Historical Detroit in the Sustainable Era by Tony Vannoy

HISTORIC DETROIT IN THE SUSTAINABLE ERA

University of Detroit Mercy

TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL

NATHAN JOHNSON

NEIGHBORHOOD PLANS

IMMEDIATE CONTEXT

ZONING + CODE

RESIDENTIAL WORKS

EXISTING CONDITIONS

CURRENT CLIMATE

FUTURE CLIMATE

PASSIVE STRATEGIES

RESEARCH

INSULATION

AIR TIGHTNESS

VAPOR BARRIERS

WINDOW / WALL SYSTEMS

VENTILATION + LIGHTING

STORMWATER

104

CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

108

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS + APPLIANCES

118

ELECTRIC LIGHTING

126

MATERIALITY

134

RENEWABLE ENERGY

142

PASSIVE HOUSE PROPOSAL

154

LIVING BUILDING CHALLENGE PROPOSAL

176

LEED PROPOSAL

200

CREDITS

212 3

GENERAL RESEARCH

NATHAN JOHNSON “WE TRY TO BE HONEST. IF WE WANT TO DECORATE A CHURCH, WE LET THE STRUCTURE DO IT INSTEAD OF APPLYING ORNAMENTS.” NATHAN JOHNSON

BIOGRAPHY Nathan Johnson was born in 1925 in Herington, Kansas. When he was in eighth grade, his teacher asked what he wanted to be when he grew up. Johnson said he wanted to be an artist. And she said, “Nathan, artists aren’t appreciated until after they’re dead, why don’t you become an architect instead?” Which is why he became an architect.1

Herington, Kansas was a small town of 3500 citizens, described by Johnson as only having 35-40 black residents. Nathan Johnson was inspired and mentored by a white grade school teacher named Roxy Frost who has connected him with others who have started to help later on in his life. Since Johnson had an early talent for drawing, his grade school teacher steered him away from his original consideration of being an artist and encouraged him to pursue an interest in architecture because she explained to him, “you’ll live your whole life and never be respected,” indicating to the life of an artist where he would not be recognized while he is still alive. Johnson took that advice and went on to study. Prior to his education, Johnson also served in the US Navy.3 Later, Johnson moved to Detroit in 1950 to further pursue his career as an architect. He took a position with White and Griffin. Knowing that White was the first black architect registered in Michigan. Eventually, Johnson moved on to work with Harold H. Fisher and Victor Gruen & Associates who are notable for designing and building the Eastland and Northland malls.3 8

Johnson humorously reminisced that church commissions were the only jobs that he could be a part of at one point in his career. Johnson found his niche architectural expression in the modernist style, eventually being tapped by the Detroit Board of Education to become the first appointed African American architect for the board. This entry into designing and building schools led to more work.2 Nathan Johnson & Associates, Inc. was specifically an African American owned architecture firm, which was owned by Nathan Johnson. This firm was located at 2512 West Grand Boulevard, which is on the corner of West Grand Boulevard and Wabash Street. The building itself and its neighboring structure were purchased by the owner, Nathan Johnson, in 1960, and subsequently conjoined and remodeled as one office for his architecture firm which was established in 1956.1

to correctional facilities and the city’s People Mover stations. Nathan Johnson is a prolific designer in Detroit’s built environment.2 Nathan Johnson & Associates was rewarded with a Gold Medal in the year of 2018. It is the highest honor that AIA Detroit can give to individuals. It is conferred by the AIA Detroit Board of Directors in recognition of most distinguished service to the theory and practice of architecture to AIA Detroit.3 By the end of Johnson’s career, he was licensed to practice architecture in 13 states: Alabama, California, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, and Texas.1

Johnson established a firm in I956, which lasted to about the 1990’s, an unrestrained time in the civil rights movement. The practice began in the basement of his home on Lawrence Street with only two employees. In 1960, the firm moved to 2512 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, where it grew and eventually employed about 40 architects, designers, planners, and technicians.1 The work of this firm is seen in almost every district of Detroit. Their work ranges from private and multifamily residences, to schools, churches and restaurants,

Map based on information from “The Legacy of Black Architects in Detroit”1 9

TIMELINE OF NATHAN JOHNSON’S MEMORABLE WORKS

1957

1962

House of Diggs4

Church of the Resurrection, Ecorse6

1950’s 1959

Thunderbird Inn, Northville5

1969-71

Stanley Hong’s Mannia Café8

1960’s 1970’s 1962

Stanley Hong’s residence, 961 West Boston7

1971

Sherrard Jr. High School addition9

1972

Eastland Shopping Center10

1974

1976

Belle Maison East12

Bethel AME Church, Tower and Townhouses11

1987

Detroit People Mover stations

Shed 5, Eastern Market

NEIGHBORHOOD

PLANS

LOOKING FORWARD IN RUSSELL WOODS AND NARDIN PARK The Russell Woods and Nardin Park neighborhoods are exciting places full of a variety of goods and services. The City of Detroit has plans in place to revitalize this neighborhood, with additions to Zussman Park to creating a thriving business core. The next few pages seek to recognize these neighborhoods and the ongoing initiatives.

GROCERY

SERVICES

Family Dollar

Livernois Auto Repair

Hope Academy

CVS

Broadstreet Auto Repair

Boys & Girls Club of Southeastern Michigan

A&L Auto

Keiden Special Education Center

Livernois Food Center Dexter Waverly Market Knight Drugs

Motor City Auto and Glass

Foodfarm

The Tax Experts Chase Bank Krispy Kutz Clean Whips Car Wash Mickeyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Alterations USPS Livernois Paint and Supply

EDUCATION

NEIGHBORHOOD INVENTORY EATERY

WORSHIP

Dexter Grinds

Broadstreet

KFC

Presbyterian

Nicky D’S Coney Island

Banks Triumph Missionary Baptist

Everything Turkey

Kingdom’s Hall Jehovah Witnesses

Wendy’s Royal Grill Detroit City Coney Island Manhattan Fish and Chicken

Grace Temple Cogic Greater Love Baptist The Community Church of Christ Universal Church Nardin Park Reformed St. Matthew Methodist

RACIAL DIVERSITY

REAL ESTATE

RESIDENT EDUCATION LEVELS

NEIGHBORHOOD FACTS

Population ....................................................2426 Identify as African American...................99% Identify as White ........................................01%

Master’s degree or higher ..........................5% Bachelor’s degree.......................................11% Some college or associate’s degree....35% High school diploma or equivalent......33% Less than high school diploma .............17%

AGE DISTRIBUTION

<10 years ...................................................12% 10-17 years ..................................................17% 18-24 years ..................................................11% 25-34 years ..................................................13% 35-44 years ..................................................11% 45-54 years ..................................................12% 55-64 years.....................................................9% 65+ years ...................................................14%

INCOME BRACKETS

<$25k ..............................................................41% $25-$44k.......................................................23% $45-$74k.......................................................15% $75-$149k ....................................................21% $150k+ ..............................................................0% Demographic information from Niche.com 18

Median Listing......................................$88,995 Price per Square Foot.................................$46 Average Time to Sale.........................61 days

884 homes 2 parks Largest historic district in Detroit

INFORMATION

99%

A GENERAL DEMOGRAPHIC VIEW

of the population identify as African American

41%

of the population makes 25 k or less a year

35%

of residents have some level of college education

17%

of the population are between the ages of 10-17 years 19

RENOVATE ZUSSMAN PLAYGROUND1

IMPLEMENT STREETSCAPES ALONG DEXTER AVE.2

REACTIVATE COMMERCIAL CORRIDOR OF DEXTER AVE.2 20

CITY PLANS A PLANNING PERSPECTIVE

AN KM OA

The City of Detroit Planning department has a variety of plans for the Russell Woods and Nardin Park neighborhoods. Plans include reactivating the commercial corridor along Dexter Ave. Renovating the neighborhood playground and a pop up shop to inject business operations in the area.

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IMMEDIATE CONTEXT THE RESIDENTIAL INVENTORY ON FULLERTON Russell Woods is a beautiful historic neighborhood with charming homes from the 1920s to the 1960s. There is a predominant architectural style that emerges, but 4098 Fullerton stands out distinctively; proudly on the corner lot, it showcases Nathan Johnstonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s unique vision. The following pages help distinguish some of the primary characteristics of this neighborhood and their relationship to 4098 Fullerton.

IMMEDIATE CONTEXT MAP

LESLIE ST

HOLMUR ST

PETOSKEY AVE

HOLMUR ST

1960’s FULLERTON AVE

1960’s

1950’s

1960’s

1950’s

1940’s

1960’s

1950’s

1940’s

1930’

1960’s

1950’s

1940’s

1930’

1920’s

1960’s

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1930’

1920’s

SITE

1950’s

1940’s

1930’

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SITE

1940’s

1930’

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SITE

1930’

1920’s

SITE

Immediate Context Map based on information from the City of Detroit1 24

1920â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

4060 Fullerton

4220 Fullerton St

4212 Fullerton St

4226 Fullerton St

4221 Leslie St

4211 Leslie St

4229 Leslie St 25

1930â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

4076 Fullerton

4055 Fullerton St

4070 Fullerton

4061 Fullerton St

1940â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

4099 Fullerton St

4079 Fullerton St

4087 Fullerton St

4071 Fullerton St

4084 Fullerton

4071 Leslie St

4031 Fullerton St

4095 Leslie St

4061 Leslie St 27

1940â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Continued

4081 Leslie St

1960â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

4200 Fullerton St

4098 Fullerton

ZONING AND CODING COMPARING ZONING LAWS TO EXISTING CONDITIONS OF 4098 FULLERTON This is a brief overview looking into the different zoning laws that apply to the Fullerton site. These include general requirements from the City of Detroit, and more specific guidelines that pertain to the Russell Woods neighborhood, as it is a designated historical neighborhood. Zoning laws are specific to every region and city; these are specific to Detroit. For full guidelines and zoning, please refer to the City of Detroit website (www.detroitmi.gov).

STATUS PARCEL NUMBER1: 14004871 ADDRESS 4098 Fullerton OWNER Detroit Land Bank TAXABLE STATUS City Land Bank TAXABLE VALUE $0

DISTRICT MAP1

LAND VALUE $2,038 IMPROVED VALUE $0 ZONING R1 Single Family Residential District

Zone Types

Map based on information from the Detroit Zoning Map Index1 33

CODE OF ORDINANCE3 MINIMUM LOT DIMENSIONS Area

5,000sf

7,056sf

Width

50’

65’

SET BACKS 34’

7’

MINIMUM SET BACKS Front

20’

32’

Side

4’-14’

7’

Rear

30’

34’

32’

BUILDING HEIGHTS Max

35’

22’

35%

26%

LOT COVERAGE Max

7’056sf

Lot Area

BUILDING HEIGHTS

22â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

SET BACKS - 50-16-382

The required minimum horizontal distance between the nearest part of the structure or the building line and the related front, side, or rear lot lines.

BUILDING HEIGHTS - 50-14-232

The vertical distance from the grade plane at the center of the front of the building to the highest point of the structure for a flat or mansard roof, or the mean height level (midpoint) between eaves and ridge for gables, hip, and gambrel roofs.

LOT COVERAGE - 50-13-236

The portion of a site that is covered by principal and accessory buildings and structures, as measured from the outside of the building or structure at ground level, and expressed as a percentage of total site area.

FLOOR AREA RATIO - 50-13-237

26%

Used to determine the maximum amount of floor area which may be built on a zoning lot. The maximum permitted floor area shall be determined by multiplying the zoning lot area, in square feet, by the floor area ratio factor.

Lot Coverage

HISTORIC DISTRICT GUIDELINES Owning a home in a Historic District has many advantages. The homes in the neighborhood always have a specific standard they need to be kept at, therefore the houses tend to be well maintained, thus increasing the housing market in return. However, if you wanted to change something about the exterior of your house there are certain guidelines you will need to follow. Keep in mind each house and Historic District has its own set of guidelines, for more information you can visit your cities official website about the guidelines and restrictions. Changing the facade our any outdoor features when within a historical district can be very limiting, each change will need to approved by the Historic District Commission and once approved you will need to apply for a building permit.

CURRENT FULLERTON CONDITIONS Vegetation

Restoring Unique Facade Elements

Restoring Old Brick Work

Replacing the plywood Sheathing

Replacing the Outdated Windows

RESIDENTIAL WORKS AN IN-DEPTH LOOK AT NATHAN JOHNSON’S HOUSING PROJECTS As a predominant architect in the Detroit area, Nathan Johnson has many projects. However, there are only a handful of residential works. Three notable works include the Hong Residence, Broadstreet Residence and 4098 Fullerton. Out of these three, 4098 Fullerton has been the most neglected and in need of major preservation efforts to restore the home back to a functional state. The importance and value of this home is the reason why it merits to be preserved – to honor Nathan Johnson’s legacy.

TIMELINE RESIDENTIAL WORKS The following features important projects and events related to Nathan Johnson’s notable works in the Russell Woods and Boston-Edison neighborhood.

1958

The first building permit for Nathan Johnson’s Fullerton Home; permit was initially pulled three times before the home was finally built; Owner: E. A. Kundinger Inc.; Estimated cost to erect: $11,500 ($98,271.41 today)6

1950s

1960s 1960

Permit to erect the 17’10” x 9’5” breezeway for the Fullerton Home5

1961

Latest Permit to erect the Fullerton Home with a 23’10” x 29’ x 10’ garage; Owner: Clifford Clyde; Estimated cost to erect: $18,500 ($158,088.79 today)

1999

Nathan Johnson’s Fullerton home was structurally stable and occupied by residents in Russell Woods4

1990s

1970s 1980s

s 1962-1963

Around the same time of the construction of the Fullerton Home in Russell Woods, Nathan Johnson designed the Hong Residence2 (left) in the Boston Edison Historical District for his friend and restaurant owner, Stanley Hong. In 1963, the Broadstreet Residence8 (right) by Nathan Johnson was constructed.

The facade and front entrance of the Fullerton Home; Floating frames to mark the entrance

Present Day

Side view7 showing the breezeway (center area) connecting the garage and the front area of the home; Breezeway built in 19663

2010s 2000s - Present Backside of the Fullerton Home

The garage of the Fullerton Home

2020s Structural system and stairway near the entrance

EXISTING CONDITIONS RUSSELL WOODS IN THE MODERN DAY

As the largest historic district in Detroit, Russell Woods offers a lot of potential for new opportunities to respond to its ecological context. The City of Detroit had worked in conjunction with Lorcan Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Herlihy Architects to develop a neighborhood plan for Russell Woods and Nardin Park. The greatest identified issue are the vacant buildings. Revitalization plans include removing blight and activating vacant lots with programming, creating gateways into the historic neighborhoods, and infusing parks, commercial buildings and crosswalks with art.

131 ft

EMBODIED CARBON

QUICK STATS

54 ft

Lot Size (Depth x Frontage)7 VE YA

S TO PE

Embodied carbon looks at the larger picture of a project. It looks at the life cycle of the materials. This includes the impacts associated with extracting, manufacturing and transporting materials to the job-site.

