the aesthetic of a classically symmetrical cross (Fig. 26). However, the argument on the building is stopped by learning that the original design was actually a modernist construction made entirely out of steel and glass, but because of cost-cutting the structure was redesigned with concrete and relocated outside of the building. That is the reason why the materials of the heavy concrete and light glass make a contrast and disconnect with its form.23 In 1995, Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects designed the three-building complex of the Neurosciences Institute in San Diego. It is a case study of the delicate collaboration of abundant materials (Fig. 27). The detail of connection and joints are well-thought out. For example, the handles on the FIELD EXCURSION 29

30 SITE ANALYSIS

metal gate are covered with wood pieces to prevent static electricity (Fig. 28). Moreover, although the Neurosciences Institute is private property, it cooperates with the sloping topography, provides diverse exterior spaces and preserves the pedestrian connection through the site (Fig. 29).24

Fig. 24 The Geisel Library. Fig. 25 Brutalist concrete structure. Fig. 26 6th Floor Plan of the Geisel Library. Fig. 27 Facade of the Neurosciences Institute. Fig. 28 Wood handles on the entrance door. Fig. 29 Public space.

The San Diego Central Library is designed by the local architect Rob Quigley. It is a combination of the three-story hall with a tremendous concrete arch on the bottom (Fig. 30), the four floors of indented steps, regular spaces is the middle, and a glass rare book reading room with a steel-and-mesh lattice dome on the top. The meaning of the dome is unclear at first, but people realize it is a shelter canopy after knowing the library is located between the downtown and suburban area where many homeless stay, and it is open to everyone and provides assistance for them anytime.

Fig. 30 Concrete arch at the 1st Floor of San Diego Central Library

The last stop of the day is a design firm which is the office of BNIM in San Diego. In current practice, BNIM implements many sustainable design strategies in architecture design like solar panels and natural ventilation.

The exploratory trip of San Diego goes through the buildings from the 1960s to contemporary. The Salk Institute and Geisel Library focus on the architecture to create spatial spirit. The Neuroscience Institute reflects the site topography. The Central Library attempts to take care of part of the city. And the practice of BNIM is taking responsibility for the dynamic global environment and minimizing the impact of buildings. The architecture is always about not only a physical existence but also humanistic care of the world people live in.

Central California: Humanist vs. Capitalist

Reflecting on the trip in Central California can be viewed in two extreme ways. On the positive side, California accommodates the most innovative technology companies in the United States that lead in new discoveries, knowledge, and insights for the better future of human society.25 And, the established national and state parks preserve the precious ecological and historical resources (Fig. 31, 32, 33). These are humanistic FIELD EXCURSION 31

32 SITE ANALYSIS

activities of sustainable living on earth. On the negative side, with the Central Valley as one of the biggest farmlands in the United States, California has around nine million acres of farmland which need to be irrigated and takes 40% of the state water usage.26 Agriculture causes serious environmental impacts. The salinity level of the Salton Sea depends on the inlet because of it lacks outflow. The shortage in the water statewide means the water is transferred to metropolitan areas along the coast and the clear water inflow is limited. Thus, when the outlet water of agriculture enters the Salton Sea, it increases the salinity level and destroys the existing ecosystem (Fig. 34). The lake becomes a habitat for the saltwater species and algae (Fig. 35).27

Fig. 31 View of Joshua Tree National Park I. Fig. 32 View of Joshua Tree National Park II. Fig. 33 Native plant in Joshua Tree National Park. Fig. 34 Corpses of fishes on the Salton Sea Beach. Fig. 35 Salton Sea Beach. Fig. 36 Flooded road in Border State Park.

Moreover, people can catch some surrealistic images of the borderless palm tree farms and crowded dairy farms together when passing the Central Valley. The story of California is telling through a combination of the humanist and capitalist movements. The real world is much more abnormal, like Scifi novels.

Site Revisit: In and Out On the top of the slope, which is disconnected by topography and the surveillance of the Border Patrols, is part of the Friendship Park (Fig. 36). The Park was built in 1971 and is now divided into three parts by two fences (Fig. 37).28 The parts out the fences, either in the United States or Mexico, are opened for public all the time. But the area between fences only opens at certain times to a limited amount of people. On the America side, the Friendship Park is well designed and 36

FIELD EXCURSION 33

41 38

34 SITE ANALYSIS

Fig. 37 Sections along the fences.

Fig. 42 Sketch of vertical elements.

Fig. 38 Sections along the fences.

Fig. 43 Vertical elements.

Fig. 39 Friendship Park.

Fig. 44 View from beach.

Fig. 40 View of the Estuary.

Fig. 45 View form top of the hill.

maintained (Fig. 38). It has good views facing the estuary and the Pacific Ocean with annotation boards to presemt information about the nature reserve area (Fig. 39). With lawns and sustainable design implemented, the Park is supposed to be a friendly recreation green space. Nonetheless, the fences and surveillance of the Border Patrols keep reminding people that here is a sensitive area. On the other side of the fences, Mexicans are happy and free. For a moment, it is hard to distinguish which side is in and out. Maybe the seagulls can tell, because they are the only exemption that can fly over the fences and enjoy the area without human disruption (Fig. 40).

Fig. 41 Fence and birds.

There are so many vertical elements preventing the continuity of the natural landscape in this area. The fences, light poles, watchtowers, and wood railings all demonstrate the separation of the original circumstances. (Fig. 41, 42). These vertical elements, again and again, emphasize the strip of no manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s land, which is a buffer that stops any human or animal attempt to transverse the border above or underground. The site area is all about contradictions: nature versus humanity, the Border Patrolsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; surveillance versus the visitors, and the United States versus Mexico (Fig. 43, 44). 44

FIELD EXCURSION 35

ENDNOTES 1. “The International Boundary and Water Commission Its Mission, Organization and Procedures for Solution of Boundary and Water Problems.” International Boundary and Water Commission, www.ibwc.gov/About_Us/about_ us.html. Accessed 16 Feb 2018. 2. Loustaunau, M., & Bane, M. (1999). Life, death, and in-between on the U.S.-Mexico border : Asi es la vida. Westport, Conn.: Bergin & Garvey. https:// ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/beloit-ebooks/reader. action?docID=496818. Accessed 16 Feb 2018. 3. Hodge, Roger D. (2012). “Borderworld: How the U.S. Is Reengineering Homeland Security”. Popular Science. 280 (1): 56–81. 4. Edwin Mora (May 19, 2010). “Senate Democratic Whip Compares Sealing the Mexican Border to Trying to Keep Drugs Off of I-95”. Cybercast News Service. Accessed 16 Feb 2018.

10. “conurbation.” A Dictionary of Sociology. Encyclopedia. com. 29 Nov. 2017 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. Accessed 16 Feb 2018. 11. “Friendship Park (San Diego–Tijuana).” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 4 Feb. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Friendship_Park_(San_Diego%E2%80%93Tijuana). Accessed 16 Feb 2018. 12. Friendshippark, www.friendshippark.org/faq. Accessed 16 Feb 2018. 13. “Border Field SP”. California State Parks. Accessed 16 Feb 2018. 14. Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). “Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 4 (2): 439–473. doi:10.5194/hessd-4-439-2007.

5. “The United States-Mexico Border Region at a Glance”. United States-Mexico Border Health Commission. New Mexico State University. Sep. 15, 2012.

15. “Greater San Diego-Tijuana Binational Metropolitan Region: International Competition for Sustainable Urban Design.” Des Plaines, IL: Gas Technology Institute. February 28, 2003.

6. “San Diego–Tijuana.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 29 Nov. 2017, en.wikipedia.org. Accessed 16 Feb 2018.

16. “UCSD”. Meteora.ucsd.edu. May 14, 2010. Accessed July 1, 2010.

7. America: metropolitan areas. World Gazetteer. 2011. Archived from the original on November 19, 2011.

17. Murphy, Susan. “How Does California’s ‘Zero Water Allocation’ Affect San Diego?” KPBS Public Media, www. kpbs.org/news/2014/feb/03/how-does-california-zerowater-affect-san-diego/. Accessed 16 Feb 2018.

8. Emmott, Robin. “Massive traffic cripples Tijuana border crossing.” Reuters, Thomson Reuters, 19 Apr. 2007, www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-mexico-border/ massive-traffic-cripples-tijuana-border-crossingidUSN1923343420070419. Accessed 16 Feb 2018. 9. “City of San Diego Partnering with Mexico”. City of San Diego. Archived from the original on November 6, 2010. Retrieved March 28, 2011.

36 SITE ANALYSIS

18. “Seawater Desalination.” San Diego County Water www.sdcwa.org/seawater-desalination. Authority, Accessed 16 Feb 2018. 19. Dibble, Sandra, and Emerson Smith, Joshua. “Two countries, one sewage problem: Tijuana and San Diego grapple with renegade flows.” Sandiegouniontribune.com, 15 Mar. 2017, www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/ border-baja-california/sd-me-border-sewage-20170310story.html. Accessed 16 Feb 2018.

IMAGES 20. “San Diego–Tijuana.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 13 Feb. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_ Diego%E2%80%93Tijuana#Ports_of_Entry. Accessed Feb 16, 2018. 21. “Border Field State Park.” Tijuana Estuary TRNERR, trnerr.org/plan_a_visit/borderfield/. Accessed 16 Feb 2018. 22. “About.” Tijuana Estuary TRNERR, trnerr.org/about/. Accessed 10 Mar 2018. 23. “AD Classics: Geisel Library / William L. Pereira & Associates.” ArchDaily, 10 Nov. 2014, www.archdaily. com/566563/ad-classics-geisel-library-william-l-pereiraand-associates. Accessed 9 Mar 2018. 24. “Neurosciences Institute.” Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects, twbta.com/6675. Accessed 9 Mar 2018. 25. “Fast Facts on California’s Innovation Economy.” Committee on Jobs, Economic Development, and the Economy, ajed. assembly.ca.gov/keyinsightsintoinnovation. Accessed 9 Mar 2018.

Fig. 1. “Border Patrol Sectors.” U.S. Customs and Border Protection, www.cbp.gov/border-security/along-us-borders/ border-patrol-sectors. Accessed 9 Mar 2018. Fig. 3. “NWS San Diego.” National Weather Service, 24 Oct. 2005, w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=sgx. Accessed 16 Mar 2018. Fig. 4, 5. “Weather Data.” Weather Data | EnergyPlus, energyplus.net/weather. Accessed 16 Mar 2018. Fig. 6. Danskin, Wes. “San Diego Hydrogeology.” USGS California Water Science Center, ca.water.usgs.gov/sandiego/ resources/maps.html. Accessed 9 Mar 2018. Fig. 12. “Trail Map.” Tijuana Estuary TRNERR, trnerr.org/ plan_a_visit/trail-map/. Accessed 9 Mar 2018. Fig. 26. “AD Classics: Geisel Library / William L. Pereira & Associates.” ArchDaily, 10 Nov. 2014, www.archdaily. com/566563/ad-classics-geisel-library-william-l-pereiraand-associates. Accessed 9 Mar 2018.

26. “Water Use in California.” Public Policy Institute of California, www.ppic.org/publication/water-use-incalifornia/. Accessed 9 Mar 2018. 27.

Descloitres, Jacques. “Algal bloom in the Salton Sea, California.” NASA, NASA, 11 Aug. 2009, visibleearth. nasa.gov/view.php?id=69143. Accessed 9 Mar 2018.

28. “About the Park.” Friendshippark, www.friendshippark. org/about. Accessed 9 Mar 2018.

ENDNOTES 37

03 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

AMPHIBIAN TECTONIC Amphibians have the ability to adapt to diverse ecological systems and cross the edges between them. This ability is similar to the requirements for the prospective architecture of the Cross-Cruzar project to respond to the dynamic environment. Study of the mechanism how these amphibians survive in such circumstances, the tectonic of their body connections, the individual organ function, and how they integrate to overcome the disasters, leads to ways to deconstruct the dynamic world and reconstruct the architecture.

AMPHIBIAN Any member of the group of vertebrate animals characterized by their ability to exploit both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. The name amphibian, derived from the Greek amphibios meaning “living a double life,” reflects this dual life strategy—though some species are permanent land dwellers, while other species have a completely aquatic mode of existence.1

AMPHIBIAN TECTONIC 39

Buttress Roots

Knee Roots

Pencil Roots

Breathing Roots Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina)

Ground Surface

Cable Roots 4 Anchor Roots

Fig. 1 Mangrove. Fig. 2 Mangrove Root Types.

40 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

Fig. 3 Mangrove Root System. Fig. 4 Mangrove Seeds.

Mangroves

Hermit Crabs

Mangroves are a collection of 69 species of salt-tolerant plants which grow up along coastal areas and up rivers in tropical and subtropical areas (Fig. 1). They can survive in a wide range of water from fresh to slightly saline. To flourish in the given environment, they develop a system capable of filtering salt water, resisting the intertidal circumstances, and adaptive dropping roots (Fig. 2). As a producer of the ecosystem, mangroves can also create a habitat to host many other species on the coastline.2

Hermit crabs are one of the species harbored by the habitats mangroves create. Hermit crabs are decapods with soft and vulnerable abdomens. Thus their shells are always carried to protect their bodies.4 Hermit crabs bury and consume the mangrove leaves to preserve energy within the forest. The stems of mangroves allow the crabs to climb on to evade predators.5 The hermit crabs dig burrows for shelter which at the same time alter the topography and sediment grain size of the mangroves.6 Both the crab larvae and adult crabs are foods for other species in the habitat.7

Mangroves can filter most of the salt out at the root level. Their leaves are able to concentrate and excrete salt out of the surface. The old bark and leaves will collect more salt and carry it with them when they drop. Some of the leaves are waxy which can conserve water and prevent its evaporation. To survive in the tidal environment, mangroves have developed an extensive root system which supports them with nutrients and oxygen. The anchor roots go down for nutrients and support the upper structure. The breathing roots stretch up above water level to absorb air. And, the cable roots function as connection and conveyance (Fig. 3). Nonetheless, if the breathing pores on roots are blocked by pollutants like oil or are submerged in water for too long, the mangroves will suffocate. Moreover, the root system also enhances the environment. They can trap silt and make more muddy areas for more mangroves. That is how the mangroves gradually build up land and prevent erosion. As the buffer along the coastal lines, mangroves can break the energy of hurricanes and tsunamis. The reproduction of mangroves also adapts to the salt environment (Fig. 4). The fertilized seed can float in the water until it reaches an ideal area that allows them to start a shoot. Once settled down, the mangrove forest will provide shelter and food for a wide range of animals, especially invertebrates and juvenile marine species. Mangroves’ leaves can be used as medicines. Some of the species produce hardwood that can be used for boat building as well as making cabinet timber and tools.3

The first half of the hermit crab’s body is covered by the exoskeleton (Fig. 5). On top of the head, it has a pair of compound eyes. The mouth is assisted by 3 pairs of appendages to groom themselves and deliver food. Hermit crabs have two pairs of antennas that function as sensory organs to gather information. The longer outer pair is used to touch and feel, while the inner pair is the hermit crab’s tongue and nose. Hermit crabs have five pairs of legs (Fig. 6). The first pair of legs have two different size claws that are used to grasp and pinch. The large claw is primarily used for defense and to effectively seal off the opening in a properly fitting shell. The small claw is mostly used for feeding and scooping water. The second and third pairs of legs are walking legs for movement. And the 4th pair is used for moving in and out the shell. The last pair of legs is for cleaning the gills and removing excrement from the shell. The gill is located between the 4th and 5th legs and housed in the brachial chamber (Fig. 7). It allows the hermit crab to breathe on land but it has to be kept moist to function. At the end of the abdomen, there is a uropod that helps the crab hook into its shell.8 During aggressive encounters, a crab can self-amputate the limb being held and flee from the enemy. It can also drop legs in response to “stress, ill health, to reduce blood loss from a wound, or as a response to the presence of bacteria or pests.”9

AMPHIBIAN TECTONIC 41

1st Pair Small Claw Large Claw

Cephalothorax Gill Area

Compound Eyes

2nd Pair

Abdomen

4th Pair 3rd Pair Telson

4th Pair Setae

5th Pair

Exoskeleton

Uropod

Smooth Tail Antennae

Fig. 5 Hermit Crab. 5

Aesthetascs Eyes

Statocyst Supraesophageal Ganglion (Brain) Proventriculus (Foregut) Heart Midgut

Testis

Hepatopancreas

Vas Deferens

Hindgut

Scaphognathite Antennae Antennal Gland Oesophagus Subsophageal Ganglion

Abdominal Ganglion Gills Thoracic Ganglion

Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion Gonopore (Male)

42 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

Anus 7

Fig. 6 Back side of Hermit Crab. Fig. 7 Hermit Crab Anatomy.

