Timber iQ June/July 2015 | Issue: 20

Design & Construction June - July 2015 // Issue: 20 // Price: R40,00 incl.

ISSN 2305-9648

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CONTENTS

CONTENTS 16

30

40

52

72

8

ED'S NOTE

10

CONTRIBUTORS

12

TIMBER FRAME BUILDING - LOGO HOMES

16

COVER STORY - A STROKE OF GENIUS

22

DECK FASTENERS - AT A GOOD CLIP

30

DECKING - DECKTIONARY

32

WOODWORKING MACHINERY - AUSTRO

34

SOFTWARE - MITEK®

40

CASE STUDY - AU PAIN DORÉ

47

EVENTS - A RENEWED LEGACY

48

TIMBER PRESERVATION - SAWPA

52

WOOD PROFILE - THE MIGHTY MERBAU

56

MOISTURE CONTENT - MOISTURE METER

58

INDUSTRY INSIGHT - MERBAU

60

TIMBER CONSERVATION - WORKING FOR WOOD

70

TIMBER CONSERVATION - IN THE GENES

72

SOURCING MATERIALS - WHAT'S IN A LABEL?

74

COMPANY PROFILE - SOLID STUFF

76

INDUSTRY INSIGHT - BURNT TREES

78

WINDOWS & DOORS - SUBFRAMES

81

DOORS - SALIGNA DOORS

82

EDUCATION & TRAINING - QS RANKINGS

84

EVENTS - OPEN HOUSE AT AUSTRO

86

EVENTS - LIGNA 2015

89

TOOLS & EQUIPMENT - MAKITA CAULKING GUN

90

INTERVIEW - TIMBER LIVING - HOUSE PINOTAGE

92

EVENTS - WOODEX FOR AFRICA BACK IN 2016

94

TIMBER TREATMENT - TAN-TREAT TM

96

FIXTURES & FITTINGS - HANDLES INC // JUNE / JULY 2015

7

ED'S NOTE

To conserve and preserve Working on Timber iQ from my seat is like weaving a tapestry, with threads that sometimes run linear, some that double back on themselves, and some that make knots and tangles so that when the viewer stands back for perspective, there to be enjoyed is a complex, colourful and rich tapestry that speaks volumes - 20 to be exact.

A

look back on the last 19 issues of Timber iQ is a true showcase of development, of evolving and of a team of real people working tirelessly to better their ‘paper baby’ with every issue they produce. Timber iQ has developed into a publication that, more and more, addresses complex issues that affect the local timber market and the people who make a living from it. It is a publication that is not afraid to tackle subjects in the realm of taboo and, after more than three years, it still unashamedly delights in and celebrates the sheer beauty that timber lends to design and construction – especially in South Africa.

be enough or in time. But where there are people willing to change the status quo for the sake of preserving the environment, there is hope for the future.

Timber iQ’s narrative is an ongoing one, and as I write my last editor’s note today, it is with pride that I bring my weaving wheel to a gentle stop and hand the threads over to another set of capable hands. The journey has been a joyful, learning one and as a timber convert with wood fibres now firmly, lovingly attached to the very fibres that make me a person, my journey will continue with it.

Welcome to the 20 th issue of Timber iQ.

Our more recent Working with Wood series, which came about as a response to reader requests for in-depth profiles on a variety of timber species, is an interesting one that continues to garner industry feedback.

In this issue, we spotlight Merbau, a project that opened a proverbial can of worms. Initial findings on Merbau throughout our research process highlighted the timber’s superb characteristics for a host of applications, but something else about the timber seemed troubling. As wonderful as Merbau is for joinery and flooring, these majestic giants are under severe threat from illegal logging hastened by an oftentimes unaware consumer who is willing to pay top dollar for the exotic.

The most effective way to stop illegal logging and forestry practices is through education and for the end user, the king of the supply chain, to demand product that comes from sustainable, responsibly managed forests – and insist on viewing the accompanying documentation.

Changing legislation to protect Merbau and other species under threat is a slow and tedious process, and while people on the ground honourably give of their lives to preserve and conserve these forests, this simply may not

GET IN TOUCH 8

JUNE / JULY 2015 //

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Enjoy the read.

Jen

UPCOMING EVENTS CAPE INDUSTRIAL SHOW 1-3 JULY 2015, CTICC, CAPE TOWN View www.industrialexpo.co.za for more info

ITC ANNUAL ENGINEERED TIMBER PRODUCTS AWARDS 23 JULY 2015 - D'ARIA WINE ESTATE, DURBANVILLE Email jenni@itc-sa.org for more info

CAPE CONSTRUCTION EXPO 12-13 AUGUST 2015, CTICC, CAPE TOWN View www.cape-construction.co.za for more info

WORKING WITH WOOD FESTIVAL 9-11 OCTOBER, KNYSNA View www.workingwithwood.co.za for more info

WOODEX FOR AFRICA 9-11 JUNE 2016, JOHANNESBURG View www.woodexforafrica.com for more info

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CONTRIBUTORS

CONTRIBUTORS KIM CARSTENSEN Kim Carstensen is the Director General of the Forest Stewardship Council, a position he has held since October 2012. Carstensen has a proven track record as a global leader within the environment and development sectors. Prior to joining FSC, he managed FairGreenSolutions, an environmental strategy and sustainable development consultancy that, among other things, helped link the concepts of ‘Green Economy’ and sustainable development for clients in the Global South. His strategic approach to environment and development issues comes from a long history of global leadership at WWF, most recently as the leader of WWF International’s Global Climate Initiative.

Here, he led the organization’s development of nationally relevant climate change programmes in the world’s key economies, and WWF's push for global climate action across governments and businesses. Prior to this, Carstensen was the CEO of WWF Denmark, where he worked on issues related to global environment and development policy, and to environment and development projects in the Global South. His broad development experience also comes from his prior role as Deputy Chairman of the Board of Danida (Denmark’s Official Development Assistance Agency), where he participated in broad discussions of development issues in all sectors, and from his academic training as a sociologist.

STEPHANIE DYER Stephanie Dyer’s love for, and interest in wood, led to a career in wood science, working at the South African Forestry Research Institute and the CSIR, where she was involved in research on wood properties of indigenous and introduced species. She also provided a wood identification service at these institutes and, since relocating to Hilton, KwaZulu-Natal in 1998, she has continued with the service. Stephanie lectured part-time at Pretoria Technikon for the National diploma in Timber Technology and, more recently, on Forest Products and Processing at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg. Stephanie holds an MSc in Plant Anatomy and is a Professional Natural Scientist.

STEPHAN JOOSTE Soon after commencing tertiary studies in the field of computer science and technology, Stephan Jooste realised that was not the right path for him. Following his passion for timber design, he turned towards the more hands-on timber industry, assisting his father in the daily operations of a company focused on structural timber, timber treatments and applications like decking. With considerable experience under his belt, he founded EasyClip™, supplier of the innovative hidden deck fastening clip system that bears the same name. Over the years, Jooste became familiar with the drawbacks of traditional decking fasteners and was able to improve on and then create a totally new solution. Today, EasyClip is the largest supplier of hidden deck clips to the contractor, followed only by its reputation for quality and integrity. With more than 15 years in the timber industry, Jooste also oversees Acropolis Exhibitions, organizer of WoodEX for Africa, which is gearing up for its fourth showing in March 2016.

PAUL LAURENZI Paul Laurenzi is the Vice-President of Sales and Marketing for Delmhorst Instrument Co. He spent his summers during high school and college at Delmhorst, then owned by his father. During that time, he worked at virtually every level of the business, from manufacturing and shipping to sales and customer service.

As a company principle, his main focus is Sales and Marketing. He continues to educate himself on the importance of properly using a moisture meter by attending trade shows, working directly with end users, and participating in industry-related courses and seminars that deal with all aspects of moisture-related problems.

KLÁRA POPOVOVÁ Following a long family tradition in the timber industry in the Czech Republic and Middle Europe, Klára is involved in a family-owned timber merchant company, works as a marketing specialist for HWZ International SA and also supports the organizational team of the Wood Conference in Cape Town.

Using her working experience in the educational sphere and intercultural projects, Klára is co-ordinating the Hout Bay House research project, focusing on the energyefficiency of timber buildings and how they are well suited for South African climatic conditions.

She is very proud to have a wonderful team of Czech and South African PhD students assisting with this project.

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THE TEAM EDITOR: Jennifer Rees editor@trademax.co.za

PUBLISHER: Billy Perrin billy@trademax.co.za

ADVERTISING: Angeline Martin angie@trademax.co.za

LAYOUT & DESIGN: Craig Patterson craig@trademax.co.za

SUBSCRIPTIONS: Belinda Thwesha belinda@trademax.co.za

TRADEMAX PUBLICATIONS Tel: 0861 727 663 Cell: 082 266 6976 Fax: 0866 991 346 www.trademax.co.za Postnet Suite 241 Private Bag X103 N1 City 7463

DISCLAIMER The views expressed herein are not necessarily those of Trademax Publications. Although we have done our best to ensure the accuracy of our content, neither Trademax Publications nor Timber iQ magazine will be held liable for any views expressed or information disseminated, in editorial content or advertisements, in this issue.

We design & manufacture roof trusses At our Builders truss division we offer the following services: Free roof truss quotations Professional advice and friendly service Supplier of all roof coverings at competitive prices Member of the ITC (Institute for Timber Construction) ITC certificate offered with all quotes (Roof inspection A19 certificate)

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TIMBER FRAME BUILDING

Timber homes off the top shelf One does not have to drive far up the Western Cape coastline to spot a timber frame home designed and built by Logo Homes. The iconic finishes and distinctive details on each of the homes they have created have become trademark features.

L

ogo Homes has been awarded no fewer than 42 Gold and 30 Silver awards since the Institute of Timber Construction (ITC) which was previously known as the Institute of Timber Frame Builders, began honouring the work of its members 15 years ago.

Logo Homes has been creating beautiful timber frame homes for over 23 years. Architectural designer, Alan Paine, creates spaces that are both aesthetically pleasing, as well as practical, to allow for an intelligent flow for living comfortably.

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The homes are built by Alan’s son and business partner, Ben, who is a qualified engineer and heads up a skilled team of artisans specialised in each aspect of the building process.

Logo Homes has not only perfected tried-and-tested timber frame building techniques and methods over the years, but has also introduced many innovative new ways of making the art of timber frame building more efficient and modern.

TIMBER FRAME BUILDING

More and more, Logo Homes is experiencing the call for suburban residential homes in timber.

Over the years, clients typically went for timber frame homes as their second dwellings or holiday homes. This is because timber frame building suits beachfront construction perfectly due to the fact that homes can be built on stilts or slopes relatively easily. Timber frame has also often been the medium used for upward extensions due to its lightweight characteristics. However, more and more, Logo Homes is experiencing the call for suburban residential homes in timber. The home, featured here, is in Somerset West in the Western Cape.

At 600m2, this is one of the largest houses Logo Homes has undertaken. It features five bedrooms, three-and-a-half bathrooms, a beautiful TV come eat-in kitchen area as well as a more formal dining area and lounge.

One of the most appealing and certainly distinctive features of this home is that it is designed around a central courtyard area which boasts a water feature, garden and seating area.

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TIMBER FRAME BUILDING

The owners chose stucco screed flooring throughout the main areas, carpets in the bedrooms and suspended stained bamboo in the formal areas.

Features such as brackets, finials, a specially designed cupola in the entrance hall, folding stacking doors as well as shutters, complete the beautiful aesthetic of this home.

Internally, timber reveals with moulded architraves, exposed trusses and ridge beam and rafters are some of the features that add much character and interest throughout.

“It’s an exciting time for timber frame building,” says Ben Paine. “Green living, new energy efficiency regulations, eco-innovations, the plethora of finishes available and of course the evolving needs of clients all keep us on our toes, constantly striving to do more – to do better,” he concludes.

The bathrooms feature beautiful Nutec panelling with dado rails.

For more information, visit www.logohomes.co.za.

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At Logo Homes, we are able to offer you a highly specialised and unique timber frame building service that incorporates both the design and the building of your perfect home.

The Institute of Timber Frame Builders (formerly known as the Timber Frame Builders Association) has awarded Logo Homes with Gold and Silver awards every year for the past 15 years for both the design and construction of our homes.

So, whether you aspire to a light and airy grand Cape Cod style home in the middle of suburbia, a cosy seaside cottage, a Victorian double-storey house or even a log home in the middle of a forest, our 22-year history and over 350 finished homes will ensure that your building experience is both a rewarding and exciting one.

CONTACT: Tel: +27 21 845 4606

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Email: logo@icon.co.za

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Web: www.logohomes.co.za

COVER STORY

A stroke of genius SA timber supplier stalwart evolves to serve client needs

I

an Fuller Agencies, timber and hardwood supplier to the South African market for over three decades, finds new ways every day to better serve its clients. An overarching business model it has adopted in service of this endeavour is to adapt and evolve the stock it carries according to client needs.

“This means that we carry exactly what our clients want, and because we have the capacity to import in large quantities, we are able to translate that into good pricing and ready availability of top quality timbers,” says Neil Robertson, Ian Fuller Agencies CEO.

ON TREND Weighing in on trends and popularity of the various timbers, Robertson notes that while some timbers are more popular than others, South Africa’s demand for timber is a unique one. “Lighter timbers, like White Oak, Ash and Maple are in high demand due to a global trend towards lighter, airier commercial settings, like offices and retail spaces. Most often, modern corporate settings will employ these lighter colours to visually illustrate business philosophies of openness and transparency. The lighter colours also literally make any space look bigger. Lighter, ‘cleaner’ shop fronts are also visually appealing to modern customers for whom these elements are inviting, and underpin cleanliness, efficiency and professionalism. Furthermore, for residential settings, there is a significant demand for lighter timbers for the ever-popular coastal or ‘beachy’ look and feel.”

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COVER STORY

“That said, the darker timbers, like Teak, Rosewood, Kiaat and Walnut are by no means unpopular and find their niche in settings like hotels and upcountry where the South African bushveld calls for darker, richer timbers in construction and décor to complement its deep, natural, earthy hues. Many South Africans feel at home with darker timbers, which are warm and inviting – and carry deep traditional significance for many,” he adds.

South Africa represents a very interesting and complex melting pot for timber demand. In Cape Town, which closely follows European trends, the demand is also for lighter timbers and whitewashed wood. The flooring style of choice here is towards wider planks of lengths as long as possible. However, upcountry, the preference for flooring is for narrower planks and of lengths according to price.

Ian Fuller Agencies supplies timber and timber products for just about any application including furniture, shopfitting, kitchens, bathrooms, flooring, ceilings, skirting, architraves and doors, to name a few.

GROWTH & SUPPORT “There is talent everywhere,” says Robertson. “We believe in growing our people – with the right opportunities – from within. And as much as we believe in growing and nurturing our staff, we are just as passionate about helping our clients grow their businesses.”

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COVER STORY

Ian Fuller Agencies has a tailor-made approach to serving its customers. “We supply hardwoods, softwoods and various boards – all under one roof.

We’re the only company doing that,” says Robertson.

Says Craig Poulton, Cape Town Branch Manager, “We’re here to help our clients grow, and that has helped us to grow. We often bring in new products because our clients have asked for them. For us, the key to success is nurturing our own growth alongside our clients as we help them to grow their businesses.

That’s why we listen.”

LOGICAL LOGISTICS Ian Fuller Agencies is in the business of sourcing the best quality hardwoods and boards from around the world and making it easier for their clients to access their timbers of choice – when and where they want to. “We employ strict regulatory measures to ensure the supply of a world class product, and because we source a diverse and large supply of timbers and boards, we are able to make our clients’ money go further, and offer much more for less,” says Robertson.

RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS Timber is an inherently eco-friendly, renewable resource that has a vast range of uses in both commercial and domestic applications. It is the mandate of Ian Fuller Agencies to source its timber from reputable suppliers who source their products from sustainable and responsibly managed forests.

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COVER STORY

The warehouses are situated in Johannesburg, Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Polokwane and another is now opening in Mbombela. Timber can be distributed to most parts of Southern Africa from these warehouses.

Ian Fuller Agencies is a subsidiary of Nkuni Holdings alongside its sister company, Lumber Marketing, the largest independent pine supplier in the country.

Opening soon near you!

FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT:

ABOUT IAN FULLER AGENCIES Ian Fuller Agencies has been in business for over 30 years, and is one of South Africa’s leading stockists and suppliers of quality hardwood and board from all around the world.

Offering the finest Meranti from the Far East, with a longstanding partnership with Baillie Lumber from the USA, Ian Fuller Agencies offers exotic hardwoods such as Oak, Maple, Cherry, Ash, Walnut, Beech and Mahogany.

A full range of board products such as MDF Board, Chipboard, OSB, Plywood and Marine ply is also available.

The company carries a large range of decking species.

These products are mainly imported from South America and Malaysia. They buy from and support the local South African market as well. Ian Fuller Agencies carries significant stock of most products in all six of its warehouses, and can offer prompt and quality service to customers.

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Johannesburg (Head Office): (t) +27 11 610 1700 (e) enquiryclint@ifatimber.co.za Durban: (t) +27 31 569 3845 Cape Town: (t) +27 21 534 6135 (e) Craigp@ifatimber.co.za Port Elizabeth: (t) +27 41 484 1131 Polokwane: (t) +27 15 297 7059 Mbombela: (t) +27 13 758 1049 (w) www.ifatimber.co.za

DECK FASTENERS

Photograph: Courtesy of PTC Construction

At a good clip You've just commissioned a fine-looking yet functional deck. No doubt this is going to be a considerable financial investment. And no doubt you know exactly what fastening system is going to support it, right?

If you're not entirely sure, read on. Timber iQ learns from Stephan Jooste, owner of EasyClipTM, just how important a role fasteners can play when it comes to both the quality and aesthetics of a deck.

Article compiled by: Staff writer Celéste Perrin With input and content oversight from: Stephan Jooste, owner of EasyClip™ and director of Acropolis Exhibitions, organizers of WoodEX for Africa

W

e’re all familiar with the saying “Behind every great man is a great woman.” It would not be incorrect to apply this phrase to the fastening system that supports a deck installation – both the substructure and the surface boards. There are several fastening solutions available out there, but no matter

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which one you decide on, it must give you complete peace of mind that your deck is securely held together, stable and safe, and looking its absolute best. To try and correct improper fasteners after the deck is installed is impractical, difficult, and can put the durability and longevity of your deck at risk.

DECK FASTENERS

NOT ALL FIXINGS ARE EQUAL At this time in South Africa there isn’t an official decking body or institute to set compliance standards for the industry. A basic Internet search yields hundreds of websites, blogs and video clips and a myriad of decking tips and tools, fastener products and ‘how to’ instructions.

