SANS10400XA Handbook

Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage A Guide for Architects, Competent Persons and Industry Professionals

by Howard Harris

R 185,00 inc. + delivery

2012 EDITION

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DEDICATION This Handbook is dedicated to Sidney Howard Harris (Sid), Gentleman, Sportsman, Polymer Scientist, pioneer of the Rigid Polyurethane Industry in South Africa and founder of Urethane Products (now part of BASF South Africa) and one of the first to recognise the importance of conserving energy and other resources, particularly with the use of Thermal Insulation products.

FOREWORD The progression towards incorporating energy efficiency in building in South Africa had its origins in International initiatives which arose as a result of energy shortages in the 1970’s. This spurred the development of ASHRAE 90-75: a model building energy efficiency code, and the United Kingdom Building Regulation of 1974; Part F for Thermal nsulation, which in turn lead to Part L for Energy Efficiency, which was published in 1991. The publication of the Building Code of Australia in 2002, was also of influence on the RSA position.

The signing of the Kyoto Protocol in December 1997, and its further processes ultimately informed the South African Long Term Climate Mitigation Study, and the leadership of the Department of the Environment in encouraging sustainable practices.

Local initiatives to organise TIASA (Thermal Insulation Association of South Africa) and the SAEDES (South African Energy & Demand Efficiency Standard) were founded on the proactive moves of Professor E. Mathews, Professor D. Holm, and Professor L.J. Grobler, at the Universities of Pretoria and Potchefstroom (now North West), as well as industry leaders, particularly in the thermal insulation sector.

The CaBEERE (Capacity Building for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy) process, which was funded by the Danish Government, gave rise to the fundamental research which contributed to the early versions of SANS204, and provided a firm scientific basis for the energy efficiency approach adopted in this standard. The Department of (Minerals and) Energy was instrumental in initiating SANS283; Energy Efficiency for Naturally Ventilated buildings and SANS204; Energy Efficiency for Artificially Ventilated buildings (now combined) in 2002. These were voluntary standards and it was not until 2009 that the state moved to institutionalise energy efficiency in buildings, in the interests of reducing Green House Gas emissions.

The process of developing the Regulations and Standards involved the continuous effort of the Department of (Minerals and) Energy staff, more recently the National Regulator for Compulsory Specifications, business representatives and building Professionals. The SANS10400XA Standard is the culmination of these endeavours.

Acknowledgements This Handbook has been prepared from foundation training material prepared by the South African Institute of Architectural Technologists, as part of a programme sponsored by the Swiss Confederation, and with the assistance of the National Regulator for Compulsory Specifications who has placed this foundation material in the public domain. This contribution is hereby acknowledged. The extracts provided herein of South African National Standards are sourced from the foundation training material which was prepared with the co-operation of the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS). This material is not complete and is not intended to replace the usage of the official standards, which should be purchased from the SABS.

DISCLAIMER Whilst much effort has been made to ensure the correct references have been made and that all commentary is technically correct, the author cannot be held responsible for losses incurred for decisions made by any person relying on the information provided herein.

Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

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A1

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INTRODUCTION The amendments to the National Building Regulations (NBR) for Energy Usage in building were published in late 2011. The new standard SANS10400XA and portions of SANS204 invoked constitute a fundamental change to the industry and a formidable learning challenge to the Built Environment Professionals, who are required to implement the new rules and practices.The challenge to those teaching the subject material is that it is a combination of law, building physics, practical and executable solutions, and administrative practice which have to be communicated. This Handbook is intended as a resource to supplement this training, or for further self-study.

The Law to be observed resides in various levels of documentation: The Constitution, in Legislation, in the Regulations (NBR), and in standards which are "deemed-to-satisfy" the Regulations, including significantly SANS10400XA; Energy Usage in building, and SANS204; Energy Efficiency in building, which is invoked, in some instances, and other standards in the fenestration and hot water domain. The Built Environment Practitioners and Building Control Officers need to understand the structure and relationship of these documents to one another, and most of the provisions within each of these documents, in order to know how to bring buildings into compliance. The law as it presents in wording of these standards therefore needs to be studied, and interpreted.

Some building physics needs to be understood as a prerequisite to being able to apply the standards, as the regulations are eventually met with solutions which might be in conformance to SANS10400XA and SANS204 performance requirements, and as these generally require the calculation of an energy performance criteria on the part of the Practitioner.

The Client and the Architect or Designer have the responsibility for selecting a route to compliance which may or may not involve appointing a Competent Person – Energy, and this decision, the administrative requirement, has to be communicated to the Local Authority on the standard forms at plan submission time.

The Prescriptive route is the simplest compliance route in terms of professional effort. These provisions are Architectural or Engineering designs – which are deemed-to-satisfy the Regulations, and in this case the Architect will indicate to the Local Authority how compliance is achieved. The standards do not prescribe specific solutions and leave latitude for selection of the appropriate technology and supplier solution, subject to the performance requirement being met.

The compliance routes available to the Competent Person Energy are so-called Rational Designs, which may make use of solutions which may be more energy efficient and cost effective than the Prescriptive route, but they will involve more Professional time and expertise, and will usually involve modelling buildings for energy usage. Greater design freedom is also provided via the Performance and Reference building routes, which are Rational Designs.

The energy efficiency interventions selected by the Practitioners need to be sourced and implemented, and therefore need to be practical and affordable. The Handbook sets out to guide Practitioners as to how these objectives can be achieved along with the needs and requirements of their clients, in compliance with the energy usage regulations.

This publication, the Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage, is available for purchase at a cost of R185 (including VAT) plus the cost of delivery.

To order your copy, please contact: Structatherm Projects Tel: (012) 460-8683 Fax: 086-592-2120 E-mail: spadmin@zamail.co.za Website: www.structatherm.co.za

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CONTENTS 9

CHAPTER 1

THE REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT

18

CHAPTER 2

REGULATIONS, DEEMED-TO-SATISFY STANDARDS AND VOLUNTARY STANDARDS

34

CHAPTER 3

DEEMED-TO-SATISFY REQUIREMENTS AS PER SANS10400XA: 2011 ENERGY USAGE IN BUILDINGS

50

CHAPTER 4

PRESCRIPTIVE REQUIREMENTS AS PER SANS10400XA

62

CHAPTER 5

DESIGNS IN TERMS OF SANS204 FOR THE BUILDING SHELL - OPAQUE PORTION

94

CHAPTER 6

DESIGNS IN TERMS OF SANS204 FOR THE TRANSPARENT AREAS OF THE BUILDING SHELL

127

CHAPTER 7

DEEMED-TO-SATISFY IN TERMS OF SANS204 FOR BUILDING SERVICES

148

CHAPTER 8

REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS APPLIED

about the author Howard Harris Howard has practiced as an Energy Consultant since 2005. He is Technical Consultant to businesses in the plastics, chemicals, building materials and thermal insulation industries, and a Director of energy service company; SP Energy (Pty) Ltd. He provides Energy Management and Measurement & Verification services confirming energy savings in a professional capacity.

While Technical Director of WSP Energy Africa, he designed and promoted energy saving projects to the mining, commerce and industry, and assisted clients with energy monitoring, energy usage reduction and Demand Side Management programmes.

Howard has performed research for the Department of Minerals and Energy, for Energy Efficiency in the Built Environment.

He is a past chairman of the South African Bureau of Standards Sub-committee SC61K for Energy in the Built Environment.

He is at the forefront of the development of Energy Usage standards in South Africa, having assisted with the drafts of SANS (South African National Standard) 204 – a standard for Energy Efficiency in buildings, and has worked on and at times convened the working group responsible for this standard, and others. He was Lead Consultant in the re-write of the National Energy Efficiency Strategy in 2011.

Prior to the above Howard was involved in a technical and marketing capacity in the Thermal Insulation industry for a period of 25 years, including as Managing Director of Structa Industries (a privately owned Thermal Insulation manufacturer) for a period of 10 years.