Conclusion The relationship between the hermit crabs is cooperation and competition at the same time: Hermit crabs need shells: without them, the critters will bake under the sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s punishing rays, if they arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t eaten first. The problem is hermit crabs are continually outgrowing their shells and the local real estate market is incredibly competitive. When a hermit crab spots a new shell, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll size up the shell for a good fit. If the shell is too big, the prospecting hermit crab will sit back and wait to steal the castoff shell of a larger crab that decides to upgrade. In the meantime, while the first crab waits, other crabs gather around the shell and do the same. When a crab large enough to fit the vacant shell arrives, a bit of orderly chaos ensues.10 Nonetheless, when the shells are in shortage, the hermit crabs may fight or kill a competitor to gain access to the shell they favor.11

Mangroves require an edge circumstance between water and ground to grow. Although their structures are fixed, mangroves enhance the interfacing of the Edge Effect at where they root. As residents in mangrove forests, the vulnerable hermit crabs need to carry shells around to protect their bodies, which in the meantime limit their moveability. The mangrove forest provides them food and shelter to avoid predators. Meanwhile, the burrows hermit crabs dig can improve the living circumstances of mangroves. The ecosystems of mangroves and hermit crabs are the compromise solution for these two species to benefit each other. The Cross-Cruzar project is a metaphor for the ecosystem of mangroves and hermit crabs, as it is at an edge condition and is needed to improve the Edge Effect. The architecture adapts to the dynamic natural and political edges as well as enhance the permeability of the border. The prospective site is a sanctuary that harbors the unidentified immigrants. Moreover, the engagements between the visitors from the United States and Mexico weak the disconnecting fences. At the same time, the increase of the permeability of the border allows more visitors to enter the Cross-Cruzar project. The Edge Effect is achieved and prolonged in this process.

AMPHIBIAN TECTONIC 43

Fig. 8, 9, 10, 11 Book cover of Dune series.

44 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

SCIENCE FICTION INSPIRATION Dune: the Ecosystem of a Desert Planet Dune is a 1965 science fiction novel by American author Frank Herbert. The book is “set in a distant future amidst a feudal interstellar society and explores the muti-layered interactions of politics, religion, ecology, technology, and human emotion”.12 The story happens on a planet called “Arrakis” which is a desert planet with giant sandworms as its most notable native life form. Arrakis produces the spice Mélange which can be only found here and that can improve general health, extend life, and bestow limited prescience. What is more, its rarity makes it a form of currency in the interstellar empire. In the book the spice is described as:

by Fremen that enclose their bodies and recycle water), reclaimed from dead bodies, captured in dewcatchers and windtraps.15 While it is the Fremen’s greatest wish to change the landscape of Arrakis and create a lush environment for future generations, they also realize that portions of the desert must remain. Fremen find out that the spice is a by-product of the Sandworm life cycle. They are the makers of the ecosystem. Excretions made by the larva of sandworm and exposed to water below ground form a pre-spice mass. These will then be brought to the surface by an explosion by the build-up of gases created by the chemical reactions occurring within the mass and then become Mélange through exposure to the sun and air. In the novel, this process is described in full at the death of Liet Kynes:

In the desert ecosystem on Arrakis that produces spices, the key elements are sandworms, humans, and water.

Then he heard the sand rumbling. Every Fremen knew the sound, could distinguish it immediately from the noises of worms or other desert life. Somewhere beneath him, the pre-spice mass had accumulated enough water and organic matter from the little makers, had reached the critical stage of wild growth. A gigantic bubble of carbon dioxide was forming deep in the sand, heaving upward in an enormous ‘blow’ with a dust whirlpool at its center. It would exchange what had been formed deep in the sand for whatever lay on the surface.16

Sandworms are massive creatures that range throughout the southern desert on Arrakis. The novel’s glossary includes this entry in reference to the worms: “Sandworms grow to enormous size (specimens longer than 400 meters have been seen in the deep desert) and live to great age unless slain by one of their fellows or drowned in water, which is poisonous to them”.14

The special desert ecosystem created in Dune is a dilemma for the humans in that world. For the people that live on Arraki, they want to replace the ecosystem with a green land. But for the aliens of Arraki, the spices are important products so the desert ecosystem should be preserved. It is this duality of nature depicted in Herbert’s Dune that makes it a significant work of ecological literature.17

The natives, who are named “Freman”, adapt to the extreme environment on the planet. They mine and sell the spice mélange. At the same time, they cherish and worship the water which is rare in the desert and essential for their living. Water is reclaimed by stillsuits (a type of cloth innovated

Dune reflects the dilemma in the real world that humans’ desire to modify the environment for resources or profits versus preserving the authenticity of natural ecosystems. In the Tijuana River Estuary, the United States side is preserved while the Mexico side replaces the coastal marsh with cities.

[T]he ‘spice of spices,’ the crop for which Arrakis is the unique source. The spice, chiefly noted for its geriatric qualities, is mildly addictive when taken in small quantities, severely addictive when imbibed in [large] quantities … Muad’Dib claimed the spice as a key to his prophetic powers. Guild navigators make similar claims.13

SCIENCE FICTION INSPIRATION 45

Fig. 12 Fallout 4 concept art at E3 2015. 13

46 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

Fig. 13 A nuclear detonation near Boston, Massachusetts.

Nonetheless, the human activities in Tijuana cause pollution on the Imperial Beach and lead to an environmental crisis. The dilemma also presents the Cross-Cruzar project with the fact that a building is in need to be built but the environmental impact should be minimized. The only strategy to solve the dilemma is integrating nature and human to achieve a harmony.

Fallout: the world after nuclear exchange Fallout is a series of post-apocalyptic role-playing video games first released in 1997. The series is set in a fictionalized United States that diverged from reality following World War II.

appearance.21 The apocalyptic world created by Fallout demonstrates a humanitarian crisis as a result of peoples’ inability to coexist and negotiate. This is also the reason for the erecting of the fences and walls on the Mexico-United States border. The Water War starts with humans’ endless demand on the nature and it ends with wiping out almost every ecosystem on the earth. In the real world, the Mexico-United States border also causes environmental crisis by isolating the nature. Should people let the hatred and disconnection accumulate will the raising of the barriers? Or the crossing border efforts need to be made to mediate the fear and disagreement between the two countries reconnect the nature?

The setting is after global “Resource Wars” which aThe setting is after a global “Resource Wars” which as a result of an energy crisis emerges caused by the depletion of petroleum reserves. A series of events includes a war between the European Commonwealth and the Middle East, the disbanding of the United Nations, the U.S. invasion of Mexico as well as the annexation of Canada. The Chinese invasion and subsequent military occupation of Alaska couples with their release of the “New Plague” that devastates the American mainland. These eventually lead to the “Great War” in the year 2077, a twohour nuclear exchange on an apocalyptic scale.18 Having foreseen the nuclear war earlier, the U.S. government began a nationwide project in 2054 to build fallout shelters known as Vaults that are self-sufficient and support their inhabitants indefinitely. However, only rare Vaults function normally.19 The world after the Great War is a wasteland. All the countries are severely depopulated. Most cities and towns are empty, having been looted and deserted in favor of smaller communities.20 What is more, all food and water are irradiated and most creatures have mutated due to high radiation combined with mutagens of varied origins. This included many humans who could not get into the Vaults to survive the atomic blasts, but many of them are affected by the radiation and turned into so-called ghouls with a zombie-like SCIENCE FICTION INSPIRATION 47

Pacific Ocean Ring Land Fortification and Build Up Plan (PORP) The Pacific Ocean Ring Land Fortification and Build Up Plan is a top listed project executed by the Water Committee to protect the human inhabitation from rising sea levels in the Pacific Ocean Ring area. It is a complex strategy that includes land fortification, land reclamation, clean energy generation, natural habitat establishment, bioremediation, and water desalination.

Fig. 14 North America shoreline after all the ice melted.

48 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

WORLDBUILDING The Water War There is always a competition in social development that between the endless demand on natural resources and the technological progress to prevent nature from taking revenge. Earth is a blue planet and 70% of which is covered by water. But only 3% of the water is fresh water, and two-thirds of it is unavailable for use. As a result, about 1.1 million people worldwide lack access to water, and a total of 2.7 million find water scarce for at least one month of the year. By 2025, twothirds of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population may face water shortages (Fig. 14).22 Under these circumstances, The Water War breaks out in 2040. It starts with the expansion of the civil war for water resources in Africa, with secret Chinese support and American intervention. This war affects the Southern Europe and the Middle East, and then the entire world is involved. Eventually, nuclear exchanges start with North Korea attacking the United States. Thanks to the missile and satellite defense systems, humans are not wiped out on the earth. Shocked by the outcomes of the mass destruction weapons, the world reunites at a table to establish a global organization - the Water Committee. The Committee is held up to determine the distribution of water resources. Instead of separating by country boundary, the world is divided with 11 Water Districts base don the water resource they have. After half of the people are killed in the war, the resource shortage is relaxed but most of the resources are polluted by radiation. What is more, Global Warming is intensified because of the loss of ecology habitats. The sea level rises drastically and many areas are under water.

edge is the largely submerged Tijuana Estuary Area between San Diego and Tijuana. To save the lands of this twin-city, the PORP decides to install an ecosystem of mangrove forests and hermit crabs in this area. The major functioning parts of the land fortification and water treatment systems are the mangrove forests. And the hermit crabs are the workers who maintain the mangroves. The mangrove seeds have the ability of dormancy which helps them survive the ecological extinction during the Water War. Although the shells of hermit crabs cannot protect them from radiation, some of the species are preserved in laboratories. Both of them are cybernetically modified to adapt to the new environment. Despite their original function to stabilize the shorelines, mangroves are changed to produce clear water. The leaves of mangroves, which concentrate all the pollution filtered out from water, are consumed by the hermit crabs. The hermit crabs can dig burrows to aerate the soil and provide spaces for the roots of mangroves and clean the mud that blocks the breathing hole on the roots of mangroves after the tide. The materials for replacement of the bodies of mangroves and hermit crabs are collected from the trash left on the site. The project is aiming for a long-lasting ecosystem that is self-supporting. After the global disaster that almost wipes out everything, the world is back to a temporary delicate balance. People attempt to preserve their habitats and remediate the destroyed environment. But the inability to coexist and negotiate between humans still exists. Humans persistently fight with each other and nature to fulfill their abyss of desire. No one knows whether the world will survive next time.

To solve the environmental problems, the Water Committee executes multiple self-sustained bioremediation plans. One of them is the Pacific Ocean Ring Land Fortification and Build Up Plan (PORP). The border between the United States and Mexico is transferred to the division of the North America and Central America Water District. At the west end of this new WORLDBUILDING 49

Fig. 15 Collage Version 0. 16

50 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

Fig. 16 Collage Version 1.

POR-SD-T-M-1-884 and POR-SD-T-No. 42 Based on the PORP in the Worldbuilding story, individual mangrove (M-1-884) and hermit crab (No. 42) are selected from the in San Diego-Tijuana area. The full name of PORSD-T is Pacific Ocean Ring San Diego-Tijuana. M-1-884 is the 884th mangrove in Zone 1. And No. 42 is the code for the hermit crab that is taking care of the M-1-884. The collages are the visualization of a piece of the PORP and imply the context of the San Diego-Tijuana border after the Water War. Moreover, the colladels, which are constructed with a physical modeling process, deconstructively analyze and rebuild the symbolic components that allow the creatures to adapt and enhance the dynamic environment.

Collage The purpose of the collage is allowing this static image to depict the dynamic world that edges are frequently crossed. The world is constructed with the permeable edges that interfacing with each other and the capability of the creatures to cross the edges and adapt in the environment on each side of the edge.

gives them the ability to accommodate to the environment. The foreground of the collage is changed to a mangrove marshland with the middle lower area covered by water to demonstrate the circumstances that the marsh area is occasionally flooded. The blurred edges between the dense mangrove forest, the land with breathing roots that break out, and the temporary water show the characteristics of permeability. The shell of POR-SD-T-No. 42 is a model from the Nakagin Capsule Tower which is a symbol of metabolism architecture. The main body of this hermit crab is preserved but the legs and antennas are replaced with metal components. A helmet is installed to protect its head which harbors the brain and auxiliary control chip. The new antennas are made with cables and detectors to enhance No.42’s ability to sense as well as detecting the problems on the M-1-884. The big claw is changed to a digger to help it to dig burrows which aerate the soil for mangrove roots. And, a mechanical arm is installed where the small claw was for picking leaves and maintenance. No.42’s second and third pairs of walking legs are replaced with stronger machine legs to enhance its mobility. A water bag is add up to keep its gills wet and prolong its endurance on the ground.

Version 0 (Fig. 15) - The first draft of the collage is a composite of the edge environment POR-SD-T-M-1-884 and POR-SDT-No. 42 live in. The drawing shows a shallow marsh area in which parts of the mangroves are submerged by salt water. On the far background, there are skyscrapers that represent the San Diego side and slums that represent the Mexico side. The idea is to differentiate the two Water Districts along the border. Hermit crabs are placed above and in water to show their capability as amphibians (which is actually wrong because the hermit crabs cannot swim).

Version 1 (Fig. 16) – The amphibious world is illustrated by two parts, the dynamic environment they adapt to as well as the edges they cross, and the composition of themselves which

WORLDBUILDING 51

Fig. 17 Collage Version 1 with Revision Notes. 18

52 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

Fig. 18 Collage Version 2.

Version 2 – The updates made from the first version of the collage are clarifying the tectonic of No. 42 and addressing more edges (Fig. 17) . The connection of No.42’s body is shown as the shell is not a permanent part of the hermit crab’s body. Instead, there is a telson at the end of its tail hooks up and drags the shell. Because hermit crabs can self-amputate the limbs from the last section which connects to their body, new mechanical legs are installed as the extension of the original sleeves. The water bag which helps the crab to adapt on the ground is relocated to where it can connect to No.42’s gills. And, M-1-884 is brought to the front as an emphasized individual part (Fig. 18). At the bottom of the collage, a section line is cut to show the conditions underwater and underground that are also the activity range of hermit crabs. Moreover, at the back of the collage where there is the edge between middle ground and background, the skyscrapers at the San Diego side and the slum on the Tijuana side is pushed back to show the distance as a background.

WORLDBUILDING 53

Fig. 19 Colladel Version 1 on Working. Fig. 20 Collage Version 1. 20

54 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

Fig. 21 POR-SD-T-No.42 Tectonic Sketch.

Colladel The colladel is a 3D development of the two-dimensional collage. In the colladel the creatures, POR-SD-T-M-1-884 and POR-SD-T-No.42, are updated to models which are composited by studying the structure and joists of their bodies. Represented by the characteristics of the materials, the cyborg modifications improve their ability to stabilize and create edges, to transverse the edges, or to adapt the environment in the newly built world.

Version 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The mangroves and hermit crabs are modified to enhance their ability to adapt to dynamic circumstances. And, self-support ecosystems are created on the base of these two modified creatures. Layers of membranes are added to the stems of the mangroves to improve their ability to filter pollution and salt out from the sea water. Each mangrove is connected with a tube to convey the fresh water to the storage tanks. What is more, all the pollution and salt are concentrated in their leaves and drop on the ground. The leaves are consumed by the hermit crabs. Their modified small claws are fork shaped tools that can pick up and carry the leaves as well as clean the breathing holes on the roots of mangroves that are blocked by mud after the tide. Hermit crabs also collect and stack the extra polluted leaves in storage and send them out for processing. The big claws of the hermit crabs are replaced with diggers which can help them to excavate burrows, aerate the soil as well as providing spaces for spreading the roots of mangroves. Water bags are added to storage water that moisten hermit crabsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; gills to improve their endurance on the ground. Moreover, the Hermit Crabs can collect non-degradable trash to repair and enhance their bodies (Fig. 21). They also retain the habit of making a market to exchange the recycled materials and their shells.

To reveal the inner structure of their bodies, both PORSDT-No. 42 and PORSD-T-M-1-884 are presented as section models in the colladel. No.42â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main body is made of foam board, which is a soft material (Fig. 19), and covered with clay. A clean plastic helmet protects the head and control chip. The Antennas are replaced with metal material to WORLDBUILDING 55

22 23

Fig. 22 Colladel Version 2. Fig. 23 Hermit Crab Leg Sketch. 24

56 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

Fig. 24 Hermit Crab Legs Joints Sketch.

Conclusion improve its sensibility. The legs attached to the body have hinge connections which mimic the movement of crab legs. Half of No.42’s body is harbored in the hard shell, which in the meanwhile protects the sponge gills that can absorb water from the attached plastic water bag. Moreover, most parts of the crab are enclosed with an exoskeleton made of paper which is both stiff and flexible. The M-1-884 is represented by a section of the trunk with a translucent membrane that can filter the salt and pollution to the leaves. A pipe is connected to the center to convey the clean water (Fig. 20).

Version 2 (Fig. 22) – The models of POR-SD-T-No. 42 and POR-SD-T-M-1-884 are revised based on the Pin-up critique on the joists between components of their bodies and the materials used. Thus, further research on the tectonics of hermit crabs and mangroves are made to develop an updated colladel. Because what inside is the exoskeleton of the hermit crabs are abdomens, the body of No.42 is remade with soft cotton and wires which represent the nerves that stretch into the legs to control them (Fig. 23). And, half of its body is protected with half-translucent foam paper exoskeleton. There are three sets of connections at No.42’s belly to attach its five pairs of legs. The first one is holding up the 1st and 2nd pairs of legs. The 3rd pairs of legs are connected at the middle and the last set joins the 4th and 5th pairs (Fig. 24). The sleeves on the legs are achieved with a combination of the extension of the exoskeleton and hinge joint, which limits the moving direction of the legs.