S TO PE

TO PE

Reducing carbon emissions of a building is often associated to the operational carbon consumption, but the embodied carbon of a project also plays a large role. By restoring a home, it can extend the lifespan of the building and also help avoid the embodied carbon needed to replace an old building with a new one1.

E AV

VE YA

When renewable energy is supplied to our homes, it becomes less important to improve our buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy performance and more important to avoid the embodied emissions of demolition and rebuilding.4

VE NA

ON RT LE TO ER

E AV

1,385 SF ON RT

E AV

E LL

total square footage of home7

5,235 SF site area that can support vegetation7

Industry 28%

11%

Transportation 22%

Other 9%

Building Operations 28%

of global emissions are caused by embodied carbon4

49%

Embodied Carbon 49%

Operational Carbon 51%

of total new construction emissions between now and 2050 will be from embodied carbon4

Total Carbon Emissions of Global New Construction 2020-20504

2.06k kgCO2e

the embodied carbon of 4098 Fullerton Ave.3 47

UNDER CONSTRUCTION REVIVING THE FORMER GLORY OF FULLERTON These series of images show the state of 4098 Fullerton Ave., after many years of no occupancy. Many of the features that are unique to this home are intact, but the structural integrity of the home itself has been compromised. With new effort to revive this home to its former glory, re-stabilization of the structure and roof have been undertaken to begin the process of restoring this Nathan Johnson home.

CURRENT CLIMATE ANALYZING LOCAL WEATHER AND ITS EFFECT ON 4098 FULLERTON The environment influences all aspects of designing a building. Local weather, soil, and natural sun paths affect all project types; from small local gardens to new housing construction to larger buildings in downtown Detroit. It is important to understand these elements and how they impact a building, to design an efficient and sustainable home.

68°F

68°F 20°F

Average indoor temperature during the winter1

71.04°

Angle of the sun during the summer solstice3

23.86°

Angle of the sun during the winter solstice3

74°F

Average indoor temperature during the summer1

74°F 85°F

LM HO

CURRENT CLIMATE

UR ST

EY SK TO PE

ANALYZING WIND AND TEMPERATURE PATTERNS

E AV E

N AV

TO ER

COLD WINTER BREEZE COLD WINTER BREEZE

COLD WINTER WIND

COLD WINTER WIND SITE

Temperature and direction are very important when it comes to analyzing the wind.

SITE

During the winter, most of the wind comes from the southwest. This is usually a very cold and strong wind. Planting coniferous trees will help block this wind during the winter.2

UR ST

TO PE

In the spring and fall, there is a mix of cold and warm weather. Most of the colder winds come from the northwest while the warmer winds come from the south east.2

AV E

N AV

TO ER

COLD FALL/SPRING BREEZE COLD FALL/SPRING WIND

COLD FALL/SPRING BREEZE COLD FALL/SPRING WIND WARM FALL/SPRING BREEZE WARM FALL/SPRING WIND SITE

WARM FALL/SPRING BREEZE WARM FALL/SPRING WIND

HO ST

During the summer warm wind is blown up from the south. Many warm and humid days result from the south, southwest winds. Planting deciduous trees will help block these winds during the summer. Most cool breezes during the summer will come from the north.2

SK TO PE E

AV E

N AV

TO ER

C OOL SUMMER BREEZE

COOL SUMMER BREEZE COOL SUMMER WIND WARM SUMMER BREEZE

COOL SUMMER WIND

WARM SUMMER WIND SITE

WARM SUMMER BREEZE WARM SUMMER WIND

Wind Roses based on information from Iowa State University4 53

FUTURE CLIMATE ANALYZING AND DESIGNING FOR CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE COMING DECADES The climate of today will not be the climate of tomorrow. This section takes a deeper look into the future climate of the mid-west and focusing on the impact that climate change will have on the City of Detroit and the ways that we can be proactive about our choices (to lessen the effect that it will have on us). Historically and in more recent times, Detroit has become an example of storm-water surge flooding, which has caused over 20 million dollars in damages. It also causes sewer systems to overflow into the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s potable drinking water, leaving residents without fresh water for days.

40%

increase in heavy precipitation occurrences annually

1 of 3

days we will experience rain which will leave us with more rainy days

800

billion gallons of untreated sewage is released into the nations water annually

+5Â°F

change on the coldest days of the year while the hot days stay consistent

+15 DAY

increase in days when the temperature will be above 95Â°F 56

Maps from GLISA1 based on data from National Climate Assessment2

LOOKING TO THE FUTURE ANALYZING THE CLIMATE DATA FOR 2041-2070 Analyzing the climate date for the years of 2041-2070 we can take a closer look at the way that climate change will influence our region and the way we handle design. The mid-west as a whole is going to experience a slight increase in precipitation each year in the form of rain and snow. This correlates with the data showing that we will have less consecutive dry days and more rainy days , seen in the graphs on the left. Looking to the graphs on this page, it shows the increase in temperature during both the day and night. Due to global warming the cycle of warm days and cool nights will shift to have both warmer days and the nights will also get warmer. While Northern Michigan and Canada will see a drastic change in temperature at about a 5Â° increase. Our location in Southeast Michigan will also see an increase but not as drastic as those living in the north part of the state.

FLOODING AND STORM-WATER MANAGEMENT ANALYZING THE CLIMATE DATA FOR 2041-20701 According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the site of the project is not in an area of present flooding hazard. However, this may not represent event of a storm surge over-flowing the sewer system. The property currently pays a drainage charge of about $18 a month. Other properties around our site pay up to $40 a month in drainage fees totally to over $450 a year of added fees on the water bill. Through the simple practice of rerouting the downspout on the house can reduce this cost by almost half such as rain-water harvesting, downspout re-routing, bio-retention, and installing permeable pavement, the drainage charge can be avoided all together. Through a small investment in permeable paving or brick drive and walk ways can not only lower the amount of surface but also add credit that can be taken away from the new total amount of impervious surface.

25%

of residential parcels do not allow water to absorb into the ground.

$218.00

is the average charged to the property water bill annually.

80%

of the drainage charge can be reduced through simple practices.

100%

of roof runoff can be diverted by the downspout or retained by a green roof. 58

601.71

183.20

601.05

183.00

600.39

182.80

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599.74 1918

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582.35

177.00

580.71

176.50

579.07

176.00

feet

meters

Lake Michiganâ&#x2C6;&#x2019;Huron 177.50

577.43

175.50

575.79 1918

1921

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577.43

175.50

575.79

175.00

574.15

174.50

572.51

174.00

feet

meters

Lake St. Clair 176.00

570.87 1918

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574.15

174.50

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173.50

feet

meters

Lake Erie 175.00

569.23

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247.7

75.00

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74.00

feet

meters

Lake Ontario 75.50

242.78 1918

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The monthly average levels are based on a network of water level gages located around the lakes. Elevations are referenced to the International Great Lakes Datum (1985).

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Water levels have been coordinated through 2018. Values highlighted in gray are provisional.

HISTORIC FLOODING AREA PREDICTED FLOODING AREA Map data from GLISA4

2019 REPORTED OCCURRENCES SITE

PASSIVE STRATEGIES HOW TO MAKE AND KEEP AN ENERGY EFFICIENT HOME Passive strategies use no energy and capitalize on natural resources like the sun and wind. These strategies like cooling a house through natural ventilation in the summer, heating a house by using energy gained from the sun (solar gain) in the winter, and changing every day behavior year-round can help reduce your energy bills and are good for the environment.

EFFICIENT BUILDING SHAPES COMPACT

Best in heating-dominated climates like Northern Michigan. Low surface area controls minimizes the chance for heat loss.1 Southeast Michiganâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ideal shape is between compact and compact with wings as Climate Change takes place.

COMPACT WITH WINGS

Best in slightly warmer climates that require both heating and cooling like Kentucky or Tennessee. The shape can keep in heat, but also allows for natural ventilation needed in warmer months.1

COURTYARD

Best in cooling-dominated climates, like Southern California. Courtyards are used to allow for air circulation inside and around the building.1

THIN WINGS

Best in extreme cooling-dominated climates, like deserts. Thin wings allow for constant air circulation to cool the building and its occupants.1 62

THERMAL MASSES2 Thermal masses are made of masonry materials that heat up from direct sunlight to release heat over the night into the space These can be made of stone, rock, concrete, brick, etc. They must have thickness to be able to adequately trap the heat, but can be in the form of wall or floors.

PASSIVE STRATEGIES BUILT STRATEGIES

BEHAVIORAL STRATEGIES

Use trombe walls (south facing masses made of brick, stone, concrete, etc.) to trap heat during the day and release at night.2

Night flush in the summer by opening windows at night to ventilate out hot air and close windows in the morning to trap in cool air.3

Locate garages on the north side of the house to shield from strong winter winds.3

Keep doors and windows shut when using air conditioning or heating.3

Use jump ducts above doors to maximize air movement throughout the entire house.3

Hang clothes up instead of using dryers for clothes. Take advantage of breezes for ventilation by opening windows to circulate air through a house in warmer months.3 Limit water use by taking quicker showers, turning off the faucet when brushing teeth and washing face, and reusing bath towels. Save up to 10% each year in heating and cooling by raising the temperature 7째-10째F for 8 hours a day in the summer or lowering it 7째-10째F for 8 hours in the winter.5

EASY FIX STRATEGIES Switch incandescent bulbs to LED bulbs. LEDs use up to 90% less energy and can last 25 years longer. The upfront cost may be higher, but it will save about $80 in electricity cost over the lifetime of the bulb.4 Use ENERGY STAR® certified light fixtures to save up to $14 per fixture.4 Angle downspouts onto the lawn or into rain collection barrels. This water is considered “graywater” and can be used in gardens and on lawns or can be connected to systems in the house to replace or supplement water needed for showers, faucets, and/or laundry.6

RESEARCH

INSULATION RESIDENTIAL INSULATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE A greater energy efficiency and understanding for the importance of sustainability is driving better building energy codes, meaning better and tighter insulated buildings. However, most American homes were built prior to standard building codes which means many Americans can significantly benefit from adding insulation to have a more energy efficient home. From small changes to larger renovations, you can take steps to better insulate your home.

WHATâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S THE DIFFERENCE? Spray foam and rigid foam are the two most popular types of insulation for residential homes. Here are the differences between the two: SPRAY FOAM RIGID FOAM Insulation + Air sealing Excellent (foam Excellent (foam expands to fill expands to fill gaps and cracks) gaps and cracks)

homes were built prior to 1980, when there were no building code minimum for insulation1

39 %

residential electricity prices have jumped since 200411

R-Value High, R-7 per inch

Varies, R-3.8 - 8 per inch

Installation

Fast, but messy Requires cutting, fitting and Area must be sealing isolated or free of occupants No harmful until foam cures emissions during (2 hours) installation Typically more time consuming

Temperature Sensitive (cold temperatures can cause problems with foaming /curing

Can be done in any temperature

Chart based on information from econet.com5, 7 70

77 million

$2,200

average homeowner spends per year on energy bills11

$ 362/YEAR can be saved by doubling the R-value of a home from R-20 to R-4012

6 - 24

months for return on investment or payback for an investment in insulation8

WHY INSULATE? IS YOUR HOME POORLY INSULATED? Below are some signs of poorly insulated homes. If you checked off one or more boxes, your house is likely under insulated.1 hot and stuffy in the summer; very cold in the winter cold floors high energy bills upper floor is 5-10 degrees hotter than main floor in the summer; and colder than the main floor in the winter different temperatures in different rooms drafty rooms outdoor noise is audible indoors: lawn mowers, traffic, animals require usage of portable heaters, extra blankets visible floor joists in the attic

TYPES OF INSULATION + PROJECTS WHAT DOES THIS ALL MEAN? Benefits of a well insulated home include better comfort, saving money, and helping the environment by lowering the levels of carbon dioxide. It can also increase your homeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s value.

ROOF INSULATION2, 9 - $$ (about $1000+) - one of the most major points of energy loss

TYPES

- blown-in attic insulation - green roof (typically a layer of extruded polystyrene)

KEY TERMS

WALL INSULATION6

R-Value2: a thermal measurement unit for particular materials in relation to how they insulate, a higher R-value means better insulative qualities

injection wall foam spray foam

Thermal Break7: element with low thermal conductivity in an assembly, which causes flow of thermal energy Thermal Bridge7: element or area with higher thermal conductivity than surrounding materials, leading to a weak-spot for heat transfer Continuous Insulation7: continuous across structural elements, without any thermal bridges

WHEN - Renovating your home or finishing a basement - Replacing exterior siding TYPES - Injection wall foam Expansion properties force insulation into difficult areas - Fiberglass Batts Pre-cut sections of fiberglass/rock wool insulation, easy install - Rigid Foam Can be used in any part of home, roof down to foundation

BASEMENT WALL + SLAB INSULATION10 This diagram shows some of the key areas of a home that should be properly insulated. 72

about 20% of a homeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s total heat loss should be insulated with non-water sensitive insulation

AIR TIGHTNESS UNDERSTANDING THE BUILDING ENVELOPE Airtight construction, or airtightness, quite simply means that there are no unintended gaps in the building envelope that allow air to leak in or out of the building. This means there are no cold droughts coming in through the building envelope. It also means there are no unintended gaps that allow air from inside the building to leak into the materials of the building envelope. Unintended gaps can be a result of poor design and detailing that doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t allow junctions to be constructed well and fully sealed. It can also be the result of poor quality work on site or mistakes during the construction.

CONTROL FUNCTIONS

CRITICAL BARRIERS

Water

Water Shedding Surface

Air

Water Resistive Barrier

Heat

Air Barrier System

Vapor

Thermal Insulation

Sound

Vapor Retarder/Barrier

Fire

Building Form & Features Primary Relationship

Secondary Relationship

Primary Relationship to Air Barrier

Secondary Relationship to Air Barrier

Based on information from Air-Tightness1 76

WHY BUILD AIRTIGHT? The restriction of air movement by the air barriers system is one of the most important functions of the building enclosure and, in some cases, the interior partitions. air is a transport mechanism for water, vapor, heat energy, and airborne contaminants. as a result, uncontrolled air leakage can lead to moisture issues from condensation and bulk water ingress, excessive heat loss that leads to discomfort and energy waste, as well as poor indoor air quality that affects occupant health and comfort.2

Air barriers stop air leakage through individual holes.

WHY?

EXPLAIN

AIRTIGHT CONSTRUCTION IS REQUIRED TO PROTECT THE BUILDING ENVELOPE.

Airtight construction prevents the moisture and humidity inside the building from being carried by unintended air leaks into the building envelope. The moisture and humidity is mainly created by daily activities such as heating, cooking, bathing, washing, breathing etc.

AIRTIGHT CONSTRUCTION IS REQUIRED FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY.

Airtight construction prevents heat energy from escaping out through unintended gaps in the building envelope. The main reason why some newer buildings require so little heating is because of the high-performance building envelope that reduces heat movement in and out of the building. Insulation plays a key role preventing unwanted heat-loss and so does airtightness. The air barrier also keeps the warm air inside the building, preventing it being lost through gaps in the building envelope.

AIRTIGHT CONSTRUCTION IS REQUIRED FOR COMFORT.