Howard holds a B. Sc. (Chem.) from the University of Cape Town, and a M. Eng. (Mechanical) from University of North-West. He is a Certified Energy Manager accreditation with Association of Energy Engineers and an accredited Measurement & Verification practitioner.

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ABBREVIATIONS RSA - REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA COP - Co-efficient of performance DEA - Department of environment DOT - Department of transport DTI - department of trade & industry EPC - Environmental Performance certificate GHG - Green house gas (emission) LPD - Lighting power density NFA - net floor area NFRC - national fenestration Registration Council NRcS - National Regulator for Compulsary Specification SAFIERA - SA fenestration insulation energy registration association TIASA - thermal insulation association of sa

about the publisher trademax publications Trademax Publications (Trademax) is a dynamic publishing house that opened shop in early 2008 with the launch of a niche trade magazine named SA Roofing, now a well-known and respected title in the roofing and allied industries, and the only publication in South Africa dedicated exclusively to the residential, commercial and industrial roofing and re-roofing industries.

In 2009 Trademax introduced their second trade publication, the SA Affordable Housing magazine, which addresses topics directly related to rural and urban infrastructure planning and development and the delivery of affordable housing in South Africa. In March 2012, Trademax successfully launched Timber iQ – Design & Construction, an upmarket magazine that focuses on all aspects of timber design and construction.

The “Handbook for the Application of the Amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage” is published under contract by Trademax Publications for Mr. Howard Harris of Structatherm Projects and, as such, is his property. Trademax appreciates the opportunity to further highlight the scope and quality of their work as publishers and, although this publication is not the property of the publishers, they are proud of their role in producing a publication of not only excellent quality, but one that will also contribute greatly to the building community by informing its stakeholders and initiating a dialogue around the subject of energy efficiency in buildings. Trademax would like to take this opportunity to thank all advertisers and contributors for their support and endorsement of this project.

Lastly, to the users of the Handbook for the Application of the Amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage, we trust you will find Mr. Harris’s publication to be current, relevant, informative and educational. Your feedback on the Handbook is welcome.

Any questions, comments or suggestions can be shared with the author via e-mail to spadmin@zamail.co.za.

Thank you, and enjoy the read!

Billy Perrin (Publisher & Sales Executive) Craig Patterson (Production Manager) Celéste Perrin (Administrative Assistant) Disclaimer: As publishers of this title, Trademax Publications has no ownership or control over the information and other content in this publication, and cannot be held responsible for the content or the accuracy thereof. Kindly refer all content-related questions to the author, Mr. Howard Harris of Structatherm Projects.

Tel: 021 591 2526 Fax: 0866 991 346 www.trademax.co.za

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CHAPTER 1

THE REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT 1.1 The Constitutional Imperative 1.2 International Agreements on Climate Change 1.3 Political Decisions 1.4 Legislation and Regulation for Implementing Policy 1.5 Further Legislation, Regulation and Voluntary Processes towards the Greening of the Building Sector

In this chapter the influence of the South African Constitution, International Agreements and the gathering recognition among the general public that the current rate of generation of Greenhouse Gases is not sustainable, have given rise to the amendments to the National Building Regulations, herein outlined.

Photograph by Crystian Cruz.

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CHAPTER 1.1

THE CONSTITUTIONAL IMPERATIVE The basis for the regulation of energy usage in the Republic is in Section 24 of the Constitution, which is reproduced opposite: South Africa is blessed with a modern constitution, which incorporates many progressive principles and features. Section 24 was used to justify a minor amendment to legislation to enable it to introduce the principle of sustainable development into the Regulatory environment which controls new buildings. The objectives of the Regulations are to avoid the environmental consequences of excessive consumption of carbon based fuels.

Energy consumption, particularly electricity usage, is in 2012, running closely behind available generating capacity, with an alarming prospect of shortages. The cost of building new electricity generating capacity for the growing electrical energy usage will amount to many hundreds of billions of Rands, which will need to be recovered from users, via price increases.

Consequently, the need to reduce energy usage is to serve the dual requirement to reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions and in order to conserve electrical energy.

The Constitution of RSA 24. Environment: Everyone has the right(a) To an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and (b) To have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that (i) Prevent pollution and ecological degradation; (ii) Promote conservation; and (iii) Secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development.

As is illustrated in Figure 1 below, a decline in the rate of oil discovery may presage an impending liquid fuels supply shortage, which will make many conventional carbon based energy production methods increasingly expensive.

Figure 1: Rate of global discovery of conventional oil reserves as per C. Campbell.

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Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

CHAPTER 1.2

INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS ON CLIMATE CHANGE South Africa is a signatory country to the Kyoto Protocol, and has made commitments to reduce its GHG production, subject to the receipt of International Funding assistance, by 34% of Business-As-Usual GHG production by 2020, and 43% by 2025.

Figure 2: GHG emission reductions and limits proposed as per the LTMS. South Africans have been at the centre stage of the worldwide call for global reforms in the pattern of energy usage and the need for reduced CO2 emissions in 2011. The staging of the COP17 (Conference for the Parties) in Durban, has highlighted these issues.

CHAPTER 1.3

The Political Decisions Role of the Cabinet In response to International Commitments and the Constitutional Imperatives, the Cabinet has taken the decision to introduce measures to reduce energy usage, in order to reduce CO₂ emissions, and the pressure on the National Electricity Grid.

The Role of the Administration • The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) has mandated the National Regulator of Compulsory Specifications to develop regulations that reduce energy usage in the buildings sector for new construction.

• The Department of the Environment (DEA) has developed the Carbon Mitigation Strategy (2009) which sets targets and time frames on carbon emissions, and has provided leadership in the overall progress towards a lower carbon society.

• The Department of Energy has a number of initiatives under consideration, as are set out in the National Energy Efficiency Strategy. The disclosure of energy usage in existing buildings, efficient use of energy in domestic appliances via an efficiency rating system, and the support of energy efficiency via tax concessions such as Section 12I and 12L are examples of these initiatives.

• The Department of Transport (DoT) has introduced measures to improve motor vehicle fuel efficiency in terms of the National Transport Master Plan.

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CHAPTER 1.4

LEGISLATION AND REGULATION FOR IMPLEMENTING POLICY The RSA Government has made use of Act 103; The Building Regulations and Standards Act of 1977 to introduce sustainability into the building sector.

WHAT IS SUSTAINABILITY?

In terms of the Act, the National Regulator for Compulsory Specifications (NRCS) has drawn up regulations which are intended to reduce the Green House Gas production in the South African Building Sector.

The Brundtland Commission set out the key principle of Sustainable Development and these continue to guide the United Nations organs up to the present time.

The resultant amendments to the National Building Regulations are the result of this political and administrative process to introduce sustainable practices to buildings in the RSA. The amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage are limited such as to encompass only new buildings and buildings which are changed such as to require an application to Local Authority for Building Planning approval.

Thus any extension of, or renovation of a building, or portion of a building, which requires planning approval by the Local Authority in terms of the Act, for the set of nominated building occupancies or building classifications in accordance with Regulation A20, and which is excluding garage and storages areas contained within these occupancies, shall be designed and constructed so that they are energy efficient, and comply with the regulations for energy usage.

Key Principles of Sustainable Development: “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.“

CHAPTER 1.5 FURTHER LEGISLATION, REGULATION AND VOLUNTARY PROCESSES TOWARDS THE GREENING OF THE BUILDING SECTOR The voluntary process of adoption of Sustainability in Building and the ‘Greening’ of buildings continues in part, due to the leadership initiatives of the Green Building Council of South Africa and other such organisations world-wide. These norms and processes set the pace for an improvement in overall building sustainability in the Private Sector.

The Public Sector building standards may, at some stage, be underpinned by the establishment of Energy Performance Certification (EPC) systems, as per the South African National Energy Efficiency Strategy.

EPCs may also be the requirement for all commercial buildings changing hands, in order to complement the changes to the National Building Regulations.

