greenline #14

°√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ Department of Environmental Quality Promotion, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

«“√ “√√“¬ 4 ‡¥◊Õπ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 13 ‡¡…“¬π-°√°Æ“§¡ 2548 Quarterly Periodical No. 13 April-July 2005 ISSN 1513-3222 www.deqp.go.th

â GREEN ‡ π∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«LINE

4 ‡æ‘Ë¡æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬« °∑¡. Ωíπ∑’Ë „°≈⇪ìπ®√‘ß/Almost a Dream-Come-True: BMA and Bangkok Green 14 —¡¿“…≥å懑 »… §ÿ≥À≠‘ß≥∞ππ∑ ∑«’ π‘ ª≈—¥°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√/Interview with BMA Permanent Secretary Khunying Nathanon Thaweesin 30 «—¥ «π·°â«...µâπ·∫∫æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«/Wat Suan Kaew: Model Green Space 58 º—߇¡◊Õß√«¡°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ °—∫°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡¢Õߪ√–™“™π/Bangkokûs New City Zoning and Public Participation

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‡æ‘Ë¡æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬« °∑¡.Ωíπ∑’Ë „°≈⧫“¡‡ªìπ®√‘ß Almost a Dream-Come-True: BMA and Bangkok Green

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«—¥ «π·°â«...µâπ·∫∫æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬« Wat Suan Kaew: Model Green Space

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π°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ ∫‘π¡“°Á∫‘π°≈—∫ Migratory Birds: Round Trip Travelers

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79 ªï «π≈ÿ¡æ‘π’: «π “∏“√≥–·Ààß·√°¢Õ߉∑79 years Lumpini Park: Thailandûs First Public Park

«“√ “√√“¬ 4 ‡¥◊Õπ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 13 ‡¡…“¬π-°√°Æ“§¡ 2548 Quarterly Periodical No. 13 April-July 2005 ISSN 1513-3222 www.deqp.go.th

°√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ Department of Environmental Quality Promotion, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

â GREEN ‡ π∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«LINE ∑’ªË √÷°…“ ™“µ’ ™à«¬ª√– ‘∑∏‘Ï æ√∑‘æ¬å ªíòπ‡®√‘≠ ∫√√≥“∏‘°“√Õ”π«¬°“√ √—™π’ ‡Õ¡–√ÿ®‘ ∫√√≥“∏‘°“√∫√‘À“√ “«‘µ√’ »√’ ÿ¢ E-mail: savitree@deqp.go.th °Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√ »√™—¬ ¡Ÿ≈§” ¿“«‘π’ ≥ “¬∫ÿ√’ “°≈ ∞‘π–°ÿ≈ Õ≈ß°µ »√’«‘®‘µ√°¡≈ æ√∑‘æ¬å “√‘°∫ÿµ√ π—π∑«√√≥ ‡À≈à“ƒ∑∏‘Ï ®ß√—°…å ∞‘π–°ÿ≈ º≈‘µ‚¥°√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ 49 æ√–√“¡ 6 ´Õ¬ 30 ∂ππæ√–√“¡ 6 °√ÿ߇∑æœ 10400 ‚∑√. 0 2298 5628 ‚∑√ “√ 0 2298 5629 www.deqp.go.th ÕÕ°·∫∫®—¥æ‘¡æå·≈–∂à“¬¿“æ‚¥∫√‘…—∑ ‰µ≈å§√’‡Õ∑’ø‡Œâ“ å ®”°—¥ 32/152 ∂ππ√“¡Õ‘π∑√“ 65 ≈“¥æ√â“« °√ÿ߇∑æœ 10230 ‚∑√. 0 2945 8051-6 ‚∑√ “√ 0 2945 8057 E-mail: styleth@yahoo.com, www.style.co.th

‡æ‘Ë¡æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬« °∑¡. Ωíπ∑’Ë „°≈⧫“¡‡ªìπ®√‘ß .......................................4 ■ —¡¿“…≥å摇»… §ÿ≥À≠‘ß≥∞ππ∑ ∑«’ ‘π ª≈—¥°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√............14 ■ ‚§√ß°“√‡¥àπ‚¥π„® °∑¡. ................................................................22 ■ ¢÷Èπ∑–‡∫’¬πµâπ‰¡â „À≠à „π°∑¡. ...§«“¡§‘¥¥’Ê ∑’Ë√Õ°“√ “πµàÕ ...............24 ■ «—¥ «π·°â«...µâπ·∫∫æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«.......................................................30 ■ π°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ ∫‘π¡“°Á∫‘π°≈—∫ ..............................................................36 ■ Àπ૬‡ΩÑ“√–«—ßπ°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ ∑’Ë¡Õ.ªíµµ“π’ ..............................................46 ■ 79 ªï «π≈ÿ¡æ‘π’: «π “∏“√≥–·Ààß·√°¢Õ߉∑¬ ............................50 ■ º—߇¡◊Õß√«¡°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ °—∫°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡¢Õߪ√–™“™π ...............58 ■ »—æ∑å ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ............................................................................62 ■ ‡«Á∫ ’‡¢’¬« .....................................................................................64 ■ Àπ—ß ◊Õ ’‡¢’¬«................................................................................67 ■ ¢à“«... ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡...........................................................................70 ■

Almost a Dream-Come-True: BMA and Bangkok Green .......4 ■ Interview with BMA Permanent Secretary Khunying Nathanon Thaweesin ............................................14 ■ Outstanding and Appreciative Projects of the BMA .........22 ■ Registering Big Tree in Bangkok, An Excellence Idea to be Followed up ..............................24 ■ Wat Suan Kaew: Model Green Space ................................30 ■ Migratory Birds: Round Trip Travelers ................................36 ■ Migratory Bird Monitoring Unit at Prince of Songkla University (Pattani) .............................................46 ■ 79 years Lumpini Park: Thailandûs First Public Park ......50 ■ Bangkokûs New City Zoning and Public Participation .....58 ■ Vocabulary ................................................................................62 ■ Green Web ...............................................................................64 ■ Green Book...............................................................................64 ■ Environmental News ...............................................................70 ■

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ✦ GREENLINE

Advisory Board Chartee Cheyprasit Pornthip Punchareun Editor Directer Ratchanee Emaruchi Executive Editer Savitree Srisuk E-mail: savitree@deqp.go.th Editorial Staff Sornchai Moonkham Pavinee Na Saiburi Sakol Thinakul Alongkot Srivijitkamol Pornthip Sarikabutr Nantawan Lourith Chongrak Thinakul Owner Department of Environmental Quality Promotion Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment 49 Soi 30 Rama VI, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400 Tel. 0 2298 5628 Fax. 0 2298 5629 http://www.deqp.go.th Design, Photo & Printing Style Creative House Co., Ltd. 32/152 Ram-intra 65 Rd., Lat Phrao, Bangkok 10230 Tel.: 0 2945 8051-6 Fax: 0 2945 8057 E-mail: styleth@yahoo.com, www.style.co.th

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Editor ∫∑∫√√≥“∏‘°“√

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ✦ GREENLINE

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This issue of Green Line marks its 13th issue. Thanks to our readers for their ongoing support by extending comments and offering suggestions that contribute to the improvement of our magazine.

In this issue, we bring you a colorful perspective of green areas in Bangkok and its vicinity featuring public park development projects to help solve pollution problems. The shade and coolness provided by large trees make Bangkok a more livable place for its residents. According to the long-term green area development plans, 41 more public parks are to be established covering a total area of 10,000 rais.

We were also privileged to meet and interview one of Thailandûs leading ladies Khunying Nathanon Taweesin, Bangkokûs Deputy Governor, who filled us with more details concerning the green areas in Bangkok and voiced her opinion that the government as well as state organizations and the private sectors needed to make serious efforts in improving the quality of society and environment to ensure the wellbeing of Bangkokians.

·≈–¿“§‡Õ°™π§«√‡Õ“„®„ à µà Õ ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡µà “ ßÊ Õ¬à“ß°«â“ߢ«“ߥ⫂§√ß°“√°“√¢÷Èπ∑–‡∫’¬πµâπ‰¡â „À≠à∑—Ë«°√ÿ߇∑æœ ‡æ◊ËÕÕπÿ√—°…åµâπ‰¡â „À≠à π—∫‡ªìπÕ’°·π«∑“ßÀπ÷Ëß„π°“√ √—°…“æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«„π‡¡◊ÕßÀ≈«ß ‡æ√“–°“√√—°…“µâπ‰¡â °Á ‡ ∑à “ °— ∫ ‡ªì π °“√∫√√‡∑“¡≈æ‘ … ∑“ßÕ“°“» ‡æ√“– πÕ°®“°µâπ‰¡â®–™à«¬¥Ÿ¥´—∫§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å·≈â« ’‡¢’¬«¢Õßµâπ‰¡â®–™à«¬„Àâ¡πÿ…¬å√Ÿâ ÷° ∫“¬µ“ ∫“¬„® ≈¥§«“¡µ÷߇§√’¬¥≈߉ª‰¥â¡“° √«¡∂÷ß‚§√ß°“√¢Õß °∑¡. ∑’Ë πà “ π„®Õ’ ° ‚§√ß°“√Àπ÷Ë ß §◊ Õ °“√¥Ÿ · ≈·≈– Õπÿ √— ° …å µâ π ‰¡â „À≠à ´÷Ëß °∑¡. ®–¡’ À ¡Õµâ π ‰¡â ‡ æ◊Ë Õ „Àâ §”ª√÷°…“·π–π”„π¥â“π°“√∫”√ÿß Õπÿ √— ° …å µâ π ‰¡â · °à ºŸâ π„®ø√’Õ’°¥â«‡√◊Ë Õ ß‡¥à π Ê ∑’Ë ‰¥â §— ¥ √√≈ß„π«“√ “√‡ â π ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«©∫—∫∑’Ë 13 ¬—ß¡’∫∑§«“¡∑’πË “à π„® Õ“∑‘ °‘®°√√¡ ¢Õß«—¥ «π·°â«∑’ˇªìπµâπ·∫∫¢Õßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬« ‡√◊ËÕß π°¬â “ ¬∂‘Ë π „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ∑’Ë ‡ √“æ∫‡ÀÁ π °— π ∫à Õ ¬Ê æ∫°— ∫ ‡√◊Ë Õ ß√“«¢Õß «π “∏“√≥–·Àà ß ·√°¢Õß ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ Àπ૬‡ΩÑ“√–«—ßπ°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ∑’Ë ¡Õ. ªíµµ“π’ ·≈–§Õ≈—¡πåÕ◊ËπÊ ∑’Ëπà“µ‘¥µ“¡Õ’°¡“°¡“∑à “ π∑—È ß À≈“¬∑’Ë µ‘ ¥ µ“¡«“√ “√‡ â π ∑“ß ’ ‡ ¢’ ¬ « ©∫—∫π’È ®–‰¥â√—∫§«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡‡¢â“„®„π‡√◊ËÕß√“«µà“ßÊ ∑’Ë ∑ “ß°Õß∫√√≥“∏‘ ° “√µ—È ß „®π”‡ πÕ„π©∫— ∫ ∑’Ë 13 ·≈–§≥–ºŸâ®—¥∑”À«—ß«à“§ß®–¡’¢âÕ§‘¥‡ÀÁπ¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π– ∑’Ë ‡ ªì π ª√–‚¬™πå ¡ “¬— ß §≥–ºŸâ ®— ¥ ∑”‡À¡◊ Õ π‡§°Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√¢Õ¢Õ∫æ√–§ÿ≥∑ÿ°Ê ∑à“π∑’˵‘¥µ“¡ ·≈–„Àâ °”≈— ß „®‡ªì π Õ¬à “ ß Ÿ ß ¡“Õ’ ° §√—È ß Àπ÷Ë ß ¢Õ„Àâ ∑ÿ°∑à“π®ß‚™§¥’ ·≈–æ∫°—π§√—ÈßÀπâ“„π©∫—∫∑’Ë 14

Among several projects to preserve the capitalûs green areas, the Registering Big Tree in Bangkok Project is noteworthy.

By absorbing carbondioxide and thus cleansing the air, its greenery does wonders to the mind and can wipe away some stress. In the same vain is the Bangkokûs Large Tree Conservation Scheme Project from which the public can seek free advice from the projectûs ùtree doctorsû.

Other interesting stories in Green Lineûs 13th issue include the Activities at Wat Suan Kaew a model for green space development, bird migrations in Thailand, Migratory Bird Monitoring Unit at Prince of Songkla University (Pattani) and the first public park in Thailand.

We hope you will enjoy these exclusive stories and that you will let us know whatever comments and suggestions you may have.

Once again, thank you for your support and see you in Green Line issue 14.

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ✦ GREENLINE

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‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ✦ GREENLINE

Almost a Dream-Come-True: BMA and Bangkok Green ‡æ‘Ë¡æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬« °∑¡. Ωíπ∑’Ë „°≈⧫“¡‡ªìπ®√‘ß

‡√◊ËÕß: “∏‘µ «‘πÿ√“™ Story: Sathit Vinurach

π— ∫ ‡ªì π ‡√◊Ë Õ ß∑’Ë πà “ ¬‘ π ¥’ ‡ ªì π Õ¬à “ ߬‘Ë ß ”À√— ∫ ™“« ‡¡◊ÕßÀ≈«ß¢Õ߉∑¬∑ÿ°§π ‡¡◊ÕË °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√‡≈Á߇ÀÁ𠧫“¡ ”§—≠¢Õß°“√æ—≤π“æ◊πÈ ∑’ Ë ‡’ ¢’¬«„π¡À“π§√·Ààßπ’È ·≈–‰¥â«“ß·ºπ·¡à∫∑√–¬–¬“« 25 ªï ∑’Ë®– √â“ß «π “∏“√≥–‡æ‘¡Ë ¢÷πÈ Õ’° 41 ·Ààß ‡æ◊ÕË „À⇪ìπ ∂“π∑’æË °— ºàÕπ À¬àÕπ„®¢Õߪ√–™“™π ·≈–™à«¬≈¥§«“¡µ÷߇§√’¬¥®“° ªí≠À“ ¿“«–·«¥≈âÕ¡µà“ßÊ √«¡∑—È߇ªìπ°“√∑”„Àâæ◊Èπ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–¢Õßπ§√À≈«ßª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡ ¡“µ√∞“π “°≈¢Õßπ“π“ª√–‡∑» ∑—Èßπ’ȇπ◊ËÕß®“°°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√‡ªìπ¡À“π§√„À≠à ·ÀàßÀπ÷ËߢÕß‚≈° ‡ªìπ»Ÿπ¬å°≈“ߧ«“¡‡®√‘≠°â“«Àπâ“ µà“ßÊ ¡’‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë∑—Èß ‘Èπ 1,568 µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ À√◊Õ

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ✦ GREENLINE

It was good news for residents of Bangkok when the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration announced its 25 years plan to develop green areas around the capital city which includes additional 41 public parks for recreation and relaxation - an accessible refuge to get away from urban tension and pollution. Most of all, the presence of larger green areas will help make Bangkok meet the international city planning standards.

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‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ✦ GREENLINE

Covering an area of 1,568 square kilometers or 2.4 times larger than Singapore, Bangkok is one of the major cities in the world with a population of 5.84 million that makes up for more than 2 million households with a density of 3,734 people per square kilometer. The afore-mentioned figures however reflect only the official census, while in reality, Bangkok has to accommodate twice as many people who live in its outer proximity and move into the city for education, work and all kinds of services. It is estimated that the actual population of Bangkok totals almost 10 million.

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√“« 980,461 ‰√à ´÷Ëß„À≠à°«à“ ª√–‡∑» ‘ߧ‚ª√å∂÷ß 2.4 ‡∑à“ ®”π«πª√–™“°√µ“¡À≈—°∞“π ∑–‡∫’ ¬ π√“…Æ√å ‡ ¡◊Ë Õ ‘È π ªï æ.». 2546 ¡’®”π«π∑—Èß ‘Èπ 5.84 ≈â “ π§π ¡’ ®”π«π ∫â“π‡√◊Õπ∑—Èß ‘Èπ 2,020,019 À≈—ߧ“‡√◊Õ𠧫“¡Àπ“·πàπ ¢Õߪ√–™“°√ 3,734.1 §πµàÕ µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ Õ¬à“߉√°Á¥’ µ—«‡≈¢ª√–™“°√‡À≈à“π’ȇªìπµ—«‡≈¢Õ¬à“߇ªìπ∑“ß°“√ ‡∑à“π—πÈ ‡æ√“–µ“¡ ¿“槫“¡‡ªìπ®√‘ß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ¬— ß µâ Õ ß√Õß√— ∫ ª√–™“°√®“°∫√‘ ‡ «≥ª√‘ ¡ ≥±≈·≈– ®—ßÀ«—¥Õ◊ËπÊ Õ’°‡°◊Õ∫‡∑à“µ—« ´÷Ë߇¢â“¡“æ—°Õ“»—¬ »÷°…“ ‡≈à “ ‡√’ ¬ π·≈–„™â∫√‘°“√µà“ßÊ ¢Õß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ∑”„Àâ°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√¡’ ª √–™“°√∑’Ë · ∑â ® √‘ ß Õ¬Ÿà ‡ °◊ Õ ∫ 10 ≈â“π§π °“√∑’Ë°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√¡’ª√–™“°√Õ“»—¬Õ¬ŸàÕ¬à“ß Àπ“·πà π ®÷ ß ∑”„Àâ ‡ ªì π π§√∑’Ë ‡ µÁ ¡ ‰ª¥â « ¬ªí ≠ À“µà “ ßÊ “√æ—¥ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–ªí≠À“¡≈æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“»Õ—π‡π◊ËÕß ¡“®“°§«“¡·ÕÕ— ¥ æ≈ÿ ° æ≈à “ π¢Õß°“√®√“®√ ‚¥°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√¡’√∂¬πµåª√–‡¿∑µà“ßÊ °«à“ 3 ≈â“π§—π πÕ°®“°π’È π §√À≈«ß¢Õ߉∑¬·Àà ß π’È ¬— ß ‡ªì π ∑’Ë √ «¡ ¢Õß‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡„À≠àπâÕ¬Õ’°°«à“ ’ËÀ¡◊Ëπ·Ààß ‘Ëßµà“ßÊ ‡À≈à“π’ȇªìπ∫àÕ‡°‘¥·Ààߧ«—πæ‘…·≈–πÈ”‡πà“‡ ’„π¢≥–∑’˪í≠À“Õ’°ª√–°“√¢Õß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√§◊Õ §«“¡√âÕπÕ∫Õâ“«¢ÕßÕ“°“»∑’Ë –∑âÕπ®“°§Õπ°√’µ Õ“§“√∫â“π‡√◊Õπ ‘Ëß°àÕ √â“ß·≈–∂ππÀπ∑“ßµà“ßÊ

The crowdedness of Bangkok results in a long series of environmental problems particularly those concerning air pollution mainly caused by the immense traffic. Apart from a total number of more than 3 million cars of various types, more than 40,000 large and small industrial factories are concentrated in Bangkok. These factors are the major causes of hazardous smoke and waste water. Tremendous heat reflecting or radiating from concrete buildings, roads and other structures is another problem Bangkok has to deal with.

As trees provide shade, coolness and oxygen, extensive green areas can help solve Bangkokûs heat and air pollution problems. The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration has therefore made it a priority to add more green areas to Bangkok by establishing more public parks and planting more trees around the city. Expanses of greenery will also provide Bangkokians with an easy escape from prevailing tensions.

Considering the total area of Bangkok and its huge population, existing public parks are

‡™◊Ë Õ °— π «à “ ’ ‡ ¢’ ¬ «¢Õßµâ π ‰¡â ∑’Ë ¡’ Õ ¬Ÿà „ππ§√À≈«ß ·Àà ß π’È ® – “¡“√∂·°â ‰ ¢ªí ≠ À“µà “ ßÊ ‡À≈à “ π’È ¢ Õß °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–‡√◊ËÕߧ«“¡√âÕπÕ∫Õâ“« ·≈–ªí≠À“¡≈æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“»„Àâ∫√√‡∑“‡∫“∫“ß≈߉¥â∫“â ß ‡π◊ËÕß®“°µâπ‰¡â „À≠àπâÕ¬®–™à«¬ √â“ߧ«“¡ ¥™◊Ëπ·≈– ºàÕπ§≈“¬§«“¡µ÷߇§√’¬¥®“° ¿“«–·«¥≈âÕ¡√Õ∫Ê µ—«§π°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√‰¥âæÕ ¡§«√ ¥—ßπ—ÈπºŸâ∫√‘À“√ °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√®÷߉¥â‡≈Á߇ÀÁ𧫓¡ ”§—≠¢Õßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«„π√Ÿª¢Õß «π “∏“√≥– ·≈–°“√ª≈Ÿ ° µâ π ‰¡â „π‡¡◊Õß¡“°¢÷Èπµ“¡≈”¥—∫ æ◊πÈ ∑’ Ë ‡’ ¢’¬«„π°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“߬‘ßË «π “∏“√≥–π—∫«à“¬—ß¡’Õ¬ŸàπâÕ¬¡“°‡¡◊ËÕ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫ °—∫æ◊πÈ ∑’∑Ë ß—È À¡¥·≈–®”π«πª√–™“°√„π°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢Õß°Õß «π “∏“√≥– ”π—° «— ¥‘°“√ —ߧ¡ °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√‡¡◊ËÕªï æ.». 2543 °√ÿ߇∑æ ¡À“π§√¡’æ◊Èπ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–ª√–‡¿∑µà“ßÊ ®”π«π 622 ·Ààß √«¡‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë∑—Èß ‘Èπ 4,933 ‰√à ´÷Ëß —¥ à«π¢Õß «π “∏“√≥–∑’Ë¡’ ‡∑’¬∫°—∫ª√–™“°√·≈â«πâÕ¬¡“° ‡æ’¬ß 1.39 µ“√“߇¡µ√µàÕ§π‡∑à“π—Èπ

few. Statistics from the Division of Public Parks, the Social Welfare Bureau indicate that in 2000, there are 622 public parks of various types and sizes covering a total area of 4,933 rais giving each resident only 1.39 square meters of park area.

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µ“√“ßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–ª√–‡¿∑µà“ßÊ „π°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ (æ.». 2543) Table showing types and sizes of parks in Bangkok (2000 A.D.) ª√–‡¿∑ «π Type

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«πÀ¬àÕ¡¢π“¥‡≈Á°¬à“π™ÿ¡™π Small community parks «π≈–·«°Àâ“ßÀ√◊Õ «πÀ¡Ÿà∫â“π Mall or village parks «π™ÿ¡™π Community parks «π√–¥—∫‡¢µÀ√◊Õ «π√–¥—∫°≈“ß District or medium size parks «π√–¥—∫‡¡◊ÕßÀ√◊Õ «π√–¥—∫„À≠à City park or large parks «π∂ππ Road parks «π‡©æ“–∑“ßÀ√◊Õ «π‡Õπ°ª√– ߧå Specialized and multi-purpose parks

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Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√¡’§«“¡æ¬“¬“¡∑’Ë ®–‡æ‘¡Ë æ◊πÈ ∑’ Ë ‡’ ¢’¬«„π√Ÿª¢Õß «π “∏“√≥–Õ¬Ÿµà ≈Õ¥‡«≈“ ®π°√–∑—Ëß∂÷ߪï æ.». 2545 °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√¡’æ◊Èπ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–‡æ‘Ë¡‡ªìπ 5,240 ‰√à §‘¥‡ªìπ —¥ à«πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–µàÕª√–™“°√‡∑à“°—∫ 1.46 µ“√“߇¡µ√ µàÕ§π ‚¥¬„π‡¢µ°“√ª°§√ÕߢÕß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√∑—ßÈ 50 ‡¢µπ—Èπ ¡’‡¢µ∑’Ë¡’‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–µàÕª√–™“°√ ‡°‘π°«à“ 1 µ“√“߇¡µ√µàÕ§π‡æ’¬ß 18 ‡¢µ‡∑à“π—Èπ ‚¥¬‡¢µª√–‡«»π—∫‡ªìπ‡¢µ∑’Ë¡’æ◊Èπ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–µàÕ ª√–™“°√¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥§◊Õ 20.12 µ“√“߇¡µ√µàÕ§π √Õß ≈߉ª§◊ Õ ‡¢µ®µÿ ®— ° √ ∑’Ë ¡’ — ¥ à « π «π “∏“√≥–µà Õ ª√–™“°√ 7.94 µ“√“߇¡µ√µàÕ§π ‡¢µª∑ÿ¡«—π¡’‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–µàÕª√–™“°√ 6.25 µ“√“߇¡µ√µà Õ §π ‡¢µ∫÷ ß °ÿà ¡ ¡’ — ¥ à « π‡π◊È Õ ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–µà Õ ª√–™“°√ 4.47 µ“√“߇¡µ√µàÕ§π ¥â“π‡¢µª°§√Õß∑’Ë¡’ —¥ à«π ‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–µàÕª√–™“°√ µË”°«à“ 1 µ“√“߇¡µ√µàÕ§π„π °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√¡’®”π«π∂÷ß 32 ‡¢µ ‡¢µª°§√Õß¡’ —¥ à«π‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–µàÕª√–™“°√πâÕ∑’Ë ÿ ¥ §◊ Õ ‡¢µ≈“¥æ√â “ «¡’ — ¥ à « π

®”π«π (·Ààß) Number (park) 257

‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë (‰√à) Size (rai) 162

59

442

19

847

5

1,415

1

500

202

563

79

1,004

With a serious effort in adding more green areas in and around Bangkok, by 2002 the total area of public parks has increased to 5,240 rais or 1.46 square meters per person. Among the 50 districts under BMAûs jurisdiction, only 18 districts can provide at least 1 square meter park area per person. The Prawet District takes the lead allocating 20.12 square meters park space per person followed by the Chatuchak District with 7.49 square meters per person. The Pathum Wan District comes in third with 6.25 square meters per person and the Bueng Kum District 4.47 square meters per person.

Unfortunately there are 32 districts having a ratio of less than one square meter park area per person. The Lat Phrao District holding the smallest ratio with 0.03 square meter per person followed by the Samphanthawong District and the Bang Rak District with 0.05 square meter per person. The Chom Thong District tailing closely with 0.06 square meter per person.

Compared to other countries, Thailandûs park area/person ratio is much lower. For instance, Malaysia can provide 2.9 square meters park area per person, Japan 5.4, Singapore 1.09, New York City 12.0, Poland 20.8, England 23.0, Austria 24.3 and Washington D.C., USA 41.1.

The above statistics clearly reflect a serious shortage of public parks in Bangkok. Recognizing the importance of green areas to benefit the well-being of urban residents, the government, through its central and local agencies, have for many years tried to develop additional green areas in the country. Green area development plans have been included into several government policies including the National Development Policy (the National Economic and Social Development Plans Issue 8: 1997-2001 and Issue 9: 2002-2006) and the National Environment Conservation Plans 19972016. At local levels, BMA has included green area development plans

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«π “∏“√≥–µàÕª√–™“°√‡æ’¬ß 0.03 µ“√“߇¡µ√ µàÕ§π ‡¢µ —¡æ—π∏«ß»å¡’ —¥ à«π‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥– πâÕ¬√Õß≈߉ª§◊Õ —¥ à«π «π “∏“√≥–µàÕª√–™“°√ 0.05 µ“√“߇¡µ√µà Õ §π ‡¢µ∫“ß√— ° °Á ¡’ ‡ π◊È Õ ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–µàÕª√–™“°√ 0.05 µ“√“߇¡µ√µàÕ§π ‡¢µ ®Õ¡∑Õß¡’ —¥ à«π‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–µàÕª√–™“°√ 0.06 µ“√“߇¡µ√µàÕ§π ·≈–‡¡◊Ë Õ ‡ª√’ ¬ ∫‡∑’ ¬ ∫°— ∫ µà “ ߪ√–‡∑»·≈â « —¥ à«π‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬¬—ߵ˔°«à“ ª√–‡∑»Õ◊ËπÊ ¡“° ¥—߇ÀÁπ‰¥â®“°µ—«‡≈¢¢Õß¡“‡≈‡´’¡’ —¥ à«π‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–µàÕª√–™“°√ 2.9 µ“√“ß ‡¡µ√µàÕ§π ≠’˪ÿÉπ¡’ —¥ à«π‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–µàÕ ª√–™“°√ 5.4 µ“√“߇¡µ√µàÕ§π ‘ߧ‚ª√å¡’ —¥ à«π ‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–µàÕª√–™“°√ 10.9 µ“√“߇¡µ√ µàÕ§π π§√𑫬Õ√å° À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“¡’ —¥ à«π‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–µàÕª√–™“°√ 12 µ“√“߇¡µ√µàÕ§π ‚ª·≈π¥å¡’ —¥ à«π‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–µàÕª√–™“°√ 15 µ“√“߇¡µ√µàÕ§π ‡¡Á°´‘‚°·≈–‡ªÕ√債√‘‚°¡’ —¥ à«π ‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–µàÕª√–™“°√ 20.8 µ“√“߇¡µ√ µàÕ§π Õ—ß°ƒ…¡’‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–µàÕª√–™“°√ 23 µ“√“߇¡µ√µàÕ§π ÕÕ ‡µ√’¬¡’‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–µàÕ ª√–™“°√ 24.30 µ“√“߇¡µ√µàÕ§π °√ÿß«Õ™‘ßµ—π ¥’.´’. À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ¡’‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–µàÕª√–™“°√ 41.1 µ“√“߇¡µ√µàÕ§π °“√∑’Ë —¥ à«π‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–¢Õß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√´÷Ë߇ªìππ§√À≈«ß¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬¬—ߵ˔°«à“ π“π“ª√–‡∑»∑’ˇ®√‘≠·≈⫇ªìπÕ—π¡“° „π¢≥–∑’Ëæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«„π√Ÿª¢Õß «π “∏“√≥–¡’ª√–‚¬™πåÕ‡π°Õπ—πµå µàÕª√–™“™π∑’ËÕ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà „π‡¡◊Õß ™à«ß‡«≈“∑’˺à“π¡“ Àπ૬ߓπ√–¥—∫ª√–‡∑»·≈–√–¥—∫∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ®÷ß¡’§«“¡ 欓¬“¡∑’Ë ® –æ— ≤ π“æ◊È π ∑’Ë ’ ‡ ¢’ ¬ «„ππ§√À≈«ß¢Õß ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬„Àâ‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ ¥—ß®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â®“°°“√∫√√®ÿ π‚¬∫“¬‡√◊ÕË ßæ◊πÈ ∑’ Ë ‡’ ¢’¬«π’È ‰«â„π·ºπæ—≤π“À≈“¬Ê ©∫—∫ ¥—߇™àπ ·ºπæ—≤π“√–¥—∫™“µ‘ ‰¥â·°à ·ºπæ—≤𓇻√…∞°‘® ·≈– —ߧ¡·Ààß™“µ‘ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 8 ªï æ.». 2540 - 2544 ·ºπæ—≤𓇻√…∞°‘®·≈– —ߧ¡ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 9 ªï æ.». 2545 - 2549 ·≈–·ºπ à߇ √‘¡√—°…“§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ·Ààß™“µ‘ ªï æ.». 2540 - 2559 à«π„π√–¥—∫∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√‰¥â∫√√®ÿ‡√◊ËÕß°“√æ—≤π“æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬« ‰«â„π·ºπæ—≤π“°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√µ—ßÈ ·µà©∫—∫∑’Ë 4 ªï æ.».

