Trader's Dispatch - August 2023

Vol. XXIV No. 7 P.O. Box 997 Conrad, MT 59425-0997

Phone 406-271-5533 Fax 406-271-5727

website: tradersdispatch.com

E-MAIL: advertising @ tradersdispatch.com

Registration open for ARSBC symposium

In partnership with the University of Wyoming, the Beef Reproduction Task Force will host the Applied Reproductive Strategies in Beef Cattle (ARSBC) symposium at the Little America Hotel and Resort in Cheyenne September 6-7.

The event will take place at 2800 W. Lincolnway, running from 8 a.m.-6 p.m. on Wednesday, September 6, and 8 a.m.-12:30 p.m. on September 7. Producers, veterinarians, artificial insemination technicians, students and others interested in beef cattle production are encouraged to attend.

“This is a producer-focused meeting that brings in speakers from across industry and academia to speak on topics relevant to the reproductive management of beef cattle and the implementation of reproductive technologies,” says Shelby Rosasco, University of Wyoming Extension beef specialist.

The Beef Reproduction Task Force is made up of research and extension specialists from across the U.S. The annual ARSBC symposium, co-hosted with state extension programs, distributes the latest information about reproductive technology in cattle production, nutritional management, herd health, male fertility and genetic selection.

This year, presentation topics include estrus synchronization and artificial insemination; nutritional management for the cowherd; brucellosis; selecting for sires to perform at high altitudes; calving management; and bull development.

To view the conference program and register for the event, visit beefrepro.org.

For those who register before August 18, the cost is $200,

CONTINUED ON PAGE A2

UPCOMING AUCTIONS

Aug 14 - 20, Smith Sales, Co., JD 3970 w/Dion F64, Online A3

Aug 19, Kuhbacher Auction Service, Brower & Townsend, Ekalaka MT A6

Aug 25, CANCELED, Weaver Auctions, CANCELED, Drummond MT A4

Aug 26, Barnes Auction Service, Bill Haney Construction, Sheridan MT A7

Aug 26, Shobe Auction Service, Horse Progress Days, Moore MT A5

Sept 9, Kuhbacher Auction Service, Formerly George’s Roustabout, Gillette

WY A4

Sept 9, Logan Auction Service, Inc., Gary & Angelika Morton Estates, Reed Point MT A8

Sept 10, RLP Auction, Collectibles, Native American, Hamilton MT A4

Sept 10 - Oct 15, Smith Sales, Co., Fall Project Car & Machinery, Online A3

Sept 16, Weaver Auctions, Billy Willis & Guest Consignor, Potomac MT A10

Sept 16 - 30, Pate Auction Inc., 2023 State of Montana Surplus Property, Online A9

Sept 23, Brownell Auctions, Consignment Auction, Pendroy MT A14

Oct 3, Fritz Auction, Vince & Carla Sullivan Farm Retirement, Cut Bank MT A8

OTHER DATED

Aug 18 - 20, Lone Tree Gun Show, Sidney MT A8

Aug 19 - 20, South Central Montana Antique Tractor Show & Threshing Bee, Huntley MT A6

Sept 15 - 17, Teton Antique Steam & Gas Threshing Assoc, Threshing Bee and Bazaar, Choteau MT A22

Sept 19, Montana Department of Ag Pesticide Disposal, Kalispell MT A11

Sept 20, Montana Department of Ag Pesticide Disposal, Hamilton MT A11

Sept 21, Montana Department of Ag Pesticide Disposal, Helena MT A11

Sept 22, Montana Department of Ag Pesticide Disposal, Three Forks MT...A11

Food preservation class

Join MSU Extension Yellowstone County for a food preservation class on water bath canning basics on August 30th, 5:30 – 7:30 pm, at the North Park Recreation Center Kitchen. Participants will learn about canning a high quality, safe salsa product. Pre-registration and $20 fee must be received by August 25 to reserve a spot. Register at www. montana.edu/extension/yellowstone/family_consumer_sciences. Contact MSU Extension Agent Sara Fluer at 406256-2828 with questions.

Nominations sought for outstanding ag leaders

The College of Agriculture at Montana State University is seeking nominations for its Outstanding Agricultural Leader award, which will be presented during the annual Celebrate Agriculture Weekend November 3-4 at MSU. The deadline to submit nominations is August 30.

The award recognizes individuals, families or businesses that have gone above and beyond for the Montana agricultural industry in the realms of public service, advocacy, production or business. Awardees will be honored during the Celebrate Ag breakfast event on Nov. 4 ahead of the Bobcat football agriculture appreciation game against the Northern Arizona University Lumberjacks.

Nominations can be submitted online at ag.montana.edu/celebrateag/aggie_nomination.html. A list of past recipients can be found at ag.montana.edu/celebrateag/outstandingaggie.html. Jay Bodner of Helena received the award in 2022.

“Celebrate Agriculture Weekend is always a highlight of our fall semester, and the opportunity to recognize the many people who help our agricultural industry thrive is something we look forward to all year,” said MSU Vice President for Agriculture and Dean Sreekala Bajwa. “Collaboration and connection are what make our work so gratifying, and welcoming our friends and colleagues to Bozeman is always a welcome opportunity to deepen those connections.”

The selection committee for the Outstanding Agricultural Leader award comprises past chairpersons of the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station Advisory Council; the College of Agriculture’s Aca-

demic Advisory Committee and development board; a current faculty member; and a member of the College of Agriculture Student Advisory Council.

To be considered for the award, nominees must be well respected in their agricultural community with accomplishments that have wide impact; be an industry leader or an emerging and active innovative producer; and be actively involved in the agriculture industry.

Active MSU or government employees are only eligible for the award’s “Friend of the COA/MAES” category. Retired university or government employees will be considered if they have been retired for at least two years and have shown service above and beyond their job description. Nominees who are not selected will be reconsidered in future years, but application forms should be updated.

Hard copies of the nomination form can be requested by calling the College of Agriculture dean’s office at 406-994-3681.

CONTINUED ON PAGE A2

PRODUCTION SALES

Aug 26, Montana Columbia Sheep Breeders Show & Sale, Lewistown MT ............................................. A2

Sept 13 - 14, Hughes Newford Co. & Sampsel Livestock, Miles City MT ...................................................... A10

PRIVATE TREATY

McMurry Cattle, Herefords, Billings MT ................. A32

Shoco Red Angus, Augusta MT A5

Sleeping Willow Ranch, Irish Black & Irish Red, Stevensville MT A2

Wednesday, August 30 Advertiser Index B1 Recipe Patch A26

Ever wondered how many tires (and men) it takes to cover all the silage used for feed in a large feedlot? It takes a lot to cover a 5 acre silage pit at the feedlot near Hobson, Montana. Photo courtesy of Suzy Benzing.

or $150 for students. After August 18, registration prices will increase to $250, or $200 for students. August 18 is also the cut-off date for booking rooms at the Little America Hotel and Resort.

Conference details and booking information are available at beefrepro.org. Contact Shelby Rosasco at srosasco@uwyo. edu or (307) 766-2329 with questions.

Nominations sought for outstanding ag leaders

Celebrate Agriculture Weekend is an annual event to honor Montana’s agricultural legacy and current and future agricultural leaders, producers and students. For more information about Celebrate Agriculture and a full agenda, visit ag.montana.edu/celebrateag/.

Controlling bluegrass in irrigated alfalfa

By Todd Whitney, UNL

Bluegrass can be a common weed in irrigated alfalfa lowering forage quality and shortening stand longevity. Thankfully, these pesky plants can be controlled by maintaining thick alfalfa stands; properly managing irrigation; and/or using herbicides (as a last resort).

High-density alfalfa stands can effectively compete with bluegrass for sunlight, moisture, and nutrients. However, it is important to time irrigation so the upper several inches of fields are dry at harvest. Then, delay irrigation until significant alfalfa regrowth is initiated. Unlike alfalfa, that has a deep root system, bluegrass is shallow rooted and will not compete well with the alfalfa if the topsoil is dry. Conversely, early irrigation (following harvest) may allow bluegrass to out compete the alfalfa for available surface moisture; since bluegrass basal leaves help it grow more rapidly after the alfalfa is cut. Once alfalfa regains some regrowth, it will compete well with the bluegrass.

If stands are thick, and water management is adequate, then labelled herbicides like Select Max®/Arrow®; Poast®; Velpar®; or Roundup WeatherMax® might be cost effective to weaken or kill grassy weeds like bluegrass. Apply any one of these immediately after harvest. Glyphosate herbicides can be used on Round-up Ready® alfalfa fields. For bluegrass and annual grasses like foxtail and crabgrass control; Select Max® and Arrow® have the highest rated control and is safe for your alfalfa.

THE TRADER’S DISPATCH

(USPS 019-793)

AUGUST 2023 — Vol. XXIV No. 7

Postmaster: Send address changes to Trader’s Dispatch, PO Box 997, Conrad, MT 59425-0997

Jean Aaberg, production Geri Aaberg, circulation Kathy Peterson, ad layout Suzy Benzing, ad layout

Office Phone 406-271-5533 FAX 406-271-5727

e-mail: advertising@tradersdispatch.com www.tradersdispatch.com

Notice: Advertisers purchase space and circulation only. All property rights to any advertisements produced for the advertiser by Trader’s Dispatch, using artwork or typography furnished or arranged by Trader’s Dispatch shall be the

www.weaverauctions24.com

www.weaverauctions24.com 26, 2023 @ 10AM WEBSITE FOR UPDATES:

We’d appreciate it if you tell an advertiser you read his ad in the Trader’s Dispatch.

ARM & RANCH EQUIPEHICLES, TRAILERS, ATVS, & MUCH MORE!

FEATURING FARM & RANCH EQUIPMENT, VEHICLES, TRAILERS, ATVS, TOOLS, & MUCH MORE!

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US WITH YOUR GNMENTS AT: weaverauctions24@gmail.com

CASEY WEAVER (406) 544-8696

AUCTION

AUCTION

EAVER 8696

AMANDA WEAVER (406) 540-2919

CANCELLED - MAY BE RESCHEDULED

AMANDA WEAVER (406) 540-2919

FALL FARM & RANCH CONSIGNMENT

LOCATION: DRUMMOND, MT

FALL FARM & RANCH CONSIGNMENT

AUG. 26, 2023 @ 10AM

FOLLOW OUR WEBSITE FOR UPDATES:

LOCATION: DRUMMOND, MT

www.weaverauctions24.com

AUG. 26, 2023 @ 10AM

OLLOW OUR WEBSITE FOR UPDATES:

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EATURING FARM & RANCH EQUIP-

AUCTION

FEATURING FARM & RANCH EQUIPMENT, VEHICLES, TRAILERS, ATVS, TOOLS, & MUCH MORE!

MENT, VEHICLES, TRAILERS, ATVS, TOOLS, & MUCH MORE!

ONTACT US WITH YOUR CONSIGNMENTS AT: weaverauctions24@gmail.com

Sunday, September 10, 2023 at 10 am at RLP Sale Barn, Hamilton, MT 31/2 miles north of Hamilton on Hwy 93

CONTACT US WITH YOUR CONSIGNMENTS AT: weaverauctions24@gmail.com

Preview: Saturday, September 9 - 12:00 - 5:00 pm

ASEY WEAVER (406) 544-8696

AMANDA WEAVER (406) 540-2919

CASEY WEAVER (406) 544-8696

These items are being auctioned through I Collector. You may bid in-house or online. Go to rplauctions.net to register for online bidding.

AMANDA WEAVER (406) 540-2919

COWBOY COLLECTIBLES

NATIVE AMERICAN AMERICANA GUNS SILVER GOLD

RLP Auctions (406) 369-2640

www.rlpauctions.net

Formerly George’s Roustabout & OIlfield AUCTION

September 9, 2023 - 10 am

Gillette, Wyoming

100’s of tools, wrenches, ratches, pipe benders, chains and boomers, cherry picker, Acetylene cart and bottles, several sockets - big and small, several toolboxes FULL of good tools, 100’s of REBUILT OILFIELD VALVES, 100’s of VALVES THAT NEED REBUILT, Toro lawn mower - 42”, runs great, Coast to Coast lawn mower - runs, small tiller, weed eaters, swamp cooler, 1985 Case backhoe 580E Super 2WD, - 5962 miles, BIG PIG ROASTER/SMOKER ON TRAILER, 2014 Diamond C hydraulic dump trailer - bumper pull, 2 dry van trailers, oilfield hay basket, 4-ton body frame body repair jack, 2004 Ford F350 pickup - 179,000 miles, Trail King 5th wheel semi flatbed trailer and more trailers, BBQ’s - George loved making BBQ’s. SO MUCH MORE!! Go to Kuhbacherauction.com for full listing and photos.

Sam’s Ranch AUCTION

September 16, 2023 - 10 am

Rockpoint, Wyoming

More details and pictures coming soon!!

Broadus MT Community AUCTION

October 7, 2023

Broadus Fairgrounds, Broadus, MT

Taking Consignments Now!!

Broadus, MT 605-645-3591

Field

conditions shift to favor soybean Phytophthora stem and root rot

By Dylan Mangel - Extension Plant Pathologist, UNL

We typically expect conditions for soybean seedling disease to be ideal early in the season during crop emergence. This season, conditions were dry and the crop experienced limited seedling disease. Disease levels were exceptionally low for oomycete pathogens like Pythium and Phytophthora. These oomycete pathogens are also known as the ‘water molds’, and that name provides a clue for why they were missing this spring. These pathogens rely on water to complete their lifecycle and when it is absent the spores will remain dormant in the soil.

Spores from Phytophthora sojae, which causes the soybean disease Phytophthora root and stem rot (PRSR), can infect soybean plants throughout the season and will often do so if moisture increases midseason. With moisture increasing across the state in the last few weeks, PRSR is beginning to show up on farms.

PRSR symptoms, when infecting plants mid-season, often show up two weeks after a large rain event or even the first irrigation event of the season. Initial symptoms are often plant wilting and leaf chlorosis accompanied by a brown color on the exterior surface of the stem that extends from the soil surface up for two or three nodes (Figures 1 and 2). After these symptoms are present, the plant will typically dry-down quickly and drop leaves.

A key takeaway here is that Phytophthora is not manageable in season. However, this is a controllable disease if management is applied in the correct spot. Therefore, step one is to verify the disease is caused by Phytophthora and to carefully note what areas are experiencing symptoms. With this information, consider management options for the next season.

The first line of management is to select a resistant soybean variety. Varieties that contain a Phytophthora resistance gene are available. Additionally, varieties are commonly rated for Phytophthora field tolerance. Pairing both field tolerance and a resistance gene will provide the best con-

trol. However, if you have an area with high infection, consider planting that field last to give the soil more time to warm and dry out. Seed treatments are also effective against PRSR. Mefenoxam and metalaxyl are effective but often require use at increased rates. See the UNL NebGuide: Management of Phytophthora Root and Stem Rot of Soybeans, G1785 for additional seed treatment information.

Important dates August 15-16

August 15, 1969 - Woodstock began in a field near Yasgur’s Farm at Bethel, New York. The three-day concert featured 24 rock bands and drew a crowd of more than 300,000 young people. The event came to symbolize the counter-culture movement of the 1960’s.

August 16, 1777 - During the American Revolutionary War, the Battle of Bennington, Vermont, occurred as militiamen from Vermont, aided by Massachusetts troops, wiped out a detachment of 800 GermanHessians sent by British General Burgoyne to seize horses.

August 16, 1780 - The Battle of Cam-

den in South Carolina occurred during the American Revolutionary War. The battle was a big defeat for the Americans as forces under General Gates were defeated by troops of British General Charles Cornwallis, resulting in 900 Americans killed and 1,000 captured.

August 16, 1896 - Gold was discovered in Rabbit Creek, a tributary of the Klondike River in Alaska, resulting in the Great Klondike Gold Rush.

August 16, 1977 - Elvis Presley was pronounced dead at the Memphis Baptist Hospital at 3:30 p.m., at age 42.

Figure 1. Phytophthora root and stem rot infected plant wilting in the field. Source: D. Mangel

Figure 2. Brown stem symptom associate with Phytophthora root and stem rot infected plant. Source: D. Mangel

2023 Montana Make It With Wool program

The Montana Make It With Wool program is planning for a great year of creativity through our traditional garment making contest, and the Quilt, Appliqué Project, and Afghan contest.

District MIWW contests will be held in October 2023. Specific dates can be found in the 2023 Montana MIWW brochure which is available on the Montana Woolgrowers Association website at mtsheep.org/make-it-with-wool/, the Montana Make It With Wool Facebook page, at your local MSU Extension office, and from our Montana MIWW Director Amanda Powell (aspowell11@hotmail.com).

Please note: All MIWW garment entries and quilt, appliqué project, and afghan entries are due by October 1, 2023. No late entries being accepted.

The Montana Entry Form has specific instructions on what size samples and fees need to be sent to the appropriate directors. The MIWW Entry Form can be found on the Montana Woolgrowers Association website at mtsheep. org/make-it-with-wool/, the Montana Make It With Wool Facebook page, at your local MSU Extension office, and from our Montana MIWW Director and District Directors.

To compete in the Montana MIWW program, the fabric and/or yarn needs to be a minimum of 60% wool to qualify for the MIWW contest. There is a $7 testing fee for each piece of fabric or yarn used in your entry. We encourage sewists to send in their samples early, to assure the testing results are received before the District contest. All samples are to be sent to the Montana MIWW Director (4187 Old Post Road, Havre MT 59501) for testing.

The MIWW competition is open to all who sew, knit or crochet garments with wool fabric or wool yarn. The categories are Preteen (12 and under); Junior (1316); Senior (17-24); Adult (age 25 and older); and Made for Others. Ages are determined as of January 1, 2023.

All participants compete at the District contests. Winners at the District level in the Junior, Senior, and Adult categories advance to the Montana State MIWW competition held in conjunction with the Montana Woolgrowers Convention on December 1st and 2nd, 2023, in Billings. Made for Other category winners move onto the State MIWW competition if the entry meets the category requirements.

The Montana MIWW Quilt / Appliqué Project / Afghan contest continues this year and we can’t wait to see your one-of-a-kind creation. Specific entry information can be found in the 2023 Montana Make It With Wool Quilt / Appliqué Project / Afghan Contest brochure which can be found on the Montana Woolgrowers Association website at mtsheep.org/ make-it-with-wool/, the Montana Make It With Wool Facebook page, and at your local MSU Extension office. Our quilt competition is directed by Jean Harrison who can be reached at 406-7991331 or jeanharrison45@ charter.net for questions.

We are on Facebook!! If you have not liked our page yet, we ask that you go and like it – Montana Make It With Wool.

udders, excellent feet and easygoing disposition.

Neal Hay Sales

Large round bales alfalfa, grass, grass mix, hay barley

1st and 2nd cutting, netwrapped

Excellent cattle and horse hay

Phone/text (406) 590-8916

Brower & Townsend AUCTION

August 19, 2023 - 10 am

Ekalaka, Montana

Antiques, horse buggy with tack, Antique toys, 100’s of canning jars, grainary to be moved, tons of rustic yard art, leather Southwestern couches, tall table and chairs, stone mantle, chairs, Courts saddle 17/18 inch bought 5 years ago rode twice, cutting saddle, lanterns, sidewalk lawn edger, John Deere Brushhog, John Deere back blade, 3 sets of washers and dryers - 1 set is new - all three sets work great, Sheridan Export beer sign, NR Davis & Sons 12 gauge double barrel shot gun with side by side triggers, Winchester 410 Stevens rifle with double stacked barrel and double triggers, tons of shop tools, 2 EdenPure heaters, 30 wooden chairs, John Deere STX 38” riding mower, old Daisy BB gun, SO MUCH MORE.

Go to Kuhbacherauction.com for full listing and photos.

Broadus, MT 605-645-3591

South Central Montana Antique

Tractor & Machinery Association

EDGTA Branch 29

34th Annual

Celebrating the 100th year of Farmall Tractors

Visit us on the Web at: www.antiquetractorclub.org or like us on Facebook: www.faebook.com/antiquetractorclub

Annual forage options after hail

By Aaron Berger, Nebraska Extension Beef Educator

Recent hailstorms have wreaked havoc on many crops in the Nebraska Panhandle and around the state. This is prompting many producers to ask what their options are for planting forages in situations where the crop was destroyed. The following are questions to consider as producers evaluate their options.

1. Are there insurance rules that would restrict how a forage can be planted? Visit your insurance agent and confirm you can plant a forage crop and be in compliance with the rules.

2. What were the herbicides applied to the crop that was destroyed and what are the plant back restrictions? Are there any harvest restrictions for forages planted due to prior herbicides?

3. Will the forage be used for silage, hay or grazing?

4. How soon will forages be planted? In western Nebraska, the tipping point for

EVENT SCHEDULE

Saturday & Sunday (10AM - 4PM)

9:00AM Worship Service, Sunday only (at Tractor Pull Bleachers)

10:00AM - Noon

Working Sawmill, Shingle Mill & Branding

Kiddie Pedal Tractor Pull

Corn-On-Cob & Steam Calliope by Steam Engine

Threshing & Binding

Dutch Oven Bread Baking & Butter Churning

Homemade Ice Cream by Stationary Engine

Food will be available: Lil Red Wagon The Food Dude Montana Melt Home Made Pie & Ice Cream

Noon - 4:00PM

Corn-On-Cob & Steam Calliope by Steam Engine

Slow Tractor Race & Barrel Races

Stationary Baling

3:00PM - Parade of Power

Working Sawmill, Shingle Mill & Branding

Antique Tractor Pull

Threshing & Plowing

Kiddie Pedal Tractor Pull

Dutch Oven Bread Baking & Butter Churning

Homemade Ice Cream by Stationary Engine

~ ALL DAY EVENTS ~ Pie, Ice Cream & Coffee • Tractor Balance

Stationary Engine Display Working Blacksmith/Machine Shop

Shingle Branding • Arts & Crafts • Kids Barrel Ride

Huntley Project Museum • Grist Mill & Spinners

whether to plant a summer annual such as sorghum or sorghum x sudan cross or millet is July 25. After July 25, a spring annual such as oats, spring triticale, or barley will likely produce more forage and offers the option of a longer growing window as these crops will continue to grow till temperatures get down into the low 20 degrees Fahrenheit before growth stops.

5. What will be the next crop that will be planted after the annual forage? What impact might the proposed forage crop have on the subsequent crop?

Nebraska Extension has several resources available that provide information on options for producers to consider after a hailstorm. The websites: go.unl.edu/hail_know, go.unl.edu/cover_crops and go.unl.edu/ beef_forages provide information on these topics. Nebraska Extension Specialists and Educators are available to answer any questions.

Forage options after hail

By Todd Whitney, UNL

Hail is a four-letter word that causes high anxiety. Since the average first fall killing frost in Nebraska usually occurs from October 1 to October 10, our growing season is now over halfway with only 70-80 days remaining. So, replanting severely hailed corn or soybeans fields are likely not good options; since even short season corn hybrids need at least 80-90 days of growing days, and the shortest season maturity group soybeans need at least 80 days of growing season for economic yields. Therefore, the best alternative options may be to move from a summer grain production mindset to possible forage options.

Assessing hail damage loss assessment is a challenge when losses vary based on stand reduction, direct damage, and leaf defoliation. For those with insured crops, check with your insurance company prior to replanting, grazing, or converting your severely hailed acres to another crop. Next review your herbicide labels for any restrictions regarding seeding new crops on hailed fields. Then, if forage production is still an option, consider planting warm-season annual forages in July or warm/cool-season forages in August.

August 19 & 20,

2023

Between Huntley & Worden, MT on Hwy 312E (approx 15 miles NE of Billings) WATCH FOR SIGNS

Directions to Event: Take Huntley Exit #6 from I-94. Turn North. Go thru Huntley, proceed through town to stop sign at HWY 312E. At the stop sign, merge on to HWY 312E, and go East 2.3 miles. Turn Right at MSU Ag Research Center & Huntley Project Museum.

*Primitive camping available *No hookups

*Call Billings Motel info: Dick Tombrink@ (406) 690-4080

“People Mover” available ALL DAY!

Contact President: Ken Amann 4343 Wells Place Billings, MT 59106 (406) 652-5973

Secretary: Steve Siewert 3200 Indian Creek Rd. Huntley, MT 59037 (406) 967-2319

Vice President: Alan Johnson 4320 Wild Bill Hickock Dr. Billings, MT 59101 (406) 246-4967

Treasurer: Dick Tombrink 2250 North 12th Rd. Worden, MT 59088 (406) 690-4080

Livestock producers may consider grazing hailed corn fields, where plants have been ‘mowed off’ at the ear height or lower. Consider grazing the stalks first and then plant a cool-season forage this fall after grazing. Again, consider any chemical label grazing restrictions based on previous chemicals applied herbicides in the corn or soybean fields. In some cases, turnips or radishes can be drilled or broadcast into damaged cornstalks for fall grazing.

Regarding nitrates, manage the mid-season hailed corn fields similar to drought-stressed corn prior to ear development. Best practices include: do not turn cattle into hailed cornstalks with an empty rumen; have plenty of fresh water available; allow cattle to openly graze the fields; and provide supplement hay or energy. Finally, avoid forcing the cattle to graze the hailed stalks below 8 inches in height.

Another option might be “teff” (a drought resistant warm-season annual that can be harvested 45-55 days after planting). Sudangrass (not the hybrid) has high grazing potential with low prussic acid grazing risk. Pearl millet is drought tolerant and does not produce prussic acid either, but has lower yield potential than “cane” forage sorghums and sorghum-sudangrass hybrids.

More information and free forage videos are available online at: UNL cropwatch.unl.edu and beefwatch.unl.edu.

Hail on July 8, took corn down to the stalk in some areas. Photo by Gary Stone

Proposals for Landscape Restoration Partnership

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is asking for proposals for the Joint Chiefs’ Landscape Restoration Partnership to improve forest health on public and private lands. USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and the Forest Service are seeking the proposals by September 4, 2023, for fiscal year 2024.

“The Joint Chiefs’ will align with USDA’s shared stewardship strategy by selecting projects that demonstrate a cross-boundary effort, work at the appropriate scale and have mutually defined priorities that support local communities,” said NRCS Chief Terry Cosby. “Partnerships at all levels – federal, state, Tribal and local—lead to well-developed, successful and continued conservation with large scale impacts. Joint Chiefs’ has a proven record of success, as further reflected in the program’s inclusion in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law.”

Fiscal year 2024 projects will build on the fiscal year 2022 and 2023 investments in projects that will mitigate wildfire risk, protect water quality, improve wildlife habitat, restore forest ecosystems and ultimately contribute to USDA’s efforts to combat climate change. Since 2014, USDA has invested $385 million in 124 projects.

“Joint Chiefs’ funding is an invaluable tool to help confront the wildfire crisis across all lands,” said Forest Service Chief Randy Moore. “Working with our partners through the Joint Chiefs’ program is an important element that supports the agency’s Wildfire Crisis Strategy by increasing the scale of our wildfire prevention and mitigation efforts while restoring the health of forests, watersheds and habitats across the country.”

Opportunities to Collaborate

Joint Chiefs’ project proposals are developed at the local level through a collaborative process between NRCS, Forest Service, communities and partners. Proposals may address one, two, or all three program objectives: reduce the risk of wildfire; protect water quality and supply; or improve wildlife habitat for at-risk species. Past partners have included Tribes, county and state governments, non-profit organizations, the private business sector, and individual stakeholders. The collaboration process and partnerships will depend on the specific community needs of each project. Proposals are submitted by the local NRCS and Forest Service offices to the national agency offices. They are then reviewed and vetted at multiple levels in the agencies based on Tribal, local, state, and regional priorities.

NRCS and Forest Service national offices will evaluate the proposals and an announcement for the selected projects is planned for late fall 2023.

Landowners should contact their local NRCS and Forest Service office for more information.

Evaluation

In selecting proposals, NRCS and the Forest Service will consider:

Clear descriptions with goals and objectives, deliverables, timeline and measurable desired outcomes.

Reduction of wildfire risk in a municipal watershed or the wildland-urban interface (WUI). A municipal watershed is a watershed from which municipal water is provided by a utility. The WUI as defined by the Healthy Forest Restoration Act of 2003 (16 U.S.C. 6511).

Development of the proposal through a collaborative process with participation from diverse stakeholders.

Increase of forest workforce capacity or forest business infrastructure and development.

Leveraging existing authorities and non-federal funding contributions from partners.

Support of established state, Tribal and regional priorities. Proposals should describe how the eligible activities were prioritized across the landscape and the source of the state or regional priorities (e.g., fireshed analysis, wildfire risk assessment, state technical committee watershed prioritization, Endangered Species Act recovery plan, reforestation plans or priorities, state wildlife action plan, etc.).

Alignment with USDA priorities and the Justice40 initiative, including benefits to historically underserved producers, disadvantaged communities and climate mitigation and adaptation efforts.

Partner participation in proposal development or project implementation.

Coordination (i.e., pre-planning) with individual landowners within the proposal footprint. The geographic distribution of individual project activities across the landscape demonstrates a focus on resource conditions and a balance between land ownerships.

CULTIVATOR FOR SALE

Released in 2019 by Montana State University, Bobcat is a solid stemmed hard red winter wheat with improved yield potential relative to other solid stemmed varieties. Bobcat is an awned, whiteglumed, semi-dwarf wheat with medium to late maturity. Bobcat is the top performing line in locations where sawfly cutting has occurred. Stem solidness is excellent, significantly higher than to Warhorse. Bobcat has above average test weight and average protein, and average winter hardiness. Bobcat is resistant to prevalent races of stripe and stem rust, but suseptible to leaf rust. Bobcat has above average mill and bake properties. Bobcat is well adapted to all areas of Montana!

7 W Farms

1/2 TON PICKUPS (4wd & 2wd)

3/4 TON PICKUPS (4wd & 2wd)

1 TON TRUCKS (4wd & 2wd)

1 TON DUMP TRUCKS

CARS (Full size, compact and hybrid)

MID-SIZE PICKUPS (4wd & 2wd)

MOTORCYCLES

HEAVY EQUIPMENT

online and bid your price on this line of vehicles & equipment!

SUV’s, VANS & MINI VANS

DUMP TRUCKS & PLOW TRUCKS

FORD REFRIGERATED VAN TRUCK

BOATS

SNOWMOBILES

SNOW PLOWS

ONLINE ONLY AUCTION Viewing will be held Thursday, Sept. 28 and Friday, Sept. 29 from 8 am to 5 pm each day.

Removal: Monday, Oct. 2 thru Friday, Oct. 6 from 8 am to 4 pm each day. Online registration available on our mobile app or on the website.

Assorted tools & shop equipment

Compressors

Lawn mowers

Risk management options expanding with greater enterprise unit possibilities

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is expanding its insurance coverage options for specialty crops and other actual production history (APH) crop programs. Through its Risk Management Agency (RMA), it will expand the availability of enterprise units to crops where they were previously unavailable, giving agricultural producers greater options to manage their risk.

An enterprise unit allows a producer to insure all acres of the insured crop in the county together, as opposed to other unit structures that separate the acreage for insurance. Enterprise units are attractive to producers due to lower premium rates offered to recognize the lower risk associated with the geographic diversification. In general, the larger the enterprise unit, the lesser the risk, and the greater the enterprise unit discount.

“We want to make sure we are giving the nation’s agricultural producers the strongest risk management tools possible – and one of those is flexibility,” said Marcia Bunger, Administrator for the Risk Management Agency. “This expansion of enterprise units gives producers more choices for how they can protect their operations and themselves best. That is our ultimate goal.”

This furthers RMA’s efforts to improve and expand the insurance program for spe-

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cialty crops as required by the 2018 Farm Bill. Moreover, this expansion also meets producer requests for enterprise units for other APH crop insurance programs. The initial set of targeted crops enjoyed this new option when it became effective on June 30, 2023. RMA plans to expand to dozens more specialty and other APH crop programs with these benefits in the coming months.

“This expansion of enterprise units provides more producers the same options for discounted insurance coverage as row crops,” Bunger added.

The following crops will have enterprise units available beginning with the 2024 crop year:

Alfalfa seed

Cultivated wild rice

Forage production

Mint*

Onions*

Potatoes* (Enterprise units will be available in California for the 2025 crop year)

* Denotes specialty crop

Crop insurance is sold and delivered solely through private crop insurance agents. A list of crop insurance agents is available at all USDA Service Centers and online at the RMA Agent Locator. Learn more about crop insurance and the modern farm safety net at rma.usda.gov or by contacting your RMA Regional Office.

Nurturing a summertime staple

Summertime is synonymous with fresh berries, and there may be no better place to be on a sunny day – besides the beach – than a berry-picking patch.

Berry production is a $6 billion industry in the United States, and Virginia has been become a key contributor with a suitable climate and soil types for growing blueberries and blackberries, in particular.

As part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Specialty Crop Block Grant Program, researchers in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences are testing best practices for growing blackberries and new methods to utilize ones that are quality-compromised.

Experts in the Virginia Tech Flavor Lab in the Department of Food Science and Technology are partnering with those in the Small Fruit Research and Extension Program at the Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center to develop a new trellis system for blackberry production and produce beverage recipes for blackberries that may be “past their prime.”

“Virginia blackberry growers struggle with the handling and utilization of quality-compromised blackberry fruits,” said Yun Yin, a flavor chemist and assistant professor in the Department of Food Science and Technology. “Blackberry beverage products, such as kombucha, will be a good revenue source for growers.

However, traditional methods of making kombucha, a fermented tea, require expensive equipment and a lot of time and effort, Yin said. To make the process easier, the research team will develop easy beverage recipes as value-added products to sell at different market venues. The approach is expected to increase farmers’ revenue from appropriately growing and utilizing blackberries.

Jayesh Samtani, a small fruit production specialist at the Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center, will oversee the growing methods.

The project, formally titled “A New Way of Growing and Utilizing Blackberry: from Farms to Bottles,” will do the following:

Develop a new trellis system for blackberry production suitable for small farms and evaluate the fruit yield, quality, and chemical composition.

Build straightforward training fliers for this new growing method and distribute to regional producers through Virginia Cooperative Extension efforts.

Develop blackberry-based beverages from quality-compromised fruits using easy recipes.

The project is expected to be completed by September 2024.

U.S. Targhee Sheep Association 2023

National Show and Sale results

Production, performance, lamb and wool. These are the fundamental characteristics of Targhee sheep. The Targhee breed excelled in exhibiting all of these core qualities at the 2023 National Show and Sale in Little Falls, Minnesota. As producers of high quality lamb and wool, we concern ourselves with the value of our product. As an association for 72 years, we have focused on our bottom line and yours.

The Grand Champion ram shown by Von Krosigk Family Targhees of Riverton, Wyoming. It was also the high selling ram for $2,900 to Jon Beastrom Family of Pierre, South Dakota. Holtz Family of Little Falls, Minnesota had the Reserve Champion. The Grand and Reserve Champion ewes were shown by Jon Beastrom Family of Pierre, South Dakota. The high selling ewe was the Grand Champion ewe for $3,400 to Carissa Scheel of Alpena, South Dakota.

On 56 head of registered Targhee sheep the sale average was $889. Yearling rams averaged $973, ram lambs averaged $683 yearling ewes averaged $1063 and ewe lambs averaged $802.

Champion Fleece was shown by the Von Krosigk Family Targhees Livestock of Ri-

verton, Wyoming and Reserve Fleece was shown by Clover Meadows of Sheridan, Montana.

Receiving the annual designation of USTSA Premier Exhibitors Jon Beastrom Family of Pierre, South Dakota. The Junior Premier Exhibitor was Alicia Holtz of Little Falls, Minnesota. They were awarded traveling USTSA trophies for their efforts.

Our Association and Members are dedicated to the juniors in our organization. A&J Nevens with their very last consignment, donated proceeds from their ram sale to the Youth Futurity and Starter Flock programs. The Holtz Family donated a ewe lamb to the Junior Association for a roll over auction. Almost $4000 in funds were raised!

USTSA also inducted Clee and Paula Brakke of Millbank, South Dakota into the Hall of Fame. They have been members since 1985 and was described as the plug in the oil pan of the tractor. Nothing would run with out that important piece keeping everything else running. They have always been a great promotor of the Targhee breed and always more than prepared to help where they can, especially at every National Show and Sale they’ve attended.

Important dates August 13

August 13, 1961 - The Berlin Wall came into existence after the East German government closed the border between east and west sectors of Berlin with barbed wire to discourage emigration to the West. The barbed wire was replaced by a 12 foot-high concrete wall eventually extending 103 miles (166 km) around the perimeter of West Berlin. The wall included electrified

fences, fortifications, and guard posts. It became a notorious symbol of the Cold War. Presidents Kennedy and Reagan made notable appearances at the wall accompanied by speeches denouncing Communism. The wall was finally opened by an East German governmental decree in November 1989 and torn down by the end of 1990.

Montana Department of Agriculture 2023 Pesticide Disposal Program

If you have any old pesticides - insecticides, herbicides, rodent poison or fungicides - laying around unused, the Montana Department of Agriculture will take them off your hands. The agency will hold waste pesticide collections in Western Montana in September. The collections are scheduled in Kalispell on September 19; Hamilton on September 20; Helena on September 21; and Three Forks on September 22. The disposal program is a non-regulatory, service progam that offers pesticide users the opportunity to dispose of unwanted and unusable pesticides in a safe and legal way that is economical and convenient. Disposal costs are free for the first 200 pounds and $1.00/lb. per pound for additional amounts over 200 pounds. Disposal by other services can cost 5 to 10 times more. Additional information and the required pre-registration forms are available by contacting Carli Davis in Richland at (406) 465-0531; mail to Dept. of Agriculture, Pesticide Disposal Program, 508 Prairie Dell Rd, Richland, MT 59260; email Carli.Davis@mt.gov; website http://agr.mt.gov/pesticidewaste-disposal-program

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PREEC $1000 scholarship to Nebraska graduate

By Chabella

Guzman, communications specialist, UNL

The University of Nebraska-Lincoln Panhandle Research, Extension and Education Center is pleased to present a scholarship for $1000 to high school seniors in the Panhandle of Nebraska to further their education at the Nebraska University Campuses, including the Nebraska College of Technical Agriculture.

Scholarship winner Stella Wegner, a Gordon-Rushville High School graduate, is planning to attend the College of Technical Agriculture in the spring, where she plans on majoring in Applied Animal Science.

While in High School, Wegner was a member of clubs such as FFA and Journalism and was the editor for the yearbook.

“The PREEC Scholarship is important to me because of the opportunities it will give me to further my education in the agricultural field of Animal Science,” she said. Wegner hopes to return to her family’s ranch to expand her cattle herd.

The UNL Panhandle Research, Extension and Education Center Annual Student Scholarship is awarded to graduating high school seniors majoring in Agronomy, Ag Economics, Animal Science, Vet Science, Agriculture Technology, or a related degree emphasizing agriculture.

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Storing silage

By Ben Beckman, UNL

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Corn silage harvest may seem like a long way off, but preparation for a successful harvest begins now. Improper silage storage and fermentation can result in losses up to 20% prior to feeding. Plan your storage now to keep excessive storage losses from happening to you.

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Preventing oxygen from entering your silage should be a top priority when considering silage storage. Bagged silage is a versatile option that allows the storage location to move year to year and comes with a build in oxygen barrier but can carry a high price tag and may not be appropriate for large harvest amounts. Placing the silage in a bunker is another that can increase oxygen exclusion, but make sure to check these structures for cracks and repair any that are found to maintain their integrity. If silage is a feedstuff on your operation, the reduction in losses that a permanent structure paired with covering the pile provides can offset the costs when spread out over several years.