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Vision The Green Building Council of South Africa will lead the transformation of the South African property industry to ensure that all buildings are designed, built and operated in an environmentally sustainable way that will allow South Africans to work and live in healthy, efficient and productive environments.

Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

FURTHER LEGISLATION, REGULATION AND VOLUNTARY PROCESSES TOWARDS THE GREENING OF THE BUILDING SECTOR

Mission To promote, encourage and facilitate green building in the South African property and construction industry through marketbased solutions, by: • Promoting the practice of green building in the commercial property industry, • Facilitating the implementation of green building practice by acting as a source centre, Figure 3. Relative energy usage performance of buildings at present.

The combination of effect of Regulation and the voluntary upgrade of the national stock of buildings, in response to market forces, should cause a gradual shift in improvement of performance of all buildings as per Figure 4 below.

• Enabling the objective measurement of green building practices by developing and operating a green building rating system, and • Improving the knowledge and skills base of green building in the industry by enabling and offering training and education.

Figure 4: Future relative energy usage performance of building.

Over a period of time, the addition of the new and energy efficient buildings will add to the total building set and the proportion of non-compliant buildings will drop. The leadership position of the GBCSA will be preserved, possibly by the addition of further stars, and the ‘bar will continue to be raised’ with some buildings eventually achieving an energy positive status.

In line with public sentiment and this gradual improvement in the standard of energy efficiency of prestigious buildings, the norms for compliance with Regulation for all buildings, will need to be revised at some time in the future. The SANS10400XA documents will therefore need to be continuously reviewed in order to continue to be relevant to the needs of society.

The SABS Technical Committee SC 59G: Construction Standards – Energy efficiency and Energy use in the built environment, is established in part for this purpose.

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CHAPTER 1

THE REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT CONCLUSION & KEY LEARNING

1. The Regulatory Environment is driven by the Constitutional Imperative, International Agreements and Obligations, and the aspirations of the community to move towards a more sustainable future.

2. The publication of the Amended National Building Regulations and SANS10400XA is a milestone, in the progress of the building sector toward sustainability in South Africa.

Figure 5: Energy Efficient RSA Government buildings.

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Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

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CHAPTER 2

THE NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS, DEEMED-TO-SATISFY STANDARDS AND VOLUNTARY STANDARDS 2.1 National Building Regulations Amendments Summarized 2.2 The Implementation of the Amendments 2.3 SANS10400XA; Energy Usage in Buildings is Deemed-to-Satisfy the Regulations 2.4 Compliance with the Deemed-to-Satisfy: Three routes 2.5 Rational Design versus Deemed-to-Satisfy 2.6 Definitions Supporting the Amended National Building Regulations 2.7 The Responsibilities of Professionals 2.8 Annexures: Extracts from forms 1-4

The structure of the RSA National Building Regulations compliance system and the inter-relationship between Legislation Regulation and Standards follows the so-called Nordic type of system (see diagrammatic representation below in Figure 6), as is set out in Annexure C of SANS10400 Part A. In this chapter, the Amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage are summarized, and the provisions of SANS10400XA which serve the Regulations are introduced.

The principles behind the three routes to compliance are developed, as to who may make use of the compliance routes and what their responsibilities are set out.

Figure 6: Nordic five level structure for performance-based codes.

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Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

CHAPTER 2.1

NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AMENDMENTS SUMMARIZED Government has established the Regulator for Compulsory Specifications (NRCS) who has developed amendments to the National Building Regulations and has contributed to the SANS10400XA:2011.

The Minister’s signature on the Amendments to the National Building Regulations on the 9th of September 2011, brings these declarations into law.

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National Building Regulations Amendments Summarised As per Notice R711, in the Government Gazette of 9 September 2011, the amendments to the National Building Regulations are made in terms of the National Building Regulations and Standards Act 103 of 1977 and require in summary that: XA1: That buildings use energy efficiently and reduce Green House Gas emissions in accordance with requirements detailed.

(Functional Regulation) XA2: That not more than 50% of the annual volumetric requirement of domestic hot water may be supplied by means of electrical resistance heating.

XA3: Which provides three means, by which the Functional Regulation (XA1) is complied with.

The Regulations, as published, are legally effective from 10 November 2011, and the Government is bound to promote and defend their implementation.

In this regard the Regulator has assisted with the development of foundation training material, and has embarked upon a programme to train Building Control Officers in the implementation of the Regulations.

The structure of the amendments to Regulation XA3 is typical of many of the sections of The National Building Regulations in the structure. The similarity is in respect of the Nordic structure and various compliance routes which are made available to satisfy the Functional Regulation XA1. The compliance routes provided in respect of Fire, Structures and Fenestration have a similar array of options: 1. A Prescriptive route XA3(a) Or

PART X: ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY REGULATION XA: ENERGY USAGE IN BUILDINGS XA1

In order to contribute to the reduction of green house gases, buildings, and extensions to buildings in respect of which plans and specifications are to be drawn and submitted in terms of the Act, having A1, A2, A3, A4, C1, C2, E1, E2, E3, E4, F1, F2, F3, G1, H1, H2, H3, H4 and H5 occupancies or building classifications in accordance with regulation A20, excluding garage and storage areas contained within such occupancies, shall be designed and constructed so that they: (a) Are capable of using energy efficiency while fulfilling user needs in relation to vertical transport, if any, thermal comfort, lighting and hot water, or (b) Have a building envelope and services which facilitate the efficient use of energy appropriate to their function and use, internal environment and geographical location.

Equipment and plant required for conducting the business of the occupant shall be excluded from these requirements.

2. A Performance route XA3(b) Or 3. Reference Building route in XA3 (c )

Important wording in the Regulations which should be noted by those implementing the Energy provisions: XA1 excludes the energy impacts of plant and equipment within buildings, and the performance of the building itself is to be regulated and not the operator or operations conducted within a building.

This is analogous to purchasing an energy of fuel efficient vehicle which can be driven in various ways, which may be at variance with the tested fuel efficiency disclosed by the manufacturer.

XA1 embraces only a limited number of possible building occupancies, and notably excluded are factories and warehouses.

XA2 provides a performance criterion which limits the proportion of resistance heating of hot water allowed to 50%. This amendment is therefore overarching and fundamental to all buildings, irrespective of other energy savings measures which may be introduced.

XA3 provides the three compliance routes and stipulates that the ‘Performance route’ is a Rational Design to be performed by a Competent Person, and, furthermore, that the Reference Building route will involve the use of Certified Thermal Calculation Software, but does not stipulate that this is performed by a Competent Person, although this is a requirement in SANS10400XA.

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Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

CHAPTER 2.2

IMPLEMENTATION OF AMENDMENTS The implementation of the amendments is given force via the mechanisms and procedures established to control new buildings. This is a function of local authorities and specifically their Building Control Officers.

The phasing in of the regulation was over a 60 day period, and the following relaxations applied: • Application for a specific dispensation could be made for a building project to be exempted from the provisions of the Regulations, if design has commenced within six months of the date of gazetting of the new Regulations. This is provided for in the Part A of the Regulations.

• Applicants had six months from the effective date of the Regulations to make this application, ie. to 11 May 2012.

• Local Authority may not give an exemption from the implementation of the provisions, if the building is not completed within a period of 12 months, from the effective date of the Regulations, ie. to 11 November 2012.

The implementation of the amendments and the Building Regulations as a whole is expected to be effected by the Built Environment Professionals, and thus places a significant burden and reliance on these professionals.

HOT WATER USAGE IN BUILDINGS XA2 At least 50% (volume fraction) of the annual average hot water heating requirement shall be provided by means other than electrical resistance heating, including but not limited to solar heating, heat pumps, heat recovery from other systems or processes and renewable combustible fuel.