The Worldbuilding process in this section is a strategy to investigate the circumstances where the Cross-Cruzar project is located. The Water War story is based on the environmental and humanitarian crises on this political edge of the MexicoUnited States border and reflects the dynamic natural edges on the project site. The site embraces many edges. When thinking of these edges as opportunities of crossing instead of cutting off, the strip of the Cross-Cruzar project site needs to be a combination of humanity and nature that is established on making the edge permeable and gradually improving the Edge Effect that can diminish the hatred and fear between the two countries. The ecosystem of mangroves and hermit crabs is positioned on the edge and stabilizes the edge, but makes the edge more permeable and increases interfacing. Similarly, the CrossCruzar project will create an edge for crossing with its composition of buildings, different programs, nature, and interface between different citizens. People can come to this sanctuary to gain bi-national citizenship to accommodate the two countries, which is like the amphibians. The Worldbuilding process in this section is a strategy to investigate the circumstances where the Cross-Cruzar project is located. The Water War story is based on the environmental and humanitarian crises on this political edge of the MexicoUnited States border and reflects the dynamic natural edges on the project site

And, since hermit crabs can self-amputate their legs (which allows No.42 to frequently change its legs), the connections between legs and the main body are made detachable (Fig. 25). To demonstrate the detachable relationship between No.42’s body and shell, the shell, which is made of a translucent wire mesh colander, can be opened to take the body out (Fig. 26, 27). Moreover, the leaf No.42 is picking up and the leaves on the ground imply the material change in this ecosystem (Fig. 28). WORLDBUILDING 57

Fig. 25 Legs of POR-SD-T-No.42. Fig. 26 Shell of POR-SD-T-No.42. Fig. 27 Body of POR-SD-T-No.42. 27

58 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

Fig. 28 POR-SD-T-M-1-884 with its Leaves.

PROJECT INTENTION Before human inhabitation, there are two natural edges on the Tijuana Estuary between the Pacific Ocean, beach, and coastal wetland. After the end of the Mexican-American War in 1848, the country boundary was established on the project site. The urban development on the Mexico side expands and stops at the newly designated border. In 1971, the Friendship Park was built across the boundary.23 Soon after that, two fences and a buffer zone are placed here for fear of the “terrorists” from Mexico. The establishment of these artificial edges cut the integrated natural environment into pieces. And the impermeability of these boundaries exacerbates the segmentation of the land. In ecology theory, Edge Effect occurs at the boundary between communities with increasing material exchange. It promotes greater biodiversity for those interfacing habitats thus enhancing their resilience and resistance abilities.24 Nonetheless, in the human world, these natural rules do not apply, especially at the borders between countries that host people with different ideologies. These edges are very limited to infiltration. The Mexico-United States Border, on the one hand, provides work opportunities for Mexicans, and those cheap labor forces prosper in American business. On the other hand, this edge is wrecking both countries. Because of the uneven permeability of the border, immigrants have to choose risking illegal approaches to enter the United States. Mexico, as the country that bridges those dream chasers to the United States from Central America, is facing a humanitarian crisis in which thousands of immigrants are robbed, hurt, killed, caught and deported each year.25 Meanwhile, the Donald Trump government attempts to fortify the impermeability of the edge and devotes a huge amount of money and human power to develop it. At the same time, the blocked edge stops the material flows in natural habitats. And the major preserved connection is the Tijuana River which collects the pollution from the Upper River in Mexico and deposes them on American beaches.30 The environmental crisis is accumulating as a result of the inability to cooperate by both countries.

NEUTRAL GROUND “Neutral Ground” (also known as No Man’s Land of Louisiana) is a disputed area between Spanish Texas and the United States’ newly acquired Louisiana Purchase. Local officers of Spain and the United States agree to leave the Neutral Ground temporarily outside the jurisdiction of either country. The area, now in western Louisiana, had neutral status from 1806 to 1821.26 Nowadays the “Neutral Ground” becomes the New Orleans local term for the grassy and often landscaped divide that runs down the middle of larger streets (Fig. 29, 30).27 It is also called “median strip” or “central reservation” as the reserved area that separates opposing lanes of traffic on divided roadways, such as divided highways, dual carriageways, freeways, and motorways. The reserved area may simply be paved, but commonly it is adapted to other functions; for example, it may accommodate decorative landscaping, trees, a median barrier or railway, light rail or streetcar lines.28 BUFFER ZONE A zone or an area that serves not for any anthropogenic use but as a conserved natural habitat where plants and animals can thrive. The ecological buffer zones are necessary to minimize the impacts of an adjacent land use. They protect the natural environment and help keep nearby ecological niches stable and functioning. An example of ecological buffer zone is a riparian buffer near to a very busy roadway. Not only does it reduce traffic noise, air, and water pollution, it also provides a space for organisms to flourish in the area.29 PROJECT INTENTION 59

Fig. 29 Neutral Ground in New Orleans. Fig. 30 Neutral Ground in New Orleans (Plan View). 30

60 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

Fig. 31 Project Intent Diagram.

Therefore, a reform strategy should be proposed to improve the existing border. The space now between the two fences on the border is a Buffer Zone that protects both countries from the impact of the other side. But it also increases the impermeability of the border and isolates the two countries. To change the Edge Effect in a positive way, the buffer zone needs to be transferred to a neutral ground that welcomes the entrance of citizens and immigrants and provides the ground for interfacing (Fig. 31). The communication among individuals can enhance the understanding of each other and release the fears of the stranger neighbors. Edges between the program thresholds in the neutral ground will stimulate the thought exchange between diverse groups of people. Moreover, the project will be a conjunction of architecture and landscape. All the edges and patterns will be considered and finally achieve an integrated harmony in the neutral ground. It should accommodate the sustainable design strategies to use natural lighting, clean energy, and water recycling systems. The material will be selected to be economical, environmental-friendly and responsive to dynamic circumstances. The building impact on the existing fragile ecosystem will be minimized.

NATURE WORLD U. S.

Mexico

Overall, the neutral ground will mediate the separation of the two countries and embrace the positive Edge Effect. It will open to both sides for reunion and celebration, and form cross-border citizenship, coexistence, interrelationships, humanization, and understanding.

POLITIC WORLD U. S.

Mexico

DESIGN WORLD

PROJECT INTENTION 61

Fig. 32 Program Analysis Diagram Version 1. Fig. 33 Program Analysis Model Version 1. Fig. 34 Diagram of Program Analysis Model Version 1.

62 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

PROGRAM ANALYSIS The programs for the Cross-Cruzar project consist of 3 Thresholds as a mixture of exterior and interior spaces for engagement and education. Threshold 1 is an entry area which only requires a sign-in at the access booths for the United States and Mexico on each side of the fences. Assembly 1 is an exterior bounded meeting area for those who can meet with their families, lovers, and friends. Public restrooms and concession stands are required to serve this area. Moreover, to enter Threshold 2 people need to have an identity for the Passport check which is similar to Airport Security. Threshold 2 and Threshold 3 share an exterior waiting area served by water fountains and public restroom. The Open Offices and Assembly 2, which is an interior presentation space with 100 fixed seats for each country, are located in Threshold 2 and make thisthe most active interfacing area on the Cross-Cruzar project site. In Threshold 3, the engagement with the crossing border issue is maximized. It requires a Passport check and interview offices which are similar to the Transportation Security Administration PreCheck. People can come to the Private Offices, Classrooms, and Family Rooms in this area to gain knowledge about coexistence and bi-national citizenship. Or they can hang out at the exterior family picnic area in Assembly 3 which contains a concession stand, restrooms, and water fountains. Service spaces like storage, server, surveillance, and electrical are in the Threshold 3.

Diagram Version 1 (Fig. 32) - The program analysis diagram starts with the consideration of adjacency of the Thresholds. Because the level of engagement and requirement for identity is higher from Threshold 1 to 3, the distance visitors traveled from the entrances is increasing from Threshold 1 to 3. And, the area of programs is also larger from Threshold 1 to 3. Because of this analysis, and to reflect that project site is located at the United States and Mexico border, a triangular

symmetric plan is formatted with the shared waiting area in the center between Threshold 2 and 3. The concentrated plan also incorporates the idea that the project crosses the existing natural edges by following the topography from the top of the hill ending up above the Pacific Ocean.

Model Version 1 (Fig. 33, 34) – The two entrances from the United States and Mexico open at a flat area which is lower than the existing Friendship Park. The Exterior Bounded Meeting Area of Assembly 1 is where first time citizens from the entrances of both countries come across is. Then, people go down the hill by the existing road, with the hatched area which represents the water treatment wetland that is purposed to process the grey water collected from the project’s daily usage. The translucent pipe is the flow of water. At the bottom of the hill, building mass begins from where the coastal wetland ends and the beach emerges. The cotton balls demonstrate the flexible boundaries of buildings, which allow interfacing between the exterior and interior spaces. The middle of the building is cut out for the waiting area and separates the Threshold 2 in the East, where the Assembly 2 and open offices are, and the Threshold 3 which lands on the beach. Nonetheless, the canopy continues through two Thresholds and the waiting area as well as integrates them as one building mass. The interior spaces of Threshold 3 are elevated on the beach. The end of it is the Private Offices which are above the edge between the Pacific Ocean and the beach. The family picnic area of the Assembly 3 is located on the beach.

Conclusion Version 1 – The artificial buildings crossing the existing natural edges on the project site is a metaphor for interfacing between humanity and nature. But, the neutral ground between the fences is not stimulating border crossing. The project is located on the strip of land, but it should bridge the two countries. PROGRAM ANALYSIS 63

U.S.

NATURAL

BORDER

ARTIFICIAL NATURAL

ARTIFICIAL

PASSPORT CHECK

ASSEMBLY 2

OPEN OFFICES

STORAGE SERVER/SURVEILANCE/ ELECTRICAL

PRIVATE OFFICES

FAMILY ROOMS

CLASSROOMS

ASSEMBLY 3

PASSPORT CHECK/ INTERVIEW OFFICES

WAITING AREA

THRESHOLD 3

RESTROOMS

PASSPORT CHECK

BEACH

RESTROOMS

THRESHOLD 1

THRESHOLD 2

CONCESSION STAND

ASSEMBLY 1

INTERIOR

EXTERIOR

COSTAL WETLAND

MEXICO

OCEAN

NATURAL

ARTIFICIAL NATURAL

ARTIFICIAL 35

Fig. 35 Program Analysis Diagram Version 2. Fig. 36 Program Analysis Model Version 2 - Crossing. Fig. 37 Program Analysis Model Version 2 - Interfacing. Fig. 38, 39 Diagram of Program Analysis Model Version 2. 64 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

Diagram Version 2 (Fig. 35) - In the second program analysis diagram all the edges and patterns in the project site are formatted. The natural edges are defined by the patterns of coastal wetland, beach, and the Pacific Ocean. Additionally, the edges between interior and exterior spaces as well as the three Thresholds of the architectural programs sort the project site into original natural, artificial natural, and artificial patterns. To extend beyond the project site scale, the Mexico side is artificial because of its heavy inhabitation. However, on the United States side is a natural reserve. Between the two countries divided by the fences, the Cross-Cruzar project will be a mixture of natural and artificial spaces. With these edges and patterns visualized, improvement to the permeability for bringing back the Edge Effect is investigated in the analysis model.

And the patterns of building and nature represent the infiltration of the nature reserve from the United States side and the human inhabitation from the Mexico side. The unchanged part of the model is the center neutral ground which contains all the exterior programs.

Conclusion Version 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The existing edges and patterns are addressed in the second program analysis diagram and model. But, the edges created by proposing programs of the project need to be worked out in the next step.

Model Version 2 (Fig. 36, 37) - The second program analysis model is a transformational model. The first form of the model is crossing (Fig. 38). The building zigzags down the hill and penetrates the fences when hitting them. This design strategy creates special spaces where the Americans or Mexicans can theoretically enter the other country but the enclosure of the building prevents them from freely exploring the country. And, the model can transform into a toothed shape mesh (Fig. 39) interfacing with the natural spaces in the project site. This strategy is based on the ideal pattern of the Edge Effect which maximizes the interfacing surface between habitats. PROGRAM ANALYSIS 65

ARTIFICIAL NATURAL NATURAL

ARTIFICIAL NATURAL

ARTIFICIAL

BORDER

U.S. NATURAL

MEXICO ARTIFICIAL

ASSEMBLY 1

RESTROOMS CONCESSION STAND

THRESHOLD 1

COASTAL WETLAND

PRIVATE OFFICES

FAMILY ROOMS

RESTROOMS

THRESHOLD 2 WAITING AREA PASSPORT CHECK/ INTERVIEW OFFICES

PASSPORT CHECK

STORAGE SERVER/ SURVEILANCE/ ELECTRICAL

PASSPORT CHECK

METROPOLIS

OPEN OFFICES ASSEMBLY 2

CLASSROOMS BEACH

THRESHOLD 3

BEACH

ASSEMBLY 3

OCEAN

INTERFACING/NO CROSSING WITHOUT PERMISSION INTERFACING/CROSSING

NEGATIVE EDGE

Fig. 40 Program Analysis Diagram Version 3. Fig. 41 Program Analysis Model Version 3. Fig. 42 Diagram of Program Analysis Model Version 3.

66 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

Diagram Version 3 (Fig. 40) - Program analysis diagram 3 is developed by combining the second diagram and model. Looking at the patterns in a larger scale beyond the project site, the coastal wetland is stopped by the fences on the United States side and the artificial elements expand to the fence on the Mexico side. At the same time, the beach, as well as the Pacific Ocean, continue and penetrate through the gap between the fences. To make the project site a neutral ground, the natural and artificial patterns from both sides are invited to traverse the fences and mingle in the Cross-Cruzar project. The edges of the project site are sorted into 3 categories of Negative Edges, Interfacing/No Crossing Without Permission Edges, and Interfacing/Crossing Edges. The Negative Edges are service rooms like storage and the restrooms which require privacy. The national border, existing fences, and the Threshold boundaries are sorted into the Interfacing/No Crossing Without Permission Edges. And the Edges between interior and exterior become the Interfacing/Crossing Edges where free crossing happens. These interactive edges and the patterns establish the center neutral ground, slope down with the hill, and gradually dissolve into the beach and the Pacific Ocean, achieve the harmony between human and nature. And, the spirit of harmony will create coexistence and understanding between humans.

Model Version 3 (Fig. 41, 42) -The third version of the program analysis model overlays the 3 former models of version 1 and 2. On the one hand, the idea of crossing is indicated by the building penetrating through the fences that bounded the national border. And, the infiltration of the natural and artificial patterns from the United States and Mexico sides imply the chance that two countries interfacing on the border can bring back the Edge Effect and benefit each other to decay the humanitarian crisis. On the other hand, the project follows the topography, minimizes its building footprint on the beach, and crosses the existing natural edges meaning the positive interfacing between humanity and nature, which pushes people forward to solve the environmental crisis.

PROGRAM ANALYSIS 67

A A

68 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

TOWARDS THE ARCITECTURE The building models are worked out by developing the program analysis diagram and integrated model. The two building models (Fig. 43, 44) both follow the sketch plan (Fig. 45) which embraces the idea of the neutral ground that makes the border permeable and brings back the Edge Effect. The major update of the second building model is replacing the building mass in the first model to the floor and wall systems. Also, using the photo capture of the second model as the base, experiential collages are made to render the experience of the building. Two entrances are set up on each side of the fences [A]. On the United States side, people arrive from the original parking and come through the entrance of the Friendship Park. The other entrance at the lower level is designed for the people who walk up from the beach. On the Mexico side, the pedestrians come from the Friendship Park entrance at the higher level and those who take vehicles need to disembark at the drop-off area and enter at lower entrance. The routes for the Americans and Mexicans from the Friendship Park entrances come across each other at a point. And, all the entrance routes meet at the Assembly 1 [B]. There is also the possibility that after the operation of the project and the border situation become less tense, people can enter from the beach straight to Assembly 3 [C].

45 Fig. 43 Building Model Version 1. Fig. 44 Building Model Version 2. Fig. 45 Sketch Plan.

TOWARDS THE ARCHITECTURE 69

70 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

The majority of gathering space in Threshold 1 is the Assembly 1 which consists of an open platform with the view of the whole project downslope (Fig. 46) and two pavilions for restrooms as well as the concession stand. An ADA slope zigzaggy following the terrain brings people down to the edge of Threshold 2 [A] and defines the edge where the nature pattern at North and artificial structures at South meet. At a level, the slope comes to an elevated boardwalk which penetrates through the edges of Threshold 2 and 3 and stops at the top of the ocean [B]. This gives the people that are limited in Threshold 1, who may not have or are afraid to lose their unidentified identity, a chance to communicate and experience with what happens in the other Thresholds (Fig. 47). The threshold 1 stops at the bottom of the hill and the buildings of Threshold 2 start as crossing the natural edge between the coastal wetland and the beach [C]. Crossing the opening in the middle of the building of Threshold 2, people enter the waiting area surrounded by the open office at East [D] and the Assembly 2 at South on the ground [E], as well as the elevated building of Threshold 3 at West, and they leave the opening on the beach for Assembly 3 (Fig. 48). In the second version of the building model, the open office is replaced with the family rooms in Threshold 3. The Assembly 2 is moved East to cut into the topography. And the location of it in the first model replaced with the open office. The interior space of threshold 3, the family rooms, classrooms, and private offices are elevated by the supporting columns on the beach. And the building boundary of the private offices on the beach is the edge of the Threshold 3 (Fig. 49).