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Silage piles are the more traditional approach and can allow for greater volumes of silage to be stored in a smaller area without the cost and permanent nature of bunkers. Oxygen exclusion in piles that lack a permanent structure can be enhanced with some planning. Before harvesting, line the sides with bales and place oxygen-limiting plastic down the sides and for several feet under the bottom to seal the sides of the pile. At a minimum, placing plastic on top of the pile is an investment worth the time, labor, and money. By covering the pile, we can reduce oxygen from moving into the pile from the top and reduce precipitation exposure.

Corn silage is a valuable feed resource and keeping oxygen out of your silage requires planning now. Pick an appropriate location for harvest and feed out success and store correctly to minimize feed losses.

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Stella Wegner, a recipient of this year’s PREEC scholarship. Courtesy Photo

Grazing summer annual forages

By Jerry Volesky, UNL

Summer annual forages such as sudangrass, sorghumsudan hybrids and pearl millet planted this spring soon could be ready to graze. There are some grazing guidelines to help avoid potential hazards.

The first guideline is to never turn hungry animals into sudangrass or sorghum-type pastures. The reason why is because they may eat so rapidly that they could get a quick overdose of prussic acid and die. All sudangrass and sorghum-type hybrids can produce a compound called prussic acid that is potentially poisonous. Prussic acid, which also is called cyanide, is nothing to fear, though, as long as you use a few precautions to avoid problems.

The highest concentration of prussic acid is in new young shoots, so let your grass get a little growth on it before grazing to help dilute out the prussic acid. Let sudangrass get 15 to 18 inches in height before grazing. Sorghum-sudan hybrids usually have a little more prussic acid risk, so wait until they are 18 to 24 inches tall.

Pearl millet does not contain prussic acid so if you planted millet these grazing precautions aren’t needed. Pearl millet can be grazed when it reaches 12 to 15 inches tall.

Nitrates also can accumulate in these grasses, particularly when there are droughty conditions and/or excess nitrogen fertilization. Avoid grazing these grasses too short, since nitrate concentration is highest in the lower parts of the stems.

Summer annual grasses respond best to a simple, rotational grazing system. Divide fields into three or more smaller paddocks of a size that your animals can graze down to about eight or so inches of leafy stubble within 7 to 10 days. Repeat this procedure with all paddocks. If grass in some paddocks gets too tall, it could be cut for hay.

A well-planned start, a good rotation, and a little rain can give you good pasture from these grasses all the rest of the summer.

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Q: What did the beaver say to the tree?

A: “It’s been nice gnawing you!”

Nearly 2.7 million acres in Grassland CRP signup

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is accepting offers for nearly 2.7 million acres from agricultural producers and private landowners through this year’s Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Grassland signup. This program allows producers and landowners to continue grazing and haying practices while protecting grasslands and further CRP conservation efforts. Grassland CRP is part of the BidenHarris administration’s broader effort to address climate change and conserve natural resources. This year’s signup results include 180,690 acres in Montana.

“This year’s Grassland CRP signup demonstrates the continued success and value of investments in voluntary, producer-led, working lands conservation programs,” said Maureen Wicks, State Executive Director for USDA’s Farm Service Agency (FSA) in Montana. “Grassland CRP clearly demonstrates that conservation priorities and agricultural productivity not only have the capacity to coexist but also complement and enhance one another. Through all our working land conservation programs, farmers and ranchers play a critical role in helping secure the future of both our food production and our natural resources.”

Additionally, USDA has accepted more than 1 million acres through the General CRP signup nationwide, and more than 465,800 acres have been submitted through the Continuous CRP signup so far this year.

Grassland CRP leverages working lands practices to improve biodiversity and conserve environmentally sensitive land. To target conservation in key geographies, USDA prioritizes land within two National Priority Zones: the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, and the Dust Bowl area. FSA accepted more than 911,000 acres in these two zones. Land enrolled in these zones will contribute to broader USDA conservation efforts through Working Lands for Wildlife by conserving working grasslands and other lands that underpin iconic big game migrations.

Grasslands enrolled in CRP help sequester carbon in vegetation and soil, while enhancing resilience to drought and wildfire. Meanwhile, producers can still conduct common grazing practices, such as haying, mowing or harvesting seed from the enrolled land, which supports agricultural production.

Broadening Reach of Program

As part of the Agency’s Justice40 efforts, producers and landowners who are historically underserved, including beginning farmers, limited-resource producers, and military veterans, received 20 additional ranking points to enhance their offers. From more than 6,400 underserved producers, USDA accepted offers of more than 1.8 million acres, about 74% of those who submitted applications.

Additionally, USDA is working to broaden the scope and reach of Grassland CRP by leveraging the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP) to engage underserved communities. CREP is a partnership program that enables states, Tribal governments, and non-profit entities to partner with FSA to implement CRP practices and address high priority conservation and environmental objectives. Interested entities are encouraged to contact FSA.

More Information

Producers can still make an offer to participate in CRP through the Continuous CRP signup, which is ongoing, by contacting FSA at their local USDA Service Center.

Rosemary, sage, tarragon

Rosemary is an evergreen bush with leaves like long, oval pine needles. It should be timed frequently or renewed every few years or it will become straggly. Since it is a tender plant, it should be brought indoors during the winter. The plant can be started from seed or propagated from a cutting. Purchased plants should be about 12” tall. It is highly aromatic and used to give added flavor to lamb, poultry, and roasted vegetables.

Sage is a woody perennial growing to about 2 feet in height. It has gray-green soft, furry leaves and blue flowers. Cut the plant back after the flowers are gone. It can be started from seed or propagated from cutting, layering, or root division.

Tarragon has delicate upright shoots with soft, narrow, willow-like leaves. It is excellent for flavoring salad dressing, chicken, and fish. It is best starting with a plant but can be propagated by cutting or root division. Should be brought indoors during the winter or else well covered outdoors.

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Projects increasing land, capital, and market access for underserved producers

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) announced its selection of 50 projects for potential award, totaling approximately $300 million. These innovative projects will help improve access to land, capital, and markets for underserved farmers, ranchers, and forest landowners. The Increasing Land, Capital, and Market Access (Increasing Land Access) Program works to increase access to farm ownership opportunities, improve results for those with heirs’ property or fractionated land, increase access to markets and capital that affect the ability to access land, and improve land ownership, land succession and agricultural business planning.

“Land access, market access and capital are critical to the success of the hardworking producers who keep agriculture thriving,” said Maureen Wicks, FSA State Executive Director in Montana. “Underserved producers have not had access to the amount of specialized technical support that would increase opportunities to access and capital and benefit the launch, growth, resilience, and success of their agricultural enterprises. The Increasing Land Access Program is part of the Biden-Harris administration’s commitment to advancing equity for all, including people who have been underserved, marginalized, and adversely affected by inequality, by providing the resources, tools and technical support needed to directly help local farmers and ensure we have a strong agricultural system across the country.”

Examples of selectees for potential award in Montana include:

The Chippewa Cree Tribe of The Rocky Boy Reservation

Four Bands Community Fund Inc.

Piikanii Lodge Health Institute

The tentative selectees include national, regional, and local projects that cover 40 states and territories including Washington D.C., Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. USDA will work with the selected applicants to finalize the scope and funding levels in the coming months.

Environmental Assessment

These projects will likely result in the purchase of land, construction of farm infrastructure and other activities that could have potential impacts on environmental resources. USDA has developed a Programmatic Environmental Assessment for the Increasing Land Access Program to evaluate the program’s overarching environmental impacts as they relate to the National Environmental Policy Act.

The environmental assessment is available online for public review. USDA is requesting comments on the program’s potential impact on the environment.

The feedback will be incorporated into the final assessment, as appropriate, prior to a decision.

USDA will consider comments received by Friday, July 14, 2023, at 5 p.m. EDT. Comments received after that date will be considered to the extent possible. Comments may be submitted: Electronically at: Land.Access@usda.

gov

By mail at: Attn: Michael Mannigan, Grants Management Specialist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Farm Service Agency, Outreach Office, 1400 Independence Ave., S.W., Washington, DC, 20250-0506

For more information, contact Michael Mannigan at Land.Access@usda.gov. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication should contact the USDA Target Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice).

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A pangram is a sentence that contains every letter in the language. For example, “The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.”

Exploring nature while mowing can promote health

By Julie Garden-Robinson, NDSU Extension food and nutrition specialist

“You’re doing a good job,” my husband commented.

I needed the positive reinforcement.

I was mowing the lawn with a push mower, which typically is on my husband’s task list. I usually weed and tend the flowers and vegetables.

Unfortunately, he has an injured shoulder. He is sidelined from physical labor for several months. Lucky me.

Despite his compliment, I knew my mowing was not living up to my husband’s standards of perfect diagonal cuts. I was mowing like a mouse running around a maze, going round and round the yard. I was trying to avoid leaving fringes of grass, anyway.

As I pushed the battery-operated mower, people walking nearby commented on how quiet it was. I guess I can mow at night and not disturb anyone. I’d need a hat with lights, though.

On the positive side, mowing and other yardwork count as physical activity and can give your heart a workout.

When using a push mower with an engine, a 125-pound person will burn about 270 calories an hour. A 185-pound person will burn about 400 calories an hour.

If those same people used an “old-fashioned” hand mower without an engine, the lighter-weight person will burn about 400 calories an hour, while the heavier person will burn about 500 calories an hour.

I was getting a free workout while beautifying our yard.

I began observing nature a bit. As an undergraduate, I helped the weed science graduate students with their projects. Weeds sometimes are called “misplaced plants” by those in plant sciences. Many weeds actually are edible. Foraging has become popular, and some people call weeds “wild greens” and use them in salads or as sauteed side items with meals or on sandwiches.

Dandelion greens, lambs quarters and amaranth are among the many edible weeds. However, you want to be sure you know what you are eating before consuming wild greens. Before you eat plants, use a reliable source to identify them.

Also, be sure that the weeds have not been sprayed with herbicides.

I noted purslane near the sidewalk. This weed has thick, succulent stems that are reddish in color, and the weed grows to form large mats. Purslane is native to North Africa and the Middle East but found its way to North America long ago.

Although we think of purslane as a weed, it is edible and its flavor varies based on growing conditions. Mustard greens and wood sorrel are other weeds that might be growing alongside your vegetable crops.

As I pushed the mower around trees, I came upon a patch of mushrooms growing on the woody mulch. I mowed them down.

I am definitely not a mushroom expert, or “mycologist.” Mycologists have expertise in the study of various fungi. I would be more confident in tasting weeds instead of mushrooms. Mushrooms can be delicious, but they also can be dangerous if poisonous or hallucinogenic mushrooms are consumed.

Although I can identify the spongy black-topped morels from a crowd of mushrooms, I am content buying mushrooms at the grocery store. Work with an expert mycologist if you decide to hunt for mushrooms.

I paused to replace the rechargeable battery in the mower to finish one section of the yard. I felt a sense of accomplishment as I surveyed our natural green shag carpet. I drank a lot of ice water after I parked the mower.

When you have completed an outdoor activity, you might be more inclined to fuel your body with a healthful snack such as these homemade snack bars.

Cranberry Granola Bars

½ cup honey

2 tablespoons plus 2 teaspoons brown sugar, packed

1 tablespoon plus 1 teaspoon vegetable oil (soybean oil)

1½ cups oatmeal oats, quick (uncooked)

1¼ cups toasted rice cereal

1¼ cups dried cranberries

Preheat oven to 350 F. Combine honey, brown sugar and oil in a small saucepan. Heat over low heat until well mixed. Mix oats, rice cereal and cranberries. Add honey mixture and stir until thoroughly combined. Pat firmly into an 8-by-8-inch baking pan. Bake for 15 minutes; press firmly into the bottom of the pan once more. Bake for five more minutes. Cool completely. Refrigerate at least one hour for easier cutting. For easy serving, wrap each piece in plastic wrap.

Makes 16 servings. Each serving has 120 calories, 2 grams (g) fat, 1 g protein, 25 g carbohydrate, 1 g fiber and 15 milligrams sodium.

Summer heat and forage growth

By Jerry Volesky, UNL

We are in what is typically the hottest part of the summer and we need to consider how these temperatures affect our pasture and forage plants.

The two primary plant classifications are warm-season and cool-season and this is based on basic plant physiology and their specific photosynthetic pathway. Practically speaking, and as their names suggest, every plant species has a specific temperature range in which it maintains growth.

When it gets hot, 90 plus degrees, coolseason plants such as bromegrass, orchard grass, fescues, needlegrasses, and wheatgrasses all struggle and will have a very slow growth rate, even if there is plenty of moisture. When it is very dry, these cool-season grasses may completely stop growth and have gone into a summer dormant state.

Warm-season grasses are just the opposite. Millet, sudangrass, sorghums, and our native bluestems, gramas, switchgrass, and other warm-season grasses thrive when the temperature is around 90 degrees. Their metabolism runs at peak efficiency when it is hot so they

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grow rapidly while maintaining reasonable forage quality and good root growth. With drought conditions, also be aware of the potential for the seeded summer annual grasses to accumulate nitrates.

As you graze or hay, be aware of the stress weather is putting on your forage. When it’s too hot, allow plants a longer recovery period before the next grazing. And don’t expect high feed values or good animal gains when the nutritional goodies are burned right out of the plants.

Proper expectations and management adjustments can limit the stress from hot weather.

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Manage livestock

winter feeding areas now

North Dakota State University

Whether farms have cattle, horses, sheep or goats, summer management of the winter feeding area is important.

“Most of the management in your winter feeding area begins with manure,” says Mary Keena, North Dakota State University Extension livestock environmental management specialist. “That is true whether your winter feeding area is corrals or a specific area of a field that you now feed on.”

While summer tasks and activities often take precedence this time of year, Keena urges ranchers to look back on what went wrong last winter and take note of what needs maintenance this summer.

“An easy place to start is pushing up manure in the winter feeding areas,” says Keena. “Making stockpiles of manure allows the pen or field surface to dry. It also allows the manure to start heating, reducing total volume and, in turn, reducing total loads hauled when removed.”

Composting livestock manure will increase the volume reduction compared to stockpiling, as well as reduce internal and external parasites, pathogens and weed seeds. To compost manure, turn the piles every 10-14 days while maintaining 50% moisture. Learn more about composting in the NDSU Extension publication, “Composting Animal Manures,” available at ndsu.ag/manures.

When animals are still present in winter feedings areas, fly control via manure management is also important. Flies lay their eggs in the top few inches of manure, and the eggs can hatch every seven days. By pushing the manure into a pile and turning the piles, you can compost manure and stay ahead of the fly cycle.

Often the nutrients from manure can help fertilize undesirable weeds in your feeding areas. If the weeds have already gotten away from you, several management strategies can help reduce weed population and spread.

“Repeated mowing reduces weeds’ competitive ability, depletes carbohydrate reserves in their roots, and reduces seed production,” says Penny Nester, NDSU Extension agent in Bowman County. “Mowing can kill or suppress annual and biennial weeds. It also can suppress perennials and help restrict their spread.”

A single mowing will not satisfactorily control most weeds. However, mowing three or four times per year over several years can greatly reduce and occasionally eliminate certain weeds. Mowing along fences and borders can help prevent the introduction of new weed seeds. Regular mowing helps prevent weeds from establishing, spreading and competing with desirable grasses and legumes.

Another option for weed control is to apply herbicides, says Nester. It is best to apply herbicides to weeds that are still young because they will absorb the chemicals more effectively than their mature counterparts. Herbicide can also be effective to treat actively growing weeds in the weeks following mowing.

Ideal temperatures for applying most herbicides are between 65 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit. Avoid applying volatile herbicides such as 2,4-D ester, MCPA ester and dicamba during hot weather, especially near susceptible broadleaf crops, shelterbelts or farmsteads.

Cleaning pen and field surfaces is a great time for reflection of the past season. What worked? What didn’t? What should be fixed, changed or maintained now to make the next winter feeding season successful?

Keena and Nester offer some considerations for maintenance:

Notice and manage stress. The “winter” season started in October 2022 for some animal owners and lasted through May 2023. While commiserating with family and friends will sometimes help, consider exploring NDSU Extension’s “Coping with Stress” resources available at ag/copingwithstress. Sometimes we need the help, and sometimes we are the help. Either way, a refresher is good practice.

How do the fences look? Are there any places that need fixing?

Did the watering system work during the winter feeding period? What changes or fixes can help prevent leaking or freeze-ups?

How level are pen surfaces? Are there holes to be filled? Are any areas holding water? Gravel and clay are commonly used to backfill these areas and regain proper slope and drainage in the pen.

If you are experiencing challenges in your livestock winter feeding areas or need a list of for-hire custom manure applicators in your county, contact your county NDSU Extension agent for resources and help. Visit www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-home/directory to find their contact information.

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and

double knife drive.

New John Deere 680R loader with 8-ft. bucket, plumped for a grapple, single point hook up $22,500

2013 New Holland with 35-ft. draper header, factory transport, 1050 hours, Trimble GPS.

2022 Cloverdale bale picker, used on 750 bales, holds 8 bales $30,500

2010 John Deere A400 with 35-ft. draper header, 1400/1050 hours, factory transport $68,500

ble GPS $92,500

NEW

New

USED TRACTORS

USED CONSTRUCTION

Quick Attach Sledge Pounder skid steer mount. stk# 29228. (G)

USED ROUND BALERS

SPRAYERS

New Holland SF115 sprayer. stk# 28655. (G)

(G)

New Holland RB560 net only. stk# 22242. (L)

New Holland BR7090 baler, net/twine. stk# 30659. (L)

New Holland 664 net/twine. stk# 30105. (G)

Vermeer 605L twine only. stk# 21490. (G)

Hesston 956A twine only. stk# 9821.$6900 (G)

Hesston 856A stk# 22105 $4900 (G)

Gehl RB1870 stk# 28492. $2495 (G)

USED RAKE

Toro TX525 Dingo wide track, diesel engine, stand-on platform. stk# 28506. (G)

New Holland 1631 rake, 16 wheel high capacity, single side opening, 60”, rear tandums, rear hydraulic opening. stk# 28671. (G)

New Holland 3 wheel rake, 3-pt. unit. stk# 30976. (L)

Spra Coupe 7650 full run Raven monitor, mechanical rear drive, front hydraulic assist, 90-ft. boom, hydraulic extend axle. stk# 9067. $49,900 (G)

USED COMBINES

2009 Bobcat 325G compact excavator, 2800 hours. stk# 15179. (G)

USED BALE PROCESSORS

Haybuster 256 stk# 29172. $2495 (G)

Haybuster BB256 left-hand discharge. stk# 29173. $2495 (G)

Haybuster 256+II stk# 30261. (G)

Haybuster 256+II round only. stk# 30279. (L)

NEW Haybuster 3106 rockpicker. stk# 30518 (L)

Vermeer BPX9010R processor. stk# 29561.(L)

Vermeer BPX9000 bale processor, round only. stk# 20679. (G)

Vermeer BPX8000 round only. stk# 11189. (L)

John Deere 9600 combine, 930R header with fore & aft, 20-ft. unloading auger, straw chopper with chaff spreader, new rear tires, grain loss monitor. stk# 30849. (G)

Case 2188 stk# 29206. (G)

Case 1660 with header. stk# 13168. (G)

Massey Ferguson 8570 with 30-ft. header. stk# 9896. (G)

HEADERS

MacDon FD75D 45-ft. header. stk# 29023. (L)

MacDon 962 stk# 27101. (G)

Gleaner 24-ft. header. stk# 10119. (G)

USED AUGERS

Vermeer BP8000 round only. stk# 11240. (L)

Bale King 5100 processor, round only, right hand discharge. stk# 29070 (G)

air drill. stk# 30184. (G)

Tool Cat 5600 stk# 21420.

New Holland T7.245 tractor. stk# 29322. (G)

Holland TM150 tractor. stk# 29559. (G)

Case Farmall 85C tractor with loader. stk# 30841. (L)

Kubota BX2380 compact tractor. stk# 30042. (G)

Hesston 12 wheel rake. stk# 30919. (L)

Vermeer R2800 28-ft. rake. stk# 30963. (L)

Hesston 725 5 wheel rake, wing up. stk# 30975. (L)

Considerations for early pregnancy diagnosis and weaning

By Kacie McCarthy, UNL Cow-Calf Specialist and Lindsay Waechter-Mead, DVM, Nebraska Extension Beef Educator

With areas across the state either dealing with drought or wet conditions, cow management and limited forage resources may have producers considering options for early weaning and utilizing early pregnancy detection to help make culling and management decisions this year.

Value of Pregnancy Detection and Culling Considerations

Early pregnancy diagnosis allows managers to make decisions on keeping, selling or even re-breeding females. Pregnancy detection via rectal palpation can be determined as early as 35-45 days whereas ultrasonography can determine pregnancy as early as 30 days. One alternative could be the implementation of blood tests, which have been proven to accurately detect pregnancy as early as 28-32 days. To learn more about advantages and disadvantages, please visit the past article to better understand how to approach early pregnancy detection with your herd this summer and fall.

Utilizing pregnancy detection as early as 35 days allows producers to target different markets and conserve forage resources. If producers need to cull cows, some criteria to consider may include physical impairments, older mature cows, cows with low production records or weaning weights, and non-pregnant cows. Learn more about how implementing timely pregnancy detection as a tool can help make decisions in a past webinar: https://youtu.be/OU__mDl8Ty4.

Early Weaning Considerations

As we think about limited forage resources and cow productivity, considering ways to reduce the nutritional demand of lactation can significantly help first-calf heifers and cows. Weaning calves earlier can significantly reduce cow nutrient requirements and decrease dry matter intake, as well as allow available forage to match cow nutrient requirements more closely. Two-year old cows still have a growth requirement which results in additional nutritional demands during lactation. By weaning early, nutritional demands are decreased and allows heifers and cows a chance to regain or maintain body condition in late summer and fall. The difference in forage intake between lactating and non-lactating cows is about 5 pounds of forage per head per day. Additionally, about 10 pounds of forage is conserved for each day a calf is weaned. Early weaning is typically defined as weaning calves before 150 days of age. In extreme cases, such as drought, calves may be weaned at 45 days of age, but more commonly are over the age of 90 days.

If you are considering early weaning, feeding, management, and marketing options should be considered prior to weaning day. A recent CAP webinar discusses options for early weaning calves and tips on planning and preparing for the process. For more information on weaning calves, producers can access the following NebGuides: NebGuide G2047 Management of Early Weaned Calves or NebGuide G2057 Management, Health, and Nutritional Considerations for Weaned Calves. In addition to early weaning, confined feeding may also be an option if resources need to be conserved. Learn more about confined feeding options from a past webinar: https://youtu.be/PBFA-F6sc7k.

Important dates August 5

August 5, 1583 - The first British colony in North America was founded by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, a British navigator and explorer. He sighted the Newfoundland coast and took possession of the area around St. John’s harbor in the name of the Queen. He was later lost at sea in a storm off the Azores on his return trip to England.

August 5, 1861 - President Abraham Lincoln signed into law the first Federal income tax, a 3 percent tax on incomes over $800, as an emergency wartime measure during the Civil War. However, the tax was never actually put into effect.

August 5, 1962 - Film star Marilyn Monroe died at age 36 from an overdose of sleeping pills. She made 29 films during her career and came to symbolize Hollywood glamour.

August 5, 2011 - Standard & Poor’s credit rating agency downgraded the United States debt from its highest rating of AAA to a lesser AA+ rating, marking the first-ever decline of credit worthiness for the U.S. The agency cited America’s $14 trillion in outstanding debt and ineffective political leadership regarding debt reduction.

Too Much To List $547,500

4WD TRACTORS

Stk #78491, 477

Engine/309 Separator Hours, 710-42 Front Duals, 750 Rear RWD, 31.5 Unload with Adjustable Spout, Deep Tooth/High Wear $759,500

2021 John Deere S790 (BL), Stk #78435, 730 Engine/574 Separator Hours, Very Clean Always Shedded, Tires 95%, Power Fold Grain Tank, Serviced & Ready For 2023 Season! $498,750

2022

200 Engine/150 Separator Hours, Used On 1 Wheat Harvest & That’s All!! Highly Optioned Variable Speed Feederhouse, Active Terrain Adj, Round & Small Wire Concaves $497,500

2021 John Deere S780 (WA), Stk #79887, 490 Engine/340 Separator Hours, 650-38 Front dual, IF620 rear, Tip Up Ext, 26-ft. Unload, High Wear, Available Aug/Sept $494,750

2021 John Deere S780 (WA), Stk #79884, 556 Engine/400 Separator Hours, 650-38 Fronts, VF750 Rears, Chopper & Tailboard, Tip Up, 28-ft. Unload, ProDrive & 5 Speed, Active Terrain & Vision $477,750

2021 John Deere S780 (BE), Stk #79767, 520 Engine/378 Separator Hours, Has Been Ceramic Coated & Waxed!, Loaded with Options, Tires Are Great $490,750

2021 John Deere S780 (HA), Stk #80780, 724 Engine/529 Separator Hours, Extended Warranty Till 1500 Engine Hours OR June 2024, Loaded with Options, Demco XL Tank Ext, High Wear Package $474,500

2021 John Deere S790 (HA), Stk #79505, 632 Engine/461 Separator Hours, LED Lights, Folding Grain Tank, Combine Advisor, Pro Drive & 5 Speed Feederhouse $534,500

2020 John Deere S780 (WA), Stk #77832, 916 Engine/710 Separator Hours, Premium Cab with Leather, LED Lighting, Premium Radio, Folding Auger, Premium 3.0 Display Activations $425,000

2020 John Deere S780 (WA), Stk #81020, 785 Engine/544 Separator Hours, PRWD, Combine Advisor, 4.0 Automation Activation, Powercast Tailboard, Firestone 650 Metric Duals & 750 Rears, Loaded and field Ready. $439,500

2018 John Deere S780 (WA), Stk #79297, 1,900 Engine/1,275 Separator Hours, Premium Leather Seat with Swivel, ProDrive Transmission with Harvest Smart Feedrate Control, LED Lights, 10” Color Display $279,250

2017 John Deere S670 (HA), Stk #79668, 1,613 Engine/1,316 Separator Hours, Extended Wear, 26-ft. Unload Auger, Deep Tooth Sieve & Chaffer, Active Yield, 3 Speed Transmission $187,750

2014 John Deere S680 (HA), Stk #81067, 3,004 Engine/2,114 Separator Hours, Premium Cab with 2630 On Armrest, Command Touch Multi-Speed Feederhouse, Pro Drive Transmission, Round & Small Wire Concaves $97,500

USED COMBINE HEADS

2.99% FOR 60 MONTHS - OR - 24 MONTH

WAIVER*

Signature Edition, 4600 Automation, Command Pro, 6 Remotes............ $545,000

2018 John Deere 9570RT (WA), Stk #80719, 1,850 Hours, Tillage & Grain Cart, 36” Tracks, Cummins with Engine Brake, 5 SCV’s, PTO, Comes In Late 2023 ................................................................ $415,500

GRAIN CARTS

2021 J&M 1132 (HA), Stk #78391, Like New, 1,125 Bushel Capacity, 1250 Floater Tires, 1 3/4 PTO. GT 460 Scale Head, Tarp On 2nd Season $86,500

2021 Brent 1196 (WA), Stk #81404, Tarp, Scale, 1250 Tires, Augers Like New, Always Stored Inside, Very Nice $93,000

2018 J&M 1312-20 (HA), Stk #81399, Tracks, Good Augers, Automatic Tarp, Scale, Very Nice - Available November $119,500

Stk

Approximately 3,000 Acres, Hinged Draper, Wing Leveling, Long Course Knife with Space, Flip Over Reel $151,000

2022 John Deere RD45F (WA), Stk #79329, Less Than 1,500 Acres, Still Has New Spare Sickles In The Tubes, Flip Over Reel, Long/ Long $128,900

2022 John Deere RD40F (BE), Stk #78888, 1,431 Acres, Like New, Flip Up Reel, Spare Knife $122,500

2022 John Deere RD40F (BE), Stk #78874,

1,400 Acres, 1 Season Use, Flip Over Reel, Spare Sickle $122,500

2022 John Deere RD40F (WI), Stk #76633, Very Nice Unit, Has Long/Short Course Sections, Flip Over Reels, Header Height Sensing In Rigid Mode $123,000

2019 John Deere 735FD (HA), Stk #78346, Flip Over Reel & Belts In Excellent Shape, Will Be Run Thru Shop & Have Updated Sickles & Guards As Needed, Avail In August $91,500

12R30, 2,500

2022 John Deere C12F (BE), Stk #78889, NonStalkmaster, Opposed Knife Rolls, Less Than 2000 Acres $169,500

2022 John Deere C16F (WA), Stk #78490, 16R30, 3,500 Acres, Folding Corn Head, Row Max Opposed Knife Rollers, Stalk Deflectors $198,000

2022 John Deere C16F (WA), Stk #78493,

-

2015 Brent 1082 (HA), Stk #78639, One Owner Unit, Augers In Good Shape, Tarp, Scale with DigiStar Scale Head, Avail Sept $45,000

2014 J&M 1131-22 (WA), Stk #79428, 22” UnloadCorner auger-Side Shooter Extends Reach, Scale with Auto-Log, 900 60R32, Roll Tarp $54,500

2014 J&M 1000-20 (HA), Stk #76006, Has Tarp, Scale & 900/60R32 Tires, Augers In Good Shape, Available Oct 1st $45,000

2013 J&M 1131-22 (HA), Stk #78481, Augers Have Lots Of Life Left In Them, Tarp & 410 Scale Head, Available August $49,000

2014 Brent 1596 (WI), Stk #81363, 2 Track with Foldable Auger, Tracks & Wheels In Good Shape, Tarp Is Real Good $110,000 2011 Demco 850 (Bl), Stk #77470, Scale, Roll Tarp, Adjustable Spout, 1000 PTO, 30.5Lx32 Tires Are 50%, Always Stored Inside $23,750

2007 J&M 1050-22 (WA), Stk #78843, 35.5X32

2021 John Deere S780 (WA), Stk #78425, 950 Engine/736 Separator Hours, PRWD, Chopper, Fore/ Aft, Active Yield, Advisor Package $465,250

2022 John Deere S780 (WI), Stk #76078, 444 Engine Hours, Extremely Well Kept Local Trade, Has Been Thru Shop & Ready To Roll, Tires 90%,

2022 John Deere HD50F (WA),

#78489,

2022 John Deere C12F (WA), Stk #77603,

Acres, Folding Corn Head, Inter

meshing Knife Rollers, Row Sense $155,000

John Deere S770 (PH), Stk #81432,

Prestige Collection, diecast metal and plastic, dual rubber tires, authentic hitch with movable plastic 3-point, articulated Made by Ertl, 8¼"L x 4¾ 5¼"W, for

‘Great Plains Sawfly Survey Project’ seeks grower input

By Nebraska Extension

A group of researchers from Montana State University, Colorado State University, Kansas State University, and North Dakota State University are being led by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL) and the USDA-Agriculture Research Service (ARS) to improve the understanding of producers’ needs considering the threat posed by the wheat stem sawfly. The “Great Plains Sawfly Survey Project” is the first step in a combined effort to manage the wheat pest.

The wheat stem sawfly has been a key pest in several locations throughout wheat production areas of the Great Plains, particularly over the last decade.

“The reasons for their increase in pest status are likely varied and not well understood,” said Jeff Bradshaw, Professor of Entomology and Director Doctor of Plant Health Program at UNL. “Equally challenging to wheat has been the slow pace of the development of solutions for this pest. The challenges in developing viable pest management solutions to this pest can be attributed, in part, to needs for increased wheat research support.”

Bradshaw has been studying the wheat stem sawfly in the Panhandle of Nebraska and primarily at the UNL High Plains Ag Lab north of Sidney, Neb. In the past couple of years, Bradshaw helped build a team called “Team Sawfly,” which includes Bradshaw, Cody Creech, Nebraska Exten-

sion dryland cropping specialist, Katherine Frels, UNL assistant professor and wheat breeder, and Amanda Easterly, UNL research assistant professor.

Along with the USDA-ARS, they are looking at a larger context for wheat research support for the wheat stem sawfly. This will include the entire wheat production system and the varied needs that growers have in managing a resilient cropping system, particularly in semi-arid environments.

“Many growers have tried different tools, tactics, and strategies to help manage or offset the impact that the wheat stem sawfly has had on their bottom line,” Bradshaw said. “Some actions have worked better than others, and some haven’t worked at all.”

The team will use feedback from growers via an online survey https://go.unl.edu/ gpss to capture lessons learned in grower practices and ground solutions that have a greater likelihood of adoption.

The approach aims to gather information on the impact that wheat stem sawflies can have on the overall production system, which can vary greatly depending on location and environment.

“We can learn a great deal from growers’ experiences!”

To read more about the survey effort and to be part of the survey, visit httops://go.unl. edu.gpss

Horse (Happy Havre 4-H Club) - Grand Champion Junior Winner; Piper Miller - Beef (Kremlin Hawks 4-H Club); Sammi Bradbury - Sheep (Bear Paw Beavers 4-H Club); Breezlynn Bettelyoun - Goat (Blue Horizon 4-H Club); Walter Myers - Swine (Kremlin Hawks 4-H Club). The green participation ribbons and sunglasses worn by the finalists in the picture are sponsored by Yada IndustriesSkylar Powell’s fabrication shop out of Havre, Montana. The Grand Champion winners, Stephen Preputin and Macy Barrett, will receive jackets sponsored by the North Central Stockgrowers group based out of Chinook, Montana. Congratulations to all of our Round Robin finalists and winners!!

#####

“Power Corrupts. Absolute power is kind of neat.”

– John Lehman, U.S. Secretary of the Navy

##### Richard Simmons once appeared as a dancing meatball in an Italian TV commercial.

##### Don’t get Arkan-sassy: It is against the law to mispronounce “Arkansas” in Arkansas.

Osten Cole

The wheat stem sawfly on a piece of wheat - Photo by Jeff Bradshaw

2023 Great Northern Fair - Hill County - Havre Montana - 4-H Round Robin finalists and winners. Pictured (L to R), Senior Finalists: Stephen Preputin - Beef (Happy Havre 4-H Club) - Grand Champion Senior Winner; Clara Holland - Swine (Happy Havre 4-H Club); Laynie Sattoriva - Horse (Kremlin Hawks 4-H Club); Madelyn Myers - Sheep (Kremlin Hawks 4-H Club); Aydan Bettelyoun - Goat (Blue Horizon 4-H Club) Junior Finalists: Macy Barrett -

National Senior Citizens Day

When is National Senior Citizens Day? This holiday is always observed on August 21 National Senior Citizens Day honors our elderly population. On this August 21 holiday, we are encouraged to recognize and show appreciation for the value and contribution of elderly people to home, family, and society.

In his Presidential Proclamation (August 19, 1988), President Ronald Reagan said “For all they have achieved throughout life and for all they continue to accomplish, we owe older citizens our thanks and a heartfelt salute. We can best demonstrate our gratitude and esteem by making sure that our communities are good places in which to mature and grow older.”

Sixty is the New Fifty, Seventy is the New Fifty Five.

It is also important to note that many senior citizens are not “elderly” or infirm. At least they don’t act that way. One does not automatically become too old to do things when he or she reaches social security age or retirement age. Rather, many millions of seniors shun the sedentary lifestyle, and are more active after they retire, than when they are still of working age. Those that are healthy often do things they never had time for before retirement. These senior citizens travel, go biking, climb mountains, fly along zip lines, and do many other activities. The focus is to do as much as you can for as long as you can.

Did You Know? Some seniors lift weights into their eighties. And, some octogenarians even ride roller coasters. Why not!?

History and Origin of National Senior Citizens Day

On August 19, 1988, President Ronald Reagan issued Proclamation 5847 creating National Senior Citizens Day on August 21. There are many, many other Senior Citizen Days on various dates around the world. Many countries, local communities, and organizations have declared or held senior citizen days. Ome of them are annual, whole others are one-time events. #####

Q: Why couldn’t Dracula’s wife get to sleep?

A: Because of his coffin.