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·ºπæ— ≤ π“°√ÿ ß ‡∑æ¡À“π§√©∫— ∫ ≈à “ ÿ ¥ π—È π „Àâ §«“¡ ”§—≠°—∫°“√æ—≤π“æ◊πÈ ∑’ Ë ‡’ ¢’¬«∑—ßÈ „π¥â“πº—߇¡◊Õß ·≈–¥â“π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‚¥¬°”Àπ¥„Àâ „ ™â º— ß ‡¡◊ Õ ß™’È π” °“√æ—≤π“°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√„À⇪ìπ‡¡◊Õßπà“Õ¬Ÿà ·≈– °”Àπ¥„Àâ¡’°“√®—¥∑”·ºπ·¡à∫∑æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«‡ªìπ°√Õ∫ „π°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√ ´÷Ëß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√‰¥â¡Õ∫À¡“¬„Àâ §≥–«π»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡°…µ√»“ µ√凪ìπ Àπà « ¬ß“π®— ¥ ∑”·ºπ·¡à ∫ ∑æ◊È π ∑’Ë ’ ‡ ¢’ ¬ «¢Õß °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ‚¥¬·ºπ·¡à∫∑©∫—∫π’È¡’‡ªÑ“À¡“®–¥”‡π‘π°“√·≈– π—π πÿπ„À⇰‘¥æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«„π √Ÿª¢Õß «π “∏“√≥–‰¡àµË”°«à“ 4 µ“√“߇¡µ√µàÕ ª√–™“°√Àπ÷Ëߧπ πÕ°®“°π—Èπ·ºπ©∫—∫π’Ȭ—߇ πÕ·π– „Àâ ª √–™“°√°√ÿ ß ‡∑æ¡À“π§√ ª≈Ÿ ° µâ π ‰¡â „ π‡π◊È Õ ∑’Ë

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in the Bangkok Development Plans Issue 4: 1992-1996, Issue 5: 2000-2001 and Issue 6: 20022006.

The most recent Bangkok Development Plans put a special emphasis on green areas in the interest of city planning and the environment. The City Plan provides the Green Area Development Master Plan (GADMP) with a framework for development plans around Bangkok developed by the Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, the GADMP aims to create additional green areas to increase public park space up to 4.0 square meters per person. The master plan proposes planting of trees in unoccupied plots found in community areas and on empty lawns. Promoting rooftop and balcony gardens will draw the publicûs attention and participation in further expansion of the green areas in Bangkok.

The GADMP currently underway focuses on creating public parks to make green areas easily accessible to the general public. The green area development plan is divided into 5 phases - each lasting 5 years or a total period of 25 years between 2003 - 2027.

√°√â“ß«à“߇ª≈à“¢Õß™ÿ¡™π √«¡∂÷ß∑’Ë«à“ß„π∫â“𠥓¥øÑ“ √–‡∫’¬ß¢ÕßÕ“§“√∫â“π‡√◊Õπ ·≈– à߇ √‘¡„Àâª√–™“™π ¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√√—°…“ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡Õ¬à“ß®√‘ß®—ߥ⫷ º π · ¡à ∫ ∑ ¢ Õ ß ° “ √ æ— ≤ π “ æ◊È π ∑’Ë ’ ‡ ¢’ ¬ « ∑’Ë °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√°”≈—ߥ”‡π‘π°“√π—πÈ ‡πâπ°“√æ—≤π“æ◊πÈ ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«„π√Ÿª·∫∫∑’ªË √–™“™π “¡“√∂‡¢â“‰ª„™âª√–‚¬™πå ‰¥â‚¥¬µ√ߧ◊Õ„π√Ÿª¢Õß «π “∏“√≥– ¡’°“√·∫àß√–¬– ¢Õß°“√æ—≤π“æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«¢Õß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√‡ªìπ 5 √–¬–Ê ≈– 5 ªï √«¡‡ªìπ‡«≈“µ“¡·ºπ∑—Èß ‘Èπ 25 ªï ‡√‘Ë¡µ—Èß·µàªï æ.». 2546-2570 ®“°°“√æ‘®“√≥“§—¥‡≈◊Õ°æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’Ë®–„™â „π°“√®—¥ √â“ß «π “∏“√≥–ª√–‡¿∑µà“ßÊ ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 41 ·Ààß §‘¥‡ªìπ‡π◊ÕÈ ∑’Ë 10,509 ‰√à °√–®“¬Õ¬Ÿà „π‡¢µ°“√ª°§√Õß 26 ‡¢µµ“¡∑’Ë· ¥ß¥—ßπ’È

Selection of locations to establish additional pubic parks have resulted in 41 parks of various types covering 10,509 rais in 26 jurisdictions shown in the following table:

æ◊Èπ∑’Ë „π°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√∑’Ë®– √â“ß «π “∏“√≥–√–À«à“ß æ.». 2546 - 2570 The Location in Bangkok Metropolis that be constructed the park in 2003-2027 ®”π«π (·Ààß) Number (park) 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 2 4 2 1 2 1 1 41

‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë (‰√à) Size (rai) 222.1 15.4 128.0 518.7 37.9 62.2 108.7 90.7 21.1 162.9 119.6 316.3 366.4 195.3 830.5 350.9 955.2 596.8 1,515.4 147.2 880.8 54.0 423.9 1,871.1 78.9 438.5 10,509.6

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≈”¥—∫ ∂“π∑’Ë √â“ß (‡¢µ) No. Location that be constructed (jurisdiction) 1. ∫“ß´◊ËÕ/Bang Sue 2. ª∑ÿ¡«—π/Pathum Wan 3. æ≠“‰∑/Phaya Thai 4. §≈Õ߇µ¬/Khlong Toei 5. ¥‘π·¥ß/Din Daeng 6. ∫“ߧշÀ≈¡/Bang Kho Laem 7. ∫“ßπ“/Bang Na 8. ∫“ßπ“-æ√–‚¢πß/Bang Na-Phra Khanong 9.

«—≤π“/Watthana 10. ¥Õπ‡¡◊Õß/Don Mueang 11. ∫÷ß°ÿà¡/Bueng Kum 12. ≈“¥æ√â“«/Lat Phrao 13. “¬‰À¡/Sai Mai 14. À≈—° ’Ë/Lak Si 15. §≈Õß “¡«“/Khlong Sam Wa 16. §—π𓬓«/Khan Na Yao 17. ª√–‡«»/Prawet 18. «πÀ≈«ß/Suan Luang 19. ÀπÕ߮հ/Nong Chok 20. µ≈‘Ëß™—π/Taling Chan 21. ∑«’«—≤π“/Thawi Watthana 22. ∫“ß°Õ°πâÕ¬/Bangkok Noi 23. ∑ÿàߧ√ÿ/Thung Khru 24. ∫“ߢÿπ‡∑’¬π/Bang Khun Thian 25. ∫“ß·§/Bang Khae 26. ∫“ß∫Õπ/Bang Bon √«¡/Total

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‡¡◊ËÕ ‘Èπ ÿ¥·ºπ√–¬–¬“«„πªï æ.». 2570 ®–∑”„Àâ ‰¥âæ◊Èπ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ’° 10,510 ‰√à √«¡°—∫ æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿàªí®®ÿ∫—π 5,241 ‰√à ®–∑”„Àâ¡’æ◊Èπ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–∑—È ß ‘È π 15,751 ‰√à ´÷Ë ß °√–®“¬Õ¬Ÿà µ “¡ æ◊πÈ ∑’µË “à ßÊ ∑—«Ë ∑—ßÈ °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ·≈–∑”„Àâ ¥— à«π¢Õß æ◊Èπ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–‡æ‘Ë¡®“°ªí®®ÿ∫—π 1.46 µ“√“߇¡µ√ µàÕ§π ‡ªìπ 4 µ“√“߇¡µ√µàÕ§π ´÷Ëß‚§√ß°“√ √â“ß «π “∏“√≥–µ“¡·ºπ·¡à∫∑ °“√æ—≤π“æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«¢Õß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√∑—Èß 41 ·Àà ß π’È ‰ ¥â ¡’ ° “√ª√–¡“≥°“√ß∫ª√–¡“≥§à “ „™â ®à “ ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥µ“¡·ºπ 25 ªï √«¡∑—Èß ‘Èπ 7,723 ≈â“π∫“∑ ‚¥¬ß∫ª√–¡“≥ à « ππ’È ® –‡ªì π ‡æ’ ¬ ß§à “ „™â ®à “ ¬„π°“√ æ—≤π“æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«‡∑à“π—Èπ ‰¡à√«¡∂÷ß§à“„™â®à“¬„π°“√ ®—¥´◊ÈÕ®—¥À“∑’Ë¥‘π®“°‡Õ°™πÀ√◊Õ®“°Àπ૬√“™°“√·≈– √—∞«‘ “À°‘®Õ◊πË Ê ‚¥¬„π·ºπ·¡à∫∑°“√æ—≤π“æ◊πÈ ∑’ Ë ‡’ ¢’¬« √–¬– —Èπ (æ.». 2540 - 2550) ®–¡’°“√ √â“ß «π “∏“√≥–„π‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë 4,420 ‰√à „™âß∫ª√–¡“≥∑—Èß ‘Èπ 2,049 ≈â“π∫“∑ √–¬–ª“π°≈“ß (æ.». 2551 - 2560) ®– √â“ß «π “∏“√≥–‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë 4,366 ‰√à „™âß∫ª√–¡“≥ ∑—Èß ‘Èπ 3,547 ≈â“π∫“∑ ·≈–·ºπ√–¬–¬“« (æ.». 2561 2570) ®– √â“ß «π “∏“√≥–„π‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë 1,723 ‰√à „™âß∫ ª√–¡“≥„π°“√°àÕ √â“ß∑—ßÈ ‘πÈ 2,126 ≈â“π∫“∑ ”À√—∫·À≈à߇ߑπ∑ÿπ∑’Ë®–π”¡“„™â „π°“√°àÕ √â“ß «π “∏“√≥–πÕ°®“°®–‰¥â¡“®“°ß∫ª√–¡“≥¢Õß °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√‡Õß·≈â« Õ“®®–‰¥â¡“®“°·À≈àßÕ◊ËπÊ ‰¥â·°à ß∫ª√–¡“≥ π—∫ πÿπ®“°Àπ૬√“™°“√·≈– √—∞«‘ “À°‘®Õ◊πË Ê ®“°¿“§‡Õ°™π ®“°ª√–™“™π„π™ÿ¡™π ºŸâ „™âª√–‚¬™πå„πæ◊Èπ∑’˵“¡À≈—°‡»√…∞»“ µ√å«à“„§√„™â „§√®à“¬ ·≈–Õ“®®–‰¥â¡“®“°°“√µ—ßÈ °Õß∑ÿπ√—∫∫√‘®“§¥â«¬

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Upon the completion of the long-term plan in 2027, Bangkok will see a total park area of 15,751 rais (an additional 10,510 rais combined with the existing 5,241 rais) scattered around Bangkok. This will increase the ratio from 1.46 square meters per person to 4.0 square meters.

The cost of establishing additional 41 public parks according to the GADMP is estimated at 7.7 billion Baht for the entire 25 years period. This budget is allocated for the development works only and does not include the cost of land purchases. The short term GADMP (1997-2007) designates the construction of public parks covering 4,420 rais for a budget of over 2 billion Baht. The medium term GADMP (2008-2017) with a budget of 3.5 billion Baht will see the construction of public parks on 4,366 rais and the long term GADMP (2018-2027) budgeted at 2.1 billion Baht will add 1,723 rais of public parks to the city.

The funding for such public parks will come from the BMA budget and other sources including government organizations, private enterprises and private sectors. With an economic principle based on returns of investments, people in communities are to help contribute to the cost of the parks. Donations from the general public are also welcome.

The 41 parks are classified into two types; forest parks and garden parks. Forest parks including waterside forests, canal lining parks, road parks and tree parks will cover 65.1 % of the park land. 13.35 % of land will be utilized for garden parks including manicured gardens and historical gardens. 21.54% of the park area is allocated for water sources. The costs for each type of park is different. A park highlighting flower gardens and permanent structures will cost approximately 3.0 million Baht per rai while a tree park to provide shade will cost only 150,000 Baht per rai.

However, building public parks in Bangkok faces a major problem concerning land allocation

since the BMA does not own any land. Satellite surveys indicate that most locations suitable for public parks are expensive private properties and not up for sale. Such obstacles can delay plans to build public parks. Therefore, as a matter of urgency, the BMA is to find ways to obtain target locations before they are developed for other purposes. Issuance of a Land Reclaimation Bill, purchases, donation requests, land trades and long term leasing are some of the strategies used. If target locations belong to government agencies or private enterprises that have no use for the land, the BMA may ask permission for such land to be used for development into recreational green areas for the public.

Once the problems are solved and the obstacles are overcome, the BMA can proceed with its plans to fulfill its goal and turn the dream of Bangkokians into reality beautiful green Bangkok.

·À≈àߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈: ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡°…µ√»“ µ√å. 2546. √“¬ß“π©∫—∫ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å: ·ºπ·¡à∫∑æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«¢Õß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√. 2546. §≥–«π»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡°…µ√»“ µ√å.

Reference:

Kasetsart University 2003; A Complete Report: BMAûs Green Area Master Plan, 2003, the Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University.

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«π “∏“√≥–∑—Èß 41 ·Ààß∑’Ë®–®—¥ √â“ߢ÷Èππ’È®–¡’ √Ÿª·∫∫¢Õß «π·∫à߇ªìπ 2 °≈ÿ¡à „À≠à §◊Õ «π “∏“√≥– „π√Ÿª «πªÉ“À√◊Õ «π‰¡â¬π◊ µâπ°—∫ «π‰¡â¥Õ°‰¡âª√–¥—∫ ‚¥¬°“√ √â“ß «πªÉ“π—Èπ®–‰¥â·°à «πªÉ“ «π√‘¡πÈ” «π·π«§≈Õß «π∂ππ ·≈– «π‰¡â¬◊πµâπ ´÷Ëß°“√ √â“ß «πªÉ“ª√–‡¿∑π’ȧ‘¥‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 65.1 ¢Õ߇π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ à«π «π‰¡â¥Õ°‰¡âª√–¥—∫®–ª√–°Õ∫¥â««π‰¡â¥Õ°‰¡âª√–¥—∫∑’˵°·µàß„Àâ «¬ß“¡ ·≈– «π ª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å√âÕ¬≈– 13.35 ‚¥¬¡’·À≈àßπÈ”∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë √â“ß «π‡ªìπ à«πª√–°Õ∫√âÕ¬≈– 21.54 ß∫ª√–¡“≥ §à“„™â®à“¬„π°“√ √â“ß «π “∏“√≥–·µà≈–ª√–‡¿∑π—Èπ ‰¡à‡∑à“°—π «π “∏“√≥–∑’ˇπâπ°“√µ°·µà߉¡â¥Õ°‰¡â ª√–¥— ∫ ·≈– ‘Ë ß ª≈Ÿ ° √â “ ßµà “ ßÊ ®–¡’ §à “ „™â ®à “ ¬µ° ª√–¡“≥‰√à≈– 3 ≈â“π∫“∑ à«π «π “∏“√≥–∑’ˇπâ𠧫“¡√à¡√◊Ëπµ“¡√Ÿª·∫∫¢Õß «πªÉ“®–„™âß∫ª√–¡“≥ ‡æ’¬ß‰√à≈– 150,000 ∫“∑‡∑à“π—Èπ Õ¬à“߉√°Á¥’ °“√ √â“ß «π “∏“√≥–¢Õß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√¬—ß¡’Õÿª √√§·≈–ªí≠À“∑’Ë ”§—≠§◊Õ°“√®—¥À“ æ◊È π ∑’Ë À √◊ Õ ∑’Ë ¥‘ π ∑’Ë ® –„™â √â “ ß «π “∏“√≥–π—Ë π ‡Õß ‡π◊ËÕß®“°°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√‰¡à¡’∑’Ë¥‘π‡ªìπ¢Õßµπ‡Õß ·≈–º≈®“°°“√ ”√«®æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑“ߥ“«‡∑’¬¡π—Èπ ™’È«à“ æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡µàÕ°“√®—¥ √â“ß «π “∏“√≥–¢Õß °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√π—Èπ à«π„À≠à®–‡ªìπ∑’Ë¥‘π¢Õ߇հ™π ´÷Ëß∑’Ë¥‘π‡À≈à“π’È®–À“‰¥â¬“°·≈–¡’√“§“·æß Õÿª √√§ ‡™à π π’È Õ “®∑”„Àâ ° “√ √â “ ß «π “∏“√≥–‰¡à “¡“√∂ ¥”‡π‘π°“√‰¥âµ“¡‡ªÑ“À¡“¬∑’Ë«“߉«â °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ®”‡ªìπÕ¬à“߬‘Ëß∑’Ë®–µâÕ߇√àߥ”‡π‘π°“√„Àâ ‰¥â¡“´÷Ëß∑’Ë¥‘π „π∫√‘ ‡ «≥æ◊È π ∑’Ë ‡ ªÑ “ À¡“¬∑’Ë ® –°à Õ √â “ ß‚¥¬‡√à ß ¥à « π ‡π◊Ë Õ ß®“°æ◊È π ∑’Ë à « π„À≠à ‡ À≈à “ π’È ¬— ß ‡ªì π ∑’Ë «à “ ß ‚¥¬„™â °≈¬ÿ∑∏åµà“ßÊ ‰¥â·°à °“√ÕÕ°æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—µ‘‡«π§◊π ∑’Ë¥‘π °“√®—¥´◊ÈÕ∑’Ë¥‘π ¢Õ∫√‘®“§∑’Ë¥‘π °“√∑” —≠≠“ ·≈°‡ª≈’ˬπ∑’Ë¥‘π ∑” —≠≠“‡™à“∑’Ë¥‘π√–¬–¬“« ‡ªìπµâπ ∂â “ ‡ªì π ∑’Ë ¥‘ π ¢ÕßÀπà « ¬√“™°“√·≈–√— ∞ «‘ “À°‘ ® °√ÿ ß ‡∑æ¡À“π§√Õ“®®–¥”‡π‘ π °“√¢Õ„™â ∑’Ë ¥‘ π ®“° Àπ૬ߓππ—Èπ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâª√–™“™π‡¢â“‰ªæ—°ºàÕπÀ¬àÕπ„® À√◊Õ°“√¢Õ‡¢â“‰ªæ—≤π“∑’Ë¥‘π„À⇪ìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬« °“√ ‡®√®“¢Õ„™â ∑’Ë ¥‘ π ‡¡◊Ë Õ Àπà « ¬ß“ππ—È π ‰¡à ¡’ § «“¡®”‡ªì π ∑’Ë®–„™â∑’Ë¥‘ππ—Èπ·≈â« ‡¡◊ËÕ “¡“√∂·°âªí≠À“·≈–‡Õ“™π–Õÿª √√§µà“ßÊ ‰¥â·≈â« °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√°Á®– “¡“√∂¥”‡π‘π°“√æ—≤π“ æ◊πÈ ∑’ Ë ‡’ ¢’¬«„π√Ÿª¢Õß «π “∏“√≥–„Àâ ”‡√Á®µ“¡‡ªÑ“À¡“·≈–∑”„À⧫“¡Ωíπ¢Õß™“«‡¡◊ÕßÀ≈«ß∑’Ë®–‡ÀÁπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«„π°∑¡.‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õß™“«‡¡◊ÕßÀ≈«ß‡ªìπ®√‘߉¥â

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BMA Permanent Secretary §ÿ≥À≠‘ß≥∞ππ∑ ∑«’ ‘π ª≈—¥°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√

Khunying Nathanon Thaweesin ‡√◊ËÕß: “∏‘µ «‘πÿ√“™ Story: Sathit Vinurach

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‚¥¬‡Àµÿ∑’Ëæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬« ∂◊Õ‡ªìπµ—«™’È«—¥§ÿ≥¿“æ™’«‘µ ¢Õߧπ„π —ߧ¡‡¡◊Õß ‘ËßÀπ÷Ëß∑’˺Ÿâ∫√‘À“√∫â“π‡¡◊Õ߉¡à “¡“√∂‡æ‘°‡©¬‰¥â πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°°“√ √â“ߧ«“¡‡®√‘≠ °â“«Àπâ“∑“߇∑§‚π‚≈¬’·≈– “∏“√≥ª√–‚¬™πå∑«—Ë ‰ª·≈â« °Á §◊ Õ ºŸâ ∫ √‘ À “√∫â “ π‡¡◊ Õ ß®”‡ªì π ®–µâ Õ ß„ à „ ®µà Õ °“√ √â“ß √√§å ¿“æ —ß§¡·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡„Àâª√–™“™π Õ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬Õ¬à“ß√ࡇ¬Áπ‡ªìπ ÿ¢ ¡’æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«∑’Ë„À⧫“¡ √à¡√◊Ëπ·≈– «¬ß“¡ ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⧫“¡‡®√‘≠∑“߇»√…∞°‘® °â “ «Àπâ “ ‰ªæ√â Õ ¡Ê°— ∫ §«“¡‡®√‘ ≠ ∑“ß — ß §¡·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ °“√®—¥°“√‡√◊ËÕß ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡ªìπ Õ’ ° ª√–‡¥Á π Àπ÷Ë ß ∑’Ë ‰ ¥â √— ∫ °“√‡Õ“„®„ àà ® “°∑—È ß ¿“§√— ∞ ·≈–¿“§‡Õ°™πÕ¬à“ß°«â“ߢ«“ß °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√‡Õß °Á ‰¥â „À⧫“¡‡Õ“„®„ à„π‡√◊ËÕß°“√®—¥°“√ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡π’È Õ¬à“߇¥àπ™—¥ ‚¥¬¡’‚§√ß°“√‡æ‘¡Ë æ◊πÈ ∑’ Ë ‡’ ¢’¬«„π‡¢µ °∑¡. ‡æ◊Ë Õ πÕߧ«“¡µâ Õ ß°“√¢Õߧπ„π — ß §¡‡¡◊ Õ ß πÕ°‡Àπ◊ Õ ®“°°“√¢“π√— ∫ π‚¬∫“¬„π‡√◊Ë Õ ß¢Õß°“√ Õπÿ√—°…å∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡¢Õß√—∞∫“≈µ≈Õ¥¡“

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Green spaces are one important indicator of the quality of life in any major metropolitan area today. Their job is to work for the well-being of the urban population, city administrators must be concerned about more than just modern technology and public utilities. They also need to understand the importance of improving the environment and providing adequate green spaces for people living and working in the city.

Here in Thailand, environmental management is receiving a great deal of attention from both government and private-sector organizations.

Likewise, the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration has focused its attention on improving environmental conditions in the capital. One current initiative is to increase the size and number of green spaces.

This responds to the needs of Bangkok residents and to the central governmentûs policy on protecting nature and the environment.

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ºŸâ∫√‘À“√°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√§‘¥ Õ¬à“߉√ ·≈–°”≈—ß«“ß·ºπ‡√◊ËÕß ¢Õß°“√‡æ‘Ë ¡ æ◊È π ∑’Ë ’ ‡ ¢’ ¬ «„π‡¢µ °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√Õ¬à“߉√ §ÿ≥À≠‘ß ≥∞ππ∑ ∑«’ π‘ ª≈—¥°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ®–¡“„À⧔µÕ∫°—∫‡√“„π‡√◊ËÕßπ’È ∂“¡ Õ¬“°∑√“∫√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥ ‡°’ˬ«°—∫·ºπ·¡à∫∑æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«¢Õß °∑¡.«à“‡ªìπÕ¬à“߉√? µÕ∫ ·ºπ·¡à ∫ ∑æ◊È π ∑’Ëà ’ ‡ ¢’ ¬ « ¢Õß °∑¡.ÕÕ°¡“‚¥¬¡’‡ªÑ“À¡“¬«à“ „πªï 2549 π’È ‡√“Õ¬“°‰¥âæπ◊È ∑’ Ë ‡’ ¢’¬« 2.5 µ“√“߇¡µ√/1 §π ·≈–„πÕ’° 25 ªï¢â“ßÀπⓇ√“ Õ¬“°‡ÀÁπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ’°°«à“ 10,000 ‰√à ´÷Ëßπ—Ë𠇪ìπ·ºπ·¡à∫∑∑’Ë¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡°…µ√»“ µ√å®—¥∑”¢÷Èπ ·≈–®”‡ªì π ∑’Ë ∑ÿ ° §πµâ Õ ß√— ∫ √Ÿâ · ≈–√— ∫ ∑√“∫°— π Õ¬à “ ß °«â“ߢ«“ß ‡æ◊ËÕ„ÀâÕ¬Ÿà„πÀ—«„®¢Õ߇√“‡≈¬«à“∑ÿ°æ◊Èπ∑’Ë„π ∫â“π πÕ°∫â“π ®”‡ªìπµâÕß¡’µâπ‰¡â ·≈–„π‡√◊ËÕßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’ ‡ ¢’ ¬ «„π‡¢µ°∑¡.‡Õß ®–‡ÀÁ π ‰¥â «à “ ‡√“‡√‘Ë ¡ ¡’ æ◊È π ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«¡“°¢÷Èπ ‚¥¬„πªï 2547 π’È ‡√“ “¡“√∂∑”„À⇰‘¥ æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬« 2 à«π ·≈–‡√“°Á¬—ß¡’π‚¬∫“¬«à“æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ‡Õ°™π∂Ⓣ¡à ‰¥âª√–°Õ∫°‘®°“√„π‡√◊ËÕߪ≈Ÿ°µâπ‰¡â·≈â« °∑¡. °Á®–‡¢â“‰ª¥Ÿ·≈ ·≈–‡«≈“π’‡È √“°Á‰¥â√∫— §«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ ®“°‡Õ°™π‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’ ¡’°“√ àß¡Õ∫æ◊Èπ∑’Ë „Àâ °∑¡. ‡™àπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¢Õß∫“ߧշÀ≈¡ °Á®–‡ªìπ°“√‡ªî¥‡º¬«à“ µ√ßπ’È·À≈–∑’˪√–™“™π„Àâæ◊Èπ∑’ˇ√“ µ√ßπ’È·À≈–‡ªìπ ∂“π∑’Ë„À⺧Ÿâ π‰¥â»°÷ …“·≈– à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡

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Just what do Bangkok administrators think about this plan to create new green spaces in the capital? And how will they go about implementing the plan? To find out the answer to these questions, we spoke with Khunying Nonthanon Thaweesin, the BMA Permanent Secretary.

Q: Could you please tell us the details about the BMAûs master plan to create new green spaces?

A: One of the planûs main targets is to have 2.5 square meters of green space per Bangkok resident by the year 2006 and over the next 25 years we want to create 10,000 rais of new green spaces around the city. The master plan was drawn up by Kasetsart University, and for the plan to succeed, we need the cooperation of everyone involved. Everyone needs to keep in mind that there should be trees and plants inside and outside their homes. We need trees and plants everywhere.

You can also see that the BMA has already started to enlarge the cityûs green spaces. This year weûve made a couple of important strides, and weûve adopted a policy to plant trees on unused plots of privately-owned land. The trees will be looked after by the city. Weûre really pleased with the cooperation weûve received from the public in handing over pieces of land. For example, the public turned over land at Bang Khor Laem, which the BMA will use as a kind of biological laboratory where interested members of the public can learn about organic fertilizer. Our plan is to raise plants and trees there without any chemicals, and if the

project succeeds, weûll take the same approach in other areas. We also have campaigns to raise public awareness of the importance of green spaces and the value of trees and plants.