Be wary, because not all the sources are reliable and the information may not be applicable to South African conditions or circumstances. There may very well be more than one answer to your specific decking needs, and this article is not intended to be all-encompassing or to provide all the answers. Timber iQ recommends that questions on best practices for safe, quality timber deck installations be directed to the ITC-SA (the Institute for Timber Construction SA), which integrated the ITFB (Institute of Timber Frame Builders) last year. And consult a reliable professional in the decking industry who can provide references, testimonials, advice and guidance based on his or her proven experience of what works and does not work for a particular deck application.

Jooste, who has been involved in the decking industry for more than 10 years, points to some of the more obvious dos and don’ts when it comes to the basics of fasteners.

First, don’t just reach for the first available chipboard screw in the toolbox – they may be intended for interior use. Choose fastening supplies specifically made for exterior use and suitable for the environment your deck is going to be exposed to. “It is recommended that galvanized, zinc-plated or stainless steel screws be used, since those offer the highest weather resistance and help to prevent corrosion. For coastal areas and if the timber has acid content, the correct grade stainless steel is a must.

For inland regions, coated mild steel products like galvanized ranges are usually suitable.” And when it comes to the right screw size, one size won’t fit all. While some generally accepted standards are prevalent in the industry, for example, the guideline that the screw length be 2.5 times the thickness of the decking board, Jooste explains that the exact size of the deck and the specific boards are the ultimate determining factors. He further cautions that the correct manufacturer’s specification must be used.

But of particular significance to most deck owners is the ultimate look and feel of their deck. You want your deck surface to be impressive – smooth and barefoot-friendly, maybe even glossy, but definitely crack- and splinter free.

Frankly, you want your deck to look beautiful. To achieve this goal, you have to decide on the use of traditional screws, or the application of the more modern, so-called ‘hidden’ deck fasteners or clips. What is the difference?

The main difference is that screws are fastened into the deck boards from the top and can therefore be seen, whereas hidden fasteners are applied from the side and therefore invisible. It’s a question of aesthetics, which of course is in the eye of the beholder.

LET THE DECK DECIDE But don’t be fooled into thinking that the choice between screws and hidden clips is a totally obvious one based on the visibility factor alone, Jooste cautions. “First and foremost, it is very important to familiarise yourself with the different brands of hidden deck fasteners available today,” he says. “There are probably well over 50 different makes on offer. You have to know the exact specifications laid out by the manufacturer to see if the brand is suited to your project, because it is crucial that you apply those specifications exactly.” Does that mean the traditional screw still has a place in today’s decking world?

“Absolutely,” Jooste confirms, “There are circumstances under which it is still best to screw the boards into place.

Now, when the deck is composed of oven-dried hardwood, a hidden deck fastening system will be preferable. You could use pre-grooved planks to simply slide the clips in and screw them tight, or you could use a biscuit cutter to cut your own measured grooves (takes more effort but worth the end result). Either way, you won’t see any screws and that is an undeniable plus. But, in the case of treated pine, I would recommend the decking boards be very wellaligned and two traditional screws be used to each joint, rather than a hidden clip. The reason for this is because the pine will be subject to more movement than the hardwood.”

TO SEE OR NOT TO SEE As regards safety, quality and durability, the deck substructure fasteners are as critical as the fasteners used to hold the upper deck boards together.

Timber iQ also asked Reitze Hylkema, managing director for Kare Industrial Suppliers, to comment on the choice of decking screws, taking the corrosion aspect into account. He explains, “Because the fasteners are usually exposed, normal electroplated screws such as chipboard or wood screws would not do very well, as the standard zinc plating thickness is usually only 3-5 micron.

If the screws are coated with a better coating (galvanizing or mechanical plating) then they can definitely be used in inland areas. For coastal areas, especially close to the beach, I would recommend A2 (304 Stainless steel) screws. A4 screws are very scarce, very expensive, and usually not available as a standard product.”

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DECK FASTENERS

Photograph by Mark Engelbrecht

THE NATURE OF WOOD To get a better understanding of the proper application and benefits of using either screws or hidden clips, one has to acknowledge that a timber deck exposed to the elements will move, meaning contract or expand, depending on the weather conditions. (Cold = shrinkage/ contraction; Heat = swelling/expansion.) While an embedded screw remains steady and in place, it is the actual wooden deck that will undergo movement.

Significant temperature fluctuations do cause the timber to strain, especially in regions that can experience four seasons in one day, Jooste explains. Picture a timber deck in Gauteng starting off the day at a cool 15°C, then enduring a prolonged mid-morning rain shower – often accompanied by a fierce hail storm – followed by a clear and sunny afternoon at a blistering 32°C. Such climatic extremes are often unpredictable, but inherent to many regions in South Africa. It is therefore almost inevitable that screws eventually become exposed (pushed up) due to the continuous movement of the timber. When that happens, the chance of water getting into the small space that has formed around the screw is increased. And when water finds its way into that space and remains there, hairline cracks can eventually form in the deck.

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Something else to consider, because it factors in along with the inevitable shrinkage and expansion a deck undergoes, is the moisture content of the timber at the time the deck installation is done. Some woods, like Balau, are harder than others to oven dry. So, when it’s time to build the deck but it’s not certain that the wood has reached optimal dryness, it will be ideal to acclimatise the decking material on site before you start the fastening process. The reason, as Jooste explains, is that the wood will be in a more expanded state if it still has a high moisture content. Say you then proceed to complete the fastening – all the boards will be spaced based on the state of the timber at that time. But a few days in the sun can change that, as the deck boards lose moisture and contract.

Your initial spacing will no longer be perfect, the gaps between the boards will be bigger than when you started, and the deck will inevitably begin moving. To combat this, Jooste recommends that you expose the timber to local weather conditions for at least a week, depending on your area’s specific climate and the moisture content of the wood.

DECK FASTENERS

A good suggestion is to start the framework, but leave the decking material outdoors – under cover – to allow time for the timber to react and adjust to local conditions. This should be done whenever possible, but becomes particularly important in coastal regions or if there is any doubt about the stability of the wood.

Jooste gives another instance where screws are most likely the best option: Where the deck planks are very broad, in the region of 120mm or more, and there is a higher risk for cupping to occur. Cupping is a term that describes the downwards bowing of a deck plank in its middle region.

Cupping commonly happens on broad plank surfaces when there is no screw present to secure it from the top down (as mentioned, hidden clips are applied from the side).

Cupping can be a particular concern when the deck is elevated directly off the ground. Morning after morning, the deck sits over the moist or wet ground underneath while the sun bakes it from the top. The proper use of screws to secure broad planks can mitigate this.

TIPS OF THE TRADE The traditional, long-standing method used on timber decking is a screw-based fastening system. To be fair, while you may hear about or even have seen them yourself, it is entirely possible to take steps to prevent ‘unsightly’ screws from protruding from deck surfaces. But care must be taken to ensure correct installation by a skilful fitter. A screw that went in skew will result in the screw head protruding out – not only an eye sore, but dangerous. And an ill-placed screw can damage the wood, leaving room for water to pool, potentially resulting in the deck board cracking along its grain. If water penetrates the wood and keeps it moist, rot is likely to set in and weaken the wood.

That, in turn, will lead to loose deck boards, and if the problem is not caught timely and properly taken care of, the deck will deteriorate steadily and may become unsafe and therefore unusable.

A FEW QUICK TIPS: • It is strongly recommended to use appropriate screws and not nails when fastening a deck.

• One uncomplicated way of aligning all the screws is to follow a simple string put in place.

• When securing the boards into place, you should move from one side of the deck to the other, bearer by bearer.

• Deck boards should be placed with growth rings in a concave position.

• When you are joining two planks with screws, a double bearer must be used. Take note of where the screw impacts the plank; if too close to the edge of the plank, cracks can form. The best placement is as close as possible to the centre of each bearer.

• Make sure you use the appropriate size drill bit for the screw head. Or, consider an impact driver.

• Pre-drilling a ‘pilot hole’ or preparatory hole before sinking a screw is strongly recommended to help prevent splitting or cracking – especially on hardwoods with a high density. Pilot holes make the screw’s journey through the timber a little easier and ensure that your screw won’t break off. If your pilot hole has a diameter marginally smaller than the screw itself, the thread of the screw will bite into the surrounding timber for a well-secured fixing. But take care not to drill too small a hole, which will be problematic: When you insert a screw into timber, it stays in its place – nothing actually comes out. If the pilot hole is too small when you drive the screw in, because of the impact on the timber, hairline cracks could form in solid wood and MDF (more so in hardwoods than softwoods). Those could eventually widen and cause the joint to fail.

PULLING THE PLUG

Jooste confirms that screws must be countersunk so that the heads lie flat with the surface and don’t protrude, becoming unsafe for anyone walking barefoot on the deck.

It is just as important that the screws not be embedded too deeply, because that again creates an area, albeit small, for water to pool.

‘Plugging’ is an alternative to screws, and is done for aesthetic reasons – to camouflage, hide or minimize the appearance of screws on the deck. In this case, and as an opposite to countersinking, you would intentionally fasten the screws deeper so that the screw heads are below the surface of the wood. The resulting holes are then plugged.

But the reality is that, even if all care and precautions are taken, timber is a living thing that will swell and shrink.

And again, although screws remain in place, they do sometimes get pushed up above the deck surface.

Similarly, they can be lowered slightly beneath the surface because of the movement of the deck boards. To prevent this, the screw holes have to be plugged. Plugging is when the space between the lowered screw head and the deck surface gets filled with a wooden plug. There are several different methods to plugging, and you should verify the best method for your deck and timber type.

It is possible to buy pre-cut timber plugs or buttons to fit into the holes, but of course you run the high risk of not being able to match the timber on your deck. The traditional plugging method works the best, but can definitely be a time- and labour intensive undertaking.

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DECK FASTENERS

Photograph: Courtesy of PTC Construction

What it entails is using a plug cutter tool to literally cut plugs from the same timber (but a spare piece) that the deck is made of. You would then apply a proven wood glue and tap the plug into the screw hole. Once dried, you may need to do some trimming and/or sanding to make sure you have a smooth surface. The results can be very effective and are considered by many people as more attractive than visible screws. But, because timber is a living resource with varying characteristics, the plugs may still not match the deck boards one hundred percent. There is also a good chance that, as time goes by, the plugs will pop out. In that case, you would again glue and tap replacement plugs into the holes. Remember to ensure that proper treatment is applied to prevent water access and resulting damage.

SIDE SECRET The most appealing attribute of hidden fastening clips lies in the name – when correctly applied, they are completely hidden from view because installation occurs from the side of the boards and not the top as is the case when screws are sunk into the boards. You are left with a fastener-free deck surface. There are no screws that can be impacted by moving deck boards, so there is no risk of cracks caused by water ingress around screw holes. The clips remain in place at all times and can do their job handling downward force.

Installation is very quick because, firstly, you need fewer clips than screws – only one clip to join two planks.

Typically, you would probably use about half the number of clips than you would traditional screws. Moreover, you don’t need time for pre-drilling, countersinking or plugging. Maintenance of the deck is also low. When you sand a deck with screws, there is a chance that the belt of the apparatus can get damaged by protruding screw heads.

It can also happen that the belts, over time, inadvertently remove galvanized screw coatings.

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AND THE COMPOSITES? It is interesting to note that hidden fastening systems are, although not to the total exclusion of traditional screws, a widely-preferred option for composite decks. Over time, installers have seen that screws sunk into composite deck boards can result in an ugly ‘mushroom’ or wave effect.

Depending on the nature of the composite decking material, a composite deck might also react to weather conditions like a timber deck might. But, where timber deck boards will shrink along their width, any movement on composite deck boards will be length-wise. Again, Jooste points out that each composite decking company will have its own set of specifications and installation instructions, and that it is important to check and follow all manufacturers’ guidelines.

TIGHTEN THE SCREWS Because a deck is such a significant investment, it is prudent to do your homework, ask questions, and ensure you choose the correct fastening system for your unique deck. Don’t hesitate to get a second professional opinion.

Whether screw-based or hidden clips, or even a combination, your fastening system should guarantee many, many years of functionality and enjoyment from your deck.

Stephan Jooste has a wealth of experience in the decking industry and supplies EasyClip™ to professional deck installers. He can be reached on 071 364 6335 or via e-mail at info@easyclip.co.za.

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DECK FASTENERS

Photograph: Courtesy of EasyClip™

The following extract is from the Timber Decking and Cladding Association in the UK (TDCA) website. It refers to the principal specification standard for a deck to achieve a 15 year service life (considered a minimum standard for quality installations), namely BS 6105: 1981 ‘Specification for corrosion resistant stainless steel fasteners,’ as related to metal fixings:

METAL FIXINGS “All metal fixings shall be made from corrosion resistant materials such as stainless steel, hot dipped galvanized or other specialist coating. Before use, verify with the manufacturer that the fixings you have chosen are suitable for use with treated timber.

REFERENCES: Timber Decking and Cladding Association (UK) [TDCA] www.tda.org.uk/t/timber-decking-guide/specification Accessed 11 May 2015 EasyClip™ www.easyclip.co.za Accessed 30 April 2015 SAWPA - ALL DECKED OUT IN WOOD www.sawpa.co.za/ diyprojects.php#deck Accessed 30 April 2015

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Aluminium fasteners should not be used with treated wood. Prevent galvanic corrosion by using the same type of metal for both fixings and connectors.

Screws should be at least 2½ times the thickness of the board being fixed. Ideally choose screws that are self-countersinking. Pre-drilling pilot holes will help prevent splitting. Always drill pilot holes 2mm oversize when fixing hardwoods. At all joist crossing points secure boards with two fixings positioned at the outer ¼ points of the deckboard i.e. 25% in from either edge. On grooved boards fixings should always be at the bottom of grooves. Take care using highpressure nail guns as they can damage timber.”

Countersinking and Pilot Holes - How to Countersink Screw Heads and Drill a Pilot Hole in Wood and Metal www. diydoctor.org.uk/projects/Countersinking.htm Accessed 11 May 2015 How to Make and Install Custom Wood Plugs www. woodworkersjournal.com/how-to-make-and-installcustom-wood-plugs/ Accessed 13 May 2015

DECKING

Decktionary Some interesting deck construction terms as found on the North American Deck and Railing Association and the DIY Network websites: • Baluster: One of a series of vertical supports used between posts of a railing. Also called a spindle.

• Beams: The horizontal boards that are attached to the post to help carry the weight.

• Box sill: In a building frame it is composed of a plate resting on the basement wall and a joist or header at the outer edge of the plate, as well as a soleplate for the studs resting either directly on the joists or on the rough flooring.

• Cantilever: A construction method that involves extending the joists beyond the support beam or the support beam beyond the posts.

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• Cap rail: The top horizontal piece of a railing, usually placed to give it a finished appearance.

• Concentrated load: The application of a relatively large force on a relatively small area.

• Dead load: The weight of the structure itself, which includes the plank system, support structure and any railings, built-in benches and other permanent features.

• Expansion and contraction: Boards expand when they heat up and contract when they cool down. Must be accounted for when spacing deck boards.

DECKING

Photograph: Courtesy of PTC Construction

• Fascia: The boards used to cover rim joists and end joists.

Also called ‘skirt.’

• Fasteners: Generic term for nails, bolts, screws and other connecting devices.

• Furring boards: Long thin strips of wood used to make existing surfaces support the finished surface, in this case the deck.

• Footing: The below-ground support of a deck's post, usually made from concrete.

• Joist hanger: A pre-manufactured metal piece typically attached to a ledger or beam to support a joist. Joist hangers should be galvanized.

• Joists (a): Horizontal framing members that support decking; a system of sub-deck structural elements located directly beneath the deck boards, commonly using 2x6 or 2x8 lumber.

• Joists (b): Typically 2x8 boards that are installed perpendicular and between beams to help distribute weight and hold up the decking boards. Joists are usually installed 16 or 24 inches apart.

• Ledger: A length of board, that is horizontally attached to the side of a house and holds up one edge of a deck.

• Live load: The amount of weight a deck is designed to support. Most deck designs call for a live load of 60 pounds per square foot.

• On centre: A method of measuring distance between two structural members, such as joists, where you measure from the centre of one member to the centre of the other. The distance between the centre of each joist, commonly 16" or 24". Joists spaced 16" on centre are actually 14 ½" apart.

• Post: The vertical structural element that rests on the footing and supports the beam.

• Post anchor: A metal piece attached to or imbedded in the footing that attaches the post to the footing and keeps the post from being exposed to moisture in the ground.

• Post cap: A small piece of material (often wood) attached to the top of the post to cover the post's wood grain and protect the post from the weather.

Can be made of many materials including metal, injection-molded plastics, even decorative glass tops for round and square posts.

• Rise: The vertical distance from one stair tread to another.

• Run: The depth of the step.

• Span: The distance between supports.

• Stringers: The boards that support stairs.

• Structural integrity: A structure's uncompromised ability to safely resist the required loads.

• Sub-structure: The deck construction that is located below, and supports the deck boards and railing system.

Components include joists and hangers, ledgers, rim joists, beams, posts, anchors and footers.

• Treads: The top boards on a stair.

REFERENCES North American Deck and Railing Association, Deck-speak; A Glossary of Deck Construction Terms www.nadra. org/consumers/decks_glossary.html Accessed 12 May 2015 DIY Network; Know Your Deck Terminology www.diynetwork.com/howto/outdoors/patios-and-decks/knowyour-deck-terminology Accessed 12 May 2015

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31

WOODWORKING MACHINERY

Biesse strengthens its position with Austro Since the turn of the millennium, Austro has proudly represented the Biesse brand in Southern Africa and in order to enhance this strategic partnership, Austro will now introduce the full range of Biesse's world-leading intelligent edgebanding technology to the local South African market.

Biesse Akron 1300

A

ustro’s Chief operations officer, Trevor Williams says the company’s aim is to offer its customers the best all-round edgebanding technology and support service available. He adds, “With this comprehensive range of products and our years of dedicated experience we can better assist customers in choosing the correct machine for their production and quality requirements.”

“Besides supplying quality edgebanding machines, the Biesse Group has always considered quality one of its priorities. In the early ‘90s, the company built a Quality Management System (QMS) based on the highest international standards and in 1996 the company was awarded the ISO 9001 certification,” says Williams.

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Further, “The Biesse Group works to provide quality products and services that meet and exceed the needs and expectations of its customers. Key to this process is the R&D function; during product development, each model and component is subjected to rigorous reliability testing by simulating the hardest working conditions a product could expect to face. Consequently, Biesse has structured a quality gates system to ensure that products are in line with the technical and product specifications to maintain its level of customer satisfaction, which is regarded as a fundamental value of Biesse.”