Airtight construction is a drought-free building envelope. This means that the building envelope prevents cold droughts from entering the building and causing discomfort.

AIRTIGHT CONSTRUCTION IS REQUIRED FOR EFFICIENT HEAT RECOVERY VENTILATION.

As already mentioned above, ventilation air needs to enter and leave the building where it is designed to do so. With airtight construction, air movement in and out of the building is controlled and this can be achieved. Without airtight construction, the heat energy in warm indoor air leaks out through the building envelope and cannot be recovered, it is lost.

Table showing the importance of airtight construction based on information from “Airtightness Tests: What Are They and Why Do They Matter?”4

PROFESSIONAL TESTS

HOW IT WORKS

BLOWER DOOR TEST

A blower door is a powerful fan that mounts into the frame of an exterior door. The fan pulls air out of the house, lowering the air pressure inside. The higher outside air pressure then flows in through all unsealed cracks and openings.

SMOKE PENCIL TEST

The Smoke Pencil is a professional handheld air leak detector used by energy raters, HVAC technicians, auto mechanics, and contractors to identify drafts and air leaks in a home, business, or automobile.

Table showing common airtight tests based on information from â&#x20AC;&#x153;Airtightness Testâ&#x20AC;?2

WHAT CAN YOU DO AT HOME4? Step 1: Close all windows in a room. Step 2: Hold a light weight tissue near the edge of each window/ opening Step 3: Check to see if there is any motion occurring on the tissue. Step 4: If the tissue is showing movement, contact someone who can do a test for your home.

VAPOR CONTROL FUNCTION + HOW TO IMPLEMENT IN YOUR HOME The function of a vapor barrier is to keep out the migration of water vapor. Where it is located in an assembly and its permeability is a function of climate, the characteristics of the materials that comprise the assembly and the interior conditions. Vapor barriers are not typically intended to eliminate air from coming through. This is the function of air barriers, how they work, and how you can implement them in your home.

WHAT IS THE PROBLEM? Incorrect use of vapor barriers is leading to an increase in moisture related problems. Vapor barriers were originally intended to prevent assemblies from getting wet. However, they often prevent assemblies from drying. Vapor barriers installed on the interior of assemblies prevent assemblies from drying inward. This can be a problem in any airconditioned enclosure. This can be a problem in any below grade space. This can be a problem when there is also a vapor barrier on the exterior. This can be a problem where brick is installed over building paper and vapor permeable sheathing.3

Vapor barriers stop diffusion of moisture through solid materials

DO YOU WANT TO BE COLD AND UNCOMFORTABLE?

DO YOU WANT TO BE RELAXED AND COMFORTABLE?

VAPOR CONTROL STRATEGIES As building science progresses and increasingly influences the way houses are built, attention to detail and accuracy are critical. An assembly that calls for a vapor barrier, Images to the right, is designed to stop moisture on one surface, under a concrete slab. For example, while more permeable vapor retarders allow some movement of moisture. If walls, roofs, or floors are built with the wrong vapor-retarding products, a structure can trap moisture. Misusing these terms leads to confusion in product choice, which ultimately can lead to failure where it matters most in your home.2

Polyethylene Foam Sheet

Fibreglass

Latex Paint 84

CLASS

MATERIAL

WHEN TO USE

CLASS L

Sheet Polyethylene

CLASS LL

Kraft facing on fiberglass batts A class-ll vapor retarder has a level between 0.1 perm and 1 perm and is considered semiimpermeable. Extruded polystyrene greater than 1 inch thick

CLASS LLL

Most latex paints

At times referred to as a vapor barrier, a class-l vapor retarder has a permanence level of 0.1, any less and it is considered Non-perforated Aluminum Foil impermeable.

#30 building paper

A class-lll vapor retarder has a permanence level between 1 perm and 10 perms and is considered semi-permeable.

Plywood

Table showing different vapor retarders and when they are used based on information from â&#x20AC;&#x153;Monarflex Vapour Control Layersâ&#x20AC;?1 85

WINDOW WALL SYSTEMS SINGLE PANE TO TRIPLE PANE: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW Windows are a key area of a home; it can literally make or break the energy efficiency of your house. Understanding how window systems work and allow the transfer of energy in and out of your home is very important. Typically, modern homes have double or triple pane windows, which create a better barrier between the indoors and outdoors. However, most historic homes â&#x20AC;&#x201C; like 4098 Fullerton â&#x20AC;&#x201C; have single pane windows, making it a lot less energy efficient. That is why window systems are a crucial element in energy efficient homes.

DOUBLE as DOUBLE More EnergyTRIPLETRIPLE SINGLESINGLE PANE PANE PANE PANE PANE Acting Acting as More Energy

N/A N/A

50% 50%

Baseline Baseline Comparison Comparison

90 90%

Efﬁcient Efﬁcient than than Single Single Pane Pane

Energy nt than Pane

SINGLE VS. DOUBLE VS. TRIPLE PANE As the name implies Single, Double, and Triple Pane are window systems with either one , two or three layers of glass. A gap is left in between these layers for either air or gas fillings.1, 2

TRIPLE PANE

90%

More Energy EfďŹ cient than Single Pane

R-VALUE

R-VALUE = 90

R-VALUE VS. U-FACTOR 1’

R-VALUE5 (RESISTANCE VALUE) Also Known as: Thermal Resistance The number of hours needed for 1 BTU (British Thermal Unit) to pass through a material of given thickness when the temperature differential is 1 degree Fahrenheit. Window systems typically have less thermal resistance than opaque walls, meaning that the majority of heat loss is because of them.

1”

1’

The more panes of glass you add as well as the type of gas filling between them the higher the R-Value.

U-FACTOR5 U - FACTOR

The amount of heat lost through a 1 square foot by 1 inch thickness of material when the temperature differential is 1 degree Fahrenheit.

1 U-FACTOR 91

SGHC

ci In

n n io io at at di di Ra Ra nt nt de de ci In

Absorbed then Re-radiated ed

itt

an Tr

n io at di Ra

n io at

nt de

di Ra

ci In

sm an Tr

e itt

itt sm

an Tr

ﬂe Re

nt de ci In

ct ﬂe Re

an Tr

ct ﬂe Re

Absorbed then Re-radiated ct ﬂe Re

VLT

SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT & VISIBLE LIGHT TRANSMITTANCE6 INCIDENT RADIATION

Radiation that initially comes from the Sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Rays

TRANSMITTED RADIATION

Radiation that goes through the Window (Penetration Achieved)

ABSORBED RADIATION

Radiation is absorbed into the material and Emitted (Re-radiated) into the interior space (Penetration Partially Achieved)

REFLECTED RADIATION

Radiation that bounces off the surface of window (Penetration not achieved)

SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT (SGHC)

The percentage of Incident Radiation that gets through the window through Absorption and Transmission.

VISIBLE LIGHT TRANSMITTANCE (VLT)

The percentage of Visible Light that gets through the window.

6. STOP

STOP

94 STOP

STOP

OPERABLE STYLES & THERMALLY BROKEN FRAMES

Fixed Window

Forms the basis of window systems Non Operable On Roof = Skylight

STOP

1. Single Hung 2. Double Hung 3. Sliding 4. Hopper 5. Casement 6. Awning On Roof = Roof Window

THERMALLY BROKEN FRAMES

Type of Frame where it is not one solid piece of material, but one split in two with a layer of insulation in between. This prevents heat from traveling through the material also known as Thermal Bridging.

STOP

GAS FILLINGS3 Oxygen 8

15.999

Argon 18

Ar 39.948

Krypton 36

Kr 83.80

Oxygen

Acting as Baseline Comparison

Argon Gas

More Energy Efﬁcient than Oxygen

Krypton Gas

More Energy Efﬁcient than Oxygen

N/A 16% 27%

GLASS COATINGS4 LOW-E

Low Emissivity Coating

50%

Less Energy Usage

Photocatalytic Coating

U.V.

Self - Cleaning Windows

present to allow reflected light in Utilize Reflected Light - Some Glazing should be present to allow reflected ORIENTATION light in

Utilize Reﬂected Light - Some Glazing should be Reduce Solar Radiation present to allow reﬂected - Equip Window Shading light in - Block High Summer Sun - Favor Low Winter Sun - Low - E Coating Reduce Solar Radiation - Equip Window Shading - Block High Summer Sun - Favor Low Winter Sun - Low - E Coating Reduce Solar Radiation - Equip Window Shading - Block High Summer Sun Maximize Visible Light Favor Low WinterSurfaces Sun - Largest Window Low - High E Coating - Block Summer Sun - Favor Low Winter Sun - Light Shelves to bounce light further into space Maximize Visible Light - Largest Window Surfaces - Block High Summer Sun - Favor Low Winter Sun - Light Shelves to bounce light further into space

GAS FILLINGS, GLASS COATINGS, & WINDOW STRATEGIES BASED ON ORIENTATION Gas Fills can be placed in between Panes of Glass. These are called Insulating Glazing Units (IGU)

GLASS COATINGS LOW E COATING

Also known as Low Emissivity Coating, the glass has a thin layer of metal that is not visible to the eye. This provides a level of reflectance of the Sun’s radiation while still offering visible light to enter.

PHOTOCATALYTIC COATING

Also known as Self-Cleaning Glass, this type of Coating utilizes Ultraviolet rays of the Sun (U.V.) to break down organic dirt on the glass to loosen it. This combined with its hydrophilic properties means rain can easily wash away the loosened dirt.

Maximize Visible Light - Largest Window Surfaces - Block High Summer Sun - Favor Low Winter Sun - Light Shelves to bounce light further into space

VENTILATION AND LIGHTING COMPARING DIFFERENT LIGHTING STRATEGIES AND PASSIVE AIRFLOW STRATEGIES This section reviews two different passive airflow strategies to reduce your carbon footprint, while also saving money and most importantly creating a constant, healthy airflow. You can also control light and heat-loss in your home by utilizing light diffusing systems. The following pages compare a number of strategies and different variations that you can implement in your home.

VENTILATION CONTROL Natural Ventilation1 methods rely on external forces provided by nature to provide natural cooling methods for your house. Using natural ventilation methods has multiple benefits such as;

PROS

Both methods of ventilation have their pros and cons. However they both are passive ways of cooling your house with little to no effort and wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t brake the bank

Optimal for smaller, single story homes

CROSS VENTILATION Cross Ventilation1 relies on wind energy to force cool air into your house while also pulling hot air out the other side.

100

Doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t cost anything, just opening windows Quickly cools and regulates temperatures

CONS

Building must be on an open site Perpendicular to wind direction Contain plenty of window openings

PROS

Good in all types of houses

STACK VENTILATION

Doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t cost much

Stack Ventilation1 relies on the buoyancy of air at different temperatures to cool your house. As hot air rises and is expelled from the top of the house, cooler air is sucked in towards the bottom.

CONS

This method works in every building system and is more suitable the Michigan area.

Works in all weather conditions Constantly cooling

Building requires a vent at the top of the building Very slow at cooling

101

DAYLIGHT CONTROL BLINDS Blinds are typically multiple pieces of wood, vinyl, or metal that can control the direction of light entering into a space.2

SHADES Shades are a fabric panel attached to a roller or frame and come in a variety of materials. They are usually fitted to fit each window system perfectly.2

CURTAINS Curtains are usually hung above the window system and can be swung open or closed. Often times the are see-through, only used to limit the amount of light passing through.2

102

CURTAIN SYSTEMS

LIGHT DIFFUSING SYSTEMS Light Diffusing window coverings use specific materials limit the amount of light that pass through them, making the light more softer and desirable. Best suited for living areas such as kitchens and dining rooms.2

BLACKOUT SYSTEMS Blackout window covering systems often have a slim foam backing to them preventing all light from passing through them. Best suited for areas that require darkness like bedrooms and theaters.2

INSULATION SYSTEMS Insulated window coverings use a cell like structure to help keep heat inside your house and keep the cold temperatures out. Best suited for homes in colder climates or for windows with low insulation value.2

103

LIGHT SHELVES WHAT ARE LIGHT SHELVES Light shelves, when placed strategically around windows, allow light to bounce off a smooth flat surface which in turn will bounce light off of the ceiling and across the room, lighting up more space.

OUTDOOR LIGHT SHELVES A system where the light shelf is placed outside of the space. Having the light shelves on the exterior turns them into a facade element while also leaving more room inside.

INDOOR LIGHT SHELVES A system where light shelves are placed inside the space. Having the light shelves inside optimizes the light bounces. Having the shelves inside also keeps them from being seen when outside.

WHY USE LIGHT SHELVES Light shelves prevent sun-spots, and areas that are highly concentrated with sunlight to be spread more evenly throughout the space. Reduces the use of indoor lighting needed during the day, saving on energy costs. 104

105

106

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES One of the largest concerns for citizens throughout the city of Detroit is waking up to their house being flooded. Over the past few years the risk of flooding has increased dramatically throughout the city. Due to this risk and raised awareness of flooding, the City of Detroit has published 7 strategies that citizens can help reduce stormwater surges. Many of the steps that can be taken are very affordable and can be implemented in a mater of minutes.

107

WAYS IN WHICH YOU CAN REDUCE YOUR DRAINAGE FEES UP TO 80% The following 7 steps can be implemented to lower your residential property drainage fee1. To obtain a drainage charge credit, the property owner will need to meet eligibility requirements, apply for and receive approval from DWSD, and fulfill on-going operations and maintenance requirements. Once approved, the credit will be applied to the next water bill.

1. Downspout Redirection / Disconnected Impervious Area

Cost to Implement: Type of Credit: Volume Potential Credit Range: 0-40%

2. Bioretention

Cost to Implement: Type of Credit: Volume, Peak Flow Potential Credit Range: 0-80%

108

3. Detention Basins

Cost to Implement: Type of Credit: Peak Flow Potential Credit Range: 0-40%

4. Subsurface Detention Storage

Cost to Implement: Type of Credit: Peak Flow Potential Credit Range: 0-40%

5. Permeable Pavement

Cost to Implement: Type of Credit: Volume, Peak Rate Potential Credit Range: 0-80%

DRAINAGE CHARGE CREDITS AND HOW THEY ARE DISTRIBUTED1 6. Green Roof

VOLUME RELATED COSTS Detroitâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s share of the cost associated with running the regional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is based on the total volume of flow from the city.

PEAK FLOW RELATED COSTS Cost to Implement: Type of Credit: Volume Potential Credit Range: 0-40%

7. Water Harvesting

Costs do towards maintenance of the combined sewage overflow station (CSO) which help regulate overflows when the occur. By implementing measure to limit the peak rates of flow from your property to the sewer it helps to reduce the need for these facilities.

BASE COSTS Systems such as the CSO and WWTP must be maintained in order to be ready to serve the City. Other costs include data management, billing, customer service, and credit administration.