Q: The most obvious green spaces are public parks. Do you have plans to look after other types of green spaces, and if so, have you made any progress?

A: Of course. Iûm an example myself. Iûve been in the government service for 35 years, and I have experienced in environmental affairs.

You can see that the environment has always been a matter of considerable importance because environment is everything surrounding us.

Trees help to reduce air pollution. They help to beautify the city. Whenever weûre in a green, shady place, it has a tremendous influence on the way we feel. Thatûs why I believe that greenery is something that we canût do without.

In our city parks weûve enlarged the green spaces. Sanam Luang, for instance, covers over 90 rais, and Thammasathan Rajinee Park covers a total of 40 rais. The wetland forest at Bang Khun Thian along Klong Pityalongkorn covers an area of 59 rais. We want to promote tourism in the forest, but at the same time, we want to make sure not to harm the environment. Thatûs why weûre planting new trees and taking measures to protect the wildlife native to the area.

The BMA also intends to take possession of unused plots of land around the city, even the areas under the Highway Departmentûs network of expressways. Weûve also received a lot of positive feedback for having planted rows of trees along temple walls. Weûre encouraging people to plant gardens on the roof of their houses, too. The Public Parks Department plans to sponsor a contest and give prizes to the most beautiful rooftop garden.

The BMA is made up of a total of 50 districts administrative offices, and each district office is responsible for carrying out our policy to enlarge the cityûs green spaces. In turn, each district is subdivided into communities. The size of these communities depends on the particular district. Every community, even the cityûs slum communities,

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«¬ß“¡ ª√“»®“°¡≈æ‘… ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ„π∞“π–∑’Ë °∑¡. ¥Ÿ·≈‡√◊ËÕߧ«“¡ –Õ“¥ ®÷߇≈Á߇ÀÁπ«à“µâπ‰¡âπ—Èπ‡ªìπÀ—«„® ”§— ≠ ¥â « ¬ πÕ°‡Àπ◊ Õ ®“°‡√◊Ë Õ ß‡°Á ∫ ¢¬– °Á ‡ ≈¬∑” ‚§√ß°“√§≈Õß «¬ –Õ“¥·≈–ª√“»®“°¡≈æ‘… §◊Õ «¬°Á§◊Õµâπ‰¡â –Õ“¥°Á§◊Õ‰¡à¡’¢¬– ª√“»®“°¡≈æ‘… °Á§◊Õ‰¡àª≈àÕ¬πÈ”‡ ’¬≈ß Ÿà§≈Õß ·µà ‚§√ß°“√°ÁµâÕß ‰¥â√—∫°“√æ—≤π“Õ¬à“߬—Ë߬◊π ‡æ√“–∑”≈“¬∑”‰¥âßà“·≈–‡√“°Á®–√≥√ß§å „ Àâ ª ≈Ÿ ° µâ π ‰¡â ‰ ¡à «à “ ‰¡â ° √–∂“ß∑’Ë ÀâÕ¬µ“¡∫â“πÀ√◊Õ«à“∑’Ë “¡“√∂∫√‘‚¿§‰¥â¥â«¬ ·≈–°Á®– ‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡‡ªìπ ’‡¢’¬« ‡æ√“–‡√“„™â‡ âπ∑“߇¥‘π‡√◊Õ „π °“√¥Ÿ·≈√‘¡§≈Õß √‘¡πÈ” ·≈–√«¡‰ª∂÷ß∫π∫°¥â«∂“¡ ·≈â«®–·°âªí≠À“°“√∑‘Èߢ¬–‰¥âÕ¬à“߉√? µÕ∫ °“√·°âªí≠À“¢¬– ‘Ëß∑’Ë¥‘©—π∑”·≈–‰¥âº≈ ¡—πµâÕßÕ¬Ÿà„πÀ—«„® ·≈–∑”·≈â«®–‰¥âº≈µâÕß√à«¡¡◊Õ°—π Õ¬à“ß®√‘ß®—ß„π‡√◊ËÕߢÕß°“√‡§“–ª√–µŸ∫â“π °‘®°√√¡ °“√‡§“–ª√–µŸ∫â“π®–™à«¬‰¥â¡“° ‡æ√“–®–∑”„À⇰‘¥ §«“¡‡¢â“„® Õ¬à“ß‚§√ß°“√§≈Õß «¬ –Õ“¥ª√“»®“° ¡≈æ‘… °Á‡Õ“∑ÿ°Õ¬à“ß¡“‡ªìπ°“√∑”ß“π‡™‘ß∫Ÿ√≥“°“√ §◊Õ ®–‡¢â“‰ª∂“¡‰∂à™“«∫â“π‡√◊ÕË ß ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬ ‡™àπ ”√«®

is included in the master plan. Everybody has an obligation to help make the city green. Weûre even encouraging people to grow lemongrass because itûs such a useful plant. You can make mosquito repellent from it that you can sell to supplement your income. We have other plans, too, for generating jobs and helping people earn extra money. For instance, in Khun Bumphen, a slum community in Phasi Charoen district, weûve invited people from the Vocational Crafts Center to come and teach residents how to make little miniature gardens that they can sell to earn money.

Q: Do you have plans for a campaign to encourage people to look after and appreciate trees and plants?

A: Of course, we have to make people more aware, and we all have to be involved in looking after trees and plants. Trees need food to grow.

People need to start with themselves. We need to reach out to families and encourage them to take part in activities such as National Tree Planting Day and National Environment Day. We need to urge people to plant trees along the cityûs canals.

This will help make them look better and cleaner, too. The BMA has an obligation to keep the city clean, so trees are at the very heart of our efforts to make Bangkok a better place to live. In addition to our garbage collection efforts, we have a project aimed at making the canals beautiful and free from pollution. Beautiful means that there are trees, and free from pollution means that there is no garbage. It means that people donût dump untreated waste in the water. This is a project that we need to maintain. Itûs too easy to lose focus.

We have other campaigns to encourage people to keep potted plants at their home and to grow plants that they can eat. We intend to use the banks of the canals and other waterways to make Bangkok a greener place.

Q: How do you plan to solve the garbage problem?

A: To solve the garbage problem, I think we need to go door to door and explain to people the importance of proper waste disposal. We need everybodyûs cooperation if weûre to have any chance of success. Itûs like the project to clean up the cityûs canals. We need to reach out to people in every way we can, and we need to use all the resources at our disposal. We need to take what I call an integrated approach. For instance, we need to ask people about their health. We need to find out whether people living along the canals get sick when they drink the water or if they use it for any other purpose. Then we need to find out

how many there are in each household, how many families there are, and where they come from.

The BMA has compiled a computer database with information about squatter communities around the city. This way we can track these people and know when they moved into a certain area and why. We can gather basic information about all these people. Weûve distributed questionnaires to help us gather the information. To do this, weûve gotten help from the Community Development Office, the Waterworks Office, the Social Affairs Office, district offices, and the Royal Thai Navy.

All of these organizations have worked together toward a common goal, and thatûs what I mean by an integrated approach.

Q: How do you move these people out?

A: We need to move the squatters out, but admittedly, this isnût always easy. Sometimes, there are NGOs that encourage the squatters to stay where they are. In any case, we have an understanding that if the BMA needs a particular piece of land to build a dam, the squatters have to move out. These people should have a decent quality of life. They deserve a clean environment, so they should help us plant trees to make the city greener. You can see that stretches of Klong Bangkok Noi are a lot greener than they used to be. As for long-term improvement of water quality, we need to change peopleûs behaviors, and we need to provide more comprehensive services. We need to have garbage collecting boats, and we need to teach people to recycle and reuse as much waste as possible. They should only throw away what they canût reuse. Pineapple rinds, for instance, can be used as fertilizer for plants. Old newspapers can be turned into sculpture. At the foot of the Thonburi Bridge, there are sculptures of deer and rabbits made out of old newspaper mixed with cement. We should recycle whatever we can.

Organic waste that helps plants to grow turns into soil, which eventually turns back into other plants.

Q: What exactly are you doing right now to implement your policy to increase the cityûs green spaces and plant more trees?

A: The BMA has never hesitated to accept donations of land. For example, the Bangkok Mass Transit System that operates the skytrain owns several plots of land around Bangkok. One of them is long and narrow, rather like a trapezoid but even though itûs small,

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∑’ËÀπâ“ ”π—°ß“π‡¢µµ≈‘Ëß™—π‡√“°Á∑”‰«â ¡’∑—Èßπ°¡’∑—È߇ªì¥ °√–√Õ°‡°“–∫π°‘Ë߉¡â ‡ªìπ¢Õߪ≈Õ¡∑—Èßπ—Èπ·µà‡À¡◊Õπ ¢Õß®√‘ß °ÁÕ¬“°®–Ω“°¥â«¬«à“∂â“À“°ºŸâÕà“π‰¥âÕà“π§Õ≈—¡πå π’È·≈â« ∂â“À“°¡’æ◊Èπ∑’Ë„™â Õ¬„π∫â“π¡’Õ–‰√ª≈Ÿ°‰¥â°Á¢Õ „Àâª≈Ÿ° ·¡â°√–∑—Ë߉¡âµâπ‡≈Á°µâπ„À≠à°Áµ“¡ ª≈Ÿ°„π °√–∂“ß°Á ‰¥â ∂â“À“°„π°√–∂“߉¡à∂Ÿ°„®°Á ≈—∫°—π‰¥â ‡æ√“–µâπ‰¡â§◊Õ™’«‘µ ‡®â“¥Ÿ¥Õ“°“»æ‘…·∑π¢â“ ´÷Ëßµ√ßπ’È ®–™à«¬„Àâ‚≈°„∫π’Èπà“Õ¬Ÿà¢÷Èπ ™à«¬„π¥â“𮑵„® ∂“¡ ¡’π‚¬∫“¬„π°“√ à߇ √‘¡‡Õ°™π„Àâ™«à ¬„π‡√◊ÕË ß °“√‡æ‘Ë¡æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«¢Õß °∑¡.Õ¬à“߉√? µÕ∫ π’ˇªìππ‚¬∫“¬‡≈¬ ·≈–‡¥’ά«π’ȇհ™π°Á„Àâ §«“¡ π„®‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß¡“° ‡æ√“–‡«≈“®—¥µ°·µàß„π‡√◊ÕË ß ¢Õß ∂“πª√–°Õ∫°“√ ‡Õ°™π°Á∑”Õ¬Ÿà·≈â« ∂â“„§√ ‡§¬‰ª·∂«∂ππ “∑√µ√ß ’Ë·¬°∑’Ë¡’µ÷° Ÿß¢Õߧÿ≥‡®√‘≠ ‘√‘«—≤π¿—°¥’ °Á®–‡ÀÁπµâπ‡øóòÕßøÑ“Õ¬Ÿà∫π –æ“π§π‡¥‘π π—πË ‡√“°Á√∫— ∫√‘®“§‡¢â“¡“ ‰¡à¡§’ “à „™â®“à ¬ °Á‰ª‡™‘≠™«π‡§â“ ‡Õ°™π°Á∑”ß“π ·≈â«°Á¡“™à«¬‡ √‘¡ √â“ß„À⇰‘¥ ¿“æ ·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’¥Ë ’ ‡¢“°Á∫√‘®“§µâπ‡øóÕò ßøÑ“„Àâ°∫— ‡√“ ·≈â«°Á ¡“™à«¬°—πª≈Ÿ°¥â«¬ ™à«¬°—π¥’‰´πå ‡ªìπ°“√√«¡æ≈—ß ∂“¡ ∂â“®–‡™‘≠™«π„Àâ‡Õ°™π¡“™à«¬ ‡¢“ µâÕß∑”Õ¬à“߉√∫â“ß? µÕ∫ §‘¥«à“¡—π‰¡à„™à‡ªìπ¢Õß„§√ ‡¡◊Õß ‰¡à „™à¢Õß„§√ ¡—π‡ªìπ∫â“πÀ≈—ß„À≠à∑’Ë∑ÿ°§π µâÕߙ૬°—π√—°…“„Àâ∫â“πÀ≈—ßπ’ÈÕ¬Ÿà§Ÿà°—∫≈Ÿ°À≈“π ¢Õß∑à“π ≈Ÿ°¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬µàÕ‰ª ª√–‡∑»∑’Ë¡’ æ’ªË “Ñ πâ“Õ“Õ¬Ÿ√à «¡°—π Õ“®¡’∑–‡≈“–°—π∫â“߇ªìπ‡√◊ÕË ß ∏√√¡¥“ ·µà°Á‡ªìπ ¿“æ∫â“π∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà°—πÕ¬à“ß ß∫ ÿ¢ ‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕߢÕß∑ÿ°§π∑’˵âÕߥŸ·≈ √à«¡¡◊Õ √à«¡·√ß √à«¡„® √à«¡ªØ‘∫µ— ‘ ‡ ¡◊ÕπÀπâ“∑’Ë ∑à‡’Ë √’¬°«à“ ç√«¡°—π‡√“∑”‰¥â∂â“æ√âÕ¡„®∑”¥â«¬°—πé ªí≠À“ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‚¥¬‡©æ“–µâπ‰¡âπ—∫ À¡◊Ëπæ—π∑’ˬ—߉¡àæÕ°—∫®”π«πª√–™“°√

weûve asked the BTS for the land. We told them to put in plants and trees and papier mache animals. In front of the Taling Chan district office, weûve done very much the same thing. Weûve planted trees and put papier mache ducks and squirrels all around. Of course, theyûre not real, but they look like the real one.

And to anyone who might be reading this column, Iûd like you to take a look around your house. Is there somewhere you could put a plant?

If so, get one. Big or small - it doesnût matter.

Even a potted plant will do. Just remember - plants are life. They remove pollution from the air and make the world a cleaner place to live. They make us feel good to be alive.

Q: Does the BMA have a policy to encourage the private sector to take a role in increasing the cityûs green spaces?

A: Of course, and in fact, the private sector has expressed a lot of interest in helping us. Many of the new buildings around Bangkok have beautiful landscaping. If youûve ever been on Sathorn Road at the intersection near Khun Charoen Siriwatanapakdeeûs office tower, you must have noticed all the bougainvilleas on the pedestrian bridge. This was a gift from the private sector. It didnût cost the BMA a thing. We just asked for help, and he was happy to oblige. He donated the bougainvilleas and helped with the design. Thatûs an example of the kind of cooperation between the BMA and the private sector Iûm talking about.

Q: How can the public get involved in making Bangkok green?

A: It seems to me that Bangkok belongs to everybody who lives here. We all need to pitch in to make the city a decent place for our children and our grandchildren to live. Of course, in any house where there are lots of people living together, there are bound to be disagreements from time to time. But thatûs what makes a house a home. Everybody needs to lend a hand. What they say - that nothing is impossible if we work together - is true. We can solve our environmental problems if we work together. According to international standards, there arenût enough trees in Bangkok, but again, if everyone pitches in, Iûm sure we can make the city green, clean and healthy.

Q: As a city official, how do you envision Bangkok in the future?

A: Once the city zoning plan is finished, I have confidence that we can make it a reality.

We live in a democracy, so we need to ask everybody to give their cooperation. If the plan is going to succeed, then we need to be sensitive to

µ“¡À≈—°¢Õß “°≈ °Á§ß®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥â∂â“√à«¡¡◊Õ √à«¡„® °—π∑ÿ°§π Õ¬à“ß®√‘ß®—ß·≈–®√‘ß„® ∂“¡ ¡Õß¿“æ °∑¡. „πÕπ“§µÕ¬à“߉√ „π∞“π– ‡ªìπºŸâ§«∫§ÿ¡? µÕ∫ „πÕ𓧵∂â“À“°º—߇¡◊Õß·≈⫇ √Á® ‡™◊ËÕ«à“ ®– “¡“√∂‡¥‘πµ“¡·ºπ‰¥â ·≈–‚¥¬‡Àµÿ∑’Ë∫â“π‡√“‡ªìπ √–∫Õ∫ª√–™“∏‘ª‰µ¬ ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ ‘Ëß∑’ˇ√“«‘ß«Õπ§◊Õ °“√¢Õ§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ®“°ª√–™“™π∑’Ë®–∫—π¥“≈„À⇰‘¥ º≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï ‰ ¥â „π®ÿ¥π’È µâÕ߇Փ„®‡¢“¡“„ à „®‡√“¥â«µâÕ߇ÀÁπÕ°‡ÀÁπ„®°—π ∫“ߧ√—ÈßÀπ—°π‘¥‡∫“ÀπàÕ¬°ÁµâÕß ∂âÕ¬∑’∂Õâ ¬Õ“»—¬°—π π—∫«à“‡ªìπ‚™§¥’∑∫’Ë “â π‡√“‡ªìπ·∫∫π’È À√◊Õ∂ⓧ‘¥®–™à«¬°—π¡Õß«à“µâπ‰¡âµ√ßπ’πÈ “à ®–¡’ °— ÀπàÕÀ√◊Õπ—Ëß√∂ºà“πµ√ßπ’È °∑¡.πà“®–∑” °Á “¡“√∂‚∑√·®âß ·°â ‰¢®ÿ¥∫°æ√àÕß ∑’ˇ∫Õ√å 1555 “¬¥à«π‰¡à‡ ’¬µ—ß§å ‰¥â ∂“¡ °∑¡.‚µ¢÷Èπ∑ÿ°«—π §π‡¬Õ–¢÷Èπ ªí≠À“‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷È𠧑¥«à“°“√‡æ‘Ë¡æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«®–µ“¡∑—πÀ√◊Õ‰¡à √Ÿâ ÷°Àπ—°„® ∫â“ßÀ√◊Õ‡ª≈à“? µÕ∫ ∂⓪í≠À“∂Ÿ°®”°—¥‚¥¬º—߇¡◊Õß°Á§ß®–µ“¡∑—π ¢ÕÕ¬à“„ÀâªØ‘∫—µ‘º‘¥¢—ÈπµÕπ Õ¬à“º‘¥°Æ ·≈–¥”‡π‘π°“√ ∑ÿ°Õ¬à“ßµ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬ °Á§ß®–‰¡à¡’ªí≠À“ à«π‡√◊ËÕß ªí≠À“Àπ—°„®π—È𧑥«à“¡—π‡ªìπ∏√√¡¥“ ®–∑”„Àâ∂Ÿ°„® §π∑—Èß 10 ≈â“π§π °Á§ß‡ªìπ‰ª‰¡à ‰¥â ·µàÕ¬“°®–∫Õ° Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß«à“ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡®Õªí≠À“‰¡à‡§¬∑‘Èߪí≠À“ ·µà¢Õ„Àâ ∫Õ° ‰¡àµâÕ߇°√ß„® ‡√“æ√âÕ¡‡ ¡Õ ¥’„®∑’Ë®–™à«¬‡ªìπÀŸ ‡ªì𵓄Àâ ‡æ√“–æ◊Èπ∑’Ë„À≠à ª≈—¥œ¥Ÿ§π‡¥’¬«‡ªìπ‰ª‰¡à ‰¥â ‡™◊ËÕ·πà«à“‚§√ß°“√¥’Ê Õ¬à“ßπ’È §ß®–‰¥â√—∫§«“¡ √à«¡¡◊Õ®“°∑ÿ°ΩÉ“¬ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–ª√–™“™π™“«°√ÿ߇∑æ ¡À“π§√ ∑’§Ë ßÕ¬“°‡ÀÁπ∫â“πÀ≈—ß„À≠àÀ≈—ßπ’¢È Õßµ—«‡Õß ¡’§«“¡ «¬ß“¡·≈– ß∫√à¡√◊πË ‡ªìπ∫â“π∑’πË “à Õ¬ŸÕà “»—·≈–‡ªìπ‡¡◊ÕßÀ≈«ß∑’Ëπà“¿“§¿Ÿ¡‘„®¢Õߧπ‰∑¬∑ÿ°§π

the publicûs needs, and they need to understand our side, too. We need to listen to each other. We may need to make a few compromises sometimes, but thatûs the Thai way and generally things work out for the best. Iûm optimistic. Also, if youûre in your car or on the bus and you pass a spot where you think there should be some greenery, you can contact the BMA hotline at 1555. The call is free of charge.

Q: Bangkok is growing quickly, and more and more people means more and more problems.

Do you really think the BMA can keep up with the growth? Donût you ever get discouraged?

A: If the zoning plan can help to limit problems, then I think we can keep up. We have to hope that people abide by the rules and donût break the law. If they can do this, then I think we can avoid a lot of problems. Of course, there are always going to be problems. In a city of ten million people, it simply isnût possible to please everyone. But I would like people to know that it isnût right to just let problems grow. If thereûs something wrong, let us know. You donût need to be afraid of. Iûm glad to listen to anything you have to say. Bangkok is a big city, and thereûs no way I can do everything all by myself. I need your help, too.

A project like this deserves everyoneûs full support and participation. The people of Bangkok should all pitch in to make their home as green, clean and livable as they possibly can. With everyoneûs cooperation, we can make Thailandûs capital a city to be truly proud of.

Khunying Nathanon Thaweesin, permanent secretary for the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, is 57 years old. Khunying Thaweesin holds B.A. in Political Science from Thammasat University and M.Sc. in Public Administration from University of Kansas, USA. Khunying Thaweesin has various tasks related to environment and is a member of many committees regarding environmental management. Furthermore, she has initiated a number of environmental projects such as çBeautiful-Clean-Nonpolluted Canel Project and çReduce-Refrain-Resolve Foam and Plastic Projecté. She has been elected as a Great Woman of the Year from many organizations and also, nominated as a delegate for Bangkok Metropolitan Administration to attend, international conferences from time to time.

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Outstanding and Appreciative Projects of the BMA

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‚§√ß°“√¥Ÿ·≈·≈–Õπÿ√—°…åµâπ‰¡â „À≠à

Bangkokûs Large Tree Conservation Scheme

§ÿ ≥ ≥∞ππ∑ ∑«’ ‘ π ª≈— ¥ °√ÿ ß ‡∑æ¡À“π§√ ‡≈à“„Àâøíß∂÷ß‚§√ß°“√π’È«à“ ç‚§√ß°“√¥Ÿ·≈·≈–Õπÿ√—°…åµâπ‰¡â „À≠àπ—Èπ °∑¡. ®–¡’À¡Õµâπ‰¡â§Õ¬„À⧔ª√÷°…“·π–π”„π‡√◊ÕË ß°“√∫”√ÿß √—°…“µâπ‰¡âø√’ ‚¥¬ ”π—°ß“π «π “∏“√≥–®–®—¥„Àâ¡’ °“√Õ∫√¡ ”À√—∫ª√–™“™π ·¡â·µà µ— « ¥‘ ©— π ‡Õß°Á ‡ ¢â “ √— ∫ °“√Õ∫√¡¥â « ‡¡◊ËÕΩñ°Õ∫√¡·≈â« °Á®–∑√“∫«à“æ—π∏ÿå ‰¡â ‰ Àπ‡ªì π æ— π ∏ÿå ‰ ¡â ∑’Ëà ¥Ÿ · ≈·≈–√— ° …“ Õπÿ √— ° …å ‰ «â ‡™à π µâ π ¡–¢“¡∫√‘ ‡ «≥ π“¡À≈«ß ´÷ßË µâπ¡–¢“¡∑’πË ®’Ë –‡ÀÁπ«à“ ‡√“„™âªŸπº ¡ Õ—ππ’ÈÀ¡Õµâπ‰¡âæ¬ÿ߉«â ‰¡à„Àâ≈â¡ À¡Õµâπ‰¡â®– Õπ„π‡√◊ËÕßµ‘¥µ“ µàÕ°‘Ëß ∑“∫„À¡à ·≈–π”¡“ª≈Ÿ° ‡√“ ®–‰¥â √Ÿ ª æ√√≥¢Õßµâ π ‰¡â «à “ µâ π ‰À𠇪ì π ¡ÿ π ‰æ√·≈–‡ªì π ª√–‚¬™πå Õ¬à “ ßµâ π –‡¥“°Á ‡ªìπµâπ‰¡â∑’Ë¡’ª√–‚¬™πå¡“° º≈ –‡¥“‡¡◊ËÕπ”¡“ °—¥ ‡ªìπªÿܬ®–¥’ ”À√—∫µâπ‰¡â¡“° –‡¥“®–¡’¥â«¬°—πÀ≈“ª√–‡¿∑ ‡™àπ –‡¥“™â“ß –‡¥“‰∑¬ –‡¥“Õ‘π‡¥’–‡¥“‡À≈à“π’È≈â«π¡’ª√–‚¬™πå∑—Èß ‘Èπ µâπ “¡“√∂∑” ‡øÕ√å𑇮Õ√å ‰¥â ‡ª≈◊Õ° “¡“√∂∑”¬“ ’øíπ‰¥â „∫·≈– ¥Õ°°Áπ”¡“∫√‘‚¿§‰¥â Õ¬à“ß„∫°Á¡’°“√∑”«‘®—¬·≈â««à“∂â“ ∑“π·≈â«®–≈¥°“√‡°‘¥ΩÑ“‰¥â µ√ßπ’ȧ‘¥«à“Õ–‰√∑’ˇªìπæ◊™ ¡ÿπ‰æ√°Á®– “¡“√∂°≈—∫¡“‡ªìπ«—Ø®—°√·≈–°≈—∫¡“ ‡ªìπª√–‚¬™πå ‰¥â „π à«π¢Õß°“√Õ∫√¡π—Èπ ‡√“°Á®–¡’°“√Õ∫√¡∑’Ë ∂“π’Õπ“¡—¬ à«πµ“¡‡¢µµà“ßÊ °Á ® – π— ∫ πÿ π „Àâ ¡’ «π ¡ÿπ‰æ√ Õ¬à“ßæ≠“‰∑°Á à߇ √‘¡„Àâ¡’ «π ¡ÿπ‰æ√ ‚¥¬„™âæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑“ߥà«π∑”·ª≈ß ¡ÿπ‰æ√„Àâª√–™“™π‰¥â ¡“æ—°ºàÕπ‰¥â ·≈–‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕß «π ¡ÿπ‰æ√‰ª„πµ—« „π‡√◊Ë Õ ß¢Õß°“√¥Ÿ · ≈·≈–√— ° …“µâ π ‰¡â „ À≠à π—È π ‡√“®–‡ÀÁ π ‰¥â «à “ æ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á ® æ√–‡®â “ Õ¬Ÿà À— « ·≈– ¡‡¥Á®æ√–π“߇®â“œ æ√–∫√¡√“™‘π’π“∂ °Á∑√ß‚ª√¥ „π‡√◊ÕË ß°“√ª≈Ÿ°ªÉ“·≈–∑√ß¡’æ√–√“™¥”√— „π‡√◊ÕË ß¢Õß °“√Õπÿ√—°…å¡“‚¥¬µ≈Õ¥ π—∫«à“∑√߇ªìπµ—«Õ¬à“ß∑’Ë¥’µàÕ æ °π‘°√™“«‰∑¬∑—Èߪ«ß ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ ‡√“‡ªìπ§π‰∑“¡—≠™π§π∏√√¡¥“ ‡√“®–‰¡à™à«¬ª≈Ÿ°ªÉ“°—π‡À√Õé

Bangkokûs large-tree conservation project is closely supervised and undertaken by the so-called plant doctors who are hold responsible for providing free advice to to the public on how to take care of the plants, while the Public Park Office organizes training programs to encourage the conservation awareness among Bangkok residents, says City Clerk Khunying Nathanon Thaweesin. çI have participated in the training program to learn which plants need to be protected and conserved, such the old tamarind tree at Sanam Luang. Some of these plants are now damaged by cement on the footpaths. The botanists taught the trainees how to propagate the plants by cutting, grafting and air-laying,é remarks Khunying Nathanon. çTraining also helps enabling us to identify medicinal herbs from other general plants and their individual medicinal qualities.é Margosa, for instance, comes in different types including Azadiracta excelsa, Azadiracta India var. Siamensis, and Azadiracta indica which contain lots of benefits. Margosaûs trunk can be processed as furniture. its bark can make into toothpaste, while its leaves and flowers are edible. Margosaûs leaves, in particular, according to a research, may be also used to heal Melasma. çMore importantly, the training program mostly held at the Health and Medical Centers will increase our knowledge regarding medicinal properties of the plants. Various Bangkok areas are now encouraged to cultivate herbs. Phaya Thai district, for example, is convinced by the BMA to turn the areas along the expressway into herbal gardens.é explains Khunying Nathanon. The BMA has also initiated the campaign to preserve Bangkokûs large trees. çWe are fully aware of how His Majesty the King and Her Majesty the Queen pay great interests in reforestation, and frequently instruct us to conserve trees. His and Her Majesties have well set themselves as good example to the citizen.é

Lovely Terrace Project

炧√ß°“√Àπâ“∫â“ππà“¡ÕߢÕß °∑¡. π—È𠇪ì𠂧√ß°“√∑’ˇ√“Õ¬“°„Àâ∑ÿ°§π‡Õ“„®„ य़·≈Àπâ“∫â“π ¢Õßµ— « ‡Õß ‰¡à Õ ¬“°„Àâ §‘ ¥ «à “ µâ π ‰¡â ‡ ªì π ¡∫— µ‘ ¢ Õß °∑¡.∑’˵âÕߥŸ·≈ À“°·µà‡ªìπ ¡∫—µ‘ “∏“√≥–∑’˵âÕß ™à«¬°—π¥Ÿ·≈ Õ¬“°„Àâ¡Õß«à“‡ªìπ ¡∫—µ‘¢Õßµ—«‡Õߥ⫇æ◊ËÕ®–‰¥â™à«¬°—π¥Ÿ·≈√—°…“ Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ °∑¡. °Á®– ¥”‡π‘π°“√‚¥¬°“√®—¥√∂¡“√¥πÈ”µâπ‰¡â „π‡«≈“§Ë”§◊π ·≈–Õ’° à«π°Á®–¡’‡®â“Àπâ“∑’˧լ„Àâ°“√¥Ÿ·≈·≈–∫”√ÿß √—°…“é

Lovely Terrace Project is also one of outstanding projects the BMA launches. Khunying Nathanon explains the project wants to encourage all Bangkok house owners to take care of their balconies and roofs including plants grown by the government. çBangkok residents should not treat those trees and plants only as the public properties of which the government alone should take care, but instead treat them as their own properties which need equal special care. However, the BMA holds responsibility to water the plants,é adds Khunying Nathanon.