WOODWORKING MACHINERY

Biesse Akron 1440

INTRODUCING BIESSE EDGEBANDERS To meet the edgebanding requirements of small and medium businesses, Biesse now has available products like Akron and the Roxyl ranges while, for higher production volumes and for fully automated lines, Biesse offers singleand double-sided edgebanding machines and squaringedgebanding machines from the Stream range. For those who need to perform various types of machining, the Rover Edge NC edgebanding machining centres range allows for machining of shaped and edged panels.

Biesse India, a part of Biesse S.p.A Italy, is now producing the affordable Jade range of edgebanders out of its facility in Bangalore, which was established in 2008. Production has been set up to serve India, Africa, North America and the Asia Pacific region with this range of products. These designs are an outcome of a joint collaboration between Biesse S.p.A Italy and Biesse India, using dedicated service teams and manufacturing technology from the parent company and the very best human resources available in India. This introduction now completes the range of products offered by Biesse from high-end production to entry-level manufacturing.

“We are very pleased to be representing this range of edgebanding equipment and are confident that the local market will embrace this world leading technology,” concludes Williams.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT: JOHANNESBURG: Leon Fourie (t) 011 222 8300 (c) 082 926 7465 (e) leon.fourie@austro.co.za

CAPE TOWN: Francois Els (t) 021 905 0430 (c) 082 891 8965 (e) francois.els@austro.co.za

DURBAN: Brian Downs (t) 031 700 1820 (e) brian.downs@austro.co.za (w) www.austro.co.za

KEY ATTRIBUTES OF THE RANGE INCLUDE: • The highest international quality standards • The highest quality finishing and bond strength • Wide range of sizes, operating units and technologies available • Automatic and intuitive programming at affordable prices

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33

SOFTWARE

MiTek software provides 速

solutions for great structures The MiTek 20/20 Roof Design package is the market-leading software of its kind. The software is the product of 15 years' market-driven development and it continues to evolve in this rapidly changing industry and hardware platforms.

F

rom design concept to the completed structure, the MiTek 20/20 suite of programmes caters for all aspects.

By utilizing the immense flexibility and power of the 20/20 layout component of the software, the designer enters the building parameters and then uses the comprehensive plane and frame solving tools to detail the trusses, using 2D input accompanied by real-time 3D visualization.

Attic roof structure

The Engineering program component analyses the individual truss profiles, applying the correct loads and load case combinations. This also provides the user the power to create or modify the most intricate structures to suit special requirements or loads.

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Prefabricated timber roof trusses

STRONG TIMBER CONNECTION MiTek Industries* is the leading Roof Truss System supplier in South Africa and the world. No need to go anywhere else!

We are the world leaders in the industry, with 9 Engineers totalling 170 years’ experience (combined), we are also ISO 9001 accredited and backed with an international P.I.Insurance.

We also offer full size prototype truss testing as an alternative truss design method.

With a network of over 190 licensed truss manufacturers utilizing MiTek’s state-ofthe-art software we can provide a competitive and economic solution to even the most complex of roofs.

With all our products and designs warranted, we offer total peace of mind.

Inventors of the Nail-Plate System (Gang-Nail) 1956.

MiTek Park,754 16th Road, Randjespark, Ext. 34, Halfway House,1685. Midrand (Head Office) Tel: + 27(0) 11 237 8700 Cape Town Tel: 021 905 0244 • Durban Tel: 031 700 6332 • Port Elizabeth Tel: 041 581 7525 email: marketing@mitek.co.za • www.mii.com/southafrica *MiTek

Industries South Africa (Pty)Ltd, a division of the worldwide MiTek Group.

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SOFTWARE

Form-work truss for bridge construction

MITEK 20/20 OFFERS THE TRUSS MANUFACTURER A COMPLETE ROOFING SOLUTION WHICH INCLUDES: • Project Management • Comprehensive Truss Design • Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) Output • Complex & Flexible Roof Input • Project Costing

Comprehensive manufacturing details generated for printing (job cards) or CAM output generated for automated saws and jigging – ensures high accuracy and efficiency in the final assembly/manufacturing process.

INVENTORS OF THE NAIL-PLATE SYSTEM (GANG-NAIL) 1956.

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To ensure you get the best possible roof structure, insist on a MiTek roof structure.

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FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONTACT: (t) 011 237 8700 (e) marketing@mitek.co.za (w) www.mii.com/southafrica

BRACKEN TIMBERS Growers and Sawmillers of Quality Pine Timber TEL: 074 136 6666 FAX: 033-4131355 / 086 602 6795 CELL: 076 413 5900 E-MAIL: milladmin@brackentimbers.co.za Main Dundee Road, Greytown, 3250 P O Box 141, Greytown, 3250

CASE STUDY

Au Pain DorĂŠ Striking bakery design in Montreal calls on American tulipwood to bring contrast and warmth Photography by Adrien Williams

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CASE STUDY

N

ature Humaine, a Montreal based architectural practice was challenged to find a new contemporary look for ‘Au Pain Doré’, a bakery chain. This retail store, which has been entirely refitted, is located on the ground floor of a three-storey building in the Côte-des-Neiges neighbourhood of Montreal. The design of ‘Au Pain Doré’ is based on the European concept of a ‘bakery/café’ that combines the sale of freshly baked products with high quality coffee where the barista is put at centre stage.

The interior space has been completely redesigned with an extension at the back offering a total floor space of 140 square metres. To make this rather narrow and linear space configuration more dynamic, the architects introduced a wooden structure made entirely of American tulipwood slats. “The spatial concept of the project was inspired by the lattice of wicker bread baskets,” explains Stéphane Rasselet, the architect in charge of the project. “The randomized rhythmic lattice provides a dynamic experience the moment you enter the bakery.”

A structural wooden frame with vertical elements at regular intervals holds a series of tulipwood slats that have been disposed randomly in the ceiling space to create a trellis work that opens and closes to create gaps for lighting and ventilation. The creamy white tones of tulipwood really stand out against the black surfaces of the ceiling above. The lattice wraps down the wall turning into shelves for the bread and pastries as well as benches and counter tops.

To make this rather narrow and linear space configuration more dynamic, the architects introduced a wooden structure made entirely of American tulipwood slats.

“We were looking for a wood species for this project that offered interesting grain patterns and different colors and hues.

The wood species had to stand out in contrast with the other monochromatic materials used in the project (steel painted black, white tiles, grey flooring) whilst blending into the overall contemporary design style,” added Rasselet.

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41

CASE STUDY

Tulipwood is also used to create shelves, table tops and the interior cladding of the long serving counter, which runs along the full length of one wall in the main space. Glass display units built into the counter and shelving behind the preparation area are designed to showcase the bakery products. The slats of tulipwood along the screens of the serving counter have been set at an angle, rather like the external cladding of a log cabin so as to create shadow lines that emphasize again the dynamic perspectives.

The barista area is located at the front of the unit, where bar seating is positioned along the glass shop window facing the street. Further along, the serving counter is set at a diagonal angle to denote the move into the bakery area and allows for further bench seating against the opposite wall. The tulipwood boarding is raised afterwards to screen off the adjacent kitchen area from view, while the washrooms are hidden in a black box volume. This black box volume extends across the ceiling to break up the wooden trellis structure, separating the serving area on one side and the dining space on the other.

The tables and bench seating furnish the rear half of the bakery, which looks out onto a small terrace through full-height windows.

Spotlights and exposed light bulbs are hung from the ceiling to illuminate the shop, suspended over the work surfaces and eating areas. The table tops and bench seats in creamy white tulipwood contrast with their supporting structures in black steel. The architect opted for a urethane finish with 35% gloss lacquer. This transparent finish, he explains, maintains the natural aspect, colour and grain of the wood while enhancing its durability to meet the requirements of a bakery both in terms of usage and maintenance.

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The slats of tulipwood along the screens of the serving counter have been set at an angle, rather like the external cladding of a log cabin so as to create shadow lines that emphasize again the dynamic perspectives.

CASE STUDY

CASE STUDY

“We have already specified tulipwood in other projects, but never in its natural aspect,” comments Stéphane Rasselet. “We have specified it for instance to create furniture but unplaned and stained to give it a warm and rustic aspect. For this particular bakery project we loved the natural play in nuances of tulipwood. It is a wood species that we would willingly specify on future projects.”

soft, American tulipwood has excellent mechanical properties and has a very high strength-to-weight ratio, making it ideal for laminated beams and structures.

Tulipwood is often painted or stained, but the use of natural finishes to show off its exciting colour variations and grain patterns, is increasing.

AMERICAN TULIPWOOD (LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA)

PROJECT PARTICULARS

American tulipwood has a creamy white sapwood which may be streaked. The heartwood varies from pale yellowish brown to olive green. This green colour tends to darken on exposure to UV light and turn brown. The wood has a medium to fine texture and is straight grained. One of the best value and most versatile US hardwood species, tulipwood is widely used in construction, furniture and interior joinery. Although relatively light in weight and

ARCHITECTS: Nature Humaine (www.naturehumaine.com) TYPE: Retail design INTERVENTION: Interior design and refitting plus new extension LOCATED AT: Côte-des-Neiges, Montreal, Canada AREA: 140m2 COMPLETION DATE: 2014

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PRESSURE TREATED TIMBER PRODUCED BY SAWPA MEMBERS Timber when used and exposed to fungal rot because of elevated moisture conditions, or wood destroying insects, are most at risk of premature failure.

The use of naturally durable expensive exotic or indigenous timbers are in many cases not a suitable solution or option. Using pressure treated Pine or Eucalyptus (gum) poles and/or sawn timber produced by members of the South African Wood Preservers Association in accordance with SANS standards will provide long-term durability at a cost effective price.

Choosing the correct treatment and exposure class when buying pressure treated timber is made easy by using the H class classification system.

Hazard classes: H2— dry interior above ground H3— exterior above ground H4— in ground contact H5— in contact with fresh water and wet soil H6— in contact with marine waters

Be sure to look for the required H class mark as well as the quality assurance mark of one of Timber is the most sustainable building product the two accredited certification bodies given available to man. It’s naturally renewable. Over above, on the timber.

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For more information on preservative treated timber, or where to find a SAWPA member, contact us on +27 (0)11 974 1061 or at sawpa@global.co.za or visit our website at www.sawpa.co.za

EVENTS

A renewed legacy 2014 Institute for Timber Construction's (ITC-SA) annual Engineered Timber Products Awards to build on the legacy of Institute of Timber Frame Builders' (ITFB) Annual Awards

GLULAM

TIMBER

FINGER JOINT BEAMS OSB

SAWMILL

CEILING AND FLOORING

Our products are available nationally at our Distribution Partner, Ian Fuller Agencies' branches

House Under the Milkwoods, designed and built by Knysna Timber Homes, won the Silver Award in the category, ‘Structures larger than 220m2’ at the 2013 ITFB Awards held last year.

A

t the inaugural ITC-SA Engineered Timber Products Awards which will take place on the 23rd of July in Cape Town, local timber frame builders will be recognised for their excellent craftsmanship in building with timber, and awarded Gold, Silver or Bronze certificates in various categories.

The respective designer or architect of each winning project will also be recognised for their contributions with parallel awards.

This tradition will be carried forth annually, building on the ever-popular and prestigious awards hosted by the ITFB over the past 15 years.

The event will be hosted at D’Aria Wine Estate in Durbanville, Cape Town. Deon Bester of the Master Builders Association (MBA) will be a guest speaker at the event.

For more information, email jenni@itc-sa.org.

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gareth.hare@ifatimber.co.za

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www.novaspruce.co.za Follow us on Facebook to get regular updates about new timber solutions and interesting projects!

// JUNE / JULY 2015

47

TIMBER PRESERVATION

Understanding timber preservation Part 1: A guide to timber and its preservative treatment against biological degradation

T

he aim of this series is to give a general introduction to the subject of wood technology and wood preservation. Knowledge of these fundamental factors can be of considerable assistance in gaining an appreciation of the value and importance of timber preservation and the selection of the most appropriate method of treatment.

The growth of the wood preservation industry has been one of the most important technical developments within the forest industry.

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The wide acceptance of preservation as an integral part of wood processing and utilisation has been a significant contribution to the use of what is the only structural raw material having a renewable and sustainable source of supply.

There are timber structures still in existence after hundreds of years of service, but there are also fence posts which have rotted after only 18 months of service.

TIMBER PRESERVATION This is due not only to a great variability in wood properties and our environment, but also to the way in which the products are used. Wood suffers minor and gradual physical and chemical changes as a result of age. It is an organic material which can support the life of other organisms if the environment is suited to their growth and this, under certain conditions, leads to rapid breakdown of the wood.

What are the circumstances under which wood is likely to be attacked by destructive agents and what measures should be taken to defeat them?

Most people can identify wood when they see it and can give names to the more familiar timbers in general use.

However, much is taken for granted and relatively few may know timber in terms of a growing form of plant life or understand what structural variations produce the features characterising species which enable us to name them. The differences which exist between species are sufficient for us to realise that timber is a substance of greater diversity and character than materials such as steel and concrete. To enable the best use to be made of wood and to ensure the correct selection of the type best suited to any application, it is necessary to understand something of its structural form and characteristics and how these vary from species to species.

Wood preservation promotes the conservation of indigenous forests by making plantation timbers, which aren't naturally durable, into effective substitutes for durable timbers from indigenous forests. It also reduces the volume of wood used by prolonging the service life of wood for many years.

TREES, THE SOURCE OF WOOD Trees have several main parts each with special functions.

These are the roots, the stem or trunk, the leaves, branches and bark. Wood is produced from the stems or trunks of trees. The roots anchor the tree in the ground and absorb water containing dissolved mineral salts from the ground.

The outside of the trunk is covered by layers of an insulating and protective material known as the bark, guarding the wood from extremes of temperature, drought, biological and mechanical damage. The leaves of the trees are predominantly green because the cells which make up a leaf contain a green coloured substance called chlorophyll. This material absorbs energy when exposed to daylight.

In the presence of daylight this substance catalyses, a process called photosynthesis whereby water derived from the soil and carbon dioxide derived from the atmosphere are combined into food materials called carbohydrates (i.e. plant sugars and starches). Food materials are transferred through the branches and the trunk to a special layer of tissue just beneath the bark called the cambium where the growth of the tree takes place. The trunk of the tree is composed of two main parts known as the heartwood and sapwood.

The heartwood (also called the truewood) is the central portion of the trunk and is surrounded by a zone under the bark known as sapwood. Usually these two zones can be clearly seen, as the heartwood in most species is somewhat darker in colour than the sapwood. The heartwood obtains its colouration from various tannins, resins and other matter which has been deposited there during its transition from sapwood as the tree grew.

The sapwood is the outer portion of the trunk through which water and dissolved mineral salts are conducted from the roots to the leaves and where food materials are stored, usually as starches. Wood changes from the sapwood to the heartwood condition gradually, through a region of variable width known as the ‘transition zone.’

The wood in this zone has intermediate characteristics between both the sapwood and heartwood and it is here that the resins and other deposits which are the distinguishing feature of heartwood first occur in the wood cells.

TIMBER CLASSIFICATION All timbers can be broadly divided into two large groups, each with distinct botanical features. These are known as hardwoods and softwoods. South African grown Eucalyptus hardwoods are broad (or flat) leaved plants with seeds enclosed in seed cases; their leaves are constantly being renewed during their lifetime and unlike hardwoods from the Northern Hemisphere, they do not shed all their leaves in the autumn. South African grown Pine softwoods are characteristically cone bearing, evergreen plants with needle shaped leaves and seeds which are not enclosed in cases.

Several exotic Eucalyptus and Pine species are used commercially in South Africa. The division into ‘softwoods’ and ‘hardwoods’ differentiates between two broad botanical classes of timber, not the physical hardness of the wood. In fact yellowwood is a softwood which is actually harder than some timbers classified as hardwoods, such as balsa and willow. Frequently, timbers referred to as ‘softwoods’ are actually soft ‘hardwoods.’

THE STRUCTURE OF WOOD Wood, like other materials originating from living matter, is composed of an immense number of hollow individual units known as cells. It has been estimated that there are about 45 000 such cells in an ordinary matchstick. In softwoods, the cells are shaped like tubes with wedgeshaped ends and a length many times their width. They are rather like drinking straws joined end to end and compressed on all sides to give the appearance of a honeycomb in cross section. These tubes convey liquids between the roots to the leaves and also provide strength to the structure.

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TIMBER PRESERVATION

The vertical tubes or cells are called tracheids. Passing between them are small bundles of horizontal radial elements composed of brick-shaped cells, known as rays which are essential food storage cells containing plant sugars and starches which are surplus to the growing tree's immediate requirements. Liquids pass up the length of the tree from cell to cell in the sapwood through numerous valves in their walls. These valves are called pits which are so placed that liquid can be passed from one cell to the next right up the tree. Each valve is divided into two parts by a flexible, permeable membrane.

CROSS SECTION

CROSS SECTION

FIBRES SIEVE PLATE MEDULLARY RAY

VESSEL RADIAL SECTION

MEDULLARY RAY

TRANSVERSE SECTION

Simplified drawing of a cube of hardwood on the same scale. Cell wall pits omitted.

MEDULLARY RAY TRACHEIDS RADIAL SECTION

TRANSVERSE SECTION

Simplified drawing of a cube of softwood magnified.

The cell wall pits have been omitted.

In many softwoods, this membrane has at its centre a thickened pad large enough to cover either opening to the valve. Generally, the membrane and pad are centrally placed, leaving both openings uncovered, thus allowing liquids to pass freely from one cell to another. Under certain circumstances however, the pad moves over and covers either one or the other opening, thus restricting the movement of liquids through the valve and therefore movement of liquid from one cell to the next throughout the timber. It is this movement of the membrane that may cause the flow of liquid through the sapwood to be unpredictable. The moisture movement in the tree occurs in the sapwood, the heartwood playing little, if any part in water conduction.

The cells of the heartwood (truewood) are inert, often blocked by gums, resins or other chemical compounds and generally contain a high proportion of valves in which the pad on the membrane has moved to one side closing the opening. Therefore, moisture movement is greatly restricted. In hardwoods, the arrangement of the cells is not as simple as that found in softwoods. Very small tubes known as fibres provide strength to the tree. In shape, the fibres are similar to the softwood tracheids, except that their ends are like pencil points rather than wedge shaped.

Much larger open tubes known as vessels or pores pass water from the roots to the leaves. Again, there are masses of radially placed rays, similar in shape to the brick-shaped cells in softwoods which also act as storage containers for surplus food materials.

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In hardwoods, many of the large, liquid-conducting tubes in the sapwood – the vessels – remain open and allow the free passage of liquids into the trunk. In the truewood of hardwoods, however, these tubes are very often blocked in one way or another, making the passage of liquids along their length very difficult.