Cost to Implement: Type of Credit: Volume, Peak Flow Potential Credit Range: 0-80%

Diagrams from the City of Detroit

40%

Annual Volume of Flow

20%

Base Costs

40%

Peak Flow Rate

Drainage Charge chart based on data from the City of Detroit1 109

110

CONDITIONING SYSTEMS WHY THE WAY YOU HEAT AND COOL YOUR HOME IS SO IMPORTANT The heating system you choose for your home is very important. Ultimately, it will determine the cost of your energy bills and your comfort level for many years to come. Just because the majority of people have something, does not mean its the best option. There is much to consider when choosing your conditioning system. The initial cost, the operating costs, what type of energy is it using or not using, and many more.

111

112

FORCED AIR FURNACE1 THE TYPICAL CHOICE FOR HEATING AND COOLING Initial Cost Operating Cost Comfort Level Room to Install Energy Consumption

80%

Efficiency, meaning it effectively uses 80% of the energy it uses5.

A standard furnace is what you will find in the majority of homes in the Detroit area. Though, they have a relatively low instillation cost, compared to other systems; operating costs can become quite high. Furnaces are a typical choice due to availability. However, there are many, more efficient options to choose from. Retrofitting a house without ducts can be expensive and time consuming.

$6250

median instillation cost for a smaller system.

113

114

MINI SPLIT SYSTEM4 A ZONED HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEM Initial Cost Operating Cost Comfort Level Room to Install Energy Consumption

HIGH EFFICIENCY can be zoned to create more efficient heating and cooling.

A mini-split system is similar to a forced air furnace. It uses a series of smaller units to condition the air. Either, producing heated or cooled air. The system is also more efficient than a furnace. It does not have to transfer its conditioned air through large duct systems, which can result in a loss of efficiency. The smaller units also allow you to keep rooms at different temperatures. The system uses very little space. It can be mounted on the wall, in a variety of rooms; or be disguised in the ceiling or attic. The Cons of the system is the unit hanging on the wall. Although, through more sophisticated instillation methods, this can be avoided.

$2500

typical instillation cost for smaller one unit system.

115

116

GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM3 A ZONED HEATING SYSTEM Initial Cost Operating Cost Comfort Level Room to Install Energy Consumption

HIGH EFFICIENCY great system for radiant heating methods

A geothermal heat pump system circulates liquid into the ground, the liquid then extracts the naturally occurring heat form the ground. The heat from the ground is then transferred into liquid running through tubes in your floor. Liquid is much more efficient at carrying heat energy, making it more efficient to run. The system takes up little space. However extensive ground works has to be done in order to bury the tubes under your yard. On the inside of the house the system can be virtually invisible, as it can be installed under the floors. The downsides of these systems is that they have a very large initial cost. Also, if your home does not already use a liquid based system such as: baseboard heat. The cost and process to install would be difficult.

$8,000

typical instillation cost for a system

117

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AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMP2 A FORCED AIR SYSTEM Initial Cost Operating Cost Comfort Level Room to Install Energy Consumption

HIGH EFFICIENCY great system for radiant heating methods

An air-source heat pump system circulates liquid into a condensing unit, the liquid then extracts the naturally occurring heat form the air. The heat from the air is then transferred into air which circulates like a typical furnace. The system takes up little space. It can be mounted to the ceiling of a basement or some other small area. The downside of the system is that it has a higher initial cost than a typical furnace. However the running cost of the unit can be lower.

$11,300

typical instillation cost for a system

119

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ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND APPLIANCES DETERMINING PAYBACK PERIOD AND LONG TERM FEASIBILITY Buying new appliances is an intimidating experience that many homeowners dread. Analyzing the long term impacts of certain appliances allows the homeowner to make informed decisions. In many cases, it is cheaper to replace an old, inefficient, appliance with a newer, more efficient model.

121

APPLIANCE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT WATER HEATER ENERGY COMPARISON Water Heaters are one of the most energy-intensive appliances in the home4. Efficiencies vary between models depending on the fuel source and operating strategies1. Electric Water Heaters are less efficient at heating water than their gas counterparts. However, electricity is less expensive than natural gas2. Natural Gas Water Heaters are usually more expensive than electric water heaters. However, because natural gas is more efficient at heating water, these units usually have lower operating costs. This leads to long term benefits2. Heat pump water heaters use electricity to move heat from one place to another instead of generating heat directly. To move the heat, heat pumps work like a refrigerator in reverse5.

$3,900

Potential savings of replacing a 12 year old water heater6, 7. HIGH END GAS WATER HEATER8 EnergySTAR • 188 Therms/Year • $163/Year • $2439 HEAT PUMP WATER HEATER9 EnergySTAR • 915 Kwh/Year • $164/Year • $1300 GAS WATER HEATER10 EnergySTAR • 249 Therms/Year • $216/Year • $744 ELECTRIC WATER HEATER11 Not EnergySTAR • 3493 Kwh/Year • $558/Year • $419

122

5500

5000

4500

4000

Cost in Dollars

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

$419 Electric Water Heater

$1300 Heat Pump Water heater

$744 Gas Water Heater

$2439 Gas Water Heater

123

APPLIANCE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT REFRIGERATOR AND DISHWASHER ASSESSMENT Refrigerators and Dishwashers are necessities in the kitchen. Energy regulations have changed in the past two decades and older appliances may be considered inefficient1. Refrigerators have a lifespan of 16 years. Models older than this are considered inefficient and might be wasting energy. Newer models can be efficient enough to pay for themselves in a couple of years2.

$850

Potential life cycle savings of replacing a 20 year old appliance4

Dishwashers use much less water than hand washing dishes. New dishwashers save money by using less water. However, they still use close to the same amount of energy as the older models3.

Potential life cycle savings of replacing a 10 year old appliance*4 *These savings are energy based. New dishwashers save money by using less water. 3

124

4000

3500

New Refrigerator5 • EnergySTAR • 378 Kwh/Year • $60/Year • $979

Cost in Dollars

3000

10 Year Old Refrigerator6 • $104/Year • 651Kwh/Year

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

20 Year Old Refrigerator7 • $164/Year • 1031Kwh/Year

5500

5000

Years of use

New Refrigerator Existing 10 Year Old Refrigerator

4500

Existing 20 Year Old Refrigerator 4000

3500

3000

New Stainless Steel Dishwasher9 • EnergySTAR • 269 Kwh/Year • $43/Year • $499

2500

Cost in Dollars

New Plastic Dishwasher8 • EnergySTAR • 270 Kwh/Year • $43/Year • $369

2010 Energy Regulations10 • 360Kwh/Year • $57/Year

2000

1500

1000

500

Years of use

New Plastic Dishwasher New S.S. Dishwasher Old 2010 Energy Regulations 125

APPLIANCE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT CLOTHES WASHING AND DRYING MACHINES Washers and Dryers have developed to use less energy. These two appliances usually work in pairs. An efficient EnergySTAR washing machine wrings more water out of the clothes than a traditional washer. This makes the dryer more efficient because there is less water to remove from the clothes1. Newer Washing machines use, less electricity, less water, and remove more water at the end of their cycle than older models1.

$900

Potential life cycle savings of replacing a 10 year old washing machine2

The efficiency of a dryer depends on which mode the dryer is set to. Short cycles with high heat use more energy than longer cycles with low heat1.

$575

Potential life cycle saving of replacing a 10 year old dryer2

126

4000

3500

New Washer3 • EnergySTAR • 95 Kwh/Year • $15/Year • $800

Cost in Dollars

3000

Average Washer4 • 590 Kwh/Year • $94/Year

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

10 Year Old Washer5 • $185/Year

5500

Years of use

New Washing Machine

5000

Average Washing Machine 4500

4000

10 Year Old Washing Machine

3500

3000

Electric Dryer7 • Energy STAR • 608 Kwh/Year • $97/Year • $899 Gas Dryer8 • Energy STAR • 23.3 Therm/Year • $21/Year • $1099/Year

2500

Cost in Dollars

Heat Pump Dryer6 • EnergySTAR • 414 Kwh/Year • $66/Year • $1899

2000

1500

1000

500

Years of use Heat Pump Dryer Electric Dryer Gas Dryer 127

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ELECTRIC LIGHTING LIGHTING DECISIONS HOME OWNERS CAN MAKE FOR A MORE ENERGY EFFICIENT HOME Why switching your light bulbs to LED bulbs makes such a big difference in the efficiency of your home and the annual cost of electricity. Information about home lighting is broken down by Household Income (HHI) to highlight inequality in energy efficient choices.

129

BULB TYPE: CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) lighting products have become more efficient over time, most using costing less than $2/ annually per bulb. However, CFL light bulbs last only about 6,000- 15,000 hours1.

BULB TYPE: INCANDESCENT The traditional incandescent light bulb has an average lifespan of about 1,000 hours, making it the shortest life of all common residential light bulbs1.

130

BULB TYPE: LED Light Emitting Diode (LED) lighting products produce light approximately 90% more efficiently than incandescent light bulbs. LED bulbs can last up to 50,000 hours, about 3 times longer than the longest CFL bulb lifespan or up to 50 times the lifespan of an incandescent bulb. offered in 4 shapes, 5 colors (warm to cool/daylight), 3 wattage amounts Energy Star certified LED bulbs use up to 90% less energy than standard bulbs and can last 15 times longer2.

131

ELECTRIC LIGHTING EFFICIENCY EFFICACY OF RESIDENTIAL BULB TYPES IN LUMENS PER 1 WATT Efficacy: Lumens per 1 Watt 90 83 80

Lumens Produced

60 50 40 30 20 10 0.267

LED

CFL

Incandescent

Graph based on information from the US Energy Information Administration4.

Efficacy: evaluated in lumens per watt, tells how well a light source produces visible light3

132

LIGHT BULB COST OVER TIME FOR 1 LIGHT BULB Light Bulb Cost Over Time for 1 Light Bulb

50 45 40

Co st (USD)

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0

Year CFL bulb

LED bulb

Graph based on the top recommended CFL5 and LED6 bulbs on HomeDepot.com

133

ELECTRIC LIGHTING BASED ON HOUSEHOLD INCOME (HHI) DOES YOUR HOUSE USE TIMERS AND/OR DIMMERS INDOORS? $40,000HHI to $40,000-119,999 Timers and/or for HHI Timers and/or Dimmersto for$39,999 Timers HHI $20,000-39,999 and/or Dimmers for Timers and/orDimmers Dimmers for over HHI $120,000 over $120,000 over $120,000 under $19,999 $20,000 $119,999 Timers and/or Dimmers for HHI under $19,999 12%

35%46%

46%

54%

65%

80%

88% yes timers

20%

yes timers

no timers

yes timers

no timers

DOES YOUR HOUSE USE SENSORS OUTDOORS? $40,000 to $119,999Outdoor Sensors for HHI over $120,000

Outdoor Sensors for HHI $40,000-119,999 Outdoor Sensors HHI under $19,999 Outdoor Sensors for HHI over $120,000 Outdoor Sensors forto HHI $20,000-39,999 over $120,000 underfor$19,999 $20,000 $39,999

30% 70%

43% 57%

47%

48% 48%

53%

yes sensors yes sensors yes sensors no Data based only onnohouses with outdoor lighting

134

yes sensors

52%

no sensors

yes sensors

no sensors

HOW MUCH OF YOUR HOUSE IS LIT BY LED BULBS? under $19,999 2% 2% 10%

$40,000 to $119,999

$20,000 to $39,999

over $120,000 7%

2% 6% 7%

16% 24%

32% 67%

85%

none

some

half

most

all

79% none

none

some

half

most

Timers and dimmers are a simple and affordable way to save energy. Timers are a simple way to save energy in case people forget to turn off lights and can be on a set schedule you choose. In most cases, lowering your lights to 75 percent capacity can save 20 percent of the energy needed to power the bulb. Dimmers give the power of choice to the people using them. Lighting level changes based on natural lighting, task, etc, so itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s both unnecessary and wasteful to use a two-choice on/off switch.

all

none

some

half

some most

all

53%

32%

half none

some

most half

all most

all

Outdoor Light sensors save homeowners money and offer security by only turning on when sensing motion.

Income levels based on Pew Research Center data for lower, lower-middle, middle, and upper-middle / upper classes9 Data based on the U.S. Energy Information Administrationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 2015 Residential Energy Consumption Survey by Household Income7

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136

MATERIALITY SELECTING MATERIALS FOR THE BENEFIT OF HOMEOWNERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT Materiality is an important part of any house or building a user occupies. Building materials have an impact on a health, comfort, money, and the surrounding natural environment. Because of this, the idea is to understand the types of materials that should be used as well as the types of materials that should be avoided or utilized the least.

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When it comes to selecting materials for your home, the following must be taken into consideration: ics m ra Ce

Pla

“Embodied energy” is the amount of energy required to process, manufacture, transport, and deliver a certain type of material for construction. Selecting a material with a low embodied energy is the best option for one’s house, as it helps cut down on energy usage.

ic st

a Pl

ste r

Steel

EMBODIED ENERGY Glass d

oo W

Co nc

ret e

Alumin um

LOW EMBODIED ENERGY1

Masonry

CARBON / ENERGY

rb Tim

ber

Brick

EMBODIED CARBON

te re

nc Co

Stone

“Embodied carbon” is the amount of carbon emitted during the processing, manufacturing, transporting, and delivery of a certain type of material for construction. Selecting a material with a low embodied carbon is the best option for one’s house, as it helps cut down on CO2 emissions.

te as

LOW EMBODIED CARBON2

Insulation

Diagram based on data from Paradise Profits1

e St

glass Fiber

Alu

Diagram based on data from ShrinkThatFootprint.com2

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min

ZERO LEVELS OF VOCS3 Construction and household materials should be free of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are groups of chemicals that can cause serious health issues among humans and` the natural environment. VOCs include benzene, ethylene glycol, and formaldehyde and are often found in paint, carpet, cleaning products, and insulation.

VOCs are linked to the onset of asthma and cancer

VOCs negatively impact the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s atmosphere

VOCs deteriorate the health of vegetation

VOCs damage the nervous system

LOCALLY SOURCED4 Locally sourced materials help cut down on transportation costs and as well as help cut down on distances, therefore lowering the amount of harmful gases emitted from trucks into the atmosphere. 139

ENVIRONMENTALLY CERTIFIED Materials should meet eco-friendly certifications in order to be considered safe for homes and the environment. The following are examples of “green” certifications:

“GREEN GUARD” CERTIFIED5 The Green Guard certification ensures that products (such as paints and finishes) meets strict chemical emissions limits to improve the indoor air quality.