2012 Snorkel A46JRT articulated boomlift, 46-ft. reach, 550 lb. capacity, Kubota diesel, hydraulic generator, 4x4, only 426 hours, clean Call

with very low useage, like new condition Call

air compressor, John

2002

4045 diesel, hose reel and hose, upgraded insulation package, one owner, very nice, 1700 hours Call

2015

RT rough terrain scissor lift, 4x4 dual fuel, gas/propane, 26-ft. reach, slide out, AC generator, 1800 hours Call

2013

bucket truck, 4x4 diesel, automatic, Hi Ranger LT36, articulated/telescopic boom, 41-ft. reach, full service body, slide out drawers, AC inverter, complete Call

2007 Ford F550 tow truck, Jerr-dan 0808D wrecker body, 10,000 lb. capacity, rear wheel lift, diesel, automatic, only 10,000 actual miles and 300 engine hours, complete, absolutely like new condition, perfect! Call

1991 Chevrolet Kodiak 7500 tandem axle dump truck, Cat 3116 diesel, new 653 Allison

2009 Vermeer BC100 wood chipper, 12” self feed, 4 cylinder diesel, ex municipal machine with only 571 hours Call

1997 Ford F450 mechanics truck, 7.3 Powerstroke diesel, automatic, 3200 lb. auto crane, service body/flatbed, air/heat, 126,000 miles Call

1990 Clark GPS15 shop forklift, 3000# capacity, 122” lift, dual stage, propane motor. 3300 hours Call

1992 Cat IT18B Front end loader, auxilliary 3rd & 4th valve, quick attach, GP bucket, only 5600 original hours, one owner (Very Nice) Call

1986 Case W11B mini front end loader, 3.9 Cummins diesel, Powershift transmission, GP bucket, 629 hours, one owner, (full factory cab available), clean Call

1996 Fruehauf PSD-T-2-40W stepdeck trailer, 40-ft. bed, 11-ft. upper, 29-ft. lower, 102” wide, steel composition, air ride suspension, rust free, clean/straight ex-municipal trailer Call

2011 Ford F550 crew cab, 4x4, gas motor, automatic, 12-ft. flatbed with toolboxes and lumber rack, one owner, ex-municipal truck, very clean Call

2008 Ford F550 4x4 service truck, crew cab, diesel, hydraulic wet kit with tool circuit, high end service body, west coast clean, very nice Call

2008 International 7500 boom truck, diesel, Allison automatic, Terex Commander 7000 boom, remote control, outriggers, 18-ft. flatbed with stake racks, 102,000 miles, absolutely like new condition Call

2002 Ford F450 4x4 service truck, V10 gas, automatic, Miller Bobcat welder and air compressor, utility body with tip ups,102,000 miles, one owner, clean Call

1993 International 4800 digger derrick, 4x4, DT466 diesel, Allison automatic, Altec boom, rust free, (will separate chassis) Call

1996 Ford F800 flatbed dump truck, 5.9 Cummins diesel, automatic, 16-ft. dump body, air brakes, receiver hitch, perfect feed truck chassis, will separate Call

1984 Case W24C front end loader, 4 & 1 bucket, auxilliary 3rd valve, new Grab Tech grapple fork with quick attach, 1600 hours, very clean, ex government machine Call

1987 International 4x4 brush fire truck, DT466 diesel, 5 speed transmission, Champion pump and body, only 38,000 miles, pristine condition Call

2011 Case SR200 skidsteer, auxilliary hydraulics, quick attach, only 450 total original hours, ex-utility company machine, extra clean Call

1986 Ford F700 4x4 flatbed, V8 gas, 5 speed manual, 24,000 lb. GVWR, hydraulic brakes, only 15,000 original miles Call

2000 Keifer IRH 300 carousel/ pipe spool trailer, self-loading, elect over hydraulic, 7000 lb. GVWR Call

1994 John Deere 624G front end loader, auxillary 3rd valve hydraulics, 4&1 multi purpose bucket, one owner ex government machine, only 4900 hours, clean Call

2004 GMC service truck, 3000 lb. auto crane, PTO driven, high volume air compressor, full service body, Cat diesel, Allison automatic, under CDL, 106,000 miles Call

1994 Ford 5030 farm/utility tractor, 62 hp, 540 PTO, 3 point, full cab/heat/air, new tires, 5500 hours Call 1988 Chevy C70 fuel truck, dual 750 gallon tanks, pumps/hoses/reels, diesel, 5 speed, only 3700 miles, complete Call

2016 Doosan/Ingersoll Rand P185, compressor, 185 CFM, 125 PSI, 2.4 liter diesel, serviced and ready to go. 1200 hours Call

2002 Freightliner FL112 digger derrick, C10 Cat diesel, 365 hp, 10 speed manual, air ride suspension, Altec D947 derrick. Complete Call

2003 Great Dane 45-ft. step-deck trailer, air ride suspension, steel composition, 102” wide, rust free, very clean Call

2006 International 7400 dump truck, DT570 diesel, 285 hp, (not a Max Force), 10 speed manual, 11-ft. dump body, pintle hitch Call

2009 Ingersoll Rand P185 towable air compressor, John Deere 4045 diesel, 185 CFM, 1009 hours Call

1990 Sullair towable air compressor, John Deere diesel, 185 CFM, dual hose reels, 2400 hours Call

2005 Zieman 2374 SPL tilt bed equipment trailer, 45,000 lb. GVWR, 24-ft. long, 102” wide, 17.5 tires, air brakes, no rust, ex-municipal, clean Call

2012 International Prostar truck tractor, 475 hp, diesel, 13 speed transmission, air ride suspension, locking rear ends, all new tires, 413,000 miles Call

1994 Chevrolet Kodiak roll back truck, Cat 3116 diesel, 6 speed manual transmission, Jerr-dan roll back body with rear wheel lift, 154,000 miles, ex-municipal truck

Ingersoll Rand P185

Deere

Skyjack SJ6826

Ram 5500

automatic, 16-ft. dump bed, 169,000 miles, ex-municipal, one owner Call

2008 JLG 600 AJN articulated boom lift, 60-ft. reach, dual fuel, gas/propane, hydraulic generator, factory rebuild, 836 hours, clean Call

2002 International 2674 roll off truck, 14-ft. dump box with high lift gate, flatbed dump, complete roll off system, front dual direction snow plow, M11 Cummins, 13 speed, no rust, clean, truck has it all, endless uses! Call

2005 Sterling truck tractor, Detroit 14.0 liter diesel, 515 factory hp, 18 speed transmission, full lockers, air ride suspension, hydraulic wet kit, only 152,000 Call

2007 GMC Canyon 4x4 pickup, regular cab, 4 cyl., gas, automatic, air conditioning, only 35,400 miles, clean Call

2005 Ingersoll Rand P185WJD towable compressor, 185 CFM, John Deere 4045 diesel, torsion bar suspension, 1423 hours Call

800-937-2461

Knock! Knock! Who’s there? Dwayne. Dwayne who? Dwayne the bathtub! I’m dwowning! ##### Knock, knock. Who’s there? Abby. Abby who? Abby birthday!

Fire prevention and fire safety this summer

Much of Montana has enjoyed a wet spring, and green grass has stretched well into mid-summer resulting in fat cattle and extensive haying. However, as the days grow warmer and the chance for moisture lessens, the odds of late summer fires increase whether man-made or from natural causes.

For those ranchers and farmers haying, it’s important to check bales for moisture content.

“This year, we may see folks putting up wet hay for the first time in a while, especially if they are running behind and want to catch up,” says Montana Ag Safety Program Director Dana Jansen.

“Wet hay will self-ignite. Probe bales regularly and install moisture sensors on balers if possible. Mark all wet bales and leave them unstacked, then monitor the bale temperature frequently. Don’t stack those bales until you are certain they are dry and are not as likely to combust.”

Jansen cautions farmers and ranchers to keep hay, straw, and bedding materials stored away from buildings, and if possible, on areas of bare ground. Consider multiple hay yard sites to minimize overall risk and impact. Often insurance policies dictate the tonnage of bales and the distance between haystacks.

“Maintain all equipment at manufacturer-recommended intervals. Replace worn or broken parts and regularly grease the bearings,” Jansen cautioned. “Properly maintained equipment is less likely to start a fire.”

Whether you own a large ranch, a small farm or a cabin in the mountains, it’s essential to mow all the grass short around buildings, bins, and areas with high vehicle traffic. Dry grass poses a significant risk for fire. Short grass in these areas can prevent significant damage and danger later in the summer as it dries out.

Other precautions include using extreme caution with sources of ignition, such as fence chargers, matches, sparks, batteries and equipment. Make sure there are working fire extinguishers on equipment and in buildings.

Jansen, who is a volunteer firefighter in Lavina, Montana, tells landowners to ensure there is access to all areas of the ranch and build and maintain roads.

“Folks don’t consider that gates should be wide enough for equipment and vehicles to easily pass through and be opened easily. No fence stretchers! If they can’t open the gate in a fire emergency, that gate will be cut,” explained Jansen. She added that having names for your pastures and the GPS coordinates for that location can help the dispatcher and fire fighters find your property quickly.

“Whether you’re new to our state or a generational rancher, it’s important to remember that wildfires are part of living here. Have defensible space around your dwelling, keep your lawn mowed short, don’t store firewood next to your home and don’t park in tall grass. Be sure to have an adequate water supply available,” Jansen said.

“It’s imperative to have an evacuation plan for your family and your animals,” she noted. “Stay up to date on the fire conditions and heed all warning and orders. Remember, human life is a fire fighter’s number-one priority.”

For more information on fire safety, along with a wide range of safety resources, visit the Montana Ag Safety Program at www.mtagrisafety.com or email Dana Jansen at danaj@ mtagrisafety.com.

National Aviation Day

This holiday is always observed on August 19

National Aviation Day, an August 19 holiday, is in honor of the birthday of aviator Orville Wright. The Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur, were pioneer aviators in the United States. Orville was the first person to successfully fly an airplane. His first flight was December 17, 1903 at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. This inaugural flight was soon to change the skies forever.

It’s heavier than air, and it flies! National Aviation Day honors the accomplishments of Orville and Wilbur Wright. It is sometimes called Wright Brother’s Day. To a lesser degree, National Aviation Day sometimes honors other early aviation and space pioneers. This day was selected, as it is Orville Wright’s birthday. (August 19, 1871)

History and Origin of National Aviation Day

This special day was created by a presidential proclamation by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1939. As a result, it is a true “National” day.

FIREUNIT

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Recipe Patch by Geri

Cheeseburger and Fries Casserole

2 lb lean ground beef

1 can (10-3/4 ounces) condensed golden mushroom soup, undiluted

1 can (10-3/4 ounces) condensed cheddar cheese soup, undiluted

1 package (20 ounces) frozen french fries

Preheat oven to 350°. In a large skillet, cook beef over medium heat until no longer pink; drain. Stir in soups. Pour into a greased 13x9-in. baking dish.

Arrange french fries on top. Bake, uncovered, until the fries are golden brown, 50-55 minutes.

French Onion Pork Chops

1 tablespoon vegetable oil

4 boneless pork chops

1 tablespoon butter

1 ½ cups sliced yellow onion

1 cup water

½ cup beef or chicken broth

1 1-ounce packet onion soup mix

1 teaspoon Worcestershire sauce

4 slices provolone or swiss cheese

Pour the oil in a large skillet heat on medium/high heat. Once it’s hot, add the pork chops. Cook uncovered for 3-4 minutes on each side to sear the outsides of the chops; remove the chops from the pan and set aside. Reduce heat to low/medium. To the skillet, add the butter and onions. Let the onions cook for about 5 minutes, stirring occasionally. While the onions are cooking, combine the water, broth, soup mix and Worcestershire sauce in a bowl. Pour the mixture over the onions and cook an additional 10 minutes. Be sure to scrape the bottom of the pan to deglaze it. Add the chops back to the pan, top with cheese and cover the skillet. Cook until the pork chops 10-15 minutes or until they have reached an internal temperature of 145°F.

Scalloped Turnips

4 Tbsp butter

1/2 cup thinly sliced onions

4 cups peeled, thinly sliced turnips

2 Tbsp flour

1 teaspoon salt

Ground black pepper

3/4 cup milk

1/3 cup cream

Preheat oven to 350°F. Butter a 1-quart casserole dish. Melt 1 Tbsp butter and lightly sauté onions until just wilted. Layer a third of the sliced turnips in the casserole dish; top with a third of the onions; sprinkle with 2 teaspoons of flour, 1/3 teaspoon of salt, and pepper; pat with dollops from 1 tablespoon of butter. Repeat the layering twice. Mix milk and cream together and pour over the turnips. Cover and bake in a 350°F oven for 30 minutes, then remove cover and bake for another 30-45 minutes, or until tender and bubbly.

Pickled Green Tomatoes

1 pound green tomatoes

2 cloves garlic, smashed

1 teaspoon mustard seeds

1 teaspoon turmeric

1 1/4 cups apple cider vinegar

3/4 cup water

2 tablespoons light brown sugar

1 tablespoon kosher salt

Wash the tomatoes well, then, use a serrated knife to remove the tomato core and then slice them into 1/4-inch rounds. Wash and dry a 1-quart glass jar with its lid. Carefully place the tomato slices into the jar along with the smashed garlic cloves, mustard seeds, and turmeric. In a small saucepan, combine the vinegar, water, brown sugar, and salt. Bring the mixture to a simmer over medium high heat, stirring until the sugar and salt are dissolved, 4 to 5 minutes. Carefully transfer the hot brine to a glass, heat-safe liquid measuring cup or pitcher, then pour over the tomatoes, making sure they are completely submerged and leaving 1/2 inch space from the top of the . Seal the jar with the lid. Let the brine cool to room temperature, then transfer the jar to the fridge. Store in the fridge for 5 days, then they are ready to eat. Pickled green tomatoes can be kept in the fridge for up to 2 months.

Photo by Lindsey Habets

Has the Trader’s Dispatch helped you find what you were looking for? Please tell an advertiser!

Japanese beetles spread throughout WA

By Sara Zaske, WSU News & Media Relations

Without intervention, the colorful but devastating Japanese beetle could make its way across the evergreen state within two decades, according to a study of their potential dispersion.

The iridescent, green-and-copper beetles damage plants by “skeletonizing” their leaves, chewing up all the soft green parts between the veins. They eat over 300 plants and pose a serious threat to Washington agriculture as some of their favorite crops include grapes, hops and cherries.

Once established, Japanese beetles are tough to eradicate, but it may be possible to keep them under control, said David Crowder, a Washington State University entomologist.

“These coordinated, intense efforts early in the invasion are really critical because if we wait too long, it just becomes an endemic problem,” said Crowder, senior author on the study published in the Journal of Economic Entomology. “Hopefully, we can prevent the beetles from expanding beyond the quarantine areas, at least in the near future.”

The study found that Japanese beetles would most likely thrive in the dry, agriculture-rich southeastern part of the state, where the first individuals were found three years ago. If they were to escape the quarantines in place in those areas, modeling shows they would likely spread throughout the region from Yakima to the Tri-Cities and north past Moses Lake. While the Cascades are a barrier, there are large areas of western Washington that have highly suitable habitat for Japanese beetles.

Japanese beetles have already spread through much of the United States. They are believed to have arrived first on the East Coast in 1916 but are just now reaching Western states. The first beetles detected in Washington were found in a parking lot in the town of Sunnyside in 2020. Two years later Washington State Department of Agriculture trapped more than 20,000 in Sunnyside and Grandview. So far in 2023, trapping has shown the beetles mostly remain in those areas, though there has been one report just outside of Seattle.

This evidence shows that quarantine zones can be effective, the researchers said. Quarantines provide guidelines such as making sure residential yard waste does not go out of the area and agricultural trucks are thoroughly cleaned.

While the beetles can fly, it is often humans who help them reach new areas.

“People can notice the adult Japanese beetles very easily, but it’s very hard to notice them in the earliest stage of life, the eggs and larvae, so people might unintentionally help with their dispersal,” said Gengping Zhu, WSU research assistant professor and the study’s first author.

Japanese beetles lay their

eggs near the soil surface and spend a lot of their life cycle underground as grubs feeding on roots and other organic material in the soil. When they turn into beetles, they emerge to feed on plants. Some of their favorite plants are grapes, hops and cherries, which may partially explain their appearance first in southeastern Washington.

When they were first found in southeastern Washington, the state department of agriculture, working with federal agencies, took the lead on setting up quarantines there. WSU scientists have joined in the effort to help understand where the bugs might move next.

The effort to control the spread needs the help of the agriculture industry and residents to report where the beetles are found and take appropriate measures, Crowder said.

“Having an engaged citizenry is really important to preventing the spread of invasive species in general, even beyond the Japanese beetle,” he said. “Problems with invasive species are going to get worse and worse with climate change and increased human connectivity. The more coordinated we are, and the more we can identify the early stages of these invasions, the better.”

helps to control weeds, insects and fungus through reduced chemical waste, superior leaf coverage, increased exposure time and quicker penetration.

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BUCKLEY AUCTIONS

Breeding season preparations for meat goats

A successful kidding season first starts with preparations for the breeding season. There are a few key management aspects that are critical as part of the breeding season preparations. These include evaluating body condition, flushing the does, conducting a buck breeding soundness exam, and considering aspects that promote embryonic survival.

Evaluating Body Condition

Body condition scoring allows producers to evaluate both nutrition and genetics within a herd. Proper body condition will help to ensure a successful breeding season followed by a successful kidding season. Goats are scored on a 5-point body condition scale, with 1 being very thin and 5 being very fat. Evaluations should take place throughout the year as body condition scores change. Good times to evaluate body condition are prior to the start of the breeding season, about four to six weeks prior to kidding and after weaning.

Body condition is evaluated by handling goats in three areas: the lumbar area located near the loin, the sternum or breastbone, and the ribs with the intercostal spaces between the ribs. When handling the lumbar area feel for any fat covering across the backbone of the animal and at the transverse process, which is a horizontal bone located below the loin muscle. Producers can also assess the fullness of the muscling in the loin and leg muscles as well as consider how prominent the hip bones and ribs are by sight and feel. The ideal body condition score during most times of the year would be a 3, although a 2.5 to 4.0 score would still be acceptable.

Goats with a body condition score of 1 will have a spine and ribs that are visible. The transverse processes will also be visible and easily felt. These emaciated goats will show atrophy of the loin and leg muscles. Because goats gain weight slowly, be sure to plan well ahead of the breeding season if body condition needs to be improved. This can be accomplished through supplemental energy and protein.

Goats with a body condition score of 3 will not have a visible spine or ribs, but the spine and ribs should feel smooth and the intercostal spaces can be felt with pressure. The transverse processes should also not be seen but can be felt with slight pressure. The loin and leg muscles of a goat with a body condition score of 3 will be well filled out and should have a smooth fat cover. These goats would be considered in ideal body condition for the breeding season.

Goats with a body condition score of 5 will have a spine and ribs that are completely covered with fat that can only be felt with pressure. The transverse processes are also completely covered with muscle and fat and can only be felt with pressure. The loin and leg muscles on goats with a body condition score of 5 will be full and covered with fat. These goats often exhibit a very large belly. These overly fat does should be avoided. Bucks with a body condition score of 5 may have issues with libido during the breeding season, while does will have an increased likelihood of problems during late pregnancy and when kidding.

Body condition scoring prior to the breeding season allows producers to make culling decisions as well as assess the herd’s nutritional program. Monitoring body condition throughout the year and prior to the breeding season allows producers to make any needed adjustments to nutrition. Maintaining goats in ideal body condition can improve herd performance during the breeding season and at kidding time.

Flushing

Once a producer completes body condition scoring, he or she can then make decisions regarding nutritional adjustments for flushing the herd. Flushing is the practice of increasing the plane of nutrition prior to the breeding season in order to encourage does to produce twins. This is generally done by increasing the energy in the doe ration and should start approximately one month prior to introducing the buck to the does.

With increased dietary energy, the doe will begin to increase body condition. This will then signal the doe’s body that she will be capable of supporting more than one kid. In turn, this will increase her ovulation rate, which should result in a higher kidding percentage, or more kids born per doe.

Energy can be increased in the ration by adding grain at a rate of one-half to one pound per doe per day or by moving the entire herd to a lush pasture. Many producers feed corn as the grain source, while others prefer a mixed grain formulation. The total amount of grain fed should be adjusted based on the body condition of the does.

The additional energy in the ration should be fed throughout the breeding season and continue until a few weeks after the buck is removed. This will allow for implantation of the embryos in the uterus. For these reasons, flushing has the greatest impact early in the breeding season. Does with body condition scores of 2 to 3 often respond best to flushing, while does with a score of 4 or 5 have little response to flushing.

While emphasis is placed on does for flushing, bucks will also benefit from the additional energy in the ration because it helps them lose less weight during the breeding season. Plus, the added energy helps the bucks maintain their vigor for breeding.

Buck Breeding Soundness Exams

Prior to breeding, evaluate breeding soundness of all bucks to prepare for the breeding season. A good quality buck should have adequate size and muscling, be vigorous and active, and have a strong and masculine appearance. He should be structurally correct, should stand with all four feet squarely underneath him, be up on his pasterns, and be able to move freely.

New bucks should be purchased at least one month prior to the breeding season. This will allow time for the buck to adjust to the new location and allow a producer ample time to quarantine the buck from the rest of the herd to ensure he is not carrying any contagious diseases.

Prior to the start of the breeding season, a physical examination of the buck should be conducted for breeding soundness. Allow enough time for the buck to heal from any injuries or be replaced if he is found unsound. The examination should include palpation of the testicles and epididymis, and visual appraisal of feet, legs, eyes and teeth. In addition, be sure to check the body condition of the buck. Bucks that are in poor body condition will often have poor semen quality and bucks that are too fat often lack the libido to breed does.

Testicles of the buck should be firm and be adequate in size, and be free of any lumps or abscesses, which could indicate an injury or disease. The tail of the epididymis is located at the bottom end of the testicle. It should be slightly rounded and free from any hard knots. This is important because the tail of the epididymis is where most of the sperm is stored.

All bucks should have well-formed testicles that are equal in size and be located in

##### Marc had just finished his round at his club’s handicap tournament and looked very upset. “What’s the matter?” his friend asked.

“Tough day on the course. You wouldn’t believe it,” Marc said. “They paired me up with Sean Sherman because we both have 17 handicaps. But Sean was actually a scratch golfer and shot a 71. I tell you... it’s just so upsetting. I can’t stand when people lie and cheat at golf.” “Agreed,” his friend responded. “That’s really not fair.” “You’re telling me,” Marc shot back. “I had to play like heck to beat him.”

Several buckets of walleye fingerlings were poured into Lake Frances by Valier Elementary students. Thou

sands of fish were stocked into the lake by Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks with the help of the students. Courtesy of Thedis Crowe.

Say you saw it in the Trader’s Dispatch

low boy service

40-ton RGN trailer for hire to transport combines, tractors, sprayers, floaters, construction equipment, etc. Within Montana & surrounding states. We also have 48-ft. step deck trailers available. Insured & experienced.

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McMURRY CATTLE

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Breeding season preparations for meat goats

a single scrotum. Avoid bucks with a split scrotum or testicles that hang far below the hocks. Mature bucks should have a scrotal circumference of at least 25 cm or 10 inches. Young bucks should have testicles that are adequate in size for their age. The size of the testicles relates to the ability of the buck to produce sperm. This in turn will allow the buck to breed a large number of does. Larger scrotal circumference directly correlates with greater semen volume and sperm viability. Larger scrotal circumference also correlates to siring doe kids that reach puberty earlier than does kids produced by bucks with a smaller scrotal circumference.

HP 406 254 1247

Cell 406 697 4040 mcmurrycattle@gmail.com www.mcmurrycattle.com

Montana Hereford Breeders

Anchor Polled Herefords

406-467-2880, Vaughn, MT

Beery’s Land & Livestock Co 406-979-5720, Vida, MT www.beeryherefords.com

Feddes Herefords

Dan 406-570-1602, Manhattan, MT www.feddes.com

J Bar E Ranch

406-765-7068, Plentywood, MT

K & C Herefords

406-240-9301, Deer Lodge, MT

K.L. Slagsvold Herefords

406-584-7571, Lindsay, MT

L Bar W Cattle Company 406-425-2484, Absarokee, MT www.lbarw.com

McMurry Cattle 406-254-1247, Billings, MT www.mcmurrycattle.com

Sparks Herefords

406-778-2320, Plevna, MT www.sparksherefords.com

Thomas Herefords

406-544-1536, Gold Creek, MT

Wichman Herefords

406-350-3123, Moore, MT www.wichmanherefords.com

Early Fall Sales

Montana Horse Progress Days Auction

Sat., Aug. 26th, 10 a.m., 4 miles SE of Moore, MT

Horses, Buggies, Wagons, Tack & Antiques

Real Estate Online Auction for the Judith #86 Masonic Lodge, Hobson, MT

Selling the Masonic Building and 5 lots

Location: 205 1st Avenue East, Hobson, MT

Starting Bid: $25,000

Bidding closes: Thurs., Sept. 7th, 6 p.m.

Janicek’s Iron Wheel Ranch

Collector Tractor Auction

Thursday, Sept. 28th, 10 a.m.

5 miles SE of Moore, MT; 15 miles SW of Lewistown

Live Auction with Internet Bidding Available

Selling: Hart Parr 18-36 and Twin City 17-28 tractors plus 20 more tractors & a Cat 28 crawler, ‘50 Dodge Power Wagon & ‘55 Studebaker truck Most are restored running condition!

See complete list the Sept. Trader Dispatch

For more information on the above, go to WWW.SHOBEAUCTION.COM

OR CALL 406-538-5125

Kyle: 406-366-0472

Jayson @ 406-366-5125 www.shobeauction.com

Trim feet and conduct a visual appraisal of the feet and legs to look for lameness and evidence of foot rot or foot scald. Signs that a buck has these issues would include a red inflammation between the toes, or this could present as a white color with a moist appearance. Foot rot will appear as though the foot is rotting. Foot rot will also have a foul odor associated with the problem.

Check the buck’s eyes to ensure that they appear normal. The membranes around the eye should be bright pink to red in color. If they are gray or white in appearance, the buck is likely anemic and needs dewormed. FAMACHA scoring should be used to assess the need to deworm.

Handle bucks prior to breeding season to check for body condition. The buck should have some extra condition or fat reserves, but not be overly fat. Bucks should have a body condition score of 3 to 3.5 prior to breeding season. Thin bucks may have less stamina throughout the breeding season and may have lower semen quality, while overly fat bucks may have less libido. As the breeding season progresses, a buck can be expected to lose body weight, but should not reach a score lower than 2.5.

Elevated body temperature that results from illness or from heat stress both affect semen quality very quickly. Sperm production takes approximately six weeks to complete and so bucks affected by elevated body temperatures may have reduced ability to successfully breed does for that length of time.

If there are questions regarding the breeding soundness of a buck, his ability to breed does can be checked either through a semen evaluation or by using a method that allows the buck to mark the does as he breeds them. A veterinarian, or a breeding service, should be able to conduct a semen evaluation test. Evaluations will involve collecting semen and then viewing under a microscope to look for numbers of live and motile sperm cells, plus numbers of abnormal sperm cells.

A marking harness can be used to identify does bred by the buck. Change the color every 21 days to identify does that are bred multiple times. A large number of does remarked can indicated infertility issues with a buck.

Even though a buck succeeds in getting does pregnant, it is important to follow good management practices to ensure that the does remain pregnant until the kids are ready to be born.

Aspects to Promote Embryonic Survival

In addition to body condition scores, body weight management of young does is important. Yearlings should weigh at least 80% of their mature weight by the start of the breeding season and doelings (doe kids) should weigh 65 to 70% of their mature weight or at least 80 lb. before breeding. In order for doelings to reach this desired

weight, most will require a grain supplement. In general, goats gain approximately a 0.1 to 0.25 pound per day on pasture. This rate of gain results in doelings weighing less than recommended for breeding. Therefore, producers should calculate weight gain required and adjust rations to accommodate a faster rate of gain if they plan to breed young doelings.

Maintaining body condition scores, or improving body condition of thin does, during the first 90 days of pregnancy helps promote embryo survival. The embryo implants itself in the uterus 2 to 3 weeks after fertilization and placental development occurs shortly after that. The placenta connects the developing fetus (kid) to its dam and provides nourishment for the fetus to grow plus eliminates waste products. Good nutrition allows the placenta to develop to full size during this period, thus providing optimal amounts of nutrients to the fetus. Poor placental development can impact kid birth weights and can ultimately impact the future reproductive potential of a kid. Kid birthweight is one of the greatest predictors of kid survival: smaller kids are less likely to survive birth as compared to kids with average birth weights. A high percentage of kid mortalities that occur prior to weaning occur during the first 48 hours after birth. Rations should provide adequate energy, protein, vitamins and minerals. And, fresh clean water should be available at all times. Typically, good quality pasture and a good quality mineral mix provide sufficient nutrients to support the pregnancy. However, pay close attention to pasture mixtures during the first 45 days of gestation. Legumes, and red clover in particular, produce phytoestrogens. These estrogenic compounds can impact reproduction by reducing ovulation and conception rates. Fertility generally returns to normal within four to six weeks after removing small ruminants from pastures containing high levels of phytoestrogens. As breeding season continues, be sure to assess body condition scores of does and bucks. Make sure they receive adequate nutrition to support a body condition score of 3 or provide additional nutrients in the ration to improve body condition scores. The ultimate goal is for does to consume a ration that will promote ovulation rates to conceive twins, support embryo survival and result in a healthy set of twins. All of these steps taken prior to the breeding season can lead to a more successful kidding season.

#####

A salesman walks into a clubhouse and finds the head pro, who was quite busy. The salesman says, “I’d like to sell you some unique golf balls.” To which the pro responds, “Sorry, we already have every kind of ball there is.” Undeterred, the salesman says, “You don’t have these golf balls. There’re amazing and you can’t lose them.” “Impossible,” the pro responds. “What if you hit them into the water, or deep into the woods, or it gets dark and you can’t see it?” “Not a problem,” the salesman says, “If it goes into the water, it makes a beeping sound so you can find it. And in the dark it glows. I’m telling you, these balls are incredible. You simply can’t lose them.” “Okay. You’ve convinced me. I’ll buy some,” the head pro responds. “But I just have one question, since I’ve never heard of these balls before. Where did you get them?” The salesman smiled proudly and said, “I found them.”

Important dates August 31

August 31, 1786 - Shays’ Rebellion began in Massachusetts as ex-Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays led an armed mob. The rebellion prevented the Northampton Court from holding a session in which debtors, mostly poor ex-soldier farmers, were to be tried and likely put in prison. Following this, in September, Shays’ troops prevented Supreme Court sessions at Springfield, Massachusetts. Early in 1787, they attacked the Federal arsenal at Springfield, but were soon routed and fled. Shays was sentenced to death but was pardoned in 1788.

August 31, 1980 - Solidarity, the Polish trade union, was formed at Gdansk, Poland. Led by Lech Walesa, Solidarity opposed Communist rule and was outlawed in 1981. Seven years later, the re-legalization of

Solidarity occurred and the government agreed to hold partially free parliamentary elections. Solidarity candidates scored stunning victories in the elections that followed, gaining power in Poland and paving the way for the downfall of Communism there.

August 31, 1997 - Britain’s Princess Diana died at age 36 from massive internal injuries suffered in a high-speed car crash, reportedly after being pursued by photographers. The crash occurred shortly after midnight in Paris inside a tunnel along the Seine River at the Pont de l’Alma bridge, less than a half mile north of the Eiffel Tower. Also killed in the crash were Diana’s companion, Dodi Fayed, 42, and chauffeur Henri Paul. A fourth person in the car, bodyguard Trevor Rees-Jones, was seriously injured.

UNIQUE 66.85-ACRE EQUESTRIAN RANCH located along Sun River Road about 1 mile W of Great Falls, MT and along the Sun River for about 3/4 of a mile. This property consists of approximately 51 acres of flood irrigated hay land for grass-hay production and 10 acres of grazing land. It features a ranch-site area of about 6 acres for the equestrian buildings and two very nice ranch homes having a view of the river valley, with a new 72-ft. x 140-ft. indoor riding arena, a combination shop & hay barn, several horse sheds with corrals, a round pen, and a well with good potable water. The current use of the property is for horse boarding, breeding, riding, and training with good potential income. The river frontage, with brush/trees along the bank, supports a population of Pheasants, Ducks, Geese, and deer, plus there’s fishing and floating on the Sun River. Mild Winters here in Central Montana, just East of the Rocky Mountains. This very special property has an incredible and convenient location and we are proud to present it at $2.5 Mil. For the info brochure, go to: https://www.fbrealty.com/wp-content/ uploads/2023/01/2-Lazy-C-Brochure-1C-B-1.pdf

How much water do cattle need and what water problems should cattle producers watch for?

By Troy Walz, Nebraska Extension Educator and Aaron Berger, Nebraska Extension Beef Educator

Water quantity and quality is critical to cattle health and performance. Hot weather and drought conditions can impact both water quality and quantity for cattle.

How Much Water Do Cattle Need?

There is an easy answer, and there is a right answer. A general guideline is that lactating cows need two gallons of water per 100 pounds of bodyweight per day. Bulls and dry cows need one to one and a half gallons of water per 100 pounds per day, according to the 2016 Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle.

Water needs are influenced by environmental temperature, class of livestock, weight, and stage of production. The warmer it gets, the more water cows need. Cows with nursing calves need more water than dry cows. As cattle gain weight, they need more water.

As an example, spring calving cows will need close to 20 to 24 gallons of water per day for themselves and another 5 to 10 gallons for their calf when it gets hot. Some water comes from the feed they eat, and grass can be high in water content. Nursing calves meet some of their daily water needs with their dam’s milk. However,it’s best to plan on making sure cattle have access to the full recommended amount of good-quality water. It’s particularly important that calves are able to reach the water levels in a tank, especially in hot weather. If cows come into water first and drink a tank down, calves may struggle to get a drink if there is a slow recharge on the water tank. This can lead to stress and health problems for calves. Depending on the watering system, giving calves “creep” access to a water tank they can reach separate from the cows can help to ensure calves stay hydrated.

The importance of water to beef cattle is often overlooked, and cattle performance can be affected by water intake. Nutritionists balance diets for carbohydrate (energy), protein, vitamins, and minerals but water is the most critical of these nutrients. Several factors make water needs difficult to assess.

Because feeds contain some water, not all the water needs must be provided as drinking water. Feeds such as silages, green chop, or growing pasture are usually high in moisture, while grains and hays are low. When cattle consume feeds high in water content, they drink less water.

Water quality for cattle

Water quality is important for cattle health and performance. It’s important to check water for nitrates, sulfates, and bluegreen algae if aproblem is suspected.

Blue-Green Algae

Blue-green algae can be toxic to cattle, and it grows in stagnant water, lakes, and ponds. When there’s a lot of blue-green algae, it makes the water look like someone has dumped a bucket of light green or turquoise paint in the water.

Signs of blue-green algae poisoning are diarrhea, lack of coordination, labored breathing, seizures, convulsions, and possibly death. More information on blue-green algae can be found in the BeefWatch article Blue-Green Algae Impacts on Cattle. Warm temperatures and sunlight can cause algae to grow rapidly, so keep an eye on that in both ponds and tanks. Routinely cleaning tanks and utilizing a copper sulfate treatment or chlorine treatment can help keep water tanks free from moss and algae.

Cattle standing in the water to fight flies, or walking through it to drink increases the solids suspended in the water, and the added nutrients from manure and urine may encourage algae growth. Limiting cattle access to only a portion of a pond can reduce pond water contamination. Pumping water in the deep part of a pond to a water tank is a way to still utilize pond water for cattle while reducing the risk of cattle consuming blue-green algae. Fly management can also help cut down on the amount of time cattle spend in the water. Read more about pasture fly management here.

Water Testing

Monitoring water quality is a way to manage risk. Knowing if there’s a problem before symptoms show up in the cowherd is the best way to prevent losses to cattle performance, or death.

Taking a water sample and submitting it to a lab for analysis may take a few extra minutes, but if you’re out checking water anyway, it’s not much extra effort for the knowledge that the water is safe. While ponds and dams are often the most questionable in quality, the water in tanks and troughs may also need to be tested. Occasionally, events such as drought or flooding may impact the quality of water from a well or other source of water that is being used for livestock. Testing the water provides information needed to know if the water is safe for use. There are a number of labs available in Nebraska where livestock water can be tested. Prior to collecting a sample, contact the lab for a test kit and collection instructions to ensure a representative sample is taken and that the lab can complete the analysis needed.

Location, location, location! One-of-a-kind 9.5-acre exceptional building lot with equestrian facilities just 2 blocks from the Great Falls, MT city limits and 5 minutes to hospitals and shopping. Newer 2000-gallon septic tank, drain field with new pipe stubbed in and ready for a new custom-built 6 bedroom home. Excellent well water and old water rights on 2 wells, electrictiy and natural gas ON SITE. 3 bedroom, 2 bath 1984 mobile home (for property manager or temporary living while building new home) and small historic cabin to restore (both can be removed). 130-foot barn, 12 paddocks, automatic waterers, 4-inch pipe-fencing on 3 sides, and 8-foot heavy duty chain link fencing along 40th Avenue South. Equine clinic and hospital across the street and they are currently leasing paddocks for their overflow. Superb building sites and terrific set-up for horses. NO chemical spray used on the property for over 10 years. Broker-owned for 20 years. Deer, Fox, Pheasants, Turkeys, Hawks, Eagles and lots of small birds come through daily. Natural Bee Pollinator Sanctury. You feel like you are in your own private world. Reasonably priced at $850,000.

For details about these properties please call Agent Eric Easterly at 406621-0161, Agent Dennis Franz at 406-788-1163 or Broker Mark Pyrak at 406-788-9280.

Nitrates

Nitrates are of elevated concern in drought conditions. The total intake limit for cattle is the combined amounts from both feed and water. So if you have feed that’s high in nitrates, but within acceptable limits, and water that is also high, but acceptable, the combination could exceed recommended limits and cause problems.

A safe level of nitrate nitrogen (NO3N) in the water for cattle is less than 100 ppm. The sulfate upper limit for calves is less than 500 ppm (167 ppm sulfur as sulfate). For adult cattle, the upper limit is less than 1,000 ppm (333 ppm sulfur as sulfate).

Symptoms of nitrate poisoning include brownish discoloration of the blood, difficult and rapid breathing, muscle tremors, low tolerance to exercise, incoordination, diarrhea, frequent urination, collapse, and death.

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A woman was playing a round of golf on a beautiful, but dangerous, course in Africa. The course was known to have wild animals, so the caddies all had to carry a rifle for extra protection. And sure enough, on the very first hole, a tiger jumped out onto the fairway. The caddie raised his rifle and shot it into the air, scaring the wild cat away. Then, on the ninth hole, a crocodile emerged from the water. Once again, a shot into the air scared the animal off. And as the round was coming to an end on the 18th, a huge leopard got close to the woman, but the caddie did nothing. As the fierce animal got closer, she began to run as the leopard took chase. The frantic golfer looked toward her caddie and yelled, “Help me!” to which the caddie calmly responded, “I’m sorry ma’am, but you don’t get a shot on this hole.”

DBL Sales and Service, LLC

US and India agree to lower tariffs on pulse crops

On Thursday, June 22, 2023, United States Trade Representative Katherine Tai announced the United States and the Republic of India have agreed to terminate six outstanding disputes at the World Trade Organization. Furthermore, India agreed to remove retaliatory tariffs on certain U.S. ag products, including chickpeas, lentils, almonds, walnuts, and apples, marking a big win for Montana Agriculture.

“These tariff cuts will restore and expand market opportunities for U.S. agricultural producers and manufacturers. The resolution also maintains the integrity of the U.S. Section 232 measures,” stated in a press release from the Office of the U.S Trade Representative.

Montana is currently the number one ranking state in both chickpea and lentil production in the United States. In 2022, Montana produced just over 65% of the nation’s lentils (USDA-NASS). With the export value of U.S. pulses in 2021 reaching $389 million and the current estimate being 120% more due to higher production, this removal of retaliatory tariffs marks a large opportunity for Montana agriculture and its producers.

“Prime Minister Modi’s visit has underscored the importance of the U.S.-India bilateral relationship and our cooperation on a range of shared priorities. Today’s agreement represents the culmination of intensified bilateral engagement over the last two years, including through the U.S.-India Trade Policy Forum, to deepen our economic and trade ties,” said Ambassador Katherine Tai. “As a result of our work, U.S. agricultural producers and manufacturers will now enjoy renewed access to a critical global market and we will strengthen our trade relationship with one of our closest partners.”

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A rich man received a ransom note. It said that if he wanted to see his wife alive he needed to bring $20,000 to the 15th hole at 10 a.m. the next day. The man showed up with the money at 11:30, where he met a masked man who sneered, “You’re late! Where the heck have you been?” To which the man responded, “Hey, lay off, I have a twenty-four handicap.”