Fig. 46 Experiential Collage - Assembly 1.

The majority of the exterior spaces, in which most individual engagements happen, are located in the center neuter ground which embodies all the edges. The boundary of it is extended by the blur edges between interior and exterior on the surrounded buildings thus create the most interactive and integrated spaces with Edge Effect in these spaces.

Fig. 47 Experiential Collage - Boardwalk. Fig. 48 Experiential Collage - Waiting Area. Fig. 49 Experiential Collage - Assembly 3.

TOWARDS THE ARCHITECTURE 71

72 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

The building interactes with the fences by penetrating them. On the Mexico side, people can interface through a thin layer of transparent glass (Fig. 50). On the United States side, the opening gesture of the building of the Threshold 3 welcomes people to enter, to engage, and to understand the neighbors (Fig. 51). In the second model, the materiality and structure are addressed with the model materials. The grey chipboard represents the cast on site concrete. This material is used at where the building lands onThis material is used where the building lands on the ground. And, the white chipboard part is elevated thus they are the purpose of the light structure of the precast concrete units supported by the concrete columns on the beach. The translucent foam pavement of the neutral ground represents tumbled glass whose texture and color are similar to sand. And the idea of this artificial material made of sand and the boundary gradually dissolving into the sand symbolize the disappearing edges. The neutral ground starts with the interfacing of nature and humanity and integrates with the middle and final dissolve into the though intriguing view of beach and Ocean to achieve the harmony between human and nature. In comparing the building mass model (Fig. 52) with the site model (Fig. 53), the Cross-Cruzar project only occupies a very limited area. But it designates a beginning to tear down the wall. As time goes by, more and more similar actions will happen at this currently fortified border. It will be permeable and the positive Edge Effect will be brought back and benefit the people of both countries.

Fig. 49 Experiential Collage - Mexico. Fig. 50 Experiential Collage - the United States. Fig. 51 Building Mass Model. Fig. 52 Site Analysis Model.

TOWARDS THE ARCHITECTURE 73

ENDNOTES 1. Zug, George R., and William E. Duellman. “Amphibian.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 19 Aug. 2016, www.britannica.com/animal/amphibian. Accessed 19 Feb 2018.

9. “Why do hermit crabs lose their legs.” The Crabstreet Journal, 12 July 2017, crabstreetjournal.org/ blog/2012/09/25/why-do-land-hermit-crabs-droplimbs/. Accessed 19 Feb 2018.

2. “Mangroves.” Mangroves | Wet Tropics Management Authority, www.wettropics.gov.au/mangroves-info. Accessed 16 Feb 2018.

10. Engelking, Carl. “Hermit Crabs Line Up By Size to Exchange Shells.” D-Brief, Discover Science for the Curious, 9 Mar. 2015, blogs.discovermagazine. com/d-brief/2015/03/09/elaborate-hermit-crab-shellexchanges-aid-in-survival/#.Wor92qhKuUl. Accessed 19 Feb 2018.

3. Martin, Stella, editor. “Mangroves I - the Plants.” Tropical Topics, 19 Apr. 1994, www.wettropics.gov.au/site/userassets/docs/19MangrovePlants.pdf. Accessed 16 Feb 2018. 4. Martin, Storm. “Dardanus megistos.” Invertebrates of the Coral Sea, www.gbri.org.au/OldClasses/2012/ Dardanusmegistos%7CStormMartin. aspx?PageContentID=3028. Accessed 19 Feb 2018. 5. Lee, Sy. “Potential trophic importance of the faecal material of the mangrove sesarmine crab Sesarma messa.” Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 159, 1997, pp. 275– 284., doi:10.3354/meps159275. 6. Warren, Janice H., and A.j. Underwood. “Effects of burrowing crabs on the topography of mangrove swamps in New South Wales.” Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol. 102, no. 2-3, 1986, pp. 223–235., doi:10.1016/0022-0981(86)90178-4. 7. Robertson, A. I., et al. “Food chains and carbon fluxes.” Tropical Mangrove Ecosystems Coastal and Estuarine Studies, 1992, pp. 293–326., doi:10.1029/ce041p0293. 8. “THE HERMIT CRAB PATCH.” Hermit Crab Care Products And Information, www.hermitcrabpatch.com/ Hermit-Crab-Anatomy-a/136.htm. Accessed 19 Feb 2018.

74 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

11. Rotjan, Randi D., et al. “Social context of shell acquisition in Coenobita clypeatus hermit crabs.” Behavioral Ecology, vol. 21, no. 3, 2010, pp. 639–646., doi:10.1093/beheco/ arq027. 12. McNelly, Willis E. Interview with Frank Herbert and Beverly Herbert, www.sinanvural.com/seksek/inien/tvd/ tvd2.htm. Accessed 19 Feb 2018. 13. Herbert, Frank. Dune. Philidelphia: Chilton, 1965, xixxx.. Print. 14. Herbert. Dune. xxv. 15. Stratton, Susan. “The messiah and the greens: The shape of environmental action in dune and Pacific edge.” Extrapolation 42.4 (2001): 303+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 16. Herbert. Dune. 272. 17. Hanna, Kylie . “The Duality of Nature in Frank Herbert’s Dune.” Kylie Hannas Site, blogs.acu.edu/ kmh09b/2012/12/13/the-duality-of-nature/dune/. Accessed 16 Mar 2018. 18. “Fallout (Series).” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 25 Feb. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_(series). Accessed 16 Mar 2018.

19. “Great War.” Fallout Wiki, fallout.wikia.com/wiki/Great_ War. Accessed 16 Mar 2018. 20. “Fallout world.” Fallout Wiki, fallout.wikia.com/wiki/ Fallout_world. Accessed 16 Mar 2018. 21. “Mutations and their causes.” Fallout Wiki, fallout.wikia. com/wiki/Mutations_and_their_causes. Accessed 16 Mar 2018.

30. Dibble, Sandra, and Joshua Emerson Smith. “Two countries, one sewage problem: Tijuana and San Diego grapple with renegade flows.” Sandiegouniontribune.com, 15 Mar. 2017, www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/ border-baja-california/sd-me-border-sewage-20170310story.html. Accessed 16 Feb 2018.

22. “Water Scarcity.” WWF, World Wildlife Fund, www. worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity. Accessed 16 Mar 2018. 23. “Friendship Park (San Diego–Tijuana).” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 4 Feb. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Friendship_Park_(San_Diego%E2%80%93Tijuana). Accessed 15 Feb 2018. 24. Levin, Simon A. (2009). The Princeton Guide to Ecology. Princeton University Press. p. 780. 25. Torres. Wetback: The Undocumented Documentary. 26. “Neutral Ground (Louisiana).” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 22 Jan. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_ Ground_(Louisiana). Accessed 16 Feb 2018. 27. Scott, Mike. “New Orleans 101: Why do we call it a ‘neutral ground’ instead of a ‘median’?” NOLA.com, 8 Aug. 2016, www.nola.com/living/index.ssf/2016/05/new_orleans_ neutral_ground_238972871.html. Accessed 15 Feb 2018. 28. “Median strip.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Jan. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_strip. Accessed 15 Feb 2018. 29. “Ecological buffer zone.” Biology Online, www.biologyonline.org/dictionary/Ecological_buffer_zone. Accessed 15 Feb 2018.

ENDNOTES 75

IMAGES Fig. 1, 3, 4. Martin, Stella, editor. “Mangroves I - the Plants.” Tropical Topics, 19 Apr. 1994, www.wettropics.gov.au/site/ user-assets/docs/19MangrovePlants.pdf. Accessed 16 Feb 2018. Fig. 2. “Mangroves.” Mangroves | Wet Tropics Management Authority, www.wettropics.gov.au/mangroves-info. Accessed 16 Feb 2018. Fig. 5, 6. “THE HERMIT CRAB PATCH.” Hermit Crab Care Products And Information, www.hermitcrabpatch.com/ Hermit-Crab-Anatomy-a/136.htm. Accessed 19 Feb 2018. Fig. 7. Martin, Storm. “Dardanus megistos.” Invertebrates of the Coral Sea, www.gbri.org.au/ OldClasses/2012/Dardanusmegistos%7CStormMartin. aspx?PageContentID=3028. Accessed 19 Feb 2018. Fig. 8, 9, 10, 11. Phillips, Brian. “Dune book series, New English Library.” Fonts in Use, 16 Mar. 2016, fontsinuse.com/ uses/11968/dune-book-series-new-english-library. Accessed 19 Feb 2018. Fig. 12, 13. “Great War.” Fallout Wiki, fallout.wikia.com/wiki/ Great_War. Accessed 19 Feb 2018. Fig. 14. “What the World Would Look Like if All the Ice Melted.” National Geographic, 18 Sept. 2017, www.nationalgeographic. com/magazine/2013/09/rising-seas-ice-melt-new-shorelinemaps. Accessed 19 Feb 2018. Fig. 30. “Elk Pl.” 29°57’19.22”N and 90° 4’26.94”W. Google Earth. 24 Jan. 2018. Accessed 19 Feb 2018.

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04 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

ENDNOTES

F D A

78 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

DESIGN PROGRESS Building Model Version 3 - Revision from Middle Review As marked by the stickers on Building Model 2 (Fig. 1), a few of design issues are critiqued at the Mid Review. Additionally, the third building model is made based on the revision from these issues (Fig. 2). The first problem to address is how the Cross-Cruzar project changes the permeability of the border and affects the crossing activities of nature and humanity. The proposal of this architecture is to provide a sanctuary that harbors those who attempt to cross the border legally and helps them by providing educative and administrative support. The CrossCruzar provides engagement opportunities which can gradually change minds from defensive to encouraging. Altogether the occupancy of the architecture starts to tear down the wall. However, the natural habitats are separated by large-scale physical barriers which extend way beyond the project site. Thus more human efforts are required to modify or break the fences. And, that change starts with the integration of the border.

A second issue to address is the internal Crossing Border/ permeability of the building regarding the design of the edges of those three thresholds [A]. The edges can be separated, blended, or merged together. But they are uncertain and blurry in the building model 2. Therefore, in the building model 3, the edges are rigidly and clearly defined with roofs and checkpoints [B]. They separate the thresholds. But at the same time strategies are designed to create interface which is achieved by crossing and integrating the inner edges of thresholds. Openings are cut on the center of the building along an axis which extends from the Assembly 1 to the ocean for a view connection. Additionally, another route is added for the boardwalk which extends from threshold 1 and crosses the other two thresholds at the south side the project to complete the circulation of it [C]. The third and fourth issues are both caused by the open office and Assembly 2 labeled as [D]. On the one hand, at all the other moments, the building meets the fences by breaking into them. But this strip of building parallels with the fences and erects another wall with its facade. On the other hand, the open office and Assembly 2 diminishes the integration between landscape and architecture [E]. The building cuts into the zigzag pattern like a reinforcement of the fence. Accordingly, in the building model 3, the open office and Assembly are relocated and integrated into the trend of the building [F]. The architecture flows with the zigzag landscape slope as the building gradually emerges from the topography (Fig. 3). What is more, the idea of the surrounding waiting area for gathering can still be achieved with another element, like a transparent wall.

Fig. 1 Building Model Version 2 with Stickers. Fig. 2 Building Model Version 3. 3

Fig. 3 Sketch of Integrating the Landscape and Architecture.

DESIGN PROGRESS 79

Building Plan Version 1 Knowing the layout of programs, the first draft of the building plan is made digitally. Stairs are placed for different levels.

80 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

Building Plan Version 2

You need to dash in the ramps leading to this from above so we know how they connect.

Why do you have columns in the retained wall part of your building. I am so confused? Som

All the columns on this level have to go through your building and up t to the roof to hold it up. This grid has to show on both ßoors or do have some other structure system to hold up the roof?

5 Where is the structure for this ßoor? How are you transferring the load of the roof to the ground? Also what is your foundation system? See the last page for my questions.

The second version of the building plan is divided into two levels to respond to the dramatic elevation changes on building levels. The programs are developed into individual rooms. The building dimensions are expanded to adapt to the required area for the programs. Entrances for each threshold are placed. The locations of restrooms and concession stand for the three assemblies are chosen. These decisions follow the intent of the building model. the structure plan is roughly presented as the at ground elements takes the advantage of the site cast concrete structure and the elevated part uses a precast concrete system.

Why are these rooms just ßoating in between the ramps. This looks wierd with your project and I am not sure how people access them. Are they on level ground? Which landing accesses the toilet, the food.

Have you put furniture in these? The are very long and skinny? Put some furniture in to see if they work?

You need to lay these out ASAP. They look very small and not big enough for all the toilets including ADA stalls.

Above Ground Part: Mat/Raft Foundation Columns: 12” Concrete Rectangle Columns < 2,000sf Beams: 12” x 18” Concrete Beam: MAX span 24’ x 1/16 = 18” depth Roof: Open-Web Joist RoofAbove Ground Part: Span = 24’ – 12K3, 4’ Spacing

Precast Concrete System

Underground Part: Floating Foundation Columns: 12” Concrete Rectangle Columns < 2,000sf Beams: 12” x 18” Concrete Beam: MAX span 24’ x 1/16 = 18” depth Roof: Open-Web Joist Roof Underground Part: Span = 30’ – 16K5, 4’ Spacing

Structure Sizes Pole Foundation Hollow Core Slabs (span 24’ – 26’ x 1/40= 8” thickness) Columns: 10” Concrete Round Columns <1,500sf Beams: 10” x 14” concrete beam, MAX span 20’ x 1/16 = 14” depth T Beam (out of fence): 12” Round Column, 12” x 14” beam

Cast On Site Concrete

Fig. 4 Building Plan Version 1. Fig. 5 Building Plan Version 2 - 1st Floor. Fig. 6 Building Plan Version 2 - 2nd Floor. 7

Fig. 7 Building Plan Version 2 - Structure.

DESIGN PROGRESS 81

A4 2

6 1

6 9

7 20

Room 9

Restroom 19

Restroom 9

48 4

A5 11

5 10

9' - 6"

23 Restroom 47

9' - 10 "

8' - 8"

" -4

35' -

" -8

Restroom

" -0

" -6

6' - 8"

13 3

14 15

Fig. 8 Building Plan Version 3 - 1st Floor. Fig. 9 Building Plan Version 3 - 2nd Floor. 1

0 1" = 10'-0"

82 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

Building Plan Version 3 The revisions in the third version of the building plan are changes regarding the building codes. The correct numbers of restrooms as required are provided. All the egress corridors and staircases are changed to correct dimensions. The service space of electrical, server, and surveillance are located at top of the Open Office. Moreover, the structure grid is finalized.

1 A4

Classroom 4 16

Classroom 1 43

Private Office 17

Private Office 18

Private Office 19

Survillence

Private Office

Private Office 21

Family Room

39 20

Family Room

Electric

Private Office

Family Room Private Office

Family Room

23 8

Private Office

Storage

Private Office

Family Room

Private Office 26

2 A4

11 5

Family Room 34

Private Office Private Office

Restroom

Private Office Restroom

Classroom 2 31

Classroom 3 30

13 3

14 15 2

11' 1" = 10'-0"

DESIGN PROGRESS 83

1 3

Fig. 10 Construction Thresholds Diagram.

84 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

CONSTRUCT THE BUILDING The architecture of the Cross-Cruzar project is constructed in three different ways. The landscape structures in Threshold 1 are majoritively masonry pavilions and gabion retaining walls. With people descending the boardwalk, the second part of the construction emerges from the topography. In this case, the structure of the building, which harbors the Assembly 2 and part of the Open Offices, is made of the site cast concretes. Furthermore, starts from the shifting point where the topography drops lower than the level of the Open Offices, the architecture is elevated and changes to the precast concrete structure. Although the systems that the three parts of the architecture used are different, there is a wood frame skin that goes all the way through the project site to integrate the building and landscape. Moreover, the roles of the border fences or walls played as separation are redefined in interactive construction.

CONSTRUCT THE BUILDING 85

Cherry Orchard Cemetery1

Igualada Cemetery

Fieldoffice Architects, 2005 -2014, Taiwan.

Enric Miralles and Carme Pinos, 1994, Barcelona.

The Cherry Orchard Cemetery is located on the midway of a mountain that faces the Pacific Ocean. The architecture meanderingly cooperates with the topography. The flatness of the architecture, combined with the horizontal texture of the masonry walls achieves a harmony. And the darkness of the bricks and concretes give the place the atmosphere of dignified and peaceful, which make the cemetery a place for rainy days.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The cemetery was designed as a tiered landscape that unfolds into the landscape as one continuous and fluid progression.â&#x20AC;?2 The materials of this architecture reflect the landscape. The gabion walls, the worn/aged concrete, and the wooden railroad ties embedded in the stone groundscape evoke the hard and rough landscape of surrounding hills. The earthy tones of the materiality of this project are designed for a place with strong solar radiations.