Based on information from the UL GREEN GUARD Certification Program15

“FSC” CERTIFIED6 The Forest Stewardship Council certification ensures that wood products for floors and walls come from responsibly managed forests

“LBC DECLARE” CERTIFIED

Based on information from the Forest Stewardship Council14

The Living Building Challenge’s “Declare” certification ensures that products are free of “red list” chemicals such as asbestos, formaldehyde, and toxic heavy metals

Based on information from Lintec13

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PROJECTS FOR HOMEOWNERS Here are a few suggested projects for homeowners to consider for their own home:

Projects Time Duration

Replacing carpeting with ecofriendly, FSC-certified wood flooring such as â&#x20AC;&#x153;tigerwoodâ&#x20AC;?8

Short Time Duration: 2 - 3 Days

Cost Removing carpet: $60 (if homeowner removes carpet with supplies) Installing wood flooring: $13 - $16 per square foot of tigerwood

Difficulty

Difficult to install

Total = $73 - $76 (Low Cost)

Removing and replacing existing vinyl siding with a greener version of vinyl siding9

Replacing regular finishes with Green Guard-certified paint finishes10

Long Time Duration: 2 Weeks

Removing existing vinyl: $0.25 - $0.75 per square foot (or $100 if homeowner removes vinyl with supplies)

Easy to install

Installing eco vinyl: $400 per 100 square feet (High Cost)

Short Time Duration: 1 1/2 - 2 Hours

Removing Paint: $54 (if homeowner removes paint with supplies)

Easy to install

Applying Green Guard certified paint: $74 Total = $130

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SUGGESTED STRATEGIES Homeowners should consider strategies that are necessary for establishing a longlasting, efficient home through the scope of three building rating systems. Certain building rating systems may value some but not all strategies:

Strategies Add High Insulation Values Acheive an Air Tight Envelope Acheive Net Positive Energy Water Management Include Eco-Friendly Materials Acheive Net Positive Carbon Incorporate Urban Agriculture Add Efficient HVAC Systems Install Efficient Lighting Incorporate Natural Daylighting Passive Heating and Cooling Add High-Performing Windows High Indoor Air Quality Credits For Innovative Ideas In The Field Of Sustainable Building

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Passive House

Living Building Challenge

LEED

143

144

RENEWABLE ENERGY MAKING YOUR HOME MORE SUSTAINABLE Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, transportation, and rural (off-grid) energy services.

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RENEWABLE ENERGY SOLAR POWER1 Efficiency: 15-18% Payback Period: 8 years Tax Credit2: 26% in 2020 Maintenance & Operation: clean 2-4x a year with garden hose Life Expectancy: 25-30 years Batteries: Lithium, Lead, and Salt Water Both rent and owning options available

WIND POWER1 Efficiency: 50% Payback Period: 5-10 years Maintenance & Operation: Life Expectancy: 20-25 years Rent/Buy Options: Rent Options Batteries: NA

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147

SOLAR POWER PV VS PVT3 The photovoltaic cell is the basic element. Photovoltaics (PV) convert solar energy into electricity. High temperatures of the PVs causes a high electrical resistance that limits efficiency of the photovoltaic systems.

PVT3 The PV panels convert solar radiation into an electric current that can be used on-site, stored for later use, or fed back to the electrical grid for financial incentives. The majority of the solar radiation striking the PV panels, however, is lost as heat energy.

PV3 A PVT system draws the excess heat away from the PV modules, significantly increasing their electrical output. The heat generated from the PV and solar thermal collector panels is used to heat the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fresh air supply.

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On-Grid Systems are solar PV systems that only generate power when the utility power grid is available. They must connect to the grid to function. They can send excess power generated back to the grid when you are overproducing so you credit it for later use. Benefits: These are are simplest systems and the most cost effective to install. These systems will pay for themselves by offsetting utility bills in 3-8 yrs. Downside: These do not provide power during a grid outage.

These systems allow you to store your solar power in batteries for use when the power grid goes down or if you are not on the grid. Hybrid systems will even send excess power to the grid for credit for later use. Benefits: Provides power for your critical loads when the power grid is down. Downside: Cannot be expected to provide power for all your loads. Off-Grid systems require a lot more specialized equipment to function that is more costly and more complex to install.

Based on information from Koala Solar8 149

SOLAR POWER: BUYING VS. LEASING WHAT IS A SOLAR LEASE? A solar lease is a financing option for residential solar panels where the homeowner leases panels from a solar company. In a lease, you pay to rent the solar power system, typically for less than you were paying for electricity, The contract usually lasts for 15-20 years. There is often no down payment and maintenance is the responsibility of the solar company. The homeowner does pay a fee to the utility company to stay connected to the grid, At the end of the contract, the lessee can renew, buy the panels outright (often for a discounted price), or have the panels removed9.

TOTAL SAVINGS (AFTER 20 YEARS) <$9.9K

$10K- $10.9K

$20K - $29.9K

$30K - $39.9K

$23,992 $21,626

$18,148

$18,223

$13,719

$31,166 $19,215

$21,870

$16,051

$21,658

$17,377

$17,527 $11,745

$14,023

$19,094 $9,653 $13,018

$14,551

$29,701

$11,334

$14,672 $21,248

$14,076

150

$18,168 $27,353

Based on information from EnergySage9

CASH/LOAN PURCHASE

INSTALLATION COST

MAINTENANCE

TERMS

SAVINGS/ROI

LEASE

• Solar power systems can cost $15,000 to $30,000 before rebates and incentives. • Cash rebates can reduce the total cost by up to 50 percent. Most solar installers will manage the paperwork and adjust the purchase price to reflect the net amount.

• You can get a solar energy system for little or no money down. • You don’t qualify for tax credits, rebates, or incentives

• You own the system and are responsible for maintaining it. Note that solar equipment is durable and carries warranties, so you won’t have much maintenance to worry about. • Your purchase may not include an app to track your system’s performance.

• The solar company owns and maintains the solar power system. • Most leases include free apps that track the performance of your system.

Loans are generally available for 10 to 20 year terms, with interest rates ranging from 3 percent to 8 percent

• You can save between 40 percent and 70 percent on electricity costs over the lifetime of your solar panel system, depending the incentives in your state. • You receive free electricity for the life of the solar energy system (usually 25 to 30 years).

• The solar company owns and maintains the solar power system. • Most leases include free apps that track the performance of your system. • The solar company owns and maintains the solar power system. • Most leases include free apps that track the performance of your system.

Based on information from EnergySage10

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WIND POWER Instead of using electricity to make wind, wind turbines use wind to make electricity. Wind turns the propellerlike blades of a turbine around a rotor, which spins a generator, which creates electricity11.

SIZES: UTILITY-SCALE WIND TURBINES

Larger wind turbines are more cost effective and are grouped together into wind plants, which provide bulk power to the electrical grid.11

OFFSHORE WIND TURBINES

Offshore wind turbines tend to be massive, and taller than the Statue of Liberty. They do not have the same transportation challenges of land-based wind installations. These turbines are able to capture powerful ocean winds and generate vast amounts of energy.11

SINGLE SMALL TURBINES

Typically used for residential. Small turbines can be used in hybrid energy systems with other distributed energy resources. These systems are called hybrid wind systems and are typically used in remote, off-grid locations and are becoming more common in gridconnected applications.11

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Advantages4 • Cost effective • Wind Farms create jobs • Enables Industry Growth • Clean Fuel Source • Abundant and Inexhaustible • Sustainable • Wind Turbines can be built almost anywhere • Tax credits available • State rebates

Disadvantages4 • Expensive • Good wind sites are often located in remote locations, far from cities where the electricity is needed • Turbines might cause noise and aesthetic pollution • Turbine blades could damage local wildlife • Requires a minimum wind speed

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BATTERIES LEAD ACID Lead acid batteries are a tested technology that has been used in off-grid energy systems for decades. While they have a relatively short life, they are also one of the least expensive options currently on the market in the home energy storage sector.

Cost: $

Combustible13

(The depth of discharge (DoD) of a battery refers to the amount of a batteryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s capacity that has been used.)

Lifespan: Depth of Discharge

LITHIUM Lithium ion batteries are lighter and more compact than lead acid batteries.

Cost: $$$

Less combustible13.

Lifespan: Depth of Discharge

SALT WATER Saltwater batteries donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t contain heavy metals, relying instead on saltwater electrolytes. While batteries that use heavy metals, need to be disposed of with special processes, a saltwater battery can be easily recycled. Least Combustible . 13

154

Cost: $$ Lifespan: Depth of Discharge

155

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PASSIVE HOUSE

A passive house is a space or structure which has a comfortable interior climate and can be maintained with minimal active heating and cooling systems. It uses a variety of techniques to ensure that certain criteria from Passive House Institute U.S. (PHIUS) are met.

157

WHAT IS PASSIVE HOUSE US? A RATING SYSTEM a series of design principals which govern the strategies used when building something.

THE PRINCIPALS OF PHIUS Unmatched comfort Superb indoor air quality Extremely resilient Path to net zero/ net positive

STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE PHIUS

- Employ continuous insulation

- Airtight building enclosure

- Uses double or triple glazing

- Exploits energy of sun to heat

- Balanced heat and ventilation

- Uses minimal active systems to condition

- Equity

INITIAL OUTLAY FOR PROPERTY IMPROVEMENTS / ENERGY SAVING PER MONTH

TIME IT WILL TAKE FOR INVESTMENT TO PAY ITSELF BACK

90%

CUT THE COST OF YOUR ENERGY BILL

PASSIVHAUS DESIGNS COULD CUT AN ENERGY BILL FROM

$1500 to

$100/YR 158

EFFECTS OF PASSIVE HOUSE AT 4098 FULLERTON

EXISTING ENERGY USE

PROJECTED ENERGY USE

Annual Energy Cost: $1,639

Annual Energy Cost: $87

Annual Energy Use: 27,224 kwh

Annual Energy Use:12,942 kwh

Heat Energy Use: 59%

Heat Energy Use:24%

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WHY YOU SHOULD CARE BENEFITS Saves you money Improves air quality Government tax credits and grants Silence Comfortable Housing Long lasting quality Energy efficient Reduces carbon emissions

CHARACTERISTICS OF A PASSIVE HOUSE INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING Heavy insulation Design without thermal bridges Airtight construction Ventilation Passive heating technology High efficiency windows Passive solar gains

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HIGH EFFICIENCY WINDOWS specific windows used vary from climate to climate, but triple-paned windows with low-e glazing, argon gas and insulated frames are common.

PASSIVE SOLAR GAINS

HEATING TECHNOLOGY

the good old warmth of the sun is a primary source of heat in the house.

ability to heat or cool the inside spaces with nothing but fresh exterior air.

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HEAVY INSULATION

VENTILATION

a layer of highly efficient insulation that wraps continuously around the building envelope reducing heat transfer between indoor and outdoor spaces

central ventilation system, which continually exchanges, â&#x20AC;&#x153;pollutedâ&#x20AC;? inside air for fresh, filtered outside air

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NO THERMAL BRIDGES

AIRTIGHT CONSTRUCTION

The heated air inside a house will follow the path of least resistance to the outside of the house

to prevent moist room air, or humid outside air, in warmer climates, from penetrating into the homeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s construction

163

164

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT Stormwater management is the effort to reduce runoff of rainwater or melted snow into streets, lawns and other sites and the improvement of water quality.

Storm Water

Compost Soil Sand

BIOSWALES A bioswale is a durable vegetated stormwater solution that treats and retains stormwater as it moves from one place to another. These systems slow the flow of runoff water while making it cleaner and safer for the environment.

ADVANTAGES OF BIOSWALES: Better storm water management Flexible application Reduced maintenance Aesthetically pleasing

165

14. 13. 9.

12.

10.

11.

8. 4.

7. 5.

MODELNUMB TRADENAME PRODUCT MATERIAL

6. 2. 1.

166

3 Beds three generous sized bredrooms.

2 Baths one full-bath on each floor

LOOKING AT THE PLAN A REASONABLE CHANGE The first floor plan was opened to make a series of spaces that flowed together. A large open living space would better serve a modern family. Also, on the first floor, the original half bath was renovated to a full. The majority of the second remained intact. In an effort to make the home more practical a second floor laundry was added , along with expansion of one of the bedrooms (13).

2300sqft

not including basement space. 1. Main Entry 2. Full-Bath 3. Family Room 4. Open Concept Kitchen 5. Dining Room 6. Flex Space 7. Covered Porch 8. Garage 9. Reading Nook 10. Laundry Center 11. Full-Bath 12. Bedroom 13. Bedroom 14. Master Bedroom 167

4098 FULLERTON FRONT FACADE

AN ATYPICAL ENTRY SEQUENCE

The entrance to 4098 Fullerton is located on the homeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s side street. To draw attention to the entry, the original architect: Nathan Johnson, placed floating frames over the doorway.

In this renovation proposal landscape was used to further accentuate the entry sequence. A mall of trees was added on the west side of the property (left of photo). The mall of trees add much needed shade to the west, while providing a framing mechanism to the front of the house. A series of red hedges were brought in to further highlight the path one should take to enter the home. Due to the extensive damage of the exterior sheathing. A restoration must be completed. To respect the vertical window bands of Nathan Johnsonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design. A fluted sheathing was used between the bands to further accentuate their prominence. 168

4098 FULLERTON SIDE YARD A SECONDARY ENTRANCE AND PRIVATE COVERED PORCH

The Original Covered porch was kept to keep true to Nathan Johnsonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design. A vertical screening element was added to provide a greater level of privacy for the homeowners.

169

1 4

3 4

170

4098 FULLERTON INTERIOR VIEW A OPEN CONCEPT LIVING ENVIRONMENT

Efficiency

A section through 4098 Fullerton looking into the open concept living spaces. Marble and walnut cabinets were used to create a fitting midcentury modern space, which respects the original style of the home.

SPACE AND PRODUCT CHOICE 1. LED Lighting 2. High Efficiency Electric Appliances 3. Natural Lighting 4. Solar Heat gain opportunity

171

HVAC SYSTEM With Passive House Design a specific Requirement has been dedicated Specifically to air exchange. Fresh air must be constantly supplied to all spaces in the house creating a more healthier, breathable space. Heat Recovery Unit (HRU) A heat recovery unit pumps in fresh air from outside that is then heated/ cooled with the existing air from in the house where it is then dispersed throughout the house. This system can be used during the winter for heating and in the summer for cooling.

172

HRU

1. Fresh Air Intake 2. Unit Filter 3. Fresh, Tempered air to the house 4. Stale Air Exhaust

6 5 4

HVAC SYSTEM

1.Fresh Air Exhaust 2. Stale Air Exhaust 3. Fresh Air Intake 4. Heat Recovery Unit (HRU) 5. Fresh Air to House 6. Stale Air to Exterior 7. Fresh Conditioned Air 173

HOT WATER SYSTEM In order to reduce the energy costs for the Passive House design solar panels have been placed along the roof of the house to collect solar power which is then sourced to the city and reduces cost on the hydro bill. By running the water intake line through the solar panels it both heats the water reducing costs, and cools the solar panels which improves performance. The water is then stored in a boiler until needed throughout the house.

174

PVT PANEL

1. Panel Assembly 2. Cold Water to the Panel 3. Cold water enters panel 4. Thermal Exchange point 5. Hot water leaves panel 6. Hot water line to boiler

5 4 3

HOT WATER SYSTEM 1. Solar Heating Units 2. Hot Water to Boiler 3. Hot Water to House 4. Boiler 5. Cold Water Intake

175

WALL SECTIONS In order to achieve the very low energy usage standards that Passive House requires the insulation on the envelope of its projects tend to be substantially thicker then normal.

Below are the Wall, Roof, and Basement sections that compile to Passive House standards. You will notice that each Section uses â&#x20AC;&#x153;Calostat Insulation.â&#x20AC;? This is a high performing, German insulation and at the current time is the highest performing insulation available.