WOOD PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS Timber species vary markedly in their structure and chemical constituents. These factors determine the extent to which wood is naturally protected from decay and the ability to penetrate it with protective chemicals.

DURABILITY Sapwood, irrespective of species, is of low natural durability. It generally has a lower density than the heartwood, has a high moisture content and high starch content, all of which are conducive to fungal or insect degradation. Wood that is kept dry and is naturally durable is able to resist invasion by fungi or insects. Factors involved in providing this durability include carbohydrate and chemical makeup. Heartwood contains cells which have chemical deposits within the cells, little or no carbohydrates and relatively lower moisture content.

Heartwood in some species, e.g. sneezewood, can be highly durable, whilst in others, e.g. Radiata Pine or Eucalyptus Saligna, durability is low. Durability may be increased by the addition of chemicals that are toxic to fungi or insects, or which reduce the possibility that the moisture content of wood will increase from the seasoned state. It is the addition of these chemicals that provides the basis of the timber preservation industry.

TIMBER PRESERVATION

PERMEABILITY The ability to penetrate wood with chemicals toxic to insects or fungi is largely dependent on being able to remove moisture, so that the preservative liquid can be added in its place. (Some water soluble chemicals will move by diffusion to penetrate the wood sufficiently to protect it.) Most preservatives will not pass through cell wall membranes by diffusion and require pressure to push them deep into the wood. The depth to which penetration is achieved is dependent on density, chemical inclusions within cells, moisture content, cell type, techniques used, etc. Generally, softwoods such as radiata pine are more easily penetrated than hardwoods and sapwood is more easily penetrated than heartwood.

SAWPA is an organisation comprising timber treaters, suppliers of preservatives, as well as organisations, institutions and individuals with a mutual interest in timber preservation and the use of preservative-treated timber.

SAWPA promotes the benefits of timber preservation, assists in the establishment of and adherence to standard specifications for preservative treatment of timber, and supports the maintenance of standards in all sectors of the preservation industry.

SAWPA is a facilitator to the industry and an information centre for both consumer and industry affairs.

For more information, visit www.sawpa.co.za.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAWPA gratefully acknowledges the contribution of the Timber Preservers Association of Australia (TPAA) towards this article.

CALL 0861 727 663 TO BOOK YOUR CLASSIFIED ADVERT

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51

WOOD PROFILE

Photograph: Courtesy of Rare Woods SA

Wood Works

The mighty Merbau Article by: Stephanie Dyer, Timber Information Services

I

n this issue we feature the beautiful and strong Merbau, an important timber species on the international market.

Merbau is the trade name for the timber produced by two Intsia species, I. bijuga and I. palembanica. These are tropical rain forest trees that occur naturally from Southeast Asia to the islands of the southwest Pacific. I. bijuga is also planted in Madagascar, the Seychelles, Tanzania and Mauritius and thrives in the coastal zones of these countries. In their natural habitat, the trees are large and reach heights of 30 to 35m (in some cases 40 to 50m) and diameters of 0.7 to 0.9m and are heavily buttressed.

Saw logs are sometimes short and not round as a result of butressing, but the wood is usually sound and free of defects.

The sapwood is whitish to pale yellow, clearly demarcated from the heartwood that is yellowish- to orange-brown when freshly cut, but darkens to bronze or dark reddish-brown over time. The wood has a characteristic odour when processed. Merbau resembles Chamfuti (Afzelia quanzensis) in many respects and was once classified in the same genus.

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Photograph: Courtesy of Rare Woods SA

WOOD PROFILE

This medium density to heavy wood is versatile and sought after for a wide range of applications. It is suitable for construction, particularly bridges, wharves, sluices, sheet piles and railway sleepers. A popular building timber, it is used for high-class exterior joinery such as window frames, doors, framing, weatherboarding, decking and shingles.

Interior applications include flooring, paneling, doors, and carpentry. Its warm, nut-brown appearance is also valued for furniture, decorative turnery, high-grade joinery, decorative veneer, vats, and uses where high quality is demanded.

Traditional uses in Madagascar include coffins and canoes and in the islands of Fiji and Samoa, it is used for house posts, furniture and traditional carved bowls. In a nutshell, a very versatile timber!

However, there is an urgent demand on a worldwide scale to regulate the harvesting of this valuable timber resource.

Regeneration in over-logged areas and planting these with nursery-raised seedlings may offer possibilities for a sustainable supply of Merbau timber in the future.

THE PROPERTIES OF THIS OUTSTANDING TIMBER ARE SUMMARISED BELOW FOR THE WOOD ENTHUSIAST:

MERBAU: HARD FACTS Botanical/Scientific name:

Intsia bijuga and I. palembanica (Family: Caesalpiniaceae)

Trade name:

Merbau (Malaysia) Other names: Borneo Teak (UK), Ipil (Philippines), Mirabow (Sabah), Hintzy (Madagascar), Tattalun (Myanmar), Lumpa, Lumpho (Thailand), Kwila (Papua New Guinea), Vesi (Fiji)

Origin:

Southeast Asia (especially the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia) and Southwest Pacific islands (including Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Fiji and Samoa). I. bijuga grows in coastal areas, whereas I. palembanica is found inland on low, hilly slopes or welldrained river flats.

Conservation status:

Intsia bijuga is included in the IUCN Red List of threatened species as vulnerable because of extensive exploitation in the major Merbau timber producing countries.

Bole characteristics:

A large tree, 30-35m in height. The length of clear boles varies from 10 to 30m.

Colour:

The heartwood is orange to reddish-brown. The pale yellow sapwood is clearly demarcated from the heartwood. Freshly cut wood shows distinctive sulphur-yellow deposits in the heartwood pores. Characteristic black markings are sometimes present in the wood.

Grain pattern:

Usually straight, sometimes interlocked to wavy, resulting in ribbon grain patterns and attractive fiddleback figure. The texture is moderately coarse but even.

Density:

The density ranges from 730 to 830 kg/m3 (46-52 lb/ft.3) with the average for commercial timber being about 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/ft.3)

Strength/Bending properties:

A moderately hard and heavy wood with medium bending strength, bending stiffness and resistance to shock loads. It has high crushing strength but medium side grain hardness and shearing strength. Due to gum exudation, it has a moderate steam bending classification.

Seasoning:

Air dries slowly, but easily with slight surface checking, end splitting and warping. It kiln dries fairly well. Kiln drying schedule 2 is recommended (see below). The rates of shrinkage are low and once dry the wood is stable in use.

Durability and preservative treatment:

Heartwood is durable and resistant to fungi and most borers, but susceptible to powder post (Lyctus) beetle attack. It is resistant to termite attack and moderately resistant to marine borer attack. Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack. Heartwood is extremely resistant to preservative treatment.

Working and finishing properties:

It is difficult to saw due to its hardness and has a moderate blunting effect on tools. Gum tends to collect on saw blades when wet wood is processed. A reduction of the cutting angle to 20째 is recommended when planing material with interlocked grain, to prevent grain picking-up. It has good mortising properties and satisfactory turning properties. Pre-boring for nailing and screwing is advisable and nail- and screw-holding properties are good. The wood stains and polishes satisfactorily, but requires filling. It glues, paints, and varnishes well. The wood reacts with iron in damp conditions causing staining. When in contact with water, water-soluble extractives in the wood cause dark markings which are difficult to remove. Exterior joinery products should be protected from water by sealing the product shortly after manufacture.

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WOOD PROFILE

Photograph: Courtesy of Lauren Gutierrez

TIMBER DRYING SCHEDULE FOR MERBAU (Intsia bijuga and I. palembanica) Supplied by H-P Stöhr, Timber Drying Institute (timberdrying@mweb.co.za) Dry Bulb temperatures (°C) and Relative Humidity (%) at the following Timber Moisture Contents Drying schedule no.

2

Green

40%

30%

18% to final

DB

RH%

DB

RH%

DB

RH%

DB

RH%

45

74

50

67

55

58

65

34

DB = Dry bulb temperature, RH = Relative Humidity Please note: Drying schedules only serve as a guide to the kiln operator, with the response of the timber to the drying condition being the criterion.

REFERENCES AND SOURCES: Flynn, J H and Holder, C D (ed.) 2001. A guide to useful woods of the world. Forest Products Society, Madison, WI. Lincoln, W A. 1986. World woods in colour. Stobart Davies Ltd. Prospect Database. 1997-2004. Oxford Forestry Institute, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford.

PROTA 7 (2): Timbers 2 / Intsia bijuga.

Wiselius, S I. 2005. Hout Vademecum., Sdu Publishers, The Hague, Netherlands.

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MOISTURE CONTENT

Making moisture meter

corrections for exotic wood species Moisture meters are a very convenient tool for determining the %MC of wood for a variety of purposes. With a moisture meter, the task of analyzing a sample of wood materials is quick and easy, whether you're using pin or pinless moisture meters.

Article by Paul Laurenzi, Vice-President – Sales & Marketing at Delmhorst Instrument Co.

H

owever, not every species of wood is the same.

Different species of wood will yield different moisture readings, even when both materials actually have the same %MC. Because of this, it is important to be able to make species corrections for each of the unique species of wood that you are testing.

Here’s an example: if a moisture meter is calibrated to measure moisture in wood species that have a specific gravity of 0.46, a sample of wood that has 0.30 SG that reads as having 10% moisture content actually has around 14.4% MC, whereas a sample of wood with 0.80 SG that reads as having 10% MC actually has less than 5% MC.

WHY DOES SPECIES OF WOOD MATTER?

HOW TO MAKE SPECIES CORRECTIONS

What causes the different species of wood to affect moisture meter readings differently? The answer to this depends on the type of meter being used. Remember, pintype meters use electrical resistance to test for moisture content, and pinless meters rely on using electromagnetic radio waves to scan a material.

Now that we know why the species of wood being measured matters when determining %MC, how do we make corrections for wood species? The two most common methods are to either:

With pin meters, the reason wood species matters is that two different species of wood might have different inherent electrical characteristics. Delmhorst uses the USDA standard – Douglas Fir – as the basis for all calibrations. For example, say that you’re testing a sample of Douglas Fir and a sample of Cherry wood. When testing Douglas Fir, you can take the readings at face value.

However, Cherry has different electrical characteristics from Douglas Fir, so the same meter’s readings on a sample of Cherry would indicate higher moisture than is actually present in the material. Pin meters either have species corrections programmed into the meter or are supplied with a correction chart for easy reference. A general rule is that hardwoods require a small minus correction while most softwoods require a plus correction.

For pinless meters, the factor that has the greatest influence on the accuracy of the meter reading besides the MC is actually the specific gravity, or SG (a measurement of the density of an object compared to the density of water), of the wood material being tested. As the SG of a material decreases, so does the indicated moisture content. As the SG of a material increases, the indicated level of moisture rises as well.

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1. Use a Species Correction Chart OR 2. Use Built-in Species Corrections For pin meters, this chart lists the most common species of wood that the manufacturers’ meters are used to test. For pinless meters, this chart lists conversions for moisture meter readings for the different specific gravities that the meter can reliably test.

To use the chart, simply take a reading of the wood material to be tested, look up the meter reading on the chart (rounded to the nearest number), and go through the list of wood species or specific gravities until you find the result for the specific wood you’re testing.

If your moisture meter offers built-in species corrections, you would set the meter for the species of wood being tested. The exact method for doing this may vary from one manufacturer to the next. For example, Delmhorst’s ProScan pinless moisture meter can be set for different species of wood by pressing the select key to enter ‘species mode,’ then using the up and down keys on the meter to switch the SG setting.

MOISTURE CONTENT

Once the meter has been set to the correct wood species, it will automatically adjust its reading results to reflect the correct value for that species of wood. When using a pin-type moisture meter, there typically is a limit to the number of wood species the manufacturer can program into the meter. Delmhorst maintains a comprehensive list of other species and their corresponding corrections, and often can provide a customer with that information.

When using a pinless meter, the range of specific gravities that the meter can reliably read for pinless meters is also limited. In this instance, if a wood’s specific gravity falls outside the range in which the meter will read, it is not possible to obtain a corrected moisture content reading.

TESTING EXOTIC SPECIES As mentioned above, even moisture meters with species corrections do have limitations. Over the years, the use of exotic woods has become much more prevalent, yet a moisture meter can still be a valuable tool. There are several ways to obtain reliable readings on wood species

that are not found on the chart or in the list of species programmed into a meter.

One work-around is to use your meter’s reference scale, assuming it has one, to get a qualitative assessment of the moisture content of wood. In this case, the readings obtained would be relative only; however, if you compare readings to a sample that is known to be at an acceptable level, higher readings would indicate higher moisture content.

Or, you can take several thin samples of the unknown species of wood approximately 3" x 5" x 1/2" and a sample of known species and hang them in the same environment.

Take a reading on all samples using the known sample setting on your meter. When all samples reach equilibrium with the environment, no more changes in readings, use the differential between the unknown and the known as your correction (+ or -) for the unknown.

Another option is to contact the manufacturer. Also as mentioned above, Delmhorst can often provide information on species not listed in the ‘standard’ list.

Delmhorst moisture meters are available in South Africa through Nukor Sawmilling. Visit www.nukor.co.za for more information.

BRACKEN CHARCOAL Bracken Charcoal is a medium-sized producer, packer and exporter of a wide range of top quality wood charcoal products. Based in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands, prime wattle growing area, we pride ourselves on the quality of our products and strive to nurture our em employees and care for our environment.

Vast majority of raw product sourced from FSC certified sources Wood is cooked rather than burnt to form charcoal, cutting down on harmful emissions This process also results in higher charcoal carbon content, which means Less charcoal needed Less smoke Easy to light, burns hotter and lasts longer than most hardwood charcoal Mix of black wattle species gives a delicate and pleasant flavour to food Excellent for slow cooking over low heat or hot grilling Phone: 074 127 4170 Cell: 084 5033 690 Fax: 086 298 4749 E-mail: bc@brackentimbers.co.za Mr Jumbo Irvine, R33 Main Dundee Road P O Box 141, Greytown, 3250 Photo by: Serge Melki

INDUSTRY INSIGHT

Photograph: Courtesy of Rare Woods SA

Industry insight: Merbau Timber iQ asked Andy Stoker, the Knysna branch manager for Rare Woods SA (Pty) Ltd., about the practical application of Merbau locally: TIMBER iQ: Which of Merbau’s physical properties stand

RARE WOODS: Merbau laminate floors will often be

out to make it so useful?

redder in colour than those machined from solid timber.

This is due to the processing, where laminates are first peeled from the outer part of the heartwood of the log before the inner, darker core is planked.

RARE WOODS: Merbau is very dense, strong and stable, and has high resin content. Grown in a tropical climate, the trees are large and long, making the wood relatively knotfree. It is excellent for flooring (its most common use) as well as decking, high-class joinery, outdoor furniture and structural work, like pergolas.

TIMBER iQ: How would you rate Merbau’s performance in the market? Is it very popular in South Africa?

RARE WOODS: Merbau performs very well in the market, and 10 to 15 years ago it was probably the outdoor wood of choice. However, with the considerable rise in its price, along with increased availability of other less expensive decking woods, that has changed over time. Initially timbers like Balau, and then also Purpleheart, started replacing Merbau as the most favoured option for decking and outdoor structures like pergolas. Of late, Iroko has also grown in popularity for outdoor use because of its suitable properties – and it is priced lower. But Merbau remains an excellent product, not susceptible to the movement one gets when you use structural Balau outdoors.

TIMBER iQ: Anything perhaps not well-known about Merbau in application?

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The apparent decline in demand for Merbau, as marked by very low sales recorded by Rare Woods SA, is reiterated by Seamus Harcourt-Wood, the company’s general manager.

Both Stoker and Harcourt-Wood indicate that a likely factor is the concern around Merbau’s continued supply from over-exploited forests. Even though all Rare Woods’ Merbau has a full set of documents demonstrating legality and compliance with local regulations, they do not intend to buy more stock in the near future.

Although all of Rare Woods’ timber is sourced from legitimate chains of custody, Harcourt-Wood points to the all-important choice of appropriate yet sustainable timber species. As examples of alternative, good, sustainable options, he vouches for French oak, Siberian larch, Oregon pine, and Western red cedar.

Rare Woods offers and exceptional range of both local and imported timbers for a variety of applications. For more information, visit www.rarewoods.co.za or e-mail info@rarewoods.co.za.

TIMBER CONSERVATION

Working for wood... working for Merbau As this installment of the Wood Works series shows, Merbau boasts some superb characteristics that make it very useful and highly desirable. Ironically, its very popularity has been a contributing factor to the unfortunate status of Intsia Bijuga on the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List.

Article compiled by: staff writer CelĂŠste Perrin Photographs by: Lauren Gutierrez

T

imber iQ inquired directly with the IUCN Red List Unit, who confirmed:

“Intsia Bijuga, Borneo Teak, is listed as Vulnerable (VU) on the Red List. Vulnerable is one of the threatened categories (Vulnerable, Endangered and Critically

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Endangered) and indicates that this species is at high relative risk of extinction in the wild. Species are classified in to Red List Categories using the Red List criteria. This species was classified as VU based on criteria A1cd of version 2.3 of the Red List Categories and Criteria.

TIMBER CONSERVATION

Here are just a handful of reported statistics to illustrate how severe the problem of exploitation in key forests had become at that point: Indonesia, historically plagued by illegal logging, banned all log (round wood) exports in 2001 in an attempt to protect its forests. Yet, up to 2005, an estimated 300 000-plus cubic metres of Merbau logs were being smuggled out of Papua (an Indonesian province on New Guinea island) every month. In 2006, the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) reported that Indonesia was losing 2.8 million hectares of forest per year. A mere five years later, accounts of a Forest Watch Indonesia (FWI) study indicated the country had lost 15 million hectares of forests from 2000 to 2009. (And this of course does not account for the significant loss in revenue that could have been garnered from legal logging or the side effects on other plant and animal species due to resulting landslides, flooding, risk of fire, etc.)

This means the species had undergone an observed, estimated, inferred or suspected reduction of at least 20% over the last 10 years or three generation lengths, whichever is the longer (before the year of assessment) (A1), based on a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat (c), and actual or potential levels of exploitation (d). This assessment was published in 1998 and is in need of updating. This is because it is over 10 years old and based on an old version of the Red List Categories and Criteria (we are now using version 3.1). A re-assessment is currently under way as part of the Plants for People project (www.iucn.org/about/ work/programmes/species/our_work/plants/plants_ projects_initiatives/plants_for_people_/).

[Plants for People (P4P) uses the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria to assess the threat status of at least 1 500 highest priority species across different groups. Under the purview of a Global Trees Specialist Group, select timber trees are included.]