Linker, Coffee Creek MT A26, A36

Doane Western of Montana, Bozeman MT C32

Double Diamond Truck & Equipment Sales, Missoula MT

Dry Fork Ag, Ledger MT A31

Exchange Services, Inc, Whitefish MT B10

First State Bank, Shelby, MT A26

Fisher Metal Products, Fort Benton, MT B36

Flaman Rentals, Power MT A16, B14

Fort Benton Realty, Fort Benton MT A34

Fox Ford, Wolf Point MT B35

Frank Merchant Roofing, Great Falls MT C32

Fraser’s Oil Inc., Inverness MT C14

Frieling’s Agricultural Equipment, Great Falls MT A13, B17, C23, C29

Frontier Precision (formally Triange Ag, Great Falls), Bismarck, ND B29

Frontline Ag Solutions Dillon, Dillon MT C11

Frontline Ag Solutions, Choteau, Conrad, Cut Bank, Dillon, Lewistown, Havre, Chester, Great Falls, Belgrade, Livingston MT C6, C7

Glass Trucking, Denton MT B33

Glasgow Rental, Glasgow MT A35

Golden Harvest Seeds, Big Sandy MT A16

Golden Triangle Rental, Great Falls MT A35

Gordon Repair, LLC, Miles City MT C26

Greenway Seeds, Caldwell ID B7

Greyn Fertilizer, Choteau, Dutton, Valier MT C36

Grossenburg Equipment, Winner, Pierre, Philip, Belle Fourche SD, Wayne, Bloomfield, Harrington NE, Sundance WY A21

Harris Custom Swathing, Conrad MT C4

Heartland Seed Company, Moccasin MT A2

Hedman, Inc, Grass Range MT A25

Helfert’s Helena Farm Supply, East Helena MT C3

Henke Enterprises, SprayFlex & Big Dog Mowers, Chester MT C34

Henry Building Systems, Pelican Rapids MNC22

Hi-Line Rental, Havre MT A35

Highline Communications, Cut Bank MT B22

Hillco Technologies, Inc. Nezperce, ID A24

Hoven Equipment Co., Great Falls MT A19

Hwy 12 Equipment & Repair, Baker MT C26

J & T Equipment Sales, John Jones, Stevensville MT C16

J Bar T Bins & Steel Buildings, Jeremiah Johnson & Thad, Chester MT B32

Jamieson Motors, Inc., Chinook MT B14, C24

Jim Nielsen Trucks & Parts, Butte MT B28

Joe Judisch Custom Swathing & Baling, Conrad MT A20

Johnsen Trailer Sales, Inc., Bismarck & Fargo ND B28

Jr’s Harvesting, Inc., Eureke, SD A31

Krogmann Mfg. C10

Lane Judisch Swathing, Conrad MT A24

Lattin & Sons, Power MT A16, B14

Lewistown Polaris, Lewistown MT B21

Lewistown Rental, Lewistown MT A35

M & M Auto, Trailers, & Welding, Stevensville MT B10

M & W Machine, Three Forks MT B31

Mahindra, Big Sky Harley, Great Falls MT A36

Montana Ag Safety Program B36

Montana Department of Agriculture A11

Montana Farrier Supply, Livingston MT B35

Montana Fence, Billings, Bozeman, Great Falls, Kalispell MT B6, C8, C22

Montana Fiberglass Inc, Lewistown MT B20

Montana Holster & Shoulder Rig, Norm Scherten-

lieb, Great Falls MT B36

Montana Metal Fabrications, Great Falls MT C10

Montana Seed Trade Association A20

Montech Seed Group, MT B2

Mountain View Metal Works, Wilsall MT C15

MQS, Montana Quality Structures, Stevensville MT B5

MT Tractors, Matt Pendergast, Stevensville MT A14

Musselshell Valley Equipment, Roundup MT A33, C1

New Homes of the Future, Billings MT B22

NM Machinery, Missoula MT B33

North Star Equipment, John Myers, Simms MT C25

Northern Ford, Cut Bank MT B9

Northern Prairie Auto Sales, Wolf Point MT B4

Opportunity Bank A15

Pete’s Auto Sales, Great Falls MT B13

Platinum Auto Center, Big

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Most of Bill Gates’s 5,000-square-foot home is underground.

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No permit required: Beavers in Connecticut have the legal right to build dams.

How can seed enhancement effect the viability of and vigor of seeds?

We often take seeds for granted. We expect that we can plant them, they will grow, and produce a crop – or flower bed if that’s your goal. But seeds don’t always germinate. And if they do, the plant might not grow as expected. The May 22nd Sustainable, Secure Food Blog looked at work being done by Erik Augerson, Oregon State University, to improve hemp crops by studying ways to improve seed vigor and viability.CBD hemp seeds that sprouted 3 days after soaking in biostimulants

Viability is defined as the seed’s ability to germinate and begin growth. This of course assumes they are given the proper environment. The environment in which the seed is planted plays a large role in its ability to germinate.

In some cases, a seed can be viable yet still not germinate when planted. This is often caused by the seed being stuck in a state of dormancy. In the case of dormant seed, certain environmental or physical conditions must be met to trigger germination. For example, many seeds must go through a chilling period prior to sowing to come out of dormancy.

Seed vigor refers to the ability of the seeds to quickly produce consistent, healthy plant growth under a wide range of environmental conditions.

Augerson looked at using “seed enhancements” to improve the vigor and viability of hemp seeds. Typically, seed enhancements will not increase seedling viability, but they can improve the percent of seeds germinating as well as their vigor. In general, the goal of seed enhancement is to improve the crop producer’s chances of having good establishment and a healthy crop.

Treating seed with products prior to planting can potentially save the producer time and money. The alternative is a grower applying the product across their entire field after planting. This would mean two passes through the field. So, treating seeds prior to planting makes sense.

Additionally, by treating the seed we ensure that the product added is in contact with the seed/seedling once it germinates. When spread across the field there are many variables that can prevent the treatment from contacting the seed – like rainfall, soil conditions and wind.

Multiple commercial examples of seed treatment exist; however, two common examples are seed priming and seed coating.

Seed priming typically involves soaking seed in a solution, water or a chemical, for a specific time. They are then taken out of the solution just prior to germination. The seeds can then be sown in the field. The goal of doing this generally is to increase the speed or uniformity of seed germination once the seed is planted in the field.

Seed coating, as the name suggests, involves coating a seed prior to its planting with a dry or liquid product. Many crops are sold with seed coatings that contain pesticides, or plant growth products.

Historically conventional plant growth products such as chemical fertilizers and synthetic pesticides have been marketed and used in both seed priming and in seed coatings. However, there is growing interest in producing solutions using certified organic products.

A new category of products being looked at as a potential seed treatment option are biostimulants, specifically humic substances. Biostimulants is a category of products that was defined in the USDA farm bill as “substances or microorganisms that, when applied to seeds, plants, or the root zone, stimulates natural processes to enhance or benefit nutrient uptake, nutrient efficiency, tolerance to abiotic stress, or crop quality and yield.”

Humic substances are complex organic compounds found in soil and other natural sources. Humic substances, specifically humic acid and fulvic acids, have been shown to have biostimulant properties. These include improving seed germination, root, and shoot growth on multiple crops.

However, their effects on hemp (cannabis) seed are undocumented. The goal was to test if soaking seed prior to planting in biostimulants, specifically certified organic humic and fulvic acids solutions, would influence seed germination and seedling vigor on two varieties of CBD Hemp.

The reason that CBD hemp was chosen, in addition to being a new and interesting area of research, is that hemp grown for CBD is traditionally grown at lower plant densities than most other annual crops. Because of this it is important that good germination occurs.

The cost of hemp seed also can be extremely expensive, CONTINUED ON PAGE B4

1995 Ford F700, 22-ft. steel flatbed, all new tires, clean and straight. Starts and runs good. $11,500

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Instant classic: Robert Louis Stevenson wrote Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in six days.

Hannah Monroe

THANK YOU

So-Lo Air for buying our market steers at Marias Fair

World Lion Day

Date When Celebrated : This holiday is always enjoyed on August 10

Today comes in with a roar, as we celebrate the "King of the Jungle". Also known as "King of the Beasts", we're obviously talking about lions, as today is World Lion Day. The key goal of this very special day, is a global effort to promote the protection of lions and their shrinking habitat.

As the "King of the Jungle", one might think that lions are invincible. Hunting and encroachment of civilization into their habitat, is negatively impacting their numbers. Surprisingly, lions are at risk of becoming extinct. Lions are important to the balance of nature. They help keep the population of herbivores under control.

World Lion Day was created for three reasons:

To raise awareness of the plight of lions in the wild and in captivity.

To encourage the protection of lions and their shrinking habitat.

To educate people of the danger that lions pose to people. Lion tamers aside, you don't ever want to come face to face with a lion.

Lions are social creatures. They group together in a family called a "pride". A single adult male is the head of the pride. Females,

sometimes many generations of lionesses, remain in the pride they were born in. Occasionally, a lioness will leave the pride, to form a new pride with a young adult male. Young male cubs remain in the pride until they become adults.

Did You Know? While we talk about lions as the "King of the Jungle, and movies often have them cast in a jungle environment, lions do not live in jungles. Rather, they live in grasslands and plains near jungle areas. A lion we love to hate: Scar from Lion King

Today's Quote: " An optimist is someone who gets treed by a lion, but enjoys the scenery." - - Walter

Winchell

How can seed enhancement effect the viability of and vigor of seeds?

CONTINUED FROM PAGE B2 commonly found marketed above a dollar per seed. Because of this, seed enhancement could be well worth the cost if it successfully improves the % germination or vigor.

After the seed was soaked for a predetermined time in different humic acid solutions, they were dried and placed in a germination chamber where they remained for 7 days under optimal germination conditions. Daily germination counts were taken. After 7 days, samples were collected, and seedling vigor measurements were performed.

Initial findings suggest that humic substances did not have a significant effect on seedling germination however humic acid did have a significant effect on root growth.

To read more about the research findings and the entire blog, visit: https://sustainable-secure-food-blog. com/2023/05/22/how-can-seed-enhancement-effect-theviability-of-and-vigor-of-seeds/

Flowers and shrubs

Keep deadheading flowers and they will keep blooming for much longer, instead of producing seeds early in the season.

To trap aphids, put some water and oil in a yellow dish and set it in the garden; they love the color yellow and when they land on the water, the oil will prevent them from escaping. Plant garlic or parsley under rose plants to keep aphids away.

Pinch off the tendrils of sweet peas to improve their flowering capacity.

Bury fuchsias in the winter to protect them from the frost. Use toilet paper rolls to plant sweet peas, runner beans, or garden peas as they need a good root run.

To deepen the color of your blue hydrangea, simply grow the plant with iron nails around its base. This alters the pH balance of the soil, which then changes the color of the flower itself.

Do not deadhead hydrangea as they give protection for next year’s buds. Prune when the danger of frost is past.

When repotting or moving prickly plants or conifers, cut the bottom off an old compost bag to form a tube which you can then place over the plant. Tie the top and bottom with string. This will condense any awkward branches and also protect your arms.

A circle of twigs 20” (50 cm) high provides a better support for border plants than a single stake, and is less obtrusive.

Do not clear away old vegetation for foliage around plants

Garett Monroe

Flowers and shrubs

CONTINUED FROM PAGE B5 in borders, as this gives protection in severe weather.

When planting up summer annuals in pots or backets, plant up half a dozen extra pots in ordinary flower pots and nurture them in the same way. As the summer progresses and bare areas appear where plants have either died or perennials haven’t survived the winter, simply position the pots in the gaps and fill the borders instantly.

To help when repotting plants into larger pots, place the current pot into the larger pot and push compost firmly into the gap between the two. Gently remove the inner pot to leave the correct size hole into which the plant can be dropped.

To prevent slugs getting to plants in containers, smear the outside of the container with petroleum jelly or WD40.

When planting grown container plants, disturb the roots as little as possible so that they continue to benefit from the compost they are grown in. Water as usual after planting.

When planting new climbers and ramblers for the spring, plant them about a foot from the supporting wall and lead them to the wall via a cane. This will give the roots room to develop properly and help to give years of healthy growth.

Use old tights or stockings cut into strips to tie up plants, rather than twine, which can slice into stems.

Do not remove dead leaves from plants damaged by frost as they are nature’s way of protecting new young shoots.

Never move or plant anything if the ground is frozen. Wait until the soil warms up.

To kill grass or weeds growing around low carpeting plants, make up a mixture of grass weed killer as directed on the container. Add a squirt of liquid dish soap. Put on a pair of strong rubber gloves and then a knitted mitten or thick sock. Squeeze out the excess and then touch the weeds or grass. The slimy solution will stick to the weeds and not destroy the plants.

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Why did the student eat his homework? Because his teacher told him it was a piece of cake.

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What’s the difference between a hippo and a zippo? One’s pretty heavy and the other’s a little lighter.

Reddig Equipment and Repair

National Vinyl Record Day

Date When Celebrated : This holiday is always observed on August 12

Today is National Vinyl Record Day. It's a day to celebrate this classic music format, and remember the terrific music and times of yesterday. Dust off your old vinyl 33 1/3 and 45 RPM records. Pull your phonograph, HiFi, stereo, or turntable out of the attic or garage. Grab a beer or a glass of wine, and savor the music and memories from your youth with a few friends. The nostalgic trip down Memory Lane is certain to make you feel great. Caution: It will also make you wonder "where did all the years go!?"

Records on a round disc have been around since Emile Berliner invented them in the 1800's. Those early versions were made a variety of materials, including shellac. Around 1960, the vinyl record was first produced. Known as the Golden Age of vinyl records, the 1960's and 1970's saw a tremendous cultural revolution occurring at the same time. Rock and Roll music exploded onto the scene, and it was recorded on vinyl records. Like any other technology, it was destined to be outdated. Cassette tapes, and for a short while Eight Track tapes, provided competition for vinyl records in the 1970s and 1980s. Compact Disc (CD) records hit the music world in 1982, with much improved sound quality. Like cassette tapes, it's smaller, more compact size and durability allowed them to easily fit into automobile music systems and could be carried around with music players and boom boxes. In the late1990s, music downloads from the internet were put into I-pods and cell phones. Early in the 21st century, vinyl records and phonographs saw a surprisingly popular revival. Never destined to replace the newer and better music technology, the vinyl revival record offered a pleasant nostalgic trip down memory lane.

Did You Know? While black vinyl records have always been the dominant color, over the decades vinyl records were made of many colors. The black color proved to provide the superior quality.

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ATTACHMENTS

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• Skidsteer forks •

John Deere 4000 Series H, winch, includes all controls for each, mounting plate, drive shaft $14,000

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690E log loader For parts

Timberjack 2520 feller/buncher, parts machine Call

Towtem clam bucket $31,500 Several slide booms for parts available

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LOADERS

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SKIDSTEER

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Deere 324G 1200 hours. Good tires $48,000

Deere 323E enclosed cab, heat/AC, tracks in good condition. Forks sold separately. $35,000

Ingersoll

MISCELLANEOUS

Your vinyl records could be worth money, big money. Don't toss those old vinyl records, that have been gathering dust in your basement or attic. And, don't put them in a garage sale until you've checked their value. It could be worth less than $5.00, or it could be worth much, much more. The most expensive vinyl record ever sold was not Ringo Starr's personal copy of the Beatles White Album (Serial #0000001) which sold for $790,000. The highest price ever paid for a vinyl record was Wu-Tang Clan's Once Upon a Time in Shaolin. Only one copy was ever made and it sold for $2 million!!

Grasshopper management

By Samantha Daniel, UNL

Last year’s drought conditions and results from adult grasshopper surveys indicated the potential for grasshopper outbreaks this year, however, precipitation and temperature can impact the severity of outbreaks. Keeping an eye on fields this summer can help mitigate economic loss from grasshopper feeding.

Because grasshoppers tend to thrive in dry, hot conditions while outbreaks can be severely limited by cool, wet spring weather, producers in eastern Nebraska might see an increase in outbreaks this summer, while western Nebraska grasshopper populations may be reduced. It is still recommended that producers throughout the state scout their fields and select proper treatment protocols when needed.

One of the best ways to scout for grasshoppers is to use the square foot method. Randomly select an area several feet away and visualize a one square-foot area around that spot. Walk toward this spot and count the number of grasshoppers you see in or jumping out of this area. Repeat this procedure 18 times and divide the total number of grasshoppers by two. This will give you the number of grasshoppers per square yard. Economic thresholds for grasshoppers range from 8 to 40 grasshoppers per square yard, depending on a variety of factors. Keep in mind that control is easiest before grasshoppers reach the adult stage.

Grasshoppers may be controlled by applying insecticides as sprays or baits. The insecticides currently registered for use on rangeland are dimilin, malathion, and carbaryl. Rates for these products are listed on the labels. If larger grasshoppers are targeted, the higher-labeled rates should be used. Other insecticides are labeled for control of grasshoppers in forages, grasses, alfalfa, and other crops.

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Iconic American Restaurants Day

Date When Celebrated: This holiday is always observed on August 24

Today celebrates the many great restaurants in this country, and the outstanding staff that works hard to make your dining experience pleasurable.

There probably isn’t a better example of a great iconic American restaurant than Howard Johnson’s. The Howard Johnson restaurant chain has been around for over 90 years. At it’s peak, there were over 1,000 company and franchise stores in the U.S. and Canada. Today, just a single restaurant located in Lake George, NY. is proudly the “Last One Standing”. During the peak years in the 1940s through the 1970s, traveller’s sought out the easily recognized orange roof. They had no doubt they would receive high quality food at reasonable prices. Travellers and local residents alike, thronged to HOJO’s ice cream fountain bar with lines out the door during summer months, to choose among the famous “28 flavors”.

Without a doubt the list of great American restaurants is endless. Large, national chains like McDonald’s, Red Lobster, Outback Steakhouse, Applebee’s, and Chili’s readily come to mind. But, there’s also the countless one location restaurants in your local community. Go outside of your town, and no one has ever heard of that great breakfast shop, sidewalk cafe, or Italian restaurant on Main Street that you frequent regularly.

It’s going to be a wonderful experience celebrating Iconic American Restaurants Day. Grab the family or a few friends, and head off to your favorite restaurants for breakfast, lunch AND dinner. While you’re there enjoying a fabulous meal, make sure to show your appreciation to the waiter, busboy, chef and manger. After all, it’s their day, too!

History and Origin of Iconic American Restaurants Day

This special holiday was created in 2020 by Bob Matthews, from Rochester, NY, and creator of HolidayInsights.com. After visiting the “Last One Standing” Howard Johnson’s Restaurant in Lake George, NY, Matthews felt it important to celebrate great American restaurants and the employees who make them great. A second, and equally important goal of today, is to capture the memories of America’s most iconic restaurant, as well as other great American restaurants that have come and gone. During the Pandemic of 2020, restaurants struggled to survive and their employees were significantly impacted. Amazingly, up to now, there were no special holidays recognizing great restaurants and the staff.

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“Kissing is just pushing your lips against the sweet end of 66 feet of intestines.” – Drew Carey

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Q: Why did Tigger put his head in the toilet?

A: He was looking for Pooh.

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The first minute of the day officially starts at 12:00 midnight.

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Tommy Bolt is the only professional golfer to have been fined for passing gas (1959).

THANK YOU

Master Gardener

By Debbie Post, Nebraska Extension Master Gardener

Deadheading is a gardening term that defines the process of removing faded or dead flowers from plants helping to promote new growth, a healthier plant, and improved reflowering blooms. It is a simple process, as the bloom fades, pinch or cut the stem below the spent flower and just above the first set of full, healthy leaves.

When are you encouraged not to deadhead? At the end of your desired growing season, heads can be left on to spread seed for the next year.

The best time to water is early morning, avoiding the mid-day issue of the sun baking the soil and losing most of your water to evaporation. Try to water directly to the root of your plants versus on the surface of the plant leaves, which leads to scorched leaves as well as rot or fungal infections. Drip systems or soaker hoses are recommended for deeper watering. This encourages stronger root growth - two to three inches per week is optimal.

Mulching does an important job in your garden - shades your plant’s roots on hot days, stops weeds from taking root, and prevents moisture from evaporating. Plants that are mulched require 25-50 percent less water if they are mulched. Organic mulch like wood bark, leaves, or grass clippings are recommended as they will compost back into your soil after a year or two. Be careful not to get your mulch too deep, two to three inches is best.

Balewagons & Retrievers

Fresh herbs make any dish better, not only the fragrance and flavor they provide but because most herbs are extremely easy to grow and maintain and then even dry for long-term winter use. You can start several inside containers using these best beginner herbs. To start - sage, parsley, oregano, basil, chives, rosemary, and cilantro. All are available in seed packets at your local store and will turn your palette into wanting more!

Haying Equipment

Tractor

Miscellaneous Equipment

Water before 10 a.m. or between 4 to 6 p.m. avoiding late evening, which makes your grass more prone to disease. It’s important to have at least one inch of water a week for a healthy lawn. After your spring fertilizing, it’s recommended to do one more application six to eight weeks following that and then again in the fall to prepare for winter. Use the one-third rule when mowing, don’t remove more than one-third of your grass blade length to ensure the best growth.

pumpkin and watermelon should have stems left on and trimmed to the length recommended in the fair book and 4-H publication. Kale and chard should be exhibited with stems in a jar of cold water, as well as herbs like basil, oregano, parsley and thyme. To stem or not depends on the crop!!

Freshness and quality are keys to a successful fair exhibit. Take the time to carefully harvest your produce, choosing items that are in prime condition, of marketable size and uniform shape. Use a soft brush or damp cloth to clean your produce, but avoid excessive scrubbing. Follow the cleaning instructions for each exhibit. Produce should be correctly trimmed per the pointers in the manual. A little extra time taken to properly prepare your exhibit will reap good rankings at the fair!

What class are your vegetables in? Grab your fair book, and determine which classes your produce entries reside in. For instance, peppers have six classes; squash have ten; tomatoes have seven. This helps speed up the check-in process and also insures your entry will be judged in the appropriate class. This week we’ve covered a few tips to help you enter produce at the fair. For additional information, contact your local Nebraska Extension office. Here’s to purple ribbons at the fair!

By Laurie Zitterkopf, Nebraska Extension Master Gardener

Have you tried growing sweet potatoes in your garden? We’re giving it a second try. Why? Because we like eating them, and a tuberous root started to sprout before I cooked it. Early spring is the time to start sweet potatoes from plants called “slips.’ Order slips or make your own. Slips can be started by taking a disease-free, fullygrown sweet potato from last year’s crop or the supermarket, mine came from the supermarket.

Very often, what grows in a garden are those fruits and vegetables we enjoy eating. Though, sometimes, our gardens may exceed our appetites. Record what you are growing in your garden and what do you have too much of, next year decrease the amount and plant a different crop in that space. Have you tried growing sweet potatoes? Sweet potatoes grow well in large containers.

By Elaine Pile,

Nebraska Extension Master Gardener County fairs are just around the comer, and we hope you will have items to enter! Consider entering your garden and crop bounty in the open horticulture, floriculture and field crops classes at your county fair. Your entries are judged on the following criteria: freedom from injury, quality, condition, uniformity and fair preparation. This information can be found in 4-H manuals and in your county fair book. Contact your local Nebraska Extension office for these publications. See you at the fair!!

Did you know numbers matter? A common mistake made when exhibiting produce at the fair is having the incorrect number of items in your exhibit. For instance, if you are entering carrots, regardless of their class, you should have 5 carrots. However, if you are entering cucumbers, the number needed for exhibit varies according to class. Slicing requires two and pickling requires five. If the incorrect numbers are exhibited, ribbon ranking may be lowered. So, numbers DO matter!!

To stem or not to stem, that is the question! Tomatoes should be exhibited at the fair without stems and should be displayed blossom end up. Vine crops such as squash,

A big issue for sweet potatoes is rodents. Voles and other small critters enjoy the taste of sweet potatoes. I planted mine in the ground this year. Hopefully, the gofers don’t get all of them. Just the other day, I watched as two of my flowers were pulled underground. A better option for me would be to plant my sweet potatoes in containers, which provide an effective physical exclusion from these pests. There is always next year.

Sweet potatoes need plenty of room as these vining plants prefer to spread. Space sweet potatoes 12 inches apart and three feet between rows. Keep on top of weeds. Once established, sweet potatoes require little care. Their vines will cover the ground and hold back the weeds. Ensure even irrigation; however, don’t keep the root zone constantly wet. Do not water during the last four weeks before harvest to protect the developing roots from splitting.

Ideally, wait until after the first frost to harvest sweet potatoes- this concentrates the sugars. Once frost hits, harvest immediately to keep any decay from spreading aboveground to below ground. Cure your sweet potato roots - a three-step process; dry on the ground, cure for 10 to 14 days with a temp of 85 degrees Fahrenheit and

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Master Gardener

85 percent relative humidity, and store at 55 degrees Fahrenheit. Properly cured sweet potatoes should keep the entire winter. One sweet potato plant will yield at least two pounds.

By Katie Markheim, Nebraska Extension Master Gardener

Integrated pest management, or IPM, is a strategy that uses a combination of methods to manage pests to avoid unacceptable damage while also protecting the health of humans, pets, other nontargets, and the environment. Here are a few IPM tips.

• Prevent insects, disease, and weeds by mulching, using protective netting, and selecting disease-resistant plants.

• Plant flowers and/or herbs in and around your garden to attract pollinators and beneficial bugs.

• Use organic or conventional treatment options to handle, slow or stop insect pests or disease issues.

• Know what to use and when to use it for best results.

• Contact your local extension agency for help in pest identification and expert tips and remedies.

Want your garden to live long and prosperous, even after harvest? It’s possible! Here are a few things to consider before and after that bountiful harvest.

• Food safety

• Pesticide application intervals to harvest

• Harvest methods, including handling methods and equipment use

• To wash or not to wash…that is the question.

• Storage requirements

• Temperature and humidity of storage area

• Shelf life or curing time.

• Home storage vs. garden storage

Even though the Panhandle’s been receiving its fair share of rainfall this year, keep an eye on that garden as temperatures rise this growing season. Here are a few quick tips about watering and fertilizing your growing garden plants.

• Veggie plants need about 1 inch of water per week, preferably applied in one application.

• Keep the water source close to the ground to keep it from splashing, which can spread disease.

• Use a water-soluble fertilizer, diluted according to label directions to give transplants a good start.

• Use compost or well-aged manure as a side-dressing for ongoing fertilization.

So, what’s the big deal about companion

CONTINUED ON PAGE B12

Ponds

When building a new pond, remember that siting it in full sun will encourage the growth of algae, so position it in a lightly shaded area.

When the hole has been dug for a pond, use whole newspapers soaked in water to line it instead of using sand. The papers can be molded around any contour. Or use old carpet. Both will protect the liner for many years.

Do not line a pond with normal polyethylene sheeting, as it will tear easily. Use purpose-made butyl rubber sheeting, which should carry a guarantee against leaking.

Install an overflow pipe in new pool, as heavy rainfall could cause the water to spill over the edge.

Take a pair of old tights cut the legs off, and place one leg inside the other. Fill the tights with aquatic compost and tie off the open end. To plant, burn a hole in the tights with a match at various points and plant your aquatic or marginal plants through the holes. Locate the bag around the edge of the pond to suit requirements. The plants will soon grow through the tights and the tights will soon be hidden. A ball left in a pond before an overnight freeze will help to stop the pond from completely freezing over. If the ball is removed in the morning it leaves an air hole for fish and a water hole for other animals.

Remove algae or blanket weed from a fish or garden pond by rotating a rough barked stick in it. To make it easier to remove the algae from the stick, cut a lengthways groove in it and the algae can be cut off with scissors. Use the algae as compost in the herb garden.

After placing plants in a garden pool, wait three weeks for the water and plants to settle before introducing fish.

To keep that green slime from collecting in the birdbath or fountain, add a few copper pieces or coins.

If potted plants are close to a pool, they should be moved away when applying liquid fertilizer, as it could harm fish in the pond and it also encourages algae growth.

Important dates August 8-9

August 8, 1945 - Soviet Russia declared war on Japan and sent troops into Japanese-held Manchuria.

August 9, 1945 - The second Atomic bombing of Japan occurred as an American B-29 bomber headed for the city of Kokura, but because of poor visibility then chose a secondary target, Nagasaki. About noon, the bomb detonated killing an estimated 70,000 persons and destroying about half the city.

August 9, 1974 - Effective at noon, Richard M. Nixon resigned the presidency as a result of the Watergate scandal. Nixon had appeared on television the night before and announced his decision to the American people. Facing possible impeachment by Congress, he became the only U.S. President ever to resign.

Mosquito Trivia

They transmit malaria. encephalitis, meningitis, and West Nile diseases.

Only the females bite.

The females lay their eggs in stagnant or standing water.

Actually, mosquitos do not bite. They suck.

Males live 10 days, while females live about 2 months.

Most mosquitoes stay within a few hundred feet of where they are hatched.

It would take 1.2 million mosquito bites to drain the blood from the average-sized person.

They have CO2 detectors that attract them to the breath birds and mammals exhale.

They are also drawn to heat.

Mosquito saliva causes an itchy bump on the skin. There are over 3,500 species. But, don’t worry. Only 175 species are in the United States.

Mosquitoes hibernate when temperatures fall below 50° F.

Sammie McCauley

Up Front Solutions

Forest debris could shelter huckleberry from climate change

By Seth Truscott, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University

Treasured by Native nations and sought by hikers and foragers, the mountain huckleberry is an iconic western fruit that faces habitat loss from climate change.

Washington State University scientists are at work in northwest forests, studying how fallen logs and other woodland debris could shelter the huckleberry from a hotter, drier future.

“Woody debris is a critical structure in the natural forest ecosystem,” said Mark Swanson, associate professor with WSU’s School of the Environment. “It’s a legacy of the older forest that benefits the next generation of shrubs and trees.”

A critical food and cultural resource

Found in the highlands of the Rockies, the Cascades, and other western ranges, the mountain huckleberry establishes itself after forest fires and other environmental disturbances.

The mountain huckleberry is a culturally and ecologically important plant found at mid-to-higher elevations throughout the west.

Native Americans have long relied on huckleberries for food, traditional medicine, and their role in ceremonies and festivals. Hikers often pick them as a treat, while artisans sell the berries in everything from jam to soap.

“Culturally and ecologically, the mountain huckleberry is a very important plant,” said Margaret Magee, a master’s student in the School of the Environment. “It produces a very desirable berry.”

Black bears and grizzlies feast on the fruit to pack in calories for their yearly hibernation.

“Huckleberries are a critical late-summer food resource for bears,” Swanson said. Compounded by climate change, the dry summers of the Inland Northwest pose a challenge to the survival of huckleberry seedlings as well as other shrubs and conifers. As the climate warms, huckleberry habitat could shrink as it’s pushed to higher elevations.

Survival shelters

At the private Crane Creek Forest, a teaching site near Potlatch, Idaho, Swanson, Magee, and partner scientists are studying the effects of woody debris on the survival and growth of huckleberry seedlings. A similar project at WSU’s E.H. Steffen Center, a research site at Pullman, looks at the same effects on young conifers.

Along rows of logs, cut to standard timber-harvest sizes, they planted seedlings

at set intervals to north and south, then measured the seedlings and environmental conditions. Early results show debris creates zones of shade and higher soil moisture, giving the seedlings an edge.

“At zero distance, we see better growth, survival, and vigor than in seedlings planted further out,” Swanson said. “We’re showing that you can improve survivorship by using logs to create a cooler, shaded, high soil moisture zone.”

Logs trap snow, boosting soil moisture for the young plants and creating a significant effect. While the sheltering debris aids the plants in most cases, a few conifer seedlings were gobbled up by voles who found cover from predators.

At sites in Washington, above, and Idaho, graduate student Margaret Magee and associate professor Mark Swanson study how woody debris help enhance survival of huckleberries and conifers.

“We’ve known for a long time how important logs and woody debris are for animal habitat,” Swanson said. “Now, we’re realizing that plants also respond strongly to these structures.”

The project draws on the work of several collaborators. WSU forestry scientists Henry Adams and Arjan Meddens will study how seedlings respond to stress and use drones to characterize conditions at the microsites. University of Idaho scientist Andrew Nelson provided huckleberry seedlings and is partnering in research. The study is funded by the WSU College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences Emerging Issues in Agriculture grant program.

This spring, the team will plant additional huckleberry study sites on the lands of the Coeur d’Alene Tribe (Schitsu’umsh) and at the Priest River Experimental Forest near Sandpoint, Idaho, in partnership with the U.S. Forest Service. Analysis will continue over the next two years, with Magee also studying huckleberry microsites that had a controlled burn.

While people have always been aware of the shelter effect, the research provides a better understanding of its benefits.

“We’re emphasizing its importance, especially in a time of warming climate and increased moisture stress,” said Swanson.

“Helping the Coeur d’Alene Tribe establish thriving huckleberry fields in places where elders can easily access them would be a huge triumph,” he added.

Master Gardener

CONTINUED FROM PAGE B10

planting? Here are some fun facts.

• Root crops (tubers like carrots or potatoes) can break up soil compaction and aerate.

• Plant radishes and carrots side by side to save garden space.

• Manage weeds and improve soil health by growing multiple successions of crops in the same space, such as lettuce, spinach, and basil, followed by peppers or tomatoes.

• Deep rooted crops, like melons and tomatoes, pull water and nutrients from the deeper soil profile.

• Plants can physically support one another. For example, corn paired with squash and beans.

• Manage insect pests through trap or repellent crops like marigolds.

Ready to take your garden to the next level?

If you’re a grower ready to build a business, impress at the local farmer’s market, or well, simply grow in your gardening experience, consider the construction and use of a high tunnel.

Experienced specialty plant growers can increase the quality of their products and the duration of their marketing of high-value crops by using high tunnels.

High tunnels give growers the opportunity to plant earlier and include more sequential planting dates. They also provide environmental protection, improving the visual appeal of both plant stock and produce.

For successful high tunnel crop production, decisions and actions before planting the first crop include choosing the right structural design, the best site location, initial soil prep, and the method of construction.

Important dates August 24-25

August 24, 79 A.D. - Vesuvius, an active volcano in southern Italy, erupted and destroyed the cities of Pompeii, Stabiae and Herculaneum.

August 24, 1572 - Thousands of Protestant Huguenots were massacred in Paris and throughout France by Catholics, in what became known as the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.

August 24-25, 1814 - During the War of 1812, Washington, D.C., was invaded by British forces that burned the Capitol, the White House and most other public buildings along with a number of private homes. The burning was in retaliation for the earlier American burning of York (Toronto).

August 25, 1985 - Samantha Smith died in an airplane crash in Maine. In 1982, the 11-year-old American schoolgirl had written a letter to Soviet Russia’s leader Yuri Andropov asking, “Why do you want to conquer the whole world, or at least our country?” To her surprise, Andropov replied personally to her and offered an all-expense paid trip to the U.S.S.R. She toured Russia for two weeks amid worldwide publicity and came to symbolize American and Russian hopes for peaceful co-existence.

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SALES EVENT

Hedges

A garden will benefit from having at least one length of hedge. It will give privacy and shelter from strong winds.

In a small garden, hedge should be kept to the minimum. A fence covered with ivy, honeysuckle or some other climbing plants may be preferable.

Remember that tall evergreens hedges can block the sun and air to other plants in the garden.

Hedging plants should be chosen on the basis that they will grow quickly, survive close planting, and be hardy and suitable for the soil in the area.

Hedges can be grown from one species of plant or from several. All plants grown in a mixed hedge must be of similar habit.

Flowering shrubs planted close together and minimally pruned can form a hedge, but will take up more space than a regular hedge.

When planting a hedge, dig the strip of ground 3-ft. wide and two spits deep. Add a dressing of yard manure or compost to the bottom.

Plant deciduous hedging in October or November, providing the weather is mild, damp and calm. Do not plant in frosty or cold, dry weather. Planting can de done up until March.

Evergreen hedging should be planted between midSeptember and mid-October, but if this is not possible, then April or early May.

All plants should be well furnished with shoots from the base. Bare, leggy plants are difficult to make bushy.

Any long taproots should be shortened and the tops of evergreens can be cut back. Generally, plants should be 18” high and planted 18” apart in the row. Some varieties may need less or more spacing so check with the garden center when buying the plants.

If a dense hedge is required, two rows 18” apart can be planted, alternating the plants so that they are not opposite each other.

Plants should be put in a little deeper than the soil line and the soil well firmed in around them.

Spring-planted hedging may need to be watered. Put mulch around them when the soil has warmed up to help conserve moisture. Spray lightly in the evenings of hot days.

In the early stages of growth, shoots arising from the base should be stopped when they are 9”-10” long. This ensures that a series of lateral shoots are sent out up the whole height of the hedge and encourages a thick base.

Most hedges should be trimmed twice a year, in early summer and in late summer or early autumn. This leaves it neat and tidy over the winter for growth to start again in the spring.

Keep the hedge at a height that is easy to reach without having to use steps or trestles. A hedge between 5-6’ is ideal.

To keep a base of a hedge leafy, cut into a pyramid shape in spring so that the top is narrower than the base. If a hedge is pruned wider at the top than the bottom, the lower part will be shaded and the foliage will fall off. Allowing the top growth to spread, compounding the problem. The narrow top also makes it easier to trim.

When using a ladder to cut a high hedge, it will be necessary to prevent it from sinking into the foliage. Get a piece of timber approximately 4-ft. in length and nail two short lengths of drainpipe the same width as your ladder, at right angles (making an “H” shape). Place the top edge of your ladder onto the drainpipes. The plank spread the weight across the hedge.

There is a growth retardant that can be purchased and sprayed on the hedge after cutting to slow down the growth for the rest of the season.

If a hedge to too dense, cut it back to the main stems on one side only. Let the hedge recover and produce new growth for a year, then cut back the other side.

If a hedge is too tall, cut back every second shrub to within a few inches of the ground. New shoots should sprout around the severed trunks. Cut back the remaining shrubs the following years.

Tree wounds over 1” in diameter can be dressed with a tree wound dressing available from most garden centers.

To stop this protective dressing from cracking with sun exposure it is important to make sure the wound is dry before applying the dressing to ensure good bonding. Check the coating several times during the first year and re-treat if cracked.

As well as clipping, hedges should be kept free of pests, diseases, and weeds.

Leave a space of 1’-2’ between hedges and the foliage of other plants.

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4-H swine Pork Chop Laiten Lindberg

Tribal youth aid pollinators with Extension-improved seed bombs

By Seth Truscott, Washington State University, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences

Two summers ago, prairies burned as towns on the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation filled with smoke from the 54-square-mile Chuweah Creek Fire.

This year, the scene couldn’t have been more different as youth from across the reservation joined Washington State University Extension educators to revitalize the environment, help pollinators, and serve their community by dispersing seed bombs—clay balls filled with native plant seeds.

“The fire hit home for these kids and their families,” said Linda McLean, director and 4-H Positive Youth Development Program coordinator with WSU Colville Reservation Extension. “Today they’re learning ways to give back and help heal the earth.”

Connecting lessons to life

With firm stomps, hundreds of children broke clay spheres under their sneakers, releasing seeds of biscuitroot, yarrow, flax, and other native wildflowers into dusty soil that still bears signs of fire.

More than 300 students and Head Start preschoolers from Nespelem, Inchelium, Lake Roosevelt, and Keller schools made and dispersed more than 2,000 seed balls during field days in June, visiting tribal range land near Nespelem that burned during the Chuweah Creek fire.

“This trip connects their learning to the real world,” said Dolly Brudevold, a K-1 and special education teacher at Keller Elementary School.

Throughout the year, her class discusses the environment and the seasons and how they affect their community, state, and the wider world. Meeting 4-H educators and going outdoors to spread seed balls is a culmination that helps make lessons more memorable.

Teachers, 4-H educators, and staff with USDA-NIFA’s Federally Recognized Tribes Extension Program joined personnel with the Colville Tribes Fish and Wildlife Department and Range Department, the

Mount Tolman Fire Center, Environmental Trust program, Youth Development and the Colville Reservation Boys and Girls Club to share lessons on fire safety, wildlife, and native plants and insects.

“These students are keen to nature’s wrath because they lived it,” Brudevold said. “The burn changed the landscape,” damaging important plants and the threatened insect pollinators they depend on. “One of our goals is to bring them back so they can do nature’s work.”

“I love butterflies,” said one Nespelem middle schooler. She remembered that the fire burned trees and other plants around her community. “I find it really tragic. That’s why we wanted to come out here and plant them.”

Building a better seed ball

The Nespelem site was the scene of WSU Extension’s first seed bomb field day last June.

“This trip was meant for them to see what had grown from last year,” McLean said. Few of last summer’s bombs sprouted. The clay balls were too thick and failed to break down, instead baking in a hot summer.

Working with tribal partners and WSU Extension Master Gardeners, McLean put together a new method and set of instructions for children to make thinner balls with more surface seeds, then step them into the ground for better soil contact.

“With the adjustment, we’re hoping to see more plant growth,” Brudevold said.

Along with creating the seed bombs and educating about pollinators, McLean and colleague Jonnie Bray, Colville Reservation FRTEP Agriculture and Natural Resources Coordinator, shared the mission of 4-H, which is offered statewide through WSU Extension.

“4-H is about life skills and community service,” McLean said. “We’re asking youth for their help. They’re contributing through citizen science to protect pollinators and help the earth heal.”

Cab cameras for safety and success on the farm

By Penn State Extension

Is an injury, pain, or a disability affecting the ability to operate farm equipment?