TYPICAL WALL

BASEMENT WALL

1. Existing CMU Wall 2. Dimple Board (Vapor Barrier for basement walls) 3. Calostat Insulation 4. Wood Bracing ( Common practice in basements) 5. Gypsum Wallboard

176

1. Existing CMU Wall 2. Dimple Board (Vapor Barrier for basement walls) 3. Calostat Insulation 4. Wood Bracing ( Common practice in basements) 5. Gypsum Wallboard

STANDARD WALL SECTION 1. Existing Brick wall 2. Spray Foam Insulation (Acts as insulation and a vapor barrier)

4. 2x4 Construction 5. Gypsum Wall Board

3. Calostat Insulation

ROOF SECTION

1. Gypsum Wallboard 2. 2x10 Wood Joists 3.Calostat Insulation 4. Plywood 5. Calostat Insulation (sloped) 6. EPDM Roofing Membrane

BASEMENT FLOOR 1. Vapor Barrier 2. Calostat Insulation 3. Cement Slab 4. Plywood 5. Wood Flooring

177

178

LIVING BUILDING CHALLENGE DESIGN SCHEME The Living Building Challenge Certification aims to provide the framework of how to achieve a highly sustainable and eco-friendly structure. This certification is composed of several performance areas or “petals” that the building must abide by. These “petals” will be implemented into the Nathan Johnson home with the intent of making it more sustainable and eco-friendly.

179

FULL CHALLENGE CERTIFICATION “A building designed and constructed to function as elegantly and efficiently as a flower; generates all of its own energy with renewable resources, captures and treats all of its water, and that operates efficiently and for maximum beauty”

LIVING BUILDING CHALLENGE PETALS

- Water

- Energy

- Materials

- Health / Happiness

- Place

- Beauty

- Equity

ALL CORE IMPERATIVES ARE REQUIRED: Petals

Imperative Ecology of Place

Place

Urban Agriculture Habitat Exchange Human Scaled Living

Water

Energy

Responsible Water Use Net Positive Water Reduce Energy/Carbon Net Positive Energy Healthy Interior Env.

Health + Happiness

Healthy Interior Perf. Access to Nature Responsible Materials Red List

Materials

Responsible Source Living Economy Sourcing Net Positive Waste

Equity Beauty

180

Universal Access Inclusion Beauty/Biophilia Education/Inspiration

New Building

Existing Building

Interior

Landscape + Infrastructure

181

SITE + CONTEXT MAJOR ELEMENTS OF THE SITE FROM A “LIVING BUILDING” STANDPOINT - Pathway / orientation of the Sun - Overgrown vegetation on site

PEOPLE WOULD EXPERIENCE NATURE, IN EVOCATIVE WAYS, THROUGH - Agriculture - Prominent entrances - Outdoor spaces and play areas

Sun Path of the Site

182

183

PLANS + ELEVATIONS BASEMENT LEVEL

1. Family Den 2. Mechanical Room - Storm Water Tank - Hot Water Storage Tank - Grey Water Tank - Potable Water Tank 3. Solar Battery Pack Room - Solar battery pack(s) - DC/AC inverter - Meter 4. Full Bath

GROUND LEVEL

1. Kitchen 2. Dining Room 3. Bedroom 4. Living Room 5. Breezeway 6. 3-car Garage - Includes two electric car charging stations

Ground Level Kitchen Dining Room Living Room Breezeway 3-car Garage Bedroom

SECOND LEVEL 1. Full Bath 2. Washer/Dryer 3. Bedrooms 4. Office 5. Open to Below

PETAL: MATERIALS

The materials used for this scheme are locally sourced, “Red-List” free, with a low carbon embodiment - Brick - Marine Plywood

184

Basement Level Family Den Mechanical Room Solar Battery Pack Room Full Bath

Second Level Full Bath Washer/Dryer Master Bedroom Bedroom Office Open to Below

South Elevation

West Elevation 185

SECTIONS + DIAGRAMS PETAL: WATER (STORMWATER AND GREY WATER COLLECTION AND REUSE) Grey water / Stormwater is reused for both outdoor and indoor vegetation

Power Panel Module Glass Panel

Solar Cell Panel

- Series of pipes that connect water tanks and filtration systems to indoor and outdoor spaces - Water is, eventually, returned to the atmosphere by evaporation or filtered through layers of soil and returned to the groundwater table

Hot Water Component

PETAL: WATER (BLACK WATER TREATMENT) Dry Composting Toilets - Reduces the need for water - They do not give of any smells - No connection to septic tanks or sewer systems - Creates plant fertilizer from solid and liquid waste

Power Panel Solar + Thermal Module Hot water is produced through the use of Power Panelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hybrid solar modules - Modules use the Sun to heat up water that can be stored and used for the house

186

Dry Composting Toilets include: Solid waste collection (Dark yellow) Liquid leachate collection (Light yellow) Waste can be mixed in with carbon-rich materials such as sawdust, leaves, and wood ashes to create fertilizer for plants

STORAGE HOT WATER TANKS

East Section

187

SECTIONS + DIAGRAMS PETAL: ENERGY (NET POSITIVE)

Through the use of solar panels, the house has achieved “net positive”, which means the house is producing more energy than it is using Energy Analysis: - (-13,155) lbs of CO2 per year (no carbon emissions) - 18,371 kwh of energy generated from photovoltaics; - 8,360 kwh demanded per year - (-22) EUI (building produces more energy than it needs)

- Triple Glazed Paneling on Windows - R-50 on Walls - R-40 on Floors - R-54 on Roof - Nathan Johnson’s floating frames serve as daylighting shaders - Interior light shelves inside

Passive Cooling and Natural Daylighting: - Breezeway to let out stale air and bring in fresh air - Incorporates a healthy interior environment and improves visual comfort - LED lighting incorporated in all spaces

Underlit Overlit Well lit

PETAL: ENERGY (NATURAL DAYLIGHTING AND LED LIGHTS) Natural daylighting and LED lights helps cut down on energy.

PETAL: ENERGY (SALTWATER BATTERIES) Daylighting Analysis for the Conditioned Spaces 188

East Section

Battery Storage Type: BlueSky’s GREENROCK Saltwater Batteries • • • • •

Non-combustible Non-toxic Stores between 5 kwh-30 kwh of energy 15-year lifespan 189

SECTIONS

PETAL: ENERGY (HVAC SYSTEM: VARIABLE REFRIGERANT FLOW HEAT PUMP)

Indoor units condenses the refrigerant in the winter for heating and evaporates the refrigerant in the summer for cooling

South Section Showing Mechanic Systems of the Home

190

A VRF Provides heating and cooling without large-scaled ductwork

Outdoor unit sends refrigerant to the indoor units and kicks out unwanted heat or cooling that the refrigerant absorbs from the spaces.

PETAL: ENERGY (HVAC SYSTEM: ENERGY RECOVERY VENTILATOR)

An ERV Provides fresh air into the spaces and exhausts stale air outside.

Heat/cool energy is exchanged from the stale air to the fresh air to provide heated or cooled fresh air. Ductwork is hidden in the walls.

STALE AIR RETURN FRESH AIR SUPPLY

FRESH AIR INTAKE STALE AIR EXHAUST

South Section Showing Mechanic Systems of the Home

191

VEGETATION PETAL: WATER AND BEAUTY (RAIN GARDENS)

- Rain gardens will be six inches deep - Around 270 SF of space, which is determined by taking 20% of the square footage of the impervious surfaces (sidewalks) - Helps reduce rainwater runoff from impervious surfaces - Helps replenish Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s groundwater table - Visually appealing - Includes Michigan-native plants that removes toxins from the water, such as: horsetail, blue flag iris, and cardinal flowers - Mulch and soil compost helps increase the infiltration rate of rainwater - Creates a biophilic environment

PETAL: HEALTH/ HAPPINESS, PLACE, AND BEAUTY (EDIBLE GARDENS)

-Edible gardens are located in the back area as well as the front, public area of the Fullerton home - Edible gardens in the public area not only helps form a connection between occupants and food, but also between occupants and community 192

Front View of Fullerton Home

Plants Ponded Water Mulch Soil Compost Water to the Groundwater Table

Rain Garden Section

193

VEGETATION PETAL: WATER AND BEAUTY (RAIN GARDENS) Rain gardens will be six inches deep Around 270 SF of space, which is determined by taking 20% of the square footage of the impervious surfaces (sidewalks) Helps reduce rainwater runoff from impervious surfaces Helps replenish Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s groundwater table Visually appealing Includes Michigan-native plants that removes toxins from the water, such as: horsetail, blue flag iris, and cardinal flowers Mulch and soil compost helps increase the infiltration rate of rainwater Creates a biophilic environment

PETAL: HEALTH/ HAPPINESS, PLACE, AND BEAUTY (EDIBLE GARDENS) Edible gardens are located in the back area as well as the front, public area of the Fullerton home Edible gardens in the public area not only helps form a connection between occupants and food, but also between occupants and community 194

Outdoor Patio Space with Edible Garden Beds and Play Areas

195

PETAL: HEALTH / HAPPINESS (LIVING WALL) - Installed inside the home - Incorporates a healthy interior environment - Improves visual comfort - Drained water is sent back to the gray water filtration system and storage tank to be reused - Improves visual comfort - Plant life is celebrated in both indoor and outdoor spaces

DAYLIGHTING STRATEGY: INTERIOR LIGHT SHELVES - Helps to bounce off / distribute sunlight throughout the spaces

Living Wall Includes: - Wooden Frames - Waterproof Membrane - Irrigation Layer - Plant Pockets - Water Collection with Pump 196

Living Room Area and a Living Wall

197

INTERIOR RENDERINGS GROUND FLOOR: KITCHEN AND DINING ROOM

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GROUND FLOOR: DINING ROOM

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CONNECTION TO COMMUNITY PETAL: EQUITY (INCLUSION) - Supporting local diverse businesses: 0.1% of total project cost would be donated to a regional, community-based nonprofit organization focused on equity and inclusion

PETAL: BEAUTY (EDUCATION AND INSPIRATION) - Education and Inspiration: An annual open day for the public to display and learn about the following: rain gardens, photovoltaics, living walls, composting toilets, edible gardens, and saltwater batteries - Fullerton home provides a copy of an operation and maintenance manual

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LEED RENOVATION DESIGN SCHEME PROPOSAL FOR 4098 FULLERTON Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, commonly known as LEED, aims at transforming the way buildings and communities are designed, built and operated â&#x20AC;&#x201C; enabling an environmentally, socially responsible and healthy environment that improves the quality of life. Looking at the Fullerton project through the perspective of LEED will create a sustainable home that uses less energy and water, improves indoor air quality, and saves maintenance costs.

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BREAK-DOWN OF LEED RATING SYSTEMS LEED is a points based rating system that is used internationally. It is recognized for healthy, highly efficient, and cost-saving buildings. There are different criteria (rating systems) based on the type of project. This includes new construction, interior fit outs, operations and maintenance, and core and shell. Visit the LEED website at usgbc.org/leed for more information about the different rating systems. In the Fullerton project, the BD+C for Homes rating system will be implemented for this design scheme.

BD+C Building Design and Construction

O+M

ID+C Interior Design and Construction

Building Operations and Maintenance

Neighborhood Development

HOMES

CITIES AND COMMUNITIES

WATER

LEED ZERO On top of obtaining a LEED certification, extremely well preforming projects have the opportunity to obtain a â&#x20AC;&#x153;LEED Zeroâ&#x20AC;? designation if net zero goals are achieved and monitored for a 12 month period. There are four categories for this classification: carbon, energy, water, and waste. The Fullerton project will focus on obtaining the LEED Zero Energy and Water certification. 204

HOW THE POINT SYSTEM WORKS PL A TIN

There are 4 designations that a project could obtain: LEED Certified, LEED Silver, LEED Gold, and LEED Platinum. This depends on how many points the project satisfies based on the primary goal to reduce carbon.

LEED

p o i n ts

80 - 110

Rating System

HOMES DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

9 -4 40 oints

Overall, LEED aims at encouraging and providing recognition to well functioning and sustainable buildings.

5 0 - 69 p o i nts

Regio nal pri 4 poin ority ts Inn ov 6 p ati oin on t

Integrative process 2

po - 79 int s

te si e bl ts a n in

The rating systems breakdown into 9 main categories, each with a further set of clearly defined areas and goals to obtain those points.

ai o st 7 p

Energy and atmosphere 38 points

LEED

Materials and resources 10 points

Certification

HOMES DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

Water efficiency 12 points

Indoor environmental quality 16 points

Heat island reduction through shading and non-absorptive materials [2] Material-efficient framing [2]

Regio nal pri o Inno 3 points rity vatio Su n2 poin sta ts in 5 p able oin sit ts es

Integrative process 2

Incorporating an integrative project team [1] Providing trades training [1]

Location and transportation 15 points

d an ls ia rces r e at ou ts M res poin 6

LEED

Water efficiency 12 points

Certification

PROJECTED POINTS

Energy and atmosphere 30 points

Some of the areas the LEED Renovation for Fullerton will focus on are:

Location and transportation 12 points Indoor environmental quality 9 points

Using environmentally preferable products [4] Compact development [3] Active solar-ready design [1] Contaminant control by incorporating walk-off mats, preoccupancy flush and air testing [2] 205

INTERIOR + EXTERIOR SPACES EXPLODED AXON

206

The drawing below shows the relationship of the interior space to the exterior as well as the materiality throughout the house and site.

LANDSCAPE PLAN

With a formal and linear massing and faรงade, the landscape becomes an opportunity to embrace the organic freedom of nature.

MICHIGAN WILDFLOWER ASSORTMENT o Low maintenance o Requires less water

VEGETABLE GARDEN BEDS o Raised to provide accessibility for all ages

PATIO AREA RAISED PORCH o Connect with neighbours o Interstitial space between public and private

o Private area for home owners to enjoy the outdoors

PERMEABLE PAVERS o Allows water to be absorbed into the ground o Accessible path around the home

MARY POTTER CRABAPPLE TREE o Reduces glare and direct light in the living room o White blooms provide contrast against very red faรงade

PENNSYLVANIA FESCUE GRASS o Low maintenance o Holds up well to foot traffic

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INTERIOR + EXTERIOR SPACES TRANSITIONING FROM PUBLIC TO PRIVATE Nathan Johnson used large wrap-around panels of glass to dissolve the harsh edges relating the building to the exterior. We’ve used these these points to connect interior spaces to similar e adjacent exterior spaces.

AGE IN PLACE The flex room offers a variety of programs in the Northeast corner of the house. To the right, it’s shown being used as a playroom, an office, and as an inlaw’s suite to allow the house owners to age in place.

Public Semi-Private Private

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BEFORE & AFTER LIVING ROOM

LIVING ROOM

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Keeping with the original vision of Nathan Johnson, the structure exposed in the ceiling as well as the double height space were both maintained.

DINING ROOM

Replacing the wall seen on the back of the kitchen allows for both a private space located towards the back of the house and space for additional appliances and storage in the kitchen.