The pavilions in the Cross-Cruzar accommodate the flat structure to align the contour and leave the view open to the Pacific Ocean. The masonry walls are applied with earthy and warm tone horizontal texture to create the relaxed and recreational atmosphere of the sunny San Diego beach.

86 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

Similarly, the materials of Igualada Cemetery inspire the landscape material in the Cross-Cruzar. The local creamy tone stones are chosen to reflect local landscape and at the same time resist the ocean climate.

Part 1 – Landscape Structures

The materials in this section are selected to reflect the arid and coastal landscape of the project site. The platforms are paved with El Cid Flagstone with the bottoms supported by the gabion retaining walls which are filled with 4” - 6” El Cid boulders. El Cid is a local Quartzitic sandstone favored in California colored with creamy tan mixed with gold. The restroom is built with CMU blocks with Arizona Rosa ledgestone veneer wall. The roof uses the solar panel as roof panels which are supported by the Redwood decking.3

Fig. 11 Cherry Orchard Cemetery. Fig. 12 Igualada Cemetery. Fig. 13 Construction Threshold 1 Diagram. Fig. 14 Material Makeup of Construction Threshold 3. Fig. 15 El Cid Flagstone Pavement. Fig. 16 Arizona Rosa Ledgestone Wall. Fig. 17 El Cid Boulders Gabion Wall. 15

CONSTRUCT THE BUILDING 87

Office Solvas4 BAEYENS architecten, 2012, Zomergem. This faĂ§ade of the Office Solvas creates the vertical rhyme with the combination of the lumbers and the board formed concrete surface. The setback opening provides rooms for ventilation and lighting. The vertical texture can be used on the concrete building wall in the Cross-Cruzar to illustrate the vertical separating elements on the project site â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the fences, railings, and monitor towers. It also creates the rhyme fit to the repetitive louvers installed in the construction threshold 3.

88 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

Part 2 - At-ground Building This section of the building takes advantage of the site cast concrete which can adapt to the underground condition as well as resist the moisture and seawater intrusion.

Fig. 18 Office Solvas. Fig. 19 Facade of Construction Threshold 2. Fig. 20 Strip Formwork Concrete Texture. Fig. 21 Construction Threshold 2 Diagram.

Mat and Floating Foundation5 A mat or raft foundation is a thick, heavily reinforced concrete slab that serves as a single monolithic footing for a number of columns or an entire building. Mat foundations are used when the allowable bearing capacity of a foundation soil is low relative to building loads and interior column footings become so large that it becomes more economical to merge them into a single slab. Mat foundations may be stiffened by a grid of ribs, beams, or walls.

Two-thirds of assembly 2 is below ground level to match with the existing topography and boardwalk on top of it. Accordingly, the 12â&#x20AC;? site cast concrete retaining wall functions as the bearing walls of the building. All the walls and the floor are integrated into the floating foundation. As the presentation space requires large opening, the roof is constructed of openweb joists which can easily span the 30 feet width and support the live load on top of it. The size of the structure element is the 16K5 open-web joist, 4 feet on center, 16 inches in depth. On top of the open-web joists, the 6 inches metal deck concrete slabs are placed as the roof surface. Above that, the walking surface of the roof is the wood frame skin and the composite wood boardwalk. The other part of the site cast concrete portion is the open office area which is above the ground. In order to prevent sinkage at this sandy soil condition, the mat foundation is chosen. This part of the open office accommodates the 12 inches by 12 inches rectangular columns, And, its roof uses 12K3 open-web joists, 4 feet on center set on the 18 inches by 12 inches site cast concrete beams. Moreover, the joists stretch out to cantilever the roof which covers the exterior ramp. The faĂ§ade of this section uses the strip formwork for the site cast concrete and leave that as its original texture. The aluminum louvers are installed in the opening left on the concrete wall for lighting and ventilation.

A floating foundation, used in yielding soil, has for its footing a mat placed deep enough that the weight of the excavated soil is equal to or greater than the weight of the construction being supported.

CONSTRUCT THE BUILDING 89

Santa Teresa Retirement Home6 BmesR29 Arquitectes, 2009, Lleida. The Santa Teresa Retirement Home makes a linear space, which similar to the corridor in the third threshold of the Cross-Cruzar, with the homogenous louvers, glass, and a white wall. Those three elements define the fixed edges of room, corridor, and exterior. On the contrary, the threshold 3 in the Cross-Cruzar attempts to be transparent and blur the edges between interior and exterior. Thus, glass block walls are used as the interior element. And on the other side of the building, curtain walls are applied. 23

22 24

90 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

Part 3 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Elevated Building The structure of the elevated section is supported by friction pile foundations which stretch down under the sand to a stable foundation layer. The 10â&#x20AC;? diameter precast round concrete columns bear the 18 x 10 beams which deliver the load from the hollow core floor slabs to the columns. With the metal plate on top of the beams, the slab can transfer load into the beams. 25

Fig. 22 Santa Teresa Retirement Home. Fig. 23 Facade of Construction Part 3. Fig. 24 Brushed Aluminum Surface. Fig. 25 Construction Threshold 3 Diagram. Fig. 26 Glass Block Wall.

On the east side, to make the building mass transparent and to make the connection between the exterior and interior, the curtain walls are installed as the facade. The walls perpendicular to the long way of the building are precast concrete walls. To create a heterogeneous blurrededge-corridor on the west side, the aluminum louvers are installed to reflect the sunlight from the Pacific Ocean. No glass is placed to enclose the building between the louver and corridor. This admits ventilation and creates an edge between the exterior and interior spaces. What is more, on the other side of the corridor, the wall is made of semi-transparent glass block so people can know whether spaces are occupied.

CONSTRUCT THE BUILDING 91

92 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

The Wall of Failure Walls are initially built up for separation. But in the CrossCruzar, the walls are erected for engagement, bringing together people who were pulled apart by the border, and tearing under the spiritual and physical wall between the two countries. It is a wall of Failure which fails to achieve success, rather than a successful wall actually means failure.

Fig. 27 Sketch of The Wall of Failure. Fig. 28 Facade of The Wall of Failure Model. Fig. 29 Section of The Wall of Failure Model. Fig. 30 Wall Location Diagram.

The idea of the wall for interfacing is accomplished by designing the process that people can gradually break down or build up the wall. At where the temporary boundary is required, a concrete foundation is poured with the cut in the middle for located the reclaimed wood or recycled rusted corrugated metal which reinforce the wall. The interfacing part of the wall is multiple layers of rammed earth. Different with the regular composition of the rammed earth wall which is mixed with sand, clay, and lime, this wall has less lime ratio thus it is brittle that people can break it by hands. Moreover, The birds on project site will poop on top of the wall. The plant seeds in the poop will root in the wall and accelerate the process of breaking the wall. As time goes by, the wall will be lower and expose the reclaimed wood or corrugated metal, which will be eroded by the coastal climate. Finally, under the cooperated force of human and nature, the wall will become a flowerbed indicates there was a wall.

CONSTRUCT THE BUILDING 93

Rammed earth mixed with sand, clay, and lime. This wall has less lime ratio thus it is brittle so people can break it by hands.

Site Cast Concrete Foundation

Reclaimed wood or corrugated metal, which will be eroded by the coastal climate.

94 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

Fig. 31 Wall Failing Process Fig. 32 The Wall of Failure Detail

CONSTRUCT THE BUILDING 95

Groundswell7

Yokohama International Passenger Terminal8

Maya Lin, 1993, Columbus, Ohio.

Foreign Office Architects (FOA), 2002, Yokohama, Japan.

This terrain landscape is made with recycled tumbled glass with the adhesives to make the pits. With the durability of glass, this sculpture-like landscape lasted 15 years. And, the purity and metaphor of natural world of this design embrace the aesthetic of the Japanese dry garden. In the Cross-Cruzar, this recycled artificial material of tumbled glass and the design strategy to recall the natural world can be a transition between the human and natural elements.

96 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

The Yokohama International Passenger Terminal takes the advantage of the wood skin. Supported by the steel structure underneath, the wood surface functions as the boardwalk and at the same time is the roof of the building. Spreads out with the curvilinear form, the wood skin integrates the building. Different from the Yokohama International Passenger Terminal to create a landscape on top of the building, the Cross-Cruzar uses the wood structure to integrates the topography and the building.

The Walk

Recycled tumbled Glass is the pavement material proposed in the waiting area as an economic and environmentally friendly solution. And, the fine texture and color of tumbled glass are similar to the beach sand. It is the material that aims to dissolve the neutral ground into the nature. This demonstrates the poetic philosophy that the human material of glass that is made of sand will finally dissolve into its natural etymology. This is the statement of the harmony between human and nature.

Fig. 33 Groundswell. Fig. 34 Yokohama International Passenger Terminal. Fig. 35 Pavement Location Diagram.

CONSTRUCT THE BUILDING 97

Solar Homestead9 Appalachian State University of Boone, 2012, North Carolina. The breezeway uses cost-effective and accessible materials to make the design which is an intelligent way to place the solar panel, absorb the solar energy above, provide shade to below, create ventilation corridor, and embrace aesthetic value. This strategy can be used for solar panels canopies in the Cross-Cruzar.

36 37

98 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

The Canopy The wood decking is the only structure that continues through the whole project. The Redwood is selected to resist the coastal climate. The wood structure starts as the walking surface of the wood boardwalk which meanders down the slope. At the moment where the building emerges on the ground, the wood decking also diverges from the boardwalk, climbs on the roof and become its skin as well as provide support for the solar panels. It goes up and down with the height of the building. When meets the rooftop boardwalk that extends from the Threshold 1, the wood frame structure will lift and covered with solar panels thus becomes a canopy.

Fig. 36 Solar Homestead. Fig. 37 Solar Panel Roof Diagram.

CONSTRUCT THE BUILDING 99

REDWOOD BOARDWALK

2" x 8" REDWOOD DECKING 16" O.C.

2” x 2” ANGLE STEEL CONNECTOR

RIBBED PRECAST CONCRETE SLAB ON 1-1/2" METAL DECKING 1” EL CID FLAGSTONE PAVEMENT 2” SAND BASE 20” GABION RETAINING WALL 6” CONCRETE SLAB BASE

16K5 OPEN-WEB JOIST 4’ O.C.

12” CAST-ON-SITE CONCRETE RETAINING WALL 3” CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB ASPHALT IMPREGNATED FIBERBOARD

FLOATING FOUNDATION

12” CAST-ON-SITE CONCRETE FOUNDATION SLAB

100 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS The construction details present the two main wall types and two building details. The first wall section is the underground wall of Assembly 2, with the boardwalk on top and gabion retaining wall by it. The other wall section illustrates the corridor on the west side of the elevated portion of the building. It shows the connection between the precast concrete components and the two vertical wall elements of the glass block wall and the aluminum louver. The connections of the vertical elements are highlighted as detail drawings. These two wall types exhibit the different structure solutions for the edges between the building and environment. The first wall type is preventing the disadvantage influence of underground moisture and seawater intrusion. On the contrary, the elevated portion wall type is permeable allows wind, sunlight, and the smell of the ocean enter the building. This blurry edge strategy frees the building from the air conditioning as well as ventilation machines. Moreover, both the elevated interior space and shaded exterior under the building are improved with this Edge Effect.

Fig. 38 Wall Section 1 Diagram. 39

Fig. 39 Wall Section 1 Sketch.

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 101

77" x 39" SOLAR PANEL

2" x 8" REDWOOD DECKING 16" O.C. 2” x 2” ANGLE STEEL CONNECTOR VINYL FASCIA SIDING ALUMINUM PIVOTING MEMBER 8" MATT FINISH ALUMINUM LOUVER

8" X 8" X 4" GLASS BLOCK SILL STIFFENER BAR AND SEALANT

8" HOLLOW CORE PRECAST CONCRETE SLAB

3" x 2" STAINLESS STEEL FRAME ANCHORED TO FLOOR CEMENT INFILL

10" x 18" PRECAST CONCRETE BEAM 10" ROUND PRECAST CONCRETE COLUMN

METAL CONNECTOR PLATE

PILE FOUNDATION

102 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

Fig. 40 Wall Section 2 Diagram with Details. Fig. 41 Wall Section 2 Sketch. Fig. 42 Detail Sketch.

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 103

You are required to include the necessary full sized sheet(s) with the drawing set, detailing this information. The code summary is required to be an integral part of the drawings, and these code summary pages (or sections) clearly designated as CS (Code Summary). 2015 IBC BUILDING CODE EDITION: ____________________________________

SECTION 4 – BUILDING AREA LIMITATIONS: “ALLOWABLE” AND “ACTUAL”

(Current references are to the 2012 IBC, including Washington State Amendments)

If there are multiple construction types, or if a fire wall divides the building, provide a separate analysis for each area. Repeat as necessary.

SECTION 1 – BUILDING USE OR OCCUPANCY Identify all use and occupancy classification group(s) in the Building (i.e. B, M, R-2, A-3, etc.):

A-1

A-4

Check the applicable option for this project:

Area Limitations for Each Proposed IBC Use or Occupancy Group

B A-1

 List all occupancy separation fire barrier ratings required (i.e. B to S-2 = 2hr), IBC Table 508.4, specify S (sprinklered) or NS (non-sprinklered) Include both horizontal and vertical separations  Building is constructed per IBC 508.3 for Nonseparated occupancies

hr(s)

List all incidental use areas (per IBC Table 509), floor area, and separation to be provided Room or Area

Floor Area (Square Ft.)

Fire Separation

Occupancy - 1

Occupancy - 2

A-1

A-4 (EXT)

8,500

9,500

23,000

8,500

9,500

23,000

1,900

900 (EXT)

10,885

17,000

19,000

46,000

IBC Use / Occupancy Group Table 503 Area Limitation (per IBC Table 503)

Occupancy - 3

Occupancy - 4

Frontage and Automatic Sprinkler System Protection Area Increase Multiplier (per IBC 506.1 equation 5-1 provide on CS sheet) Frontage Area Increase Multiplier (per IBC 506.2 equation 5-2 provide on CS sheet) Automatic Sprinkler System Area Increase Multiplier (per IBC 506.3 provide on CS sheets) Total ALLOWABLE Floor Area Actual Floor Area

List all accessory use areas not defined as Incidental Use, and fire barrier requirements (per IBC 508.3.1) Floor Area Percentage of floor Room or Area (Square Ft.) area on story Fire Separation

Total ALLOWABLE Building Area

Does the Building Qualify for Unlimited Area (per IBC 507)

YES

*If there is more than one occupancy group in the building, provide a “Sum of the Ratios” calculation (per IBC 508.4.2) to show that the proposed building is not over the allowable area. (Not Required if Building is constructed per IBC 508.3 for Nonseparated Occupancies) “Sum of the Ratios” Allowable Area Calculation (if applicable)

SECTION 5 – PLUMBING FIXTURE COUNT 1 of 4

SECTION 2 – BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

List Construction Type(s) used in the design (IA, IIIB, VA, etc.):

Type of Occupancy ¹

IIB Allowed

Proposed

Building Height (per IBC Table 503)

30 2

Number of Stories (per IBC Table 503) 2 (A), 3 (B) Are Automatic Sprinklers used for Height Modifications? (per IBC Section 504.2)

YES

Is there a basement?

If YES, List square footage of basement and grade elevations on CS sheets. YES NO Is an Automatic Sprinkler System Used in Place of 1-Hour Construction? (per IBC Table 601, footnote d.) or other fire resistive construction per IBC Table 601 footnote c.? YES NO if so provide locations on CS sheets.

Fire Resistance of Exterior Walls Based on Fire Separation Distance (per IBC Table 602) List Wall Location (i.e. North, South, etc.) 1

Fire Separation Distance:

Rating

Opening Protection

Chapter 10, Table 1004.1.2 Occupant Load Factor

Chapter 10 Occupant Load

3 4

Water Closets Male² Female² Required / Provided

Rating Provided

0 0 2 hr 0 0 0 0

Structural Frame Bearing Walls - Exterior Bearing Walls - Interior

5 4

1 3

2 3

1 3

2 3

Total Number of Fixtures

Number of Accessible Fixtures

100gross

200 210

Required Provided

Nonbearing Walls & Partitions - Exterior Nonbearing Walls & Partitions - Interior Floor Construction Roof Construction

Provided

4 4

Accessible

SECTION 6 – CODE SUMMARY FLOOR PLAN(S)

SECTION 3 – OCCUPANT LOAD AND BUILDING EXITING

If there are multiple IBC Occupancy types on any floor or in the building, provide a separate analysis for each occupancy type. Repeat as necessary.