Moreover, the BMA has also taken pride in the funeral wreath replacement project aiming to protect Bangkokûs environment.

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Funeral Wreath Replacement Project

çÕ— π π’È ‡ ªì π §à “ π‘ ¬ ¡∑’Ë ‡ √“°Á Õ ¬“°®–ª√— ∫ ‡ª≈’Ë ¬ π Õ¬à“߉ªß“π»æ °Á„Àâ‡Õ“µâπ‰¡â ‰ªµ—ßÈ ·∑πÀ√’¥ ·≈–∂«“«— ¥ µà Õ ‰¡à ‡ Õ“°≈— ∫ ∑—È ß π’È ‡ π◊Ë Õ ß®“°‡√“‡ÀÁ π «à “ ß“π»æ ®–µâ Õ ß„™â À √’ ¥ ·≈–‡ªì π ªí ≠ À“¡“°‡æ√“–‡§¬‡ªì π ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√√—°…“§«“¡ –Õ“¥ 6 ªï‡µÁ¡ °Á‰¥â√—∫‡√◊ËÕß √âÕ߇√’¬π®“°∑“ß«—¥‡¬Õ–¡“°„π‡√◊ËÕߢÕß‚ø¡ °Á‡≈Õ¬“°®–√≥√ß§å ‰¡à„Àâπ”‚ø¡¡“∑”À√’¥ ‰ªß“π»æ°Á‡Õ“ µâ π ‰¡â ‰ª À√◊Õ·∑π∑’ˇ√“®–π”À√’¥∑’ˇ√“‰ª´◊ÈÕ¡“ ‡√“ °Á ‡ ª≈’Ë ¬ π¡“‡Õ“À√’ ¥ ∑’Ë ∑”®“°ø“ߢ⠓ «°Á ‰ ¥â °∑¡.‡Õß ¡’ ° ≈ÿà ¡ ·¡à ∫â “ π∑’Ë Õ ¬Ÿà ¡’ π ∫ÿ √’ ÀπÕ߮հ ≈“¥°√–∫— ß π”ø“ߢ⠓ «¡“¡— ¥ À≈— ß ®“°∑’Ë ‡ °’Ë ¬ «¢â “ «·≈â « ®“°π—È π °Á π” à ß ª“°§≈Õßµ≈“¥ ·≈â « ®— ¥ ¡— ¥ ‡ªì π √Ÿ ª µà “ ßÊ Õ¬à“ß√ŸªÀ—«„® √Ÿª«ß√’ ·≈â« „ ™â À π— ß ◊ Õ æ‘ ¡ æå æ— ∫ „ ™â °√√‰°√µ—¥ °Á®–‰¥â¥Õ°‰¡â ·≈â « π”¡“‡ ’ ¬ ∫∫πø“ß ∑’Ë ‡ µ√’ ¬ ¡‰«â °Á ® –‰¥â À √’ ¥ ø“ߢ⓫ «¬ß“¡ ‡ªìπ°“√ ª√–À¬— ¥ ·≈–™à « ¬™ÿ ¡ ™π „Àâ¡’√“¬‰¥â¥â«¬é

çWe want to change the mindset of the public who generally use wreath to pay homage to the dead. Instead, we want people to donate plants or trees to the temples. We see the funeral wreath quite troublesome and burdensome for the cityûs treatment,é she says. çFor six years as the director of the Public Cleansing Department, I have had a lot of complaints over foam wreath form the public so that we need a campaign to encourage people to reduce the use of foam and shift to use other alternative materials such as hay. Housewife groups at Min Buri, Nong Chok and Lat Krabang districts use hay as raw materials to make wreath into several shape such as hearth, oval and etc. and then sell them to the Pak Khlong Talad flower market. The hay wreath not only looks beautiful but also helps generating income to the communities,é she states.

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‚§√ß°“√Àπâ“∫â“ππà“¡Õß

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√ࡇߓ¢Õß®“¡®ÿ√’Õ“¬ÿ√à«¡√âÕ¬ªï „π®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—The cool shade of hundred-year old raintrees at Chulalongkorn University campus.

Registering Big Tree in Bangkok, An Excellence Idea to be Followed up ¢÷Èπ∑–‡∫’¬πµâπ‰¡â „À≠à „π°∑¡. ...§«“¡§‘¥¥’Ê ∑’Ë√Õ°“√ “πµàÕ

‡√◊ËÕß: Õ√∑—¬ §≈⓬™¡ Story: Orathai Klaychom

We all know that Bangkok is the capital of Thailand, a big city in the region with 1,568,737 square meter area or 980,461 rais and 5.74 million populations not include people who move in for education, job, and other services. The rate of population growth is 0.32% per year. The city is divided into 50 ruling zones. 22 are in the inner city zones, 22 in the medium layer or suburb area zones about 10-20 kilometers around the inner zone, and another six outer zones are about 20 kilometers from the center of the city. The outer zones are vacant and agricultural lands.

A reflection of Bangkok that can be seen clearly is that it is the city that assemblages all the socioeconomic progress. The city expands rapidly till it is hard to control the balance in land usage, and the following problem is the peopleûs standard of living. Meanwhile, natural or green area in Bangkok Metropolitan also has shrunk slowly because people didnût see the value or give any importance to big trees. On the contrary, they emphasis more on city expansion and material improvement, and many big trees were cut down due to the city and road construction or for any other infrastructure plan such as electricity, water supply, telephone line and etc.

Some of the big trees are also naturally destroyed by nature such as disease and insects, etc.

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‡ªìπ∑’Ë∑√“∫°—π¥’Õ¬Ÿà·≈â««à“ °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ §◊ Õ ‡¡◊ Õ ßÀ≈«ß¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ‡ªì π ‡¡◊ Õ ß„À≠à Õ’ ° ·ÀàßÀπ÷ßË „π¿Ÿ¡¿‘ “§π’È ¡’‡π◊ÕÈ ∑’Ë 1,568.737 µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ À√◊Õ 980,461 ‰√à ¡’ª√–™“°√ª√–¡“≥ 5.74 ≈â“π§π ∑—Èßπ’È ‰¡àπ—∫√«¡∂÷ߪ√–™“°√∑’ˇ¢â“¡“Õ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬‡æ◊ËÕ»÷°…“ À“§«“¡√Ÿâ ∑”ß“π ·≈–„™â∫√‘°“√µà“ßÊ Õ—µ√“°“√‡æ‘¡Ë ¢Õß ª√–™“°√√âÕ¬≈– 0.32 §πµàÕªï ·∫à߇¢µ°“√ª°§√Õß ÕÕ°‡ªìπ 50 ‡¢µ ‡ªìπ°≈ÿࡇ¢µ‡¡◊Õß™—Èπ„π 22 ‡¢µ °≈ÿ¡à ‡¢µ‡¡◊Õß™—πÈ °≈“ßÀ√◊Õ‡¢µµàÕ‡¡◊Õß √—»¡’ 10-20 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ®“°‡¢µ‡¡◊Õß™—Èπ„πÕ’° 22 ‡¢µ ·≈–‡¢µ‡¡◊Õß™—ÈππÕ° Àà“ß®“°»Ÿπ¬å°≈“߇¡◊Õ߇°‘π°«à“ 20 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ Õ’° 6 ‡¢µ à«ππ’ȇªìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë«à“ß·≈–æ◊Èπ∑’ˇ°…µ√°√√¡ ¿“æ –∑âÕπ¢Õß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√∑’ˇÀÁπ‰¥â™—¥§◊Õ °“√‡ªìπ‡¡◊Õß»Ÿπ¬å√«¡¢Õߧ«“¡‡®√‘≠°â“«Àπâ“∑“ß ¥â “ π‡»√…∞°‘ ® ·≈– — ß §¡ ¡’ ° “√¢¬“¬µ— « ¢Õ߇¡◊ Õ ß Õ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«®π¢“¥§«“¡ ¡¥ÿ≈¥â“π°“√„™âæπ◊È ∑’Ë ªí≠À“ ∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπµ“¡¡“§◊Õ§ÿ≥¿“æ™’«‘µ¢Õߪ√–™“™π≈¥≈ß ¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∏√√¡™“µ‘ À√◊Õ æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«¢Õß °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√°Á∑¬Õ¬≈¥πâÕ¬≈߇æ√“–ª√–™“™π„Àâ §«“¡ ”§—≠°—∫°“√¢¬“¬µ—«¢Õ߇¡◊Õß·≈–§«“¡‡®√‘≠ ∑“ߥâ“π«—µ∂ÿ¡“°°«à“ ¥—ßπ—Èπ‰¡âµâπ¢π“¥„À≠à®”π«π ¡“°®÷ßµâÕß∂Ÿ°‚§àπ∑‘È߇¡◊ËÕ¡’°“√¢¬“¬‡¡◊Õß ¢¬“¬∂ππ À√◊Õ°“√«“ß·π«√–∫∫ “∏“√≥Ÿª‚¿§µà“ßÊ ‡™àπ ‰øøÑ“ ª√–ª“ ·≈–‚∑√»—æ∑å ¢≥–∑’Ë ‰¡âµâπ¢π“¥„À≠à∫“ß à«π Õ“®∂Ÿ°‚§àπ®“°§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬µ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‡™àπ ∂Ÿ°∑”≈“®“°‚√§·≈–·¡≈ß∑”„Àâºÿæ—ß ·π«∑“ß°“√·°â ‰¢ªí≠À“π’È §◊Õ °“√À“¡“µ√°“√ ‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬« ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ √‘¡ √â“ߧÿ≥¿“æ™’«‘µ

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°Õß «π “∏“√≥– À√◊Õªí®®ÿ∫—π§◊Õ ”π—°ß“π «π “∏“√≥– ”π—° «— ¥‘°“√ —ߧ¡ °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ´÷Ë ß ‡ªì π Àπà « ¬ß“πÀ≈— ° „π°“√¥Ÿ · ≈√— ° …“µâ π ‰¡â „ π °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ‰¥â¥”‡π‘π°“√√≥√ߧåÕπÿ√—°…åµâπ‰¡â „À≠à„π‡¡◊Õß¿“¬„µâ™Õ◊Ë ‚§√ß°“√ çª√–°«¥µâπ‰¡â„À≠à„π °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√é ‡¡◊ËÕªï 2542 ´÷Ëßπ—∫‡ªìπ®ÿ¥‡√‘Ë¡µâπ∑’Ë¥’ „π°“√§ß‰«â´ß÷Ë µâπ‰¡â„À≠à„π°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ‡æ√“–°“√ ª√–°«¥µâπ‰¡â„À≠àπ∑’È ”„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“¬—ß¡’µπâ ‰¡â¢π“¥„À≠à∑¡’Ë ’ Õ“¬ÿ ¬◊ 𠬓«π“πÀ≈߇À≈◊ Õ §«√·°à ° “√Õπÿ √— ° …å ‰ «â Õ’ ° ®”π«π‰¡àπâÕ¬ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–∫“ßµâπ¡’Õ¬Ÿà¬◊ππ“π¡“°°«à“ 100 ªï ·≈–∫“ßµâπÕ“®®–°≈à“«‰¥â«à“¡’Õ“¬ÿ¡“°‡∑à“Ê °—∫°“√°àÕµ—Èß°√ÿß√—µπ‚° ‘π∑√å‡≈¬∑’‡¥’¬« µâπ‰¡â „À≠à∑’ˇ¢â“√à«¡‚§√ß°“√ª√–°«¥„π§√—Èßπ—È𠉥â∂°Ÿ ‡°Á∫∫—π∑÷°‰«â‡ªìπ∞“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ‚¥¬¡’‰¡âµπâ ¢π“¥„À≠à ∑’Ë ”√«®‰¥â∑—Èß ‘Èπ 298 µâπ Õ¬Ÿà„π 25 «ß»å (Family) 51 °ÿ≈ (Genus) ·≈– 65 ™π‘¥ (Species) ∑—Èßπ’È ‰¡à ‰¥â √«¡∂÷߉¡âµâπ¢π“¥„À≠à∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π‡¢µæ√–√“™∞“π ·≈– ‡¢µ∑À“√ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‰¡à “¡“√∂‡¢â“‰ª ”√«®‰¥â ‚¥‰¡âµâπ¢π“¥„À≠à∑’Ëæ∫¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ §◊Õ »√’¡À“‚æ∏‘Ï ®”π«π 43 µâπ √Õß≈ß¡“§◊Õ ®“¡®ÿ√’ 40 µâπ æ‘°ÿ≈ 25 µâπ ·≈–‰∑√ 20 µâ π πÕ°®“°π’È ¬— ß ¡’ ª√–¥Ÿà ∫â “ π ®— π µ–‡§’¬π∑Õß ¡–¢“¡ ™‘ß™—π ·≈– —µ∫√√≥ ‚¥¬‡¢µ∑’Ë æ∫¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥§◊Õ ‡¢µ¥ÿ ‘µ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡ªìπ‡¢µ‡¡◊Õß™—Èπ„π ´÷Ëß¡’«—¥·≈–æ√–∑’Ëπ—Ë߇°à“·°àÕ¬Ÿà‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“° π“¬π‘ § ¡ ‰«¬√— ™ æ“π‘ ™ ºŸâ Õ”π«¬°“√ ”π— ° «— ¥‘°“√ —ߧ¡ °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ °≈à“««à“ ‡π◊ËÕß®“° ‰¡âµâπ¢π“¥„À≠àÕ¬Ÿà°√–®—¥°√–®“¬‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª ¥—ßπ—Èπ

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The solution for the problem is that we must find effective measure to increase green area to improve life quality and to promote sentient environment for people; therefore, a conservation of big trees is also one of the ways to increase green area in Bangkok. Trees are natural resources that help reducing air pollution; moreover, green color and shady plants also create a very nice and comfortable feeling to eyes and mind, and they also can reduce peopleûs tension.

The origin of big tree data base The park department or we called now the park authority of the Public Welfare Department of the Bangkok Metropolitan is the main unit who is responsible for taking care of trees in Bangkok area. It has launched campaigns to preserve city big trees under a project called çBangkok Metropolitan big tree contesté in 1999. The project is a good starting point to maintain big trees in Bangkok. The contest makes people realize that there still be so many valuable long life big trees which deserve preservation. Especially, some trees are over 100 years old and some treeûs lives are as old as the establishment of Bangkok itself.

All the big trees in the plant contest are recorded as the database. The survey has found 298 big trees that can be classified into 25 familys, 51 geniuses and 65 species. The survey does not include big trees in palaces and military areas because they could not be reached. Most big trees are the Bodhi trees (43 plants), Jamjuree (40 plants), Pikul (25 plants) and Banyan (20 plants) accordingly. Besides, there still be Pradu Ban, Chan, Takien Thong, Tammarine, Ching Chan and Sattaban. The area that we found most plants is the Dusit district because it is in the inner zone where there are many temples and palaces.

Mr. Nikom Viruchpanich, the director of the Bangkok Social Welfare Authority, has mentioned that due to the scattering of big trees throughout Bangkok, we should know the information about each particular tree continuously. The Park Authority of the Bangkok Social Welfare office have made metal tags which are about 1 inch wide and 2 inches long to run serial number of big trees. The tags are to be fixed at the base of

‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∑√“∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢Õ߉¡âµâππ—ÈπÊ Õ¬à“ß µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß ”π—°ß“π «π “∏“√≥– ”π—° «— ¥‘°“√ —ߧ¡ °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ®÷ß®—¥ ∑”·∂∫‚≈À–À¡“¬‡≈¢ª√–®”µâπ‰¡â ¢π“¥ §«“¡°«â“ß 1 π‘È« §«“¡¬“« 2 π‘È« ”À√—∫µ‘¥∑’Ë‚§àπµâπ ¢Õ߉¡âµâπ¢π“¥„À≠à´÷Ë߉¥â¥”‡π‘π°“√ ”√«®‰«â ∑—Èß∑’Ë ‡ªìπµâπ‰¡â „π «π “∏“√≥–·≈–µâπ‰¡â¢â“ß∂ππ ‡°“– °≈“ß ·≈– «πÀ¬àÕ¡¢â“ß∂ππ ‚¥¬°”Àπ¥√À— µ—«‡≈¢ ÕÕ°‡ªìπ 2 ·∫∫ ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰‘¥§«“¡‡À¡“– ¡°—∫°“√π” ‰ªµ‘¥¬—ßµâπ‰¡â„πæ◊Èπ∑’˵à“ßÊ ¡’≈—°…≥–¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È ·∫∫∑’Ë 1 ‡ªìπ·∂∫‚≈À–À¡“¬‡≈¢ª√–®”µâπ‰¡â ”À√—∫µ‘¥µâπ‰¡â„π «π “∏“√≥– ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬µ—«‡≈¢ ®”π«π 10 À≈—° ‚¥¬À≈—°∑’Ë 1-2 ‡ªìπ√À— ‡¢µª°§√Õß À≈—°∑’Ë 3 ‡ªìπ√À— ª√–‡¿∑ «π “∏“√≥– ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß ª√–‡¿∑¢Õß «π “∏“√≥–¢Õß°√ÿ ß ‡∑æ¡À“π§√∑’Ë ·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 7 ª√–‡¿∑ À≈—°∑’Ë 4-6 ‡ªìπ√À— ™◊ËÕ «π “∏“√≥– (‚¥¬À≈—°∑’Ë 4-5 · ¥ßµ—«∑⓬¢Õߪï æÿ∑∏»—°√“™∑’Ë®—¥µ—Èß «π “∏“√≥– À≈—°∑’Ë 6 ‡ªìπ≈”¥—∫ ¢Õß°“√®—¥µ—Èß «π “∏“√≥–) ·≈–À≈—°∑’Ë 7-10 ‡ªìπ √À— ‡≈¢‡√’¬ß ·∫∫∑’Ë 2 ‡ªìπ·∂∫‚≈À–À¡“¬‡≈¢ª√–®”µâπ‰¡â ”À√—∫µ‘¥µâπ‰¡â¢â“ß∂ππ ‡°“–°≈“ß ·≈– «πÀ¬àÕ¡ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬µ—«‡≈¢®”π«π 10 À≈—° ‚¥¬À≈—°∑’Ë 1-2 ‡ªìπ√À— ‡¢µª°§√Õß À≈—°∑’Ë 3 ‡ªìπ√À— ª√–‡¿∑∂ππ/ µ√Õ°/´Õ¬ (1=∂ππ 2=´Õ¬ 3=µ√Õ°) À≈—°∑’Ë 4-6 ‡ªìπ√À— ™◊ËÕ∂ππ/µ√Õ°/´Õ¬∑’Ë¡’µâπ‰¡â À≈—°∑’Ë 7 ‡ªìπ √À— ∑’˵—Èßµâπ‰¡â«à“Õ¬Ÿà∫π∑“߇∑â“À√◊Õ‡°“–°≈“ß À“° ‡ªìπ∑“߇∑â“ µâπ‰¡âπ—ÈπÕ¬Ÿà∫πΩíòß„¥¢Õß∂ππ À“°∂ππ¡’ ‡°“–°≈“ßµâ Õ ß°”Àπ¥√À— ∑’Ë µ—È ß ·¬°Õ¬à “ ß™— ¥ ‡®π ·≈–À≈—°∑’Ë 8-10 ‡ªìπ√À— ‡≈¢‡√’¬ß

each surveyed big trees no matter they will be trees in the parks, along the roads, on the footpaths or in miniparks beside the street. The metal serial number tags are made into two types so as to be suitable for trees in different area. The tags are of the following aspects 1. The first type is the metal tag running serial number for trees in the park. It consists of ten digit numbers. The first two digits refer to the governing zones. The third digit refers to type of parks, which are classified into 7 types according to the Bangkok Metropolitan Authority. The fourth to the sixth digits refer to the name of the park (the fourth and fifth digit show the last two digits of the Buddhist Eraûs year when the park was established, the sixth digit is the order of park establishment and the last seventh to tenth digits are the consecutive serial numbers.

2. The second type is the metal tag for roadside, mini parks, along the roads and footpaths. It consists of 10 digit numbers. The first two digits refer to governing zones. the third digit refer to the type of road the trees are situated on (1= street, 2= soi and 3= alley).

The fourth to the sixth digits refer to the name of the road and soi with big trees.

°â“«∑’ Ë Õß®—∫¡◊Õ‡¢µ∑”√–∫∫ “√ π‡∑»¿Ÿ¡»‘ “ µ√å

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„πªï 2546 ∑’˺à“π¡“ ”π—°ß“π «π “∏“√≥– ”π— ° «— ¥‘ ° “√ — ß §¡ ‰¥â ¥”‡π‘ 𠂧√ß°“√π”√à Õ ß ®—¥∑”∞“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈√–∫∫ “√ π‡∑»¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å‡æ◊ËÕ°“√ ®— ¥ °“√µâ π ‰¡â „π‡¢µæ√–π§√ ‡¢µ —¡æ—π∏«ß»å ‡¢µ ªÑÕ¡ª√“∫»—µ√Ÿæà“¬ ·≈–‡¢µ¥ÿ ‘µ ‚¥¬¡’«—µ∂ÿª√– ß§å ‡æ◊ËÕ ”√«®™π‘¥ ®”π«π ¢π“¥ ·≈–µ”·Àπàß∑’˵—ÈߢÕß ‰¡â µâ π ∫√‘ ‡ «≥ Õߢ⠓ ß·π«∂ππ ‡°“–°≈“ß∂ππ «π “∏“√≥– ·≈– «πÀ¬àÕ¡ ‡æ◊ËÕæ—≤π“∞“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ √–∫∫ “√ π‡∑»¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å ”À√—∫ß“πª≈Ÿ° ·≈–¥Ÿ·≈ √—°…“‰¡âµâπ∫√‘‡«≥ Õߢâ“ß·π«∂ππ ‡°“–°≈“ß∂ππ «π “∏“√≥– ·≈– «πÀ¬àÕ¡ æ√âÕ¡∑—Èßµ‘¥µ—Èß·∂∫ À¡“¬‡≈¢ª√–®”‰¡âµπâ „πæ◊πÈ ∑’»Ë °÷ …“¥â«¬ °“√¥”‡π‘π°“√

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The seventh digit refer to the exact position of the big trees whether they are in the middle of the avenue or along the footpath. If they are on the footpath, they are on which side of the path or in the middle of the road. The eighth to tenth digits are the consecutive serial number. ¥—ß°≈à“«ª√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á®‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’ ·≈–¡’·ºπ¢¬“‚§√ß°“√§√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡∑—Èß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√µàÕ‰ª ∑ÿ ° «— π π’È ‡ √“®–‡ÀÁ π ‰¥â «à “ µâ π ‰¡â ∑’Ë Õ ¬Ÿà µ “¡ «π “∏“√≥– «πÀ¬àÕ¡ À√◊Õ¢â“ß∂ππ ®–‡ªìπ‰¡âµâπ ¢π“¥„À≠à ·≈–‡ªìπ‰¡âµπâ ∑’Ë ‰¥â√∫— °“√¥Ÿ·≈‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’®“° çÀ¡Õµâπ‰¡âÕ“ “é ¢Õß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ‰¡âµâπ∫“ßµâπ ∑’Ë¡’‚æ√ßÕ“®®–‡π◊ËÕß®“°‚√§À√◊Õ·¡≈ß∑”≈“¬„πÕ¥’µ çÀ¡Õµâπ‰¡âÕ“ “é ®–∑”°“√»—≈¬°√√¡µâπ‰¡â „À¡à‡æ◊ËÕ „Àâ ≈”µâ π ¡’ § «“¡ ¡∫Ÿ √ ≥å · ≈–‡ªì π °“√¬◊ ¥ Õ“¬ÿ ¢ Õß ‰¡âµâππ—ÈπÊ „Àâ¡’™’«‘µ¬◊𬓫µàÕ‰ª πÕ°®“°π’È ‘Ëß∑’Ë®– ‡ÀÁπ‰¥âÕ’°§◊Õ·∂∫‚≈À–À¡“¬‡≈¢ª√–®”µâπ‰¡â∑’˵‘¥Õ¬Ÿà ∫√‘‡«≥‚§àπµâπ‰¡âππ—È Ê ‡æ◊ÕË · ¥ß„Àâ∑√“∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡∫◊ÕÈ ßµâπ ¢Õ߉¡âµâππ—È𠇙àπ · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“µâπ‰¡âµâππ’È¡’∑’Ë¡“ Õ¬à“߉√ ‡ªìπµâπ‰¡â∑’Ë¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà„π∑’Ë·Ààß„¥

The second step - to coordinate with each zone to set up geographical database During the year 2003, the Park Authority and Social Welfare Authority had a pilot operation to set up a geographical database to manage big trees in Phra Nakhon, Samphanthawong, Pom Prap Sattru Phai, and Dusit district. The objective is to survey the, type, amount, size, and position of each trees in all the zones mentioned; No matter they will be on footpath, along the middle of the road in the park or mini park. This is to develop geographical database for planting and maintenance work of plant care in these areas. Together with the study, they will also fix the metal tags to the trees in the areas that are studied too. The project was successfully done in practical and there is now a plan to expand the work to cover areas throughout Bangkok.

Nowadays, we can see that trees in the park, on footpath, or along the road are trees that are well taken care of by çThe Bangkok Metropolitan volunteer plant doctoré. We can see that some old plants may become old due to disease or insect.

The volunteer plant doctor will do some surgical work for them to up lift their perfection and extend their healths and lives. Moreover, the metal tags at the base of each tree will show the primary information such as the origin, history and natural habitat of those trees.

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We need coordination to preserve big trees

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More people today have not only seen the importance of big trees, but they also realize the big treesû value by running a campaign to preserve them. There have been rallys against cutting down big trees. Meanwhile the government, the Authority of the Bangkok Metropolitan also has a project to take care, improve and do big treesû surgery in various areas to keep them survive, be in good condition

°“√Õπÿ√°— …åµπâ ‰¡â „À≠àµÕâ ß√à«¡„®°—π ·¡â «à “ ªí ® ®ÿ ∫— π π’È ª √–™“™π∑—Ë « ‰ª ®–‡ÀÁ 𠧫“¡ ”§— ≠ ¢Õßµâ π ‰¡â ¢ 𓥄À≠à °— π ¡“°¢÷È π √«¡∑—È ß µ√–Àπ— ° ∂÷ ß §ÿ ≥ §à “ ¢Õßµâ π ‰¡â „ À≠à ¥â « ¬°“√ √≥√ߧå‡æ◊ËÕ°“√Õπÿ√—°…å ‰¡âµâπ¢π“¥„À≠à ¡’°“√µàÕµâ“π °“√‚§à π ‰¡â µâ π ¢π“¥„À≠à ¢≥–∑’Ë à « π√“™°“√§◊ Õ °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√‡Õß°Á¡’‚§√ß°“√¥Ÿ·≈ µ—¥·µàß ·≈– ∑”»—≈¬°√√¡‰¡âµâπ¢π“¥„À≠൓¡ ∂“π∑’˵à“ßÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ ‰¡âµπâ “¡“√∂¥”√ß™’«µ‘ Õ¬Ÿà ‰¥â¬π◊ π“π‚¥¬‰¡à‡ªìπÕ—πµ√“·µà °Á ¬— ß ¡’ ª √–™“™πÕ’ ° ®”π«πÀπ÷Ë ß ∑’Ë ¬— ß ‰¡à ‡ ¢â “ „® ‰¡à‡ÀÁπ§ÿ≥§à“·≈–§ÿ≥ª√–‚¬™πå¢Õ߉¡âµâπ¢π“¥„À≠à ®π‡ªìπªí≠À“∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ„πªí®®ÿ∫—ππ’È ‡™àπ °“√·°– À√◊Õ À— ° ·∂∫‚≈À–ª√–®”µâ π ‰¡â ∑’Ë µ‘ ¥ Õ¬Ÿà ∫ √‘ ‡ «≥‚§à π µâ π ‰¡â ∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√™”√ÿ¥‡ ’¬À“¬ ·¡â«à“°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ¬— ß ‰¡à ‰ ¥â °”Àπ¥¡“µ√°“√„Àâ ª √–™“™π‰¥â ™à « ¬°— π Õπÿ √— ° …å ‰¡âµâπ¢π“¥„À≠à ·µà ‘Ëß∑’˪√–™“™π®–‡ªìπ Õ’ ° ·√ßÀπ÷Ë ß „π°“√Õπÿ √— ° …å ‰ ¡â µâ π ¢π“¥„À≠à ‰ ¥â §◊ Õ °“√√à«¡¡◊Õ√à«¡„®°—π„π°“√™à«¬°—π¥Ÿ·≈ √—°…“ ·≈– À¬ÿ¥°“√∑”≈“¬µâπ‰¡â¢π“¥„À≠à®π‡°‘¥§«“¡‡ ’¬À“‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâµâπ‰¡â§ßÕ¬ŸàµàÕ‰ª

and last long without any dangers. However, there still be another groups of people who donût understand, who donût see the value and benefits of big trees until this might become a big problem today. These people might like to remove or destroy the metal tags at the base of each tree.