Safe and successful use of equipment is vital to all agricultural operations. Injury, pain, or a disability can impact the ability to operate equipment effectively, thus decreasing overall farm productivity and safety. More specifically, back and neck pain, spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, arthritis, and many other health conditions can affect one’s ability to properly monitor implements pulled behind the tractor and to check surroundings.

It is also important to consider secondary injury that could occur during equipment operation.

“Repetitive movements, as well as prolonged static positions of the head and neck may lead to symptoms of muscle strain, joint deformity, and nerve compression. This results in pain, muscle weakness, and interferes with the farmer’s comfort while operating farm equipment,” said Dwight Heller, AgrAbility PA’s licensed occupational therapist.

Adding assistive technology to equipment can help maintain or improve one’s ability to monitor their surroundings. One type of assistive technology to consider is a cab camera, sometimes called a back-up

camera. For many operators, this device can help them return to safe and independent equipment operation.

Cab cameras are like backup cameras that come in many newer vehicles and come in many configurations with a range of functions. Basic cab cameras include a monitor that mounts in the cab and a camera that mounts on the outside of the equipment at the needed location and angle. Some options include hardwired or wireless cameras, multiple cameras, magnetic cameras, and more.

Adding a cab camera allows an operator to view what is around the equipment without having to turn one’s head or body, thus [SD1] :

Improving ergonomics and eliminating strain on neck, shoulders, and back; Increasing productivity by reducing the number of times climbing in and out of equipment; and

Increasing safety by enabling an operator to better see people and objects around equipment.

“A cab camera offers a great opportunity to relieve stress on one’s neck muscles, joints, and nerves. Cab cameras allow farmers to see the farm landscapes around them and give them greater ease while monitoring operating equipment,” said Heller.

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Myth vs. reality: What’s the truth behind some common gardening practices?

Reality can get skewed when there are so many sources of information - books, magazines, newspapers, nurseries and, most of all, the internet and social media open up lots of room for contradiction. So, how do you find the right answer for gardening questions?

Experts from Oregon State University Extension Service stepped up to bust some common gardening myths. Read on to get some research-based answers to 10 common misconceptions.

For additional questions, call the OSU Extension master gardeners in your area or submit a question to Ask Extension, an online question-and-answer service. Providing a photo is important.

MYTH: Lime will remove moss from your lawn.

REALITY: Lime will not fix the problem. Moss prefers to grow in wet, shady conditions. Lawns with moss need more sunlight, i.e. trimming, pruning and thinning trees. If you like the trees the way they are, you will continue to have moss and you should think about shade-tolerant alternatives to grass. Moss also grows well in infertile soils, which includes acidic (low pH)

soils, but more importantly it also includes nitrogen-deficient soils. Lawns, like a lot of cultivated plants prefer nitrogen-rich soils. Regular fertilizer applications (four applications per year, two in the fall and two in the spring) with products containing nitrogen, combined with improved sunlight will result in a green, dense lawn that can out-compete moss. – Alec Kowalewski, OSU Extension turf specialist

MYTH: Ponderosa pine needles make the soil more acidic (low pH).

REALITY: The notion that pine needles change the soil pH so that nothing will grow or that it will damage plants has been out there for years. The truth is pine needles do not make the soil more acidic. It is true that pine needles have a pH of 3.2 to 3.8 (neutral is 7.0) when they drop from a tree. If you were to take the freshly fallen needles (before the needles decompose) and turn them into the soil right away, you may see a slight drop in the soil pH, but the change would not be damaging to the plants. For those that leave the needles on the ground, they will begin to break down naturally and the microbes (decomposers) in the

CONTINUED ON PAGE B22

Transforming chicken manure into fertilizer

An international collaboration between researchers from Brazil and the United States has identified a process for turning poultry waste into a soil additive for agriculture.

“Several countries have large poultry production, especially United States and Brazil, where agriculture is also concentrated,” says Aline Leite, a Post Doctoral researcher from the Federal University of Lavras in Brazil. “So, reusing a global residue generated in large amounts is an interesting way of promoting a circular economy.”

The researchers harvested poultry manure from an experimental site in the United States, which they heated to turn into biochar, a carbon-rich substance that is used as a soil additive to replenish critical nutrients like phosphorus.

“We are focused on understanding mechanisms that are responsible for increasing phosphorus availability in materials like manure,” says Leite.

Poultry manure is full of calcium and requires higher temperature treatments to turn the waste into biochar, however, these higher temperatures can have an effect on the amount of phosphorus available.

In order to ensure that the biochar contained sufficient available phosphorus, the researchers enriched it with another mineral, magnesium, which protected the phosphorus from the heat and enabled it to form more soluble forms of phosphorus.

Using the IDEAS and VLS-PGM beamlines at the Canadian Light Source (CLS) at the University of Saskatchewan (USask), the researchers were able to visualize the connection between phosphorus and magnesium and confirm the success of their technique.

Their findings were recently published in the scientific journal, Chemosphere.

While phosphorus reserves are found across the globe, the nutrient is a finite resource. Finding ways to recycle the mineral is an important issue for scientists.

“There’s no excuse for not using the phosphorus that is already in the food chain, for example, by reusing the waste that is already generated,” says Leite.

Leite says that synchrotron technology is essential for research into agricultural applications.

“This technology is extremely important for agriculture because it helps determine the concentration and forms of elements that are essential for plant growth,” says Leite. “By accessing the distribution of elements and understanding potential impacts, it gives us a great perspective for sustainable agriculture. The effective use of this technology in the study was only possible due to an international collaboration with researchers of different backgrounds.”

Leite’s study was developed at Cornell University, and carried out under the supervision of professors Johannes Lehmann (Cornell University) and Leônidas Melo (Federal University of Lavras, Brazil).

Don’t pass on those veggies!

By Maribel Alonso, USDA

When healthy adults consume the daily amount of vegetable servings recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) it has a positive effect on how happy the person feels, according to a study completed by scientists at the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS).

Many studies show that eating the DGA-recommended daily amounts of fruits and vegetables is good for our general health, but only a few studies have demonstrated the role that vegetable consumption (separate from fruits) has on one’s mental health.

A group of scientists at the Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center in Grand Forks, North Dakota, conducted an eight-week study to evaluate the impact of increasing daily vegetable servings to match DGA recommendations on how happy one perceives themself to be, a key measurement of psychological well-being.

The study divided healthy men and women between 18 and 65 years old into two groups. The first group of participants [the vegetable intervention group] received daily servings of DGA-recommended number and variety of vegetables, including dark green, red, and orange, and starchy vegetables, based on their energy needs during the course of the study. The vegetable servings were minimally processed (raw and diced), making it simple for participants to include in their meals. The second group of participants [the control group] received the same number of interactions and attention from the researchers while maintaining a diet without adding vegetables.

Sliced cucumbers, yellow squash and tomatoes. Colorful harvest of cucumbers, yellow crookneck squash, and tomatoes.

All participants completed a questionnaire called the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS). This is a subjective assessment that provides a mean overall score of a person’s state of happiness based on the respondent’s perspective. The study included measurements taken before and after the eight-week intervention.

“We observed an increased in SHS scores in participants from the group that followed the DGA recommendations for vegetable intake, whereas SHS scores stayed the same for the control group, who didn’t change their diet,” said ARS Research Biologist Shanon Casperson.

“Results suggest that increasing the amount of vegetables you eat every day may benefit your mental health,” added Casperson.

The eight-week study was part of a parent study, a more extensive study conducted at the Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center that sought to determine whether adults with overweight and obesity would become more motivated to eat vegetables if they increased the number of servings they ate every day. Unlike very tasty less healthy foods, which become more reinforcing if you eat them every day, increasing the amount of vegetables eaten daily does not make them more reinforcing, highlighting the difficulty of increasing vegetable consumption in adults. However, focusing on the benefits eating more vegetables has on psychological well-being may provide a more salient reason for people to increase their vegetable consumption.

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The splits was invented by a cowboy who jumped out of the window of the first floor with his legs open wide, in the vain hope that his horse was waiting for him.

– Patrick De Witte

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Cowboys make better lovers: Ask any cow.

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When someone puts his ear to the railway line and the train is still far off, that is either a cowboy or an Indian.

If someone puts his ear to the railway line and the train is approaching, that’s suicide! – Jen Hertoghs

First State Bank of Shelby and Byron & Brice Kluth

Myth vs. reality: What’s the truth behind some common gardening practices?

CONTINUED FROM PAGE B20 drip line.

soil will neutralize them. So, you can leave them there (if you’re not in a wildfire prone area). They are a good mulching material that will keep the moisture in, suppress weeds and eventually add nutrients back to the soil. You can also add them to a compost pile; they will slowly break down over time. If you run them through a shredder, they will break down faster. A general rule of thumb is not to add more than 10% of pine needles to your compost pile.

If you are having difficulty growing other plants under your pine trees it is likely due to the fact that evergreen roots are numerous and shallow and compete for water and nutrients. The shady conditions under a tree can also make growing other plants a challenge. – Amy Jo Detweiler, OSU Extension horticulturist

MYTH: You should top a tree to control its height.

REALITY: Trees are programmed to attain a certain height. Topping only temporarily delays the inevitable. The resulting sucker growth, which grows rapidly in an attempt to provide food for the compromised root system, is weakly attached. This creates an even greater hazard. Additionally, the trunk is not a limb and cannot use the tree’s architectural physiology to seal the wound caused by topping. This often leads to a slow death for the tree. – Al Shay, horticulturist and site manager for OSU’s Oak Creek Center for Urban Horticulture

MYTH: Just add more compost to the soil.

REALITY: Adding organic matter to soil in the form of compost helps to improve soil structure and promote long-term plant health, but adding too much compost at once or over time can lead to problems. If the soil organic matter is much higher than ideal (5% to 8%), the soil can have too much available phosphorus, which can stunt plant growth and potentially leach into the water table. Also, some composts can be high in salts, which can also impact plant growth. – Brooke Edmunds, OSU Extension horticulturist

MYTH: Bee houses help promote and conserve bee diversity.

REALITY: Although some bee species nest in the cavities provided by bee houses, most bee species nest in the ground. Research out of Canada shows that most cavities in bee houses are colonized by native wasps (that help control pests), and not native bees. So, bee houses still do good, but not necessarily the good that you might think. – Gail Langellotto, entomologist and professor in the College of Agricultural Sciences

MYTH: Tree roots go only as far as the

REALITY: Many trees extend many times beyond the branch crown diameter. For instance, magnolia extends 3.7 times the diameter; red maple 3 times; poplar 3; locust 2.9 and ash 1.7. – Steve Renquist, OSU Extension horticulturist, retired MYTH: Epson salts are a must for great tomatoes. Use them in every garden.

REALITY: If you have done a soil test and your soil lacks magnesium and your plants are not growing well, give it a try. In most soils and gardens, they can do more damage than good. – Steve Renquist, OSU Extension horticulturist, retired

MYTH: When you plant a new tree or shrub, dig the hole and add an amendment to the soil before you backfill the hole.

REALITY: Although amending soil with organic matter is often a good idea, it should be done on an area-wide basis, not just in a planting hole for an individual plant. Adding an organic amendment to the soil only in the planting hole will tend to reduce growth of the plant. This happens because roots may stay within the amended soil and not grow into the native soil, creating a root-bound plant within the amended soil. If the organic amendment is not completely decomposed it may require nitrogen for further decomposition, which will compete with plant roots for minerals, thereby resulting in reduced growth. And in the case of large shrubs or trees, decomposition of the amendment will cause the plant to settle and the root collar will sink below the soil. – Neil Bell, OSU Extension horticulturist, retired

MYTH: Brown recluse and hobo spiders are common in Oregon.

REALITY: It is commonly thought that hobo and brown recluse spiders cause necrotic bites in this state, when in fact the brown recluse is not found in Oregon and the hobo spider does not cause necrotic bites. The hobo spider was in fact removed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s list of venomous spiders in 2015. The black widow is the most harmful spider to humans in the state. – Heather Stoven, OSU Extension entomologist and community horticulturist

MYTH: Watering on hot sunny days will burn the plants because the water droplets magnify the sun’s rays.

REALITY: It rains during the summer all around the world and plants are just fine. More of an issue is that the irrigation water will evaporate and not be as effective. Note though that sensitive houseplants like African violet can show leaf damage from very cold water applied to the leaves. – Brooke Edmunds, OSU Extension horticulturist

National Eat Outside Day

eat most, if not all, of their meals indoors. Eating outdoors has become more of a special event, than a regular occurrence. National Eat Outdoors Day, is an opportunity to change that, if only for a day.

Date When Celebrated: This holiday is always held on August 31 Ahh, the last day of August! Summer is almost over, yet you can’t get enough of the great outdoors. The sun is bright and warm, the weather is great. National Eat Outside Day couldn’t come at a better time. People have been eating outdoors since the days of the caveman. Nowadays, people

Celebrating this special day is very easy. Find a picnic table, a park bench, or an outdoor restaurant. You can also spread a blanket out on the lawn. Use one of these special places to eat all of your meals, snacks, popsicles and ice cream, outside in sunshine and fresh air. You will be glad you did!

Did You Know? Sidewalk cafes first appeared in the early 1900’s in Manhattan in New York City.

On-Farm Research projects growing in the Panhandle of Nebraska

By Chabella Guzman, communications specialist

Nebraska Extension On-Farm Research is going on across the state, with hundreds of acres involved in projects. One of the research studies, called “Variable Rate of Nitrogen in Irrigated Corn,” has several Nebraska farms in its study, including one in Sheridan County. The entire study is driven by technology using GPS guidance and precision variable application equipment.

“A prescription for the plot is written up by Laura (Thompson, Nebraska Extension educator), and the fertilizer applicator delivers the nitrogen to the GPS designated areas,” said John Thomas, Nebraska Extension educator in Box Butte County.

The application equipment can deliver nitrogen to the entire study as it passes through the field without stopping between plots. The plot sizes average about 60 feet by 400 feet in length. This type of equipment makes a research project like this one feasible and can also be used by the growers to apply variable rates of nitrogen as needed on various parts of their fields.

“With GPS guidance, you can put your replicated plots in randomly, and the applicator automatically puts the nitrogen out in the correct plot at the correct rate. Without this type of equipment, this type of On-Farm research would be much too time-consuming for growers to participate in. It’s literally revolutionized research on this kind of scale,” Thomas said.

The project will study how nitrogen applications to certain areas affect corn yield. Nitrogen is not cheap, and overapplying nitrogen in a blanket across a field could be wasting it when it’s not necessary and create some environmental issues through nitrogen leaching or runoff.

“You don’t want to look at just maximizing yield. You gotta look at the economics,” Thomas said.

While corn is a common crop in Nebraska, the Panhandle has a variety of crops that share corn’s acres. Dry edible beans, which are grown almost exclusively in the Panhandle, have three research projects in the On-Farm research. One project is a “Dry Bean Variety Trail,” with pintos and their suitability for direct harvest. The project will look at the uprightness, bean quality after harvest, and harvest loss. With good varieties that are upright, harvest loss can be expected at 2-3 bushels per acre using direct harvest.

Another study with dry edible beans has to do with inoculants. In the study, the seed is inoculated, which helps the nitrogen fixing organisms do their job. Thomas said inoculants are not normally used in areas where dry beans have been grown, but the grower is interested in the study.

“That’s part of On-Farm research, it’s not just what we want to study but for growers who might be interested in something, and we can set up the study,” Thomas said.

The growing season has been unconventional in terms of the cool, wet start coupled with hail in some areas. Thomas still thinks the crops have good potential as summer begins to heat up.

Toilet paper trivia

Toilet paper originated in China in 580.

A roll of toilet paper contains 200 -1,000 sheets of paper, depending upon manufacturer and number of plys.

Before 1935, toilet paper sometimes had splinters in it.

The first commercially available toilet paper was made from hemp.

In the 1950s, colored toilet paper hit the market in shades of pink, green, blue, and more. It fell out of fashion in the 1980s.

At the beginning of the COVID-19 lockdown in the U.S., there was a run of merchandise at stores. Among the first items to sell out was (you guessed it) toilet paper.

7% of Americans admit to stealing toilet paper from hotels.

Shy Mr. Whipple appeared in over 500 Charmin commercials.

The average person in the U.S. uses 57 sheets per day. That amounts to over 100 rolls per year.

About 75% of the world’s population still does not use toilet paper.

In Great Britain it’s called “loo paper”.

It takes about 30,000 trees per day to meet worldwide production demand.

CharmWeddings holds an annual Toilet Paper Dress Contest.

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The word “queue” sounds the same even if the last four letters are removed. Before it meant “line,” a queue meant the tail of a beast in medieval pictures and designs.

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The fear of running out of something to read is called “abibliophobia.”

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Forage options for drought-stressed corn

By Mary Drewnoski - Beef Systems Specialist; Ben Beckman - Extension Educator; Jenny Rees - Extension Educator

There have been a number of questions on non-irrigated drought-stressed fields and their potential use for forage. For nonirrigated pivot corners, it probably doesn’t make a lot of sense to use them for forage unless they’re larger areas or forage is needed. Leaving those plants can help with soil erosion too. Corn condition varies throughout the D3 and D4 drought-designated portions of the state, with some corn in the D4 area that is 5-11 leaf and mid-calf to below waist high in height.

Grazing Restrictions: When considering taking drought-stressed corn for forage, first check herbicide labels for any grazing restrictions. Pictures of the forage and feed restrictions from the 2023 Guide for Weed, Disease, and Insect Management can be found at the end of this article.

Crop Insurance: If it’s OK to use the corn for forage, then contact crop insurance. This is an important step as failure to do so can impact the APH assessed to that field for the next 10 years. For corn prior to pollination, stand reduction or permanent wilt loss methods can be used for assessment. The charts will not show much loss for stand reduction. For permanent wilt, the information in the Corn Loss Adjustment Standards Handbook shares about corn plants firing, lower leaves easily crumbling in one’s hands, corn that doesn’t unroll in the evenings and that doesn’t respond to moisture.

Once the crop is released by crop insurance and you’ve waited the period for any restrictions regarding using the corn for forage, the corn can be used for forage. The following are options for consideration.

then energy would be more beneficial by feeding a little grain. We’re all learning in this so please share what you observe if you try supplementing with grain, hay, or both.

Silage: This really depends on plant height and ability to harvest for silage. Dr. Bruce Anderson shared in a 2012 CropWatch article Using Weather Damaged Corn as Forage that, “Fermentation usually (but not always) reduces nitrate levels and risk. Yield is about one ton per acre of silage for each harvested foot of earless corn plant (not counting the tassel). Feeding value is about 70% to 80% of well-eared corn silage. Corn with some grain (less than 50 bushels) tends to produce about one ton of silage for every five bushels of grain with a feed value about 80 to 90% of regular corn silage. Harvest timing is critical with silage to ensure the correct moisture for proper fermentation. Desired moisture level for silage is about 65%. Plants with any green leaves usually are too wet to chop for silage. For proper moisture, most leaves may need to be dead before chopping. The stalk and ear hold amazingly high water concentrations. For corn with no grain, even if all leaves are dead, the whole plant (and silage) moisture can be 70% if the stalk is still green and alive.

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Grazing: Grazing is one of the better and perhaps more realistic options with as short as this corn is. Yes, there will be nitrates. We aren’t as concerned about grazing corn higher in nitrates prior to ear development compared to if the grazing would occur after an ear was put on. Protein is higher when grazing corn in these vegetative stages. Some keys are to not turn livestock out empty. Providing plenty of fresh water will help reduce nitrate risk. Cattle should self-adapt by eating the tops of plants first and then will be more adapted to eating the higher nitrate areas lower in the plant. While it may be tempting to cross fence and graze as much of the plant as possible (which is what we recommend when grazing corn with ears), in this current situation with no ears, strip grazing will reduce the time animals have to adapt to higher nitrates. Thus, we recommend open access to the field to let animals be more selective and reduce exposure to parts of the plant with potentially toxic nitrate loads.

Some may desire to supplement hay to reduce risk of nitrate poisoning. We’re unsure if it’s necessary and if the cattle would eat it when grazing corn in vegetative stages. The thought is if risk abatement is the idea,

Once plants actually die they can rapidly dry down. There are several ways to reduce moisture content. If corn has pollinated, delay silage harvest until all chances of increased biomass tonnage have passed or plants naturally dry down to appropriate moisture levels. Corn can be windrowed and allowed to partially dry before chopping. Excessively wet material can be blended with drier feeds such as ground hay, cracked grain, or dried distillers grains. However, this can take a lot of material — about 500 lb of grain or hay to reduce each ton of chopped corn with 85% moisture down to 70% moisture. Silage inoculants may improve fermentation and preservation of drought-damaged silage.”

Chopping: Chopping is an option to help with reducing nitrates, but really depends on corn height and inability to fence for decisions if one wants to run equipment through it. If feeding green chop, feed immediately after harvest and only feed the amount that the animals will consume in two hours. If green chop is left in the bunk or on the wagon, it can heat up and nitrate will be converted to nitrite. Nitrite is 10 times as toxic as nitrate when fed to animals. Therefore, it is better to feed green chop two to three times a day to ensure that it is cleaned up quickly and not left sitting.

Haying: Haying would be the last option, as it has twice the nitrate risk of grazing. For haying, we’d recommend taking nitrate samples after the hay is baled so you have a better idea on the levels you’re dealing with.

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Say

Blister beetles in hay are a danger for livestock

Blister beetles have made their appearance in North Dakota and are feeding on alfalfa fields.

“The name ‘blister beetle’ stems from a naturally occurring toxin called cantharidin produced by the beetle that causes blistering of skin when the beetle is crushed and the toxin is released,” says James Rogers, Extension forage crops production specialist at North Dakota State University’s North Central Research Extension Center.

Adult blister beetles are attracted to blooming alfalfa fields and weeds (goldenrods, dandelions). They will feed on nectar and pollen and devour leaves, stems and flowers. Blister beetles produce one generation per year and will be active from June to September. Adult blister beetles will lay their eggs in soil from late summer to early fall and can overwinter in North Dakota as larvae, emerging in mid to early summer.

Cantharidin from blister beetles can cause severe inflammation and even death in horses, says Rogers. In horses, depression, inflammation and ulceration of the mouth, irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, and painful urination are common symptoms of sub-lethal doses of cantharidin. Cattle and sheep are much more tolerant of cantharidin ingestion. Little work has been done to establish toxicity levels, though symptoms can occur with cantharidin ingestion. These symptoms may include depression, elevated temperatures and dehydration.

The most common species of blister beetles found in North Dakota are the ashgray and black blister beetle. Lesser seen are the striped and Nuttall’s blister beetle. Blister beetle toxicity levels are higher in males but also vary by species and by the region in which the beetles are found, says Rogers. Adults range in size from ½ inch to 1 inch long. Blister beetles are fairly easy to identify among other beetles, as the “neck” region located behind the head is narrower than the head when viewed from above.

Blister beetles are very mobile and tend to swarm in large numbers in small areas

of the field, says Miranda Meehan, NDSU Extension livestock environmental stewardship specialist. They can move into alfalfa fields from field edges that have a host plant such as sweet clover, which blooms earlier than alfalfa. Once alfalfa begins to bloom, they may move into a field and feed for a short period of time before migrating to other areas of the field or to new fields. After alfalfa is cut, they often move into blooming canola and other blooming field crops. Hay infested with blister beetles is a big concern for hay producers and livestock owners.

Here are some ways to reduce the threat of blister beetles:

Use equipment such as a disc mower without hay conditioners or crimpers that may crush blister beetles and release toxin into the hay. This also encourages beetles to move out of the hay field.

Allow cut hay to fully dry before raking to allow beetles to move out of the hay. Raking may dislodge dead beetles from hay; however, the potential still exists for cantharidin in the hay.

Control blooming weed hosts near or in alfalfa fields.

Cut alfalfa at less than 10% bloom and/ or late in the season (mid-August to early September).

Check fields 24 hours prior to cutting to ensure that new swarms of blister beetles have not re-infested the fields.

Scout harvested hay and underneath windrows closely for blister beetles and allow blister beetles to move out of drying hay before baling. Turning the windrows may be helpful to get blister beetles to move out.

“Even tractor tires can crush blister beetles in hay when turning equipment around,” says Karl Hoppe, Extension livestock systems specialist at NDSU’s Carrington Research Extension Center. “Cut hay with a sickle bar or disc mower that allows blister beetles to move out of hay after cutting. If large numbers of blister beetles are observed in spots during harvesting, it is best to quit

ON PAGE

CONTINUED

Harvesting summer annual forages

By Ben Beckman, UNL

Putting up good quality hay from summer annual grasses like sorghum-sudan hybrids, pearl millet, and forage sorghums can be tricky. Here are some tips to help make sure these hays are of good quality and dry, so it won’t heat or mold.

Nearly all problems making good summer annual grass or cane hay are caused by their stems. Stems are low in protein and energy, slow to dry, and the lower stems could contain potentially toxic nitrates.

There usually is a wide range of spring and early summer planting dates for these annuals, but cutting early before plants become excessively tall is important. When cut at about 4 feet in height; stems are smaller, eaten more readily, and the hay contains more protein and energy. Also, there is less plant volume. So, with smaller stems and fewer of them, the hay will dry quicker. Although you will have less tonnage when cutting early, you are creating more days for regrowth and a good second cutting.

Regardless of when you harvest though, cut it high, leaving eight to ten inches of stubble. Tall stubble pays off three ways: it helps plants begin regrowth quicker; it holds hay off the ground so air can help dry underneath; and it keeps many nitrates out in the field stubble rather than harvesting them all in your hay.

And finally, always crimp the hay. Even when stems are small, the waxy coating on the stems cause slow drying. But if you break open these stems by crimping, water will be able to escape and evaporate more quickly.

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Ram selection principles

By Melanie Barkley, Senior Extension Educator, Livestock, PennState Extension

Improving genetics within a flock starts with selecting a quality ram that complements existing ewe traits and improves any weaknesses in the flock. Ram selection principles should consider a number of different aspects, including performance, visual appraisal and cost.

Henry Kallis

(605) 639-1904

Spearfish, SD

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When selecting a ram, producers should begin by analyzing what production traits the ewes in the flock exhibit as strengths. Then, producers should analyze what traits would be considered weaknesses. Ewe estimated breeding values (EBVs) or production records from the past couple years can be used to assess these strengths and weaknesses. Finally, rank the traits that a ram should possess to best fit the operation’s goals. These traits can be classified into categories such as growth traits, carcass traits, or maternal traits. Growth traits include weaning and post weaning weights, while carcass traits include loin depth (or size) and fat thickness. Maternal traits often include number lambs born and number lambs weaned and may include scrotal circumference of the rams, because rams with larger scrotal size tend to sire ewes with improved reproductive performance. Other categories to consider, depending on operation needs, would be parasite resistance or wool traits.

Once the top traits desired in the new ram have been identified, then the selection process can begin. Single trait selection often results in decreased desirability of other important traits. Therefore, always consider several traits in order to select a ram that will move the flock toward more optimum genetics.

Selection Using Performance Data

One of the best ways to compare individual sheep is by using data. Producers collect these data starting when lambs are born and add information throughout a ewe’s or ram’s life.

When selecting rams based on data, there are two options: EBVs and individual performance within a flock. EBVs, are the preferred selection parameter because these numbers focus on genetic estimates for performance across a breed. EBVs are measurements of heritable traits such as number of lambs born, weaning and post weaning weights, and wool traits. While an individual’s performance within a flock is still useful information, the performance of that individual will be influenced by management and environmental factors in addition to genetics.

Birth weight: Most lambs should weigh between 8 and 12 pounds at birth, depending on the mature size of their parents. Large lambs may cause lambing difficulties, while small lambs may require producer assistance for the first few days after birth. This adds to the labor requirements at lambing and can increase the likelihood of death losses.

Birth date: To best manage groups of ewes and lambs, ewes in the flock should give birth as close to the same date as possible. A good goal is for all lambs within the flock to be born within two heat cycles, or 34 days. Lambs born outside this 34-day window often weigh less than the average at weaning. Producers should consider culling ewes that do not lamb within this timeframe.

Birth Type and Rearing Type: Birth type refers to lambs born as a single, twin or triplet. To be profitable, many operations need their ewes to produce twins and ewes should rear those lambs as twins. Yearling ewes are the exception, as most will produce a single lamb. Selecting rams, as well as ewes, born as twins can help to boost the genetic likelihood of twinning. But nutrition also plays a large part in twinning rates. (Refer to the Penn State publication “Breeding Season Preparations” for information on flushing to increase twinning.

Weaning weight: Many lambs in the northeast are sold at weaning, so heavier weaning weights can increase the profitability of an operation. A good goal is to have lambs weigh 45 to 60 pounds or more by 60 days of age. However, this is not a realistic goal for all breeds.

Lambs born as singles normally weigh more at weaning than lambs born as twins or triplets. Other factors, such as the sex of the lamb and the age at weaning, also influence the weaning weight. Keep in mind that a pair of twins will most likely weigh more at weaning than the single lamb. Thus, the weight of the pair, even if its individuals weigh less than the single born lambs, determine the income produced by the ewe.

Adjusting Weaning Weights

As alluded to earlier, animal performance is based both on genetics and the environment. Producers can adjust weaning weights in order to compare individual lambs born on the same farm, since these animals have theoretically all been exposed to the same environmental conditions

Weaning weights can be adjusted for:

age at weaning

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The National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP) uses data collected on a farm and makes genetic connections to other flocks through a database in Australia known as LambPlan. This database uses a record keeping software called Pedigree Master to submit data for NSIP. Participating in the EBV program helps producers improve genetic predictability in order to produce a more consistent product, which could be breeding stock, meat, or wool, for customers.

In addition, records allow producers to make informed decisions for both selecting replacement animals and for culling poor performing animals. This is especially important for identifying animals within the flock that do not produce offspring that meet minimum production standards. Producers can also utilize records on progeny to make culling decisions once ewes and rams produce offspring. Performance data collected on individual sheep can be interpreted at the farm level or can be sent to NSIP to develop EBVs.

Common performance data includes the following items

birth type (single, twin, or triplet) rearing type (single, twin, or triplet) sex of the lamb

age of the dam or mother

To adjust for the age at weaning:

Determine an age to adjust to. Weaning weights are typically adjusted to 60 days of age but could also be adjusted to other ages such as 90 or 120 days of age.

Subtract the birth weight from the weaning weight. This is the weight gained.

Divide by the age of the lamb (in days) when it was weighed. This is the average daily gain.

Multiply the average daily gain by the weaning age you are adjusting to (usually 60 days).

Add the birth weight.

Estimated 60-day weight = (((weaning weight – birth weight)/age at weaning) X 60) + birth weight.

The estimated 60-day weight can then be adjusted for more factors. The following table lists adjustment factors to account for the age of the ewe, sex of the lamb, birth type, and rearing methods for three breeds

MT. $43,900

2014 Kubota KX080 excavator, 1985 hours, enclosed cab with heat and AC, control pattern changer, auxiliary hydraulics, swing boom, angle blade, manual quick coupler, hydraulic thumb, 24” bucket, nice rubber tracks, weighs 19,140 lbs, very nice condition, just serviced. Located in Spearfish, SD. $69,900

Neighbor Night

Date When Celebrated : This holiday is always held on August 17

Some people say the month of August is one big party. Everyone seems to be on vacation. The days are hot and dry. The warm evening weather is spectacular, a perfect evening for Neighbor Night. Make plans to enjoy a pleasant evening with your neighbors. You just might enjoy it so much, that you schedule a Neighbor Night every few months. That's exactly what happened in our neighborhood.

Having good neighbors is an important ingredient to a happy and fun filled life. We often don't realize how important good neighbors can be. But like any relationship, you've got to nurture friendships with your neighbors. Neighbor Night is the absolutely perfect way to party hearty with them. If you already have good neighbors, Neighbor Night will reinforce and grow the friendship. If you don't know your neighbors, use this day to get to know them. Chances are, you'll be glad you did. If you don't get along with a neighbor, break the ice and be the first to hold Neighbor Night in your "hood. It will be fantastic, to turn an adversary into a friend. On this warm summer evening, your going to just love your neighbors... we do!

Ahhh, the memories you are about to make tonight! Hosting Neighbor Night on a warm summer evening is easy. "Casual" :is the operative word. Start with a gathering in the backyard on your patio or deck. Your neighbors will ask what they should bring. Have each neighbor bring drinks and an appetizer share. As the sun goes down, a campfire is a great focal point (but not absolutely essential) for the party. Make dinner for the group and keep it simple. Use paper plates and plastic ware for easy cleanup. The evening will be filled with conversations and good humor. You can laugh and make as much noise as you want well into the night. Your neighbors won't complain, because they will be there!

Today's Quote: " A bad neighbor is as great a calamity as a good one is a great advantage." - - Hesiod

The History and Origin of Neighbor Night: This very special holiday was created in 2021 by Bob Matthews from Rochester New York. Bob's neighbors began getting together in a socially distant manner during COVID in 2020. It was so much fun, they neighbors started getting together every few months. This led to the creation of what the group coined as "Neighbor Night".

Matthews says "Good neighbors are tremendously valuable. But, it usually doesn't just happen. Like any relationship, you need to nurture it, so it will grow. Neighbor Night is a great way to develop better relationships with your neighbors".

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Gelotophobia is the fear of laughter. Those who suffer from gelotophobia respond to all laughter as if it is at their expense. Up to 13% of the population could be afraid of laughter.

##### Beekeepers in France noticed that their bees were producing honey in unusual shades of green and blue. After investigating, the beekeepers discovered that the bees had been eating remnants of M&M candy shells from a nearby factory.

##### Monarch caterpillars breathe through holes in the sides of their bodies.

EQUIPMENT FOR SALE

2006 Case IH 2388 combine, 2465 engine hours, 1963 separator hours with MacDon 973 36-ft. draper header. Flexi-Coil 57-ft. air drill, 12” spacing with 3450 pull between cart.

Summers Ultimate 100-ft. sprayer with 1500 gallon tank, Trimble guidance system.

Call 406-788-4364, located East of Brady, MT

NEW HDPE PIPE – IN STOCK –

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Use for irrigation, stock water or drinking water.

Red stripe for electrical use. Yellow stripe for natural gas use.

Also available 3/4” to 2” SIDR TURF/IRRIGATION HDPE pipe

3/4” - 4” orange smooth wall HDPE conduit

HDPE pipe available in 20 to 50-ft. lengths from 6” to 66” diameter

Pipe is available by the stick - coil - reel - truckload

Call Ed at Big Sky Pipe – Great Falls, MT

Delivery available 406-453-7299 Veteran Owned or Email: ed.bigskypipe64@hotmail.com – www.bigskypipeandsupply.com

Blister beetles in hay are a danger for livestock

harvesting, it is best to quit harvesting and allow blister beetles to move out of the way or go around them.”

If blister beetles are suspected in harvested hay, do not feed it to horses. If alfalfa is fed to horses and symptoms such as blood-tinged urine, depression or placing their muzzle in water without drinking appear, call a veterinarian immediately. Hay contaminated with blister beetles can be used by cattle, but be cautious. Offer other hay sources that are clean of blister beetles or blend hays. Grinding hay containing blister beetles and then mixing with other feeds will dilute the cantharidin but won’t get rid of it. If feed refusal is noted with cattle offered alfalfa hay, then remove it and replace with another hay source. Keep track of bales that are suspected to have blister beetle contamination so you can manage accordingly and avoid accidental feeding to horses.

It can be difficult to detect blister beetles

JIM NIELSEN TRUCK & PARTS, INC.

HERE IS A LIST OF NON OPERATIONAL COMPONENT TRUCKS (Selling As-Is)

2000 International 4700 trucks. Each. $750

1997 Kenworth T800 good M11 Cummins. $2000

1995 International 9200 16-ft. aluminum dump box. $3500

(3) Mid 90, GMC Top Kick diesel trucks. Each. $1500

1994 Ford L9000 tandem, good L10 Cummins (electric fire). $2000

International 4700 bad engine. $750

(2) 1992 GMC Top Kick Pepsi trucks. Each. $750

GMC Top Kick tandem diesel chassis (bad injector). $1750

Inventory Available

2006 Sterling SA tractor, green.

1982 International SA dump, yellow.

Trucks All shapes & sizes!

Special Equipment

(3) Underbody hoist assemblies.

(12) School Bus Bodies For Storage

Good glass, no seats, shelves interior....CHEAP

(5) Aluminum cab guards. 80 gallon fuel and tool slip combo. Sturdy-Weld 16-ft. aluminum dump box and hoist. Wausau 10-ft. reversible snow plow assembly.

TRANSPORTATION AVAILABLE!

Johnsen Trailer Sales, Inc.

2017 Wilson cattle pot, quad axle, 53-ft., nose 10-ft., rear 19-ft., belly 24-ft., width is 102”, 13-ft. 7” (9” more clearance), stainless steel front and lift deck in nose. 2023 Hyundai cube/van, 53x102.

2014 Wilson 41x96x78, air ride with Ag hoppers. Quanity of 10.

2016 Wilson step deck, 53 ft., rear axle slide.

1999 Wilson flatbed, 48x96 closed tandem spring ride.

2006 Wilson flatbed, 48x102, spread axle.

1989 Wilson flatbed, 48x96, closed tandem spring axle.

2007 Wilson flatbed, 48x102, spread axle.

2024 Manac Darkwing step deck, 22.5 aluminum wheels, tandem 10-1 rear slide, 12 winches, and one aluminum tool box.

2024 Manac beavertail, 53x102, all steel, wood floor. Two ramps and 12 winches.

2024 Manac belly dump, 42x96, air ride with rear lift, 24.5 steel wheels, gate control valve, bang boards.

2000 Utility, 38-ft. van with 2 side doors, (4) 1600 gallon tanks and a Honda pump inside.

View our website for more photos and information on all of our trailers. www.johnsentrailer.com

in harvested hay because beetles may be crushed from the haying process. Blister beetles may not be present in every bale due to the insects’ tendency to swarm, which means that it is possible that only bales from certain areas of the field may be infested. Chemical control is generally not recommended at harvest because dead beetles could be still be incorporated into cured hay instead of falling onto the ground. If blister beetle toxicity is suspected, a diagnostic test is available through the NDSU veterinary diagnostic laboratory. Plasma or urine samples are used for the test. For more information about the test, visit ndsu.ag/VDL-sample. Additional information on blister beetle identification and management is available at ndsu.ag/ blister-beetle. NDSU Extension agents are also available to aid in identification and determine best management practices for dealing with blister beetles.

Drought stunted alfalfa – cut or leave

By Ben Beckman, UNL

While some parts of Nebraska have caught precipitation recently, some areas are still dealing with significant drought. When drought stress causes dryland alfalfa stands stop growing What should you do?

Many producers who still need a rain have dryland alfalfa fields with plants six to twelve inches tall and getting more and more purple by the day. When faced with short alfalfa stands, what should we do - hay it, shred it, graze it, or just leave it?

First the good news: while it stays dry you can do whatever you feel like doing and you aren’t likely to hurt your alfalfa. The bad news is that if it stays dry you can’t do anything good for it either.

As your alfalfa continues to just sit there dormant, it will slowly lose feed value and tonnage due to continued maturation as well as leaf loss from insect feeding, diseases, and simple old age. If you choose to harvest as is, you probably need a yield of at least one-half ton per acre to justify the fuel, labor, and other expenses involved with harvesting hay.

Grazing might be relatively cheap in terms of out-ofpocket costs if you already have portable electric fence and don’t need to spend much money to transport cattle or water. Plus, dry, bloomed out alfalfa has a pretty low risk for bloat - not foolproof, but common-sense animal husbandry should enable you to graze safely.