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HISTORIC PRESERVATION

In order to maintain Nathan Johnsonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s original vision for the home, it was decided that the exterior materials be replaced and updated according to historic preservation guidelines. The wood paneling that was initially used was covered over the years with vinyl siding. This scheme brings back the traditional wood siding which is painted complementary to the red brick that Johnson had originally included in the house. The metal trimming was also cleaned and restored to its original color. With new triple pane windows and insulation added to the interior, Nathan Johnsonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s historic vision from the outside was able to be retained and will continue to live on for the years to come.

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CREDITS

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GENERAL NATHAN JOHNSON TEXT 1. Piper, Matthew. “The Legacy of Black Architects in Detroit.” Curbed Detroit, Curbed Detroit, 15 July 2019, detroit.curbed.com/2019/7/15/20695147/ black-architects-detroit-sims-varner-charles-wright. 2. “West Grand Boulevard African American Arts and Business District, Detroit Staff Comments, April 10, 2018.” Michigan State Housing Development Authority State Historic Preservation Office, 10 Apr. 2018. 3. “Introducing the 2018 AIA Detroit Gold Medal Recipient.” Masonry Institute of Michigan, www.masonryinfo.org/introducing-the-2018-aia-detroit-gold-medal-recipient/.

IMAGES 4. Little, Saundra. “House of Diggs.” N.d. Image. Accessed 29 Mar 2020. 5. Little, Saundra. “Thunderbird Inn.” N.d. Image. Accessed 29 Mar 2020. 6. Little, Saundra. “Church of the Resurrection.” N.d. Image. Accessed 29 Mar 2020. 7. Little, Saundra. “Stanley Hong’s Residence.” N.d. Image. Accessed 29 Mar 2020. 8. Little, Saundra. “Stanley Hong’s Mannia Café.” N.d. Image. Accessed 29 Mar 2020. 9. Little, Saundra. “Eastland Shopping Center.” N.d. Image. Accessed 29 Mar 2020. 10. Little, Saundra. “Sherrard Jr. High School addition.” N.d. Im-age. Accessed 29 Mar 2020. 11. Little, Saundra. “Bethel AME Church.” N.d. Image. Accessed 29 Mar 2020. 12. Little, Saundra. “Belle Maison East.” N.d. Image. Accessed 29 Mar 2020. 13. Little, Saundra. “Nathan Johnson News Article.” N.d. Image. Accessed 29 Mar 2020.

NEIGHBORHOOD PLANS TEXT 1. “Zussman Playground.” Detroitmi.gov, Https://Detroitmi.gov/Sites/Detroitmi.localhost/ Files/2019-06/190613_RWNP_Public_Meeting_0.Pdf, Russell Woods Detroit. 2. “Dexter Avenue.” Detroitmi.gov, Https://Detroitmi.gov/Sites/Detroitmi.localhost/ Files/2019-06/190613_RWNP_Public_Meeting_0.Pdf, Russell Woods Detroit. 3. “Russell Woods Demographics and Statistics.” Niche, www.niche.com/ places-to-live/n/russell-woods-detroit-mi/residents/. 216

IMMEDIATE CONTEXT TEXT 1. “Local Historic District Map.” City of Detroit, detroitmi.gov/webapp/local-historic-district-map. 2. Zillow, Inc. “4098 Fullerton St, Detroit, MI 48238: Zillow.” Zillow Real Estate, www.zillow. com/homedetails/4098-Fullerton-St-Detroit-MI-48238/88645135_zpid/.

IMAGES 3. “4782 Leslie Street.” 4782 Leslie Street,Detroit, MI 48202 | Property Details | CityLivingDetroit.com. Accessed April 5, 2020. https://citylivingdetroit.com/ property-details/4782-leslie-street-detroit-mi-48202-219049893/605.

ZONING + CODE TEXT 1. “Detroit Zoning Map Index | City Of Detroit”. City Of Detroit, 2020, https://detroitmi. gov/how-do-i/find-information/detroit-zoning-map-index. 2. “Municode Library”. Library.Municode.Com, 2020, https://library. municode.com/mi/detroit/codes/code_of_ordinances. 3. “Thoughtful Home Design: Stack Ventilation Vs. Cross Ventilation”. Novell Design Build, 2020, http://www.novelldesignbuild.com/stack-ventilation-cross-ventilation/. 4. “What Are The Differences Between Curtains, Drapes, Shades, And Blinds?”. The Spruce, 2020, https://www.thespruce.com/what-are-curtains-drapes-shades-and-blinds-4067656.

RESIDENTIAL WORKS TEXT 1. “To Preserve Detroit’s Historic Places.” Preservation Detroit, preservationdetroit.org/. 2. Zillow, Inc. “12547 Broadstreet Ave, Detroit, MI 48204: Zillow.” Zillow Real Estate, www. zillow.com/homes/12547-Broadstreet-Ave-Detroit,-MI,-48204_rb/88278148_zpid/. 3. “To Preserve Detroit’s Historic Places.” Preservation Detroit, preservationdetroit.org/.

IMAGES 4. “To Preserve Detroit’s Historic Places.” Preservation Detroit, preservationdetroit.org/. 5. “DPL DAMS.” DPL DAMS, digitalcollections.detroitpubliclibrary.org/. 6. “To Preserve Detroit’s Historic Places.” Preservation Detroit, preservationdetroit.org/. 217

7. Map data: Google, Google 8. “City of Detroit |.” City of Detroit, detroitmi.gov/.

EXISTING CONDITIONS TEXT 1. “New Buildings: Embodied Carbon.” Architecture 2030, 2019, architecture2030.org/new-buildings-embodied/. 2. Melton, Paula. “The Urgency of Embodied Carbon and What You Can Do about It.” BuildingGreen, 16 Jan. 2020, www.buildinggreen.com/feature/ urgency-embodied-carbon-and-what-you-can-do-about-it. 3. “Embodied Carbon in Construction Calculator.” Building Transparency, www.buildingtransparency.org/en/. 4. “Refurbishment & Demolition of Housing Embodied Carbon: Factsheet.” UCL Engineering , www.ucl.ac.uk/engineering-exchange/sites/engineeringexchange/files/fact-sheet-embodied-carbon-social-housing.pdf. 5. Boarder, R.F.W., et al. “The Sustainability of Lightweight Aggregates Manufactured from Clay Wastes for Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Structural and Foundation Concrete.” Sustainability of Construction Materials (Second Edition), Woodhead Publishing, 2 Sept. 2016, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978008100370100010X. 6. “Greenhouse Gases, CO2, CO2e, and Carbon: What Do All These Terms Mean?” Ecometrica, 4 Sept. 2012, ecometrica.com/white-papers/greenhousegases-co2-co2e-and-carbon-what-do-all-these-terms-mean. 7. Detroit Parcel Viewer, cityofdetroit.github.io/parcel-viewer/

CURRENT CLIMATE TEXT 1. “Thermostats.” ENERGY.GOV, 05 April 2020, www.energy.gov/energysaver/thermostats. 2. “NOAA Online Weather Data.” National Weather Service Forecast Office, 05 April 2020, w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=dtx. 3. “NOAA Solar Calculator.” Earth System Research Laboratory, 05 April 2020, www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/solcalc/.

IMAGES 4. “Iowa Environmental Mesonet” Iowa State University, 07 April 2020, mesonet. agron.iastate.edu/sites/site.php?station=AMW&network=IA_ASOS 218

FUTURE CLIMATE TEXT 1. Deedler, Bill. “Great 1986 Flood in Southeast Michigan.” National Weather Service, NOAA’s National Weather Service, 6 Sept. 2016, www.weather.gov/dtx/se_flood_Sept1986. 2. “Great Lakes Regional Climate Change Maps.” GLISA, glisa.umich.edu/resources/ great-lakes-regional-climate-change-maps#footnote2_7duoug2. 3. “National Climate Assessment .” National Climate Assessment, nca2014.globalchange.gov/report.

IMAGES 4. “Regional maps produced by the Great Lakes Integrated Sciences and Assessments (glisa.umich. edu) using data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Centers for Environmental Information and the North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies.” 5. Gaida, Michael. Pixabay, 2020, pixabay.com/photos/landscape-high-water-nature-water-4950359/.

PASSIVE STRATEGIES TEXT 1. Seyburn, Amanda. “Solar Geometry.” Ecological Design. 2018, University of Detroit Mercy, University of Detroit Mercy. 2. Seyburn, Amanda. “Passive Solar Heating.” Ecological Design. 2018, University of Detroit Mercy, University of Detroit Mercy. 3. Seyburn, Amanda. “Ventilation and IAQ.” Ecological Design. 2018, University of Detroit Mercy, University of Detroit Mercy. 4. “Learn About LED Lighting.” Energy Star , Energy Star, 2020, www.energystar. gov/products/lighting_fans/light_bulbs/learn_about_led_bulbs. 5. “No Cost, Low Cost Tips.” DTE Energy | No Cost, Low Cost Tips, newlook.dteenergy.com/wps/ wcm/connect/dte-web/home/save-energy/residential/start saving/no cost, low cost tips. 6. “Drainage Charge.” City of Detroit, detroitmi.gov/departments/water-and-seweragedepartment/stormwater-management-and-drainage-charge/drainage-charge.

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RESEARCH INSULATION TEXT 1. “Why Re-Insulate Your Home?” USA Insulation, www.usainsulation.net/detroit/why-re-insulate/. 2. “Attic Insulation.” Blanket Insulation Services, www.blanketinsulationco.com/attic-insulation.html. 3. “What Is Insulation & How Does It Work?” MIG Building Systems, 31 Jan. 2019, www.mighome.com/how-does-insulation-work. 4. “Michigan Uniform Energy Code (MUEC).” Spink Insulation, www. spinkinsulation.com/michigan-uniform-energy-code.php. 5. Reynolds, Mike. “What Is the Best Insulation for a Home?” Ecohome, www.ecohome.net/ guides/2372/choosing-the-right-insulation-the-pros-cons-and-applications/. 6. Wallender, Lee. “How to Add Insulation to Walls That Are Closed.” The Spruce, 7 Jan. 2020, www.thespruce.com/best-ways-to-insulate-closed-walls-4105870. 7. Reynolds, Mike. “How to Insulate Exterior Walls from the Outside.” Ecohome, www.ecohome. net/guides/3480/how-to-insulate-exterior-walls-of-existing-home-from-outside/. 8. “How Much Does It Cost to Insulate a House?” Home Advisor, www.homeadvisor.com/cost/insulation/. 9. “Thermal Insulation.” Growing Green Guide, www.growinggreenguide.org/technicalguide/construction-and-installation/green-roofs/thermal-insulation/. 10. “Keeping The Heat In - Chapter 6: Basement Insulation.” Natural Resources Canada, 2 Dec. 2016, www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-homes/make-your-home-moreenergy-efficient/keeping-heat/keeping-heat-chapter-6-basement-insulation/15639. 11. “Residential Insulation: Why Is Home Insulation Important?” Insulation Institute, insulationinstitute.org/im-a-building-or-facility-professional/residential/why-insulate/. 12. “Insulation Savings Calculator.” CIMA, cellulose.org/Cellulose-Insulation-2nd. php?pagename=CalculateSavings&dirname=HomeOwners.

AIR TIGHTNESS TEXT 1. Olofsson, Thomas. Air-Tightness. Umeå University, www.nsb2014.se/ wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Air-tightness.pdf. 2. Airtightness Test [ ], passipedia.org/planning/airtight_construction/general_principles/blower_door_test. 3. Cradden, John. “Airtightness.” Passivehouseplus.ie, passivehouseplus. ie/magazine/guides/the-ph-guide-to-airtightness. 220

4. Airtightness Tests: What Are They and Why Do They Matter? | Sustainability Articles | Ontario Association of Architects, oaa.on.ca/professional resources/sustainable design/sustainablearticle-details/Airtightness-Tests:-What-are-They-and-Why-Do-They-Matter--/19.

IMAGES 5. “Blower Door PNG.” Wikimedia Commons, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blower_Door.png.

VAPOR BARRIER TEXT 1. “Monarflex Vapour Control Layers.” Monarflex, www.monarflex.com/Product Guide/Building membranes/Vapour control layers.aspx. 2. Reynolds, Mike. “The Difference between Air Barriers and Vapor Barriers.” Ecohome, www. ecohome.net/guides/2316/the-difference-between-air-barriers-and-vapor-barriers/. 3. “BSD-106: Understanding Vapor Barriers.” Building Science Corporation, 15 Apr. 2011, www. buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-106-understanding-vapor-barriers.

IMAGES 4. “Latex Paint Bucket” - Wikimedia Commons, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?sort=relevance&se arch=paint+bucket&title=Special:Search&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&advancedSearch-current ={}&ns0=1&ns6=1&ns12=1&ns14=1&ns100=1&ns106=1#/media/File:White_primer_bucket.jpg.

WINDOW/WALL SYSTEMS TEXT 1. Precision Air & Plumbling.“Single, Dual, And Triple Pane Windows’ Effects On Energy Bills | Precision Air & 2. Precision Air & Plumbling.“Single, Dual, And Triple Pane Windows’ Effects On Energy Bills | Precision Air & Plumbing”. Precisionairandplumbing.Com, https://www. precisionairandplumbing.com/single-dual-triple-pane-windows-effects-energy-bills/. 3. ExpertSure. “Argon Double Glazing Improves Thermal Efficiency By 16-30%”. Expertsure, https://www.expertsure.com/uk/double-glazing/argon-glazed-windows/. 4. Ecoline Windows. “Window Tints, Films, Or Coatings: What Is Right For Your Windows?”. Ecoline Windows, https://www.ecolinewindows.ca/window-tints-films-coatings/. 5. Nelson, Kristin. “Building Envelope - Insulation” Environmental Technology I. 2020, University of Detroit Mercy, University of Detroit Mercy 6. Nelson, Kristin. “Daylighting” Environmental Technology II. 2020, University of Detroit Mercy, University of Detroit Mercy 221

VENTILATION + LIGHTING TEXT 1. “Thoughtful Home Design: Stack Ventilation Vs. Cross Ventilation”. Novell Design Build, 2020, http://www.novelldesignbuild.com/stack-ventilation-cross-ventilation/. 2. “What Are The Differences Between Curtains, Drapes, Shades, And Blinds?”. The Spruce, 2020, https://www.thespruce.com/what-are-curtains-drapes-shades-and-blinds-4067656.

STORMWATER TEXT 1. “Drainage Charge.” City of Detroit, detroitmi.gov/departments/water-and-seweragedepartment/stormwater-management-and-drainage-charge/drainage-charge.