A-1

A-4

B-1F

B-2F

200

(Exterior) 200

190

Number of Exits and Exit Width from Each Level (as applicable):

Provided

Third Floor

Other Floor(s)

Exit Width

Number of Exits Required

Stairs Required

Other Egress Components

Provided

3 of 84

Required

Provided

A-1

36”

A-4

36”

48” 48”

B-1F

36”

48”

B-2F

36”

48”

YES

3 of 4

Fig. 43 Code Summary Sheet. 2 of 4

104 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

 (Not used) Equally divide the plumbing occupant load between male and female for determining the number of required plumbing fixtures.

Provide a basic floor plan for each level, showing partitions, stairs, doors with door swings, relites, fixtures, etc. Minimum scale is 1/8” = 1’ – 0” Drawing Sheets: 1. Clearly label the following: a. Use of each room or area (i.e. office, sales, conference, kitchen, manufacturing, storage, classroom, lobby, corridor, vertical exit enclosure, etc.) b. IBC Occupancy classification for each room or area and floor. c. Square footage of floor area of each room or area. d. Occupant load factor used for each room or area and floor. e. Occupant load of each room or area and floor. f. Number of required exits for each room or space, and for each floor. 2. Provide a total occupant load summary for each floor or level. 3. Clearly show all actual and assumed property lines, including those required by IBC 705.3 Buildings on the same lot. 4. Graphically show the extent and rating of all rated assemblies both vertical and horizontal, including the rating of any required opening protection. 5. Clearly show a complete Means of Egress Path, including the width, common path of travel, travel distance, diagonal distance of exits, exit signs, and emergency exit pathway lighting (interior and exterior). 6. Indicate any doors that are provided with panic hardware and/or magnetic hold-opens. 7. Provide accessible information for site and all parts of the building including any stages or platforms. This includes all Braille signs for room identification and exits, Areas of refuge, and emergency communication. 8. Provide occupant load sign requirements for all assembly areas. 9. Provide interior Wall finish and trim requirements in accordance with IBC Table 803.9. 10. Provide complete list of Hazardous Materials and show storage location.

Other Floor(s) Are Areas of Refuge Required?

Required / Provided

3 4

15 100

Assembly #

Lavatories Female²

3 4

900 10,885

Number of Drinking Fountains Rating Required

Male²

Required / Provided

2 4

A-4 B

Required

Fire Resistance Rating Requirements (per IBC Table 601)

Required / Provided

“Non-Separated Area 7 A-1 1,900Use” Allowable 200Calculation 1 (if applicable) 1 2

Family or Assisted Use Toilet (per IBC 1109.2.1)

TOTAL Occupant Load

Floor Area Served

CODE ANALYSIS This section is base on the 2015 version International Building Code.10

Occupancy Based on the required programs in Cross-Cruzar there are three types of occupancy in this building. The theater hall of Assembly 2 is categorized as A -1. A - 4 contains the exterior gathering spaces of Assembly 1, waiting area, and Assembly 3. All the other programs, the open office, classrooms, private offices, as well as the family rooms are sorted as Business occupancy.11 Some occupant loads are determined on the program sheet. The Assembly 1 holds 100 persons. In threshold 2, there are 200 people in Assembly 2. And, based on the occupant load factor of business, which is 1 person per 100 square feet, the open office has 20 people. In threshold 3, Assembly 3 contains 100 people, classrooms have 100 persons, private offices have 30 persons, and family rooms have 60 persons as designated. Because the people in waiting area either go into the threshold 2 or 3, this area is not counted in occupant load calculation.12

Plumbing Fixture13 The number of restrooms distributed by thresholds are: T1: Assembly 1, Toilet 1(male) + 2(female), Sink 1 (male) +1(female), Water Fountain, 2 T2: Assembly 2 + Open Office, Toilet 2 + 3, Sink 1+1, Water Fountain, 2 T3: Assembly 3, Toilet 2 + 3, Sink 1+1, Water Fountain, 2 Offices, Toilet 3+3, Sink 2+2

CODE ANALYSIS 105

LOWER LEVEL

HIGHER LEVEL

OCCUPANT LOAD

25 61 6

2hr

3 25

6 6

25 6

106 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

Egress14 The maximum occupant load for one exit for both occupancy type A and B is 49 persons. So the Assembly 2, which has 200 occupants, requires two exits. In the elevated building part of the Threshold 3, 190 occupants share the 3 exits. The egress stairway requires 0.3 inches per occupant and 0.2 inches per occupant for others. Since 48 inches wide egresses are provided in all the building and none of them support more than 160 people individually, all egress complies. The furthest point to the exit in the building is in the classroom 4 which is 75 feet, less than the maximum distance of 150 feet. The fire resistance rating walls are required when two occupancy types of the building meet. Since A -4 type is all exterior in this project. The only place a firewall happens is the wall between Assembly 2 and the Open Offices which requires 2-hour fire resistance. The other one is the staircases between threshold 2 and 3, which have 1-hour fire resistance. Because the other egress stairways are more than 50% exposure for exterior and lower than four floors, they count as exterior egress stairs and thus do not need fire resistance walls. The dimensions of egress stairways and doors are all compliant with the code.

200 Fire Rate d Wall

Fig. 44 Life Safty Diagram. Fig. 45 Life Safty Diagram Sketch.

CODE ANALYSIS 107

AMERICANS MEXICANS

LOWER LEVEL

HIGHER LEVEL THRESHOLD 1 THRESHOLD 2 THRESHOLD 3

108 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

Program Circulation Despite the general building code that universally applies to the architecture, the Cross-Cruzar project has its special requirement for security because of its sensitive location on the border. Thus the circulation for the visitors from the United States and Mexico needs to be defined to cooperate with the limitation of the three threshold spaces. All visitors enter from different sides and mingle at Assembly 1. The route for both citizens is the same and starts there. But the visitors who can only enter Threshold 1 have the opportunity to experience Threshold 2 and 3 on top of their roofs. All the egresses are landing in the threshold where they come from. For example, the egresses of Threshold 2 end up in the exterior space of Threshold 2.

Fig. 46 Program Circulation Diagram. Fig. 47 Program Circulation Sketch.

CODE ANALYSIS 109

LOWER LEVEL

HIGHER LEVEL THRESHOLD 1 THRESHOLD 2 THRESHOLD 3

110 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

Accessibility15 Required clearance for ADA routes is 36 inches. ADA ramps are installed in the project to give the maximum accessibility for all people. The exterior ramps that go down the hill are 72 inches wide. The program platforms are even to the ramp landings so that visitors can directly diverge from the ramp. The clearance of the interior corridors is 48 inches. ADA restrooms are provided in every restroom. One elevator is provided on the beach, to either transport people from the Threshold 1 boardwalk to complete the loop from the building roof to the beach, or it is for the assistance needed people in Threshold 3 to get in the building.

Fig. 48 ADA Circulation Diagram. Fig. 49 Program Circulation Sketch.

CODE ANALYSIS 111

Fig. 50 ADA Circulation Diagram.

112 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

SYSTEMS AND SUSTAINABILITY The major environmental system of the Cross-Cruzar consist of energy and water. Because of the climate, the building uses passive heating and cooling as well as a natural ventilation system. The only exception is the Assembly 2, which is below grade with the occupant load of 200, so two exhaust fans are installed to assist air flow. With the installation of only one elevator and minimal lighting, the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy system benefits from the abundant solar radiation in San Diego. The solar panels can fulfill the energy requirement for the building. Additionally, the extra electricity can be used to desalinate the seawater, which will meet the water usage in this building. The greywater and rainwater will be collected and treated in the constructed wetlands on site. Due to the scale and economic factors, the blackwater cannot be processed on this project. They will be stored and processed in a septic tank system under the toilet. Nonetheless, composting toilets are installed in Threshold 1 to decrease the wastewater.

Electrical Usage

The electrical usage in Threshold 1 is 58,460 Whr/day, in Threshold 2 is 48,700 Whr/day, and in Threshold 3 is 95,780 Whr/day. The equipment consumption of exhaust fans and elevator is 207,900 Whr/day. Total electrical usage of the building is 570 KWhr/day. Thus, the yearly energy consumption is 570 x 313 (Mon-Sat) = 178,410 KWhr. (For detail calculations please see Appendix.)

Water Usage17 Water usage calculation is based on the number of occupants. In Cross-Cruzar there are T1 (100) + T2 (220) + T3 (290) = 610 persons in total. Days per year the building is occupied: 313 Number of male occupants: 305 Number of female occupants: 305 Toilet: (Gallons per flush: 1.6/Flushes per person per day (men) 1/Flushes per person per day (women) 3) Water use (Gallon/day): 1,952.0 Urinals: (Gallons per flush: 1/Flushes per person per day 2) Water use (Gallon/day): 610 Faucets: (Gallons per minute: 0.5/Minutes per person per day 1.5) Water use (Gallon/day): 457.5 Total Water Usage 5.0 Gallons per person per day/3,019.5 Gallons per day/ 91,844.1 Gallons per month/945,103.5 Gallons per year. 41.8% % Reduction vs. average.

SYSTEMS AND SUSTAINABILITY 113

Fig. 51 ADA Circulation Diagram.

114 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

Wastewater18 Blackwater: Toilet + Urinals = 1920 + 610 = 2530 gallons/day Because of 100 people in Assembly 1 use the composite toilets, about 1/6 of the blackwater can be treat on site. So the septic tank needs 2,115 gallons/day The equation from the EPA for calculating the tank capacity is calculated as follows: V = 1,125 + 0.75Q Where: V = net volume of the tank (gal) Q = daily wastewater flow (gal) According to this, the following would be the septic tank needs: V = 1,125 + 0.75*(2115) V = 2711 gal Greywater = Faucets usage = 457.5 gallons/day The 2,500 Gallon Underground septic holding tank dimension is 159 x 99 x 51 inches.19 The composite restroom size is 50 x 0.1 + 50 x 0.2 = 15 uses/day = remote tank â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 12 uses, 69 x 26 x 30 inches.20

Constructed Wetland21 The ability of the constructed wetland to deal with grey water is 1/2 to 1s.f. per gallon per day.22 Thus, 457.5 s.f. constructed wetland need to be provided to treat the 457.5 gallons of greywater every day.

SYSTEMS AND SUSTAINABILITY 115

Fig. 52 ADA Circulation Diagram.

116 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

Seawater Desalination Water needed: 945,103.5 gallons/year Water recycled from greywater: 143,197.5 Gallons/year Amount of water in shortage:

So to make the choice between efficient multiple process distillation methods, the Multiple-effect distillation (MED) method is selected. The core of this technology is the multipleeffect pressure vacuum rectification system which allows the repeated use of the energy supply to enhance the efficiency. which is 6.5-11 kWh/m3 = 24.6 – 41.7 Wh/gallon.28

720,336 gallons/year = 1973 gallons/day Desalination is a process that extracts mineral components from saline water. Saltwater has been desalinated to produce water suitable for human consumption on seagoing ships and submarines. But it always uses many energies compare to other natural water sources. However, with technologies developments, more efficient desalination processes have been innovated thus desalinated seawater has gradually become a major rainfall-independent water source.24 Between the variety of seawater desalination methods, there are three of them suitable for the location and context of the Cross-Cruzar project. Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most efficient thermal desalination processes to produce clean water, which implements the “membrane processes use semipermeable membranes and applied pressure (on the membrane feed side) to preferentially induce water permeation through the membrane while rejecting salts.”25 Nonetheless, the household RO units can only recover 5% to 15% of the water entering the system due to low back pressure. What is more, even in large-scale, RO system can recover 90% of the water, the rest of the water would become a highly concentrated waste solute stream which cannot be processed on site. Besides that, the system is not maintenance free.26 Solar Distillation is a process that mimics the natural water circle. It needs rather simple equipment but needs a large area. And, the efficiency of solar distillers is low that on average it can only produce 0.8 – 1 gallons/sf/day.27

SYSTEMS AND SUSTAINABILITY 117

Fig. 53 ADA Circulation Diagram.

118

Solar Panel29 Solar Panel Size: commercial solar panel systems 77x39 inches In San Diego, 1 square foot of solar panel can produce 15watt energy per hour and average 6 hours of efficient radiation daily. Thus it can produce 90 Wh/day and 32850 WH/year For the building energy in need: 178,410 kwh/year And for the water in need 720,336 gallons/year, which from the seawater desalination is 720,336 x 41.7 = 30,038 kwh/year Total energy needed is 208,448 kwh/year The area of solar panel required is 6,345 sqft.

119

ENDNOTES 1. Kate Goodwin. “Cherry Orchard Cemetery by Fieldoffice Architects: ‘a Subtle Conversation between Man and Nature’.” Architectural Review, 1 Nov, 2016, www. architectural-review.com/buildings/cherry-orchardcemetery-by-fieldoffice-architects-a-subtle-conversationbetween-man-and-nature/10014125.article. Accessed 15 Apr 2018. 2. “AD Classics: Igualada Cemetery / Enric Miralles Estudio Carme Pinos.” ArchDaily, 19 May 2013, www.archdaily. com/375034/ad-classics-igualada-cemetery-enricmiralles-carme-pinos. Accessed 15 Apr 2018. 3. “Products.” Southwest Boulder & Stone, www. southwestboulder.com/products. Accessed 15 Apr 2018. 4. “Office Solvas / GRAUX & BAEYENS Architecten.” ArchDaily, 20 June 2012, www.archdaily.com/244332/ office-solvas-graux-baeyens-architecten. 5. Ching, Francis D. K. Building Construction Illustrated. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. 3.09. 6. “Santa Teresa Retirement Home / BmesR29 Arquitectes.” ArchDaily, 7 Apr. 2011, www.archdaily.com/125600/ santa-teresa-retirement-home-bmesr29-arquitectes. Accessed 15 Apr 2018. 7. “Groundswell.” Ohio Outdoor Sculpture Inventory, oosi. sculpturecenter.org/items/show/839. Accessed 15 Apr 2018. 8. “AD Classics: Yokohama International Passenger Terminal / Foreign Office Architects (FOA).” ArchDaily, 7 Oct. 2014, www.archdaily.com/554132/ad-classicsyokohama-international-passenger-terminal-foreignoffice-architects-foa. Accessed 15 Apr 2018. 9. “Solar Decathlon 2011.” Detail-Online.com, 13 Apr. 2018, www.detail-online.com/blog-article/solar-

120 BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

decathlon-2011-25653/. Accessed 15 Apr 2018. 10. International Code Council. International Building Code, 2012. International Code Council, 2011. 11. Ibid, 41 - 51. 12. Ibid, 241. 13. Ibid. 547 – 549. 14. Ibid. 243 – 279. 15. Ibid. 281 – 294. 16. Kwok, Alison. Green Studio Handbook. Routledge, 2017. 185. 17. “Indoor Water Use Reduction.” U.S. Green Building Council, www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-datacenters-existing-buildings-warehouse-and-distributioncenters-–-exis. Accessed 15 Apr 2018. 18. Friedman, Daniel. Commercial Septic Tank & Drainfield Design Size Requirements, inspectapedia.com/septic/ Commercial_Septics.php. Accessed 15 Apr 2018. 19. “2500 Gallon Underground Holding Tank.” 44079 | Norwesco 2500 Gallon Underground Septic Tank, www.plastic-mart.com/product/6795/2500-gallonunderground-holding-tank-44079. Accessed 15 Apr 2018. 20. Alison. Green Studio Handbook. 185. 21. Jokerst, A., M. Hollowed, and et al. “Graywater Treatment Using Constructed Wetlands.” United States Environmental Protection Agency. October 2012. https:// nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/P100FSPJ.pdf. Accessed 15 Apr 2018. 22. “Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland for Greywater.”

IMAGES Appropedia: The Sustainability Wiki. http://www. appropedia.org/Subsurface_flow_constructed_wetland_ for_greywater. Accessed April 14, 2018. 23. Indi Tilth. “Cistern Sizing.” Indi Tilth. http://indytilth.org/ Links/CisterSizing.pdf. Accessed 15 Apr 2018. 24. Fischetti, Mark. “Fresh from the Sea.” Scientific American 297, no. 3 (2007): 118-19. doi:10.1038/ scientificamerican0907-118. Accessed 15 Apr 2018. 25. Warsinger, David. Mistry, Karan. et al. “Entropy Generation of Desalination Powered by Variable Temperature Waste Heat.” Entropy 17, no. 12 (2015): 7530-566. doi:10.3390/e17117530. 26. Treatment Systems for Household Water Supplies. Ag.ndsu.edu. Retrieved on 2011-06-19. https://www. ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/h2oqual/watsys/wq1047.pdf Accessed 15 Apr 2018. 27. “Solar Water Distillers 101: Ultimate Guide to Sun Distillation.” ALL ABOUT WATER FILTERS. April 11, 2017. Accessed April 14, 2018. http://all-about-waterfilters.com/ultimate-guide-to-solar-water-distillation/. Accessed 15 Apr 2018. 28. “Multiple Effect Distillation Plants.” GEA Engineering for a Better World. Accessed April 14, 2018. https://www.gea. com/en/products/multiple-effect-distillation-plants.jsp. Accessed 15 Apr 2018. 29. Zientara, Ben. “How Much Electricity Does a Solar Panel Produce?” Solar Power Rocks. November 03, 2017. Accessed April 14, 2018. https://solarpowerrocks.com/ solar-basics/how-much-electricity-does-a-solar-panelproduce/. Accessed 15 Apr 2018.