XA3

The requirements of sub-regulation XA1 shall be deemed to be satisfied when such building is designed and constructed in accordance with the following requirements: a.) Has an orientation, shading, services and building envelope in accordance with SANS10400 Part XA; or b.) Is the subject of a Rational Design by a Competent Person, which demonstrates that the energy usage of such building is equivalent to or better than that which would have been achieved by compliance with the requirements of SANS10400XA, or c.) Has a theoretical energy usage performance, determined using certified thermal calculation software, less than or equal to that of a reference building in accordance with SANS10400 Part XA.

CHAPTER 2.3

SANS10400XA; ENERGY USAGE IN BUILDINGS IS DEEMED-TO-SATISFY THE REGULATIONS Regulation XA3 states that compliance with the requirements of Part XA of SA National Standard 10400 will be deemed-tosatisfy the requirements of Part XA of the National Building Regulations. This statement gives legitimacy to the energy design of any building which conforms to the detailed provision of any of the three paragraphs which refer to SANS10400 Part XA. This standard was approved by the Standards SA Technical Committee 59, Construction standards, in accordance with procedures of Standards South Africa, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This is following the earlier amendment of a number of other Parts of SANS10400.

As the SANS10400XA Energy Usage in Buildings document is “Deemed- to-Satisfy” Regulation XA1, it is therefore the logical starting point for those persons who need to demonstrate compliance with the Regulations.

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CHAPTER 2.4

THREE COMPLIANCE ROUTES WHICH ARE DEEMED-TO-SATISFY: Three methods of compliance within SANS10400 Part XA: SANS10400XA (Paragraph 4.2.1) sets out three routes to compliance with SANS10400XA, all of which are deemed-to-satisfy the Regulations: 1. The Energy Usage and Demand performance requirement method (Paragraph 4.2.1.a) 2. Prescriptive provisions for the building envelope and services (Paragraph 4.2.1.b) 3. A Reference Building route (Paragraph 4.2.1.c)

The three methods of compliance are all deemed-to-satisfy the Regulations; however, not all routes are generally available.

We need to distinguish between those which are available to the “Competent Person – Energy” and the provisions which are available to all persons.

The diagram below is a schematic for the hierarchy of the Act as amended, the Regulations, the Standards, the three compliance routes and the persons empowered by the statute to make use of the various routes.

Figure 7: A diagrammatic representation of the hierarchy of law and standard.

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Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

CHAPTER 2.5

Rational Design VERSUS DEEMED-TO-SATISFY All of the three compliance routes set out in chapter 2.4 are deemed-to-satisfy the Regulations. The compliance routes established in Regulation XA3(b) and in SANS10400XA as per paragraphs 4.2.1(a) and (c), provide that a Rational Design may be performed in compliance of the Regulations.

The definition of a Rational Design is provided in the various parts of the SANS10400 series and is the application of a process of reasoning and calculation, possibly based on a widely accepted standard or document. In the wider sense (the) document may be a computer programme, such as reputable energy modelling software. Such energy modelling software will be based on standards such as ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140-2007. The Rational Design in terms of SANS10400XA is performed by the "Competent Person-Energy."

Regulation XA3(a) provides that the Building Envelope and Services route is generally available to the Appointed Person or his/ her nominee, who may be responsible for the design of a building and compliance with the Regulations.

This route requires the detailed observance of all relevant provisions of SANS10400XA and SANS204, where specifically invoked. Where a provision in SANS10400XA references a section or paragraph of another standard (as in SANS204), that section or paragraph is also “deemed-to-satisfy” the Regulations.

The Building Envelope and Services route is referred to as the Prescriptive route in this document, but it by definition comprises of a number of subsidiary standards which are (in part) therefore also “deemed-to-satisfy.”

CHAPTER 2.6 DEFINITIONS SUPPORTING THE AMENDED NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS The definitions opposite have been compiled to support other definitions elsewhere established in the Building Regulations.

Competent Person The definition of a Competent Person (Energy) is established in SANS10400 Part AX and is as per the generic Competent Person from SANS10400 Part A. The definition of a Competent Person is no longer restricted to any particular profession. The prospective Competent Person will need to have the confidence of a client to gain the appointment and may need to present his or her credentials to the Building Control Officer. These credentials will need to show that the aspirant Competent Person has the education, training, experience and contextual knowledge to make a determination in respect of a functional regulation, i.e. as per Regulation XA1 in the case of Energy Usage as is set out above.

The educational and training requirements for the satisfaction of Part XA are nowhere specified; however, the degree of complexity of the project will dictate, and relevant experience should be such as will convince the Local Authority and Building Control Officer of the Competence of an applicant.

Regulation AZ2 is amended as follows: AZ2 Definitions Add the following additional definitions to Regulation AZ2:

"building envelope" Means the elements of a building that separate a habitable room from the exterior of a building or a garage or storage area;

"certified thermal calculation software" Means software certified by the Board of Agrément South Africa in terms of Agrément South Africa’s Energy Software Protocols as being fit for thermal modelling or calculation purposes in terms of these regulations;

The contextual knowledge required can be obtained by Professionals via their attendance of appropriate and approved courses. To this end, the National Regulator of Compulsory specification and Professional Associations have been proactive in endorsing training material and courses offered by experienced trainers.

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23

CHAPTER 2.7

RESPONSIBILITIES OF PROFESSIONALS Responsibilities for choice of compliance route Regulation A19 sets out the administrative requirement for the Responsible Person (the building owner) to make a declaration appointing a Professional (as identified by the Council for the Built Environment Act 43 of 2000), as the Appointed Person. This will in most cases be the Architect, and this person is required to make a declaration as to the means by which the regulations will be satisfied, and to provide the names of the Competent Persons (if any are required) who will assist the Appointed Person, on the requisite Form 1. See annexures to this chapter.

Acceptance of Competence The acceptance of responsibility by the Competent Person is set out on Form 2, together with a Declaration by the Competent Person as to the qualifications, experience and contextual knowledge necessary to undertake such work, and the Local Authority’s acceptance of the declarant as an approved Competent Person.

Design Decisions The responsibility assumed by the appointed Competent Person for a portion of the system is acknowledged in Form 3, which also contains critical design information and a Certificate of Completion.

Competent Person to sign off on completion The approved Competent Person is required to issue a certificate of completion in terms of Sub-regulation A19 (12) at the end of the project: This provides that where regulation XA is satisfied by a Competent Person in accordance with the requirements of SANS10400 Part XA; that the Competent Person who is responsible for such determination shall submit a fully completed Form 4 as contained in SANS10400-A to the local authority on completion of the construction and commissioning of the building.

The implications for this are that the Competent Person (Energy) retains responsibility for seeing the energy aspects of a project through to its completion.

Layout Drawings requirements Regulation A7; Layout Drawing, now has an additional requirement to Regulation AZ7, which will assist the Building Control Officer to see whether certain calculations have been performed. (i)

Where provided, the location and capacity (volumetric and heater power) of water heating installations.

(ii) Where provided, details of insulation and fenestration required to satisfy energy usage requirement of Regulation XA.

24

"reference building" Means a hypothetical building that is used to determine the maximum allowable heating load for the proposed building.

"orientation" Means the direction a building envelope element faces, i.e. the direction of a vector perpendicular to and pointing away from the surface outside of the element.

Additional Key Definitions as per SANS10400XA referred to in this chapter:

"Competent Person" Person who is qualified, by virtue of his education, training, experience and contextual knowledge, to make a determination regarding the performance of a building or part thereof in relation to a functional regulation.

"Deemed-to-Satisfy Requirement" Non-mandatory requirement, the compliance with which ensures compliance with a functional regulation.

"Rational Design" Design by a Competent Person involving a process of reasoning and calculation and which may include a design based on the use of a Standard or other suitable document.

Regulation A19 is amended as follows: Add the following additional requirement to sub-regulation A19 (12): (c) Where regulation XA is satisfied by a competent person in accordance with the requirements of SANS 10400 Part XA, the competent person who is responsible for such determination shall on completion of the construction and commissioning of the building submit to the local authority a fully completed Form 4 as contained in SANS 10400-A.

Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

RESPONSIBILITIES OF PROFESSIONALS When by Rational Design, a window type or a lesser thickness of thermal insulation is specified than might be required in terms of the SANS10400XA levels, it will be advisable to endorse the plans and designs to indicate that a Rational Design has been performed, such that the Building Control Officer will not refer the matter back to the applicant.

As to what the capacity of water heating installations is, it is suggested that the volumetric capacity and the heating power is specified, as the two are required to check and calculate the annual hot water volume so as to ensure that less than 50% of this volume is heated by resistance heating.

Regulation A7 is amended as follows: A7 Layout Drawing Add the following additional requirements: (m) where provided, the location, type and capacity of water heating installations; and (n) where provided, details of fenestration and insulation required to satisfy the energy usage requirements of Regulation XA.

Certified Thermal Calculation Software The Agrément Board of South Africa has established a Protocol for evaluating energy software for suitability for use in the manner intended in Regulation XA3 and in SANS10400XA paragraph 4.2.1 (a).

Such software will be required to perform in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 140 or to have been through the BESTEST regime. Agrémentapproved weather data is also required to be used.

CHAPTER 2 THE NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AMENDMENTS SUMMARIZED CONCLUSIONS AND KEY LEARNING 1. The amendments to the National Building Regulations require: (i) Reduced electrical resistance heating of hot water (ii) Reduced energy usage and demand for new and renovated buildings 2. The requisite level of energy efficiency may be demonstrated by three routes to compliance – all of which can be made use of by the Competent Person - Energy.

3. The Appointed Person will set out the means by which compliance with the regulations is intended to be demonstrated.

4. The Compliance route available to the Appointed Person or his/her nominee without the requirement of an appointment as Competent Person, is set out in Regulation XA3(a). This route is loosely entitled the Prescriptive route because it follows a series of explicit rules or designs which are established in National Standards, all of which are “deemed-to-satisfy“ the Regulations.

Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

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ANNEXURES to Chapter 2 The following extracts show – in red – the portions which require additional information in respect of the energy usage requirements. Acknowledgements to the NRCS are given.

SCHEDULE A: MEANS BY WHICH REGULATION AZ4 IS TO BE SATISFIED Occupancy/Building classification . . . . . . . . . (see Regulation A20)

1

2

3

Applicability to application (tick column 2 or 3) Regulation B: Structural design

Yes

4

5

Means of satisfying requirements of functional regulations (tick relevant boxes in columns 4 or 5) No

Deemed to satisfy requirements contained in the relevant parts of SANS 10400

Regulation AZ4(1)(b)(ii)

The structural system of the building complies with the detailed requirements of Part H Part J Part K Part L Part M Part N of SANS 10400, or in the case of timber buildings with the requirements of SANS 10082 or or

is the subject of a Rational Design or a rational assessment is the subject of an Agrément certificate;

or the following competent persons are to be appointed: competent person (structures) to design and inspect the structures competent person (civil engineering) to design and inspect the services in dolomite land competent person (dolomite land) to categorize dolomite land C: Dimensions

The dimensions of any room or space are in accordance with the detailed requirements of SANS 10400-C

D: Public safety

A change in level, the design of ramps and driveways, or access to swimming pools and swimming baths is in accordance with the detailed requirements of SANS10400-D

F: Site operations

The provision of sanitary facilities is in accordance with the detailed requirements of SANS 10400-D

G: Excavations

The excavation relating to a building

H: Foundations

A geotechnical investigation in accordance with the rules

is less than 3,0 m deep and is in accordance with the detailed requirements of SANS 10400-G is the subject of a Rational Design or a rational assessment (or both)

is to be carried out has been carried out and is available for use

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Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

The Building is so designed that

XA: Energy Efficiency in Buildings

Or Or Or

orientation and shading are in accordance with the requirements of SANS204 external walls are in accordance with the detailed requirements of SANS10400XA Fenestration is in accordance with SANS10400XA Roof assembly construction is in accordance with SANS10400XA Floors with in-slab heating is in accordance with SANS10400XA Services that use energy or control the use of energy is in accordance with SANS204 Hot water systems is in accordance with SANS10400XA a competent person certify that fenestration is in accordance with SANS204 a competent person certifies that the building has a theoretical annual energy consumption and demand in accordance with SANS10400XA a competent person certifies that the building has a theoretical annual energy consumption and demand less than or equal than a reference building that complies with the requirements of SANS10400XA

1

Category of competent person Competent person (structures)

2

Nature of duties

3

Name of person

Duty 16: Rational Design or rational assessment of structural system in terms of SANS 10400-B taking account of parts H, J, K, L, M, N of SANS 10400 or Regulations A(1)(3) and A23(4) Duty 17: Rational Design of roof in terms of parts B and L of SANS 10400 where the foundations, floors and walls are in accordance with the rules provided in parts H, J and K of SANS 10400

Competent person (wet services)

Duty 18: Rational Design of supply of water to fire installations in terms of SANS 10400-W or Regulation W4.

Competent person (energy efficiency)

Duty 19: Rational Design or rational assessment of fenestration in terms of SANS204 Duty 20: Rational Design or rational assessment of annual energy consumption and demand in terms of SANS10400XA Duty 21: Rational Design or rational assessment of annual energy consumption to a reference building in terms of SANS10400XA

Competent person not satisfying the definitions provided in SANS 10400 in relation to the duties that are to be performed in terms of a specific part of SANS 10400*

* Insert data in columns 1 to 3, state duty number and attach more pages, if necessary.

Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

27

NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT, 1977 (Act No. 103 of 1977), AS AMENDED FORM 2 SECTION 3 Tick if applicable

APPLICATION FOR ACCEPTANCE AS AN APPROVED COMPETENT PERSON IN TERMS OF REGULATION A19 DESCRIPTION OF APPLICABLE WORK Initials of:

Nature of duties

Owner

Competent person

Duty 1: Demonstrating compliance with the requirements of National Building Regulations in terms of Regulation AZ4(1)(b)(ii) Duty 2: Rational Design and rational assessment of flat roofs and related gutters Duty 3: Design and inspection of services in dolomite land in terms of SANS 10400-B Duty 4: Specify and inspect, as relevant, deep footings, soil rafts, compaction of insitu soil or sub-surface drains in terms of SANS 10400-H Duty 5: Design and inspect slabs and fills in terms of SANS 10400-J Duty 6: Rational Design of control and disposal of storm water in terms of SANS 10400-R or Regulation R(3) Duty 7: Rational Design of control and disposal of storm water in interconnected complexes in terms of SANS 10400-R Duty 8: Categorization of dolomite land in terms of SANS 10400-B or Regulation F3 Duty 9: Rational Design or assessment of excavations in terms of SANS 10400-G or Regulation G1(3) Duty 10: Rational Design or rational assessment of fire protection system in terms of SANS 10400-P or Regulation T1(2) Duty 11: Undertake geotechnical investigation in accordance with requirements of SANS 10400-H or Regulation F3 Duty 12: Design and inspect geotechnical solutions or soil improvements in terms of SANS 10400-H Duty 13: Rational Design of ventilation system in terms of SANS 10400-O and Regulation O4 Duty 14: Rational Design or rational assessment of drainage system in terms of SANS 10400-P or Regulation P2(2) Duty 15: Rational Design or rational assessment of sewage disposal in terms of SANS 10400-Q or Regulation Q3 Duty 16: Rational Design or rational assessment of the structural system in terms of SANS 10400-B taking account of parts H, J, K, L, M, N of SANS 10400 or Regulations A(1)(3), and A23(4) Duty 17: Rational Design of roof in terms of parts B and L of SANS 10400 where the foundations, floors and walls are in accordance with the rules provided in parts H, J and K of SANS 10400.

Duty 18: Rational Design of supply of water to fire installations in terms of SANS 10400-W or Regulation W4.