The Authority of Bangkok Metropolitan has not yet set up rules for people to help preserve big trees.

Anyhow, people still can help to preserve big trees by helping hand in hand to take care of trees and not destroy big trees until there are problems and the tree can not last or survive

·À≈àߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈: - °Õß «π “∏“√≥–. ”π—° «— ¥‘°“√ —ߧ¡ çµâ π ‰¡â „ À≠à „π°√ÿ ß ‡∑æ¡À“π§√é ∫√‘ …— ∑ ‚√ßæ‘ ¡ æå ∫ÿ ≠ ‘ π ∏ÿå ®”°— ¥ °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√. 2542.

- §≥–«π»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡°…µ√»“ µ√å ç√“¬ß“π √ÿª ”À√— ∫ ºŸâ ∫ √‘ À “√ ·ºπ·¡à ∫ ∑æ◊È π ∑’Ë ’ ‡ ¢’ ¬ «¢Õß°√ÿ ß ‡∑æ ¡À“π§√é ‡ πÕ‚¥¬°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ 2546 - ∫∑ —¡¿“…≥å §ÿ≥π‘§¡ ‰«¬√—™æ“π‘™ ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√ ”π—° «— ¥‘°“√ —ߧ¡ °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ‡√◊ËÕß °“√¢÷Èπ∑–‡∫’¬π µâπ‰¡â „À≠à „π°∑¡. ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 22 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å 2547 - ∏π“¥≈ ∑—π¥à«π ç πÿ°°—∫‰¡â „À≠àé Õ¡√‘π∑√åæ√‘Èπµ‘Èß·Õπ¥å æ—∫≈‘™™‘Ëß ®”°—¥ (¡À“™π) æ.». 2544

Reference: - Park Department, the Social Welfare office çBig trees in Bangkok Metropolitané Boonsin publishing company limited, Bangkok 2003.

- The Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University çThe Bangkok ,s green area blue print executive summaryé issued by Bangkok metropolitan 2003.

- The interview of Mr. Nikom Virachpanich, the director of the Social Welfare office Bangkok çBig trees registration in Bangkoké on 22nd February 2004.

- Thanadon Thanduan çEnjoying Big Treesé Amrin Printing and publishing plc. 2001

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µâπ‰¡â„À≠ࡧ’ ≥ ÿ ª√–‚¬™πå¡À“»“≈ ‡æ√“–πÕ°®“° ®–„Àâ§≥ ÿ §à“∑“ß√–∫∫𑇫»·≈– ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫ æ◊È π ∑’Ë ’ ‡ ¢’ ¬ «Õ◊Ë π Ê ·≈â « ‰¡â µâ π ¢π“¥„À≠à ¬— ß ‡ªì π ‘Ëß∑’Ë· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ∂÷ߧ«“¡‡°à“·°à∑“ߪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å ¡’ §ÿ ≥ §à “ ∑“ߥ⠓ π®‘ µ „® ·≈–Õ“®∂◊ Õ ‡ªì π ¡√¥°∑“ß «—≤π∏√√¡∑’Ë ¡§«√Õπÿ√—°…å ‰«â‡ªìπ»√’ ßà“·°à∫â“π‡¡◊Õß ◊∫µàÕ‰ª¥â«¬

Big trees are of so much benefits. Besides, they have the ecological and environmental value in so many green areas, Big trees are also historical symbols which are mentally valuable. They are cultural heritage that should be preserved along side with the capital and country so that they can be graceful and arrogance for the country.

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Wat Suan Kaew: Model Green Space «—¥ «π·°â«...µâπ·∫∫æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«

‡√◊ËÕß: æ‘¡π√’ ¡Ÿ≈‡¡◊Õß Story: Pimnaree Moonmuang

„πª√–‡∑»∑’Ë ª √–™“™ππ— ∫ ∂◊ Õ ·≈–‡≈◊Ë Õ ¡„ „π »“ π“Õ¬à “ ߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ‡√“µà “ ß√Ÿâ °— π ¥’ «à “ «— ¥ „π æ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“ ·≈–‚∫ ∂åÀ√◊Õ¡— ¬‘¥„π»“ π“Õ◊πË Ê π—πÈ ∑”Àπâ “ ∑’Ë ‡ ªì π »Ÿ π ¬å ° ≈“ߢÕß™ÿ ¡ ™π·≈–‡ªì π ∑’Ë æ÷Ë ß ∑“ß ®‘µ„®¢Õߪ√–™“™πÕ¬à“ß·∑â®√‘ß ‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥ªí≠À“Õ–‰√ °Áµ“¡„π™’«‘µ ª√–™“™π à«π„À≠à°Á®–π÷°∂÷ßæ√–·≈– ¡ÿàßÀπⓇ¢â“ Ÿà«—¥ ¥â«¬§«“¡¡ÿàßÀ«—ß«à“«—¥®–™à«¬∫√√‡∑“ ªí≠À“µà“ßÊ „π™’«‘µ„Àâ§≈’˧≈“¬≈߉¥â

In a country like Thailand where religion remains a vital force in our everyday lives, people appreciate the importance of temples, churches, mosques and other places of worship. They are community centers and places of spiritual comfort and consolation. Whenever they have any problems in their lives, most Thai Buddhists think of the monks and turn to their local temple with the hope that the monks and the temple can help alleviate their problems.

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‚∫ ∂å ‰√âºπ—ß·µà·«¥≈âÕ¡‰ª¥â«¬√ࡉ¡â‡¢’¬«¢®’∑’Ë«—¥ «π·°â« / A Buddhist chapel without walls at Wat Suan Kaew is surrounded by lush greenery.

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¥â«¬µ√–Àπ—°∂÷ߧ«“¡ ”§—≠¢Õß«—¥Õ¬à“߬‘Ë߬«¥ π’ȇÕß °√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥ ¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√–∑√«ß ∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ √à«¡°—∫ ”π—°ß“π æ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“·Ààß™“µ‘·≈– ”π—°®ÿÓ√“™¡πµ√’®÷ß ®—¥∑”‚§√ß°“√ à߇ √‘¡°“√æ—≤π“ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡«—¥·≈– ¡— ¬‘¥∑—Ë«ª√–‡∑»¢÷Èπ ‚¥¬‚§√ß°“√π’È¡ÿàß à߇ √‘¡·≈– π—∫ πÿπ„Àâ«—¥·≈–¡— ¬‘¥ 124 ·Ààß∑—Ë«ª√–‡∑»‡ªìπ »Ÿπ¬å°≈“ߢÕß™ÿ¡™π∑—Èß„π¥â“π°“√æ—°ºàÕπ °“√‡ªìπ∑’Ë æ÷Ë ß ∑’Ë ¬÷ ¥ ‡Àπ’Ë ¬ «∑“ß®‘ µ „® ·≈–‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à “ ߬‘Ë ß ‡ªìπµâπ·∫∫„π°“√®—¥°“√ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ¡’°“√®—¥µ—Èß §≥–°√√¡°“√ à ß ‡ √‘ ¡ °“√æ— ≤ π“ ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡«— ¥ ∑—Ë«ª√–‡∑» ‡æ◊ËÕ π—∫ πÿπ°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿß ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ¿Ÿ¡‘∑—»πå °“√√—°…“§«“¡ –Õ“¥¿“¬„π«—¥·≈–¡— ¬‘¥ π—∫ πÿπ„À⇪ìπ·À≈àß∑’Ë¡’µâπ‰¡â√à¡√◊Ëπ·≈–¡’°≈â“æ—π∏ÿå ‰¡â

Aware of the pivotal role that the temple plays in many peopleûs lives today, the Department of Environmental Quality Promotion, the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment in cooperation with the National Buddhist Council and the Muslim Council of Thailand have launched a program aimed to improve environment in temples and mosques all around the country.

Under the program, some 124 places of worship in provinces throughout Thailand have been designated as spiritual and recreation centers for nearby communities and as models for environmental management. A special committee has been set

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™π‘¥µà“ßÊ √«¡∑—Èßæ◊™∑’ˇªìπ Õ“À“√·≈– ¡ÿπ‰æ√‰«â·®° ™ “ « ∫â “ π ‚¥¬‚§√ß°“√ ¥— ß °≈à “ «π’È ®–¡ÿà ß ‡πâ π „Àâ «— ¥ ¡’ √ – ∫ ∫ ° “ √ ®— ¥ ° “ √ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë¥’ ‡™àπ ¡’πÈ” –Õ“¥‡æ◊Ë Õ °“√Õÿ ª ‚¿§ ∫√‘ ‚ ¿§ â « ¡ –Õ“¥ ¡’ √–∫∫°“√®—¥°“√¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ·≈–πÈ”∑‘ßÈ ∑’∂Ë °Ÿ ÿ¢Õπ“¡—¬ ·≈– ‡ªìπ·À≈àßæ—π∏ÿå ‰¡â „™â Õ¬ ¡’ °“√ª√– “π√à « ¡¡◊ Õ ¢Õß Àπà « ¬ß“πµà“ßÊ „π —ß°—¥ °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘ ·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‡™àπ °√¡ ∑√—欓°√πÈ” °√¡∑√—欓°√ πÈ”∫“¥“≈ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘… °√¡Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ —µ«åªÉ“·≈–æ—π∏ÿåæ◊™ °√¡ªÉ“‰¡â √«¡∑—Èß°√¡ à߇ √‘¡ §ÿ ≥¿“æ ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡ ‡æ◊Ë Õ „Àâ «— ¥ ·≈–¡— ¬‘ ¥ ‡ªì π »Ÿ π ¬å ° ≈“ß·≈–‡ªì π µ— « Õ¬à “ ß∑’Ë ¥’ „ π¥â “ π°“√®— ¥ °“√ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡¢Õß —ߧ¡ «— ¥ «π·°â « µ”∫≈∫“߇≈π Õ”‡¿Õ∫“ß„À≠à ®—ßÀ«—¥ππ∑∫ÿ√π’ ∫— ‰¥â«“à ‡ªìπ«—¥µâπ·∫∫„π‡√◊ÕË ß°“√®—¥°“√ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë¥’«—¥Àπ÷Ëß ‚¥¬æ√–æ‘»“≈∏√√¡æ“∑’ À√◊Õ æ√–æ¬Õ¡°— ≈ ¬“‚≥ ‡®â “ Õ“«“ ‰¥â ‡ ªì π ºŸâ ∑’Ë √‘ ‡ √‘Ë ¡ ‚§√ß°“√µà“ßÊ ¡“°¡“¬∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫°“√Õπÿ√—°…å ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡¿“¬„π«—¥ ‡™à𠂧√ß°“√‡æ◊ËÕ°“√‡°…µ√ ·≈– ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡ ‚§√ß°“√Õπÿ √— ° …å æ— π ∏ÿ ° √√¡æ◊ ™ ‚§√ß°“√∫àÕÀ¡—° ‘Ëߪؑ°Ÿ≈‡æ◊ËÕ∑”‡ªìπªÿܬÀ¡—° ”À√—∫„™â °—∫æ◊™·≈–µâπ‰¡â æ√–æ¬Õ¡ °— ≈ ¬“‚≥ æ— ≤ π“«— ¥ «π·°â « „Àâ °≈“¬‡ªìπ«—¥∑’¡Ë ’ ß‘Ë ·«¥≈âÕ¡¥’‡¬’¬Ë ¡ ®π°√–∑—ßË ª√–™“™π À≈—Ë߉À≈‡¢â“‰ª‡¬’ˬ¡‡¬◊ÕπÕ¬à“߉¡à¢“¥ “¬‰¥âÕ¬à“߉√ ∑à“π¡’·π«§‘¥Õ¬à“߉√µàÕ°“√®—¥°“√ ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡ ®÷߇ªìπ‡√◊ÕË ß∑’πË “à »÷°…“‡ªìπÕ¬à“߬‘ßË æ√–æ¬Õ¡ æ √ – π— ° ‡ ∑ » πå ™◊Ë Õ ¥— ß ‡ √‘Ë ¡ ∫ÿ°‡∫‘°æ—≤π“«—¥ «π·°â«µ—Èß·µàªï 2523 ‚¥¬

up to oversee the work of landscaping and maintaining the designated temples and mosques.

The committee is also responsible for planting shade trees as well as edible plants and medicinal herbs for distrubuting to local villagers. Another key feature of the project is the installation of sustainable environmental management systems.

This means that each of the 124 temples and mosques will have safe drinking water, clean toilets, and effective solid and liquid waste management systems. Various departments within the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment have pledged their support. These include the Water Resources Department, the Groundwater Resources Department, the Pollution Control Department, the National Parks Department, the Forestry Department, and the Environmental Quality Promotion Department. If the project succeeded, these pilot temples and mosques will become models of effective environmental management for people and organizations throughout Thailand.

Wat Suan Kaew in Bang Lane subdistrict of Bang Yai district in Nonthaburi province is an especially good model of successful environmental management. The well-known abbot of the temple, Pra Payom Kalayano, has initiated a great number of projects designed to protect and preserve the natural environment of the temple and the surrounding area. For example, he has launched projects related to organic farming, composting, and protecting native plant varieties.

Thanks to the efforts of Pra Payom, Wat Suan Kaew is now a model of environmental responsibility.

Thousands of people flock to the temple to enjoy the greenery and fresh air. The abbot has many interesting ideas on environmental management that all of us should take to heart.

Pra Payom first took an interest in improving environment at Wat Suan Kaew since 1980 downwards. He was inspired by Pra Buddhathat Bikku, the abbot of Wat Suan Mok in the southern province of Surat Thani, who often told him: çPra Payom, Wat Suan Mok is a long way from Bangkok.

Itûs difficult for people from Bangkok to access.

You should build another Suan Mok on the outskirts of the capital. It should be a forest temple like Wat Suan Mok.é Pra Payom agreed to give it a try. The very first

thing he did, not surprisingly, was to plant trees all around the temple grounds.

Pra Payom notes: çI was determined not to build large chapels or stupas like at other temples.

Other temples had cleared away the trees and plants from the front gates and the outer walls so that the buildings could be clearly seen. They wanted people to see the beautiful temple architecture. But we didnût do that. We wanted our temple to be as natural as possible. Even during preaching the sermons we sat outside in a natural environment. The children really liked it, so they started to bring their parents to the temple, and as more and more people started coming, we were encouraged not to build any fancy chapels or stupas. It simply wasnût necessary. We decided to spend our money to take care of our trees and plants instead. We watered them and applied fertilizer, and now we have beautiful flowers, fruit and vegetables all over the temple grounds. Weûre very happy with the way things have positivly changed. People want to come to the temple where itûs green and shady, especially since itûs become harder and harder to find green spaces around Bangkok. And here in Nonthaburi, most of the land has been turned into housing estates, shops and office buildings. Itûs terrible. Maybe ten years from now there wonût be any green spaces left - unless we do not something quickly to preserve them. Thatûs why weûre doing our part at the temple.é Pra Payom is also involved in preserving various types of native plants and trees at Wat Suan Kaew. He adds: çToday weûre trying to save a lot of different kinds of local plants and trees. We hope to have some 40 different varie-ties of local durian in the near future, for instance. We also have all kinds of mangoes, rose apples, oranges, tangerines, longans and lamyai more than a hundred different kinds in all. We want the temple to be a place where local fruit trees are preserved and where young people can come and learn about them. Iûm gratified that lots

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√— ∫ °“√√— ° …“„Àâ À “¬¢“¥‰¥â ¥â « ¬¬“·ºπªí ® ®ÿ ∫— π ‚¥°“√π”º≈º≈‘µ∑’Ë ‰¥â®“° ¡ÿπ‰æ√‰∑¬¡“„™â‡ªìπ«—µ∂ÿ¥∫‘ „π °“√®—¥∑”‡ªìπº≈‘µ¿—≥±å®“°æ◊™ ¡ÿπ‰æ√ ‡™à𠇧√◊ËÕߥ◊Ë¡ ¡ÿπ‰æ√ ™“ ¡ÿπ‰æ√ ‡ªìπµâπ πÕ°®“°π’È°Á¬—߇ªìπ·À≈àß »÷ ° …“À“§«“¡√Ÿâ ∑ “ߥ⠓ π°“√Õπÿ √— ° …å ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡ ‡ªìπ ∂“π∑’Ë∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«·∫∫ª√–À¬—¥·≈–¡’§ÿ≥§à“∑’Ë ‰ ¡à Àà“߉°≈®“° —ߧ¡‡¡◊Õß ¥—ßπ—Èπ‚§√ß°“√π’È®÷ßπ—∫‡ªìπ ·∫∫Õ¬à “ ß∑’Ë ¥’ ¢ Õß°“√√— ° …“ ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡·≈–¡’ ª√–‚¬™πåÕ¬à“߬‘Ëß ”À√—∫°“√»÷°…“æ—π∏ÿå ‰¡â∑’ËÀ“¬“° ºŸâ‡¢â“¡“™¡ “¡“√∂»÷°…“À“§«“¡√Ÿâ°≈—∫‰ªª√–¬ÿ°µå„™â „π°“√ª√–°Õ∫Õ“™’æ„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¢Õßµπ‡Õ߉¥â‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’ à « π‚§√ß°“√Õ◊Ë π Ê ‡™à 𠂧√ß°“√Õπÿ √— ° …å æ— π ∏ÿ ° √√¡æ◊ ™ π—È π °Á ‡ ªì 𠂧√ß°“√Õ— π ‡π◊Ë Õ ß¡“®“° æ√–√“™¥”√‘¢Õß ¡‡¥Á®æ√–‡∑æ√—µπ√“™ ÿ¥“œ ‡ªì𠂧√ß°“√∑’ˇ√‘Ë¡¡“µ—Èß·µàªï 2545 ‚¥¬‡°…µ√®—ßÀ«—¥ ππ∑∫ÿ√’·≈–ªÉ“‰¡â®—ßÀ«—¥ππ∑∫ÿ√’®–‡ªìπºŸâª≈Ÿ°√—°…“ ·≈–√«∫√«¡æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡æ◊™¢Õß®—ßÀ«—¥ππ∑∫ÿ√’ ‡™àπ ‰¡âº≈ ‰¡â¥Õ° ‰¡âª√–¥—∫ ¡ÿπ‰æ√ æ—π∏ÿå ‰ ¡â ‚∫√“≥ æ— π ∏ÿå ‰ ¡â À “¬“°¡“‰«â „ π∫√‘ ‡ «≥«— ¥ «π·°â « ‚¥¬«— ¥ «π·°â « ‡ªì π ºŸâ ¥Ÿ · ≈·≈–∑”πÿ ∫”√ÿ ß ®÷ ß π— ∫ ‰¥â «à “ «— ¥ «π·°â « ‡ªì π ·À≈à ß ‡º¬·æ√à § «“¡√Ÿâ „ π°“√¥”‡π‘ 𠂧√ß°“√Õπÿ√°— …åæπ— ∏ÿ°√√¡æ◊™ Õ—π‡π◊ÕË ß¡“®“°æ√–√“™¥”√‘œ ∑’Ë·¢Áߢ—π·ÀàßÀπ÷Ëß ‚¥¬‰¥â¡’ °“√ª√—∫ª√ÿßÕ“§“√¢Õß«—¥ «π·°â« ”À√—∫‡ªìπ ∂“π∑’Ë ®— ¥ · ¥ßπ‘ ∑ √√»°“√·≈– ”π— ° ß“π‚§√ß°“√Õπÿ √— ° …å æ— π ∏ÿ°√√¡æ◊™ º≈æ≈Õ¬‰¥â ¢Õß‚§√ß°“√π’È °Á§Õ◊ ‡ªìπ°“√ à߇ √‘¡°“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«„π‡™‘ß Õπÿ√—°…å ‰ª¥â«¬„πµ—« à«πÕ’°‚§√ß°“√Àπ÷ßË §◊Õ ‚§√ß°“√∫à Õ À¡— ° ‘Ë ß ªØ‘ °Ÿ ≈ ‚¥¬„™â∑”‡ªìπªÿܬÀ¡—° ”À√—∫ „™â°—∫æ◊™·≈–µâπ‰¡â ´÷Ëß™’È „ Àâ ‡ÀÁ π «à “ «— ¥ «π·°â « ¡’ √ –∫∫

of young people come to the temple every day to study the different kinds of trees.é But this is just one of the many environmental projects run by at Wat Suan Kaew. Pra Payom is equally proud of a project with local farmers designed to preserve native crops that Thai farmers have been growing for generations. He has turned the temple into a center for locally-made herbal medicines. These traditional cures are made available to people who cannot afford treatment at clinics or hospitals. They also represent an alternative when modern drugs prove ineffective. Traditional Thai herbs are made into a variety of products, including herbal tonics and teas. Wat Suan Kaew is also a place where people can come to learn about environmental management. Itûs a popular tourist destination thatûs easy to get to for people from the big city. And because of the number of visitors, the temple serves as an important model of conservation and environmental responsibility.

The temple is home to many rare plant species, and people who come to the temple can learn many useful things that will benefit them in their daily lives.

Another important project at the temple is aimed at collecting and protecting all the various plant varieties native to Nonthaburi province.

Initiated by Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn, the project was begun in 2002 and involves the cooperation of the Nonthaburi provincial agriculture and forestry offices. All manner of native fruit trees, flowering plants, ornamentals, medicinal plants, and rare species of trees and plants have been planted around the temple grounds. Wat Suan Kaew is responsible for looking after them. Some of the temple buildings have also been given a facelift to accommodate educational exhibitions and the project office. The impressive collection of trees and plants has helped to make the temple an important educational resource and a center for promoting environment friendly tourism.

In addition, the temple operates a project for converting organic waste into compost which is spread on the trees and plants. The project is part of the templeûs integrated approach to waste management and justification of its reputation for environmental responsibility.

One last lesson we can learn from Wat Suan Kaew is that temples can play an expanded role

°“√®— ¥ °“√¢Õ߇ ’ ¬ ∑’Ë ¡’ ª √– ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ¿ “æ ¡°— ∫ ‡ªì π «— ¥ µ—«Õ¬à“ß„π°“√®—¥°“√°—∫ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡Õ¬à“ß·∑â®√‘ß µ—«Õ¬à“ߢÕß«—¥ «π·°â«™’È„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“∫∑∫“∑¢Õß«—¥ „π∑ÿ°«—ππ’È ¥Ÿ‡À¡◊Õπ®–‰¡à „™à‡ªìπ‡æ’¬ß∑’Ëæ—°ºàÕπ·≈– ∑’Ëæ÷Ëß∑“ß®‘µ„®Õ¬à“߇™àπ„πÕ¥’µÕ’°µàÕ‰ª À“°¬—߇ªìπ µâπ·∫∫„π°“√®—¥°“√ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’˪√–™“™π “¡“√∂ ‡¢â“¡“»÷°…“À“§«“¡√Ÿâ·≈–𔉪ª√—∫„™â°—∫Õߧå°√À√◊Õ ∫â“π¢Õßµ—«‡Õß„À⇪ìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«‰¥âÕ¬à“ß«‘‡»…∑’‡¥’¬«

Pra Payom Kalayano is 55 years old and holds a Doctorate Degree from Wat Bang Aui Chang, Nonthaburi Province in 1995, Pra Payom was given the title of Pra Pisanthammapati. Pra Pisanthammapati has performed Buddhist activities continually and has also established Suan Kaew Foundation.

Pra Pisanthammapati has initiated many projects and various institutes have given him honourary awards such as Doctorate Degree in Social development from National Institution of Development Administration, the 3 rd Award in Human Development from the Committee of Economic and Society for Asia-Pacific and Golden Certificate çGood Monk of Thai Societyé From The Journalist Society

æ√–æ¬Õ¡ °—≈¬“‚≥ Pra Payom Kalayano

PRA PAYOM KALAYANO

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æ√–æ¬Õ¡ °—≈¬“‚≥ Õ“¬ÿ 55 æ√√…“ ‡√’ ¬ π®∫π— ° ∏√√¡‡Õ°∑’Ë «— ¥ ∫“ßÕâ Õ ¬™â “ ß ®— ß À «— ¥ π π ∑ ∫ÿ √’ ªï æ .».2538 ‰ ¥â √— ∫ æ√–√“™∑“π ¡≥»—°¥‘χªìπæ√–√“™“§≥– ™—È π “¡— ≠ ∑’Ë æ √–æ‘ » “≈∏√√¡æ“∑’ æ√– æ‘»“≈∏√√¡æ“∑’‰¥âª√–°Õ∫»“ π°‘®¥â“π °“√‡º¬·ºàæ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“Õ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß ·≈–‰¥â ®— ¥ µ—È ß ¡Ÿ ≈ π‘ ∏‘ «π·°â « ¢÷È π ¿“√°‘ ® ·≈–‚§√ß°“√µà“ßÊ ¡“°¡“¬∑’Ëæ√–æ‘»“≈ ∏√√¡æ“∑’√‘‡√‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ∑”„Àâ∑à“π‰¥â√—∫ª√‘≠≠“ √“ß«—≈·≈–‚≈à‡°’¬√µ‘§ÿ≥®“° ∂“∫—πµà“ßÊ ¥— ß π’È ª√‘ ≠ ≠“¥ÿ … Æ’ ∫— ≥ ±‘ µ °‘ µ µ‘ ¡ »— ° ¥‘Ï “¢“æ— ≤ π“ — ß §¡ ®“° ∂“∫— π ∫— ≥ ±‘ µ æ—≤π∫√‘À“√»“ µ√å (π‘¥â“) √“ß«—≈™¡‡™∑’Ë 3 °“√æ— ≤ π“∑√— æ ¬“°√¡πÿ … ¬å ® “° §≥–°√√¡“∏‘ ° “√ ‡»√…∞°‘ ® ·≈– — ß §¡ ”À√— ∫ ‡Õ‡™’ ¬ ·ª´‘ øî ° (‡Õ ·§ª) ·≈– ª√–°“»π’ ¬ ∫— µ √∑Õߧ”‡™‘ ¥ ™Ÿ ‡ °’ ¬ √µ‘ çæ√–¥’»√’ —ߧ¡é ®“° ¡“§¡ ◊ËÕ¡«≈™π à«π¿Ÿ¡¿‘ “§

in our lives today. Theyûre not just places for recreation and spiritual solace anymore.

Temples like Wat Suan Kaew can also take the lead in teaching us the value of good environmental management. With luck, we will take what we learn from these model temples and use it tomake our own homes, offices and businesses a little greener.

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Migratory Birds: Round Trip Travelers π°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ ∫‘π¡“°Á∫‘π°≈—∫

‡√◊ËÕß: “∏‘µ «‘πÿ√“™ Story: Sathit Vinurach

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„π«—π∑’ËÕ“°“»·®à¡„ ¬“¡·¥¥ÕàÕπÊ ∑Õ· ߇¡◊ËÕ·Àßπ¡Õß ∑âÕßøÑ“„π‡¢µ°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ “¬µ“‡√“®– —¡º— °—∫π°µ—«‡≈Á° µ—«πâÕ¬π“π“™π‘¥∫‘π‚ºº‘π‡ªìπΩŸßÊ ‰ª®—∫µ“¡°‘Ë߉¡â „ À≠à πâ Õ æ√âÕ¡°—∫‡ ’¬ß√âÕß®äÕ°·®ä° Õ“®∑”„ÀâÕ“√¡≥凧√à߇§√’¬¥®“° ¿“«–·«¥≈â Õ ¡√Õ∫¥â “ π‰¥â √— ∫ °“√ºà Õ π§≈“¬ ®‘ µ „®æ≈Õ‡æ≈‘¥‡æ≈‘π‡ªìπ ÿ¢‰¥â∫â“ß ∑à“π∑√“∫À√◊Õ‰¡à«à“π°∑’Ë∫‘π‰ª∫‘π¡“‡Àπ◊Õ¢Õ∫øÑ“‡¡◊Õ߉∑¬π’È ¡’ºŸâ∑”∫—π∑÷°‰«âÕ¬à“߇ªìπ∑“ß°“√ «à“¡’Õ¬Ÿà∑—Èß ‘Èπ 980 ™π‘¥ „π ®”π«ππ°∑—ßÈ À¡¥‡À≈à“π’¡È ®’ ”π«π 600 °«à“™π‘¥®—¥‡ªìππ°ª√–®”∂‘πË à«π∑’ˇÀ≈◊ÕÕ’°‡°◊Õ∫ 400 ™π‘¥π—Èπ®–‡ªìππ°ª√–‡¿∑¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ ”À√—∫π°ª√–®”∂‘Ëππ—Èπ —߇°µ‰¥âßà“¬Ê «à“ π°æ«°π’È®– √â“ß √—ß«“߉¢à„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ·≈–®–Õ“»—¬Õ¬ŸàÀ“°‘π„π‡¡◊Õ߉∑¬µ≈Õ¥ ‡«≈“‰¡à‚¬°¬â“¬‰ª‰Àπ ∂â“¡’°“√‚¬°¬â“¬∫â“ß°Á‡ªìπ°“√¬â“¬∑’ÕË ¬Ÿ∑à ∑’Ë ” °‘π„π√–¬–„°≈âÊ π°æ«°π’∂È Õ◊ ‡ªìππ°ª√–®”∂‘πË À√◊Õ Resident Bird

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When the air is clear and the morning sun lights up the Bangkok sky, you can see hundreds of little birds flitting across the sky and perched on wires and on tree branches.

