CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2012
Published 5th December 2012 Scores and ranks 176 countries and territories from around the world on the perceived level of corruption in the public sector.
THE CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX IS:
A global (176 countries/territories) aggregate Index (13 different data sources) capturing perceptions (experts/business people) of corruption (abuse of power for private gain) in the public sector (public officials and institutions)
THE CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX DOES:
• • • •
Raise awareness at the global level Incentive for governments to improve Data contribution to analysis and research Cross country comparison of corruption risks in the public sector
An entry point: Provides a broad national context from which to develop other research and studies to explore corruption issues in more detail, by region, sector, actor, channel etc
THE CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2012 – HOW IT’S MADE Transparency International has updated the methodology for the Corruption Perceptions Index, allowing for year-over-year comparisons for all editions published from 2012 onward. From now on the Corruption Perceptions Index is presented on a scale from 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean).
THE CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2012 – HOW IT’S MADE STEP 1 – Select data sources STEP 2 – Rescale data sources STEP 3 – Calculate the average STEP 4 – Report uncertainty
STEP 1 – SELECT DATA SOURCES What makes a valid data source: A) Measures perceptions of corruption in the public sector B) Reliable data from a credible institution C) Cross-country comparability D) Quantitative granularity E) Comparison over time
STEP 1 – SELECT DATA SOURCES 2012 DATA SOURCES: Organisation
Data set
Country coverage
1. African Development Bank
Governance Ratings 2011
53 African countries
2. Bertelsmann Foundation
Sustainable Governance Indicators 2011
31 OECD countries
3. Bertelsmann Foundation
Bertelsmann Transformation Index
128 countries/territories
4. Economist Intelligence Unit
Country Risk Ratings
144 countries/territories
5. Freedom House
Nations In Transit 2012
29 countries/territories
6. Global Insight
Country Risk Ratings
203 countries/territories
7. IMD
World Competitiveness Yearbook 2012
59 countries/territories
8. Political and Economic Risk Consultancy
Asian Intelligence 2012
15 Asian countries/territories + US
9. Political Risk Services
International Country Risk Guide
140 countries/territories
10. Transparency International
Bribe Payers Survey 2011
30 countries/territories
11. World Bank
Country Policy and Institutional Assessment 2011
78 countries/territories
12. World Economic Forum
Executive Opinion Survey 2012
140 countries/territories
13. World Justice Project
Rule of Law Index 2012
97 countries/territories
STEP 2 – RESCALE DATA SOURCES A) Reverse your data (if necessary) - Low number = Highly corrupt - High number = Very clean
A) Standardise data to CPI scale (0-100) - Set average equal to 45 - Fix the spread of data to have a max 100, min 0 (standard deviation 20)
EIU - rescaled data
STEP 2 – RESCALE DATA SOURCES 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
0
1
2 EIU - raw data
3
4
STEP 3 – CALCULATE THE AVERAGE At least three scores for each country Simple average of scores Each source counts equally (no weighting)
STEP 3 – CALCULATE THE AVERAGE
43
43
43
DATA SOURCES AFDB
BF (BTI)
IMD
ICRG
WEF
WJP
EIU
GI
TI
BRAZIL
58
31
50
35
45
38
52
37
FYR MACEDONIA
49
50
48
21
42
43
43
54
42
SOUTH AFRICA
55
45
32
41
FH
43 50
36
CPI SCORE
43 43
STEP 4 – REPORT UNCERTAINTY To capture the uncertainty in the score • Calculate a measure for the spread of the source data • Using the rescaled scores from each data source for each country/territory • Report the standard error • Calculate a 90% confidence interval
STEP 4 – REPORT UNCERTAINTY
SCORE
RANK
# SURVEYS
MIN
MAX
SE
90% CI (LOWER)
90% CI (UPPER)
BRAZIL
43
69
8
31
58
3.3
38
49
FYR MACEDONIA
43
69
6
21
50
4.7
35
51
SOUTH AFRICA
43
69
9
32
55
2.5
39
48
CPI 2012: INSIDE THE SCORE SCORE
RANK
# SURVEYS
MIN
MAX
SE
90% CI (LOWER)
90% CI (UPPER)
BRAZIL
43
69
8
31
58
3.3
38
49
FYR MACEDONIA
43
69
6
21
50
4.7
35
51
SOUTH AFRICA
43
69
9
32
55
2.5
39
48
DATA SOURCES AFDB
BF (BTI)
IMD
ICRG
WEF
WJP
EIU
GI
TI
BRAZIL
58
31
50
35
45
38
52
37
FYR MACEDONIA
49
50
48
21
42
43
43
54
42
SOUTH AFRICA
55
45
32
41
FH
50 36
CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2012
CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2012
CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2012
CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2012
CPI 2012: THE TOP Denmark, Finland and New Zealand tie for first place with scores of 90, helped by strong access to information systems and rules governing the behaviour of those in public positions. RANK
COUNTRY/TERRITORY
SCORE
1
DENMARK
90
1
FINLAND
90
1
NEW ZEALAND
90
4
SWEDEN
88
5
SINGAPORE
87
CPI 2012: THE BOTTOM Afghanistan, North Korea and Somalia once again cling to the bottom rung of the index. In these countries the lack of leaders who are accountable and effective public institutions underscore the need to take a much stronger stance against corruption. RANK
COUNTRY/TERRITORY
SCORE
172
MYANMAR
15
173
SUDAN
13
174
AFGHANISTAN
8
174
KOREA (NORTH)
8
174
SOMALIA
8
CPI 2012: THE BRICS The major emerging markets all fall below the midpoint on the index, indicating the need to be vigilant of the corruption risks in these environments RANK
COUNTRY/TERRITORY
SCORE
69
BRAZIL
43
69
SOUTH AFRICA
43
80
CHINA
39
94
INDIA
36
133
RUSSIA
28
COMPLEMENTING THE CPI
% OF PEOPLE THAT HAVE PAID A BRIBE TO A PUBLIC SERVICE IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS
4%
21%
56%
34%
-
34%
(GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETER, 2010)
% OF BUSINESS PEOPLE THAT THINK THAT THEY HAVE LOST BUSINESS BECAUSE A COMPETITOR PAID A BRIBE IN THE LAST 12 MONTHS (PUTTING CORRUPTION OUT OF BUSINESS, 2011)
COMPLEMENTING THE CPI