Duty 19: Rational Design or rational assessment of fenestration in terms of SANS204 Duty 20: Rational Design or rational assessment of annual energy consumption and demand in terms of SANS10400XA Duty 21: Rational Design or rational assessment of annual energy consumption to a reference building in terms of SANS10400XA

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Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS AND BUILDING STANDARDS ACT, 1977 (Act No. 103 of 1977), AS AMENDED

FORM 4

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION OF THE STRUCTURAL OR FIRE PROTECTION OR FIRE INSTALLATION SYSTEM IN TERMS OF SECTION 14(2)(a) OF THE ACT

(This form is to be completed upon the completion of the construction, erection or installation of the structural system, the fire protection system or the fire installation system)

To:................................................................................................................................................................(Name of Local Authority) *Erf/Holding/Portion No.:...................................................................................................................................................................... *Township/Agricultural Holding/Farm name:...................................................................................................................................

Street address:......................................................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................................................

Nature of project:.....................................................................................................................................................................................

(Insert proposed new building(s), or building alteration, building addition, re-erection of building, refurbishment or building or structural repair to existing building, as relevant.)

I, ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Name of approved competent person) Address:...................................................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................................................

Tel. No.:........................................................................ email:...........................................................................

Fax No.:...................................................................................................

of ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................

(If representing a partnership, association, company or incorporated body, the name thereof) hereby certify as required by section 14(2A) of the National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act, 1977 (Act No. 103 of 1977) that for the above project* the structural system the fire protection system the fire installation system energy efficiency in buildings Other (specify) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................................................ for which I am responsible has, to the best of my knowledge, been designed and *constructed/ erected/ installed in accordance with the application in respect of which approval was granted in terms of section 7 of the Act and that it satisfies the requirements of the National Building Regulations.

Signature of Approved Competent Person..........................................................................

Professional registration number:.....................................................

(Insert number)

(* Delete that which does not apply)

Date:............................................

Registration council:..................................................

Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

29

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• Eaves Filler Comb that promotes natural ventilation flow while deterring nesting.

• Counter battens that create a natural ventilation stream.

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CHAPTER 3

DEEMED-TO-SATISFY REQUIREMENTS AS PER SANS10400XA:2011 ENERGY USAGE IN BUILDINGS 3.1 Definitions as per SANS10400XA, and the Regulations.

3.2 The regulatory requirements for Hot Water supply as per the Regulation XA2 and Section 4.1 of SANS10400XA. 3.3 The Deemed-to-Satisfy requirements for the Building envelope as per 4.2 with the three (3) different ways of satisfying the functional regulation XA1.

3.4 Energy Usage and Demand Performance method.

3.5 Building Envelope and Components route.

3.6 Reference Building method.

In the previous chapter, the wording of the Regulation XA3 (a), (b), and (c) is shown to be satisfied by that of SANS10400XA. This chapter summarizes these important principles and expands on these elements of SANS10400XA. The three available methods of compliance as per this standard are detailed in this chapter. The chapter also refers to SANS204 when there are sections of SANS204 which are invoked by SANS10400XA.

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Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

CHAPTER 3.1

DEFINITIONS AS PER SANS10400XA, AND THE REGULATIONS Concepts introduced to the National Building Regulations and SANS10400XA specific to energy efficiency, which are important in understanding the rationale and modus operandi of the standard, are discussed in this chapter.

Fenestration: Fenestration is to include all glazed openings, and will exclude solid doors. Roof lights or skylights are included.

Net floor area: This excludes all vertical elements (i.e. walls) and is used to define energy usage and demand per square meter.

R-Value: The Thermal Resistance of a building element is abbreviated as the R-Value. The R-Value is a physical property of the material or element. The total R-Value is the sum of all component R-Values of the materials, airspaces and surfaces, which go to make up a building element. (See chapter 5.6 for details.)

Total U-Value: This is a measure of the heat energy which will pass through the material or building element when a temperature of one degree K is applied across the element.

The total R-Value is mathematically, the inverse of the Total U-Value 1 which is the Total Thermal Transmittance RT = UT Functional Regulation: A Functional Regulation is as per Regulation XA1, which is a description of the principle objective of the Regulation.

Solar Heat Gain Co-efficient: Is a measure of the heat entering a structure by way of solar radiation. The SHGC is the Shading Co-efficient of the glazing multiplied by 0.87.

Fenestration Any glazed opening in a building envelope including windows, doors and skylights.

Net floor area The floor area excluding the area occupied by vertical elements.

R-Value

The thermal resistance (m2.K/W) of a component.

Functional regulation Regulation that sets out in qualitative terms what is required of a building or building element or building component in respect of a particular characteristic, without specifying the method of construction, dimensions or materials to be used.

Solar heat gain co-efficient (SHGC) The ratio of the heat gain entering the space through the fenestration area to the incident solar radiation.

Total R-Value The sum of the R-Values of the individual component layers in a composite element including the air space and associated surface resistances measured in m2.K/W.

Total U-Value

The thermal transmittance (W/m2/K) of the composite element including the air space and associated surface emittance.

Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

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Climatic Zones of South Africa

Figure B.1 — Climatic zone map

Table B.1 Locations in the climatic zones of South Africa (extracted from the full table) Figure B.1 —Climatic zone map

36

Description

Major centre

Figure B.1 —Climatic zone map

Cold interior

Johannesburg, Bloemfontein

Figure B.1 —Climatic zone map

Temperate interior

Pretoria, Polokwane

Figure B.1 —Climatic zone map

Hot interior

Makhado, Nelspruit

Figure B.1 —Climatic zone map

Temperate coastal

Cape Town, Port Elizabeth

Figure B.1 —Climatic zone map

Sub-tropical coastal

East London, Durban, Richards Bay

Figure B.1 —Climatic zone map

Arid interior

Upington, Kimberley

Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

CHAPTER 3.2

REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR HOT WATER SUPPLY Regulatory Requirements The regulation XA2 provides the overall performance requirements for hot water services in buildings.

The Regulations set out that a minimum of 50% by volume of the annual average hot water heating requirement is to be provided by means other than electric resistance heating including, but not limited to: • • • • •

Solar Heat pumps with appropriate storage capacity Heat recovery from other systems or processes Geothermal heat Renewable combustible fuel (e.g. landfill gas, certain categories of wood)

Diesel or gas firing boilers are therefore not excluded from the possible solutions.

4.1 Hot Water Supply 4.1.1 In order to comply with Functional Regulation XA2 contained in Part XA of the National Building Regulations the following guidance is provided: a.) the volume of annual average hot water heating requirement shall be calculated in accordance with Tables 2 and 5 of SANS 10252-1;2004 and b.) if solar hot water heating systems are used these shall comply with SANS1307, SANS10106, SANS10254 and SANS10252-1.

The Regulation XA2 does not invoke any clause of SANS10400XA.

4.1.2 Requirements for water installations in buildings shall be in accordance with SANS10252-1 and SANS10254.

Some further guidance is provided in SANS10400XA:

4.1.3 All hot water service pipes shall be clad with insulation with a minimum R-Value in accordance with Table 1.

The guidance provided in paragraph 4.1 is not mandatory. Regulation XA3 does however require that hot water services are provided with energy efficiency.

4.1.4 Thermal Insulation, if any, shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

Energy efficient hot water solutions are provided in SANS10400XA. The requirements for the hot water and for the thermal insulation of pipework are set out in paragraph 4.1 and Table 1 as below.

The requirements call for SANS10252 – Water Supply and Drainage for Buildings; Part 1 - Water Supply Installations for Buildings, to be applied in calculation of the hot water volume. The design of all the hot water equipment should also be in accordance with SANS10252-1 as per paragraph 4.1.2. This implies that the design parameters which will affect the energy usage of the hot water system and the calculation of the hot water usage make use of the same standard. Such a calculation is set out in chapter 7.2. Important in this calculation is the heating power of any heating elements and the volume of hot water storage, which is required to be disclosed in submission drawings.