Fig. 11. Kate Goodwin. “Cherry Orchard Cemetery by Fieldoffice Architects: ‘a Subtle Conversation between Man and Nature’.” Architectural Review, 1 Nov, 2016, www. architectural-review.com/buildings/cherr y-orchardcemetery-by-fieldoffice-architects-a-subtle-conversationbetween-man-and-nature/10014125.article. Accessed 15 Apr 2018. Fig. 12. “AD Classics: Igualada Cemetery / Enric Miralles Estudio Carme Pinos.” ArchDaily, 19 May 2013, www. archdaily.com/375034/ad-classics-igualada-cemetery-enricmiralles-carme-pinos. Accessed 15 Apr 2018. Fig. 18. “Office Solvas / GRAUX & BAEYENS Architecten.” ArchDaily, 20 June 2012, www.archdaily.com/244332/officesolvas-graux-baeyens-architecten. Fig. 22. “Santa Teresa Retirement Home / BmesR29 Arquitectes.” ArchDaily, 7 Apr. 2011, www.archdaily. com/125600/santa-teresa-retirement-home-bmesr29arquitectes. Accessed 15 Apr 2018. Fig. 33. “Groundswell.” Ohio Outdoor Sculpture Inventory, oosi.sculpturecenter.org/items/show/839. Accessed 15 Apr 2018. Fig. 34. “AD Classics: Yokohama International Passenger Terminal / Foreign Office Architects (FOA).” ArchDaily, 7 Oct. 2014, www.archdaily.com/554132/ad-classics-yokohamainternational-passenger-terminal-foreign-office-architectsfoa. Accessed 15 Apr 2018. Fig. 36. “Solar Decathlon 2011.” Detail-Online.com, 13 Apr. 2018, www.detail-online.com/blog-article/solardecathlon-2011-25653/. Accessed 15 Apr 2018.

ENDNOTES 121

122

05 DESIGN FINAL

123

20’

10’

20’ 14’

12’

N T3

SITE PLAN 124 DESIGN FINAL

1” = 16’ - 0”

17’

EXHIBITION Site Plan

40 ’

30’

The rendered plan depicts the building’s relationship with the site. Starts at the middle of the hill, the landscape zigzaggy descends to the edge where the coastal wetland and the beach interacts. Then the building comes out, penetrating the fences and ends up in the Pacific Ocean. The roofs are cover with the redwood skins which are supporting the solar panels. This roof plan also illustrates the boardwalk stretch out from Threshold 1, cross the roof of Threshold 2, and lands on the roof of Threshold 3.

34’6”

23’

40’

39’ 29’

Fig. 1 Site Plan.

EXHIBITION 125

3 2

23 7

21 8

-4’

-2’

WALL

0’ 11

WALL

-2’

3 -2’

-6’

+2’

12 DN

16 2 SE

126 DESIGN FINAL

15 1

Floor Plan Because of the drastic change in the elevation, the floor plans are divided into two levels. The lower level shows the layout of Threshold 2 and the location of the restrooms. It also demonstrates the open view in the Assembly 3, where all the architecture is lifted with columns. 1 - Assembly 2 2 - Open Office 3 - Waiting Area 4 - Assembly 3

Fig. 2 Floor Plan - Threshold 2 Level.

EXHIBITION 127

D 3 2

7 9

9 9

8 9 2

+13’

WALL

8 +11’

+6’

WALL

+11’

8 25

2 1

128 DESIGN FINAL

The second floor plan is the level of Threshold 1 and 3. Since it is on the hill and the Threshold 3 part is elevated from the lower beach, the floor slabs are on the same level with Threshold 1. So, this is an architecture and landscape plan that also illustrates the restroom and Mansory walls which supports the pavilions. 5 - Assembly 1 6 - Storage/Service/Electrical/Surveillance 7 - Classroom 8 - Family Room 9 - Private Office

+9’

+9’ +6’

+20’

+12’

+17’ - 6”

+22’ - 6”

5 +25’ - 6”

+20’

+24’ - 6”

+15’

Fig. 3 Floor Plan - Threshold 1 & 3 Level.

EXHIBITION 129

130 DESIGN FINAL

X-ray Axon This axonometric X-ray rendering shows the spatial experience of the architecture. The color of yellow versus blue indicates the landscape of ground and dynamic ocean.

Fig. 4 X-ray Axon.

EXHIBITION 131

Fig. 5 Section Axon.

132 DESIGN FINAL

Section The axon section is cut along the middle axis which is an opening penetrates through the structures all the way from Threshold 1 to 3 and visually connects them. The circle palettes present the materials used in different parts. The local and warm tone of materials used in the landscape, quoted from Ms. Cheryl Lough who is one of the reviewers for final review, are as good as â&#x20AC;&#x153;Guys will kiss you if you do this in an office.â&#x20AC;?

Elevations The West Elevation depicts the view of the beach, which is preserved open for people to enjoy. It illustrates how people can have various space of sun and shadow. The South Elevation is the view from the Mexico side. Although the new wall presented looks more solid than the old fences, the imagination that it will disappear in the future is more perspective. And the solid wall does not stop the building. The two classrooms elongate out the border are like showrooms to attract people to engage in the Cross-Cruzar.

Fig.6 West Elevation.

Fig. 7 South Elevation.

EXHIBITION 133

Experiential Images The first experiential image is from the beach of Assembly 3 looks back. It shows how people interact crossing the vertical edge and the center visual connection with other parts of the building.

134 DESIGN FINAL

This rendering portrays what happens in the waiting area in front of the open office. The elevated building of Threshold 3 projects the shadow down to in this area. People can see what happens in the Open Office and the Assembly 3 in the back through the louvers. Additionally, the people sit in the Assembly 1 or walk down the boardwalk can also be seen in the waiting area.

Fig. 8 Experiential Image A. Fig. 9 Experiential Image B.

EXHIBITION 135

The third image is on the roof of the private offices facing the Cross-Cruzar site. The solar panels provide shade for resting area which has a good view of Threshold 1 on the hill or the Pacific Ocean on the back. At bottom right people can have a glimpse of the middle balcony in the Threshold 3 and the Open Office/Waiting Area on a lower level.

136 DESIGN FINAL

This view shows off the building from the United States side in a foggy day which is one of typical weather along the Pacific Ocean. With the lower rammed earth wall as the boundary, the beach is wide open. Since the similar color between the sand and wall, the wall is not that obvious. Fig. 10 Experiential Image C. Fig. 11 Experiential Image D.

EXHIBITION 137

These two interior images depict the atmosphere in the building. The first one is repetitive vertical elements in a long corridor of private offices. The other one is from the classroom looking at the American side beaches. Based on the critiques of final review, different from the outside landscape which is cozy and relax, the interior exposed the concrete which makes the government building feels cold and inhuman.

Professor Ursula Emery McClure said she senses that contrary between the warm landscape and cold building shows the sarcasm about the United States government. It might be a personal unconscious intention that shows the light at the end of the corridor which is from the other side of the fences. All those homogenous repetitions will direct people to the enlightenment of hope by crossing the border.

138 DESIGN FINAL

Fig. 12 Experiential Image E. Fig. 13 Experiential Image F.

EXHIBITION 139

140 DESIGN FINAL

Fig. 14 - 17 The Exhibition Set in the Room 107 Atkinson Hall School of Architecture in Louisiana State University in May 2018. . Fig. 18 - 26 Photos of Final Building Model (next page).

EXHIBITION 141

142 DESIGN FINAL

26 EXHIBITION 143

PROPERTY MAP

CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENT OF

ABBREVIATIONS

CROSS-CRUZAR

REFUGEE/IMMIGRATION/BORDER/WAY STATION

ADA: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1992 A.F.F. - Above Finished Floor A.F.G. - Above Finished Grade B.O.F. - Bottom of footing B.O.M- Bill of Material B.O.W. - Bottom of wall C.L. - Centerline C.O. - Clean Out D.S. - Downspout EA. - Each EXT. -Exterior FACP: Fire Alarm Control Panel F.C.O. - Floor clean out REVISED - CITY F.F.LFinished floor levelOF NEW FRPF: Fireproof ORLEANS 10/13/2015 GALV. - Galvanized G.C. - General Contractor

LOCATED AT FRIENDSHIP PARK UNITED STATES-MEXICO BORDER SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA

INDEX OF DRAWINGS T - 1 COVER SHEET S - 1 SITE PLAN 3URMHFW /RFDWLRQ .H\

A - 1 FLOOR PLAN - THRESHOLD 2 A - 2 FLOOR PLAN - THRESHOLD 1 & 3 A - 3 FLOOR PLAN - THRESHOLD 2 LEVEL A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7 A-8

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PROJECT LOCATION Friendship Park US/Mexico Border San Diego, CA 92154

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( $

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LEGEND

STAMP & SINGNATURE These drawings are the property of STUDIO YOU & TAO and are not to be reproduced in whole or in part. They are only to be used for the project and site specifically identified herein.

Architectural Yi Tao LSU School of Architecture Baton Rouge, LA 70802 225.281.3849 Mechanical Easy One 162 Lee Dr, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 225.361.0812

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CODE STATEMENT ( $

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144 DESIGN FINAL

Fig. 27 Cover Page.

CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENT

1 -6

STUDIO YOU & TAO

The construction documents include site plan, building plans, floor plans, elevations, building sections, wall sections, details, and life safety plan.

LSU SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE Baton Rouge, LA 70802 225.281.3849

Architectural Yi Tao LSU School of Architecture Baton Rouge, LA 70802 225.281.3849 Mechanical Easy One 162 Lee Dr, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 225.361.0812 Electrical Middle Two 8635 Highland Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 225.766.9600 Civil + Structural Hard Three 1031 W Lee Dr, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 225.766.7823

No.

Description

Date

CROSS - CRUZAR ON THE FENCE PROJECT

US/Mexico Border San Diego, CA 92154

SITE PLAN S-1 Project Number Date

Drawn By

NO.42 05/01/18 YI TAO

Checked By

PINK WATER

Scale

1/16” = 1’-0”

Fig. 28 Site Plan.

CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS 145

STUDIO YOU & TAO LSU SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE Baton Rouge, LA 70802 225.281.3849

Architectural Yi Tao LSU School of Architecture Baton Rouge, LA 70802 225.281.3849

A-6

23 7

Mechanical Easy One 162 Lee Dr, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 225.361.0812

21 8

Electrical Middle Two 8635 Highland Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 225.766.9600

-4’

E1/A - 5

-2’

0’

A-6

A-7

3 -2’ -

A-3

-6’

No.

Description

Date

+2’

5 - Assembly 1 6 - Storage/Service/Electrical/Surveillance 7 - Classroom 8 - Family Room *À Û>Ìi "vwVi

Civil + Structural Hard Three 1031 W Lee Dr, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 225.766.7823

-2’

2 1 E2/A - 5

1 - Assembly 2 Ó "«i "vwVi 3 - Waiting Area 4 - Assembly 3

CROSS - CRUZAR ON THE FENCE PROJECT

US/Mexico Border San Diego, CA 92154

FLOOR PLAN THRESHOLD 2 A-1 Project Number Date

Drawn By

NO.42 05/01/18 YI TAO

Checked By

PINK WATER

Scale

1/16” = 1’-0”

Fig. 29 Floor Plan - Threshold 2.

146 DESIGN FINAL

STUDIO YOU & TAO LSU SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE Baton Rouge, LA 70802 225.281.3849

Architectural Yi Tao LSU School of Architecture Baton Rouge, LA 70802 225.281.3849

A-6

A-4

+9’

E1/A - 5

9 2

9 11

+13’

10 5

+6’

A-7

+11’

+9’ +6’

+12’

+17’ - 6”

+25’ - 6”

+24’ - 6”

+22’ - 6”

+20’

A-4

Civil + Structural Hard Three 1031 W Lee Dr, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 225.766.7823

+11’

Electrical Middle Two 8635 Highland Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 225.766.9600

A-6

+20’

Mechanical Easy One 162 Lee Dr, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 225.361.0812

7 9

No.

+15’ 12

Description

Date

7 13

2 1 E2/A - 5

5 - Assembly 1 6 - Storage/Service/Electrical/Surveillance 7 - Classroom 8 - Family Room *À Û>Ìi "vwVi

CROSS - CRUZAR ON THE FENCE PROJECT

US/Mexico Border San Diego, CA 92154

FLOOR PLAN THRESHOLD 1 & 3 A-3 Project Number Date

Drawn By

NO.42 05/01/18 YI TAO

Checked By

PINK WATER

Scale

1/16” = 1’-0”

Fig. 30 Floor Plan - Threshold 1 & 3.

CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS 147

STUDIO YOU & TAO LSU SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE Baton Rouge, LA 70802 225.281.3849

Architectural Yi Tao LSU School of Architecture Baton Rouge, LA 70802 225.281.3849 '-0 "

Mechanical Easy One 162 Lee Dr, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 225.361.0812

'-0 "

Electrical Middle Two 8635 Highland Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 225.766.9600

1 -7

'-6 "

Civil + Structural Hard Three 1031 W Lee Dr, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 225.766.7823 '-5

1/2 "

ASSEMBLY 2 1

'-0 "

No.

2 11'-8"

12 2

OPEN OFFICE 2

22'-0"

OPEN OFFICE 2

14'-4"

26'-0"

3'-8"

5'-2"

13'-10 1/2"

60'-3"

4'-0" 2

Date

31'-1"

5'-8" 13'-10 1/2"

9'-4 1/2"

8'-0"

39'-6 1/2"

14'-8"

24'-2"

36'-5 1/2" 35'-4 1/2"

8'-8"

Description

6'-0"

7'-2"

4'-0"

14'-11 1/4"

-3

98'-6 1/2"

CROSS - CRUZAR 19

ON THE FENCE PROJECT

FLOOR PLAN THRESHOLD 2 LEVEL

A-7

US/Mexico Border San Diego, CA 92154

A-3

Project Number

Drawn By

Date

Checked By

YI TAO PINK WATER 1/8” = 1’-0”

-4

E2/A

-6

1 A

26 10

A-4

148 DESIGN FINAL

E2 /A

-5

Scale

NO.42 05/01/18

Fig. 31 Floor Plan - Threshold 2 Level.

A-7

-3

8 7

26 10

12'-0"

15'-2"

12'-10"

65'-7" 16'-6 1/2"

10'-9 1/2"

9'-4"

9'-6"

5 4'-5"

Mechanical Easy One 162 Lee Dr, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 225.361.0812

24'-3"

13'-6 1/2"

141'-0"

Architectural Yi Tao LSU School of Architecture Baton Rouge, LA 70802 225.281.3849

9'-0"

46'-11 1/2"

8'-0"

37'-2"

21'-2"

8'-6"

4'-0"

12'-10"

4'-0"

STAMP & SINGNATURE

-7

These drawings are the property of STUDIO YOU & TAO and are not to be reproduced in whole or in part. They are only to be used for the project and site specifically identified herein.

26 8'-6"

2'-4"

2'-0"

CLASS ROOM 7

25'-2"

2 2'-8"

7'-4 3/8"

23'-9"

8'-0"

-5

24'-3"

2 2'-8"

2'-4"

11 18

1 CLASS ROOM 7

21 FAMILY ROOM 8

FAMILY ROOM 8

8'-0"

7'-0"

FAMILY ROOM 8

35'-9"

8'-8"

26'-6"

9'-6"

9'-0"

9'-4"

3'-4" 0'-8"

9'-0"

25'-2"

9'-0 1/2" 9'-6 3/4"

FAMILY ROOM 8

FAMILY ROOM 8 17'-10"

12'-10"

6'-10 1/2"

8'-6"

26'-6"

12'-0"

5'-1"

2'-0"

12'-10"

4'-2"

4'-5"

11'-0 1/4" 26'-11 1/2"

21'-3"

0'-8" 4'-0"

5'-1"

Electrical 2 Middle Two 8635 Highland Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 225.766.9600

13'-6 1/2"

STUDIO YOU & TAO LSU SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE Baton Rouge, LA 70802 225.281.3849

8 7 6

54'-5 1/2"

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E2/A

A-4

2 -6

E2 /A

-5

141'-0" 8'-0"

Civil + Structural Hard Three 22 1031 W Lee Dr, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 225.766.7823

A-4

7'-10"

9 8'-8"

7'-6"

22'-10"

8'-8"

7'-10"

7'-6"

187'-1"

7'-6"

7'-8"

PRIVATE OFFICE 9

16'-1 1/2"

18'-1"

PRIVATE OFFICE 9

No.

25'-8 1/2"

FAMILY ROOM 8

CLASSROOM 7

FAMILY ROOM 8

127'-8" 7'-6"

7'-6"

15'-0"

7'-6"

7'-10"

8'-8"

22'-10"

7'-10"

7'-6"

8'-8"

22'-10"

27'-6" -6 A

7'-8"

16'-1 1/2"

18'-1"

7'-10"

13'-11 1/2"

12'-11"

93'-3"

187'-1"

16 13

2 A

-4

8'-0"

/ E2

-5

CROSS - CRUZAR ON THE FENCE PROJECT

US/Mexico Border San Diego, CA 92154

FLOOR PLAN THRESHOLD 3 LEVEL A-4 Project Number Date Drawn By

Checked By Scale

2 1

E1/A

-5

NO.42 05/01/18 YI TAO PINK WATER 1/8” = 1’-0”

Fig. 32 Floor Plan - Threshold 3 Level.