THE PROBLEM OF EXPLOITATION Once thriving and abundantly stretched across Southeast Asia, some Pacific Islands and also a few other places in the world, Merbau forests have been so overharvested and reduced that meaningful commercial quantities of this valuable hardwood can now only be found in a handful of locations. But even there, in what remains of the forests of Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Malaysia, the damage has been extreme. The widely publicised Greenpeace report, ‘Merbau's Last Stand’ (referenced below) warned that this valuable hardwood was facing the very real threat of extinction in only 35 years’ time, without taking into account illegal harvesting. That was in 2007.

The dire state of Merbau, a slow grower that can take more than 75 years to reach maturity, has been blamed on many, varied, and complex factors. More recently those include, inter alia: International consumer demand for high-quality flooring and other types of furniture; the insatiable appetite for raw timber as well as other Merbau end products in China especially (with a noted spike in demand as the country prepared for the 2008 Summer Olympics) but also India, Australia and New Zealand, Japan, Canada, the United States, the European Union, and other industrial regions; conversion of forests to industrial oil palm plantations; and poor legislative control and insufficient authoritative international cooperation towards conservation. Another challenge, of particular importance to trade, has been the lack of regulation (and/or the enforcement thereof) in verifying the legitimate origin of timber supplies.

Behind this all lurks the seemingly unstoppable destructive and illegal logging that has ravaged the host forests, spurred by the appalling but lucrative international trade in stolen timber operated by so-called ‘robber barons.' The world of illicit timber trafficking is marked by greed, corruption, bribery, fraud, oftentimes ineffective law enforcement, and difficulties in prosecuting offenders in court. Probably the saddest reality to contend with is human exploitation, when villagers in the host forests themselves engage in illegal logging. Driven by abject poverty and meagre but guaranteed payment from smugglers and illegal operators, those desperate for money to fund their very survival and cover basic medical treatment will turn to logging their own forests.

There are vast amounts of data available, too much to include here, that closely address the impact of deforestation caused by unlawful felling in protected areas or outside of concessions. The following sampling of articles and reports offer interesting, enlightening and sometimes shocking information:

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TIMBER CONSERVATION

‘Behind The Veneer - How Indonesia’s Last Rainforests are being Felled for Flooring’ Jago Wadley, Pallavi Shah and Sam Lawson Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and Telapak March 2006 ISBN: 0-9540768-2-4 http://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/Behindthe-Veneer-low-res.pdf Accessed 7 May 2015 ‘Illegal Logging May Supply U.S. Floors’ Ellen Nakashima, Washington Post Foreign Service, 22 March 2006 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/ article/2006/03/21/AR2006032101572.html Accessed 7 May 2015 ‘15 million hectares of forests destroyed from 2000 to 2009: FWI’ The Jakarta Post, 27 July 2011 http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/27/15million-hectares-forests-destroyed-2000-2009-fwi.html Accessed 19 May 2015 Greenpeace International • How illegal timber is coming into China - Greenpeace Findings & Recommendations, Case of Merbau’ Prepared for FT/IUCN/CH Seminar/Beijing April 2007 (Forests Campaign 2007) http://www.unece.lsu.edu/responsible_trade/ documents/2007July/rt_4bAP_02.pdf • ‘Merbau's last stand’ Feature story - 17 April, 2007 http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/ features/merbau-s-last-stand/ • Merbau Report: ‘Merbau's Last Stand - How Industrial Logging is Driving the Destruction of the Paradise Forests of Asia Pacific’ Sze Pang Cheung, Tiy Chung, Tamara Stark Publication – 17 April, 2007 by Greenpeace International, Amsterdam, the Netherlands http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/media/reports/merbauslast-stand and http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/ publications/reports/merbau-report-2/ All accessed 7 May 2015 and 18 May 2015 ‘Threatened Species of the Northern Territory Intsia bijuga MERBAU, (KWILA, IPIL, MOLUCCAN IRONWOOD)’ Compiled by Ian Cowie and John Westaway [updated December 2012] © Northern Territory Government of Australia Northern Territory Government, Australia – Department of Land Resource Management http://www.lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_ file/0012/143130/Intsia_bijuga_CR_FINAL.pdf Accessed 7 May 2015 and 18 May 2015 ‘Review of trade in Merbau from Major Range States’ Tong P.S., Chen, H.K., Hewitt, J., and Affre A. (2009) TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia ISBN 9789833393176 © 2009 TRAFFIC Southeast Asia http://www.cites.org/common/cop/15/inf/E15i-31A.pdf Accessed 7 May 2015 and 18 May 2015 NOTE: Also referred to in ‘CoP15 Inf.31 - Fifteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties, Doha (Qatar), 13-25 March 2010’ Review of trade in Merbau from major range states - A Traffic Southeast Asia Report - (submitted by Germany)

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‘PC18 Inf. 8 CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA Eighteenth meeting of the Plants Committee Buenos Aires (Argentina), 17-21 March 2009, SUMMARY REVIEW OF MERBAU (GENUS INTSIA) FROM MAJOR RANGE STATES http://cites.org/eng/cop/15/inf/index.php Accessed 18 May 2015 ‘Timber barons linked to illegal logging in Indonesian New Guinea’ Rhett A. Butler, mongabay.com (August 05, 2010) http://news.mongabay.com/2010/0805-new_guinea_eia. html Accessed 18 May 2015 ‘Rogue Traders: The Murky Business of Merbau Timber Smuggling in Indonesia’ EIA/Telapak, August 2010 ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY (EIA) and TELAPAK ISBN: 0-9540768-9-3 http://eia-global.org/images/uploads/Rouge_Traders.pdf Accessed 18 May 2015 and 19 May 2015 ‘A very real and practical contribution? Lessons from the Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership’ Olbrei, E & Howes, S 2012 Development Policy Centre Discussion Paper#16, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University, Canberra https://devpolicy.anu.edu.au/pdf/papers/DP_16_-_A_very_ real_and_practical_contribution.pdf Accessed 20 May 2015 ‘A Backwards Step - How demand for merbau timber is undermining Indonesia’s anti-illegal logging policies’ ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY (EIA) and TELAPAK www.salvaleforeste.it/documentazione/eia-reports169.pdf Accessed 20 May 2015 ‘Buyer Beware - An Investigation into Merbau Wood Flooring Sales in the UK’ ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY (EIA) October 2005 http://www.lesene-terase.si/zunanji-leseni-tlaki/Porocilo172-1-merbau.pdf Accessed 20 May 2015 ‘Shut the door on illegal merbau!’

An investigation by Greenpeace and Milieudefensie/Friends of the Earth Netherlands on the use of merbau timber for floors and exterior doors in Europe and related illegal timber trade. https://milieudefensie.nl/publicaties/rapporten/shut-thedoor-on-illegal-merbau Accessed 20 May 2015 ‘The Role of CITES in Controlling the International Trade in Forest Products – Implications for Sustainable Forest Management’ Teresa Mulliken, TRAFFIC International Rome, 2009 ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/k5336e/k5336e00.pdf Accessed 20 May 2015 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service – International Affairs http://www.fws.gov/international/laws-treatiesagreements/us-conservation-laws/lacey-act.html Accessed 22 May 2015

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STEPS TAKEN The urgent need for Merbau to be much better protected has been evident for a long time. But, as with any undertaking that requires the intervention and joint commitment of multiple parties, especially when involving trade and industry, governments, conservation bodies and other interest groups and stakeholders that may not have identical agendas, efforts can be hampered and progress painfully slow.

Following published reports from 2005 to 2010, recommendations from Greenpeace, the EIA and its partner, Telapak, and others, have included: • The urgent application, by Indonesia and Papua New Guinea in particular (with support from other governments), to list Merbau on Appendix III of CITES – the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, as had been done with Mahogany and Ramin • Following inclusion on CITES’ Appendix III, the implementation of quotas severely restricting the trade in Merbau • Hastened and improved set-up of networks of protected areas by the countries that produce Merbau (e.g., through participatory landscape-level planning processes) • Stronger international and bilateral cooperation by all governments, to include the set-up of funding and international legislation to address illegal logging in the Merbau-producing countries as well as laws to prevent illegal timber from entering other countries • Implementation of credible third-party chain-ofcustody tracking procedures by companies selling Merbau products, to ensure the legality of the wood they purchase and in a move towards only purchasing timber certified by the FSC • Formal investigations into the activities of known illegal logging companies and smugglers as well as reviews of the effectiveness of enforcement agencies that are supposed to work against illegal logging, coupled with the establishment of special task forces to report directly to country heads on actions taken against illegal logging • Steps to ensure that the SVLK is fully implemented, including penalties for verification bodies that fail to perform effectively • Refusal by consumers to buy Merbau unless from a reputable trader that can prove chain of custody from a legal originating source Some action was taken, as international focus on the problem intensified through media coverage and wellmarketed conservation drives, some aimed directly at the consumer: In 2005, the Indonesian government embarked on an unprecedented clampdown on illegal logging that saw timber and equipment worth close to a quarter of a billion

dollars get confiscated, resulted in the recorded arrest of almost 200 people, and reverberated in timber markets worldwide. Unfortunately, as supplies of Merbau waned, prices rocketed, making the timber even more desirable:

By October 2005 the price of logs had almost tripled from the asking price in February of that same year. And although the supply of logs reduced, illegal trade in ‘sawn off’ timber increased. These shipments were oftentimes nothing more than minimally processed ‘squared’ logs, or smuggled with fake documents marking the origin as Malaysia. This managed to happen, despite the Indonesian government’s explicit 2004 ban on exports of sawn timber, because Malaysia did not recognise the same export ban on rough sawn timber and the illegal loggers pounced on the opportunity to outsmart the authorities.

A 2006/2007 exposé pointed to very prominent European and USA-based flooring brands and international DIY chains’ apparent inability to convincingly prove that they knew precisely where all their Merbau came from or that it was legally sourced. Published media reports resulted in all major players promising to take steps to scale back millions of dollars of purchases from Indonesia, cut the product from flooring lines altogether, or implement stringent controls that would certify the timber’s origin.

The 2007 Australian-Indonesian Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership (KFCP) worth $100 million came about, which included the promise of peat forest protection and the planting of 100 million trees in Central Kalimantan.

More recent results include the Australian Government’s Illegal Logging Prohibition Act 2012 (ILPA) and the Illegal Logging Prohibition Regulation 2012 that became effective on 30 November 2014.

In another recent initiative, a temporary halt to the issuance of forest-use permits in Indonesia was passed in 2014.

Yet Merbau remains vulnerable. Although great strides have been taken in establishing protected areas and sustainable certified forestry, forest loss is still occurring at an alarming rate. It’s not yet too late to do right by Merbau. But more must be done. Success through proven programmes is possible.

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WHERE DOES THE WOOD COME FROM? MORE ON RESPONSIBLE FORESTRY, CERTIFICATIONS, AND CHAIN OF CUSTODY. The best-known organization that promotes responsible forest management is the Forest Stewardship Council® (FSC®). The FSC, a non-profit initiative that works worldwide, certifies participating, compliant forest owners and managers in accordance with set national and regional best practices. In addition, their acclaimed FSC Chain of Custody programme, applicable to manufacturers, processors and traders of FSC-certified forest products, verifies FSC-certified forest products along the production chain. “FSC Chain of Custody certification allows companies to label their FSC products, which in turn enables consumers to identify and choose products that support responsible forest management... Chain of Custody certification is essential for businesses seeking to access environmentally and socially aware markets, or to demonstrate compliance with public and private procurement policies that specify environmentally responsible materials. These include the EU Ecolabel scheme for furniture, or the US Green Building Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system.”

The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) helped create the FSC nearly 20 years ago and continues to encourage consumers to buy wood products that are FSC certified.

WWF maintains the Global Forest & Trade Network (GFTN), working with forest managers, manufacturers and purchasers from across the forest industry supply chain to promote responsible production and trade of forest products.

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The international Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC™) is the largest forest certification programme. A non-profit, nongovernmental organization, its certification system is aimed at small, non-industrial private forest owners and is widely used. It also assists other entities in its drive to promote sustainable forest management, like the Malaysian Timber Certification Council (MTCC) that operates the Malaysian Timber Certification Scheme (MTCS).

Many other like-minded organizations in several countries have developed similar certification guidelines for their specific regions, like the Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI, Inc.) across the United States and Canada.

THE ROLE OF CITES CITES, being an international agreement between participating governments, aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. This is done by subjecting international trade in select species to certain controls, taking into account how threatened they are by international trade. During the 1990s, a proposal was made to include Merbau (Intsia spp.) in Appendix II. In 2005, preparations began to list Merbau in Appendix III. Both initiatives failed, despite the strong case for Merbau’s urgent inclusion that has been made over the years by several conservation bodies. Note: South Africa is a member country of CITES.

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WORKING FOR MERBAU It is heartening to learn more about recent, tougher legislation and other various committed efforts all around the world to protect natural resources and forests. Here are just a few that can, and do, work for Merbau.

An Indonesian chapter of the GFTN was launched in 2003.

GFTN-Indonesia aims to support forest certification and responsible wood sourcing by facilitating trade links between companies committed to achieving and supporting responsible forestry.

GFTN also includes GFTN-Malaysia, formerly known as Kumpulan Khazanah Hijau or KKH, and established to improve access to responsible markets as well as forest management in Malaysia. By raising consumer and corporate awareness about more responsible practices, the GFTN-Malaysia influences wood and paper procurement policies for the public and private sectors.

In May this year, it was reported that the Sabah Forestry Department, responsible for the management and regulation of forests in Sabah, the second largest state in Malaysia, received FSC certification for its fourth forest.

That increased the certified forests, either partially or fully certified under the FSC and PEFC-MTCS System, to 869 828 hectares with 452 636 hectares fully certified forests. And, the Department anticipates additional sites, namely Northern Gunung Rara (NGR) Forest Reserve, TimimbangBotitian Forest Reserve, and Trusmadi Forest Reserve to be certified before the close of 2015.

FLEGT stands for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade. A European Union (EU) initiative, the EU FLEGT Action Plan was established in 2003 to reduce illegal logging by strengthening sustainable and legal forest management, improving governance, and promoting trade in legally produced timber. A Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) is a legally binding trade agreement between the EU and a timber-producing country outside the EU. The purpose of a VPA is to ensure that timber and timber products exported to the EU come from legal sources. The agreements also help timber-exporting countries to combat illegal logging by improving regulation and governance of the forest sector.

The EU Timber Regulation, which came into force in 2013, prohibits operators in Europe from placing illegally harvested timber and products derived from illegal timber on the EU market. Indonesia was one of the first countries to start negotiating a VPA with the EU, and the first Asian country to initial a VPA (ratified April 2014). Indonesia is developing the systems needed to control, verify and license legal timber. It will use these systems for all commercial timber and timber products produced, processed and purchased in Indonesia. The system will also cover all exports, both to EU countries and to other importing countries. Malaysia was also a frontrunner in negotiating a VPA with the EU. Negotiations are ongoing.

The USA’s Lacey Act, which protects wildlife, makes it illegal to import, export, sell, acquire, or purchase fish, wildlife or plants that are taken, possessed, transported, or sold in violation of US law, Indian law, or State or foreign law. It had already covered species protected by CITES, but was amended in 2008 to include products made from illegally logged woods, for import.

The Forest Trust (TFT), a non-profit organisation that promotes responsible, sustainable forest management and certification programs on a grass-root level, has done remarkable work in Indonesia, well worth a look on their website. As an example: In 2011, the concession PT Multi Wahana Wijaya (MWW) was granted a license to harvest 107 740 hectares of natural forest in West Papua over a period of 45 years. TFT began working with MWW in June 2013 towards FSC Forest Certification and FSC Chain of Custody Certification to ensure wood can be tracked from the forest and segregated from non-controlled wood (of particular importance in an area where illegal logging is prolific). In a blog posted on 19 May 2015, TFT reported on the most recent Merbau harvest, which carried identification numbers. “These forests are rich in biodiversity and the local communities are highly in favour of its conservation. So it was good to see how the logging management and practices improved in the last year since TFT conducted RIL (reduced impact logging) trainings. We saw trees which were not cut in the river buffer zones, natural regeneration on the skidding tracks, old Merbau trees which were not logged this time – their time might come after 45 years of rotation. The oldest Merbau trees had even 190cm in diameter, could be up to 190 years old.

We saw the skidding of a 125 years-old tree, but on average the logged trees are 70-80cm in diameter, it never goes under 60cm.” MWW, TFT and the programme funder, Netherlands-based The Borneo Initiative, are optimistic that this natural forest concession will become FSC certified by the end of 2015. If achieved, it will be the first FSC-certified concession in Papua ever.

MORE SUCCESS IN ACTION In 1993, in pursuit of her dream to study orangutans, then undergraduate biology major Kinari Webb visited West Kalimantan in Indonesia, where she also met her future husband Cam Webb, an English botanist and rain forest ecology researcher. She was living at a very remote research station deep in the ‘pristine and timeless’ rain forest. Yet, it was not only its magnificence she got to experience, but also destructive logging borne from the desperation of its villagers. She describes the sound of chainsaws in the distance and the thud of majestic trees hitting the forest floor. “The problem was that the local communities who were doing this logging were so poor that their most basic needs were often not being met. As subsistence farmers, they usually had enough food but when a health emergency struck there was almost only one way to get enough cash: log the forest.”

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It dawned on Kinari that, oddly, the best way to help orangutans might be to become a doctor and help humans, which is exactly what she went on to do. After completing her undergraduate degree, she obtained a Yale medical degree – all the time feeling increasingly driven to return to Indonesia to work on both health care and rain forest conservation. She and Cam achieved their goal shortly after Kinari finished her residency in family medicine in San Francisco. In 2005, Kinari founded Health in Harmony that today supports its partner programme Alam Sehat Lestari (ASRI), which Kinari co-founded with Dr. Hotlin Ompusunggu and Dr. Antonia Gorog. ASRI oversees various projects that engage local communities in integrating high-quality, affordable health care with strategies to protect biodiversity and natural resources. Throughout ASRI’s growth, Cam has contributed to the leadership of its conservation programs.

ASRI operates from a village called Sukadana, north of the regional capital of Ketapang and at the base of Gunung Palung National Park. The program’s conservation efforts focus on preserving Gunung Palung, a vast tract of biodiverse rain forest. The Park is a critically important stronghold, hosting 5-10% of the planet’s total remaining orangutans as well as other rare and endangered animals and plants. In essence, through the work of Health in

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Harmony and ASRI, local families can pay for high-quality health care through conservation-oriented, non-cash means.