If you can’t graze and can’t justify cutting hay, it’s probably best to just leave it alone. Shredding or haying will give you a cleaner, higher quality hay once your alfalfa does receive enough rain for regrowth. Removing the dormant plant will result in a bit faster regrowth, but plants also will regrow following sufficient rain without cutting. In most cases, it’s not worth the cost and time involved to shred, clip, or harvest low-yielding hay.

Pick the option best for you and pray for rain.

Bay, chervil and chives

Bay is a large herb plant the grows into a small tree or tall evergreen bush. Its aromatic leaves are used to garnish pate, in fish dishes, or in a bouquet garni to flavor soups and casseroles.

Chervil is a white flowered hardy annual raised from seed. Its foliage is similar to parsley and it likes a shady area. It has a delicate, slightly spicy fragrance and can be used in soups, sauces, savory butter, and potato salad.

Chives are small perennial, onion-like plants that grow in a clumping fashion. In early spring the leaves are topped with purple flowers. Plants can be purchased or grown from seed. Established clumps can be divided and transplanted. Garlic chives are similar in appearance to regular chives but have a slightly garlicky flavor. Use chives fresh, cut off from the plant as required, to give a mild onion flavor.

Keeping corn from frequenting the phosphorus buffet line

By Jan Suszkiw, ARS

When it comes to food, plants can “eat” more than they need—just like the diner who can’t resist another stop at the buffet line despite already feeling full. Indeed, with respect to phosphorus, corn plants will keep taking up the nutrient 25 to 80 percent beyond what’s needed to reach their full grain yield, scientists with the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) in West Lafayette, Indiana, have found.

The corn plant’s gluttonous appetite for phosphorus is known as “luxury consumption,” and in extreme cases, it can decrease grain yields. Up until recently, though, corn’s luxury consumption had only been demonstrated in studies with nitrogen and potassium. However, no direct links to phosphorous had yet been established, according to Chad Penn, a soil scientist with the ARS National Soil Erosion Laboratory in West Lafayette.

To investigate the matter, Penn and Purdue University graduate student Matt Wiethorn and Purdue agronomy professor James Camberato used a state-of-the-art “grow room” and hydroponics system. This enabled the researchers to precisely control the root environment of corn plants and the timing of phosphorous applications to them in pots filled with sand. More significantly, it allowed the researchers to monitor the bioavailability of phosphorous to corn plants more easily than growing them in field plots.

“This system demonstrated that it could produce corn that is the same as field-grown corn, both physically and chemically,” noted Penn. “Developing it was a huge hurdle in being able to do this research on corn’s luxury consumption of phosphorus,” he added.

The researchers began the study in 2019, using several corn hybrids, and published the results in the January 2023 issue of the journal Agronomy.

Among the study’s findings, the corn hybrids needed an average of 580 milligrams of phosphorous per plant to reach their maximum grain yield. Beyond that, “excess phosphorus uptake caused a decrease in grain yield, which was attributed to reduced movement (translocation) of copper and zinc from the corn plant roots to grain,” said Penn, whose team published a companion paper in Agronomy.

Penn noted that the research is a first step towards determining whether current phosphorus application recommendations can be refined based on what the corn plant actually needs for optimal yield and how much of the nutrient is already present in the soil (the type and condition of which can vary from one location to another).”Knowing the

target phosphorous uptake value of 580 milligrams per plant can be used in developing more robust and precise soil phosphorus fertility recommendations in the future,” he added. More broadly, such adjustments can contribute to natural resource sustainability since phosphorus fertilizers come from materials mined from finite geologic supplies in different parts of the world.

Penn’s other research on nutrient management practices includes co-developing the P-trap, a software application that farmers and others can use to design, build and install in-field phosphorus removal systems to help reduce some of the “left-over” phosphorous that can escape the field as runoff and potentially compromise water quality.

#####

The store clerk refused my payment today–and then I realized I’d handed her pesos. Of course they don’t work in the U.S.

#####

Lord, I can’t steam veggies if I forgot to put water in the pot. What was I thinking... er, not thinking, actually.

The deadline for advertising for the September 2023 issue of the Trader's Dispatch will be

Ram selection principles

CONTINUED FROM PAGE B26

of sheep (Targhee, Suffolk, and Polypay) as well as generic breed adjustments. The tables below are adapted from the Breeding and Selection Chapter of the Sheep Production Handbook produced by

the American Sheep Industry Association, Inc. (This handbook can be purchased through the American Sheep Industry Association and through select sheep supply companies.)

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* Type of birth and rearing:

1/1 = single raised as a single

1/2 = single raised as a twin

2/1 = twin raised as a single

2/2 = twin raised as a twin

3/1 = triplet raised as a single

3/2= triplet raised as a twin

3/3 = triplet raised as a triplet

Example of Adjusting a Weaning Weight

A twin ewe lamb was born on January 2nd, weaned on March 4th, and was raised as a twin. The dam is 2 years old.

Birth weight = 10 lbs.

Weaning weight = 62 lbs.

Actual age at weaning = 61 days

Weaning age to adjust to: 60 days

Adjust the weaning weight for sixty days. Use the following formula:

Estimated 60-day weight = (((weaning weight – birth weight)/age at weaning) X 60) + birth weight

(((62-10)/61) X 60) + 10 = 61.15 lbs.

Now adjust the weaning weight for ewe age, sex of the lamb, and the type of birth and rearing, by multiplying by the generic adjustment factors found in the table:

1.08 = adjustment factor for a 2-year-old ewe

1.00 = adjustment factor for a ewe lamb

1.21= adjustment factor for a twin raised as a twin

61.15 lb. X 1.08 X 1.00 X 1.21 = 79.91 lb.

Therefore, the adjusted 60-day weight of this ewe lamb is 79.91 lbs. This calculation allows producers to better compare lambs and make more informed selection decisions. The Sheep Production Handbook also contains tables for adjustments to adult fleece weights for ewe age and for the expected number born adjustments for ewe age.

Selection Using Visual Appraisal

In addition to using individual performance and EBVs, anyone involved in sheep production should have the skills to evaluate the physical characteristics of individual rams for their potential as breeding stock. Producers should be able to visually evaluate sheep structure and they should also be able to evaluate muscling.

In order for a ram to be sound on his feet and legs, he must be structurally correct. Correct structure enables the ram to move properly and proper movement allows rams to comfortably mount ewes during breeding.

To be able to evaluate or select structurally correct rams, producers must first have an understanding of the parts of a sheep as well as each part’s correct structure. Remember, selection should begin with a look at performance records followed by visual evaluation. Visual appraisal can be a good indicator of frame size, muscling, body structure, feet and leg structure, and breed character.

Correct skeletal structure is important and essential for any animal to move to feed and water. This structure can be observed in shoulder angle, pastern angle and levelness of the hips and top line from neck to dock. The angle of the shoulder should be approximately 45 degrees, while the pastern angle should be approximately 50 to 55 degrees or slightly more. Skeletal angles in the shoulders, hips and legs are all important for ease of movement. When angles are within appropriate ranges, the animal is generally level across their topline and able to move freely.

When making visual selection decisions for correct structure, it is important to know all the external parts of a sheep. Each part has an ideal characteristic for breeding rams. An ideal breeding ram should have certain physical characteristics. These include a long, square, level rump, long, smooth thick muscle, adequate diameter of cannon bone, a long, wide loin, a strong, level, thick top, well-sprung ribs, or in other words a round rib cage with large volume a deep forerib, smooth shoulders, a masculine neck and head, a trim neat throat and breast, strong upright pasterns, and Adequate and evenly sized testicles And the feet and legs should be placed directly underneath the animal

Response of grassland forage to climate variability

By Reagan Cotton, MSU News Service

For agricultural producers around the state, forage plants are a key element of cattle grazing as well as helping maintain soil nutrition, preventing erosion and providing a food source for wildlife. Now, funding from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Institute for Food and Agriculture, or NIFA, will let a Montana State University scientist begin exploring how those crops respond to changes in water availability.

Andrew Felton, an assistant professor in the College of Agriculture’s Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, plans to see how the timing of precipitation throughout the year influences the growth of forage crops, which include grasses, shrubs and flower species consumed by grazing animals. Alongside colleagues from the University of Nevada, Reno and Chapman University, he will analyze the water inside plant samples to determine when that water fell as rain or entered the ecosystem as snowmelt. In this way, the team will trace the seasonal origin of water used by different forage species.

“There’s been a lot of research on the drivers of variation in forage growth from year to year. The common wisdom is that it’s primarily driven by variation in growing season rainfall,” said Felton. “But when you do that correlation, you see that there’s a ton of unexplained variation. It hasn’t really been mechanistically demonstrated where the water those plants are using originated.”

Felton’s project is one of 26 proposals nationwide funded through a competitive process by a NIFA program focused on sustainable agroecosystems. The work received nearly $300,000 out of a total of $12.7 million spread across the country. The work will include three broad sections, Felton said.

The first of those research sections involves field work at sites around Montana,

Colorado, Nebraska and North Dakota to collect forage crop samples. Felton said that while the region is one of the largest intact grassland ecosystems left in the world, this element of it is surprisingly understudied.

“There’s been a lot of focus on the tall grass prairie in the southern and central plains, but it seems to me that far less is known about the northern plains,” Felton said. “And that’s interesting because it’s so expansive and intact. There’s a lot of basic knowledge about this whole eco-region that we really know relatively little about.”

Once the field samples are collected, Felton will work with collaborators in Nevada and students in his own lab to conduct isotopic analysis on those samples. That process examines the chemical makeup of the water in the crops to identify when that water originally came into the ecosystem — whether through summer rain or spring snowmelt.

“The water in snow and the water in rain have different isotopic signatures,” said Felton. “You can analyze the water in the plant tissue and also in the soil itself to understand where that water originated. Once we analyze that data and understand where the water is coming from, we’ll see if we can link that to larger patterns of drought sensitivity observed through remote sensing.”

Geospatial analysis and remote sensing make up the third element of the project. Because agencies like NASA have conducted global satellite observation for more than 30 years, Felton said, historical data on drought and forage cover in large areas like the Northern Great Plains are easily accessible. He hopes that comparing the chemical analysis of the forage samples with historic data about rain, snow and forage growth will provide a more nuanced look at the response of important forage crops to changes in precipitation patterns.

How to increase water access for feedlot cattle in hot weather

By Alfredo DiCostanzo, Nebraska Extension Educator

The use of shades in feedlots has made a big difference in the effects of heat on fat cattle, but a few other strategies can help keep cattle cool, enabling cattle to keep gaining, even in the dog days of summer.

Cattle nearing the end of their feeding period should be given priority when deploying heat abatement strategies. Extra space for cattle to access water should be added to all pens, but particularly to those of cattle near harvest. The issue is not water supply, it is water access. Cattle behavior changes to promote cooling off—boss cattle remain at the water tank longer than necessary to drink, simply playing with water or enjoying a cooler microclimate.

Managing intake may require that bunk readers hold off on calling for additional feed. Also, some nutritionists may switch the feedlot to “cooler” diets (diets with more roughage). Use of bedding on strategic locations may help to reduce heat absorption from the pen surface.

Under emergency conditions a watering trough slip-in can be built where water tankers can deliver water in the feed bunk. Cap the ends of 20-foot culvert pipe sections (12- to 18-inch in diameter to fit at the bottom of a feeding bunk) before cutting lengthwise to produce two identical size troughs. Burn the edges with a flame torch to smooth sharp edges resulting from the cut. This results in a trough that can be slipped to the bottom of the feed bunk. A single 20-foot section should add at least five watering spaces and 130 gallons to the watering tanks in the pen. Keeping these slips full of water should ease the pressure on watering tanks during hot and still days.

Why Advertise in the Trader’s Dispatch?

Reason #8: Our graphic designers are available to help you with the creation of your ad, and those ads are built in offices in Montana! We have never outsourced our designers to foreign countries, and don’t ever intend to.

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Call David (406) 579-3815 or Matt (406) 599-0313

Thank you Montana State Fund for buying my steer “Browny”. I will use the funds to attend MSU Bozeman for an engineering degree

Ram selection principles

Big, thick and heavy boned spring born Hampshire and Suffolk ram lambs that are rugged and ready to service ewes.

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There are a number of undesirable feet and leg characteristics that animals can exhibit. As you evaluate animals, you should be aware of these issues:

Pigeon toed: An animal is pigeon toed or toed-in if when viewed from the front, the toes turn towards each other rather than pointing straight forward.

Bowlegged: An animal is bowlegged if when viewed from the front, the knees curve out away from each other or if viewed from the rear, the hocks curve out away from each other.

Splayfooted or toed-out: An animal is splayfooted or toed-out if when viewed from the front, the toes turn out away from each other rather than pointing straight forward.

Knock-kneed: An animal is knock-kneed if when viewed from the front, the knees lean toward each other and are not in a straight line with the legs.

Cow hocked: An animal is cow hocked if when viewing the hind legs from the rear, the hocks, which are the hind leg joints, are turned inward or are placed too close together. This causes the toes to turn outward.

Sickle hocked: An animal is sickle hocked if when viewing the rear legs from the side, the hock has too much angle or set. A line dropped perpendicular from the pin bones to the ground should lie parallel to the cannon bone. A sickle hocked cow has hocks that angle too much, which causes the animal’s feet to stand too far underneath their body. Often these animals will droop excessively from hooks to pins.

Post legged: An animal is post legged if the hock has too little angle or set. The animal is too straight through the joint, which results in a very stiff, restricted movement due to the lack of flexibility. More sheep become unsound because of being post legged than sickle hocked.

Buck kneed: An animal is buck kneed, or “over at the knees”, if the full extension of the animal’s knee cannot occur. When

observed from the side, the legs appear slightly bent. This is usually seen in sheep that are too straight in the shoulder.

Calf kneed: Calf kneed is the opposite of buck kneed. This means that the animal stands “back at the knees” when viewed from the side.

Weak pasterns: Weak pasterns, which are the leg bones between the hoof and fetlock, can be determined by visually looking at their angle. Weak pasterns have more than the normal slope to them and can indicate a structural fault. As mentioned previously, correct pastern angle should be approximately 50 to 55 degrees or slightly more.

Sound hind legs are vital to the mating ability of rams, because during mating, most of the ram’s weight is supported by the hind legs. A ram with hind leg defects may suffer pain while moving or mounting, which may interfere with his desire to mate. In an aging ram with faulty conformation, defects become more apparent and may tend to decrease their ability to breed larger groups of ewes.

The ram’s legs should be free of excessive swelling at any of the joints, and joint flexure should be smooth and free of locking in any position. A sheep with straight hind legs, or post legs, is predisposed to swollen hocks and arthritis in the hind leg joints. A sheep with post leg or sickle hocks also may have more difficulty moving earlier in life, leaving it lame or unable to move freely throughout a pasture or, in the case of rams, to breed ewes.

Other visual characteristics to consider when evaluating rams relate to how filled out the animal may appear. Rams selected for breeding should exhibit volume and capacity. Indicators of volume are:

Width of the chest floor, which is the lower chest between the two front legs, Depth of body, which is the depth from the top of the animal’s back to the bottom of their belly

MJ Gustafson

BRAND FOR SALE

Basil

Basil, also called sweet basil, is a pleasant-smelling annual plant with a spicy taste. The leaves are lightgreen, tender, and smooth. Basil grows well in the garden or as a potted plant. Cooks favor it for all kinds of tomato dishes. It can also be added to soups, vegetables, and Italian dishes. Start basil in pots indoors or outdoors if the soil temperature is above 50 degrees F. Cover seeds with fine soil, to a depth of only 1/8”. Gently press down the soil over seeds and water with fine spray. Seeds should germinate in one to two weeks. Keep the soil moist. Shade young basil plants if the weather is sunny, as they wither easily. Thin seedlings by cutting unwanted plants off at the soil surface with scissors. Basil plants should eventually be planted 12”18” apart. After seedlings are 6” high, pinch off the tops for bushier plants. Harvest basil leaves regularly, water and fertilize the plants frequently. Pinch off the flowers to keep the plant from going to seed.

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What do you call a huge pile of cats?

A meow-ntain!

THANK YOU

Cut Bank Auto Body for purchasing my steer and for supporting 4-H!

Conlan Kerfoot

VWSHVS / VWSHVF

5/8" material for superior strength

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choice of delivery line: Dry NH3Liquids

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Ram selection principles

Shape of ribcage, which is the roundness of the ribcage.

all you

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1998 Flexi-Coil 5000 57-ft. air drill, 12” spacing, 4” steel packers, 550 trips, 2320 tow between tank.

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Uniformity of body depth, which refers to the animal being the same depth at the top of the shoulders to fore flank compared to the top of the hips to rear flank.

Sheep with more volume are generally easier fleshing. That is, they produce external fat easily and are usually lower maintenance than sheep that lack volume. Rams should be selected with volume in mind in order to transmit these traits to offspring.

The muscling of an animal is also important to the meat animal industry. Heavily muscled animals tend to produce more meat and less fat than animals with less muscle. Consumers prefer lamb with larger loin chops and with less fat. Indications of muscling can be seen over the animal’s top and in the loin area, length of the hip, width between the rear legs, and the hindquarters. Leg structure, as well as volume, and muscling, all play a role in the correct structure of sheep. Structure helps determine how well an animal will function. It can also impact the longevity of an animal in the flock. So, it is important to consider structure when selecting rams in order to maintain a healthy and viable operation.

Ram Cost Considerations

The final consideration in ram selection, but often the starting point for many producers, is the price. How much can the operation afford to pay for a ram? This not only depends on a bank account but should also depend on the value of that ram to the operation. So, how does the operation determine what is appropriate?

Purchasing a new ram should always require careful consideration in all areas, including cost. All producers want to find a bargain: the highest quality genetics for a bargain price. However, progressive producers should spend some time developing a selection strategy and setting up a budget to determine what a ram is worth to the operation. Consider the ram an investment and think about what value that ram will bring to the operation.

When looking at a ram as an investment an item to consider would be how he can be expected to impact improved production. How will his lambs compare to previous lambs born on the operation? Will they have heavier weaning weights? Will they be more acceptable to buyers? What traits will his daughters exhibit to improve performance? These are all considerations that not only impact the bottom line the first year after this ram produces lambs, but into the future as daughters retained in the flock.

When considering the cost of a new ram, begin by estimating the salvage value of the ram once the operation has finished using him. If the operation has a market for aged rams, how much should the operation charge? If selling aged rams are there any health tests that should be performed to ensure the buyer that the ram won’t share any diseases with the new flock? Subtract those costs to arrive at a salvage value. If

the ram sells through a sale barn, what is the likely value for cull rams? Or, will the salvage value be zero because the ram can be expected to live the rest of his life at this operation?

Consider an example of a producer paying $1,500 for a ram that will be used for 2 years to service 35 ewes each year. After the producer finishes using this ram, he intends to sell him through a sale barn for about $200. This makes the difference between the purchase price and the salvage value $1,300. By dividing the salvage value by the 2 years the producer plans to use the ram, the depreciation cost amounts to $650 annually. Divide the annual depreciation cost of $650 by the number of ewes serviced to determine the depreciation per ewe, which would be $18.57 for this example. Another option would be to divide this by the average value of the lambs sold, to arrive at the pounds of lamb each ewe must produce each year in order to cover the cost of ram depreciation. Calculate this by dividing $18.57 by the sale price of the lambs. A value of $2.85 per pound for lambs sold at weaning in the Eastern United States would mean that 6.5 lbs. produced by each ewe would cover the cost of ram depreciation.

An operation must know the cost of production to determine if this is acceptable. What does it cost the operation to keep a ewe per year? If $18.57 is added to a ewe’s annual costs, how will this impact the operation’s profitability? Should this cost be considered an investment for the future when this ram’s daughters enter the flock?

Another way to look at the salvage value of the ram is to consider how many lambs per year must be sold to cover the depreciation cost. If the operation sells 60 lb. lambs at $2.85 per pound, the value of each lamb is $171. Subtract sales and transportation costs. For this example, $160 is the value that a lamb brings to the operation. Therefore, $650 divided by $160/lamb means that it takes about four lambs each year to cover the cost of the ram.

Producers should always purchase the best ram that they can afford. A ram has the potential to impact a flock for many years through his daughters. So, spend some time determining what traits a ram should possess to improve the operation, what value a ram will have to the operation, and then decide on a fair price.

Summary

Every sheep operation should spend time developing a ram selection strategy. Analyzing the ewe flock will help to determine what traits would be important in a ram. Producers should also consider performance data, either in the form of EBVs or adjusted weaning weights, in addition to visually appraising the ram. Be willing to pay a fair price for a good ram. Developing a good strategy will yield rams that produce lambs that perform well and future daughters that improve genetics within the flock while maintaining operation profitability.

Response of grassland forage to climate variability

The study will also see whether plants experiencing drought stress can adapt and use other water sources instead of the ones they are used to. That flexibility in accessing water in a time of stress could help to identify which forage crops are best for Montana’s increasingly variable climate and precipitation patterns. If a particular plant is less adaptable, it may not be a good option for producers.

Felton plans for this initial NIFA funding to establish a long-term research program at MSU involving graduate and undergraduate researchers, potentially leading to the creation of resources and recommendations for Montana producers who rely on forage crops to feed their livestock.

“The information this will produce could be of use to folks who are managing their systems within unpredictable and variable weather patterns,” he said. “Summers are expected to get drier, and if you know the

types of vegetation that are most flexible and the types of water they use, you can select for using that vegetation when you’re grazing on forage.”

While the funding is new and Felton himself is a recent addition to MSU’s faculty –he arrived in fall 2022 – he can already see the potential for a far-reaching project to benefit students, scientists and agricultural producers around the state and region.

“The investment of the USDA in this grant will hopefully return dividends not only in the research but also in the training of new young scientists,” he said. “What I really like about the project is that it’s very integrative. It combines field, lab and remote sensing approaches. It’s facilitating these collaborations across the western U.S. and it’ll help me build my lab here at MSU. I’m really excited about the idea, and I think it will help facilitate a lot of wider success.”

National Thrift Shop Day

This holiday is always observed on August 17

Do you consider yourself a thrifty person? Are you looking for a great deal? National Thrift Shop Day is a day for a real bargain. On this August 17 holiday, fight inflation and the high cost of living by shopping at discount stores, flea markets, and other thrift shops.

A “Thrift Shop” is an old term for stores that sell items deeply discounted merchandise. Typically, thrift shops are often outlets of charitable organizations like the Salvation Army, Goodwill, and Vietnam Vets. These organizations accept donations of gently used clothing and household items. After

checking them over, many donated items make their way to the organization’s thrift store. The proceeds from the sale of these goods are used for charitable purposes.

Also, there are for-profit thrift shops. Examples include flea markets, farmer’s markets, outlet shops, and discount department stores. Some of these businesses sell new items at discounted prices. And others sell used goods. It’s not always the highest quality, but the price is right.

Watch for sales and specials today at Thrift shops in celebration of National Thrift Shop Day. If you are a store owner, hold a sale around this special day, and watch your August sales sizzle!

How to avoid getting hired

Your resume is a carefully crafted sales pitch about how indispensable you’ll be to prospective employers, that’s what it’s supposed to be anyway. This list is of real-life resume bloopers:

“I’ll demand a salary commiserate with my extensive experience.”

“I’ll have lurnt word Perfect 6.0, computor and spreadsheat progroms.”

“Received a plague for Salesperson of the Year.”

“Reason for leaving last job: maturity leave.”

“Wholly responsible for two failed financial institutions.”

“Let’s meet, so you can ‘ooh’ and ‘aah’ over my experience.”

“You will want me to be Head Honcho in no time.”

“Marital status: single. Unmarried. Unengaged. Uninvolved. No commitments.”

“Reason for leaving last job: They insisted that all employees get to work by 8:45 every morning. Could not work under those conditions.”

“Note: Please don’t misconstrue my 14 jobs as ‘jobhopping.’ I have never quit a job.”

“I am loyal to my employer at all costs….Please feel free to respond to my resume on my office voice mail.”

“I procrastinate, especially when the task is unpleasant.”

“As indicated, I have over five years of analyzing investments.”

“Personal interests: donating blood. Fourteen gallons so far.”

“Instrumental in ruining entire operation for a Midwest chain store.”

“The company made me a scapegoat, just like my three previous employers.”

“Finished eighth in my class of ten.”

“It’s best for employers that I not work with people.”

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Bulbs

When buying bulbs, always select carefully. Good bulbs are plump, firm, and free from blemishes. They should also be a good size (for the type); if they are too small, they may not flower the first year.

Bulbs should be planted in clusters. They look good under a tree, in a tub or in window boxes.

If planting bulbs in grass, remember to choose low-growing varieties. To achieve a random look, scatter the bulbs onto the lawn and plant where they fall. Remember, bulbs planted in lawns make mowing more difficult.

Bulbs not planted deep enough do not thrive well. As a general rule, they should be planted at three times the depth of the bulb. If the bulb measures 2” from top to bottom, they should be planted 6” deep.

If you need to remove the bulbs to make way for other planting, carefully lift out the blubs and replant them in a corner of your garden with wire netting beneath them. Lift and replant in autumn.

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When the flowers are finished, the dead flower heads should be cut off before they turn to seed to prevent the plant being weakened for the next year. Leave the stems to turn brown and die off naturally. This will allow nourishment to be returned to the bulb for next year’s flowers. Don’t trim the leaves off or tie them down.

Daffodil bulbs should be in before the end of October. Small varieties developed from wild daffodils should be planted in holes 3” deep, other varieties at 6” deep.

Tulips can be planted from October until the end of November in holes about 4” deep.

Don’t plant tulips in the same spot two consecutive years. Never plant tulips and lilies together, as they suffer from the same diseases.

After tulips flower pull away leaves as soon as they are yellow and withered to

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prevent disease entering the bulbs. Apply a liquid fertilizer to build the bulbs up so they’ll be ready for next season. Feed once a week for a month.

Snowdrops can be planted as bulbs before the end of September in holes 3”-4” deep. If possible, plant them immediately after flowering while still in leaf.

To give bulbs a boost, apply a light feed of a general fertilizer once they have flowered and the leaves have started to die down.

Crocuses should be planted before the end of September at about 2”-3” deep.

When planting blubs indoors for Christmas flowerings, buy “prepared” bulbs as these have been treated to speed up their development. The middle of September is generally considered to be the best time for planting to ensure flowers for Christmas. Put some well-soaked bulb fiber or potting compost into a pot, leaving enough space to allow the bulbs to be placed inside with the tips just below the rim of the container. They should be placed close together but not touching. Cover with bulb fiber or compost and water well. The container should then be placed in a cool spot–in a shed, or bury it in a shady corner of the garden. Darkness is not necessary but coolness is. Do not put it in a black plastic sack as this encourages mold.

After ten to twelve weeks, young green shoots should appear (these will be paler if the pot has been kept in the dark). When the shoots have reached about 2” in height, bring the pot into a cool room and they should flower in time for Christmas.

Plant bulbs in the garden in a buried flowerpot. This can then be easily lifted when bulbs have finished flowering. When storing bulbs over the winter make sure to separate them into different colors and label the boxes to make it easier for planting arrangments in the spring.

Water quality

By Ben Beckman, UNL

When cattle are on pasture, both forage and water quality are important for healthy animals. Surface water is particularly prone to quality issues, such as blue-green algae, salinity, mineral concentrations, or nitrate.

Several factors can cause livestock water to be less than ideal for quality, which can impact animal productivity and health. While not common in Nebraska, salinity or minerals can cause animals to limit or refuse consumption in some locations. In some circumstances concentrations can become high enough to be toxic. Dissolved salt and mineral concentrations increase with dry conditions as water evaporates.

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Another issue more common in Nebraska surface water is high nitrates. While elevated nitrates from groundwater sources feeding a pond may be a cause, more common is runoff from other sources of nitrate contamination. Cattle can deal with nitrate levels in water that are unsafe for human consumption, but the real danger comes from elevated nitrate levels in water coupled with feed sources that are also high in nitrates. The compounding effect can push a borderline ration into toxic levels or accelerate nitrate toxicity that is already occurring.

Blue-green algae is a very common occurrence in still water during the summer months. If the conditions are right, a bloom of growth can occur quickly, contaminating the water. Consumption can kill livestock within 24 hours. Algae blooms have traditionally been treated with copper sulfate following proper instructions for rates and exclusions. However, when booms become more frequent, repeated copper treatments can cause a buildup of the element in the environment and animal management becomes our preferred response.

Assuring water is good quality will go a long way toward making summer grazing better and healthier cattle.

and Senior 4-H Sheep Lead contestants were (from left to right) Sydni Ringenberg, Lexington; Wesley Thompson, Lexington; Leah Sauer, Lexington; Greta Rickertsen, Lexington; Maya Soria, Kearney; Joslynn Lans, Lexington; and Lorelai Rickertsen, Lexington. The lambs used for the contest were owned by 4-H’ers Samual Winter, Cozad; Taylor Kramer, Elm Creek; Cadey Wolf, Cozad; Trina Pearson, Brady; and the Walahoski family, Overton. Extension Photo.

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Meat goat production

Goat meat is consumed widely throughout the world, especially in developing countries. However, it is not usually sold in traditional marketplaces in the United States. Sheep and goat meat is the fourth most consumed meat, following pork, poultry, and beef. Meat goat production, like any other animal production enterprise, requires that good husbandry practices be followed in the areas of sanitation, health, feed, water, and shelter. These are all integral parts of managing a successful goat enterprise.

In the United States, goat production increased by about one-third in the past decade because of their economic value as efficient converters of low-quality forages into quality meat, milk, and hides for specialty markets. There are several reasons for the growing popularity of goats in this country. A big factor is the larger number of ethnic groups that have settled in this country and have a preference for goat meat, milk, and cheese products. Another factor is the determination of many Americans to be self-sufficient. Where resources are limited, a small herd of goats may be the only livestock that a small, part-time farmer can raise to achieve self-sufficiency. According to the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) meat goats account for over 80 percent of the total of goats produced in the United States. Pennsylvania produces more than 40,000 meat goats annually.

Markets for Goat Meat

Goat meat is unique in flavor and palatability. It is leaner than many other red meats and usually less tender. However, its leanness has a place in today’s market for meats with less fat. Cabrito stands for roasted meat from goat kids 4-8 weeks of age. Its main use is for barbecue meat, and it is highly sought after by certain ethnic groups. Chevon is meat from goat kids 48-60 pounds or 6-9 months old. Of these two types, cabrito is the most tender. The higher collagen content and lower solubility of goat meat, compared with lower levels of the same features in lamb, reduce the overall palatability and tenderness of goat meat. Breeding and slaughtering techniques appear to be key in improving the tenderness factor of goat meat.

Marketing options include direct marketing off the farm, supplying goat meat for specialty markets (particularly holiday sales to various ethnic groups), or producing kids for commercial marketing firms. Success is often a reflection of how well a producer tends to all aspects of breeding, health, management, and marketing. All these factors have their respective roles in producing and marketing a quality product.

Along with direct marketing to ethnic groups, there are two other potential niche markets for goat meat: targeted markets serving health-conscious consumers wanting lowfat diets and the restaurant trade serving ethnic or gourmet foods featuring goat meat.

These markets are largely untapped and may provide real opportunities, especially for producers within close proximity to the market.

Goat Production Characteristics

Goats are intensely curious and will investigate anything that sparks their interest. Coupled with curiosity, their jumping and climbing ability can present some real management challenges. Goats can climb through a new “goat-tight” fence, pull the wash off the line, nip the rosebuds, or bounce onto a parked vehicle.

Female goats are called does or sometimes doelings if they are less than a year old. Males are called bucks or bucklings. Young goats are called kids. Bucks tend to be aggressive and emit strong urine-like odors, which is most offensive during the breeding season from September to early January. Does do not secrete strong odors from their scent glands. Goats adapt well to hot environments because of their small size and higher ratio of body surface area to body weight. Also, their ability to conserve body water, their limited subcutaneous fat cover, and their hairy coats are good survival traits under a wide variety of climatic conditions.

The foraging preferences of goats encompass a wider spectrum of plants than those of other small ruminants. Goats are inclined to forage or browse from the top of a plant downward, making them an effective control for many undesirable plants and shrubs. Goats are called “nonselective browsers” because of their desire to choose from a large variety of vegetative types. This grazing behavior enables them to survive harsher climates and more marginal grazing conditions than either sheep or cattle.

Goat Breeds

More than sixty recognized or “official” breeds of goats exist in the world. These multipurpose breeds produce milk, meat, fiber, and skins. In the United States there are three

Meat goat production

CONTINUED FROM PAGE C2

primary types: the Angora or Mohair breed of approximately 185,000 head, and the meat and dairy breeds estimated at over 2.9 million head.

In many small-herd dairy goat enterprises, not all does must be milked, so meat is often the main product. Along with meat, the sale of breeding stock from small herds of dairy goats may be an important income source. This versatility allows the producer to plan and operate a more stable economic production unit. In some parts of the world, all breeds may be raised for fiber, meat, and milk and cheese production. Kids of all breeds can be used for meat. However, meat goat carcasses are generally leaner and more muscular than dairy goat carcasses.

Angora goats originated in central Turkey, a mountainous area with a dry climate and extreme temperatures. Both sexes are horned and open faced, with long locks of hair over the rest of the body. Mature bucks weigh from 125 to 175 pounds and mature does 80 to 90 pounds. Angora goat hair is called mohair. The fiber quality of mohair from goats raised under more rainy or high-humidity conditions usually does not match that of mohair produced in more arid regions.

Spanish meat goats are larger than Angora, have less hair, and come in a variety of colors. They are very hardy and require a minimum of management and labor. Their unique feature is their reproductive physiology. Unlike dairy goats, which breed only in the fall to winter months, Spanish goats are polyestrous (they can breed throughout the year). This allows for year-round kidding and yearling meat production.

Another meat breed, the Boer, was introduced from South Africa. Boer goats are also polyestrous. Under good management, many does are known to rebreed while still nursing. Boer goats are highly versatile in their ability to adapt to various climates and production systems.

The Kiko breed of goats originated in New Zealand and the breed was selected for survivability and growth rate; consequently, there is no common coat color or pattern. Kiko goats consistently produce a lean, well-muscled goat of large frame and exceptional survivability under a wide range of climatic conditions.

Breeding

and Selection

Important considerations in a selective breeding program are multiple births, twice-a-year kidding, rapid growth, good conformation (sound feet, legs, and mouth), and attention to color standards for certain breeds. Because income is derived primarily from the sale of kids, multiple births should be a high priority in the selective breeding program. Give preference to early born kids for replacements, and select doe kids from does that kid twice each year.

Good reproductive performance can be an indicator of a breed’s compatibility with the environment. Meat goats have a reputation for high fertility, averaging 98 percent of does bred under good management and nutrition. Given proper care, the does should be capable of maintaining a birth rate of 1.9-2.3 kids per doe.

Although meat goats are polyestrous, peak sexual activity occurs during the autumn months. The apparent decline in male libido during late spring and summer can lower reproductive rates during these times. To improve herd management, bucks should not be allowed to run with the does throughout the year. A planned breeding season also allows you to better manage does during pregnancy. Kids will also be more uniform in size at weaning, which is preferable for marketing as well as raising doelings as replacements. A continuous breeding season is discouraged because it subjects underdeveloped replacement doe kids to the buck. These factors can have a negative influence on overall profitability. A well-planned breeding program is highly recommended for any producer interested in expanding to a sizable commercial operation of greater than fifty head of breeding-age does. Focus your breeding schedule to take advantage of the best marketing opportunities for your area.

The gestation period for does varies from 148 to 152 days. If does are bred two times per year, kids should be weaned at 2-3 months of age. The weaning period is a good time to accustom future replacement stock to a supplement feed should the need arise to provide a limited amount of a concentrate feed. These replacement doe kids can return to the breeding flock when they reach desirable size (two-thirds their mature weight) or are one year old.

Fencing and Facilities

Goats require tight fencing. Electric netting fence can provide a temporary enclosure, but goats will eat through such a fence if it is used as a confinement structure and not continuously electrified. Woven wire fencing may be used, but the goat’s horns may become entangled in the fencing

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Meat goat production

CONTINUED FROM PAGE C3 and severely harm the goat. If woven wire is used, you will need to check the goats frequently to free trapped goats. A five- or six-strand high-tensile fence with electrified first, third, and top wires has proved to be an effective goat-tight fence.

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Like other livestock, goats need some type of restraint facility and shelter when on pasture. Regular sheep-working pens are adequate for goats. Cattle pens can be easily adapted by making the lower section goat tight. An open shed arrangement of 10-12 square feet per doe can provide shelter during extremely hot or cold weather.

Herd Health Considerations

A preventative health program should be carefully worked out with your veterinarian. Goats are more susceptible to internal parasites than other types of livestock. Control of internal parasites is probably the most important health issue for goats. Generally, control methods for sheep within a certain region of the country will also be effective for goats. Problem diseases associated with reproduction or kidding can be managed and treated, in most instances, the same as for sheep.

Pasture Management

Pasture productivity is often measured in animal unit months (AUM). An AUM is the minimum area of grazing land required by one mature 1,000-pound beef cow for one month. Where one AUM is enough for a single cow, one AUM is generally enough for five to six meat goat does.

If stocked according to recommendations in your locale, meat goats can be grazed with other livestock. In marginal grazing lands, goats have been shown to complement both sheep and cattle. Goats consume a higher percentage of brush and other less desirable plants; thus, they help maximize the use of marginal pastureland as well as improve forage production over time.

A carefully planned rotational grazing program can enhance pasture production and help control internal parasites. High-quality pastures and small-grain pastures are good for kidding since they provide excellent feed for milk production. Supplemental grazing in stubble fields, corn fodder, small-grain pastures, and brassicas can be used to either extend the grazing season or boost required nutrient levels for some critical phase of production. Moving goats out of pasture before the grass is less than 3 inches tall will help prevent internal parasite infection.

In general, growth rates for meat goats are slower than those of sheep. Under favorable nutritional conditions, meat goats may gain at a rate of more than 200 grams (0.45 pounds) per day from birth to 100 days of age.

Risk Management

There are several risk management strategies you may employ for your operation. You should insure your facilities as well as your animals. This may be accomplished by consulting your insurance agent or broker. You may also insure your income through a crop insurance program called AGR-Lite. To use AGR-Lite you must have five years of Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Schedule F forms. You can then contact an agent who sells crop insurance and insure the income of your operation. For more on agricultural business insurance, see Agricultural Business Insurance.

Costs and returns are often difficult to estimate in budget preparation because they are numerous and variable.

He was outstanding in his field!

#####

What did the traffic light say to the car? Look away, I’m about to change!

#####

Rain, grass and now weeds

By Catherine Wissner, former UW Extension horticulturist

All the spring rain has brought on a wonderful flush of prairie grass wild flowers and unfortunately a lot of weeds. Currently blooming, the tall yellow spike that looks like snapdragons is perennial weed Dalmatian Toadflax (Linaria dalmatica) native to Eurasia. This plant is considered a noxious weed and must be controlled. It has a vigorously root system and massive amounts of seeds. Mature plants are very competitive out-growing native plants. It’s not palatable by animals and contains iridoid glucoside compounds which can be toxic to livestock.

The other yellow tall, wide and bushy at the top plant is the annual European Tumble Mustard (Sisymbrium altisimm). Once it dries out in the fall, it breaks off and spreads its seeds by tumbling in the wind. This weed can be grazed by livestock or most broadleaf herbicides will control it.