This sight, coupled with the sound of birdsong, can lift up your spirits and make you forget your worries for a while.

Did you realize that researchers have spotted over 980 different bird species over Thailandûs skies, and that of this number, some 600 species are native to the country? The other almost 400 species are what are called migratory birds.

The native bird species build nests, lay their eggs, and remain in Thailand all year round.

If they move, they go only short distances to find new sources of food. These varieties are known as resident birds.

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à « ππ°Õ’ ° ª√–‡¿∑Àπ÷Ë ß ‡√“ ‡√’¬°«à“π°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ ∫“ß∑’‡√’¬°«à“π° Õæ¬æ À√◊Õ∫“ߧπ‡√’¬°√«¡Ê °—π«à“ π°Õæ¬æ ¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ ‡√’¬°‡ªìπ¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…«à“ Migration Bird π°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ‡À≈à“π’È¡“®“° ∂“π∑’ËÀ≈“¬·Ààß π°¬â“∂‘Ë π ∫“ß™π‘ ¥ Õ“®¡“‰°≈∂÷ ß ¢—È « ‚≈°‡Àπ◊ Õ Õ¬à “ ßπ° °√–®‘Í¥™π‘¥Àπ÷Ë߇√’¬°«à“ Õ“√姵‘° ∑—«√å À√◊Õ°√–®‘Í¥ ¢—È«‚≈°‡Àπ◊Õ π°¬â“¬∂‘ËπÀ≈“¬™π‘¥®–∫‘π¡“®“°√— ‡´’‰´∫’‡√’¬ ¡Õß‚°‡≈’¬ ∫“ßæ«°¡“®“°µÕπ°≈“ß·≈– µÕπ„µâ ¢ Õߪ√–‡∑» “∏“√≥√— ∞ ª√–™“™π®’ π π°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ∫“ß™π‘¥¡“®“°¿Ÿ‡¢“À‘¡“≈—¬ ¡“®“°Õ‘π‡¥’À√◊ Õ ¡“®“°∫— ß °≈“‡∑» π°¬â “ ¬∂‘Ë π ‡À≈à “ π’È ‡ √’ ¬ °«à “ ¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ®“°‡Àπ◊Õ¡“„µâ π°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ∑’Ë¡“®“°∑“߇Àπ◊Õ Ÿàª√–‡∑»‰∑¬π—Èπ ¡’ “‡Àµÿ ° “√¬â “ ¬∂‘Ë π ‡π◊Ë Õ ß®“°„πƒ¥Ÿ À π“«∑â Õ ß∂‘Ë π ‡À≈à“π—Èπ¡’Õ“°“»À𓫇¬Áπ¡“° ∫“ß·Ààßæ◊ÈππÈ”‡ªìπ πÈ”·¢Áß ¡’À‘¡–µ°Àπ—° æÕ∂÷߃¥ŸÀ𓫧√“«„¥Õ“À“√ °“√°‘ π ¢Õßπ°®–¢“¥·§≈πΩó ¥ ‡§◊ Õ ß π° à « π„À≠à „π·∂∫π—Èπ®–Õ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà ‰¡à ‰¥â µâÕßÕæ¬æ‚¬°¬â“¬‰ªÕ¬Ÿà ∂‘ËπÕ◊Ëπ∑’ËÕ“°“»Õ∫Õÿàπ°«à“ ¡’Õ“À“√°“√°‘πÕÿ¥¡ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ¡“°°«à “ ´÷Ë ß π°¬â “ ¬∂‘Ë π „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ à « π„À≠à ® – ¬â“¬®“°∑“߇Àπ◊Õ¡“∑“ß„µâ Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ °Á ¡’ π °∫“ß™π‘ ¥ ∑’Ë ‰ ¡à ‰ ¥â ¬â “ ¬‡¢â “ ¡“Õ¬Ÿà ‡ ¡◊ Õ ß ‰ ∑ ¬ ‡ π◊Ë Õ ß ® “ ° À π’ Õ “ ° “ » À π “ « À √◊ Õ Õ“À“√¢“¥·§≈π ·µà ‡ªìπ°“√¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ‡¢â“¡“ „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡æ◊Ë Õ √â“ß√—ß«“߉¢àµ«— Õ¬à“ß ¢Õßπ°∑’ˬ⓬∂‘Ëπ‡æ√“– “‡Àµÿπ°’È ÕÁ ¬à“߇™àπ π° · µâ « · ≈â « ∏ √ √ ¡ ¥ “

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The other kinds are called migratory birds.

These birds travel long distances, sometimes from as far away as the Arctic Circle. One such bird is the Arctic tern. Many other species come from Russia, Siberia, Mongolia, and the central and southern regions of China. Still other birds fly from the Indian Himalayas or from Bangladesh.

In all these cases, the birds fly from north to south.

The reason that these birds travel south over Thailand is to escape the cold weather that sets in over the northern hemisphere in the fall and winter months. Water freezes over, there are heavy snowfalls, and little food can be found. Most of the birds are native to these regions but to migrate south in search of food. This is true that most of the migratory birds pass through Thailand.

A small number of species, however, come to Thailand not to find food but to build nests, mate and lay eggs. Species such as the common pitta migrate north from Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia to lay their eggs and raise their young here in Thailand. When the young are strong enough to fly, the birds return to their homes in the south. They migrate to Thailand simply because the countryûs climate is suited to laying eggs and raising their young.

The common pitta follows a northward migratory path, arriving in Thailand in March and April each year. This poses an interesting question. Thailandûs geography is extremely varied. There are tropical forests, mountains, rivers, swamps and canals throughout the country, all offering suitable habitats for flocks of migratory birds. Why, then, are there certain birds that prefer to settle in Bangkok, with its overcrowding, its buildings and roads, its traffic congestion, and polluted air and water? Why would some birds choose the urban landscape over the countryside?

The answer is that there are many types of migratory birds. Some prefer the forest, others a muddy shore. Other species prefer wide open

spaces, while still others make their temporary homes in the city. Some birds can adapt itself to almost any environment.

In Bangkok there are certain parts of the city that are home to a number of different migratory birds. The most familiar is the swallow.

Swallows are especially common in Bangkok at certain times of the year. In fact, they are so common that many people mistakenly believe them to be a resident species.

Actually, the swallows we see throughout the city are native to Siberia and other parts of Russia. How we know that these birds come from these places is that birds tagged here in Thailand have later been observed in Russia, and vice versa: birds tagged in Russia have later been found in Thailand.

Another common bird that migrates south into Thailand is the brown shrike. This bird emits a warning signal that winter is approaching. People in Bangkok can frequently hear this birdûs raucous call. Brown shrikes arrive in Thailand each year in mid September, giving us advance notice that cooler winds will soon be sweeping down from the north. With these winds other migratory birds will arrive not long after.

Scientists have found, however, that the first of the migratory bird species to appear in Thailand each year is probably the barn owl. These birds arrive in the middle of July and stay in the country until May the following year, only returning to their homes in Siberia to lay their eggs for a short time in the summer months.

The migratory birds found in Thailand are usually divided into two categories. The first are

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Õ¬à“߉√°Á¥’ ¡’°“√∫—π∑÷°∂÷ßπ°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ∑’ˇ¢â“¡“™à«ß °àÕπÀπâ“π’ȇÀ¡◊Õπ°—π ‚¥¬π°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ°≈ÿà¡·√° ÿ¥∑’ˇ¢â“ ¡“‡¡◊Õ߉∑¬°Á§ßÀπ’‰¡àæâπ𰇥â“≈¡À≈—߇∑“∑’Ë®–æ“°—π ∫‘ π ¡“∂÷ ß ‡¡◊ Õ ß‰∑¬√“«°≈“߇¥◊ Õ π°√°Æ“§¡ ·≈– ®–Õ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà „πª√–‡∑»‡√◊ËÕ¬‰ª®π∂÷߇¥◊Õπ情¿“§¡ ¢Õߪï∂¥— ‰ª π°™π‘¥π’®È –Õ¬Ÿà„πª√–‡∑»‡√“‡°◊Õ∫ 10 ‡¥◊Õπ ®÷ ß ®–∫‘ π °≈— ∫ ‰ª √â “ ß√— ß «“߉¢à „ π∂‘Ë π ¢Õß¡— π ∑’Ë ·∂∫‰´∫’‡√’¬À√◊Õ„π·∂∫∑ÿπ¥√“ π°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ„π‡¡◊Õ߉∑¬¡’Õ¬Ÿà¥â«¬°—π Õß°≈ÿà¡ °≈ÿà¡ ·√°‡ªìππ°∑’‡Ë ¢â“¡“Õ“»—¬À“°‘π„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ´÷ßË π—∫«à“ ‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡„À≠à∑’Ë ÿ¥‡√’¬°«à“ Winter Visitor Õ’°°≈ÿà¡ Àπ÷Ë߇√’¬°«à“π°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπºà“π À√◊Õ Passage Migran §◊լ⓬®“°√— ‡´’¬ ‰´∫’‡√’¬ µÕπ‡Àπ◊Õ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»®’π ∫‘π·«–¡“‡µ‘¡πÈ”¡—π„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ 2 - 3 «—π ·≈â« ¬â“¬µàÕ‰ªÕ’° ‚¥¬∫‘π‰ª¡“‡≈‡´’¬ Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬ ≈߉ª‡√◊ÕË ¬Ê ®π°√–∑—Ëß∂÷ßÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬°Á¡’ °≈ÿà¡π°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπºà“π®–¡’ ∑—Èßπ°™“¬‡≈π °≈ÿà¡¢Õßæ«°π°§—¥§Ÿ ·≈–°≈ÿà¡æ«° π°®—∫·¡≈ß °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√·¡â®–‡ªìπ‡¡◊Õß∑’‡Ë µÁ¡‰ª¥â«¬· ß ’ §«—𠧫“¡√âÕπ·≈–¡≈æ‘…·µà°Á∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìππ§√∑’Ë¡’ ‡ πàÀå∑’Ëπ°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπæ“°—π¡“Õ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬ ∑’Ë¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥„π ª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å°Á§ß®–‡ªìπ√“« 20 ªï∑’˺à“π¡“ ∑’Ë¡’π°¡“

the winter visitors - birds that come to Thailand to feed. The second group are the passage migrants. These birds are native to Siberia and northern China and stop in Thailand for no more than two or three days a year - just long enough to refuel before continuing on their southward migration. Some of these birds fly as far south as Australia. The passage migrants include wading birds, woodpeckers and cuckoos.

Despite the heat, noise and pollution, Bangkok does hold certain charms for a number of migratory bird species. Some twenty years ago, as many as 50-60,000 birds perched on the utility wires along Silom Road, near the Dusit Thani Hotel, the largest congregation of birds that the city had ever seen.

Other migratory birds that are common to Bangkok, clustering in bushes and shrubs, include warblers, common brown shrikes, brown woodpeckers, red-throated woodpeckers, and swallows. These birds are all territorial, frequently attacking other birds that invade their turf.

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Another migratory bird species that can occasionally be spotted in Bangkok is the open-bill ibis, a bird native to India and Bangladesh.

It used to be that these birds would make their annual appearance in Thailand in October, flocking to places like Wat Phai Lom in Tha Sadej district of Suphan Buri province and Boraphet swamp in Nakhon Sawan. They would return to the subcontinent around May the following year.

Wherever food - primarily small shellfish were plentiful, thatûs where the birds could be found.

But in recent years, the ibis has become virtually a resident species, choosing to remain in Thailand rather than return to India. The reason for this is the abundant supply of shellfish found in the kingdom.

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Several migratory bird species visit Bangkok regularly. They find food and places to roost all around the city. But in recent years, a number of these visitors have been hunted illegally. Around

Rangsit, for example, one of Bangkokûs northern suburbs, there are people who catch migratory birds at certain times of the year. Among the preferred prey are weaverbirds, birds that normally fly in large flocks. The hunters use large nets to trap the birds, and once theyûre caught, their feathers are removed and sold. Pipits, a relatively rare species, are also caught and sold at the weekend market at Chatuchak Park. Officials have had little success in putting an end to this illegal trade, and as a result, the number of migratory birds has been on the decline.

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°Á¡’°“√‡ªìπÀà«ß°—π«à“„πÕ𓧵®–À“¥Ÿπ°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ ∑’Ë «¬ß“¡·≈–„Àâ § «“¡‡æ≈‘ ¥ ‡æ≈‘ π „®·°à ºŸâ § π§ß®– ‡ªìπ°“√¬“°≈”∫“°¢÷Èπ∑ÿ°«—π ‡æ√“–æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«µ“¡ ∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿàπ—Èπ·π«‚πâ¡„π Õ𓧵¡’·µà®–≈¥®”π«ππâÕ¬≈߉ª∑ÿ°∑’ ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ ∑ÿàßÀ≠â“ ∑’Ë¥‘π«à“߇ª≈à“ ‡æ√“–¡’°“√®—¥ √â“ß∫â“π ®—¥ √√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ∑ÿ°ªï ∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπµâπ‰¡â°Á≈¥≈ß ∂÷ß ·¡â«à“∑“ß°“√‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ√—∞∫“≈À√◊Õ°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ®–¡’°“√®—¥√–∫∫æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«„Àâ¡’ —¥ à«π‡À¡“– ¡°—∫ ®”π«πª√–™“°√„ππ§√À≈«ß‚¥¬¡’ ° “√ √â “ ß «π “∏“√≥– «π™ÿ¡™π «πÀ¬àÕ¡„Àâ¡“°¢÷Èπ°Áµ“¡ ®÷ß°≈à“«‰¥â«à“„π∑“ß∑ƒ…Æ’·≈â« ‡¡◊ËÕæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬« „π°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√≈¥≈ß ¿“«–·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë®–¥÷ߥŸ¥ „Àâπ°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ‡¢â“¡“Õ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬„π‡¡◊ÕßÀ≈«ß¢Õ߉∑¬°Á‰¡à ‡À¡“– ¡À√◊Õ‡Õ◊ÈÕÕ”π«¬·≈â« ·À≈àß∑’Ëπ°®–À“°‘π √â“ß√—ß«“߉¢à°Á¡’πâÕ¬ æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’Ë®–æÕ‡Õ◊ÈÕÕ”π«¬„Àâπ° æ«°π’ÈÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬‰¥â∫â“ß°Á§◊Õ„π «π “∏“√≥–∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà·≈â« À√◊Õ∑’Ë®– √â“ߢ÷Èπ¡“„À¡à «π “∏“√≥–‡À≈à“π’È®÷ߧ«√ ®–®—¥∑”‡≈„Àâπ°¬â“¬∂‘ËπÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬‰¥â∫â“ß ‡™àπ ¡’°“√ ª≈Ÿ ° µâ π ‰¡â „À≠à ¡’°“√ª≈àÕ¬„Àâ¡’µâπ∏ŸªƒÂ…’ æßÕâÕ ·´¡¢÷Èπ∫â“߇æ◊ËÕ„Àâπ°æ߉¥âÕ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà °“√∑’Ë ¿“ææ◊È π ∑’Ë „π°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√‡ªìπ‡¡◊Õß ¡“°¢÷Èπ π°ª√–®”∂‘Ë𠇙àπ π°‡¢“ π°°√–®Õ° π°‡Õ’È¬ß π°æ‘ √ “∫ À√◊ Õ π°Õ◊Ë π Ê ®–‰¥â √— ∫ ª√–‚¬™πå ‡æ√“– π°æ«°π’È “¡“√∂ª√—∫µ—«„π ¿“æ∑’ˇª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉¥â¥’ ·µàπ°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ®– Ÿ≠‡ ’¬·À≈àß∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬ ·À≈àßÕ“À“√ ·≈–§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬ ´÷Ëß®–∑”„Àâπ°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ‡À≈à“π’È®–≈¥ πâÕ¬≈߉ª‡√◊ËÕ¬Ê ®–‡ÀÁ π ‰¥â «à “ π°¬â “ ¬∂‘Ë π ∑’Ë ‡ ¢â “ ¡“Õ“»— ¬ Õ¬Ÿà „ π ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬·µà≈–™à«ß‡«≈“π—Èπ “¡“√∂‡ªìπ„™âµ—«™’È«—¥ «à“‡¡◊ÕßÀ√◊Õæ◊Èπ∑’Ëπ—ÈπÊ ¡’§«“¡Õÿ¥¡ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¢ÕßÕ“À“√ π°¡“°πâÕ¬‡æ’¬ß„¥ ¡’ ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë¥’πà“Õ¬ŸàÕ“»—·≈–¡’§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬„π°“√¥”√ß™’«‘µ¡“°πâÕ¬·§à ‰Àπ ´÷Ë ß ∂â “ ‡√“¡’ ° “√øóô π øŸ ªí ® ®— ¬ „π°“√¥”√ß™’ «‘ µ ¢Õß π°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ„ÀâÕ¬Ÿà„π ¿“æ∑’Ë¥’ ¡’°“√√—°…“æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«„π √Ÿª·∫∫µà“ßÊ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–æ◊Èπ∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥–‰«â ‰¥â·≈â« °Á‡™◊ËÕ‰¥â«à“π°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ‡À≈à“π—Èπ®–∫‘π‚ºº‘π¡“‡¬’ˬ¡‡¬◊Õπ °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√∑ÿ°ªï∑ß—È „πªí®®ÿ∫π— ·≈–Õ𓧵¢â“ßÀπâ“ ´÷Ëß®–™à«¬ √â“ß∫√√¬“°“»·≈– ’ —π„Àâ·°àπ§√À≈«ß ¢Õ߉∑¬„Àâπà“√◊Ëπ√¡¬åµ≈Õ¥‰ª

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Some people worry that if this trend continues, the sight of these beautiful creatures flitting across the sky will become a thing of the past. This seems even more likely given the shrinking amount of green space around the capital. Fields are paved over, and buildings sprout up everywhere. As the population of the city continues to grow, the number of plants and trees decreases, despite the efforts of the government and the BMA to create new parks and recreational areas for the people of Bangkok.

In theory, as green spaces in Bangkok disappear, the places where migratory birds can build nests and lay their eggs become increasingly hard to find. Public parks are among the few spots left for them. This is why it is important to make sure that our parks have suitable places for birds to nest and raise their young. The parks need large trees, shrubs and grasses to accommodate our migratory friends.

As the city grows, birds such as doves, sparrows, grackles and pigeons, which have adapted successfully to the urban landscape, will grow in number, squeezing out other less common varieties. The range of bird species found in the Bangkok skies will shrink to just a few.

It should be obvious by now that the number of migratory birds in any given location can serve as a clear indication of the environmental conditions of that place. The presence of birds tells us that there is abundant food and adequate shelter. And by extension, where there are migratory birds, there is an environment healthy to humans, too. We should do all we can, therefore, to protect our remaining green spaces so that our feathered friends continue to make their annual visits to the capital for many years to come.

Õÿ∑—¬ µ√’ ÿ§π∏å °√√¡°“√ΩÉ“¬«‘™“°“√ ¡“§¡Õπÿ√—°…åπ° ·≈–∏√√¡™“µ‘·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑π—°¥Ÿπ°Õ“™’æ·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬

Uthai Trisukhon Academic Resource Person for the Bird and Nature Conservation Club of Thailand and Member of the National Professional Bird Watchers Association

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∂“¡ ∑”‰¡®÷ß π„®‡√◊ËÕßπ°∂÷ß°—∫¡“‡ªìππ—°¥Ÿπ° Õ“™’æ? µÕ∫ µâÕ߬âÕπ°≈—∫‰ªµÕπ∑’ºË ¡‡√’¬πÀπ—ß ◊ÕÕ¬Ÿà„π §≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¡À‘¥≈ º¡‡√’¬πª√‘≠≠“ ‚∑∑“ß™’««‘∑¬“ º¡»÷°…“«‘®—¬‡°’ˬ«°—∫™–π’¡◊Õ¢“« ∑’Ë « πÕÿ ∑ ¬“π·Àà ß ™“µ‘ ‡ ¢“„À≠à µÕπ∑’Ë »÷ ° …“µâ Õ ß„™â °≈âÕß àÕß∑“߉°≈„π°“√‡ΩÑ“¥Ÿæƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß™–π’ „π √–À«à “ ߥŸ ™ –π’ °Á ¡’ π °¡“°¡“¬À≈“¬™π‘ ¥ °Á ‡ ≈¬¥Ÿ π ° ‰ª¥â«¬ ®ÿ¥π—Èπ®÷߇ªìπ®ÿ¥‡√‘Ë¡µâπ¢Õß°“√¥Ÿπ° ∂“¡ ™à«ß∑’ºË “à π ¡“∑”°‘®°√√¡Õ–‰√ ‡°’¬Ë «°—∫°“√¥Ÿπ°∫â“ß? µÕ∫ À≈—ß®“° ∑’ˇ√’¬π®∫º¡∑”ß“π ∑’»Ë πŸ ¬å«®‘ ¬— ‡™‘ßÕπÿ√°— …å ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡ ¢Õß §≥–«‘ ∑ ¬“»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¡À‘¥≈ ‡ªì π ºŸâ ™à « ¬°“√«‘ ®— ∑” ß “ π ‚ § √ ß ° “ √ «‘®—¬µà“ßÊ ∑”ß“π‡°Á∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑“ߥâ“ππ°µà“ßÊ ∫â“ß —µ«åÕ◊Ëπ∫â“ß ‚§√ß°“√Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë∑”§◊Õ‚§√ß°“√Õπÿ√—°…åπ° ·µâ«·≈â«∑âÕߥ” ∑’Ë®—ßÀ«—¥°√–∫’Ë ∑”‚§√ß°“√«‘®—‡√◊ÕË ßπ’πÈ “π 8 ªï ®“°π—πÈ °Á∑”‚§√ß°“√æ—≤π“Õߧ姫“¡√Ÿâ ‡ªìπ‚§√ß°“√√à«¡√–À«à“ß °«.°—∫‰∫‚Õ‡∑§ ∑”ß“πÕ¬Ÿà ∑’Ëπ’Ë 4 ªï À≈—ß®“°π—Èπ°Á≈“ÕÕ°¡“‡ªìππ—°¥Ÿπ°Õ“™’懵Á¡ µ—«‡¡◊ËÕ æ.». 2543 ∂“¡ ¥Ÿπ°·≈⫇¢’¬π‡√◊ËÕß𰉪¥â«¬À√◊Õ‡ª≈à“? µÕ∫ ∂â“∑”‡™àππ—πÈ ‰¥â°‡Á ªìπ°“√¥’ ·µàº¡‰¡à ‰¥â‡¢’¬π ‡√◊ËÕßπ° ·µà®–„™â«‘∏’Õ◊Ë𠇙àπ„™â«‘∏’°“√∂à“¬¿“æ À√◊Õ Õ—¥∫—π∑÷°‡ ’¬ß ·≈â«°Á®–‡ªìπµ—«·∑π„π°“√«“¥¿“æπ° §Õ¬∫—π∑÷°«à“‡®Õπ°™π‘¥„¥∑’Ë ‰Àπ ·≈–®–µ‘¥µ“¡‰¥â ∑’Ë ‰Àπ ‡¡◊ËÕ‰√ ·≈â« àߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈‰ª∑’Ë»Ÿπ¬å«‘®—¬ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë ‰¥â¡“ ·µà≈–§√—Èß®–∑”°“√∫—π∑÷°·≈– à߉ªµ≈Õ¥ ∑“ß»Ÿπ¬å ®÷ß√«∫√«¡‡ªìπ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢Õߪ√–‡∑» ∑’Ë»Ÿπ¬å«‘®—¬π’È®–√à«¡ °—∫ ¡“§¡Õπÿ√—°…åπ°·≈–∏√√¡™“µ‘·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¡’ ° “√µ—È ß ‡ªì π §≥–°√√¡°“√æ‘ ® “√≥“¢â Õ ¡Ÿ ≈ π° ´÷ËߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈π°®–‡¢â“¡“„À¡àÊ∑ÿ°ªï ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’√“¬ß“π„À¡àÊ °Á®–æ‘®“√≥“«à“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ‰¥âÀ√◊Õ‰¡à ∂“¡ §ÿ≥Õÿ∑¬— ¥Ÿπ°¡“°’ªË ∂ï ß÷ ‰¥â‡ªìππ—°¥Ÿπ°Õ“™’æ? µÕ∫ º¡¥Ÿπ°¡“ 24 - 25 ªï ·≈–¥ŸÕ¬à“ß®√‘ß®—ß ¡“µ—ßÈ ·µà·√° ®π°√–∑—ßË ‡¥’¬Î «π’ÕÈ “¬ÿ 48 ªï·≈â« ·√ß∫—π¥“≈ „®∑’Ë¥Ÿπ°·≈â«™Õ∫°Á§◊Õ à«πÀπ÷Ëß∑’ËÕ∏‘∫“¬ßà“¬Ê °Á§◊Õ ¥Ÿπ°·≈â«¡—π‰¡à¡’∑’Ë ‘Èπ ÿ¥ ‰¡à«à“®–查∂÷ß°“√¥Ÿπ°„π ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬À√◊Õ¥Ÿπ°∑—Ë«‚≈° ∑’Ë°≈à“««à“¥Ÿπ°‰¡à¡’∑’Ë ‘Èπ ÿ¥ ‡™àπ∑’Ë«πÕÿ∑¬“π‡¢“„À≠à¡’π°Õ¬Ÿàª√–¡“≥

Q: How did you get interested in becoming a professional bird watcher?

A: It all started when I was a student in the Faculty of Science at Mahidol University. I was studying for a Masterûs degree in biology and was doing research on white-pawed gibbons in Khao Yai National Park. In order to observe the gibbonsû behavior I had to use binoculars, and when I wasnût watching the gibbons, I started noticing just how many different kinds of birds there were in the park. Thatûs how I got started as a bird watcher.

Q: What kinds of bird watching activities have you been involved in?

A: When I finished my studies, I took a job as an assistant researcher at the Environmental Protection Research Center, which is part of the Science Faculty of Mahidol University. I was involved in various studies, collecting data on different kinds of birds and other types of animals. One of the projects was protecting the black-bellied pitas in Krabi province, a project I worked on for eight years. After that, I worked for four years on a joint educational development project with the National Environment Board and Biotech. Then, when I quit that job in 2000, I became a full-time professional bird watcher.

Q: Do you also write about birds?

A: It would be good if I could, but I donût. I do other things instead, like taking photographs or recording bird calls. I also help draw pictures of birds and keep records of where Iûve seen different species, and when, and then I send the data back to the research center. All of the information thatûs sent back to the center is carefully recorded so that national statistics can be compiled. The Center works closely with the Bird and Nature Conservation Club of Thailand. Weûve set up a data evaluation committee whose job is to evaluate the reliability of annual reports on birds.

Q: How much experience do you need to be a professional bird watcher?

A: Well, Iûve been a serious bird watcher for 24-25 years, and Iûm 48 years old now. One of the things that keeps me going, something thatûs easy to explain, is the idea that bird watching is never finished. There are always more birds to see, whether itûs here in Thailand or some other place around the world. For instance, in Khao Yai National Park there are some 300 different kinds of birds. When I was a student and was just starting out as a bird watcher, I could spot between 150 and 200 different kinds. But if I went back to the park today, I know Iûd see new species

300 ™π‘¥ µÕπ∑’ˇ√‘Ë¡¥Ÿ‡¡◊ËÕµÕπ‡√’¬πÀπ—ß ◊Õ¥Ÿ‰¥â 150 200 ™π‘¥ ∂⓵Õππ’È ‰ª¥Ÿπ°∑’ˇ¢“„À≠àÕ’°°Á®–æ∫π°™π‘¥ „À¡àÊ °“√¥Ÿπ°∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ°“√∑â“∑“¬Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß ∂“¡ ·≈⫇Փ‡«≈“∑’Ë ‰Àπ‰ª¥Ÿπ°? µÕ∫ µÕπ‡√’¬πÀπ—ß ◊ÕÕ¬Ÿà°Áæ“°—π‚∫°√∂‰ª¥Ÿπ° ¡’‡æ◊ÕË π‰ª¥â«¬ ®∫ÕÕ°¡“·≈⫇«≈“¡’‚§√ß°“√Õ–‰√∑’µË Õâ ß ‰ª∑”°Á∑”ß“π‰ª¥â«¬¥Ÿπ°‰ª¥â«¬ ·≈–‡«≈“∑’˺à“π¡“ ß“π∑’Ë∑”°Á‡ªìπ°“√‡°Á∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡°’ˬ«°—∫π° „πÕÿ∑¬“π ·Ààß™“µ‘ „π‡¢µ√—°…“æ—π∏ÿå —µ«åªÉ“ °“√∑”ß“π°—∫°“√ ¥Ÿπ°®÷߇ªìπß“π‡¥’¬«°—π µÕππ’È≈“ÕÕ°®“°ß“π·≈â«°Á ¥Ÿπ°‰¥â∑—Èß 365 «—π ∂“¡ ªí®®ÿ∫—π‰ª¥Ÿπ°∑’Ë ‰Àπ∫â“ß? µÕ∫ à«π„À≠à‡ªìπÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ ªÉ“ ß«π ·Ààß™“µ‘ ‡¢µ√—°…“æ—π∏ÿå —µ«åªÉ“ ‡¢µÀâ“¡≈à“ —µ«åªÉ“ ·≈–™“¬À“¥∫“ß·Àà ß ”À√— ∫ ®ÿ ¥ ¥Ÿ π °„π°√ÿ ß ‡∑æ ¡À“π§√‡√“ “¡“√∂®–¥Ÿπ°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ‰¥â∑’Ë «π “∏“√≥– ‡ªìπÀ≈—°‡æ√“–‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬« ‡™àπ «π√∂‰ø «π ≈ÿ ¡ æ‘ π’ «π∏π∫ÿ √’ √ ¡¬å ‡ªì π µâ π πÕ°®“°π’È °Á ¥Ÿ ‰ ¥â ®“°∑’Ë ‚≈àß ·≈–µ“¡¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬µà“ßÊ «—¥ ∑âÕßπ“ ∑âÕß∑ÿàß œ≈œ

Mr. Uthai Trisukhon is 47 years old and holds a BSc. (Biology) from Sri Nakrinwirot University and MSc. (Environmental Biology: Animal Behavior) from Mahidol University.