In a recently published interview with Kinari she states that, in the time she has known Borneo, it has experienced the fastest rate of deforestation in human history, with more timber coming out of the island than from South America and Africa combined. The enormous trees can reach up to 200 feet into the sky, with an eventual market value equally high. But the folks who cut them might only get $20-$50 a tree – and that after doing it just to meet their basic needs for survival and despite the fact that they consider the forest critical for their well-being. Over the years, while only a few got rich through this destructive logging, the vast majority of the locals simply became more impoverished, with disastrous consequences, as Kinari explained, “Now almost the only timber left is within National Parks and these are rapidly being eroded.

Their loss would be a horrible loss for orangutans, for the people around the forest, and for the planet...”

“Our goal is that no one should ever have to log to get their basic needs met. Towards that target we provide highquality health care that anyone can pay for with barter items such as seedling that we use for reforestation, or traditional arts that we sell to pay for their medicine.

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In addition, anyone that comes from a village that is not doing any logging gets a 70% discount on their bill (however they choose to pay for it). We also offer training in alternative livelihoods such as sustainable agriculture techniques. The funding for the discount, the alternative livelihoods, and for the reforestation comes from conservation organizations that care about saving rain forest but are delighted to be able to help people at the same time.”

“Most re-growth comes from the same batch of five pioneer species, but there have been a few surprises. The best surprise has been our Merbau trees. Merbau is a valuable timber tree native to Papua where it is highly targeted by illegal logging operations and smuggled to China. We thought they were all wiped out in the fire, but during our second round of monitoring six months postfire, we came home to camp each day with datasheets filled with records of Merbau re-growth.

The success of the programme is evident. “Since 2007, we have cared for over 55 000 patients, seen excellent improvements in health indicators, and after just five years we had a stunning 68% decline in households that were doing illegal logging in the national park. We expect a repeat survey next year to show an even further decline given that our on-the-ground monitoring every three months shows fewer and fewer active logging areas.”

“After only a year, some of the re-growth stands at over 4 meters tall. A few of the re-grown trees are now taller than the original parent tree whose charred remnants still remain. Many trees have been able to re-grow so quickly because they have strong, established root systems that were not damaged in the fire combined with a plentiful supply of charcoal and ash to serve as fertilizer and no competition with noxious weeds.

THE MIGHTY MERBAU - RISING FROM THE ASHES In 2013, ASRI’s primary reforestation site at Laman Satong caught fire. Despite valiant efforts, the fire could not be stopped and 19.5 of the 20 hectares of land that had been reforested at the site burned down, destroying almost all of the 80 000 seedlings that had been planted with love and commitment. The unspeakable loss was deeply felt by everyone involved in the project. Accounts of the grief experienced by local villagers along with the programme management team and staff members are touching. They had to decide on the way forward in the wake of such utter devastation – literally only a few portions of the site were unscathed (the 2012 site near the road and the education trail in the 2009 site).

Although initially disheartened, the reforestation team made the commendable and brave decision to move forward and continue the work they are so dedicated to. It was not long before they were collecting dead leaves from the tallest trees to research which grew tallest, started cutting a bigger fire break, and preparing seedlings for planting.

Little over one year after the fire, the ASRI Conservation Director, Erica Pohnan, provided an astonishing update: “We have been vigilantly monitoring the reforestation site for signs of life, with low expectations. Incredibly, life has re-surged from the ashes. The trees are re-growing. Lots of them. And, wow, do they grow FAST. We have collected data on over 5 000 re-growing seedlings across the site.

And incredibly, we found that 33% of all 4-yr old saplings alive before the fire are now re-growing. They are resprouting (coppicing, in forestry terms) from the roots. The numbers drop off slightly as the saplings get younger: only 16-17% of saplings aged 1-3 years seem to be re-growing after the fire.

“This re-growth has been an amazing gift, because it has meant that years of hard work were not erased in a single disastrous event. In fact, we have learned which species are ‘fire resistant,’ i.e., have a high probability of naturally re-growing after a wildfire. This kind of knowledge is hard to come by – you can’t really get permission to do a controlled burn experiment in a tropical rain forest the way we conduct controlled burns in the United States. As a result, surprisingly little is known about the resilience of tropical rain forest trees. Armed with this knowledge, if we continue to successfully exclude fire from the site, Laman Satong will become a forest someday.”

GET INVOLVED Timber iQ expressly supports the practice of responsible and sustainable forestry – not only of Merbau, but all species – and the congruent commerce that drives it. We share the conviction that conservationists and responsible trade actually share aligned and harmonizing goals, which the reputable timber supplier and discerning consumer will both support. It makes sense to know the source and status of the timber we supply and enjoy. Peace of mind comes from the knowledge that the wood was not harvested illegally, through forced or child labour, or from exploited and endangered forests.

At the time of going to print, Timber iQ was in communication with the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries on current regulations in South Africa, and local initiatives to support sustainable forestry.

We hope to feature this in our next edition. It was not possible or practical to include every conservation initiative in this article. But please let us know of important and worthy causes not mentioned, or that you are involved in, that we can support or promote in a future issue.

Because just as wood works for us, we should work for wood.

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TIMBER CONSERVATION ADDITIONAL REFERENCES AND CONTENT SOURCES: Plants for People (P4P) [IUCN project] www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/species/our_work/ plants/plants_projects_initiatives/plants_for_people_/ and Global Trees Campaign www.globaltrees.org/gtsg.htm Accessed 17 May 2015 CITES and the CITES Appendices www.cites.org www.cites.org/eng/app/index.php Accessed 11 May 2015 and 18 May 2015 ‘A Clear & Urgent Case: Why Merbau Should be Listed on Appendix III of CITES’ The Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) & TELAPAK EIA – UK, EIA – USA www.telapak.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/merbau_ briefing_230404.pdf Accessed 19 May 2015 ‘An assessment of tree species which warrant listing in CITES’ James Hewitt, 2007, for Milieudefensie (Friends of the Earth, Netherlands) https://milieudefensie.nl/publicaties/rapporten/anassessment-of-tree-species-which-warrant-listing-in-cites Accessed 19 May 2015 The Wood Database ‘Restricted and Endangered Wood Species’

By Eric Meier www.wood-database.com/wood-articles/restricted-andendangered-wood-species/ Accessed 19 May 2015 FSC Certification Forest Stewardship Council® https://ic.fsc.org/fsc-certification.4.htm Accessed 11 May 2015 and 18 May 2015 Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) www.daff.gov.za Forestry Regulation & Oversight www.daff.gov.za/daffweb3/Branches/Forestry-NaturalResources-Management/Forestry-Regulation-Oversight/ Sustainable-Forestry Accessed 7 May 2015 and 19 May 2015 Department of Environment (DOE) Projects and programmes www.environment.gov.za/projectsprogrammes Accessed 19 May 2015 Sustainable Forestry Initiative www.sfiprogram.org/buy-sfi/what-we-do Accessed 12 May 2015 American Tree Farm System www.treefarmsystem.org Accessed 12 May 2015 Vashon Forest Stewards (VFS) www.vashonforeststewards.org Accessed 19 May 2015 World Wildlife Fund (WWF) ‘Working together for responsible forest management’ Kerry Cesareo, WWF Managing Director - Forests www.worldwildlife.org/stories/working-together-forresponsible-forest-management Global Forest & Trade Network www.worldwildlife.org/initiatives/global-forest-tradenetwork

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http://gftn.panda.org/gftn_worldwide/asia/malaysia_ftn/ http://gftn.panda.org/gftn_worldwide/asia/indonesia_ftn/ www.worldwildlife.org/industries/timber Accessed 19 May 2015 Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade www.euflegt.efi.int/vpa www.euflegt.efi.int/indonesia www.euflegt.efi.int/malaysia Accessed 20 May 2015 Chatham House, the Royal Institute of International Affairs 18th Illegal Logging Update and Stakeholder Consultation: 2021 June 2011 www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/ Research/Energy%2C%20Environment%20and%20 Development/200611summary.pdf Accessed 20 May 2015 The Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) www.pefc.org/about-pefc/who-we-are Accessed 20 May 2015 The Real Reason Deforestation Happens Has Nothing to Do With Wood 9 February 2015

By Zachary Slobig www.takepart.com/article/2015/02/09/saving-rainforestorangutans-stethoscope Accessed 20 May 2015 Health In Harmony Resilience and Re-growth: Or how the reforestation site turned into a place for hosting dangdut dance parties 28 January 2015 Erica Pohnan, ASRI’s Conservation Director www.healthinharmony.org/2015/01/28/resilience-and-regrowth-or-how-the-reforestation-site-turned-into-a-placefor-hosting-dangdut-dance-parties/ Accessed 20 May 2015 and 22 May 2015 Radical Listening: Scaling Health Care Delivery and Conservation (part 2) 8 May 2015 Post written by Rachel Pohl www.globalhealthdelivery.org/blog/2015/05/radicallistening-scaling-health-care-delivery-and-conservation/ Accessed 22 May 2015 ‘Sabah Receives Forest Stewardship Council (FSC®) Certification for Pin-Supu Forest Reserve (Class VI) - Virgin Jungle Reserve, at Sungai Pin, Kinabatangan’ 6 May 2015 www.forest.sabah.gov.my/media-centre/press-release/466fsc-certification-pin-supu Accessed 22 May 2015 ‘Timber Trade Action Plan – Combating Illegal Logging’ 2005-2013 www.tft-earth.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/TheTimber-Trade-Action-Plan-Project-2005-2013-Eng1.pdf Accessed 22 May 2015 ‘Deep in the forests of West Papua - TFT’s Jana Nejedla goes on a journey towards FSC merbau wood’ 15 May 2015 The Forest Trust (TFT) [Blog] www.tft-earth.org/stories/blog/deep-in-the-forests-of-westpapua and www.tft-earth.org/who-we-work-with/projects Accessed 22 May 2015

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TIMBER CONSERVATION

In the genes Science and technology at work for Merbau

G

overnments and authorities are under constant pressure from conservationists and environmentalists to take ever-stronger action to stop illegal logging, the scourge of the timber trade industry. Certification programmes that verify the legal source of timber, alongside correlated chain-of-custody programmes, are a clear part of the solution. But, the difficulty in tracking the genuine origin of timber has always been a legitimate problem. The corrupt masterminds behind illicit logging have always found ways to flout and bypass laws and checkpoints. Commonly, they would employ tactics like coercion and bribery. And with that came forged documentation, including falsified source-of-origin paper certificates. In 2007, that status quo altered.

The year 2007 was a remarkable one for Merbau. It was when Simmonds Lumber, an Australian wholesaler that was importing more than 50 containers of Merbau a month at that time, mainly from Indonesia, first tried a new technology involving DNA sampling and testing to prove the legitimacy of its Merbau supplies. Developed by Singapore-based DoubleHelix, and certification body CertiSource, the technology entailed checking wood fibres against the genetic code of trees known to exist in sustainably managed areas. The system therefore held the promise of providing a standard of proof of individual timber shipments, rather than auditing company or forestry processes.

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"In a study of merbau, Intsia palembanica, a highvalue timber species from southeast Asia used for decking, DNA fingerprinting was used to compare samples of timber from a saw mill in Java, Indonesia, with their declared forest source (Lowe et al. 2010).

In this test, all mill samples could be positively identified as coming from the forest concession and not from another source..."

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In greatly simplified terms, with this revolutionary technology it became possible to identify precisely where a piece of timber originated from. By removing DNA samples from forests and building databases that captured the specifics of those forests, subsequent DNA tests could then identify, irrefutably, exactly which forest a piece of timber came from.

Summarised as a “non-trivial exercise that takes time, energy and money” by Andrew Lowe (professor in plant conservation biology at the University of Adelaide, Chief Scientific Officer with DoubleHelix and instrumental in the development of the complex DNA timber testing system) the development process came with several serious challenges, including high initial costs and building up a database of DNA fingerprints for each tree species (from every region in the world). But in a relatively short time following widespread publicity of the technology and its results, international research teams got involved by collecting data for many high-value timber species, including Merbau, and by compiling DNA maps of several high-profile regions for illegal logging. In another noteworthy resulting outcome, criminal investigations in the USA and Germany followed where prosecutors used genetic analysis to substantiate claims of legality by timber suppliers.

MORE PROGRESS Thankfully, this ‘DNA tree tracking’ system is no longer the only such tracking method available to authenticate the legal origin of timber. Tougher laws and penalties put in place to combat the trade in illegally sourced timber have played a part, alongside improvements in technology, to increase the appeal and implementation of verification technologies. Software, ‘digital passports’ (barcode tags), radio frequency identification tags and even satellite tracking are all available and in use to help buyers and sellers with traceability, and ongoing technological advancement is working with traditional paper-based systems towards much more modernised online platforms.

DNA technology has proven helpful to enforce laws and prosecute violators. Technology empowers consumers and end-users to help curb destructive and illegal logging – information is provided to help us choose to stop buying illegal timber. Forests now stand a fighting chance. And with that, so do whole species of animal and plant life – and the livelihood of many, many deserving people.

ADDITIONAL NOTES, REFERENCES AND SOURCES DoubleHelix is an accredited certification body that provides timber supply chain auditing services in Indonesia in accordance with the CertiSource Legality Assessment Standard (CLAS) for Verified Legal Timber.

CertiSource is a timber certification system reognised by governments in Europe, Asia and the Pacific (positive independent assessments by CPET in the UK and ProForest). CertiSource requires that certification bodies be accredited to ISO/IEC GUIDE 65: ‘1996 General Requirements for bodies operating product certification schemes’ (or EN45011 as it is known in its European version), which DoubleHelix is. This can be verified on the JAS-ANZ register.

JAS-ANZ stands for The Joint Accreditation System of Australia and New Zealand, established in 1991 to provide internationally recognised accreditation services of conformity assessment bodies in the fields of certification and inspection.

DOUBLEHELIX, CERTISOURCE AND JAS-ANZ WEBSITES: www.naturesbarcode.squarespace.com/about www.doublehelixtracking.com www.certisource.org www.jas-anz.com.au The Global Timber Tracking Network (GTTN) brings together the science, scientists, policy makers and interested stakeholders concerned by illegal logging and associated trade to promote the integrated use of DNA and stable isotopes with the existing technologies to ensure legal timber trade and curb illegal and unsustainable logging. GTTN is coordinated by Bioversity International through the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry. www.globaltimbertrackingnetwork.org/ home Lowe AJ, Cross HB. (2011). The Application of DNA to Timber Tracking and Origin Verification. Journal of the International Association of Wood Anatomists 32(2): 251262.

Biodiversity Revolution Lowe A. ‘Seeing the wood through the trees’ www.biodiversityrevolution.wordpress.com/2012/10/23/ special-report-seeing-the-wood-through-the-trees/ 23 October 2012.

Mongabay.com Dimitrova, T. ‘A new tool against illegal logging: tree DNA technology goes mainstream’. Mongabay.com. www.news. mongabay.com/2013/0422-dimitrova-dna-logging.html 22 April 2013.

Guardian Professional Henley, W. ‘Tracking timber: could new technology help clean up the supply chain?’ www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/trackingtimber-new-technology-supply-chain 14 August 2013.

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SOURCING MATERIALS

What's in a label?

What the FSC labels actually mean Images courtesy of FSC IC

Director General of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), Kim Carstensen explains why using wholly FSC-certified materials is simply not possible all of the time.

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he FSC logo is well recognised as a symbol of wellmanaged forests. It’s a logo that appears upon product labels to demonstrate the product is sourced from responsibly managed forests.

FSC 100% is, of course, the best you can get. But this isn’t to say that because a product uses an FSC Mix label, rather than FSC 100%, it shouldn’t be trusted. It is still a symbol of responsible forest management.

While we and our members readily understand these labels and their differences, we recognise that the everyday consumer may not be familiar with the difference between our FSC 100% and FSC Mix labels. However, we ensure that behind our label, there is a product which was made with forest materials from certified or responsible sources.

To ensure the consumer can actually get FSC-certified materials, we've had to find a middle ground. This is simply because the supply of FSC material is, in a number of cases, not certain enough that whole supply chains will accept just relying on FSC-certified material. It is our systems for controlled wood and recycled materials that offer this compromise: so while we cannot 100% guarantee every time, what we can do is give a 70% guarantee of certification, and control the remaining 30%.

We have three different types of labels: FSC 100%, where material is only sourced from FSC-certified forests; FSC Recycled, where products are made from 100% recycled materials; and FSC Mix, where the output of labeled material fits exactly with the input of materials from certified forests – at least 70% – and controlled sources.

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FSC Mix guarantees to you that the product comes from a producer, who has bought material from forests certified to the highest standards, and whose production therefore supports responsible forest management.

SOURCING MATERIALS

HOW DO WE CONTROL RISK?

OUR GOAL FOR 100%

To control which materials are allowed under our controlled wood system, we have a number of standards defining how we determine risk. It is assessed against a variety of categories, including the risk of conversion of forest to other uses, the risk of destruction of high conservation values, the risk of illegality, the risk of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in the materials and the risk of human or traditional rights violations.

We would love to be in a situation where FSC 100% was the norm, but we still have a way to go. So we have set up a system that offers the clearest and most practical solution currently available. It guarantees that the FSC label only goes on products where the producer has bought material from FSC certified forests to the highest standard that there is, together with controlled and reclaimed materials, to fit the volume sold as FSC certified. FSC makes consumers feel confident they are supporting responsible forest management and not incentivising forest destruction.

Currently companies that source wood are allowed to carry out their own risk assessments, but for consistency across the system and avoiding conflict of interest, these requirements are being revised. As a result, company risk assessments will be phased out by the end of 2015 and be replaced by a new system of FSC-implemented risk assessments. Later this year, we will also be revising the rules of our trademark, including our FSC Mix label. A technical working group will be looking into those issues, and there will be the opportunity for all of our stakeholders to influence the way our rules are developed.

Yes, we’ve seen the demand for FSC products and the interest in being FSC certified increasing year by year. But there is still a long road before we can say we don’t need the controlled wood system at all anymore.

The FSC 100% label is being used in the market. In fact, over a third of the certificate holder respondents of our global market survey report they sell FSC 100%. And we do actively encourage organisations to become FSCcertified, or move to FSC 100%. But in areas such as paper production, where you have highly diversified supply chains with very many different types of products, it still remains quite difficult to foresee any quick move from FSC Mix to FSC 100%.

For the foreseeable future we will need controlled wood, so our energy is focused on doing all we can to strengthen the controlled wood system. It’s something we’re spending a lot of time, resources and effort on at the moment – for the benefit of our members and consumers.

For more information, visit www.fsc.org.

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COMPANY PROFILE

Solid stuff

Windows and doors supplied to an upmarket residence in Hyde Park

Three decades later, local timber manufacturer still going strong

W

ith over 200 years’ combined experience and 35 years’ manufacturing experience, it’s no wonder that RSB delivers large volumes of laminated beams, mouldings, frames and doors of a superb quality.