There are several management approaches to controlling weeds. Timing is very important, the best times to spray any perennial weed; the bloom stage, if you miss this window than after the first frost in the fall. For the best herbicides to use contact your local County Weed and Pest office, not the local farm store. Mowing and fire are not an effective control method and can cause some weeds to spread faster. Do not indiscriminately use pesticides or rodent poisons, they can get into your well water or poison non-target animals. Use pesticides wisely, read the label.

There are some biological controls where live natural enemies of the weed are used to reduce its population. This requires time and patience to work. You cannot mix chemical controls with biological controls. It’s one or the other, but not both. A good reference book for this is; “Biological Control, of Invasive Plants in the United States” This book is an anthology of research.

Native plants form a vital habitat for many animals from bees, butterflies to mammals, weeds prevent or alter this. Let your prairie go wild, control the weeds, only mow around the house and out buildings. Grasses that are well adapted to the area and easy to grow from seed; Western Wheatgrass, Thickspike Wheatgrass, Intermediate Wheatgrass and many others. There is a very narrow window to plant grass, those times are October to May 15, after that you need to wait, it’s all about natural rain and snow. Once established they take very little water. They do not need to be mowed. A healthy prairie will out compete weeds. Prairie grass stops growing mid-to the end of May. What you see on June 1 is all you will get for the rest of the growing season.

The prairie is home to numerous birds like; Meadow Lark, Lark Bunting, Horned Lark, and Killdeer who nest and raise their young on the ground, hidden in the prairie grass. These birds have a diet of insects and seeds. Nesting season is March to July. Be cautious with herbicides, 2-4D is toxic to birds.

Good management of your prairie grass can help prevent soil erosion, reduce snow drifting help recharge your well and reduce fire danger. Research shows; un-mowed tall grass prairie is cooler, the soil holds more moisture, has less weeds, less ground squirrels and deters prairie dogs.

Mow less play more, enjoy the views and wildlife.

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Don’t gamble; take all your savings and buy some good stock and hold it ‘til it goes up, then sell it. If it don’t go up, don’t buy it.

– Will Rogers

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If you’re ridin’ ahead of the herd, take a look back every now and then to make sure it’s still there.

– Will Rogers

Livestock water needs on pasture

By Jerry Volesky, UNL

As summertime temperatures begin to heat up and cattle are on pasture, it’s important to make sure there is adequate water for livestock. How much do cattle need and where should it come from?

The water requirements for cattle depend on their size, class, and environmental conditions. High humidity and greater temperatures also increase water demand. A University of Georgia study lists water requirements for days when the daily high temperature is 90°F. With these conditions, growing or lactating animals need two gallons of water per 100 pounds of body weight. This means a 1400-pound, lactating cow will need close to 28 gallons of water daily with 90°F daily highs. If the calves are 250 pounds, they will need about 5 gallons. Again, some of the water will come from grazed forage. Make sure water tanks or water points are accessible for smaller calves.

Having fresh, clean water should also be a priority. With dry conditions this year in many parts of Nebraska, water quality from water sources such as dugouts or ponds and dams may not be ideal. The ability to have water close by should also be a goal, although sometimes it’s simply not possible. More water locations can help meet the water demand but could also help grazing distribution too. Cattle will receive some of their daily water requirements when they are consuming high moisture feedstuffs such as fresh forage when grazing pasture, silages, or green chopped feeds. Feeds that are high-energy increase the water requirement. Keep an eye on water this summer and make sure livestock have enough, good quality water available.

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If we did all the things we are capable of doing, we would literally astound ourselves.

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A humble knowledge of oneself is a surer road to God than a deep searching of the sciences.

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Light tomorrow with today!

DRILLS & SEEDERS

Check out our selection of good used seeding tools for spring.

2021 John Deere N560F drill with 60-ft., 10” spacing, double shoot air package, All Run Blockage, cast serrated closing wheels, spoked narrow gauge wheel, tow behind air cart, tank scales C850, SN 1A8C850HLMK790125. Stock

#84934

$729,000 (1)

#82629

$142,500 (1)

New Holland PS2070 60-ft. hoe drill, 10” spacing, PS 1060 cart, roughly 25,000 acres. Stock #86634 $55,000 (11)

#85059

2021 John Deere N560F air drill, loaded with all the options, 60-ft, 10” spacing, mid row banding, double shoot, relative flow All Run Blockage on seed and fertilizer, cast serrated closing wheel, narrow spoked gauge wheel, 850 bushel tow behind tank, tank scales, section command, dual IF 850/75R42 rear tires, IF 900/75R32 front tires. Stock #85059 $697,500 (1)

2022 John Deere N560 no-till air drill with 60-ft. 10” spacing, Pro Series opener with TruSet down pressure control, single shoot, narrow spoked gauge wheel, crumbler closing wheel, JD relative flow blockage, 430 tow between 1910 cart (no section control), 2 black and 1 green roller, 12-ft. conveyor with KSI flip over hopper. Stock #84739 $425,000 (14)

2017 John

1890 no till drill, 60-ft with 7.5” spacing, 550 bushel 1910 tow behind hydraulic drive cart with section control, spoked gauge wheels, All Run Blockage, 12” conveyor with KSI hopper and wireless control, duals on cart, new disks just installed. Stock #82629 $267,500 (1)

2012 John Deere 1860 60-ft. no till drill, 10” spacing, single shoot air package for tow between cart, All Run Blockage system for seed, 430 bushel cart, Uniforce down pressure system. Stock #86592 $192,500 (12)

#85903

2022 New Holland P2060 brand new 60-ft. 10” spacing, single shoot, brand new Intelligent Ag Blockage with iPad, tow between cart with duals, SN:YKS084028. Stock #85903 $345,000 (1)

2012 Case IH ATX 400 58-ft. hoe drill, 12” spacing, single shoot, 1” carbide points, 4” press wheels, with Case IH 3430 430 bushel 3-tank variable rate cart, SN:YBS015143. Stock #86161

$44,500 (11)

2005 Case IH ATX4812 drill, 48-ft. wide, 12” spacing, rubber packer wheels, 1” tips, includes 3380 tow behind cart. Stock #83627 $36,500 (1)

2006 FlexiCoil 4350/5000 HD 57-ft. air drill, 5000 HD tool with 4350 cart, 10” spacing, single shoot with Intelligent Ag Blockage. Stock #86168 $45,000 (12)

#86294

2015 John Deere 1830 hoe drill, 61-ft., 7.5” spacing, single shoot mechanical depth control, 550# opener on 4 ranks, 3x21” steel press wheels, dual main and wing caster wheels, 1910 tow between cart SN:1A81910TKEZ760254. Stock #86294

$107,500 (1)

888-397-6851

Bank: 888-673-9310

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888-213-2793

Deere

2011 John Deere 1890 60-ft. drill, 7.5” spacing, single shoot, 6 run double shoot system, single shoot air package for tow behind cart, All Run Blockage warning system. Stock #83118

COMBINES

Did your harvest not go as planned with unexpected break downs & expensive service bills? We still have several affordable units to choose from.

#84935

2022 John Deere X9 1100 with Signature Edition-Ultimate cab package, Active Yield with moisture sensor, ProDrive XL transmission Dyna Flo cleaning shoe, regular wear grain handling, 31-ft. folding unloading auger, extra fine chopper, 750/65R26 rear tires, 1100/50R42 front tires, axle spacers. Stock #84935 $775,000 (1)

#85156

2021 John Deere 780 with Contour Master with fore/aft, premium cab, with cloth seat, LED lights with extremity, Combine Adviser, Active Yield, 4600 display (no extended monitor), no receiver, TriStream rotor, power folding grain tank, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, 580/85R42 duals, 750/65R26 rear, fine cut chopper, Advanced PowerCast tailboard, grain tank mirror, side hill performance kit. Stock #85156 $505,000 (14)

2020 John Deere S780 473 hp, 2WD, Pro Drive transmission, advanced PowerCast tailboard, TriStream rotor, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, Combine Advisor, Premium Activation with Gen 4 monitor and SF6000 receiver, 520-85R 42 tires with duals, and 750/65R26 rear tires. Stock #81411 $450,000 (12)

#84964

2021 John Deere S790 with premium cab with leather and premium radio, extended wear package, Active Yield, Combine Advisor, guidance, Pro Drive transmission with Harvest Smart, TriStream rotor with extended wear, power folding GT covers, fine cut chopper with PowerCast tailboard, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, 1100 LSW front tires and 750LSW rear tires. Stock #84964 $489,000 (1)

2021 John Deere S790 with premium cab with leather and premium radio, extended wear package, Active Yield, Combine Advisor, guidance, Pro Drive transmission with Harvest Smart, TriStream rotor with extended wear, power folding GT covers, fine cut choppeer with PowerCast tailboard, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, 1100 LSW front tires and 750LSW rear tires. Stock #84965 $489,900 (1)

2019 John Deere S790 473 hp, 2WD, 671 engine hours, 496 separator hours, Pro Drive transmission with Harvest Smart, advanced PowerCast tailboard, TriStream rotor, fixed speed feederhouse, power folding GT extensions, small wire concaves, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, 1100/45R46 front tires, 710/60R30 rear tires, GPS monitor, display, Premium Activation. Stock #72735...$405,000 (1)

2021 John Deere S780 with premium cab, Moisture Yield sensor, Combine Advisor, Pro Drive transmission with Harvest Smart, regular wear grain handling package, fine cut chopper, 520/85R42 front tires with duals, 750/65R26 rear tires, side hill performance package, guidance, power folding GT covers, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, PowerCast tailboard. Stock #86522 $520,000 (12)

2021 John Deere S780 with Contour Master with fore/aft, premium cab with cloth seat, LED lights with extremity, Combine Advisor, Active Uield, 4600 Display (no extended monitor), no receiveer, TriStream rotor, power folding grain tank, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, 580/85R42 duals, 750/65R26 rear, fine cut chopper, Advanced PowerCast tailboard, grain tank mirror, side hill performance kit. Stock #85155 $505,000 (14)

2007 John Deere 9760 STS small grain, singles, yield monitor, Contour Master (lateral tilt feeder house), premium cab, Contour Master, flat face feed house with high-torque, PosiTorq variable speed drive, extra heavy duty reverser and integral oil cooler, premium heater control package, GreenStar harvest monitor (yield monitoring) system with GreenStar display. Stock #83545

$60,000 (12)

2020 John Deere S780 with premium cab, LED lights and extremity lights, SF6000, Combine Advisor, Active Yield and moisture sensor, Pro Drive with Harvest Smart, TriStream rotor with extended wear package, power folding grain tank covers, 28.5-ft unloading auger, fine cut chopper, PowerCast tailboard. Stock #84957 $445,000 (1)

2019 John Deere S780 with premium cab with leather, LED lights, guidance, Combine Advisor, Active Yield, Pro Drive transmission with Harvest Smart, TriStream rotor, power folding covers, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, fine cut chopper, 520/85R42 tires with duals, side hill performance kit. Stock #85868 $410,000 (12)

2019 John Deere S780 with Contour Master with fore & aft, TriStream rotor, Active Yield, Combine Advisor, premium cab, with leather, heat, LED lights with extremity, 4600 display (no extended monitor), no receiver, small wire concaves, fine cut Advanced PowerCast tailboard, power folding grain tank, 28.5ft. unloading auger, IF520/85R42 duals, 750/65R26 rear, grain tank mirror, side hill performance kit. Stock #85153 $395,000 (14)

2020 John Deere S780 with premium cab, LED lights and extremity lights, SF6000, Combine Advisor, Active Yield and moisture sensor, Pro Drive transmission with Harvest Smart, TriStream rotor with extended wear package, power folding grain tank covers, 28.5-ft. unloading auger, fine cut chopper with PowerCast tailboard. Stock #84954 $395,000 (1)

2018 John Deere S780 with premium cab, Command Center with 4600 display, Active Terrain, Active Yield, ProDrive transmission, Harvest Smart, fixed speed, power folding covers, 28.5-ft. unloading auger. Stock #79048 $337,500 (3)

2022 John Deere S770 with Command Touch feederhoouse with fore/aft, TriStream rotor, 2WD (Pro Drive), small wire concaves, Active Yield, Combine Advisor (once cameras come in), 4600 display with premium activation, no receiver, Advanced Tailboard, power folding grain tank extensions, 520/85R42 duals, 750/65R26 rear, LED lights with extremity, premium radio, sidehill perfornance kit. Stock #86179...$508,000 (14)

2022 John Deere S770 with Command Touch feederhouse with fore/aft, TriStream rotor, 2WD (Pro Drive) small wire concaves, Active Yield, Combine Advisor (once cameras come in) 4600 display with premium activation, no receiver, Advanced tailboard, power folding grain tank extensions, premium radio, sidehill performance kit. Stock #86178 $510,000 (14)

2015 John Deere S690 with Advanced Tailboard, Contour Master with fore & aft, fixed speed FH, HID lights, premium cab and radio, IF900/60R32 singles, 750/65R26 rear, 26-ft. unloading auger, TriStream rotor, inlcudes a 2630 on the armrest with AutoTrac and A 3000 receiver. Stock #82920 $260,000 (14)

2012 John Deere S680 with hi-torq fixed speed drive, premium cab, HID lights, TriStream rotor, 26-ft. unload auger, PowerCast tailboard, GS3 2630 display, rear 750/65R26 tires, front 900/65R32.

Stock #82252 $132,500 (1)

2012 John Deere S680 small grain with 2WD, duals, Yield Monitor, Contour Master (lateral tilt feeder house), power folding bin extension, premium cab with premium radio, HID lighting package and header extremity light, AutoTrac ready with Harvest Monitor, touchscreen GS3 Command Center, 7 inch color display, Pro Drive transmission with Harvest Smart feed rate control.

Stock #82961 $136,000 (12)

2013 John Deere S670 with premium cab and radio, HID lights, AutoTrac readu, 7” armrest display, 3 speed transmission, 2WD, TriStream rotor, 26-ft. auger, manual vane tailboard, 520/85R42 duals and 28L-26 rear tires, small wire concaves comes with receiver and AutoTrac activation (assuming AutoTrac activation is on the armrest display. Stock #81471 $114,000 (11)

2011 John Deere 9770STS with CM variable speed feeder house, high ift FH cylinders, 3 speed transmission, not Pro Drive, 26-ft. unloadung auger, dual 520/85T42 = 30% (cracks) 28L-26 rear, chopper with PowerCast tailboard, slow speed feed accelerator. Stock #86760 $85,000 (14)

2006 John Deere 9660 STS corn/bean combine with GreenStar display, yield monitor, chopper, dual tires. Stock #86917 $75,000 (12)

#83004

2004 John Deere 9660 STS small grain, 2WD, GreenStar less mapping with display, general purpose chaffer, small wire concave, wide spaced tube radiator, high capacity lift cylinders, fixed rear axle heavy duty spindles, manual vane tailboard, 300 bushel grain tank extension. Stock #83004 $60,000 (1)

2005 John Deere 9660 STS small grain combine, singles, chopper, Yield Monitor, FH level land, fixed speed feeder house, no CM, Harvest Smart header control, Touch Set unloading system, high capacity. Stock #83544

$55,000 (12)

2004 John Deere 9660 STS with level land and fixed speed feeder house, high capacity feeder house, lift cylinders, single point hydraulics, touchset controls, 300 bushel tank, extensions, chopper, 30.5-32 front and 18.4-26 rears, no GPS. Stock #86529

$55,000 (14)

#86872

2013 John Deere S680 with ProDrive transmission, HD hi torque fixed speed drive, TriStream rotor, 26-ft. unload auger, Advnaced PowerCast tailboard, fine cut chopper, premium cab and radio, HID lights. Stock #86872

$147,000 (2)

2004 John Deere 9660 STS with Harvest Yield monitor, spreader, fine cut chopper, chaff spreader, 800/65R-32 front tires, 18.4-26 rear tires, 300 bushel, grain tank extensions, axle spacers. Stock #86841 $52,000 (12)

1=Conrad: 877-278-5531

2=Cut Bank: 800-273-5530

3=Choteau: 866-466-5741

4=Dillon: 888-213-2793

2012 John Deere S670 with ProDrive, HD hi-torque fixed speed drive, TriStream rotor, 26-ft. unload auger, Advanced PowerCast tailboard, fine cut chopper, power fold grain tank cover. Stock #86871

$122,000 (1)

2011 John Deere 9770 STS with Contour Master variable speed feeder house, high lift feeder house cylinders, 3 speed transmission, NOT ProDrive, 26-ft. unloading auger, dual 520/85R42 = 30% (cracks), 600/65R28 rear, chopper with PowerCast tailboard, sidehill kit on chaffer, slow speed feed accelerator. Stock #86761 $88,000 (14)

11=Lewistown: 800-823-3373

12=Havre: 800-621-5701

13=Chester: 406-759-5010

14=Great Falls: 888-760-2005

15=Belgrade: 866-282-3337

16=Livingston: 800-824-3932

John Deere 7720 combine with 224 header, cab, shopper, single tires. Stock #86814 $10,000 (1)

LOADERS FOR SALE

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Another senior moment, Father. Sigh. I was going to drop off a bag of food at the homeless shelter, but when I arrived I realized the bag was filled with empty containers for the recycling center. That means I put the bag of food at the curb for recycling! I need your help every day.

SIZZLINGSUMMERSALE

TRUCKLOADPRICING

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3-4”x7’Driver...........$7.25

4-5”x7’Driver.........$11.00

4-5”x8’Driver.........$14.11

5-6”x7’Driver.........$14.50

BOZEMAN (406)924-4802

BILLINGS (406)259-6511

How are drones used in crop science?

American Society of Agronomy

Did you know about the new world of drones that help produce each bite of your meal? The July 22nd Sustainable, Secure Food Blog looks at how drones are being used in crop science.

According to blogger Filipe Matias, drone advancements and lower costs have helped drones become more common in the daily activities of crop science research. They can replace the hard work of walking through fields, taking measurements, and identifying problems. They help scientists accelerate discoveries and reduce labor costs to create more nutritious, high-yielding, and flavorful crops.

The sun emits radiation, which is called the “electromagnetic spectrum.” This includes the visible light that we see and also microwaves, near infrared waves, x-ray, and gamma-rays. We can “see” different parts of the spectrum by attaching specific sensors to drones, just like wearing night vision goggles to detect the heat of people hiding in the woods. By using sensors and drones, we can 1) distinguish plants from their surroundings and 2) capture images of the inner workings of crops.

Non-ClimbWireRedBrandNon-ClimbWire

Prices for Stock On Hand through 9.10.23

GREATFALLS (406)727-3661

KALISPELL (406)755-7650

NOWSERVINGWhiteSulphurSprings

WWW.MONTANAFENCE.COM

Big Timber, MT 406-860-8510

SureTrac 81/2 x 27+5, goose neck deckover, 25.9K GVW, wide ramps, 14 ply tires, dual jacks, electric brakes. Was $18,995 Now $17,995

Haul Your Bumper Hay Crop With An EZ Haul Hay Trailer In Stock! Call for Prices!

SureTrac 6 x 10 LoPro dump, 10K GVW, ramps, dual rear gate, tarp, charger, electric brakes. Was $8495 Now $7995

Just like you can tell that a person is looking pale and green in the face if they are sick, we can use drones to measure the health of plants. We can use drones and sensors to scan a field for the presence of crop diseases or low crop productivity. Even more impressive, a map of the location of unhealthy plants can be built to then guide a spraying drone so that pesticides or fertilizers can be applied specifically and directly to disease-stricken plants. Research in crop science includes discovering which sensors and parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are useful for measuring plant health and even to distinguish specific crop diseases.

Telling different species of plants apart by eye is no easy feat. But we can use drones to distinguish weeds from crops. We can find weeds because different plant species use the energy from the Sun’s electromagnetic spectrum in different ways. Those differences can be detected using the sensors on drones.

Once weeds are detected, spraying drones now can be used to eliminate weeds in the field with targeted herbicide application. This targeted spraying is sustainable, reducing herbicide use, labor costs, human health, and environmental impacts.

In the future, drones could be used more and more by farmers and scientists to make people’s lives easier. With the reducing costs of drones, sensors, and tools to use the data, they will become more accessible worldwide. Drones are used to help make decisions to produce what you are eating.

Pricing CRP hay

By Shannon Sand, UNL

Sure Trac 7 x 16 ATV, 10K GVW, side/rear ramps, electric brakes. Was $5595 Now $5295

SureTrac 81/2x24 deckover, power tilt, 15K GVW, 34” deck height, D-rings, electric brakes, LED lights, more. Was $11,595 Now $11,295

SureTrac 81/2 x 20 Deckover, 14K GVW, ramps, 12K jack, electric brakes, D rings. Was $8595 Now $8195

DCT 7x20 equipment, 16K GVW, 14 ply tires, rear stow ramps, electric brakes. Was $7995....Now $7595

There have been some questions recently about how to price Conservation Reserve Program or CRP hay.

CRP is a federally funded voluntary program that contracts with agricultural producers so that environmentally sensitive agricultural land is not farmed or ranched. Participants establish long-term, resource conserving plant species, such as approved grasses or trees known as “covers.

There are two ways to hay CRP land either via emergency authorization or a non-emergency haying and grazing option. In general, non-emergency haying may be done every two years, but may reduce annual CRP government payments.

Look 7 x 14 V-nose cargo, rear cargo door, extra height, 7K GVW. Was $7995 Now $7695

SureTrac 81/2 x 20 + 5 Gooseneck deckover, 15K GVW, wide ramps, dual jacks, electric brakes. Was $11,595 Now $11,295

2023 SureTrac 7x18 car hauler, 7K GVW, removable fender, brakes. Was $4995.....Now $4595

2023 SureTrac 7x20 car hauler, 10K GVW, winch plate, removable fender, brakes. Was $5995.....Now $5595

2022 HP 76x10 steel side utility, rear ramp, 15” tires. Was $3095.....Now $2295

HP 7x16 LoPro dump, 14K GVW, scissor hoist, combo rear gate, tarp, charger. Was $12,495.....Now $11,995

SureTrac 7x16+4 equipment tilt, 14K GVW, hyd. cylinder lock, Drings, LED lights and more. Was $8595.....Now $8195

SureTrac 81/2”x20+5 B, pull deckover, 15K GVW, wide ramps, LED lights, EZ lube hubs, D-rings. Was $10,295.....Now $9895

SureTrac 7x20 equipment, 14K GVW, stand-up ramps, 10 ply tires, D-rings, stake pockets, rub rail, electric brakes. Was $6595.....$6395

After we clear the hurdle of harvesting CRP land for hay, the next question to arise is how to price the hay either for your own use or for sale. In this case knowing the quality of hay can help producers get a better idea of the forage market value. Hay quality can affect the bottom line and/or have negative consequences for herd health and fertility.

Once a producer has an idea of the quality of forage there are multiple sources to get an idea of going rates for your hay, such as hay auctions (broken down by region and type of hay), as well as the USDA weekly hay report for Nebraska.

If you are feeding your hay to your cattle, the Nebraska farm custom rates report at cap.unl.edu calculates the costs of haying. The value of standing forage can be evaluated using the UNL Standing Forage Excel Tool at cap.unl.edu/ forage. Finally, the UNL Feed cost Cow-q-lator (found most easily by Googling Feed Cost Cow-q-lator) can help calculate costs within a ration. Knowing the forage quality is helpful whether you are feeding your own livestock or planning to sell it.

2007 John Deere 64 loader. Runs perfect. Good rubber, 14,000 hours, 3rd valve.........$65,000 2001 Komatsu 250 loader, 8300 hours, Quick tach forks. Nice and straight. $42,000

USDA announced historic investment in

wildlife conservation

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is announcing that it will expand its work on wildlife conservation by investing at least $500 million over the next five years and by leveraging all available conservation programs, including the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), through its Working Lands for Wildlife (WLFW) effort. These commitments, which align with President Biden’s Investing in America agenda, will ramp up the conservation assistance for farmers, ranchers, private forest owners and tribes with a focus on working lands in key geographies across the country as well as hiring for key conservation positions. The funding will help deliver a series of cohesive Frameworks for Conservation Action, which establish a common vision across the partnership of public and private interests and goals for delivering conservation resources in a given ecosystem, combining cutting-edge science with local knowledge.

The new funding includes $250 million from the Agricultural Conservation Easement Program (ACEP) and $250 million from the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP). Today’s announcement builds off more than a decade of growing Farm Bill investments in wildlife habitat, and serves as a roadmap to leveraging both Farm Bill funding and the historic investments from the Inflation Reduction Act to guide conservation efforts. USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and Farm Service Agency (FSA) will coordinate this work through WLFW, which focuses on voluntary, locally-led efforts that benefit wildlife and agricultural communities.

“When you find a conservation approach that works, double down—and that’s what we’re doing with Working Lands for Wildlife,” said Robert Bonnie, USDA’s Under Secretary for Farm Production and Conservation, who briefed state leaders today at the Western Governors Association meeting in Boulder, Colorado. “America’s farmers, ranchers, forest owners and tribes steward the majority of our nation’s wildlife habitat, and our work with them has yielded enormous gains for sage grouse, longleaf pine, and other species and ecosystems. Working Lands for Wildlife is ready to go to the next level, and today’s incorporation of the Conservation Reserve Program into its vision is a major leap forward. We pledge to keep building the policy, funding, and human capacity to deliver large-scale, working-lands conservation well into the future.”

USDA is committed to investing a range of resources to implement WLFW Frameworks, including traditional Farm Bill and newly available funds from the Inflation Reduction Act. The Frameworks are an important part of NRCS’s work to implement the Inflation Reduction Act, as wildlife habitat conservation in forests, grasslands and sagebrush can also provide important carbon storage opportunities and climatemitigation benefits. These dedicated funds will be invested alongside other USDA resources like CRP and leveraged by hundreds of conservation partners across the country. This announcement will immediately benefit two of WLFW’s newest priorities. In the western U.S., at least $40 million of EQIP and ACEP funding will go toward USDA’s ongoing efforts to help conserve migratory big game habitat, allowing a continuation of an existing partnership with the state of Wyoming and an expansion to the neighboring states of Idaho and Montana. In 25 central and eastern U.S. states, an additional $14 million in new EQIP funding

will be dedicated to conservation of bobwhite quail and associated species in the grasslands and savannas of the central and eastern U.S. Additionally, Inflation Reduction Act funding will also build outcomes for northern bobwhite recovery as over 3.5 million acres will help mitigate greenhouse gases.

Science and Staff Support

Successful delivery of WLFW hinges on developing Frameworks and, with their guidance, delivering enough of the right conservation in the right places to generate desired outcomes. This requires scientists to help identify priorities, develop planning tools, and have enough staff available to work with producers to develop customized conservation plans while recognizing that each producer’s operation is unique.

To meet these needs, USDA is committing new funding and human resources, including $30 million over five years to help implement the Farm Bill investments by bolstering the WLFW team’s science and coordination capacity through partnerships. Additionally, WLFW will benefit from NRCS’ hiring initiative meant to increase boots on the ground to assist producers, states, tribes and other partners to meet their climate and conservation goals.

Frameworks for Conservation Action

WLFW Frameworks establish a common vision and conservation goals for a given ecosystem, combining cutting-edge science with the deep local knowledge held by landowners, states and tribes. With key priorities and threats identified, the Frameworks are then used to align and funnel multiple funding streams to maximize outcomes at large scales across state boundaries. Whereas historically NRCS has delivered WLFW, today’s commitment unites NRCS and FSA to seamlessly deliver this focused, win-win approach to wildlife conservation.

As an illustration of the Frameworks’ utility and impact, in the Sagebrush and Great Plains Grasslands ecosystems identified residential development, cropland conversion, invasive species, and woodland encroachment as key threats, and committed to addressing them across 11.5 million acres—an area five times the size of Yellowstone. Similarly, the Northern Bobwhite, Grasslands, and Savannas framework identified woodland encroachment, loss of prescribed burning, and climate change as major threats and WLFW set a goal of 7 million acres by 2027 across 25 central and eastern states.

Specifically, USDA will update three existing WLFW frameworks in the Sagebrush Biome, Great Plains Grasslands, and Northern Bobwhite, Grasslands and Savannas to newly integrate FSA’s Conservation Reserve Program. USDA will also work with partners on the ground to develop four new frameworks to be released in 2024-25:

Western Migratory Big Game: A strategy to maintain large and connected working lands in the West to help sustain some of our nation’s iconic wildlife migrations.

Eastern Deciduous Forest: A strategy to achieve forest health and habitat restoration that benefits declining wildlife dependent on young forests.

Eastern Aquatic Connectivity: A strategy to guide restoration of rivers and wetlands to support habitat connectivity in watersheds with significant at-risk species.

Southeastern Pine Ecosystems: A strategy to establish and maintain native pines with cultural, ecological and economic value.

“The Conservation Reserve Program

SELF-PROPELLED

2008

1800 hours. $62,000

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Haybuster 2650 processor $19,500

Woods RT60 rototiller $3600

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Woods SB74C snowblower with manual discharge $4949

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Woods TK72 72” finish mower $4600

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Silage sorghum irrigation

By Dr. Brent Bean, United Sorghum Checkoff Program agronomy Director

Silage production plays a critical role in the feedyard and dairy feed supply. Over the last few years there has been a steady increase in the acres planted to silage sorghum on the High Plains. The driving force behind this increase is the decrease in available irrigation water, along with increased daily temperatures and inconsistent rainfall. The amount of water required by silage sorghum will be dependent on the climatic conditions present that drive water demand (evapotranspiration) and the length of maturity of the hybrid.

The maturity length of the silage sorghum is critical in determining total water used during its growing season. The number of days it takes hybrids to reach harvest can vary by 20 days or more. In the 2022, Texas A&M AgriLife Bushland Forage Sorghum Silage Trial, 76 hybrids were compared ranging from 106 to 126 days to harvest. Using a conservative 0.25 inches of daily water use, this equals a difference of 5 inches of water used by the hybrids!

Earlier maturing hybrids do sacrifice some yield, but not as much as might be expected. In the 2022 trial, hybrids that were harvested after 106 days, yielded an average of 26.1 ton per acre compared to the hybrids harvested after 126 days that yielded 30.6 ton per acre of silage.

One of silage sorghum’s strengths is its ability to withstand an extended period of drought. This was evident during the drought of 2022 when, in late July, there were fields of silage sorghum in the Texas Panhandle that appeared almost dead but fortunately, rainfall began to occur and by midSeptember the sorghum had made a remarkable recovery.

An often asked question is how much water is needed to produce one ton of silage sorghum? Although more research is needed to answer this question under different environments, a good rule of thumb is to expect one ton of silage (65% moisture) for every inch of water available to the sorghum. When irrigation water is limited and must be rationed, it is better to stress the sorghum late in the season rather than during establishment or midseason when it is rapidly growing and adding biomass.

Considering the increasing concerns about water scarcity, sorghum silage is a favorable option for regions with limited water resources.

USDA announced investment

CONTINUED FROM PAGE C10

gives producers the tools and support to help integrate wildlife habitat and wildlife-friendly practices into the agricultural landscape,” said FSA Administrator Zach Ducheneaux. “We’re excited to partner with our sister agency and offer CRP’s signup options as part of this broader, strategic effort to support long-term wildlife conservation.”

“Working Lands for Wildlife is living proof that we can do better work when we work with our partners,” said NRCS Chief Terry Cosby. “Partnerships have been the building blocks of success over the years, and we look forward to our continued work with partners to help grow and shape voluntary conservation on private lands.”

About USDA’s Working Lands for Wildlife

WLFW is USDA’s premier approach for conserving American working lands to benefit people, wildlife and rural communities. While NRCS and FSA work every day at all levels to assist producers, states, tribes and other conservation partners with their conservation priorities, WLFW steps in to facilitate their work on cross-cutting, national priorities that can only be addressed through coordination at an ecosystem scale.

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Established in 2010, WLFW has teamed up with leading scientists and conservation partners as well as more than 8,400 producers to conserve or restore nearly 12 million acres of working lands, with tremendous benefits. WLFW has helped many sensitive species in their recovery, including the greater sage-grouse in the West, New England cottontail in the Northeast, golden-winged warbler in Appalachia and gopher tortoise in the Southeast. In large part because of the voluntary conservation efforts on private lands though WLFW, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has in some cases determined that species listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) was no longer warranted thanks to recoveries made possible by these WLFW efforts.

Through WLFW, NRCS also partners with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to provide participants with regulatory predictability under ESA. Similar to an insurance policy, predictability provides participating landowners with peace of mind that no matter the future legal status of a species, they can keep their working lands working with an approved conservation plan in place.

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• Increased early season vigor

• Phosphorus and Zinc to drive rooting & cold start the crop.

• Zinc to help with early season hormone production, ie. Auxin for root and shoot growth.

• Convey Technology to help with early season stresses, such as cool soils and excess moisture. It also improves nutrient use efficiency.

• Other essential nutrients target at each specific crop, ie. Boron for cell wall strength; Manganese for efficient photosynthesis.

• Second chance for a starter fertilizer

• Formulations are targeted at early season root growth (more root = more efficient moisture and nutrient uptake).

• Proactive way of managing the crops nutritional requirement.

• Convey Technology helps with early season stresses such as cool soils, excess moisture, and drought. Also improves nutrient use efficiency.

• Speeds up recovery from herbicide hangover - the correct supply of nutrients helps the crop metabolize the herbicide more quickly.

• Contains novel Phosphorus nutrition, providing increased nutrient uptake and movement within the plant.

• Targeted at the reproductive phse of the plant.

• Proactive way of managing the crops utritional requirement

• Contains other essential nutrients targeted for each specific crop, ie. Boron to aid pollen tube growth, Zinc to help produce Auxin, to ensure healthy pollen tube growth.

Consider annual forages and cover crops when hay production is down

North Dakota State University

Another challenging year for spring moisture has created a deficit in hay production across much of the Dakotas and Minnesota, leaving ranchers to consider options to increase their forage supply. Lack of rainfall from mid-May to midJune impacted forage production of perennial grass hay fields such as brome grass, crested wheatgrass, timothy and orchardgrass. State-wide reports have indicated as much as a 40% decline in hay production compared to the previous year.

“Recent precipitation may make annual forages and cover crops viable forage options for hay production or grazing,” says Miranda Meehan, North Dakota State University Extension livestock environmental stewardship specialist.

Despite recent rains, available soil moisture and recommended planting dates will limit options. Forage species selected will vary based on primary planned use: hay, fall grazing, or next spring haying or grazing.

Recommended forage species for hay production

“The best options this late in the growing season will be warm-season forages,” says Kevin Sedivec, NDSU Extension rangeland management specialist. “Foxtail millets have the shortest growing period (seed germination to heading). With droughty conditions, Siberian millet may be the best option; however, under better moisture conditions, German millet could be a better option to maximize production potential. Other options include sudangrass and sorghumsudangrass hybrids.”

These warm-season crops should be planted by no later than late July or early August. Harvest before a hard frost or directly following the hard frost to retain forage quality and palatability. Sudangrass and the sorghum-sudangrass hybrids have higher yield potential, but because of the shorter daylength and cooler temperatures in late summer and early fall, sufficient dry down to put up hay can be difficult when using a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid. A dry stalk trait is available in some sorghum-sudangrass hybrids that speeds drying time due to stalks containing a lower moisture content.

Recommendation for fall/winter grazing

Many forage options can be planted now and grazed late summer through early winter. Foxtail millet, sudangrass and sorghum-sudangrass can also be used as pasture. However, once they freeze, livestock tend to be more selective and increase waste through trampling. Following a killing freeze, allow sorghum species to completely dry down before grazing to minimize prussic acid potential.

Cool-season cover crop mixtures make excellent pasture well into the early winter period. However, cool-season plants are less efficient at using water and will be more prone to fail if dry conditions persist. Make sure ample topsoil moisture is available for plant establishment.

A good option for a fall and winter grazing mix is a seed mixture with a combination of cool and warm-season crops. The cool-season crops will retain nutritional quality after a freeze while the warm-season crop provides fiber for energy and proper rumen function. Cool-season cover crop options may include a mixture of oats, barley, turnips or radish.

Recommendation for spring grazing or haying in 2024

Winter annuals can be a great option for spring grazing or late spring hay, helping to reduce pressure on already stressed rangeland and pastures while providing cover on the soils. September is the optimal planting date for winter annuals; however, they can be seeded in August if moisture conditions are good. Options include winter wheat, winter rye and winter triticale. Winter annuals can be utilized for early season grazing or harvested for hay in June.

Winter rye and triticale will be the best option for grazing in May through early June. Both winter rye and triticale can be harvested for hay by early June Winter wheat produces less foliage in May and will provide a better option for high quality hay in late June.

When to Purchase Hay

“If you plan to purchase hay to offset a shortage, we recommend sourcing hay early this year,” says James Rogers, NDSU Extension forage crops production specialist.

Severe to extreme drought persists throughout much of the Central Plains states and Corn Belt. Demand for hay is expected to be high in these regions, with producers sourcing hay from the Dakotas and Minnesota. With a depleted hay inventory projected throughout much of the Great Plains, hay prices are likely to increase from their current levels.

Consider annual forages

Precautions

Many annual forages have toxic risks when growing under stress. Cereal grains, turnips, sorghum species and millet can by high in nitrates when grown in droughty conditions. Do not add any additional nitrogen fertilizers when planting these forage crops this summer. Test for nitrate levels, especially if plant growth occurs under drought stress. Sorghum, sudangrass and sorghum-sudangrass hybrids are susceptible to prussic acid toxicity when immature, under stress or directly after a frost.

“We realize that producers are taking a risk in establishing an annual crop, given the dry conditions, and cost may be a factor,” Meehan says. “NDSU Extension has developed a cover crop cost calculator that provides the ability to estimate and compare the cost of different mixes.” The tool is available at: tinyurl.com/NDSUCoverCropCalculator

“Farmers may be reluctant to plant annual forages because of fear of soil moisture depletion and desire to recharge the soil,” say Sedivec. “If the cover crop develops enough structure, it will protect the soil from erosion while providing aid in trapping snow and reducing evaporation for moisture conservation, potentially improving soil moisture for spring planting, while providing forage for livestock.”

Important dates August 18-19

August 18, 1920 - The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, granting women the right to vote.

August 19, 1934 - In Germany, a plebiscite was held in which 89.9 percent of German voters approved granting Chancellor Adolf Hitler additional powers, including the office of president.

August 19, 1991 - Soviet hard-line Communists staged a coup, temporarily removing Mikhail Gorbachev from power. The coup failed within 72 hours as democratic reformer Boris Yeltsin rallied the Russian people. Yeltsin then became the leading power in the country. The Communist Party was soon banned and by December the Soviet Union itself disintegrated.

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1991 International 8300 Water Truck 3406B, 9 spd, Klein 3000 gallon tank, AC, PS, 60% 11r22.5’s, pto pump, front and rear spray, runs and drives good. $23,500

2000 Ford F650 5-yard Dump 26K GVW, 210 hp 3126 Cat diesel, Allison AT. PS, AB, 90% 22.5 tires, 10-ft. dump, air and electric trailer hookups, under CDL $26,500

1991 Autocar 12-yard Dump 425 hp Cat 3406B, 18 spd., Jake, lift axle, full lockers, 15.5ft. box, 60% 11R24.5’s, 700K miles, pintle hitch, air gate, runs and drives great $41,500

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1995 Ford F800 Compressor Truck 89K Miles, 5.9 Cummins, 5 spd. manual, AC, PS, PB, 24K gvw, hyd. reel handler, 375 cm JD diesel compressor, new 245/19.5 tires. $16,500

1997 Ford F800 Water Truck Reman 210 hp 5.9 Cummins, 6 spd., AB, AC, PS, 26K gvw, 2000 gallon tank, PTO pump, front, side and rear spray, 75% 22.5’s on aluminum wheels. $29,500

1997 Gradall 534c-10 Telehandler 4x4, 40’ lift height, 4BT Cummins, 7100 hrs, outriggers, 10K capacity, 60% 14.00x24 tires, runs and works great $41,500

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Wyoming researchers question value of sagebrush control in conserving sage-grouse

Efforts to improve sage-grouse habitat through conventional management practices may be ineffective—and even counterproductive—according to research by Wyoming scientists.