E1 -5 1

A-6

16'-6"

16'-2"

Date

FAMILY ROOM 8

4'-0"

Description

6 1

4 1

93'-3"

7'-4"

CLASSROOM 7

PRIVATE OFFICE 9

4'-5"

PRIVATE OFFICE 9

2 PRIVATE OFFICE 9

-6

5'-1"

A-6

PRIVATE OFFICE 9

7'-4"

19'-8"

PRIVATE OFFICE 9

7'-4"

24'-2"

PRIVATE OFFICE 9

22'-10"

4'-5"

114'-11"

7'-4"

7'-6"

24'-2"

8 22'-10"

7'-6"

22'-10"

7 15'-0" 7'-10"

5'-1"

6 16'-6" 16'-2"

CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS 149

11 2

A-6

9 2 A

2 N

-6

2 1

16 13

2 A

-5

-4

-5

E1/A

A-6

-5

STUDIO YOU & TAO LSU SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE Baton Rouge, LA 70802 225.281.3849

Architectural Yi Tao LSU School of Architecture Baton Rouge, LA 70802 225.281.3849 Mechanical Easy One 162 Lee Dr, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 225.361.0812

WEST ELEVATION 1/8" = 1'-0"

Electrical Middle Two 8635 Highland Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 225.766.9600 Civil + Structural Hard Three 1031 W Lee Dr, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 225.766.7823

No.

Description

Date

CROSS - CRUZAR ON THE FENCE PROJECT

SOUTH ELEVATION 1/8" = 1'-0"

US/Mexico Border San Diego, CA 92154

ELEVATION A-5 Project Number Date Drawn By Checked By Scale

NO.42 05/01/18 YI TAO PINK WATER 1/8” = 1’-0”

Fig. 33 Elevation.

150 DESIGN FINAL

STUDIO YOU & TAO LSU SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE Baton Rouge, LA 70802 225.281.3849

BUILDING SECTION 1 1/8" = 1'-0"

Civil + Structural Hard Three 1031 W Lee Dr, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 225.766.7823

No.

Description

Date

CROSS - CRUZAR ON THE FENCE PROJECT

US/Mexico Border San Diego, CA 92154

BUILDING SECTION 2 1/8" = 1'-0"

BUILDING SECTION A-6 Project Number Date Drawn By Checked By Scale

NO.42 05/01/18 YI TAO PINK WATER 1/8” = 1’-0”

Fig. 34 Building Section.

CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS 151

STUDIO YOU & TAO LSU SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE Baton Rouge, LA 70802 225.281.3849

PRIVATE OFFICE 9

DETAIL SECTION 1 1" = 1'-0"

ASSEMBLY 2 1

WALL SECTION 1 1/2" = 1'-0"

No.

Description

Date

DETAIL SECTION 2 4 1" = 1'-0"

CROSS - CRUZAR ON THE FENCE PROJECT

US/Mexico Border San Diego, CA 92154

WALL SECTION & DETAIL SECTION A-7 Project Number Date

WALL SECTION 2 1/2" = 1'-0"

Drawn By Checked By

NO.42 05/01/18 YI TAO PINK WATER

Scale

Fig. 35 Wall Section & Detail Section.

152 DESIGN FINAL

STUDIO YOU & TAO LSU SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE Baton Rouge, LA 70802 225.281.3849

EXIT

Architectural Yi Tao LSU School of Architecture Baton Rouge, LA 70802 225.281.3849

EXIT

200 6

Mechanical Easy One 162 Lee Dr, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 225.361.0812 Electrical Middle Two 8635 Highland Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 225.766.9600 Civil + Structural Hard Three 1031 W Lee Dr, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 225.766.7823

LIFE SAFTY PLAN - THRESHOLD 2 LEVEL 1/16" = 1'-0"

No.

Description

Date

3 3

6 3

3 6

CROSS - CRUZAR ON THE FENCE PROJECT

US/Mexico Border San Diego, CA 92154

LIFE SAFTY PLAN A-8 25

LIFE SAFTY PLAN - THRESHOLD 3 LEVEL 2 1/16" = 1'-0"

Project Number Date Drawn By

NO.42 05/01/18 YI TAO

Checked By

PINK WATER

Scale

1/16” = 1’-0”

Fig. 36 Life Safety Plan.

CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS 153

154

APPENDIX

155

156 APPENDIX

REFUGEE CAMP PRECEDENTS AGRIshelter1 Solution: Temporary Housing Keywords: AGRIshelter is a solution for the shortage of refugee shelters that considers social, urban, environmental and economic factors. It is built of biodegradable, zero-km materials, which are durable, provide good insulation and are readily available in every city. The whole 35-m2 unit can be erected in a few hours by people with minimum skills. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s also easy to demolish. The prefabricated wooden-frame foundation supports walls made of straw bales and wooden doors and window frames. The roof is made of folded canvas. A cistern on the north side collects water. AGRIshelters can be built on vacant urban sites to prevent the formation of ghettoes on the edges of cities.

Fig. 6-11 Mofarahian, Narge. The WDCD Refugee Challenge, What Design Can Do, www. whatdesigncando.com/challenge/refugeechallenge/.

REFUGEE CAMP PRECEDENTS 157

158 APPENDIX

The Welcome Card2 SOLUTION: Product Design BY: The Green Card Team The Welcome Card is issued to everybody who applies for asylum in a EU country. Radio-frequency identification technology (RFID) enables refugees to check their application status when the card is paired to a reader. It offers a way to display oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s asylum application status, while providing official information from relevant immigration agencies and related organizations. The temporary identification card also provides details about language courses, transport and relevant events. Moreover, it gives holders peace of mind and dignity as they plan their lives. Facilitating integration starts with giving asylum applicants tools that help them to understand and navigate the societies of which they are now part.

Fig. 12-15 The Green Card Team. The WDCD Refugee Challenge, What Design Can Do, www.whatdesigncando.com/challenge/refugeechallenge/.

REFUGEE CAMP PRECEDENTS 159

Fig. 16-20 Kinnunen, Jennifer, et al. The Green Card Team. The WDCD Refugee Challenge, What Design Can Do, www.whatdesigncando.com/challenge/ refugeechallenge/. 160 APPENDIX

Eat & Meet3 SOLUTION: Service BY: Jennifer Kinnunen, Marie Legleye, Camille Marshall, Elias Sougrati Food is an excellent catalyst for acquaintance and cultural exchange. Eat & Meet uses food to foster relationships and warm hearts, presenting refugees as an indispensable part of modernity. The project turns renovated city buses into food trucks where refugees can cook and sell food from their culinary tradition, with proceeds going to the workers as well as integration projects. A weekly recipe offered to customers is a pretext to evoke the culture, heritage and history of refugees. A â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;social spaceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; at the rear of the bus acts as meeting place, with the bus becoming a vehicle for branding, a landmark in the city that moves and connects people despite distances.

REFUGEE CAMP PRECEDENTS 161

162 APPENDIX

Hex House4 Minnesota-based Architects for Society has developed a prototype for a rapidly deployable dwelling that could house victims of catastrophic events. Called the Hex House, the 431-square-foot unit is largely made of steeland-foam Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs), which can be flat-packed and delivered by truck to a building site. The design is meant to be scalable, and each home is intended to be occupied for 15 to 20 years. The estimated cost for each unit is between $15,000 and $20,000.

Fig. 25-31 â&#x20AC;&#x153;Architects for Society creates low-Cost hexagon refugee houses.â&#x20AC;? Dezeen, Dezeen, 17 May 2016, www.dezeen.com/2016/04/14/architects-for-society-lowcost-hexagonal-shelter-housing-refugees-crisis-humanitarian-architecture/.

The shelters can be arranged in various ways and can be combined with exterior gardens, courtyards, driveways and pedestrian paths. Each Hex House unit contains two bedrooms, a kitchen, a bathroom, a living room and a small porch. Units can be combined to form larger homes.The plans also include rainwater harvesting systems, underground water storage tanks and rooftop solar panels that can power lighting and small electronics.

REFUGEE CAMP PRECEDENTS 163

164 APPENDIX

Makers Unite10 SOLUTION: Network BY: Makers Unite Makers Unite connects refugees and EU locals by codesigning engaging products and narratives, starting with upcycling life vests and boats collected on Greek shores. The platform offers the first steps for refugees to regain dignity, to connect with locals, to build new networks and to restart their lives. It enables newcomers and EU citizens to develop meaningful relationships while creating products that support the circular economy. Started in Amsterdam and Athens, Makers Unite is a collaborative journey about learning how to share and develop a new common culture collectively. The revenue of the Makers Unite design collection will be directed to the makers and the refugeeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cause.

Fig. 21-24 Makers Unite. The WDCD Refugee Challenge, What Design Can Do, www.whatdesigncando.com/challenge/refugeechallenge/. REFUGEE CAMP PRECEDENTS 165

166 APPENDIX

Home Made by Caramel Architekten12 Caramel designed a temporary Refugee Camp in a vacant office building in Vienna where 280 refugees live.

Fig. 32-37 Caramel Architekten. “Home Made by Caramel Architekten.” Gooood, 22 June 2016, www.gooood.hk/home-made-by-caramel-architekten.htm.

Safeguarding privacy, as in marking a place where someone can rest undisturbed by external influences was the first and most important subject of the “intervention”. Rather than posing a limitation, the time limit became a constructive part of Caramel’s thought process. Starting with a minimal design repertoire, Caramel first developed elements for dividing up the space and then creating some privacy in the former open-plan offices. This simple formal language was extended to the design of the communal areas. A central criterion of Caramel design is that all elements can be rapidly dismounted and easily reassembled in a different location. Caramel managed it for only 50€ per person and it took only 5 min for each accommodation to build up. Made from low-priced ready-made products like sun umbrellas, construction site fence pedestal, electro and wastewater pipes, curtain fabrics, cable fixer, clamp lights and extended electric sockets, Caramel developed together with the refugees spatial structures as prototypes usable also in all kinds of abandoned properties. Children, families and young men living communities took immediately possession of the new accommodation and organized themselves at the same time to create more units. Right away competent refugees began to stitch more curtains with the provided sewing machines and panel of fabrics and also to build up the umbrella structures.

REFUGEE CAMP PRECEDENTS 167

Fig. 38 The Korean DMZ is shown in red with the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) denoted by the blue line. “Korean Demilitarized Zone.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Jan. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone.

Fig. 39 Soldiers dig a deep trench and erect gates on a bridge used by the defector in his daring escape from the regime. “Korean Demilitarized Zone.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Jan. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone.

168 APPENDIX

Korean Demilitarized Zone13 The Korean Demilitarized Zone is a strip of land running across the Korean Peninsula. It is established by the provisions of the Korean Armistice Agreement to serve as a buffer zone between the Democratic Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea). The demilitarized zone (DMZ) is a border barrier that divides the Korean Peninsula roughly in half. It was created by agreement between North Korea, China and the United Nations in 1953. The DMZ is 160 miles long, and about 2.5 miles wide. Within the DMZ is a meeting point between the two nations in the small Joint Security Area near the western end of the zone, where negotiations take place. There have been various incidents in and around the DMZ, with military and civilian casualties on both sides.

REFUGEE CAMP PRECEDENTS 169

ELECTRICAL USAGE CALCULATIONS T1:

(4 hours): 600 W/Day -Computer monitor: 30-150 (80) If there are 5: 5 x 80: 400 x (8 hours): 3200 W/Day

Booths:

-Computer laptop: 50 if there are 5: 5 x 50: 250 x (8 hours): 2000 W/Day

-Lighting: LED: 14-16 (15) If there are 6: 6 x 15: 90 x (2 hours): 180 W/Day

-Computer personal: 50 if there are 5: 5 x 50: 250 x (8 hours): 2000 W/Day

-Computer monitor: 30-150 (80) If there are 2: 2 x 80: 160 x (8 hours): 1280 W/Day

-Photocopies: 200-1800 (1000) If there are 2 x 1000: 2000 x (8 hours): 16000 W/Day

Concession stands:

-Coffee maker: 900-1200 (1000) If there are 3: 3000 x (4 hours): 12000 W/Day

-Microwave oven: 1000-1800 (1500) x (8 hours): 12000 W/Day -Refrigerator: 725 x (8 hours): 5800 W/Day -Vending machine refrigerator: 3500 x (8 hours): 28000 W/Day -Water fountains: 500-800 (700) If there are 2: 2 x 700: 1400 x (8 hours): 11200 W/Day TOTAL: 58,460 W/Day

-Printers: 10-20 (15) If there are 2 x 15: 30 x (8 hours): 240 W/Day TOTAL: 48,700 W/Day T3 ASSEMBLY 3 Concession stands:

-Lighting: LED: 14-16 (15) If there are 6: 6 x 15: 90 x (2 hours): 180 W/Day

-Water fountains: 500-800 (700) If there are 2: 2 x 700: 1400 x (8 hours): 11200 W/Day

-Microwave oven: 1000-1800 (1500) x (8 hours): 12000 W/Day

Passport check:

-Refrigerator: 725 x (8 hours): 5800 W/Day

-Lighting: LED 14-16 (15) If there are 6: 6 x 15: 90 x (2 hours): 180 W/Day

-Vending machine refrigerator: 3500 x (8 hours): 28000 W/Day

-Computer monitor: 30-150 (80) If there are 2: 2 x 80: 160 x (8 hours): 1280 W/Day

-Water fountains: 500-800 (700) If there are 2: 2 x 700: 1400 x (8 hours): 11200 W/Day

Open offices:

TOTAL: 57,180 W/Day

-Lighting: LED 14-16 (15) If there are 10: 10 x 15: 150 x

Private offices:

170 APPENDIX

-Lighting: LED 14-16 (15) If there are 10: 10 x 15: 150 x (4 hours): 600 W/Day -Computer monitor: 30-150 (80) If there are 5: 5 x 80: 400 x (8 hours): 3200 W/Day

TOTAL: 240 W/Day Exhaust Fan in Assembly 2: 1500 sf x 15 ft = 22500 cubic feet

-Computer laptop: 50 if there are 5: 5 x 50: 250 x (8 hours): 2000 W/Day

Min.Chg. assembly hall – 3 – 10

-Computer personal: 50 if there are 5: 5 x 50: 250 x (8 hours): 2000 W/Day

7500 fan – 208 v 60 hz = 13,800 whr

-Photocopies: 200-1800 (1000) If there are 2 x 1000: 2000 x (8 hours): 16000 W/Day

Thux Cubic feet per minute = 7500

To calculate elevator energy consumption:

-Coffee maker: 900-1200 (1000) If there are 3: 3000 x (4 hours): 12000 W/Day

E: (R x ST x TP)/3600

-Printers: 10-20 (15) If there are 2 x 15: 30 x (8 hours): 240 W/Day

R is the motor rating in kW’s

E: daily energy consumed in kWh/day

TOTAL: 36,040 W/Day

St is the number of starts per day

Classrooms:

E: E(kWh/day) x days/year x 0.85/population x space / person

-Lighting: LED: 14-16 (15) If there are 8: 8 x 15: 120 x (2 hours): 240 W/Day -Computer monitor: 30-150 (each is 80) If there are 2: 160 x (8 hours): 1280 W/Day -Computer laptop: 50 If there are 2: 100 x (8 hours): 800 W/Day TOTAL: 2,320 W/Day Storage: -Lighting: LED: 14-16 (15) If there are 4: 4 x 15: 60 x (2 hours): 120 W/Day Server/Surveillace/Electrical: -Lighting: LED: 14-16 (15) If there are 4: 4 x 15: 60 x (2 hours): 120 W/Day

Assume another 8 hours of off peak activity Producing 30 starts per hour Starts per day: 2 x 240 + 2 x 240 + 8 x 30: 1,200 starts per day Total consumption per day per lift will be: E: (motor size x starts per day x mean value) /(3600) E: (45 x 1200 x 6.5) / (3600): 97.5 kwhr/day/lift Energy consumption per year: E: 97.5 (269) (working days per year): 26,227.5 kwhr/ year/lift Elevator: 97.5kwhr/day

ELECTRICAL USAGE CALCULATIONS 171

ENDNOTES 1. The WDCD Refugee Challenge, What Design Can Do, www.whatdesigncando.com/challenge/refugeechallenge/. 2. McKnight, Jenna. “Architects for Society creates low-Cost hexagon refugee houses.” Dezeen, Dezeen, 17 May 2016, www.dezeen.com/2016/04/14/architects-for-societylow-cost-hexagonal-shelter-housing-refugees-crisishumanitarian-architecture/. 3. Caramel Architekten. “Home Made by Caramel Architekten.” Gooood, 22 June 2016, www.gooood.hk/ home-made-by-caramel-architekten.htm. 4. “Korean Demilitarized Zone.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Jan. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_ Demilitarized_Zone.

172 APPENDIX

IMAGES

ENDNOTES 173