Mr. Trisukhon used to work for World Wild Fund for Nature (WWF) and International Council for Bird Preservation. He used to be the Chairman of Bird Conservation Society of Thailand and has traveled to many countries such as Myanmar, Japan, and England, for birdwatching activities.

Mr. Trisukhon has published. A report on Threatened Birds in Thailand and çBirdwatching and Tourism in Thailand: A case study.é The latter paper was presented at the Birds and Tourism Symposium, 20 th World Conference of the International Council for Birds Preservation, Hamilton, New Zealand. Currently, Mr. Trisukhon is General Manager of Uthai Bird Tours.

π“¬Õÿ∑—¬ µ√’ ÿ§π∏å Mr. Uthai Trisukhon

UTHAI TRISUKHON

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π“¬Õÿ∑¬— µ√’ §ÿ π∏å Õ“¬ÿ 47 ªï ®∫°“√ »÷°…“√–¥—∫ª√‘≠≠“µ√’¥â“π™’««‘∑¬“ ®“° ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬»√’π§√‘π∑√«‘‚√≤ °√ÿ߇∑æœ ·≈–ª√‘≠≠“‚∑¥â“π™’««‘∑¬“ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ : 惵‘°√√¡ —µ«å ®“°¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¡À‘¥≈ π“¬Õÿ∑—¬‡§¬∑”ß“π„Àâ°—∫°Õß∑ÿπ —µ«åªÉ“ ‚≈°‡æ◊ËÕ∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ¿“ ß«πæ—π∏ÿåπ° π“π“™“µ‘ ‡§¬‡ªìπª√–∏“π ¡“§¡Õπÿ√—°…å π°·Àà ß ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬·≈–¡’ ª √– ∫°“√≥å °“√‡¥‘π∑“߉ª¥Ÿπ°„πÀ≈“¬ª√–‡∑»∑—Ë«‚≈° ‡™àπ æ¡à“ ≠’˪ÿÉπ Õ—ß°ƒ… œ≈œ π“¬Õÿ∑—µ√’ ÿ § π∏å ¡’ º ≈ß“π°“√‡¢’ ¬ π‡√◊Ë Õ ß√“« ‡°’ˬ«°—∫π°∑’Ë‚¥¥‡¥à𠇙àπ √“¬ß“ππ°∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà „πÕ—πµ√“¬„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ·≈– ç°“√¥Ÿπ° ·≈–°“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ : °√≥’ »÷°…“é ´÷Ë߇ªìπ√“¬ß“π∑’ˇ πÕ„Àâ°—∫°“√ ª√–™ÿ¡‡√◊ËÕß°“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«·≈–π° ´÷Ë߇ªìπ °“√ª√–™ÿ¡¢Õß ¿“Õπÿ√—°…åπ°π“π“™“µ‘ §√—Èß∑’Ë 20 ∑’ˇ¡◊Õß·Œ¡¡‘≈µ—π ª√–‡∑» π‘«´’·≈π¥å ªí®®ÿ∫—π π“¬Õÿ∑—¬¥”√ßµ”·Àπàß ºŸâ®—¥°“√∑—Ë«‰ª¢Õß∫√‘…—∑Õÿ∑—¬π°∑—«√å

of birds that I didnût see before. Thatûs why I think bird watching is such a challenge.

Q: When do you find the time to go bird watching?

A: When I was student, a friend and I used to hitch-hike out in the country. Then after I graduated, if I was involved in a research project somewhere, Iûd find some time to do bird watching, too. Later, of course, bird watching was my job.

I collected data about birds in national parks and wildlife preserves around the country. Now that Iûve quit my job, I can devote myself to bird watching 365 days a year.

Q: Where do you go bird watching these days?

A: I do most of my work these days in national parks, forest reserves, wildlife preserves, non-hunting zones, and certain coastal areas. In Bangkok, you can see migratory birds most easily in the cityûs public parks - green spaces such as Lumpini Park, Chatuchak Park, and Thonburirom Park. Other places where you can see birds is in open spaces, like university campuses, temples and open fields.

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TION IZA

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Migratory Bird Monitoring Unit at Prince of Songkla University (Pattani) Àπ૬‡ΩÑ“√–«—ßπ°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ ∑’Ë¡Õ.ªíµµ“π’

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‡√◊ËÕß: ºŸâ —߇°µ°“√≥å Story: The Observers

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Pattani is one of the three southern provinces currently experiencing political and religious unrest, and although the perception for many people is that the present conflicts have ripped the entire region apart, in fact, most people - both Buddhist and Muslim - continue to live in peace and harmony. They go on with their lives as if nothing untoward had happened. Just what caused the latest round of violence to erupt remains unclear, just as the source of the recent bird flu outbreak has yet to be determined with any certainty. Some claimed it began in China, others in Taiwan or Vietnam. Still other groups put the blame for the rapid spread of the disease on migratory birds. These birds were unjustly fingered without the chance to defend themselves.

Unfortunately for Pattani, the province was adversely affected by both situations.

The purpose of this article is to introduce readers to the work of a little known group of scientists and bird lovers - the migratory bird monitoring unit in Pattani.

The Gulf of Pattani in Pattani province is an environment rich in plant and animal life at different stages of ecological succession. The Gulf is also home to many types of migratory waterbirds that come to the area to feed, breed and find shelter. These birds play an important part in the distribution of minerals and the control of other plant and animal populations. They have a place at the top of the food chain and help to sustain the ecological balance.

For scientists, migratory birds provide a wealth of information about the ecological conditions in a particular area, and even local school children can learn a lot from these yearly visitors.

Migratory birds also attract tourists who are interested in nature and wildlife. If governments and local communities understand the value of these animals, they can exploit them for the benefit of local residents in many ways. They can be used to strengthen community organizations and ties between neighboring communities. For instance, projects that teach young people to appreciate birds can help to build bridges between villagers. Football matches between groups of villagers involved in monitoring local bird populations can serve a similar purpose. And with effective planning, some of these local communities might even be able to benefit financially from the native wildlife.

The first attempts to monitor migratory bird populations were made in 1985. Although activities were sometimes sporadic, there were always some groups out monitoring the situation in the Gulf. The network of local fishing villages and various government offices kept an eye on conditions in a total of seven areas in the Gulf of Pattani, stretching from the tip of Cape Tachee to Bang Tawa.

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Migratory birds make their way through Pattani as they escape from winter weather in the northern hemisphere and again as they return from southern climes in the spring. Surveys have found that migratory bird populations are particularly plentiful at two times of the year - from September to November and between January and February. The greatest number of birds is usually found in Bana subdistrict, where rich sources of food are available at low tide. It is also a large area. In 1999, observers counted a total of 10,583 birds from more than 40 different species. In November, there were 1,075 birds in the area, and later, in January, the number rose 3,069. In some cases, numbers of certain kinds of birds fell, while other varieties disappeared altogether. These included the Asiatic dowitcher, the black-tailed godwit, the Eurasian curlew, and spoon-billed sandpiper, and the black-faced spoonbill.

Today some of the areas where migratory birds used to rest on their trips over Asia have been damaged or destroyed by communities that fail to understand the value of these creatures.

The government is also guilty of failing to halt the destruction of wildlife habitats. The changing numbers of migratory birds are a clear indication of not only current environmental conditions but also the economic, social and cultural health of the local communities.

During the recent bird flu epidemic, migratory birds were frequently blamed for the rapid spread of the virus. In reality, however, we need to consider how many wild birds actually died of the disease. Most of the victims of the outbreak were commercially-bred chickens, geese and ducks. Zoo animals also succumbed to the disease. These animals are kept in narrow confines, and once one animal contracts a particular disease, it is often quickly passed to other animals in the same area. These commercially-grown birds lack the kind of natural resistance to disease that wild animals generally have. Animals in the wild tend to be stronger than their domesticated counterparts.

Although some wild birds were found to have contracted the bird flu virus, they did not pose a threat to the other members of the flock. These animals have a strong survival instinct and a highly developed system of self-defense.

In general, migratory bird populations appear to be on the decline. Numbers have been particularly low this year. People without any real knowledge of the matter might assume that this is due to the bird flu epidemic. In fact, the monitoring groups found not a single dead bird. The increase or

decrease in bird numbers is dependent, instead, on a number of environmental factors. For example, in Bana subdistrict, increasing industrialization has caused the number of migratory birds to fall. In contrast, villagers in Ban Batava have planted new trees, and this has attracted larger numbers of birds. Similarly, the mangrove forests near Prince of Songkla University and the area around Pattani prison, which are uninhabited, have experienced a growth in the number of birds. Overall, though, the number of animals visiting the area this year has declined.

Scientists now know that the bird flu was caused by a strain of virus and that it is impossible to eradicate it entirely. This means that given the right set of circumstances, new outbreaks of the disease could occur at anytime, and both migratory birds and commercially-grown poultry could be carriers of the virus. The chief difference is that the number of deaths will almost certainly be higher among the commercial animals, because of their reduced resistance to disease. New mutant strains of the virus could devastate the poultry industry in virtually no time.

One indication that the bird flu in Thailand was not caused by migratory birds is that the disease spread to Australia roughly twenty days after the first incidence in Thailand. If migratory birds had been the carriers, the disease would have appeared in Australia before it appeared here, since January and February, when the epidemic was at its peak, are the months for the annual northward migration. This is when the flocks are returning to their breeding grounds in the northern hemisphere.

All of this information offers proof that the recent bird flu epidemic had nothing to do with migratory bird populations, as some people believed. Understanding this might help prevent these poor creatures from becoming blameless scapegoats.

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‚√§ßà“¬Ê ‡À¡◊Õπ —µ«å∑’ˇ≈’Ȭ߄πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë®”°—¥ ∂÷ß·¡â‚√§ ¥—ß°≈à“«®–¡’æ∫∫â“ß„ππ° ·µà° Á “¡“√∂Õ¬Ÿ√à «à ¡°—π ‚¥‰¡à “¡“√∂∑”Õ—πµ√“¬π°‰¥â ‡æ√“–π°Õæ¬æÀ√◊Õ —µ«å ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿàµ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘¡’ —≠™“µ≠“≥„π°“√‡Õ“µ—«√Õ¥ ·≈–√–∫∫°“√ªÑÕß°—πµπ‡Õß Ÿß ®“°°“√ ”√«®π°Õæ¬æ„πªí®®ÿ∫—πæ∫«à“¡’·π« ‚πâ ¡ ≈¥≈ß ‚¥¬‡©æ“–„πªï π’È ¡’ π °πâ Õ ¬≈ߺ‘ ¥ ª°µ‘ ∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë ‰¡à ‰¥â»°÷ …“‡√◊ÕË ßπ°°Á§ß§‘¥«à“𰇪ìπ‰¢âÀ«—¥µ“·∑â®√‘ß·≈â«À“‡ªìπ‡™àππ—Èπ‰¡à º≈°“√‡ΩÑ“√–«—ß„π™à«ß∑’Ë ºà“π¡“ ‰¡àæ∫π°Õæ¬æµ“¬„πæ◊Èπ∑’ˇ≈¬·¡â·µàµ—«‡¥’¬« ·≈–°“√∑’Ë ®”π«ππ°‡æ‘Ë ¡ ¢÷È π À√◊ Õ ≈¥≈ß°Á ¡ “®“°‡Àµÿ ·«¥≈âÕ¡À≈“¬ª√–°“√ ‡™àπ ¡’°‘®°√√¡°“√„™âæ◊Èπ∑’Ë À≈“¬≈—°…≥– ∑’ˇªìπ°“√√∫°«π·À≈àßÕ“»—¬¢Õßπ° ‡™àπ∑’˵”∫≈∫“π“ ¡’‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ π°∑’Ë æ∫„π‡¢µπ—Èπ°Á≈¥≈ß ·µà∫“ßæ◊Èπ∑’ˇ™àπÀ¡Ÿà∫â“π∫“µ“«“ ™“«∫â“π√à«¡°—πª≈Ÿ°ªÉ“‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ °Áæ∫π°‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ∫√‘‡«≥ ªÉ “ ™“¬‡≈π∑’Ë µ‘ ¥ °— ∫ ¡À“«‘ ∑ ¬“≈— ¬ ߢ≈“π§√‘ π ∑√å «‘∑¬“‡¢µªíµµ“π’ ·≈–∫√‘‡«≥‡√◊Õπ®”∑’Ë ‰ ¡à ¡’ § π‰ª √∫°«π°Áæ∫π°‡æ‘¡Ë ¢÷πÈ ·µà‡¡◊ÕË π—∫®”π«ππ°‚¥¬√«¡·≈â« ≈¥≈ß°«à“ªï∑’˺à“π¡“®√‘ß ªí®®ÿ∫—π‡ªìπ∑’ˬա√—∫°—π·≈â««à“‰¢âÀ«—¥π°‡°‘¥®“° ‰«√— ™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß ´÷Ë߉¡à¡’∑“ß°”®—¥‰¥âÀ¡¥ Õ“®‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ ‡¡◊ËÕ‰√°Á ‰¥â ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’ªí®®—¬·«¥≈âÕ¡‡Õ◊ÈÕÕ”π«¬ ‡À¡◊Õπ ‰¢âÀ«—¥§π ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ ∑—Èß —µ«åªï°∑’ˇªìππ°Õæ¬æ ·≈– —µ«åªï°∑’ˇ≈’Ȭ߇ªìπÕÿµ “À°√√¡°ÁÕ“®‡ªìπæ“À– ‰¢âÀ«—¥π°‰¥â∑—Èßπ—Èπ ‡æ’¬ß·µà°“√µ“¬¢Õßπ°Õæ¬æπ—È𠇪ìπ‰ªµ“¡°√–∫«π°“√§—¥‡≈◊Õ°¢Õß∏√√¡™“µ‘Õ¬Ÿà·≈â« ·µà ° “√µ“¬¢Õß — µ «å ªï ° „π√–∫∫Õÿ µ “À°√√¡®– √ÿπ·√ß°«à“‡æ√“–¿Ÿ¡µ‘ “â π∑“πµË” ·≈–¡“‡®Õ°—∫‡™◊ÕÈ ‚√§ ∑’Ë°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå ®÷߇°‘¥°“√µ‘¥µàÕÀ√◊Õ√–∫“¥‰¥âÕ¬à“ß √«¥‡√Á«·≈–√ÿπ·√ß ‡Àµÿ ° “√≥å À π÷Ë ß ∑’Ë ∫à ß ™’È «à “ π°Õæ¬æ‰¡à πà “ ®–‡ªì π µâπ‡Àµÿ¢Õß°“√·æ√à√–∫“¥¢Õ߉¢âÀ«—¥π°„π‡¡◊Õ߉∑§◊Õ ‰¢âÀ«—¥π°∑’ËÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬‡°‘¥À≈—ß®“°ª√–‡∑»‰∑ª√–¡“≥ 20 «—π ∂â“π°Õæ¬æ‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ¢Õß°“√·æ√à °√–®“¬‡™◊ÈÕ‰¢âÀ«—¥π°®√‘ß ‚√§¥—ß°≈à“«®–µâÕ߇°‘¥„π ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬°àÕπ‰∑¬ ‡æ√“–°“√Õæ¬æ¢Õßπ°„π™à«ß ‡¥◊ Õ π¡°√“§¡·≈–°ÿ ¡ ¿“æ— π ∏å ¢ Õß∑ÿ ° ªï ‡ªì π ™à « ß∑’Ë ª√–™“°√π°Õæ¬æ¢÷Èπ‡Àπ◊Õ (Northward Migration) °≈—∫®“°ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬ºà“π‰∑¬ ‡æ◊ËÕ°≈—∫‰ª¬—ß·À≈àß º ¡æ—π∏ÿå ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ßµà“ßÊ ¢â“ßµâπ®÷ߙ૬◊π¬—π‰¥â«“à π°Õæ¬æ¥—ß°≈à“«‰¡à„™àæ“À– ”§—≠¢Õß‚√§ µ“¡¢â Õ ß — ¬ Õ¬à “ ß·πà π Õπ ·≈–Õ“®™à « ¬‰¡à „ Àâ π ° Õæ¬æµâÕß°≈“¬‡ªìπ·æ–√—∫∫“ª‰ª·µàºŸâ‡¥’¬«

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79 years Lumpini Park Thailandûs First Public Park 79 ªï «π≈ÿ¡æ‘π’: «π “∏“√≥–·Ààß·√°¢Õ߉∑¬

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«π≈ÿ¡æ‘π°’ ∫— §π°√ÿ߇∑æœ °≈“¬‡ªì𧫓¡ºŸ°æ—π∑’·Ë ¬°°—π‰¡àÕÕ° ‡ªìπ∑—ßÈ «π “∏“√≥–·≈–ªÕ¥¢Õߧπ‡¡◊Õß∑’Ë¡’°‘®°√√¡À≈“°À≈“¬‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ∑’Ëπ’˵—Èß·µà ‡™â“¡◊¥®√¥‡¬Áπ¬Ë”§Ë”§◊π ∑—ßÈ °‘®°√√¡‡æ◊ÕË ÿ¢¿“æ°“¬§◊Õ°“√ÕÕ°°”≈—ß∑ÿ°ª√–‡¿∑ ÿ¢¿“æ„®§◊Õ°“√øíߥπµ√’„π «π °“√≈’≈“» ·≈–ß“π∫—π‡∑‘ßÀ≈“°À≈“¬√Ÿª·∫∫ √«¡∂÷ß°‘®°√√¡‡ √‘¡§«“¡√ŸâÕ’°¡“°¡“¬ ‡™àπ ¥Ÿπ° Õà“πÀπ—ß ◊Õ Ωñ°Õ“™’æ œ≈œ ·µàπâÕ¬§π∑’Ë∑√“∫«à“ «π “√æ—¥ª√–‚¬™πå∑’Ë¡’Õ“¬ÿ∂÷ß 79 ªï·≈â«π’È¡’∑’Ë¡“Õ¬à“߉√ °”‡π‘¥ «π≈ÿ¡æ‘π’®÷߇ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ëπà“ π„®¬‘Ëß The bond between Bangkokians and the Lumpini Park is inseperable.

Considered the Lungs of Bangkokûs inner city, the Lumpini Park is filled with liveliness from dawn to dusk. Name any form of exercise for health benefits and find it here. Those seeking a remedy to rejuvenate the mind can relish in music and dance organized in the embrace of the lush green nature. All sorts of entertainment, recreational and educational activities from bird-watching, reading workshops to vocational trainings seem to be the order of the day as well. But not many people know about the Lumpini Parkûs background and that the park has been around for as long as 79 years.

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Background

§«“¡‡ªìπ¡“ «π≈ÿ¡æ‘πµ’ ß—È Õ¬Ÿµà √ߢⓡ°—∫‚√ß欓∫“≈®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å ‡√‘Ë¡µâπ®“°√‘¡∂ππ√“™¥”√‘‰ªµ“¡∂ππæ√–√“¡∑’Ë 4 ®π ®√¥∂ππ«‘∑¬ÿ ¡’‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ª√–¡“≥ 360 ‰√à∑’Ë¥‘ππ’È ·µà‡¥‘¡∑’‡ªìπ∑ÿßà π“°«â“߇√’¬°«à“ ç∑ÿßà »“≈“·¥ßé ‡ªìπ∑’¥Ë π‘ à « πæ√–Õß§å ¢ Õßæ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á ® æ√–¡ß°ÿ Æ ‡°≈â “ ‡®â“Õ¬ŸÀà «— ´÷ßË „πµÕπª≈“¬√—™°“≈‚ª√¥„Àℙ⇪ìπ ∂“π∑’Ë ª√–°Õ∫æ√–√“™æ‘∏®’ √¥æ√–π—ߧ—≈·√°π“¢«—≠ª√–®”ªï æ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–¡ß°ÿƇ°≈Ⓡ®â“Õ¬ŸàÀ—« ‰¥â ‚ª√¥æ√–√“™∑“π∑’Ë¥‘π·ª≈ßπ’È„À⇪ìπ ¡∫—µ‘¢Õß™“µ‘„π ªï æ.». 2468 ‚¥¬¡’æ√–√“™ª√– ß§å ”§—≠ 2 ª√–°“√ §◊Õ ª√–°“√·√° ‡æ◊ËÕ„™â‡ªìπ ∂“π∑’Ë®—¥ß“π· ¥ß ‘π§â“ π“π“™“µ‘§√—ßÈ „À≠à∑ ’Ë ¥ÿ ¢Õß™“µ‘¢π÷È ‡ªìπ§√—ßÈ ·√° ‡√’¬°«à“ çß“π ¬“¡√—∞æ‘æ∏‘ ¿—≥±åé ·≈–Õ’°ª√–°“√Àπ÷ßË À≈—ß®“° ‡ √Á ® ß“π·≈â « ‰¥â ∑ √ßæ√–√“™¥”√‘ ∑’Ë ® –æ√–√“™∑“π „À⇪ìπ «π情™“µ‘ “∏“√≥– ‡ªìπ∑’Ëæ—°ºàÕπÀ¬àÕπ„® ¢Õߪ√–™“™π ‰¥âæ√–√“™∑“ππ“¡ «ππ’È ‰«â«“à ç≈ÿ¡æ‘πé’ ‡ªìππ“¡∑’Ë ‰¥â¡“®“° ç≈ÿ¡æ‘π’«—πé µ”∫≈Àπ÷Ëß„πª√–‡∑» ‡πª“≈Õ—π‡ªìπ∑’˪√– Ÿµ‘¢Õßæ√–æÿ∑∏‡®â“ ·µà‡π◊ËÕß®“° æ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–¡ß°ÿƇ°≈Ⓡ®â“Õ¬ŸÀà «— «√√§µ‡ ’¬°àÕπ Àπ—ß ◊Õ ”§—≠¡Õ∫∑’¥Ë π‘ ¥—ß°≈à“«„Àℙ⇪ìπ «π “∏“√≥– ®÷ ß ‰¥â ° √–∑”„π ¡— ¬ æ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á ® æ√–ª°‡°≈â “ ‡®â“Õ¬ŸàÀ—«‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 18 ‘ßÀ“§¡ æ.». 2471

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ß“π ¬“¡√—∞æ‘æ‘∏¿—≥±å

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¿“¬À≈— ß ß§√“¡‚≈°§√—È ß ·√°ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬°Á ‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫ª√–‡∑»Õ◊ËπÊ·∑∫∑—Ë«‚≈° §◊ÕµâÕߪ√– ∫ ¿“«–‡»√…∞°‘®µ°µË” æ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–¡ß°ÿƇ°≈â“ ‡®â “ Õ¬Ÿà À— « „π∞“π–Õߧå æ √–ª√–¡ÿ ¢ ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»„π ¢≥–π—Èπ ®÷߉¥â∑√ßæ√–√“™¥”√‘·π«∑“ß·≈–«‘∏’·°â ‰¢ ‡æ◊ËÕøóôπøŸ∞“π–°“√‡ß‘π„À⥒¢÷È𠉥â∑√ßπ”‡Õ“«‘∏’°“√∑’Ë „™â ‰¥âº≈„πµà“ߪ√–‡∑»¡“∑¥≈Õß„™â °≈à“«§◊Õ ∑√ß √‘‡√‘Ë¡®—¥ß“𠬓¡√—∞æ‘æ‘∏¿—≥±å¢÷Èπ„πµÕπª≈“¬ªï æ.».

2468 ‡æ◊ËÕ· ¥ß ‘π§â“·≈–º≈‘µº≈∑“ߥâ“π À— µ ∂°√√¡Õÿ µ “À°√√¡·≈– °“√‡°…µ√§√—È ß „À≠à ‡æ◊Ë Õ

Situated across the Chulalongkorn Hospital, the Lumpini Park stretches from the corner of the Rachdamri Road along the Rama IV Road to the corner of the Wireless Road covering an area of 300 Rais. Formerly the plot was a paddy field known as çTung Sala Daengé and belonged to King Rama VI. Towards the end of his reign, with the Kingûs kind permission, it was used as the ground for the Royal Ploughing Ceremony.

King Rama VI offered çTung Sala Daengé to be a national property in 1925 expressing his two specific intentions for the use of the land; to provide the ground for the countryûs first and largest ever international trade exhibition entitled çThe Siamese Kingdom Exhibitioné and to turn it into a public park as a gift to his people after the exhibition. The royally granted name çLumpinié is from çLumbiniwané - the name of a sub-district in Nepal where Lord Buddha was born. However due to the Kingûs untimely passing, the official land deed that would allow for the creation of the public park was therefore certified during the reign of King Rama VII on August 18, 1928.

The Museum of Siam After World War I, Thailand, like all other countries around the world, suffered the economic downturn. A visionary leader, King Rama VI suggested ways to revive the countryûs financial standing in the likes of what had been proven successful in other countries. The result was ùthe Siamese Kingdom Exhibitionû, an international exposition to promote Thai products among Thais and foreigners in hopes that trading and exchange of contacts would help reactivate the economy.

That very same year, the King celebrated his 15th Coronation Anniversary matching the reigning period of King Rama II. The King decided to make the most of such auspicious occasion by combining the celebration of his Coronation Anniversary with the celebration of the Royal Capital to boost up the spirits of the people. Donating part of the expenses from his personal fund, the King appointed Chao Phraya Yommarat (Pan Sukhum), Minister of the Interior to supervise the celebration plans. A committee was royally appointed

to draw up detailed execution plans concerning venues, construction of permanent buildings, organization of the çMuseum of Siamé exposition, the Coronation Ceremony and creation of botanical gardens. The land of çTung Sala Daengé underwent re-landscaping with a provision of a large lake with an island, bridge across canals, wide roads with medians and lamp posts to keep the traffic in order. Temporary structures made of bamboo frames, rubber wood walls and thatched roofs were built to accommodate shops and stalls.

Combining two celebrations together, ùthe Siamese Kingdom Exhibitionû featured a special exhibition related directly to King Rama VI, exhibitions by various ministries and provincial exhibitions divided into the Northern, Central, Southern and Eastern Regions. The venue for each region was landscaped to resemble and reflect the actual atmosphere and environmental characteristics from plants and trees, natural resources and vocational features. For instance, the fertile South venue put on displays of mines and mining techniques.

The North featured forestry, timber industry and the use of elephants, timber water transportation and selections of precious wood for exports. The Eastern Region highlighted its gem industry with exhibitions of gemstones and sapphires as well as mining and cutting techniques. The Central Region being the location of the capital and trading and economic center was allocated with a very large space to accommodate a wide range of exhibitions from the establishment of the nation, history and development in different eras, art and craft featuring pottery, ceramics, porcelains, woodworks, ivory and nielloware.