CONDITIONING SYSTEMS TEXT 1. “2020 New Furnace Replacement Cost: Gas Furnace Install Prices.” HomeGuide, homeguide.com/costs/new-furnace-replacement-cost. 2. “Costs and Benefits of Air Source Heat Pumps.” EnergySage, www.energysage.com/greenheating-and-cooling/air-source-heat-pumps/costs-and-benefits-air-source-heat-pumps/. 3. “Learn How Much It Costs to Install a Geothermal Heating or Cooling System.” HomeAdvisor, www. homeadvisor.com/cost/heating-and-cooling/install-a-geothermal-heating-or-cooling-system/. 4. “What Is The Average Ductless Air Conditioner Installation Cost?” 2020 Ductless Mini Split Cost | Mini Split Installation Cost | Ductless AC Cost, www. improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/mini-split-air-conditioning.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS + APPLIANCES TEXT 1. “Westinghouse 50 Gal. Ultra-High Efficiency/High Output 10 Year 76,000 BTU Natural Gas Water Heater with Durable Stainless Steel Tank.” Home Depot, 05 April 2020, www.homedepot. com/p/Westinghouse-50-Gal-Ultra-High-Efficiency-High-Output-10-Year-76-000-BTUNatural-Gas-Water-Heater-with-Durable-Stainless-Steel-Tank-WGR050NG076/205625740. 2. US GOVERNMENT. “Energy Guide.” Home Depot, 05 April 2020, images.homedepot-static. com/catalog/pdfImages/24/247850ac-6be6-424b-9f52-946869b7e1f4.pdf.

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3. “Rheem Performance Platinum 50 gal. 10-Year Hybrid High Efficiency Smart Tank Electric Water Heater.” Home Depot, 05 April 2020, www.homedepot.com/p/ Rheem-Performance-Platinum-50-gal-10-Year-Hybrid-High-EfficiencySmart-Tank-Electric-Water-Heater-XE50T10HD50U1/303419574. 4. US GOVERNMENT. “Energy Guide.” Home Depot, 05 April 2020, images.homedepot-static. com/catalog/pdfImages/72/72450ae7-0fa6-4701-8288-999dd3bd0c24.pdf. 5. “Rheem Performance Platinum 50 Gal. Tall 12 Year 40,000 BTU Natural Gas ENERGY STAR Tank Water Heater.” Home Depot, 05 April 2020, www.homedepot.com/p/ Rheem-Performance-Platinum-50-Gal-Tall-12-Year-40-000-BTU-Natural-GasENERGY-STAR-Tank-Water-Heater-XG50T12DM40U0/204318411. 6. US GOVERNMENT. “Energy Guide.” Home Depot, 05 April 2020, images.homedepot-static. com/catalog/pdfImages/fb/fbebd241-973a-4cb8-9d5f-39313de7a09b.pdf. 7. “Rheem Performance 50 Gal. Tall 6 Year 4500/4500-Watt Elements Electric Tank Water Heater.” Home Depot, 05 April 2020, www.homedepot.com/p/Rheem-Performance-50-Gal-Tall-6Year-4500-4500-Watt-Elements-Electric-Tank-Water-Heater-XE50T06ST45U1/205810674. 8. US GOVERNMENT. “Energy Guide.” Home Depot, 05 April 2020, images.homedepot-static. com/catalog/pdfImages/ce/ce9e7cc1-9864-42fd-88ff-d45a5e29a7bb.pdf. 9. “Whirlpool 19.2 cu. ft. Top Freezer Refrigerator in Monochromatic Stainless Steel.” Home Depot, 05 April 2020, www.homedepot.com/p/Whirlpool-19-2-cu-ft-Top-FreezerRefrigerator-in-Monochromatic-Stainless-Steel-WRT549SZDM/205745405. 10. US GOVERNMENT. “Energy Guide.” Home Depot, 05 April 2020, images.homedepot-static. com/catalog/pdfImages/e3/e3893d7a-a2a2-449b-bce7-6c9c65f532aa.pdf. 11. “Flip Your Fridge calculator.” ENERGY STAR, 05 April 2020, www.energystar.gov/index. cfm?fuseaction=refrig.calculator&which=4&rate=0.16&3aValue=0&rconfig=Top+Freezer &screen=4&manu=1993-2000&tvol=19.0-21.4+Cubic+Feet&model=&submit.x=103. 12. “Flip Your Fridge calculator.” ENERGY STAR, 05 April 2020, www. energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=refrig.calculator 13. “Amana Front Control Built-In Tall Tub Dishwasher in Black with Triple Filter Wash System, 63 dBA.” Home Depot, 05 April 2020, www.homedepot.com/p/Amana-Front-Control-Built-In-Tall-TubDishwasher-in-Black-with-Triple-Filter-Wash-System-63-dBA-ADB1400AGB/301503609. 14. US GOVERNMENT. “Energy Guide.” Home Depot, 05 April 2020, images.homedepot-static. com/catalog/pdfImages/6f/6f2d7fe8-f02d-4aaa-86e3-380cf98af356.pdf. 15. “Bosch Ascenta Series Front Control Tall Tub Dishwasher in White with Hybrid Stainless Steel Tub, 50dBA.” Home Depot, 05 April 2020, www.homedepot. com/p/Bosch-Ascenta-Series-Front-Control-Tall-Tub-Dishwasher-in-Whitewith-Hybrid-Stainless-Steel-Tub-50dBA-SHE3AR72UC/304623419. 223

16. US GOVERNMENT. “Energy Guide.” Home Depot, 05 April 2020, images.homedepot-static. com/catalog/pdfImages/27/274f68c2-9a95-4965-94f1-919e9fa89cf7.pdf. 17. “Energy Use Data and Standards Levels for Dishwashers.” ASAP, 05 April 2020, appliance-standards.org/sites/default/files/Dishwashers_graph_2012.pdf. 18. “Samsung 4.2 cu. ft. High-Efficiency Front Load Washer in White, ENERGY STAR.” Home Depot, 05 April 2020, www.homedepot.com/p/Samsung-4-2-cu-ft-High-EfficiencyFront-Load-Washer-in-White-ENERGY-STAR-WF42H5000AW/204993473. 19. US GOVERNMENT. “Energy Guide.” Home Depot, 05 April 2020, images.homedepot-static. com/catalog/pdfImages/73/73e2550f-4f94-4f32-8cb7-1ba544378869.pdf. 20. “Clothes Dryers.” Energy star, 05 April 2020, www.energystar.gov/products/appliances/clothes_dryers. 21. “Clothes Washers.” Energy star, 05 April 2020, www.energystar. gov/products/appliances/clothes_washers. 22. “Whirlpool 7.4 cu. ft. 240 Volt Stackable Chrome Shadow Electric Ventless Dryer with Intuitive Touch Controls, ENERGY STAR.” Home Depot, 05 April 2020, www.homedepot. com/p/Whirlpool-7-4-cu-ft-240-Volt-Stackable-Chrome-Shadow-Electric-VentlessDryer-with-Intuitive-Touch-Controls-ENERGY-STAR-WHD862CHC/308241998. 23. “Whirlpool - WHD862CH**.” Energy star, 05 April 2020, www.energystar.gov/ productfinder/product/certified-clothes-dryers/details/2331311. 24. “Whirpool 7.4 cu. ft. 240-Volt White Electric Dryer with Intuitive Touch Controls and Advanced Moisture Sensing, ENERGY STAR.” Home Depot, 05 April 2020, www.homedepot.com/p/ Whirlpool-7-4-cu-ft-240-Volt-White-Electric-Dryer-with-Intuitive-Touch-Controlsand-Advanced-Moisture-Sensing-ENERGY-STAR-WED5620HW/308239897. 25. “Whirlpool - WED5620H**.” Energy star, 05 April 2020, www.energystar.gov/ productfinder/product/certified-clothes-dryers/details/2327878. 26. “Samsung 7.5 cu. ft. Gas Dryer with Steam in White, ENERGY STAR.” Home Depot, 05 April 2020, www.homedepot.com/p/Samsung-7-5-cu-ft-Gas-Dryer-withSteam-in-White-ENERGY-STAR-DVG45M5500W/301207061. 27. “Samsung - DVG45M55.” Energy star, 05 April 2020, www.energystar.gov/ productfinder/product/certified-clothes-dryers/details/2290032.

ELECTRIC LIGHTING TEXT 1. “Lighting Selection Guide.” DTE Energy - Save Energy, DTE Energy, 2020, newlook.dteenergy.com/wps/ wcm/connect/dte-web/home/save-energy/residential/savings-tips/lighting+selection+guide. 224

2. “Lighting Selection Guide.” DTE Energy - Save Energy, DTE Energy, 2020, newlook.dteenergy.com/wps/ wcm/connect/dte-web/home/save-energy/residential/savings-tips/lighting+selection+guide. 3. “Learn About LED Lighting.” Energy Star , Energy Star, 2020, www.energystar. gov/products/lighting_fans/light_bulbs/learn_about_led_bulbs. 4. “Luminous Efficacy.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 19 Mar. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_efficacy. 5. Comstock, Owen, and Kevin Jarzomski. “LED Bulb Efficiency Expected to Continue Improving as Cost Declines.” Independent Statistics and Analysis U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Energy Information Administration, 19 Mar. 2014, www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=15471. 6. The Home Depot. “EcoSmart 60-Watt CFL Light Bulb.” 2020, www.homedepot. com/p/EcoSmart-60-Watt-Equivalent-Spiral-Non-Dimmable-E26-CFLLight-Bulb-Daylight-4-Pack-ESBM814450K/205487810. 7. The Home Depot. “Feit Electric 60-Watt LED Light Bulb.” 2020, www.homedepot.com/p/FeitElectric-60-Watt-Equivalent-A19-Dimmable-CEC-Title-20-Compliant-LED-ENERGYSTAR-90-CRI-Light-Bulb-Daylight-4-Pack-OM60DM-950CA-4/304116331. 8. “Table HC5.5 Lighting in U.S. Homes by Household Income, 2015.” Energy Information Administration, U.S. Energy Information Administration - Independent Statistics and Analysis, Feb. 2017, www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2015/hc/php/hc5.4.php. 9. Horowitz, Juliana Menasce, et al. “Trends in U.S. Income and Wealth Inequality.” Pew Research Center’s Social &amp; Demographic Trends Project, 19 Jan. 2020, www. pewsocialtrends.org/2020/01/09/trends-in-income-and-wealth-inequality/.

MATERIALITY TEXT 1. “Building Materials Embodied Energy.” Paradise Profits, 28 July 2009, paradiseprofits.wordpress. com/2009/07/28/new-green-building-material-lands-in-costa-rica/embodied-energy/. 2. Shrinkthatfootprint.com, shrinkthatfootprint.com/beyond-efficiency-sustainable-home. 3. “Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Your Home - EH: Minnesota Department of Health.” Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Your Home - EH: Minnesota Department of Health, www.health.state.mn.us/communities/environment/air/toxins/voc.htm.

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4. “Regional Materials: Benefits and Advantages.” Facility Management and Commercial Building Resource, www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/15165/ title/regional-materials-benefits-and-advantages/viewall/true. 5. GREENGUARD Environmental Institute - Certifying Low-Emitting Products, Creating Healthier Indoor Environments, greenguard.org/en/index.aspx?mobile=true. 6. “Home Page: Forest Stewardship Council.” Home Page | Forest Stewardship Council, fsc.org/en. 7. “About Declare.” International Living Future Institute, 6 Mar. 2020, living-future.org/declare/declare-about/. 8. “Hardwood Flooring Installation - How Long Does This Take?” Nufloors Canada, 16 May 2018, nufloors.ca/blog/hardwood-flooring-installation-how-long-does-this-take/.; Wallender, Lee. “How Much It Costs to Install Solid Hardwood.” The Spruce, The Spruce, 12 Dec. 2019, www.thespruce.com/cost-of-solid-hardwood-flooring-estimates-1821867. 9. “Vinyl Siding Cost Comparison.” Vinyl Siding Institute - VSI, www.vinylsiding.org/installation/ vinyl-siding-cost-comparison/. ; O’Hara. “How To: Remove Vinyl Siding.” Bob Vila, Bobvila.com, 14 Apr. 2016, www.bobvila.com/articles/how-to-remove-vinyl-siding/. 10. Wagner, Kaye. “How to Take Acrylic and Latex Paint Off Walls.” Home Guides | SF Gate, 14 Dec. 2018, homeguides.sfgate.com/acrylic-latex-paint-off-walls-98924.html. ; “Harmony® Interior Acrylic Latex Paint - Sherwin-Williams.” Sherwin, www.sherwinwilliams.com/architects-specifiers-designers/products/harmony-interior-acrylic-latex. 11. “Passive House Principles.” The Principles: Passive House Institute U.S., www. phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles. 12. “Living Building Challenge 4.0 Basics.” International Living Future Institute, 20 Feb. 2020, living-future.org/lbc/basics4-0/.

IMAGES 13. Linetec. “Linetec’s Anodized Aluminum Finishing Earns Declare Label at the Highest Level – LBC Red List Free.” Linetec, 25 Feb. 2020, linetec.com/2020/02/25/linetec-anodize-earns-declare-label/. ; 14. “Home Page: Forest Stewardship Council.” Home Page | Forest Stewardship Council, fsc.org/en. ; 15. “UL GREENGUARD Certification Program.” UL, www.ul.com/ resources/ul-greenguard-certification-program.

RENEWABLE ENERGY TEXT 1. Aggarwal, Vikram. “Calculate Your Solar Panel Payback Period: EnergySage.” Solar News, EnergySage, 10 Mar. 2020, news.energysage.com/understanding-your-solar-panel-payback-period/. 226

2. “How Much Maintenance Do Solar Panels Require?” EcoMark Solar, 16 Jan. 2016, www.ecomarksolar.com/blog/how-much-solar-panel-service/. “Solar Panel Efficiency.” Solar.com, www.solar.com/learn/solar-panel-efficiency/. 3. “PV/T.” SolarWall, www.solarwall.com/technology/pv-t/. 4. “Advantages and Challenges of Wind Energy.” Energy.gov, www.energy. gov/eere/wind/advantages-and-challenges-wind-energy. 5. “Wind Energy Factsheet.” Wind Energy Factsheet | Center for Sustainable Systems, css.umich.edu/factsheets/wind-energy-factsheet. 6. “How to Calculate Small Wind Turbine Payback Period.” TUGE Small Wind Turbines, www. tuge.ee/encyclopedia/how-to-calculate-small-wind-turbine-payback-period. 7. Jacobson, Rebecca. “Where Do Wind Turbines Go To Die?” Inside Energy, 27 Oct. 2016, insideenergy.org/2016/09/09/where-do-wind-turbines-go-to-die/. 8. Solar, Koala. “This Week’s #Funfact Is about the Difference between on-Grid vs. off-Grid. Pic.twitter.com/rg3SYsq3hT.” Twitter, Twitter, 11 Jan. 2017, twitter.com/KoalaSolarWA/status/819115461837258752. 9. “The Pros and Cons of Signing a Solar Lease.” Choose Energy, www. chooseenergy.com/news/article/pros-cons-solar-lease/. 10. “Should You Buy or Lease Your Solar Panels?” EnergySage, 12 Dec. 2019, www.energysage. com/solar/financing/should-you-buy-or-lease-your-solar-panel-system/. 11. “How Do Wind Turbines Work?” Energy.gov, www.energy.gov/eere/wind/how-do-wind-turbines-work. 12. “Hybrid Wind and Solar Electric Systems.” Energy.gov, www.energy.gov/energysaver/ buying-and-making-electricity/hybrid-wind-and-solar-electric-systems. 13. “How to Choose the Best Battery for a Solar Energy System.” EnergySage, 5 Mar. 2020, www.energysage.com/solar/solar-energy-storage/ what-are-the-best-batteries-for-solar-panels/#:~:text=.

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