Implications for Hot Water System Design The Regulatory requirement for not more than 50% by volume of the annual average hot water heating requirement being provided by means other than electric resistance heating, is a major departure from the standard hot water solutions and equipment design in South Africa. The rationale for the 50% figure is that this level of resistance heating would be provided by a solar water heating system with electrical resistance heating back-up in an under-design situation, or be equivalent to a heat pump operating under most adverse conditions.

The wording of the paragraphs imply that Geothermal heat, Renewable combustible fuel (e.g. landfill gas, certain categories of wood) as well as fossil fuels may be used for heating hot water. The objective of this provision is possibly to limit electrical energy usage by restricting resistance heating.

This provision will require the design and the calculation of annual hot water usage to be in terms of SANS10252 norms. Some innovation will be required to select the most appropriate hot water heating technology. In this calculation the assumptions to be used for occupancy density are provided in Table 4 of SANS10400XA, although these are not nominated in the hot water section and therefore leave an opening for the use of planned or design occupancy density, in a Rational Design.

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Regulatory requirements for Hot Water supply The implication of the wording in SANS10400XA is that hot water equipment should be sized and specified to be in accordance with the relevant SABS standards. The hot water design in terms of SANS10252 requirements may be at variance with the needs of or requirements of the client or building owner or intended occupiers; however, the standards must be complied with in the design, and the requisite non-resistive heating energy provided.

Other Hot Water Regulations If solar water heating systems are used, it is prescribed that these shall comply with SANS1307, SANS10106, SANS10254 and SANS10252-1. At the time of writing, an electrical safety standard for air source heat pump water heaters SANS60335-2-40 is available, and SANS1352 for the installation of domestic heat pumps is nearing finalization and should be referenced where possible in order to protect consumers. The following standards are relevant for the specification of appropriate solar water heating solutions: SANS1307; Domestic solar water heaters SANS6211-1; Domestic solar water heaters – part 1: thermal performance using an outdoor test method SANS6211-2; Domestic solar water heaters – part 2: thermal performance using an indoor test method SANS10106; The installation, maintenance, repair and replacement of domestic solar water heating systems SANS10252-1; Water supply and drainage for buildings – part 1: water supply installations for buildings SANS10254; The installation, maintenance, replacement and repair of fixed electric storage water heating systems

Thermal Insulation to hot water installations All hot water service pipes are required to be insulated with a thermal insulation to an R-Value in accordance with SANS10400XA and Table 1 below. This implies that hot water piping may not be "chased" into masonry. If pipes are incased by masonry the heat losses will be very significant. The energy or wastage of water which is run by users as they wait for hot water to arrive at the point of usage, can in part be avoided with the insulation of pipework, and by not “chasing” pipes into masonry walling. A more energy efficient design may be to provide a service duct which can accommodate pipework and the thermal insulation thereto.

Table 1 Minimum R-Value of pipe insulation Internal diameter of pipe

Minimum R-Value

< 80

1,00

> 80

1,50

In practice the types of thermal insulation which are specified will include the following generic material types: 40/60 mm fibreglass or mineral wool with canvas protection, or 25/40 mm of polyurethane or polyisocyanurate foam with fibreglass scrim protection. This list is not exhaustive, but would cover those products which are able to withstand the temperature of 70°C without melting, softening, or distorting.

The thermal insulation should be protected from the elements (with metal muffs if to be used externally or in zones where they will be accessible to damage and vandalism), and they should be of adequate density to provide sufficient handling strength.

All joints should be permanently sealed such that the renewal or replacement on the insulation does not happen within 10-20 years. A failure to provide a high standard of finish will lead to the degradation of the thermal properties of the insulation, and a loss of effiency.

The thermal insulation is also to be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

For an example of hot water volume estimation, see chapter 7.2.

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Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

CHAPTER 3.3 THE DEEMED-TO-SATISFY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE BUILDING ENVELOPE AS PER 4.2 WITH THE THREE (3) DIFFERENT WAYS OF SATISFYING THE FUNCTIONAL REGULATION XA3 Theoretical Annual Energy Consumption and Demand Compliance Route [Performance Route] The Energy efficiency performance requirements for the building types in occupancy categories specified (Offices, Shopping Centres and Institutional Buildings) are set out as per Tables 2 & 3 below.

It will be necessary to perform a calculation or modelling of the theoretical annual energy usage and energy demand, to assess whether the required energy and demand criteria of Tables 2 & 3 are met.

4.2.1 (a) in any building of occupancy classified in terms of regulation A20 as A1, A2, A3, A4, F1, G1 or H1, a Competent Person certifies that such building (excluding garage and storage areas) has a theoretical annual energy consumption and demand, based on the design assumptions contained in 3.4, less than or equal to the values specified in Tables 2 and 3: or

Even for a very simple building it will be difficult to calculate the Annual Energy Usage to the degree of accuracy required. It is therefore assumed that most such estimates will be performed with software and computer programmes developed for the purpose, and as per the design assumptions of paragraph 4.3, which are detailed below.

This Compliance route is as per Regulation XA3(b) and paragraph 4.2.1 (a) available to the Competent Person â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Energy exclusively and is labelled a Rational Design in the Regulation XA3(b).

Table 2 Maximum energy demand per building classification for each climatic zone Maximum energy demanda VA/m² Zone Classification of occupancy of building

Description of building

1

2

3

4

5

6

A1

Entertainment and public assembly

85

80

90

80

82

85

A2

Theatrical and indoor sport

85

80

90

80

80

85

A3

Places of instruction

80

75

85

75

75

80

A4

Worship

80

75

85

75

75

80

F1

Large shop (including shopping malls)

90

85

95

85

85

90

G1

Offices

80

75

85

75

75

80

H1

Hotel

90

85

95

85

85

90

aThe

maximum demand shall be based on the sum of 12 consecutive monthly maximum demand values per area divided by 12 per square meter which refers to the net floor area.

Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

39

THE DEEMED-TO-SATISFY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE BUILDING ENVELOPE AS PER 4.2 WITH THE THREE (3) DIFFERENT WAYS OF SATISFYING THE FUNCTIONAL REGULATION XA3

Table 3 Maximum annual energy usage per building classification for each climatic zone Maximum annual energy usage kWh/m²/annum Zone Classification of occupancy of building

Description of building

1

2

3

4

5

6

A1

Entertainment and public assembly

420

400

440

390

400

420

A2

Theatrical and indoor sport

420

400

440

390

400

420

A3

Places of instruction

420

400

440

390

400

420

A4

Worship

120

115

125

110

115

120

F1

Large shop (including shopping malls)

240

245

260

240

260

255

G1

Offices

200

190

210

185

190

200

H1

Hotel

650

600

585

600

620

630

NOTE 1.The annual consumption per square meter shall be based on the sum of 12 months monthly consumption of consecutive months.

NOTE 2. Non-electrical consumption, such as fossil fuels, shall be accounted for on a non-renewable primary energy thermal equivalence basis by converting megajoules to kilowatt-hours.

Table 4 - Design occupancy times

40

Classification of occupancy of buildings

Design occupancy times (hours per day/days per week)

A1 and A2

18/7

A3 and G1

12/5

a4

6/4

F1

12/7

H1

24/7

Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

THE DEEMED-TO-SATISFY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE BUILDING ENVELOPE AS PER 4.2 WITH THE THREE (3) DIFFERENT WAYS OF SATISFYING THE FUNCTIONAL REGULATION XA3

Table 5 - Design population as per SANS10400A Class of occupancy of room or storey or portion thereof

Population

A1, A2, A4, A5

Number of fixed seats or 1 person per m2 if there are no fixed seats

E1, E3, H1, H3

2 persons per bedroom

G1

1 person per 15 m²

E4

16 persons provided that the total number of persons per room is not more than 4

C1, E2, F1, F2 H5

1 person per 10 m2 16 persons per dwelling unit provided that the total number of persons per room is not more than 4

C2, F3

1 person per 20 m²

A3, H2

1 person per 5 m²

Table 6 - Internal heat gains for appliances and equipment 1

2

Classification of occupancy of buildings

Internal heat gain (W/m²)

G1

15

f1

5

Other occupancies

No load

Design software requirements As per the definition within Regulation ZA2, the theoretical annual energy consumption of the buildings are calculated using (Agrément South Africa) certified thermal calculation software and climatic data as published by Agrément South Africa.