Sagebrush reduction strategies, including mowing and herbicide application, are often employed to enhance habitat for the greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) and other sagebrush-dependent species.

The theory is that clearing large sagebrush shrubs improves food sources in sagegrouse nesting and brood-rearing habitats by allowing other, more nutritious vegetation to grow with less competition. This in turn should increase invertebrate populations, another food source for sage-grouse.

But a new paper published in the journal Wildlife Monographs suggests these methods may be misguided.

In a nine-year experimental study, researchers examined how greater sagegrouse populations in central Wyoming responded to mowing and applying the herbicide tebuthiuron to Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata wyomingensis). According to their data, these treatments did not benefit the birds.

“Some managers think, ‘Treating sagebrush for wildlife is how it’s supposed to work, and we’ll keep doing it,’” says Jeff Beck, UW professor of ecosystem science and management and principal investigator for the study. “Hopefully this will get people to start thinking, ‘If we’re going to spend money to improve habitat, we’ve got to find some other ideas.’”

Beck’s co-authors include Kurt Smith, a former UW Ph.D. student who is now an ecologist with Western EcoSystems Technology; Jason LeVan, a former UW M.S. student who is now a range and wildlife conservationist for Pheasants Forever; Anna Chalfoun, UW associate professor and assistant unit leader of the U.S. Geological Survey Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; Stanley Harter, a wildlife biologist with the Wyoming Game and Fish Department; Thomas Christiansen, a retired Wyoming Game and Fish Department sage-grouse program coordinator; and Sue Oberlie, a retired Bureau of Land Management wildlife biologist.

The researchers tracked behaviors and survival rates of more than 600 female greater sage-grouse in response to mowing and tebuthiuron application. They also monitored effects on invertebrate populations, sagebrush and herbaceous vegeta-

tion. Throughout the study, responses were compared to untreated plots near the treated areas as well as off-site control plots.

Pre-treatment data were collected 2011 through 2013; mowing and tebuthiuron applications were implemented in winter and spring 2014.

After six years (2014-2019) of post-treatment monitoring, Beck and his colleagues determined that sage-grouse responses to treatment were neutral at best. “Neither mowing nor tebuthiuron treatments influenced nest success, brood success, or female survival,” they reported.

Furthermore, treatments used to reduce Wyoming big sagebrush coverage resulted in slight avoidance by sage-grouse.

Invertebrates and herbaceous vegetation also did not respond positively to reduction of Wyoming big sagebrush, indicating treatments did not improve the quantity and quality of sage-grouse food sources.

Instead, reduction of Wyoming big sagebrush cover may negatively impact sagegrouse and other species that use sagebrush shrubs to nest and seek refuge from predators, the researchers suggest.

They predict that expanding experimental treatments to larger areas may reveal greater negative effects of Wyoming big sagebrush reduction on sage-grouse populations.

“Management practices that focus on the maintenance of large, undisturbed tracts of sagebrush will best facilitate the persistence of sage-grouse populations and other species reliant on the sagebrush steppe,” they wrote.

Their results are consistent with many other studies suggesting that controlling Wyoming big sagebrush negatively impacts wildlife. However, they caution, their findings should not be generalized to other sagebrush species and subspecies, such as mountain big sagebrush.

Rather than removing Wyoming big sagebrush, says Beck, conservation strategies should focus on removing encroaching pinyon and juniper and invasive species such as cheatgrass. These types of vegetation alter the sagebrush ecosystem and influence fire cycles, potentially damaging sage-grouse habitat.

Enhancing wet areas in sagebrush habitats is another promising strategy for improving the quality of sage-grouse broodrearing habitat, he notes.

To learn more about the study and its implications, contact Beck at jlbeck@uwyo. edu or (307) 766-6683.

or cell: 262-3081

Sage-grouse at Wilson Gulch in Fremont County. Photo by Stanley Harter, Wyoming Game and Fish Department.

Gene editing could rid sheep of problematic long tails

By Devin Rokyta, College of Veterinary Medicine, WSU

Longer tails have long given sheep producers across the globe problems — but a research project spearheaded by Washington State University graduate student Brietta Latham could eliminate the trait.

While breeds in other regions naturally have short tails, most domestic sheep have longer tails that can lead to hygienic concerns and health issues, including fly strike, a painful and potentially deadly condition caused by blowflies that lay their eggs on sheep. Industry standard has been to dock the animals’ tails, which can be painful for the sheep and time-consuming and costly for producers.

Latham was recently awarded a three-year fellowship by the United States Department of Agriculture for her proposal to develop a gene editing strategy to shorten the tails of Suffolk sheep and eliminate the need for tail docking. Suffolk sheep are one of the most widely produced sheep in the U.S.

“Our research will give the industry an alternative to tail docking and improve the animal welfare of our food production systems,” Latham said. “It will also improve production efficiency in that we don’t have to go through the costs and the labor associated with removing tails.”

Humans have been influencing genetics for centuries to select for desirable traits in both plants and animals. Traditionally, this has been accomplished through selective breeding, which can take generations to achieve the desired results. Latham, in her second year of doctoral studies under Professor Jon Oatley in WSU’s School of Molecular Biosciences, plans to accomplish this in a fraction of the time.

“Genetic modification has been happening since we started raising animals domestically — anytime we choose to breed one animal with another animal to improve a certain production trait, that is us performing genetic selection,” Latham said. “We’re really just speeding up the process by using gene editing tools in the lab.”

With CRISPR-Cas9, researchers like Latham can precisely edit specific sections of a cell’s genome by removing, adding or altering genes.

Earlier genetic research identified the gene suspected to be responsible for tail length in sheep. Latham plans to knock out or remove that gene in the embryos of sheep with long tails and replace it with the gene found in short-tailed breeds. She has used her strategy to successfully shorten tails in mice.

“This is a modification that already exists in sheep. We’re just taking this edit that we see occurring in short-tail sheep in China and Iran and we’re putting that into the sheep of European descent that have long tails,” Latham said.

The edited embryos will be transferred into female sheep, which, after a five-month gestation period, should give birth to healthy lambs with short tails. Those lambs should be able to pass on the desired trait to their offspring.

“The biggest thing with gene editing is making sure we get what we call germline transmission. We want the edits to show up in the gametes, the eggs and sperm that the edited animal is making,” she said. “That’s how we get transmission from generation to generation.”

People often incorrectly confuse gene editing with the more controversial genetic modification through transgenesis. Gene editing does not combine DNA from other species or attempt to create anything that would never happen in nature. Instead, gene editing seeks to bring about desirable changes in an animal species that could occur naturally but may take decades using selective breeding.

“This is a modification that’s seen naturally in sheep that people are eating,” Latham said, “so we know it is safe to put into the animals and that it’s not going to harm them or the people who are consuming them.”

Important dates August 11

August 11, 1841 - Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, spoke before an audience in the North for the first time. During an anti-slavery convention on Nantucket Island, he gave a powerful, emotional account of his life as a slave. He was immediately asked to become a full-time lecturer for the Massachusetts Antislavery Society.

August 11-16, 1965 - Six days of riots began in the Watts area of Los Angeles, triggered by an incident between a white member of the California Highway Patrol and an African American motorist. Thirty-four deaths were reported and more than 3,000 people were arrested. Damage to property was listed at $40 million.

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Stretch your pasture

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Warning signs and best treatment for bumblefoot chickens

Ty TooleParsons, County

Weaver Grain Bins

Have you noticed any of your chickens limping or swelling in one of their legs? If so, you must check them for bumblefoot. This common yet potentially dangerous bacterial infection can cause significant discomfort and even lead to severe complications if left untreated. However, with the right knowledge and tools, you can effectively prevent and treat bumblefoot in your chickens.

In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the causes, symptoms, and treatments of bumblefoot chicken, giving you the confidence to tackle this issue head-on, whether you fall in the backyard chicken keeper camp or are raising chickens on a farm. As always, if you need more help caring for your chickens, don’t hesitate to contact us. We’re here to support you every step of the way.

What Is Bumblefoot?

Bumblefoot, also known as pododermatitis, is a bacterial infection that affects chickens’ feet, typically caused by an injury that becomes contaminated with bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, E-coli, and Pseudomonas. This infection often manifests as a painful welt or abscess on the skin and can lead to swelling, soreness, and limping in the affected chicken. If left untreated, bumblefoot can spread to other tissues and tendons in the chicken’s foot, potentially causing severe complications and even becoming life-threatening.

The initial infection usually starts on the chicken’s food pad but can quickly spread to muscle, bone, and other tissues. That’s why it’s important always to pay attention to the health of your chickens and begin sick chicken treatment as soon as you notice something is off.

Staphylococcus aureus is a common staph infection present in many chicken coops. It’s important always to handle your birds carefully. Even healthy chickens can carry organisms that can make humans sick. So, you may want to wear gloves, dedicated clothing, and specific shoes when handling your chickens. Also wash your hands with warm water and soap before returning to your home.

What Are the Symptoms of Bumblefoot Chicken?

An abscess on a chicken’s foot from a bumblefoot infection

The symptoms of bumblefoot chicken include:

Limping or favoring one leg

Decreased activity

Swelling and soreness in the affected foot, especially in the chicken’s toes or footpad

A nasty welt or boil on the surface of the skin of the chicken’s feet

The boil on their feet can develop into an abscess if not treated promptly. It’s essential to regularly examine your chickens’ feet for any signs of injury or infection, as a diagnosis in the early stages and treatment can greatly improve the outcome and prevent further complications. To check their feet: Pay close attention to their legs and feel for any signs of a broken leg

Check the scales on the feet and legs. They should be smooth and closely adhered to each other. Upturned scales could be a sign of a scaly leg mite infestation.

Check the pads of the feet for calluses, inflammation, and infection. There should be no scratches, swelling, scabs, or ulcerations. If you notice a piece of debris, such as a splinter, in the chicken foot, it must be removed.

A severe case of bumblefoot infection

can spread to other tissues in the foot, potentially leading to more significant complications, such as bone infections or septicemia. Suppose you notice any of the above symptoms in your chickens. In that case, it’s crucial to immediately consult with a local vet experienced in treating poultry or avian species to ensure proper care and treatment.

What Causes Bumblefoot in Chickens?

Bumblefoot chicken causes are usually foot injuries that become infected with bacteria. Common causes of foot injuries include sharp or rough surfaces, jumping down from high roosts, or splinters from rough roosts or bedding. Other factors that can contribute to developing bumblefoot include wet or dirty bedding, cold weather, obesity, and poor nutrition. These conditions can weaken a chicken’s immune system, making them more susceptible to infections like bumblefoot.

To minimize the risk of bumblefoot in your flock, it’s essential to maintain good coop management practices, such as keeping the chicken coop clean and dry, avoiding sharp objects (such as wire flooring), and providing smooth but not slippery roosts. Proper nutrition and weight management can help prevent obesity-related bumblefoot issues, ensuring your chickens remain healthy and less prone to infection.

How Do You Treat Bumblefoot in Chickens?

Treating bumblefoot in chickens involves cleaning the wound, applying appropriate medications like triple antibiotic ointment, and dressing the wound in vet wrap to protect it from further contamination. You may also want to soak the chicken’s foot in a salt bath to treat it for the infection. Removing diseased tissue and veterinary attention may be necessary in severe cases. Antibiotics may also be required, depending on the culture and sensitivity test results, which will determine the most effective antibiotic for treating the specific bacteria causing the infection.

Remember, early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for optimal outcomes and preventing further complications.

What Can I Do to Prevent Bumblefoot Chickens?

Preventing bumblefoot in chickens involves proper foot injury treatment, good coop management, maintaining proper nutrition, and regular check-ups to monitor the health of your flock. Ensure your coop is clean and dry, free from sharp objects and chicken poop, and features smooth roosts to minimize the risk of foot injuries. A healthy diet is vital for overall chicken health and obesity prevention, which can contribute to bumblefoot.

Regularly inspect your chickens’ feet for any signs of injury or infection and address any issues promptly to prevent the development of bumblefoot. Additionally, keeping roosts at an appropriate height, grooming chickens regularly to remove discarded feathers and trim toenails, and preventing fighting among the flock can all help minimize the risk of bumblefoot. Taking these preventive measures can significantly reduce the likelihood of bumblefoot affecting your chickens and ensure a healthy, happy flock. #####

#####

The first minute of the day officially starts at 12:00 midnight.

The Manhattan cocktail was invented by Winston Churchill’s mother.

Subirrigated meadow hay

harvest

By Jerry Volesky, UNL

July traditionally means the beginning of the haying season for Sandhills subirrigated meadows. A key point related to the quality of meadow hay is harvest date. Crude protein and energy concentration decline as plants become stemmy and mature. As this happens, the types of livestock that can be fed that hay with little or no supplements become more limited.

A good practice can be to record harvest dates for different meadow fields. Quality of hay cut in early July could vary significantly compared to hay cut in late-July or August. Including notes if hay was impacted by rain before baling can also be useful. This information, along with hay tests can be useful when making hay feeding decisions this winter and next spring. Also remember that earlier meadow harvest will provide a longer regrowth period and extra growth for fall grazing.

Within some meadows, there can be variation in hay quality depending on plant species that are present. Sedges and rushes are most common in the wettest and lower parts of meadows and these species are lower in quality compared to grasses.

The extra rain received in central and western Nebraska this year has been mostly welcome. But excess rain can make some meadows impossible to even get in to cut the hay.

With the high demand for hay this year, most ranchers will wait until the ground dries and firms up enough to drive haying equipment over it. But the quality of this late cut hay will be lower.

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Montana producers have many conservation choices with Continuous CRP

Agricultural producers and landowners in Montana interested in conservation opportunities for their land in exchange for yearly rental payments can find many possibilities through the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Continuous Conservation Reserve Program (Continuous CRP). This option offers conservation benefits similar to others, like General and Grassland CRP, but also offers unique flexibility and several program choices.

“Creating sound conservation and climate-smart options for the agricultural community are top priorities for us,” said Maureen Wicks, State Executive Director for Montana USDA’s Farm Service Agency. “Continuous CRP is one of the best ways we can do that because it offers so many options. Producers across the country are currently participating in Continuous CRP with more than 8.2 million acres enrolled, proving that agriculture and conservation can be strong partners.”

The long-term goal of all CRP opportunities is to reestablish valuable land cover—helping to improve water quality, prevent soil erosion and reduce loss of wildlife habitat. Farmers enrolled in the program agree to remove environmentally sensitive land from agricultural production and plant species that will improve environmental health and quality in exchange for a yearly rental payment.

Under Continuous CRP, producers and landowners can enroll in CRP throughout the year. Offers are automatically accepted provided the producer and land meet the eligibility requirements and the enrollment levels do not exceed the statutory cap. The Climate-Smart Practice Incentive is also available in the Continuous signup.

There are several enrollment options within Continuous CRP, including:

State Acres For Wildlife Enhancement (SAFE)

The initiative restores vital habitat in order to meet highpriority state wildlife conservation goals.

Highly Erodible Lands Initiative (HELI)

Producers and landowners can enroll in CRP to establish long-term cover on highly erodible cropland that has a weighted erodibility index (EI) greater than or equal to 20.

Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP) Working with conservation partners, CREP leverages federal and non-federal funds to target specific state, regional, or nationally significant conservation concerns.

Farmable Wetlands Program

Producers and landowners can enroll land in CRP to restore previously farmed wetlands and wetland buffers, improving both vegetation and water flow.

USDA continues to improve conservation programs by looking for opportunities to broaden reach and accessibility for producers and landowners. The Department has enhanced Continuous CRP by expanding CLEAR30 from two pilot areas to nationwide availability and repositioning SAFE within Continuous CRP to give producers and landowners more opportunities to participate. In addition, the Department has improved CREP by creating flexibilities within CREP for partners to provide matching funds in the form of cash, in-kind contributions, or technical assistance, adding staff to work directly with partners, and partnering with three Tribal Nations, for the first time ever, to help conserve, maintain, and improve grassland productivity while reducing soil erosion and enhancing wildlife habitat.

To sign up, producers should contact the FSA at their local USDA Service Center.

Storing herbs

When the herbs are dry, either keep the leaves whole or crumble and pack into small jars.

Cover and label with the date, then store in a cool, dark place.

The shelf life of many herbs is one to two years, but his period is shorter if herbs are exposed to light, heat, and open air.

When herb seeds are to be used for cooking, the seeds should be stored whole and ground up as needed.

Freezing Herbs may also be frozen.

Rinse herbs in cold water the blanch in boiling, unsalted water for fifty seconds. Cool quickly in ice water, package, and freeze.

Dill, parsley, chives and basil can be frozen without blanching.

Water conservation efforts also prove to be profitable

By Pat Melgares, K-State Research and Extension news service

It’s been 10 years since the Kansas legislature passed a bill that gave groundwater management districts the authority to initiate voluntary steps to meet water conservation goals, and a Kansas State University agricultural economist says the state’s faith in farmers seems to be well placed.

Bill Golden said farmers in the Sheridan 6 Local Enhanced Management Area – a high priority area located within Groundwater Management District #4 in northwest Kansas – have reduced their water use by at least 20% compared to neighbors who have yet to commit to the LEMA. The original agreement began in 2013.

“I did an economic study between 2006 and 2013…and we predicted that farmers (participating in a LEMA) would lose money,” Golden said. “We thought that reducing water use was a great idea; it’s going to help the Ogallala Aquifer, but you’re going to lose some money.”

That has not turned out to be the case, according to Golden, who says that because they improved efficiency on their farm – such as taking advantage of available rainfall, implementing soil moisture monitors or changing their seeding and fertilizer rates – farmers actually are making more money on their cropland.

“At the end of the first five years (2018), the producers in Sheridan 6 decided to continue what they were doing,” Golden said. “In fact, Groundwater Management District No. 4 decided to have a district-wide LEMA.”

LEMAs became part of Kansas water law in 2012 when the state’s legislature passed SB 310. A LEMA is a producer-driven conservation program in which farmers form a contract with the Kansas Division of Water Resources to voluntarily reduce their use of water. The agreement can be for any amount of time and include whatever goals the farmers decide upon.

In the Sheridan 6 LEMA, farmers originally decided to reduce water use by 20% over five years, which amounted to an allocation of 55 inches of water per acre over a five-year period. Some years, they might use more of their allocation; other years, a little less.

“The Kansas Geological Survey monitors water levels in the Ogallala Aquifer and what they have found is that the levels used to drop 2-3 feet per year (prior to LEMAs),” Golden said. “Now, they’re finding that it’s dropping just 2-3 inches for the year. So in that area, we have nearly stabilized the depletion of the aquifer.”

Golden said farmers’ concerns at one time centered on a misunderstanding that the water in an aquifer moves quickly, which meant that if they didn’t use it today, it wouldn’t be there to use later on.

“But the Kansas Geological Survey has done a study that indicates that water is not moving (quickly),” Golden said. “The message for farmers is that the water you save today is going to be the water you can use next year or in 10 years from now, or 20 years from now.”

Golden said farmers also worried that using less water would reduce yields and thus make the value of land – particularly rented land – less valuable. But the most recent studies showing that farmers continue to produce good yields and be profitable while reducing water has debunked those thoughts.

“There’s not a lot of things wrong with the LEMA program and water conservation efforts in those areas right now,” Golden said. “They’re working out very well. It’s just a matter of how do you convince everybody to do it?”

Important dates August 1

August 1, 1838 - Slavery was abolished in Jamaica. It had been introduced by Spanish settlers 300 years earlier in 1509. August 1, 1944 - Anne Frank penned her last entry into her diary. “[I] keep on trying to find a way of becoming what I would like to be, and what I could be, if...there weren’t any other people living in the world.” Three days later, Anne and her family were arrested and sent to Nazi concentration camps. Anne died at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on March 15, 1945, at age 15.

August 1, 1944 - The Warsaw Uprising began as the Polish Home Army, numbering about 40,000 Polish patriots, began shooting at German troops in the streets. The Nazis then sent eight divisions to battle the Poles, who had hoped for, but did not receive, assistance from the Allies. Two months later, the rebellion was quashed.

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2012 Trailking 55-ton lowboy, 26-ft. well, self contained, lift axle, fenders $75,000

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2013 Western Star 4900 DD15 560 hp, 18 speed, lift axle, 745,000 miles. $62,500

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2008 Genie Z60 manlift, 60-ft. reach, dual fuel. $25,000

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2018 Deere 844Kiii 13,000 hours, 7 yard bucket, recent work orders. Call For Price

2011 Transcraft 53-ft. combo stepdeck, sliding rear axle, aluminum deck, tool boxes, new king pin plate. $30,000

2006 Utility 51-ft. T/A van trailer, air ride, swinging door. $6000 1996 Dorsey 36-ft. T/A van trailer, air ride, lift gate, roll up door. $4000

1996 Fruehauf 28-ft. S/A van trailer, air ride, roll up door. $3500

Delta S3 24-ft. carted harrows.

2006 Hitachui ZX450LC-3 13-ft. stick, 66” bucket. $47,500

(5) 2006 Silver Eagle converter dollies. $2500 each

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Each processor quickly unrolls bales into windrows that give all the cattle equal feeding room. As the bales are processed, dust and mold are blown away and the hay is aerated, becoming more palatable for your herd. Reclaim and protect seeding areas by mulching straw and spreading it up to 40' (12.19 m) away.

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Herbicide-resistant kochia

By Kari Lewis, Prashant Jha, Tyler Lane, Jesse Fulbright, Adriane Good, and Brent Roeder - Montana State University

Herbicide-resistant plants often develop from repeated use of a single mode of action herbicide. Plants can then develop resistance to additional herbicides, and then require integrated, and more costly, management techniques.

Kochia is one of the most troublesome annual broadleaf weeds in crop fields, pastures, roadsides, wastelands, and ditch banks across the U.S. Great Plains. If not controlled early, kochia reduces yields up to 60% in crops and can be a major problem in chem-fallow cropping systems.

Kochia exhibits rapid growth and flowers in late summer, producing more than 100,000 seeds per plant, which are spread by wind, water, equipment, vehicles, etc. At maturity, the kochia plant breaks off at the base of the stem and “tumbles” across the landscape with the prevailing wind, which rapidly disperses seed. In addition, kochia is welladapted to drought, salt, heat, and cold conditions.

Herbicide-resistant Cases

As of February, 2018, glyphosate-resistant kochia has been identified in Glacier, Toole, Pondera, Teton, Liberty, Chouteau, Hill, Blaine, Phillips, Custer, and Big Horn counties (indicated by shaded areas on the back page map), with more counties likely to be added as testing continues. Glyphosate-resistant kochia has resulted from repeated use of a single mode of action herbicide, i.e., glyphosate, for weed control in fallow, pre-plant or post-harvest burndown or Roundup Ready crops across the northwestern United States. Atrazine-resistant kochia was first identified along Montana railroads in 1984 and since then, resistance to additional herbicides (sulfonylurea, dicamba) has continued to increase with glyphosate-resistant kochia being identified in 2012 in Liberty and Hill counties.

Integrated Management Techniques

To combat herbicide-resistant kochia, it is critical that a multi-faceted, integrated approach be utilized. Herbicideresistant kochia developed as a result of repeated herbicide use. Solutions to this problem require actions beyond more herbicide applications.

Recommendations

• Destroykochiapopulations-Eliminateanykochiaplants prior to flowering that have survived herbicide application in-crop using alternative late-season herbicides or handweeding and any that existed in stubble using alternative postharvest/burndown herbicides (multiple modes of action) or tillage. The main goal should be to prevent seed production from those survivors.

• Diversifycroprotation-Diversecroprotationsinherently use multiple management tactics including herbicides with different modes of action. Cover crops and other cultural practices may be utilized as an integrated weed management strategy.

• Till where appropriate - Kochia seedlings emerge from very shallow soil depths, so tillage can potentially reduce the soil seed bank by burying short-lived seeds. Tillage also helps manage kochia plants before they start producing seed.

Herbicide Application

The following are herbicide recommendations for applying herbicides to glyphosate-resistant kochia:

• Apply herbicides at full labeled rates. Repeated exposure to low herbicide rates allows survival of resistant individuals and perpetuate herbicide-resistance.

• Scout fields regularly prior to and following herbicide applications. Promptly destroy any weed escapes prior to flowering.

• Rotate herbicides and tank-mix herbicides with different modes of action over multiple growing seasons in all fields. Consecutive applications of herbicide of the same

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FIGURE 1. A ‘tumble’ pattern of kochia that exists following an herbicide application is an indication of potential herbicide- resistant kochia.

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Herbicide-resistant kochia

• Use best herbicide application techniques. Improperly calibrated sprayers, incorrect nozzles, poor water quality, etc. decreases herbicide effectiveness and can perpetuate resistance.

• Target early control of kochia. Kochia plants should be targeted as early as 3 - 4 inches for effective control with post-emergence herbicides.

• Include soil-residual herbicides (Valor, Spartan Charge, Authority MTZ, Sencor, Prowl + Outlook) in fall or early spring burndown program(s) in wheat stubble depending on the crop rotational intervals to reduce the resistant seed bank and selection pressure from repeated post-emergence herbicide applications. A majority of these soil-residual products identified are also compatible with a dry pea rotation.

Glyphosate - Resistant Testing

Growers who suspect a glyphosate-resistant weed population should contact their local MSU Extension office for instructions on submitting a sample for testing. Testing is offered as a free service through the MSU-Southern Ag Research Center Weeds Lab:

748 Railroad Highway Huntley, MT 59037 Phone: 406348-3400 Email: pjha@montana.edu

For more information

Glyphosate-Resistant Kochia in Montana: Herbicide Recommendations and Best Management Practices for Growers. Montana State University Extension Research Bulletin No. 4602.

Shaded areas represent counties with confirmed cases of glyphosate-resistant kochia (Glacier, Toole, Liberty, Hill, Blaine, Phillips, Pondera, Teton, Chouteau, Big Horn and Custer).

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Thyme

Thyme is a shrubby perennial herb. It is a small plant with very tiny gray-green leaves. Purplish flowers are formed on the ends of the stems. New plants can be started from seed (indoors), cuttings, or root division. For best growth, thyme should be replanted every three to four years. To use, remove the top one-third portion of the plant when in full bloom and spread on newspaper to dry. Then strip the leaves and flowering tops from the stem and store in tightly closed containers. Use in stuffings and meat dishes.

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Elite Showmanship Contest for Dawson County, Nebraska

The Dawson County Elite Showmanship Contest took place following the completion of the 2023 County Fair livestock shows. Winning first place and a belt buckle was Parker Walahoski, son of Jared & Kris Walahoski of Overton. He also earned other prizes donated from the Elite Showmanship Contest sponsors.

Finishing in second place was Helene Keiser, daughter of Joe & Carol Keiser of Gothenburg. Helene also received a belt buckle and some other prizes.

The top two Senior Showmanship contestants from the feeder calf, beef, sheep, and swine shows came together to determine an elite showman. All eight contestants took a livestock knowledge test and then had their showmanship skills with swine, sheep and beef, evaluated by judge Holly Heckendorf of Wellington, CO. Contestants were: Feeder calf: Helene Keiser, Gothenburg and Lexi Johnson, Gothenburg; Beef: Jaelin Wofinger, Lexington; and Jacie Wolfinger, Lexington; Sheep: Spencer Walahoski, Overton; and Parker Walahoski, Overton; Swine: Emma Peterson, Gothenburg; and Greta Rickertsen, Lexington. They also received some donated prizes.

The 4-H’ers who participated on the Meats, Skillathon, and Livestock Judging teams at the Premier Animal Science Event held in June were recognized along with teams from previous years. Both the Meats and Skillathon teams earn a spot to compete at the national competitions later in the year.

Heckendorf commented on the quality of the competition and the depth of knowledge they have about livestock and the livestock industry. Elite Showman Committee members were Taryn Vonderschmidt, Farnam; and Paul and Shannon Peterson, of Gothenburg. Sponsors included: Maline Seed & Fence, Gothenburg; Beattie Family Farms, Sumner; Peak Performance Nutrition Plus, LLC, Lexington; Andersen Ag Services, Inc., K Farms, Gothenburg; Eastside Animal Center, Gothenburg; HAR Transportation Inc., Lexington; Tyson, Lexington; Paulsen Inc., Cozad; Caraway Red Agnus Ranch, Lexington; Dayspring Bank, Gothenburg; Farm Credit Services of America; Laird Feed, Gothenburg; MRK Truck Washout & Transportation, Lexington; 4+ Feeders, Lexington; and Homestead Bank, Lexington.

Parker Walahoski, Overton; was presented with a belt buckle by Taryn Vonderschmidt, Farnam; for taking first place in the Elite Showmanship Contest at the 2023 Dawson County Fair

Helene Keiser, Gothenburg; was presented with a belt buckle by Taryn Vonderschmidt, Farnam; for earning second place in the Elite Showmanship Contest at the 2023 Dawson County Fair

Helene Keiser, Gothenburg; Lexi Johnson, Gothenburg; Jaelin Wolfinger, Lexington; Jacie Wolfinger, Lexington; Spencer Walahoski, Overton; Parker Walahoski, Overton; Emma Peterson, Gothenburg; and Greta Rickertsen, Lexington; were the top two Senior Showmanship contestants from the feeder calf, beef, sheep and swine shows and earned their spots in the Elite Showmanship contest at the 2023 Dawson County Fair

Alfalfa windrow management

By Todd Whitney, UNL

Timely curing alfalfa windrows can be a challenge with rain and adverse weather. Also, alfalfa stems dry slower than leaves; so higher nutritional value leaves sometimes dry & drop from the stems prior to baling. As the in-field hay drying extends beyond the traditional 2-3 days; alfalfa regrowth usually becomes yellow under the windrows. Then, progressive strips of light green or chlorotic yellow may develop within alfalfa fields due to lack of sunlight and reduced photosynthesis; leading to weakened yellow plants which are slow to regrow and potentially more prone to disease.

To overcome alfalfa hay harvesting challenges, research has documented the advantages of wider windrow swaths and crimper conditioning to lower harvest drying times. Compared to taller windrows, wider swaths dry alfalfa 25 to 40% quicker; since wider widths intercept more solar rays. Another consideration for decreasing windrow curing time is allowing the alfalfa to grow longer into mature stages at the time of swathing; since plant moisture content decreases as plants age. So, if the alfalfa stand is already thin or under stress; it is recommended to wait longer for hay cutting. Whereas, if the stand is strong and vigorous, cutting the stressed areas earlier will be fine.

If high quality hay is needed such as for dairies; then the early bud to 10% bloom alfalfa stage is the trigger for cutting. If the targeted harvested hay use is for beef cows or feedlot cattle; then swathing can be delayed to provide more growing time for the stunted plants to increase field biomass before the next cutting.

Adverse weather conditions or rainy days can delay swathing and baling. Consider using wider windrows and possibly delay swathing harvest timing to reduce potential yellowing alfalfa disease.

Faster windrow baling will reduce alfalfa regrowth trampling and potentially make your next cutting plants stronger with increased nutrition and hay value.

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Medusahead

By Noelle Orloff and Jane Mangold, Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University

Invasive annual grasses such as medusahead may degrade plant communities and reduce suitable habitat for livestock and wildlife. Early detection and appropriate response can help to slow spread of new invaders and maintain weed-free areas. Contact your Extension agent or county weed coordinator for more information.

Medusahead wildrye was found in Montana for the first time in 2013 and was added to Montana’s noxious weed list in 2017 as a high priority species for early detection and eradication. The known distribution of medusahead in Montana is limited to two locations in Sanders and Lake Counties. Medusahead is also a regulated plant in the nearby states of California, Colorado, Nevada, Oregon and Utah, as well as four counties in Wyoming. In these states, observers note that medusahead can form near monocultures, with resulting degradation of wildlife and livestock habitat and alteration of fire regimes. There are even reports of medusahead displacing cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) populations. Time will tell whether this species will be problematic in the climate and habitats of Montana, but in the meantime, be on the lookout for this plant.

Species name: Taeniatherum caput-medusae. Family: Poaceae

Identification: Medusahead is an annual bunchgrass that grows from six to 24 inches tall. The key diagnostic feature of medusahead is long awns pointing outward and upward that take on a twisted appearance as they dry out in mid- to late-summer (Figure 1). If you use your imagination, medusahead bears a resemblance to the Greek mythological monster Medusa who had snakes twisting on top of her head. When mature, medusahead inflorescences stay intact, in contrast with look-alike native grasses bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides) and foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum) whose mature inflorescences fall apart easily when handled. Medusahead has wiry stems with a few short, narrow leaves. Its bright yellow-green color can also be helpful in identification (Figure 2) – when medusahead is growing with other invasive annual grasses like cheatgrass, which it often does, the yellow-green sheen is noticeable after cheatgrass has senesced and turned brown.

Distribution and Habitat: Medusahead’s native range is in Spain, Portugal, France, Morocco and Algeria. The

FIGURE 2. Medusahead is an annual bunchgrass up to 24 inches tall that is bright yellow-green in color before senescence. Photo by Brenda Smith, USDA-Agricultural Research Service.

FIGURE 1. Medusahead awns point outward and upward, and mature seed heads do not shatter readily. Photo by Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org.

The deadline for advertising in the September 2023 issue of the Trader's Dispatch will be August 30th. Phone (406) 271-5533.

first recorded occurrence of medusahead in the U.S. was in southwestern Oregon in 1884. Like other invasive annual grasses, this species tends to thrive in regions with warm, dry summers and cool, moist weather from fall through spring. It is most common in inland valleys of California, the Intermountain West including the Great Basin, and the Columbia Basin, particularly in clayey soils. Medusahead occupies up to 5.4 million acres in the western U.S. Spread: Medusahead reproduces only by seeds. Awns have tiny barbs that allow seeds to adhere to clothing and animal fur, which can result in long-distance spread.

Impacts: Medusahead invasion contributes to degradation of plant communities and can negatively impact livestock producers. This species usually behaves as a winter annual, meaning that seedlings emerge in the fall and initiate regrowth early in the growing season, reducing available soil moisture for perennial grasses. Further, it has high silica content so it is slow to decay, and accumulates dense layers of litter, or thatch, which limits recruitment of other grass seedlings (Figure 3). Medusahead seeds, however, can germinate within the thatch. The nutritional value of medusahead is similar to other grasses, but coarseness due to the high silica content makes it unpalatable. In fact, research indicates that a dense stand of medusahead can decrease grazing capacity by up to 80 percent. Also of concern to livestock producers are the stiff glumes and awns of the seed head that can injure eyes and mouths of grazing animals.

Management: Given the ecological and economic impacts this species has had in other areas of the West, preventing the introduction of medusahead to new areas in Montana is clearly the most cost effective management strategy. Since we have only recently confirmed its presence in the state, it is important to be able to identify this species so new populations can be controlled when they are still small and relatively manageable. It is critical to avoid traveling through medusahead populations as seeds are readily transported long distances by both animals and vehicles. Another prevention strategy is to limit disturbances, including overgrazing of perennial grasses, as disturbance increases rangeland plant community susceptibility to invasion. Perennial grasses can be a great ally in weed prevention; for example, researchers in Oregon found that an increase of one perennial bunchgrass per square yard resulted in a 15-20 percent decline in medusahead establishment.

There are several management options that can reduce medusahead populations including herbicides, prescribed burning, revegetation, and early-season, targeted grazing. Herbicide active ingredients that can be effective for medusahead management include imazapic, aminopyralid, rimsulfuron, and sulfosulfuron. If little-to-no desirable vegetation remains, revegetation should be integrated with control measures like burning and herbicides.

Important dates August 28-29

August 28, 1963 - The March on Washington occurred as over 250,000 persons attended a Civil Rights rally in Washington, D.C., at which Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. made his now-famous I Have a Dream speech.

August 29, 1792 - In one of the worst maritime disasters, 900 men drowned on the British battleship Royal George. As the ship was being repaired, a gust of wind allowed water to flood into open gun ports. The ship sank within minutes.

August 29, 1991 - Following the unsuccessful coup of August 19-21, the Soviet Communist Party was suspended, thus ending the institution that ruled Soviet Russia for nearly 75 years.

FIGURE 3. Medusahead thatch is slow to decompose and limits recruitment of desired species. Photo by Jane Mangold, MSU.

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1969

transport trailer, 10,400 gallons, Blackmer pump. 5 to choose from $45,000 each

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2015 Case IH 4530, 810 Flex Air system, 70-ft. stainless steel boom, micro ingredient bin, electric roll tarp, Raven Viper Pro, Smartrax, 2384 hours $155,000

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2018 TerraGator TG8400B

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2018 Case 4040, 1864 hours. New Leader NL4500 Edge spinner bed. $224,000

2017 TerraGator TG8400B dry floater, diesel engine, CVT transmission, AirMax Precision dry air flow system, 70-ft. stainless steel boom, single product, electric roll over tarp, Viper 4, autosteer, 3245 hours. $154,000

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2004 Peterbilt floater sprayer truck, 76-ft. boom, 20” nozzle spacing, Raven Envizio Pro control valves, 4368 hours $73,000

Cat 938F payloader, Cat diesel engine 140 hp. 4 speed shuttle shift drive, enclosed cab, 3.25 yard bucket, 20.5-R25 tires, 10,270 hours. $48,500

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Swinger 2000 loader, diesel, hydrostatic, front quick tach bucket, forks, aux hyd, 911 hours $26,000

1999 Willmar side shooter 24-ton tender, on 2 axle trailer, electric roll tarp. $32,000

2016 Timpte Super tender trailer, 40-ft. aluminum trailer, hopper bottom, rear hydraulic discharge conveyor, under hopper conveyor, outer controls, electric roll over tarp, tandem axle, air ride suspension. $72,000

2014 Case IH Titan 4530 floater, 8.7L diesel, Allison auto, New Leader L3220 G4 – 14-ft. stainless steel box, MultiApplier Ready, twin spinner, all hydraulic, Raven Viper 4 monitor, 3633 hours. $151,000

2015 TerraGator 8400B spreader, 3222 hours, AGCO Power 8.4L 6-cylinder, diesel, CVT transmission, Raven Viper Pro, New Leader L4000G4 MultiApplier dry box. $151,000

2011 TerraGator 8204 Airmax Precision 2 bed, 70-ft. boom, 2 product capability, Viper Pro controller, Smartrax auto steer, electric roll tarp, 4648 hours. $74,000

2017 John Deere F4365 Hi-Capacity Nutrient Applicator, 3435 hours, John Deere 9.0L diesel engine, IVT transmission, AutoTrac guidance, Starfire 6000 receiver, DN495 MultiApplier. $224,000

2014 Case IH Titan floater, diesel engine, Allison transmission, New Leader L4000 G4, 14-ft. stainless steel dry spreader box, twin spinner, all hydraulic, New Leader stainless steel insert, Ag Leader monitor, 4253 hours. $124,500

2016 RoGator RG1100B, AGCO 8.4L diesel hydrostatic, New Leader L4258 G4 MultApplier – 5’ insert, dual spinners, 710/70R38 flotation tires, adjustable axles, Raven GPS, Viper 4, 2200 hours. $147,000

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