The company was established in 1980 as ‘Randfontein Saligna Beams’ for the sole purpose of manufacturing laminated Saligna beams. In 1986, laminated Pine beams were introduced and by 1993, the company moved onto SA Pine mouldings, quickly establishing itself as one of the biggest manufacturers and suppliers in Southern Africa.

In 2003 RSB expanded and moved premises from Randfontein to Chamdor to 18 000m2 of factory space, of which 8 000m2 was covered with timberproducing and wood-working machinery.

Bathroom sliding louver doors supplied by RSB

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PTY (LTD)

COMPANY PROFILE

Specialist Timber Manufacturer www.rsbgroup.co.za info@rsbgroup.co.za Tel: +27 11 761 6900/1/2/3 Cel: +27 71 606 6505 Fax: +27 11 761 6900

SA

NS

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SALIGNA LAMINATED BEAMS Hardwood - Great For Outdoor Use: Decks & Pergolas.

PINE LAMINATED BEAMS Softwood - Preferred For Roo�ng & Mezzanine & Flooring Structures.

The Nike Soweto Soccer Academy was designed to include 63 x 63 laminated Saligna beams as cladding, highlighting not only the structural integrity of the product, but its bold aesthetic value. Timber supplied by RSB and installed by JB Roofing.

Image by RSB. Predominantly manufacturing two types of beams, Glulam (Saligna) and Lamstock (Pine), RSB also manufacture mouldings, PAR, decking, skirting, flooring, a large variety of architectural mouldings and supply the market with various types of exotic timbers.

A recent introduction includes an exciting line of custom doors, frames, window frames as well as I-joists (I-beams).

TIMBER iJOISTS C Engineered iJoists Suitable For Roofs, Mezzanines & Flooring Structures.

Building A House?

Residential/Commercial/Industrial

Both Glulam and Lamstock beams are SATAS approved for health and safety purposes. SATAS monitors the process strictly from beginning to end, making sure that RSB conforms to consistent procedure. All phases of manufacture are strictly controlled.

RSB delivers daily to the Gauteng area with weekly trips made to the Free State, North West Province, Mpumalanga, Limpopo Province, Northern Cape, KwaZulu Natal and Swaziland. Business has also expanded out of South Africa to countries such a Botswana and Swaziland.

standard pine �aange rang

The company does not supply the public directly, but supplies all major building and DIY stores in South Africa. RSB supplies top class materials and approved building contractors for various projects.

For more information, visit www.rsbgroup.co.za.

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All Rights Reserved.

INDUSTRY INSIGHT

Use burnt trees according to their potential, says wood scientist From an economic and safety viewpoint it makes sense to first determine the degree to which wood has been degraded during a plantation fire, before deciding what to do with it. While not all pine trees that have survived such wildfires should still be used to make roof trusses, they could be used to make furniture, flooring, fencing, pulp or as fire wood.

T

his is the message from wood scientist, Prof Martina Meincken of the Department of Forest and Wood Science at Stellenbosch University at the recent symposium on silviculture and the management of dryland forests.

Her research group conducted a series of experiments testing the maximum temperature that South African pine wood can take before it deteriorates and is no longer usable.

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Her research team is currently developing a nondestructive method with which to determine the temperatures to which wood was exposed during a wildfire. It can be used to decide on the end use of such wood. The project is funded by the National Research Foundation of South Africa.

The local sawmill industry follows one of two strategies when it comes to handling trees from plantations that endured a forest fire. Either none of the trees are used, which comes at a huge economic loss, or they are treated as normal wood.

INDUSTRY INSIGHT

“With the latter there’s always the chance that you might end up with several problems due to changes in the wood property,” explains Prof Meincken, who has done previous research showing how higher temperatures (as experienced during a veld fire) cause changes in the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of wood.

Research done by one of her students, Dr Benedict Odhiambo, showed that a tree’s bark is its best protection against heat and fire damage. The thicker the bark, and the more fissures or narrow cracks on it, the better its heat resistance and ability to protect the concealed wood.

“However, when the bark is exposed to a very hot fire for long enough, the wood behind the bark will inevitably be exposed to elevated temperatures and start to degrade,” Prof Meincken explains.

Little is known about the exact temperature at which changes to wood start to occur, and whether all tree species react the same. Therefore Prof Meincken’s team set about testing pine wood burnt at temperatures ranging between 150 and 350 degrees Celsius. This is typical of what is experienced during a forest fire. To better understand how heat affects the wood, it was viewed in detail using solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and computed tomography (CT) scanning.

The results clearly show that burnt pine wood, even if only mildly damaged, behaves differently from ‘normal’ wood and should therefore be processed in another way. This decline becomes especially significant at temperatures above 250 degrees Celsius. It becomes weaker and can break more easily when a load or pressure is applied to it.

Also, the density of the wood and the thickness of the cell walls decrease along with increased temperatures.

South African pine wood is widely used to make roof trusses for the building trade. The wood should therefore be strong enough to hold up the weight of an entire roof.

“Our findings show that wood that has been exposed at temperatures higher than 250 degrees Celsius should not be used for such structural purposes,” she advises. “It no longer meets minimum strength requirements.”

Moisture content also comes into play in building matters, as wood that has not dried out correctly could shrink and cause deformation of the structures in which it is used.

Therefore Prof Meincken’s team also conducted relevant experiments to see how the moisture content of pine wood changed after being exposed to high temperatures. When dried using a typical drying schedule of a sawmill, it was found to have a higher final moisture content than is usual after such treatment. Moisture content also varied much more within the samples than was the case with normal wood.

“This might be because the wood has already been partially and irreversibly pre-dried during the fire, which caused structural changes to the cell wall of the wood fibres,” she says.

“The maximum temperature that a tree can tolerate before changes in its wood takes place will most likely differ from species to species,” believes Prof Meincken.

“We need to do more research to find out what this ‘cut-off’ point is for other tree species of economic value, so that we can know whether burnt wood could still be used as normal wood, if it should be processed in a different way, or not as structural wood,” she emphasises.

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WINDOWS & DOORS

Subframes ensure better builds Dylan Miller from leading wooden window and door manufacturer, Swartland, offers an overview on what makes subframe systems such a great way of improving overall build quality when installing windows and doors.

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he subframe system is a great tool for installing windows and doors in any kind of installation. So says Dylan Miller from leading wooden window and door manufacturer, Swartland, who goes on to add, “Any new build or renovation project that involves the installation of new windows and doors will greatly benefit from using a subframe system.”

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Briefly explained, subframe systems are typically used in masonry openings so that windows can be anchored into the opening. Dylan explains, “The subframe is anchored directly to the masonry and acts as a receiver to the window.” Setting the industry benchmark, Dylan says that Swartland has launched an innovative subframe system.

“Swartland’s subframe system is made from PVC-U, and they have been designed to ensure the simple and accurate fitting of all Swartland’s windows and doors.”

WINDOWS & DOORS

Normally, subframes are used for openings that boast a flat anchoring area on all four sides in which the subframe can be installed. Irregular openings are therefore not really suitable candidates for subframe systems. Dylan explains that since subframe systems are designed for installation in openings with flat surfaces, they are really easy to install. “The real beauty of Swartland’s subframe system is that it is incredibly easy to install. First, it must be constructed, which takes place on-site – the lengths simply need to be cut to size with a carpenter saw, and then the corners are quickly and easily joined with a plastic corner piece that is provided. The cutting need not be that accurate, as construction is very forgiving.”

Once the unit has been assembled, Dylan says that it can be built in with the wetwork: “Lugs are provided as a standard item with Swartland’s subframe system, and fit easily into the sides of the frame. Because of these lugs, no mechanical means are necessary to fix the system into the wetwork.”

Dylan notes that there are numerous benefits involved in using a Swartland’s subframe system for the installation of windows – these include:

This saves time and money on fixing possible snags at a later stage, and goes a long way to improving overall build quality.

• Saves you money: No damp proof course is required on the vertical sides, since no contact points will be created between the inner or outer walls.

• Provides better insulation: The subframe is insulated with polystyrene, which helps prevent energy flow through the wall, ensuring better thermal performance of the fenestration or door installation. It also helps with acoustic insulation and acts as a barrier against condensation and mould growth.

• Saves you time: Installing Swartland’s subframe will speed up the building process, as the cavity is closed with the subframe so no bricks need to be specially cut to fill the cavity.

• Allows for cavity completion: With a subframe, the entire cavity for the window can be complete. Normally, the windowsill can only be constructed once the window is installed.

• Improves overall build quality: It ensures that a completely square or rectangular hole is built, which will perfectly fit the window or door in question.

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WINDOWS & DOORS

• Makes large installations easier: The subframe is lightweight, and thus makes the process of squaring, levelling and plumbing the windows or doors much easier when compared to doing this with the actual window or door.

• Easier installation for multi-storey builds: The subframe can be installed from the inside of the building, which makes installation so much easier and safer when constructing multi-storey buildings, where scaffolding or ladders would typically be used.

• It protects fenestration and doors: Subframes allow windows and doors to be installed in the final stages of the building process, which seriously minimises the risk of damage and reduces potential costs for builders and their clients.

• Ensures a better fix: Subframe systems provide added overall structural strength and rigidity to the window or door installation.

For more information, visit www.swartland.co.za.

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DOORS

High quality Saligna doors for

low-cost and GAP housing projects Africa Timber Marketing (ATM) manufactures quality Saligna doors for low-cost housing and GAP housing projects, and needs no introduction to architects, builders, contractors, property developers, hardware establishments and the export market.

S

aligna (Eucalyptus Grandis) is preferable for use in the manufacture of doors, due to its density, hardness, and bending strength. Africa Timber Marketing controls its own drying processes of its timber by means of a PLC timber drying control system, which ensures a superior end product.

With years of experience in the doors and timber trade, ATM customers are assured of the best quality and most cost-effective doors in the market, as well as fast, efficient, and personal customer service.

Africa Timber Marketing obtained SATAS (South African Technical Auditing Service) (SANS 545:2009) certification in 2014 and is proud to announce that it is in the process of developing panel doors (4, 6 and 8 panels), which will soon be available to the market.

ATM is able to supply the market in large volumes.

MANUFACTURER OF HIGH QUALITY SALIGNA DOORS At ATM our aim is to bring you premium quality Saligna doors at affordable prices

SALIGNA FLB DOORS

SALIGNA STABLE DOORS

• Saligna frame, ledged and braced • Solid Saligna construction • External/Internal door • Finished size: 2040 X 815 mm

• These doors split in two, which allows the top half to open while the bottom half remains closed • External/Internal door • Finished size: 2040 X 815 mm • FLB and BB stable doors available

SALIGNA BB DOORS & FIRE DOORS • Saligna appearance on both faces • Semi-solid and solid construction • External door • Finished size: 2040 X 815 mm

CONTACT SJ BADENHORST Tel: +27 12 802 2012 | Fax: +27 86 509 7603 | Cell: +27 84 811 3439 | Email: atm@lantic.net Physical Address: Africa Timber, Plot 365 Donkerhoek, R104 Road, Pretoria East

EDUCATION & TRAINING

Photograph: Copyright © Moyan Brenn

QS Rankings - SU agriculture and forestry experts the most influential in SA Where studies and research in agriculture and forestry are concerned, Stellenbosch University (SU) ranks as the most sought after and influential institution in South Africa. It is also ranked among the top 100 institutions worldwide in these fields, according to the QS World University Rankings by Subject for 2015.

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U is considered one of the world’s elite institutions in 10 of the 36 subjects featured on the list. This authoritative annual ranking serves as a useful guide for prospective international students. It indicates which universities are the most sought after and influential in specific fields of study. Institutions are measured based on their academic reputation, how highly regarded they are by employers, and their research impact.

According to Prof Danie Brink, acting dean for the Faculty of AgriSciences at Stellenbosch University, the results indicate the quality and applicability of the research undertaken in the faculty.

He thanked staff, co-workers, industry partners and postgraduate students for their contributions towards making Stellenbosch University a leader in agricultural research.

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“We want to be increasingly involved in agricultural endeavours both in South Africa and Africa as a whole.

Through our research and training we wish to contribute to the development of applicable technology, human resources and policy, in order to unlock the available potential in a sustainable manner for the benefit of society,” explains Prof Brink.

Most studies and research in agriculture at SU are conducted within the eleven departments of the Faculty of AgriSciences. These include the Departments of Agronomy, Forest and Wood Science, Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Genetics, Soil Science, Horticultural Sciences, Agricultural Economics, Plant Pathology, Animal Sciences, Food Science, and Viticulture and Oenology. The faculty is furthermore also home to the Institute for Wine Biotechnology and the Institute for Plant Biotechnology, as well as four SARChl Chairs – in meat science, wine biotechnology, plant biotechnology and postharvest technology.

EDUCATION & TRAINING

The Department of Forest and Wood Science in the Faculty of AgriSciences is the only tertiary institution in South Africa to offer both graduate and postgraduate courses in wood product sciences, forestry and natural resource management. It attracts many postgraduate students from other African countries.

According to Dr Pierre Ackermann, chairperson of Forest and Wood Science, the Department’s success is due to the fact that activities are focused on the full value chain within forest and wood sciences, and not merely parts thereof.

“The Department is also in the unique position to effectively service forestry and processing industries locally and in the rest of Africa. This is done through capacity development programmes and research conducted by a small but talented team of lecturers and researchers,” he says. “Our continued cooperation with European and North American institutions further underlines the Department’s credibility.”

Seven South African institutions (UCT, Wits, UP, UKZN, Rhodes, SU and UJ) took part in the latest QS ranking. The SU consistently appears in the top five positions nationally.

It scored top honours in Agriculture and Forestry; second in Biological Sciences, Chemistry and Mathematics, third in

Medicine, Environmental Sciences, Development Studies and Geography and fourth in English Language & Literature as well as Law. On an overall international level, SU is ranked in the following positions, performing best in Development Studies at #46; followed by Agriculture & Forestry - #51100; English Language & Literature - #151-200; Geography - #151-200; Law - #151-200; Biological Sciences - #251300; Medicine - #251-300; Environmental Sciences - #251300; Chemistry - #301-350; and Mathematics - #301-350.

"Rankings can be problematic in certain respects, but they are the global academic currency of our time. The achievement is however a clear indication that Stellenbosch University is indeed a world-class institution that can compete with the best in the international arena. I would go as far as saying that the SU brand is still undervalued. The achievement is also an endorsement of the academic and research excellence of an institution that has distinguished itself as an active and relevant role player in a global context," SU Rector and Vice-Chancellor, Prof Wim de Villiers said.

For more information on the QS World University Rankings visit www.topuniversities.com.

NO NAILS, JUST CRAFTSMANSHIP

EVENTS

Austro’s showroom in Cape Town

Open house at Austro Latest technology from Biesse Edgebanding and Nesting solutions showcased at Austro Open House Show in Cape Town

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outh Africa’s largest distributor of world class machinery for woodworking and composites for over 30 years, Austro regularly opens its showroom doors to existing and prospective clients to view their most recent technologies, to learn more about them and to engage with the Austro team.

Timber iQ had the opportunity to visit the Austro showroom in Cape Town in April this year and was delighted to experience first-hand the high-end technology that goes into precision machining and edging perfection.

Biesse woodworking machinery, from edgebanders, CNC machinery, beam saws, as well as edging and tools, took centre stage at the Open House Show and Austro staff were on hand to talk about the various characteristics of the machines and their place in the local market.

The star of the show was the AirForce System by Biesse.

This machine uses the simple principle of compressed hot air (400°C to 500°C) to perform the melting of the functional layer for edging. The colour continuity between edge and surface gives the material a look more similar to a painted finish than a plastic edge.

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Biesse Roxyl 5.5 Edgebander This kind of look has been described as a ‘zero-glue-line.’

The AirForce System can be installed on small or large machines and has minimal impact on the machine mechanics, meaning it can easily co-exist with the glue system (EVA or PUR). The maximum working speeds are up to 25m/min using the most common 18mm pan.

EVENTS

Underpinning their world-class technology are matching customer service and attention to detail.

Austro Cape Town highlighted the importance of their support staff’s role in transportation and installation of machinery as well as offering excellent after-sales service.

ABOUT AUSTRO Austro has more than 30 years’ experience in the woodworking industry and over the past 10 years this experience has extended to customers in a variety of allied industries. Regardless of industry or application, Austro’s customers count on them for outstanding products, technical service and support. The Austro team works hard to understand their customers’ production processes, operational environments, challenges, and opportunities by providing solutions that will keep them up to date and competitive in the market.

Austro provides a comprehensive range of technologies and solutions covering the entire industrial processing cycle of wood and wood derivatives to fulfil their customers’ most challenging projects which include: • Furniture manufacturing • Window and door manufacturing • Kitchen and BIC manufacturing • Shopfitting component manufacturing • Boat building & construction • General joinery For more information, visit www.austro.co.za.

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EVENTS

LIGNA 2015 LIGNA 2015, which drew to a close in Hannover on Friday, 15 May, was an outstanding success for all parties concerned, featuring an impressive array of innovative technologies and production scenarios, large-scale machinery and the rapid strides made by Industry 4.0 in the woodworking and wood processing industry.

“Exhibitors here presented their latest innovations to a global audience, clearly demonstrating the new, high standards of communication between people, machinery and smart workpieces in the furniture and wood industry,” stated Dr. Jochen Köckler, the Deutsche Messe Managing Board member in charge of LIGNA. “Pioneering new technologies are the key to success for joiners and cabinetmakers, putting integrated manufacturing within their reach.” Köckler also said the outstanding success of the event cemented its leading status worldwide. A total of 96 000 visitors attended the fair, including approximately 40 000 from outside Germany.

Some 1 567 exhibitors showcased their leading-edge solutions, technologies and innovative production equipment on over 120 000 square metres of display space. There was a clear focus on integrated, high-efficiency manufacturing. The new Wood Industry Summit was an instant success, and the new ‘Surprisingly Versatile’ theme also met with keen interest. “This year’s LIGNA struck a chord among exhibitors and visitors – a chord embodying three resounding notes: outstanding international participation, impressive innovation and a further increase in top-executive attendance,” remarked Köckler.

Wolfgang Pöschl, CEO of Michael Weinig, AG and Chairman of the German Woodworking Machinery Manufacturers’ Association, summed up the show in the following words: “This LIGNA has more than met our expectations, which were high to begin with.

Once again it has generated even more momentum in an already positive market environment, and demonstrated the potential that new technologies hold for everyone in the wood industry.

This is precisely what our customers from around the world expect from their flagship fair.”