Modelling Stipulations: In order to achieve a uniform basis for assessing building performance, stipulated assumptions are required to be made, when using energy design software. These cover the following areas: • • • • • •

Occupancy hours (Table 4) Occupancy density (Table 5) Small power internal heat gains (Table 6) Temperature set points for operation of the building as for (a) (1) below Ventilation assumptions (a) (2) below Heat gains for occupants (b) below

Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

41

The Deemed-to-Satisfy requirements for the Building Envelope as per 4.2 with the three (3) different ways of satisfying the functional regulation XA3

Design stipulations to be made for energy modelling: a.) Where artificial ventilation systems are provided, the following assumptions must be applied: 1. The design occupancy times are in accordance with Table 3 of the standard, the space temperature lies within the range of 19°C to 25°C for 98% of the plant operation time, 2. Ventilation is provided in accordance with SANS10400-O; and ventilation rates irrespective of actual design requirements.

Irrespective of the actual as intended operating conditions, the model must use the above stipulations. b.) The internal heat gains in the building from occupants are from:

(i) The design population calculated in accordance with Table 4 at an average rate of 75 W sensible heat gain per person; (No latent heat assumptions are made.) (ii) Hot meals in a dining room, restaurant or café, at a rate of 30 W heat gain per person with the number of people calculated in accordance with Table 4; (iii) Appliances and equipment in accordance with Table 5; and (iv) Artificial lighting calculated with the design occupancy times in accordance with Table 3; and c.) Hot water supplies have the consumption rates derived from SANS10252-1 and are designed to maintain the water temperature at 60°C. A great part of the energy usage by appliances ends up as heat load which has to be avoided by the Cooling and Ventilation (HVAC) system (reducing heating requirements and increasing cooling requirements). The above impacts as well as those of Table 6 will generally be taken up in the energy models.

Computer based modelling implications – Operational loads: If the inputs of Table 6 are to be applied, the implication for the modelling of the nil requirements for other occupancy internal loads is that any loads outside of those arising by application of the assumptions in the above tables need not be brought into the demand and energy usage calculations for the design. This is to say that any operational loads are excluded from the model or calculations. This principle is established in Regulation XA1(b), where it is stated as an adjunct to the paragraph that Equipment and Plant required for conducting the business of the occupant shall be excluded from “these requirements.”

Internal Heat Gains As to whether the same ‘Internal Heat Gains’ will be required to be allocated to the small appliances (office equipment and computers etc.) is not stipulated, however in many cases the software will require such inputs, and will include these in the overall building energy demand and usage reported in total energy usage. However, they will not constitute part of the energy demand or annual energy usage of the building for the purposes of the energy budget per Tables 2 & 3.

Compliance route implications The Energy Usage or Demand Performance requirements route will require a suitably qualified and experienced professional (a Competent Person) to perform calculations or a computer modelling (using Agrément SA certified thermal calculation software) of the theoretical electrical energy usage and demand for the proposed building. This calculation must be performed with the assumptions and stipulations provided, to ensure that the figures set out in the Tables (2 & 3) are not surpassed.

This method is usually referred to as the Energy Usage or Demand Performance method.

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Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

CHAPTER 3.5

Building Envelope and services route Building Envelope and Services route to compliance [Prescriptive Route] This method of compliance is expected to be the main compliance route to be followed for residential and smaller buildings.

All buildings, including residential buildings, hospitals and those classes of building which are not built according to a Rational Design by a ‘Competent Person’ and the performance requirements of Tables 2 & 3, need to be designed & built in accordance with paragraph 4.2.1 b).

Paragraph 4.2.1 b) references the requirements for orientation and shading, walls, fenestration & roofs, and floors if in-slab heating is installed, energy consuming services and for hot water. These are provided in prescriptive terms.

Specific provisions are established within SANS10400XA for the walls, fenestration (in part), floors and roofs. The orientation, shading and building services invoke the provisions of SANS204: Energy Efficiency in buildings, and these are hence deemed-to-satisfy.

This method of compliance will require the Architect and / or Engineering Professionals and the Contractors to ensure that the prescriptive requirements of SANS10400XA and relevant parts of SANS204 are met. This method of compliance is referred to as The Prescriptive Route, as it follows the detailed provisions which are “deemed-to-satisfy” the Regulations.

This method of compliance is required to be selected by the Appointed Person at the outset of the project and may be implemented by the Professional Design and Construction Team without the appointment of a Competent Person - Energy.

If following the Prescriptive route and when completing Form 1, the first seven blocks adjacent to the XA Energy Efficiency in Buildings block under the heading "The Building is designed that" is to be completed. The bottom three blocks pertain to the Competent Person role using alternative compliance routes, and these should be ignored for those professionals following the Prescriptive route.

4.2.1 (b) In any building or occupancy classified in terms of Regulation A20 as A1, A2, A3, A4, C1, C2, E1, E2, E3, E4, F1, F2, F3, G1, H1, H2, H3, H4 and H5 • Orientation and shading are in accordance with the requirements of SANS204 • External walls are in accordance with the requirements of 4.4.3 • Fenestration is in accordance with the requirements of 4.4.4 • Roof assembly construction is in accordance with the requirements of 4.4.5 • If in-slab heating is installed, it is in accordance with 4.4.2 • Services that use or control the use of energy, including heating, air conditioning and mechanical ventilation, in accordance with SANS204, and • Hot water systems in accordance with the requirements of 4.1 (services exclude cooking facilities and portable appliances).

4.2.1 (c) For buildings having a class A1, A2, A3, A4, C1, C2, E1, E2, E3, E4, F1, F2, F3, G1, H1, H2, H3,H4 and H5 occupancy or building classification in accordance with regulation A20; a competent person certifies that such building (excluding garage and storage areas) has a theoretical annual energy consumption and demand less than or equal to a reference building that satisfies the provisions of 4.2.1 b).

The detailed prescriptive provisions of SANS10400XA and SANS204 are examined in chapter 4.

Image courtesy of Corobrik.

Image courtesy of Dept of Energy Solar Decathlon.

Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

43

CHAPTER 3.6

REFERENCE BUILDING ROUTE Reference Building Method A reference building is modelled with all of the prescriptive provisions of paragraph 4.2.1 b) included as a ”Reference Building” to ascertain an annual energy usage or demand budget for the project or building under consideration.

The design is thereafter modified for the required features by the Professional Team and the annual energy usage and demand is compared to the reference building.

If the modified design shows an equivalent or improved energy usage over the reference building, it can be said to comply with the Regulations.

The Reference Building route is suggested to be used, if any of the prescriptive requirements cannot be met or that the owner or client’s wishes are not honoured. If a client requirement cannot be met it will simply need to be mitigated against when implemented. The level of mitigation is to be found by energy modelling or calculation of the impact of the non-compliancy, and this energy can be saved elsewhere on the project. This process would be by way of a Rational Design making use of the Reference Building method.

CHAPTER 3

Deemed-to-satisfy requirements as per SANS10400XA Conclusions and Key Learning 1. Three routes to compliance are provided – all of which can be made use of by the Competent Person.

2. The Prescriptive route is available for (simple) structures where a Competent Person - Energy need not be appointed.

3. The Regulations and Standards provide opportunity for the Performance route to compliance in which case the professional person/ team can apply their knowledge, skills and experience, to create designs which are imaginative, innovative and possibly cheaper for their clients than the straightforward application of the Prescriptive provisions.

4. Any prescriptive requirements which cannot be complied with will need to be mitigated against by Rational Design making use of the Reference Building method.

44

Handbook for the application of the amendments to the National Building Regulations for Energy Usage

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