OUTSTANDING INTERNATIONAL TURNOUT 96 000 trade visitors attended LIGNA to witness the latest innovations and to place new orders. Around 40 000 of these visitors were from outside Germany (as compared with 32 800 at the previous show in 2013). The top visitor nations were Austria, France, Italy, the United States, Great Britain, Russia, Belgium, Poland, Sweden, China and Brazil. The percentage of professionals in attendance rose again, from 94% in 2013 to 96% this year.

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EVENTS

Attendance from Asia was up considerably, from 2 800 in 2013 to 4 700 in 2015. An upsurge of 86% was noted for the Near and Middle East, and an increase of 62% was registered for South, East and Central Asia. The show attracted 2 800 visitors from South and Central America, thus topping the 2013 figure (1 700) by a wide margin. “For anybody interested in doing international business, Hannover was clearly the place to be. More than 25% of trade visitors here were either planning to place orders at the show or had already done so,” said Köckler.

LIGNA REFLECTS RAPID STRIDES MADE BY INDUSTRY 4.0 Live demonstrations of furniture production in simulated factory settings were right on target for LIGNA visitors, offering them a first-hand glimpse of the benefits of integrated manufacturing.

There was also a wealth of information to support attendees in their future purchasing decisions, with exhibitor presentations focusing strongly on the aspects of flexibility and economic efficiency. The new ideas for customized mass production featured at this year’s LIGNA will set the agenda in the woodworking and wood processing sector for years to come.

“LIGNA 2015 was once again a complete success for us. Our customers were delighted,” said Rüdiger Schliekmann, managing partner of IMA Klessmann GmbH in Lübbecke, Germany.

The solid wood working displays featured a wealth of new technologies and efficiency-boosting innovations. Here too, the spotlight was on integrated manufacturing, with exciting new technologies paving the way for substantial cost reductions.

Integrated manufacturing was clearly a hot topic for companies of all shapes and sizes. LIGNA also featured displays of innovative solutions for efficient manufacturing processes among joiners and cabinetmakers. “LIGNA once again confirmed its reputation as the industry’s leading global tradeshow, with an unrivalled depth of international participation. This is the platform of choice for displaying our innovations,” said Hansjörg Felder, General Manager of Felder KG, based in the Tyrolean town of Hall, Austria.

WOOD INDUSTRY SUMMIT A SUCCESS FROM THE OUTSET LIGNA’s status as an international networking hub for the industry was further enhanced by the Wood Industry Summit.

With its mix of discussion and presentations, the summit proved an instant hit with its target audience. The Finnish firm Ponsse reported receiving outstanding leads from Ukraine, Russia, China and Brazil.

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EVENTS

“The Wood Industry Summit enabled us to enhance and expand our network of international leads across the board. At the Summit we definitely met our goals. The high ratio of international visitors at LIGNA is the event’s unique selling point from our point of view,” said Tuomo Moilanen, of Ponsse Plc, based in Vieremä, Finland. Exhibitors and trade visitors used the forum – which attracted international participants from industry, research and government – as a valuable source of leads for project deals in high-growth markets. In the words of Jochen Köckler: “In collaboration with our technology partner, the German Forestry Council (KWF), we successfully used LIGNA to put large equipment manufacturers in touch with visiting delegations from around the globe.”

'SURPRISINGLY VERSATILE' MEETS WITH KEEN INTEREST LIGNA concentrated on a completely different aspect in the special presentation entitled ‘Surprisingly Versatile.’ Here the main focus was not on wood; instead, exhibitors showcased the flexibility of their technologies for drymachining many different kinds of materials. According to Wolfgang Stadie, Director Sales and Marketing of MAKA Systems GmbH, Nersingen, “LIGNA scored a real hit with ‘Surprisingly Versatile.’ Right from the start, this special display helped us reach new target groups, bringing promising customers right to our stand,” he remarked. The spectrum ranged from plastic machining technology to equipment for processing alloys and composites. And thanks to targeted ads placed in related publications, professionals with backgrounds in interior finishing, building materials and the automotive industry also made their way to Hannover. “We see even more potential for LIGNA here and will continue to pursue it,” said Dr. Jochen Köckler, confirming the success of the new ‘Surprisingly Versatile’ campaign.

From the primary sector to woodworking and logistics, exhibitor displays during the five-day event explored every facet of woodworking and wood processing machines. In the words of Luigi De Vito, Director of the Machinery Division, SCM Group S.p.A., Rimini, Italy, “This was a special LIGNA edition for SCM Group, which is showcasing a vast range of technology in each of the dedicated halls: from intelligent cell systems to advanced software suites; from joinery machines to working centres for the homebuilding sector, to technologies for surface finishing. It means making the best of all opportunities generated in the most important woodworking trade show.

As worldwide specialists for the wood industry, we experienced great interest on the part of our global customers; this is true confirmation that LIGNA is the international, leading event in the wood industry that can’t be missed.”

Large-scale machinery was well represented at the event, particularly in the section of the show dedicated to forestry, where the open-air site provided an ideal backdrop for these modern-day giants. The forestry displays were also more international than ever – a fact underscored by the first-time appearance of various exhibitors from abroad. The sawmill technology displays put the spotlight on increased efficiency and added value.

The ‘Energy from Wood’ showcase provided space for concepts and solutions aimed at making optimal use of wood as an energy source. The panel products sector also abounded in innovations, with displays clearly reflecting the growing significance of timber construction. And the skilled trades sector displayed a growing interest in CNC technologies.

The next LIGNA will be staged from 22 to 26 May 2017, once again in Hannover, Germany.

For more information, visit www.ligna.de.

EVERY LINK IN SUPPLY CHAIN COVERED AT LIGNA For many years the LIGNA brand has been synonymous with a broad spectrum of exhibits, covering the industry’s entire supply chain.

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TOOLS & EQUIPMENT

Taking the effort out of filling and sealing Introducing the new Makita 18V cordless caulking gun

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ur local market will once again benefit from another new addition to the alreadycomprehensive range of Makita 18V LithiumIon Cordless tools; this time in the form of the DCG180ZK caulking gun, which is compatible with a standard 300ml cartridge. An optional bulk holder (Set B) is available, which uses 600ml bulk cartridges for larger applications.

The DCG180ZK is lightweight, powerful and a versatile solution for contactors who are required to dispense large amounts of adhesives and sealants on a regular basis. This model is ideal for window and ceiling installers, shop fitters, commercial glazers, painters, kitchen and bathroom contractors and more.

The first and obvious advantage of the new DCG180ZK is the fact that it is powered by an 18V Lithium-Ion battery for efficient operation and reduced hand fatigue and not having to worry about plug points and extension cables.

The variable speed control is an important feature and the control dial enables the user to finely adjust the pushing speed for optimum sealant flow rate to match the material of the work piece or the width of the gap that requires caulking. The flow rate is controlled from start-up and even when going around a corner.

The 360 degree rotating sealant holder allows for caulking in hard to reach places. You can also avoid awkward working positions by simply rotating the sealant holder so that the angle of the cartridge nozzle fits over the gap to be caulked.

The anti-drip function stops excess sealant from oozing out, simply by releasing the trigger switch. This removes the residual pressure inside the cartridge/holder.

This model is compatible with the Makita 5.0Ah (45 minutes charge time), 4.0Ah (36 minutes charge time) and 3.0Ah (22 minutes charge time) batteries.

The batteries and the charger are sold separately. The 3.0Ah batteries are interchangeable with other 18V Makita Lithium Ion cordless tools in the range, while the 4.0Ah and 5.0Ah batteries are compatible with all models that start with a ‘D’ in the model name and have a star on the battery terminal. The rechargeable and eco-friendly 18V 3.0Ah Li-Ion batteries provide longer run time. The LXT Li-Ion battery generates an impressive 430% more lifetime work with two-and-a-half times more cycles.

Productivity and efficiency are key factors in our modern world and by using the Makita DCG180ZK cordless caulking gun, both of these can be achieved.

For more information, visit www.makita.co.za.

The DCG180ZK is fitted with an LED job light with a preand after-glow function for illumination in dark spaces.

There is also an overload LED light that will blink when the machine is about to overload and should it overload the circuit will shut off the power.

// JUNE / JULY 2015

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INTERVIEW - TIMBER LIVING

18 months in a unique timber house Meet Hannu and Melanie, who have been living in the first South African Novatop House for 18 months.

Klára Popovová, marketing specialist for HWZ International, recently interviewed them about their experience living in House Pinotage.

KLÁRA: WHAT IS IT LIKE TO LIVE IN HOUSE PINOTAGE? IS IT DIFFERENT FROM LIVING IN A CONVENTIONAL BRICK HOUSE?

higher volume, noise disturbance is almost zero, provided all doors and windows are kept closed.

HANNU: It is definitely different from a brick and mortar

KLÁRA: HOW DO VISITORS REACT TO HOUSE PINOTAGE?

house. The microclimate in this house has been very special; you feel more comfortable and healthier in this house and the temperatures remain constant with only slight variations. Even our plants are growing better!

MELANIE: One of the big advantages of this house is that when you close all the windows and the doors, the house is actually sealed shut. So you don't hear the neighbours having a party in the garden or even the dogs barking. It is very quiet and this is something that we really appreciate.

In the same way, if we want to switch our music on to a

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MELANIE: Our visitors like the house and are very impressed when they learn that it is a wooden house. They are also astounded by the fact that a house with solid timber walling can be built.

HANNU: People don’t realize that our house is a timber house. On entering they don’t see the visible timber as it has a concrete look. However, once inside, they feel the difference immediately.

INTERVIEW - TIMBER LIVING

KLÁRA: DO YOU THINK A TIMBER HOUSE IS ONLY FOR PEOPLE WHO LIKE WOOD? MELANIE: This house is definitely for people who like timber, but not exclusively. The timber can be covered with any other material of the owner’s choosing – you don’t have to see the timber to experience its advantages. This house is for anyone who likes good quality living.

KLÁRA: YOU DON'T HAVE ANY AIRCONDITIONING IN YOUR HOUSE - DO YOU MISS IT? MELANIE: I don't think we would need any. As soon as we open the doors and windows in the evening to let some air through the rooms, it just cools down. The walls don’t heat up much during the day and they cool down during the night.

HANNU: We regulate the temperature of the house manually by opening and closing the windows and doors.

It’s even possible to have this process automated and the opening and closing happens by itself. Either way, no airconditioning is needed.

In March we had one or two very hot days. It was 44°C outside and indoors it was a comfortable temperature of 24°C.

KLÁRA: WHAT ABOUT THE WINTER? DO YOU USE A FIREPLACE OR HEATING?

We went through the whole of last winter without a fireplace. It could have been a little bit warmer, but it was definitely not as cold as it would have been in a brick and mortar house in South Africa.

KLÁRA: THERE ARE MANY VISIBLE WOODEN WALLS - HAVE YOU NOTICED ANY DEGRADATION OF THE MATERIAL? HANNU: There have been no changes in the structure up to now. There is some colour change in places where no UV protection was applied. However, if one didn’t want the colour to change, then one would need to use a good quality UV protection, because the South African sun is harsh, even shining into the house. This also applies to areas where there is no direct sun, so UV protection is a must.

KLÁRA: ARE THERE ANY DISADVANTAGES TO LIVING IN THE PINOTAGE HOUSE? HANNU: We are very impressed by the performance of our house. But to be very honest, the only negative thing about the house is that we are now spoiled for the future.

As long as we can afford it, we will always live in a timber house.

For more information, visit www.hwzinternationalsa.co.za.

MELANIE: No, we don't have any heating. We have a fireplace, but have yet to use it.

// JUNE / JULY 2015

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EVENTS

WoodEX for Africa back in 2016 for all the right reasons Following the success of the first three editions of WoodEX for Africa the event will be back - bigger and better - at Gallagher Convention Centre in Midrand from 9 to 11 June 2016. Held annually since 2012, WoodEX for Africa has enjoyed tremendous support from the local and international timber industry and the event is now established as Africa's leading industry showcase.

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he event, which will be held biennially from next year in order to fit in with the global timber industry calendar, is the perfect platform to connect with specialised dealers, catch up on the latest timber trends, secure new business contacts and compare excellent deals.

look forward to representing the entire timber industry at the event and to growing the industry through WoodEX for Africa. We have already received a number of exhibition bookings for next year and we are receiving enquiries daily. All indications are that next year will be a bumper event."

Stephan Jooste, Director of WoodEX for Africa, says the organisers are excited about the interest the timber trade from southern African countries has shown towards WoodEX. "We believe that the strong support from the African timber industry is the key feature in future WoodEX for Africa events. Last year we were already surprised by the number of visitors from African countries such as Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe, and we are already receiving enquiries for next year's event from the trade in these countries.

WoodEX for Africa features exhibitors showcasing innovative timber and woodworking products and services, such as woodworking machinery, wooden furniture, cupboards, wooden arts and crafts, decking, flooring, structured timber, timber treating, saw-milling and logging, pulp and paper manufacturing, as well as financial institutions, insurance companies and import and export services.

"The increasing awareness of wood locally and internationally makes WoodEX hugely relevant as a platform to showcase what wood has to offer, and with most of our exhibitors indicating that they would like to see the event grow and that they will be back next year, we

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Bookings for exhibition space at WoodEX for Africa 2016 are now open. Reserve your exhibition space now to secure the best possible position and to benefit optimally from the event's marketing campaign. If your company’s products or services touch wood, this is the show for you.

For more information, visit www.woodexforafrica.com.

BOOK NOW!

9-11 EXPLORE JUNE NEW BUSINESS

OPPORTUNITIES

2016

AT AFRICA’S ONLY TIMBER MACHINERY, TOOLING, MATERIALS & FITTINGS EXHIBITION Furniture & Kitchen production | Forestry & Sawmilling | Wood Materials, Machinery & Veneers Tools, Loggers & mobile Saws | Timber Construction and supply | Industry Surface & Treatment Technologies Many more Timber related products, machinery and services.

Gallagher Convention Centre | Midrand | South Africa info@woodexforafrica.com | +27 (0) 21 856 4334 www.woodexforafrica.com

TIMBER TREATMENT

Tan-Treat gets the 'thumbs up' from Khulani Timbers TM

Khulani Timber Industries, one of Limpopo's longest-established timber treatment operators, has given Arch Wood Protection's Tan-TreatTM Quality Support System the 'thumbs up' for valueadded savings and efficiency improvements.

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an-Treat™, an integrated electronic record keeping system, forms an integral part of Arch’s commitment to building customer relationships through initiatives across the supply chain, and thereby adding value that goes beyond treatment products. This philosophy formed the foundation during the early stages of Khulani and Arch’s longstanding relationship, when Arch undertook to commission a new Tanalith™ CCA treatment plant and planted the seed for the relationship to grow exponentially over the years.

Charl Gobetz, Technical Manager at Khulani Timber Industries, says that TanTreat™ has been a seamless integration into their stock taking system. “Stock reconciliation used to be a time-consuming exercise, but with TanTreat™ we are now experiencing faster turnaround times with the vital information at our fingertips,” explains Charl.

Charl Gobetz, Technical Manager at Khulani Timber Industries with Thomas Ngwenya and Beauty Ralepille.

“The system is user-friendly and the hands-on technical training provided by Arch during the initial setup is highly commendable. Our stock controllers have become eager to learn and to continue developing their computer skills in this vital area of the business,” adds Charl.

With all calculations being computed by TanTreat™, the margin for human calculation error is now zero. The system removes the need for separate Charge Sheet books in each Hazard Class, and all hazard classes are integrated into a single stock reconciliation. The programme also allows for stock reconciliation for any period of time without manual calculations, and all data, once entered, is secure and cannot be manipulated. With the ability to produce stock recons so easily, adjustments to the charge process can be made more readily as the charges results indicate any changes from the norm.

Doug Sayce, General Manager of Arch Wood Protection South Africa, concludes, “We are delighted with the positive contribution that TanTreat™ has made at Khulani and that we are able to provide a service that enables them to reap the benefits of all important cost savings and

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Khulani Timber stock controllers, Thomas Ngwenya and Beauty Ralepille, at work with Arch Wood Protection’s TanTreat™ Quality Control System. improved efficiency in their business. To date, TanTreat™ has been rolled out to over 90% of our customers and we are excited about growing this value-added service within our industry.”

Conference

∙ Trade Expo

12 – 13 August 2015, Cape Town International Convention Centre

Conference

∙ Trade Expo

ONSOR P S a s ate a Particip expand d n a R BITO or EXHI twork! e n s s e n si your bu CapeConstructionExpo

CT_Construction

HOST MEDIA PARTNERS

Cape Construction CONTACT TANITHA JOlly

tanitha.jolly@cape-construction.co.za +27 21 700 4324

www.cape-construction.co.za

FIXTURES & FITTINGS

Anthracite-finish door handles from Handles Inc Handles Inc's latest range of door handles, the Olivari SuperAnthracite Satined finish, will add style and elegance to every doorway.

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his new range introduces a unique finish that is in high demand by architects and interior designers who are increasingly looking for products with a strong character and are able to integrate with interior décor and architecture.

The product is a very dark grey, with a metallic sheen and boasts a 10-year warranty and is available exclusively through Handles Inc. The finish, combined with improved quality and performance, is in line with the brand’s already-high standards – bringing new life to the handles in a game of contrasts and geometric elegance.

Handles Inc have taken the traditional concept of a door handle and expanded it into something far more exciting – door handles as decorative pieces.

If you're searching for a door handle that lends itself to a clear and strong statement in door design, visit Handles Inc for exclusive ranges of premium quality door, cupboard handles and accessories, as well as exclusive bathroom and home accessories.

For more information, visit www.handlesinc.co.za.

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BETTER THAN TIMBER

The design and construction of a fence around your home is not just for boundary markings. It also complements the style of your home alongside providing privacy and some level of security.

UCO fence is available in various sizes, with wood grain texture giving you a timber look-alike finish but with fibre cement durability.

UCO Decowood is a durable strip made from fibre cement. It is environmentally friendly, termite-proof and weather resistant.

Ideal for both internal and external use, it can be used as stair risers and treads, ceilings, feature walls, louvers, decking and fencing.

CAPE TOWN HEAD OFFICE TEL: 021 933 0052 FAX: 086 516 0593 EMAIL: info@ufcc.co.za JOHANNESBURG: 011 708 3016 FAX: 086 516 4291 EMAIL: jhbsales@ufcc.co.za Product may vary according to specification.

modular

timber frame

homes ECO FRIENDLY

MANUFACTURED IN CAPE TOWN DELIVERED TO YOU

SPRUCE & LARCH TIMBER SALES

2 Thermo Road 021 945 2731

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Triangle Farm Stikland

info@swisslinedesign.co.za

Cape Town

www.swisslinedesign.co.za

2015/02/17 3:04 PM