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¢Õß™“µ‘ °“√®—¥ ∂“π∑’Ë ‰ ¥â °–«“ß·ºπº—߉«â‡ªìπ摇»…§◊Õ ®–®”≈Õß√Ÿ ª · ¥ßª√–«— µ‘ ¢Õß™“µ‘‰∑¬µ—ßÈ ·µà¿¡Ÿ ª‘ √–‡∑» §«“¡‡ªìπÕ¬Ÿà·≈–§«“¡‡®√‘≠ „π ¡— ¬ µà “ ßÊ º≈‘ µ ¿— ≥ ±å „ π ¥â “ π»‘ ≈ ª–°Á ® –‰¥â π”¡“®— ¥ · ¥ß ‡™à𠇧√◊ËÕߪíôπ¥‘π‡º“ ‡§√◊ËÕ߉¡â ‡§√◊ËÕßß“ ‡§√◊ËÕß∂¡ ‡§√◊ËÕß°√–‡∫◊ÈÕß πÕ°®“°π’È°Á®–¡’π‘∑√√»°“√ ‘π§â“‰∑¬¢Õ߇հ™π ·≈–π‘∑√√»°“√º≈‘µ¿—≥±å®“°µà“ߪ√–‡∑» ·≈–¡’√â“π ¢“¬‡§√◊Ë Õ ß¥◊Ë ¡ à « π°“√¡À√ æ∑’Ë „ Àâ § «“¡∫— π ‡∑‘ ß πÿ° π“π°Á®–®—¥‰«âµ“¡¡ÿ¡µà“ßÊ ·µà≈–·Ààßµ°·µàß ª√–¥—∫ª√–¥“ «¬ß“¡ „π¥â“π°“√®—¥ «π惰…™“µ‘ °Á‰¥âª≈Ÿ°µâπ‰¡âæπ◊È ‡¡◊ÕߢÕ߉∑¬À≈“¬™π‘¥‰«â∫π‡°“–≈Õ´÷ßË à«πÀπ÷ßË ¬—ߧ߇À≈◊Õ‰«â„À♡„πªí®®ÿ∫π— ‡™àπ ‡∑’¬π·¥ß ‡∑’¬π¢“« √“™æƒ°…å ™—¬æƒ°…å —° µ–·∫° ª√–¥Ÿà °â“¡ªŸ ππ∑√’ ¡–¢“¡‡∑» ¡–‡°≈◊Õ æ‘°ÿ≈ ·≈–‰∑√πâÕ¬ √–¬– ‡«≈“¢Õß°“√¡’ß“ππ’°È ”À𥉫â 100 «—π æ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á® æ√–¡ß°ÿ Æ ‡°≈â “ ‡®â “ Õ¬Ÿà À— « ∑√ß¡’ æ √–√“™ª√– ß§å ®–‡ ¥Á®œ ‰ª∑√߇ªî¥ß“ππ’ȥ⫬æ√–Õߧå‡ÕßÕ’°¥â«‡æ◊ËÕ®—¥‡µ√’¬¡„À⧫“¡ –¥«°·°àºŸâ ‰ª‡∑’ˬ«™¡ß“𠬓¡√—∞æ‘æ‘∏¿—≥±å ∫√‘…—∑ √∂√“ß ¬“¡ ®”°—¥ ‰¥â√∫— —¡ª∑“π„À⇪“√‡¥‘π√∂¢÷ÈπÕ’° “¬Àπ÷Ëß ‡√‘Ë¡®“° ∂ππ‡®√‘≠°√ÿß ∫“ß√—° ‡≈’¬∫¡“µ“¡√‘¡§≈Õß ’≈¡ ºà“π «π≈ÿ¡æ‘π‰’ ªµ“¡∂ππ√“™¥”√‘·≈–‰ª ÿ¥∑“ß∑’ªË √–µŸ πÈ” √–ª∑ÿ¡ „π¥â“π∑’Ëæ—° ”À√—∫ºŸâ∑’Ë®–‡¥‘π∑“ß¡“®“° µà“ߪ√–‡∑»‡æ◊ËÕ‡¢â“™¡ß“ππ—Èπ πÕ°®“° æ√–‚ ¿≥ Õ—°…√°‘® (‡≈Á° ¡‘ µ – ‘ √‘ ) ®–‰¥â®—¥ √â“ß‚√ß·√¡∑—π ¡— ¬ ¢÷È π ∑’Ë À— « ¡ÿ ¡ ∂ππ ’ ≈ ¡µ— ¥ °— ∫ ∂ππæ√–√“¡∑’Ë 4 ‡æ◊ËÕµâÕπ√—∫π—°∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«‚¥¬‡©æ“– (Õ“§“√π’Ȭ—ß§ß Õ¬Ÿà ® π∂÷ ß ªí ® ®ÿ ∫— π π’È · µà „ ™â ª √–‚¬™πå Õ ¬à “ ßÕ◊Ë π ·≈â « ) æ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–¡ß°ÿƇ°≈Ⓡ®â“Õ¬ŸàÀ—« ¬—߉¥â ‚ª√¥ æ√–√“™∑“πæ√–√“™«—ßæ≠“‰∑„Àâ°√¡√∂‰øÀ≈«ß®—¥‡ªìπ ç‚Œ‡µÁ≈æ≠“‰∑é ´÷ßË ‰¥â™Õ◊Ë «à“‡ªìπ‚√ß·√¡∑’ÀË √ŸÀ√“∑’ Ë ¥ÿ „π ¿“§æ◊Èπ‡Õ‡™’¬Õ“§‡π¬å ¢≥–∑’Ë ° “√®— ¥ ‡µ√’ ¬ ¡ß“π°”≈— ß ¥”‡π‘ π ‰ªÕ¬à “ ß ‡√àß√’∫æ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–¡ß°ÿƇ°≈Ⓡ®â“Õ¬ŸàÀ—«∑√ß æ√–ª√–™«√·≈– «√√§µÕ¬à“ß°√–∑—πÀ—π „π§◊π«—π∑’Ë 26 惻®‘°“¬π æ.». 2468 ‡«≈“ 01.45 π. ß“π ¬“¡√—∞ æ‘æ‘∏¿—≥±å®÷ßµâÕß≈⡇≈‘°‰ª ∑‘ÈßÕπÿ √≥åÀ≈“¬Õ¬à“߉«â ‡∫◊ÈÕßÀ≈—ß Õπÿ √≥å∑’Ë ”§—≠Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß °Á§◊Õ Àπ—ß ◊Õ

Around the ground of ùThe Siamese Kingdom Exhibitionû saw product exhibitions included both Thai and foreign products, drink stalls, entertainment stages at various spots. The island in the lake housed a botanical garden featuring traditional Thai plants - some of which have survived to be seen until today including Garden Cress, Cumin, Golden Shower, Teak, Rose of India, Angsana, Rain Tree, Manila Tamarind, Ebony Tree, Bullet Wood and Weeping Fig. The celebration was to last 100 days and the opening ceremony was to be presided over by King Rama VI himself.

To accommodate the public in visiting the exposition, the Siam Tram Company Limited was granted a franchise for an additional route from the Charoenkrung Road in the Bang Rak District running along the Silom Canal passing the Lumpini Park to the Rachdamri Road to end at the Sra Prathum Watergate. Under the supervision of Phra Sophon Aksornkij (Lek Samitasiri), an exclusive hotel was built on the corner of the Silom and Rama IV Road to provide suitable accommodation for foreign visitors. (The building of the hotel still remains but now used for different purposes). Moreover, the King granted access to the Phayathai Palace and ordered the Royal Railway Department to refurbish it as a hotel which was recognized as çThe Most Elegant Hotel in South East Asiaé at the time.

While the preparation was going on the early morning of November 27th 1925 (01.45 am) It therefore became inevitable that ùthe Siamese Kingdom Exhibitionû had to be cancelled leaving only a collection of memorabilia behind. Among significant mementos is the book ùthe Souvenir of the Siamese Kingdom Exhibiton at Lumbini Park B.E. 2468û, published as a bi-lingual Thai and English edition. Covering the origin of the name çLumbinié and the history of Thailand from period of the Sukhothai Kingdom to the reign of King Rama VI, the book features a myriad of illustrations and photographs of important people, places and moments. The publication of the book

ç∑’√Ë –≈÷° ¬“¡√—∞æ‘æ∏‘ ¿—≥±å «π≈ÿ¡æ‘π’ æ√–æÿ∑∏»—°√“™ 2468 (The Souvenir of the Siamese Kingdom Exhibition at Lumbini Park B.E. 2468)é ‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß ‡ªìπ¿“…“‰∑¬·≈–Õ—ß°ƒ…Õ¬Ÿà„π‡≈ࡇ¥’¬«°—π °≈à“«∂÷ß™◊ÕË «π≈ÿ ¡ æ‘ π’ ·≈–µ”π“π¢Õß™“µ‘ ‰ ∑¬µ—È ß ·µà ¡— °√ÿ ß ÿ ‚ ¢∑— ¬ ‡ªì π √“™∏“π’ ¡ “®π∂÷ ß √— ™ ¡— ¬ æ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–¡ß°ÿƇ°≈Ⓡ®â“Õ¬ŸàÀ—« ¡’¿“æª√–°Õ∫∫ÿ§§≈ ∂“π∑’Ë·≈–‡Àµÿ°“√≥å ”§—≠Ê µ≈Õ¥‡≈à¡ °“√®—¥æ‘¡æå Àπ—ß ◊ËÕ‡√‘Ë¡µ—Èß·µà‡¥◊Õπ ‘ßÀ“§¡ æ.». 2468 ‡ √Á® ¡∫Ÿ√≥å„π‡¥◊Õπ¡°√“§¡ æ.». 2476 Àπ—ß ◊ÕÕ’°‡≈à¡ Àπ÷Ëߧ◊Õ çSiam The National Exhibitioné °≈à“«∂÷ß °“√®—¥ß“𠬓¡√—∞æ‘æ‘∏¿—≥±å µ”π“𙓵‘‰∑¬·≈– √—™ ¡—¬æ√–∫“¡ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–¡ß°ÿƇ°≈Ⓡ®â“Õ¬ŸàÀ—«

«π≈ÿ¡æ‘π’ „π ¡—¬µàÕ¡“ ‡¡◊ÕË ‘πÈ √—™ ¡—¬æ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–¡ß°ÿƇ°≈Ⓡ®â“ Õ¬ŸàÀ—« «π≈ÿ¡æ‘π’‡À≈◊Õ‡æ’¬ß ‘Ëß°àÕ √â“ß∂“«√§◊ÕÀÕ π“Ãî°“‡ªìπ√Ÿª‡°ãß®’π¥â“π¡ÿ¡∂ππ«‘∑¬ÿ ª√–µŸ∑“߇¢â“ ∫√‘‡«≥ß“π 4 ª√–µŸ ·≈–µâπ‰¡âπ“π“æ—π∏ÿå´÷ËßßÕ°ß“¡ ‚¥¬≈”¥—∫ „πµâπ√—™°“≈æ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–ª°‡°≈â“ ‡®â“Õ¬ŸàÀ—«æ√–¬“§∑“∏√∫¥’ ’À√“™∫“≈‡¡◊Õß (‡∑’¬∫ Õ—»«√—°…å) ‰¥â¢Õ —¡ª∑“π®—¥ √â“ß «π πÿ°¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 10 ªï ‡√‘Ë ¡ µ—È ß ·µà æ.». 2472 ‡ªì π µâ 𠉪 π— ∫ ‡ªì π «π πÿ°·Ààß·√°„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ Õ¬Ÿà∑“ߥâ“π∂ππ æ√–√“¡∑’Ë 4 µ√ß∫√‘‡«≥‡«∑’≈ÿ¡æ‘π’ ∂“π„πªí®®ÿ∫—π ¡’°“√ÕÕ°√â“π¢“¬¢Õß·≈–√â“π¢“¬Õ“À“√ ¡’‡§√◊ËÕß„Àâ §«“¡∫—π‡∑‘ßµà“ßÊ ”À√—∫‡¥Á° ‡™àπ °√–‡™â“ «√√§å ¡â“À¡ÿπ ·≈–¡’°“√æπ—πª√–‡¿∑ 2 ”À√—∫ºŸâ„À≠à‡æ◊ËÕ „À⺟⇢ⓙ¡ «π πÿ°‡°‘¥§«“¡ πÿ° π“π‡æ≈‘¥‡æ≈‘π µàÕ¡“√—∞∫“≈‰¥â®—¥ √â“ß æ√–∫√¡√“™“πÿ “«√’¬å æ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–¡ß°ÿƇ°≈Ⓡ®â“Õ¬ŸàÀ—« ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ

began in August 1925 and was completed in January 1933. Another outstanding book titled çSiam The National Exhibitioné refers to the preparation of the event, Thai history and the reign of King Rama VI.

Lumpini Park in Later Years What has remained at the Lumpini Park after the reign of King Rama VI are permanent structures such as the Chinese Pagoda near the corner of the Wireless Road, the four entrance gates and many species of plants that have continued to thrive. Early in the reign of King Rama VII, Phraya Kathathornbodi Siharajbanmuang (Tiab Assawarak) requested a 10 years franchise beginning in 1929 to build a fairground which became Thailandûs first. Situated next to the Rama IV Road where the Lumpini Satharn is, the fairground featured a ferris wheel, a carousel and two types of gambling games for adults.

In remembrance of the king who gave birth to the Lumpini Park, the government built the King Rama VI Monument in front of the park where the Rachdamri Road crosses the Rama IV Road. The royal opening ceremony of the monument took place on March 27, 1942. The following era was the construction of the Lumpini Satharn to facilitate various functions and a public library to provide reading opportunities to

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æ √ – ∫ √ ¡ √ “ ™ “ πÿ √ ≥å ¢ Õ ß æ √ – Õ ß §å ºŸâæ√–√“™∑“𰔇𑥠«π≈ÿ¡æ‘π’ª√–¥‘…∞“π Õ¬Ÿà¥â“πÀπâ“ «π §◊Õ ¥â“π∂ππ√“™¥”√‘µ—¥°—∫ ∂ππæ√–√“¡ 4 ‰¥â¡’æ√–√“™æ‘∏’‡ªî¥æ√–∫√¡ √Ÿªπ’È ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 27 ¡’π“§¡ æ.». 2485 ·≈–„π ¡—µàÕ¡“‰¥â®—¥ √â“߇«∑’≈ÿ¡æ‘π’ ∂“π‡æ◊ËÕ®—¥ß“πµà“ßÊ ®—¥ „Àâ ¡’ Àâ Õ ß ¡ÿ ¥ ª√–™“™π¿“¬„π∫√‘ ‡ «≥ «π‡æ◊Ë Õ „Àâ ∫√‘°“√¥â“π°“√Õà“πÀπ—ß ◊Õ ¿“¬„π∫√‘‡«≥Õ—π°«â“ß „À≠à ¢ Õß «π≈ÿ ¡ æ‘ π’ ¬— ß ‰¥â ‡ §¬„™â ‡ ªì π ∑’Ë ®— ¥ ß“π´÷Ë ß ¡’ ºŸâ ‡ ¢â “ ™¡‡ªì π ®”π«π¡“°Õ’ ° ¥â « ¬ ‡™à π ß“π©≈Õß

a wider public. The spacious area of the park has accommodated numerous spectacular events including the Celebration of the Constitution, the Red Cross Fair, the Childrenûs Day Celebration and the National Book Fair.

The maintenance of the Lumpini Park, previously in care of the Department of Municipality, the Ministry of the Interior, is at present under the responsibility of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. The latest addition to the park

PARK

is a road running around the proximity of the park to allow for motor vehicles. The old roads are now reserved for pedestrians to provide safety to visitors.

Meticulous attention is given to plants, trees and lawns while venues within the park have been continuously improved. Future additions include a childrenûs playground, spot recreational areas, fountains, water-bicycles and canoes services. The Lumpini Park as seen today should look very much like what King Rama VI had once envisioned.

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√—∞∏√√¡πŸ≠ ß“π°“™“¥ ß“π«—π‡¥Á° ·≈–ß“π —ª¥“Àå Àπ—ß ◊Õ·Ààß™“µ‘ ‡ªìπµâπ à«π¥â“π°“√∑–πÿ∫”√ÿß·≈–¥Ÿ·≈ «π≈ÿ¡æ‘π’ ·µà‡¥‘¡ Õ¬Ÿà„𧫓¡¥Ÿ·≈¢Õß°√¡π§√∫“≈°√–∑√«ß¡À“¥‰∑ªí ® ®ÿ ∫— π Õ¬Ÿà „𧫓¡√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫¢Õß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ‚§√ß°“√ª√— ∫ ª√ÿ ß À≈— ß ÿ ¥ §◊ Õ √â “ ß∂ππ‚¥¬√Õ∫ ”À√— ∫ ºŸâ „™â¬“πæ“Àπ–¢—∫¢’ˇ¢â“‰ª¿“¬„π∫√‘‡«≥ «π à«π∂ππ¿“¬„π‡¥‘¡®–„™â‡ªìπ∑“߇¥‘π¿“¬„π‡æ◊ËÕ§«“¡ ª≈Õ¥¿—¬·°àºŸâ ‰ª‡∑’ˬ« «ππ’È °“√ª≈Ÿ°µâπ‰¡â π“¡À≠â“ ·≈–°“√¥Ÿ·≈√—°…“ ∂“π∑’°Ë Á‰¥âª√—∫ª√ÿß„À⥢’ π÷È ‡ªìπ≈”¥—∫ πÕ°®“°π’È®–‰¥â „Àâ¡’°“√®—¥°‘®°√√¡‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ’° ‡™àπ π“¡‡¥Á°‡≈àπ ∂“π∑’Ëπ—Ëßæ—°ºàÕπÀ¬àÕπ„®‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡Ê πÈ”æÿ ®—°√¬“ππÈ” ·≈–‡√◊Õ擬 ‡ªìπµâπ ®÷ßπ—∫«à“ªí®®ÿ∫—π ∑’Ë «π≈ÿ ¡ æ‘ π’ ‡ ªì π «π “∏“√≥– ¡∫Ÿ √ ≥å · ∫∫µ“¡ æ√–√“™ª√– ߧå¢Õßæ√–∫“¡ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–¡ß°ÿƇ°≈â“ ‡®â“Õ¬ŸàÀ—«∑ÿ°ª√–°“√

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Bangkokûs New City Zoning and Public Participation

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À≈“¬∑à“π§ß‰¥â‡ÀÁπªÑ“¬¢âÕ§«“¡¢â“ßµâπµ“¡ ’·Ë ¬° µÕ¡à Õ √∂‰øøÑ “ ·≈–¢â “ ß∂ππ∑—Ë « °√ÿ ß ‡∑æ¡À“π§√ ∫â“ß·≈â«À≈“¬∑à“πÕ“®‰¡à π„® ∫“ß∑à“πÕ“®‡¢â“„® ·≈– Õ¬“°√Ÿâ«à“º—߇¡◊Õß„À¡à∑’Ë®–§≈Õ¥¡“¿“¬„π 3 ‡¥◊Õπ π—È π ®–ÕÕ°¡“√— ∫ „™â ™ÿ ¡ ™πÕ¬à “ ߉√ ·≈–‡°’Ë ¬ «¢â Õ ß Õ–‰√°—∫‡√“∫â“ß º—߇¡◊Õ߇ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë∂Ÿ°Õâ“ßÕ‘ß∂÷ßÕ¬Ÿà‡ ¡Õ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’ °“√°≈à“«∂÷ߪí≠À“¢Õ߇¡◊Õß‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“߬‘ßË °√ÿ߇∑æ ¡À“π§√∑’ˇªìπ‡¡◊ÕßÀ≈«ß¢Õߪ√–‡∑»¡“√à«¡ 222 ªï ·µàª√– ∫ªí≠À“‡π◊ÕË ß®“°¢“¥°“√«“ß·ºπ·≈–º—߇¡◊Õß ∑’¡Ë √’ –∫∫ ¢“¥°“√§«∫§ÿ¡°“√æ—≤π“‡¡◊ÕßÕ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ÕË ß ªí ≠ À“ ”§— ≠ ∑’Ë ‡ ÀÁ 𠉥â Õ ¬à “ ߇¥à π ™— ¥ °Á §◊ Õ °“√æ— ≤ π“ ‡¡◊ Õ ß∑’Ë ‰¡à ¡¥ÿ≈°—π√–À«à“ß¿“§√—∞·≈–‡Õ°™π ‡™àπ ª√–™“™π‰ª √â “ ß∫â “ π‡√◊ Õ π„π∫√‘ ‡ «≥∑’Ë √— ∞ ¬— ß ‰¡à ‰ ¥â ®—¥ √â“ß “∏“√≥Ÿª‚¿§µà“ßÊ ‰¥â·°à ‰øøÑ“ ª√–ª“ ∑àÕ√–∫“¬πÈ” œ≈œ ·≈–°“√¢“¥°“√§«∫§ÿ¡¢Õß¿“§√—∞ °Á ∑”„Àâ ¡’ °‘ ® °√√¡∑’Ë à ß º≈°√–∑∫∂÷ ß ¿“æ ·«¥≈âÕ¡„°≈⇧’¬ß¥â«¬ ‡™àπ°“√∑’Ë ‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡‰ªµ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà „°≈â™ÿ¡™π∑’Ëæ—°Õ“»—¬ À√◊Õ°“√ ∑”π“°ÿâ ß „π∫√‘ ‡ «≥ «πº≈‰¡â ‡ªìπµâπ

Many people have probably seen signs like the one above at busy intersections or at railroad crossings or beside major roadways around Bangkok. Some people may have ignored them.

Others may realize that they refer to the new city zoning law scheduled for implementation in three monthsû time. But perhaps itûs unclear just how this plan will improve the capital and how it will affect the lives of people living here.

Whenever thereûs a discussion of urban problems, the issue of city planning is always brought up. Many of the current problems facing Bangkok, which has served as Thailandûs capital for some 222 years, are said to be the result of a lack of effective planning. And where there has been planning, zoning laws have not been adequately enforced. One of the most obvious problems is the lack of coordination between the state and private sectors. For instance, people have built homes in places where there are no utilities and no public infrastructure. The absence of effective planning has also added to the cityûs pollution problems. Factories have been built near residential areas, and shrimp farms have sprung up near fruit orchards.

Another common phenomenon is the construction of unsightly shop houses, stretching for kilometers along suburban roadways, infringing on fertile farmland and leaving large swaths of land behind the buildings unused. And because most people work in the city but live in the suburbs, the number of cars on Bangkokûs streets and highways has grown tremendously in recent years. The resulting traffic snarls have caused problems that no one in a position of authority has been able to solve. Instead, the volume of traffic in the inner city continues to grow.

There are still other planning difficulties facing the Bangkok authorities. Permission to build entertainment places or hotels near temples and

schools, and permission to build factories in residential areas are just two of the issues confronting city planners. How these matters are handled will have an impact on the countryûs economy and the quality of life for people in Bangkok.

Of course, the people who blame these problems on the lack of effective city planning are partly right. It is true beyond a doubt that city planning in Thailand lags behind the times.

Bangkok was founded as the new capital of the Kingdom in 1782 - 222 years ago, but the first city zoning laws were not introduced until 1992 just twelve year ago! Unfortunately, there laws did not preve to be very effictive. The best that could be said about them was that they were better than nothing. At least, the new laws laid down certain guidelines and suggested certain control mechanisms for regulating the cityûs growth and development.

One of the main difficulties in developing an effective, comprehensive zoning law for Bangkok is the Thai penchant for çdoing whatever you pleaseé - a cultural characteristic of Thai people for generations. It is particularly noticeable when it comes to the issue of property rights. If you own a piece of land, itûs yours to do with as you see fit, and thereûs little room for compromise.

City officials have had to negotiate strenuously with landowners to make progress on new zoning laws. As a result, the new laws reflect the compromise between two opposing points of views. One is in favor of proper city zoning in accordance with the theory and the other is in support of property rights which the owner has full authurity over his or her rightful land.

This obstacle has made it difficult for city planners to come up with ways of achieving their goals. One way has been to involve members of the public in the planning process from the very beginning. The authorities have tried to explain to the public the benefits of a comprehensive zoning law for the capital. It is hoped, too, that if people participate in planning, if they have a sense that their voice has been heard, they will be more likely to abide by the resulting regulations.

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à«π√à«¡¢Õߪ√–™“™π„Àâ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ‡æ◊ËÕ∑’˪√–™“™π ®–‰¥â√∫— √Ÿ∂â ß÷ ª√–‚¬™πå¢Õß°“√¡’ºß— ‡¡◊Õß ·≈–ª√–™“™π ‰¥â√Ÿâ ÷°«à“æ«°‡¢“¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√√à“ߺ—߇¡◊Õߢ÷Èπ¡“ «‘∏π’ ¬’È ß— ∑”„À⺫Ÿâ “ߺ—߇¡◊Õß “¡“√∂ πÕߧ«“¡µâÕß°“√ ¢Õߪ√–™“™π‰¥âÕ¬à“ß∂Ÿ°µâÕߥâ«Õ¬à“߉√°Á¥’π—∫‡ªìπ‚™§¥’¢Õߧπ‰∑¬ª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëß ∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬·¡à∫∑„π°“√®—¥∑”º—߇¡◊Õߧ◊Õ æ.√.∫. °“√ º—߇¡◊Õßæ.». 2518 ‡ªìπ°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë¡’§«“¡§‘¥∑—π ¡—‡æ√“–‰¥â√«¡‡√◊ÕË ß°“√¡’ «à π√à«¡¢Õߪ√–™“™π‰«âµß—È ·µà °“√§‘¥®–«“ߺ—ß®π°√–∑—Ëß«“ߺ—߇ √Á® √«¡∑—Èß°“√ °√–®“¬Õ”π“®„Àâ ∑â Õ ß∂‘Ë π ‰«â °à Õ π¡’ √— ∞ ∏√√¡πŸ ≠ ©∫— ∫ æ.». 2540 ∂÷ß°«à“ 20 ªï ´÷Ëß°ÆÀ¡“¬©∫—∫π—Èπ¡’°“√ ∫— ß §— ∫ „Àâ ®— ¥ ª√–™ÿ ¡ ª√–™“™π°à Õ π¡’ §”«à “ ª√–™“ æ‘®“√≥å‡ ’¬Õ’° ª√–°Õ∫°—∫§≥–°√√¡°“√º—߇¡◊Õß ·≈–°√¡‚¬∏“∏‘°“√·≈–º—߇¡◊Õß (°√¡º—߇¡◊Õ߇¥‘¡) °Á‰¥âÕ“»—¬™àÕß∑’°Ë ÆÀ¡“¬„Àâ ‰«â ¡Õ∫Õ”π“®°“√«“ß·≈– ®—¥∑”º—߇¡◊Õß√«¡°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√„Àâ°—∫°∑¡. „π ∞“π–Àπ૬ߓπ à«π∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ∑’˪°§√ÕߥŸ·≈‡¡◊ÕßÀ≈«ß ¢Õ߉∑¬·Ààßπ’È ”π—°º—߇¡◊Õß °∑¡. ®÷ßÕ“»—¬À≈—°°“√ ”§—≠∑’Ë °≈à“«¢â“ßµâπ π—∫ πÿπ°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡¢Õߪ√–™“™π„π ¢—ÈπµÕπ°“√«“ߺ—߇¡◊Õß√«¡°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ©∫—∫ ª√—∫ª√ÿߧ√—Èß∑’Ë 2 ¥—ßπ’È 1. ®—¥ª√–™ÿ¡√—∫øíߢâÕ§‘¥‡ÀÁπª√–™“™π 2 §√—Èß (°ÆÀ¡“¬°”Àπ¥„À⮥— Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 1 §√—ßÈ ) ‚¥¬®—¥§√—ßÈ ∑’Ë 1 °àÕπ°“√«“ß·≈–®—¥∑”º—߇¡◊Õß√«¡°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ≥ »Ÿπ¬å‡¬“«™π°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ (‰∑¬-≠’˪ÿÉπ) ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 6 ¡’ 𠓧¡ 2545 ¡’ ª √–™“™π¡“√à « ¡ß“πª√–¡“≥ 1,084 §π §√—Èß∑’Ë 2 ≥ »Ÿπ¬å‡¬“«™π°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ (‰∑¬-≠’˪ÿÉπ) ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 31 情¿“§¡ 2546 ¡’ª√–™“™π ‡¢â“√à«¡ª√–™ÿ¡ª√–¡“≥ 2,578 §π ‡¡◊ËÕ¥Ÿ®”π«π§π ∑’Ë¡“√à«¡ª√–™ÿ¡·≈â« Õ“®®–‡ÀÁπ«à“πâÕ¬ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫ ª√–™“™π 5-6 ≈â“π§π ∑—ÈßÊ ∑’Ë ‰¥â¡’°“√ª√–™“ —¡æ—π∏å ∑—È ß °“√ªî ¥ ª√–°“» ‚¶…≥“∑“ß«‘ ∑ ¬ÿ ° √–®“¬‡ ’ ¬ ß ≈ß‚¶…≥“ª√–°“»„πÀπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æå√“¬«—π §◊Õ‡¥≈‘π‘« å ¡µ‘™π ·≈–¢à“« ¥ ‰¡àπâÕ¬°«à“ 7 «—π 2. ª√–™ÿ¡ª√–™“™π —≠®√ (Road Show) ‡æ◊ËÕ √—∫øíߧ«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ¢Õߪ√–™“™πµàÕ√à“ߺ—߇¡◊Õß√«¡ °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ §√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡æ◊Èπ∑’Ë 6 °≈ÿà¡°“√ª°§√Õß „π 50 ‡¢µ √«¡ 6 §√—ßÈ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ °≈ÿ¡à °“√ª°§√Õß ‡®â “ æ√–¬“ ∫Ÿ √ æ“ ·≈–√— µ π‚° ‘ π ∑√å ‡¡◊Ë Õ «— π ∑’Ë 17 情¿“§¡ 2546 ¡’ª√–™“™π‡¢â“√à«¡ª√–™ÿ¡ª√–¡“≥ 1,252 §π ·≈–°≈ÿ¡à °“√ª°§√Õß°√ÿß∏π‡Àπ◊Õ °√ÿß∏π„µâ ·≈–»√’ π §√‘ π ∑√å ‡¡◊Ë Õ «— π ∑’Ë 24 情¿“§¡ 2546 ¡’ ª√–™“™π‡¢â“√à«¡ª√–™ÿ¡ª√–¡“≥ 1,261 §π

Thais are lucky at least that the basis for any new zoning law is the City Planning Act of 1975, a forward-looking law that calls for public involvement in the drafting of all future zoning laws. It also empowers the local authorities to make decisions affecting their own areas. Predating the new constitution by more than 20 years, the City Planning Act calls for public hearings with the Planning Commission and the Public Works and City Planning Department on all major zoning issues. Under the law, the BMA, as the local authority, is entitled to draw up its own zoning regulations for the Thai capital.

To increase the chances of success for the latest version of the comprehensive plan, the BMA sought out the publicûs participation through the following series of steps.

1. First, Bangkok officials held two public hearings (The law requires at least one such hearing). The first, held before the initial drafting of the plan, was convened at the Thai-Japan Youth Center on March 6, 2002. A total of 1,084 people attended. The second hearing took place at the same location on May 31, 2003. This time, some 2,578 people came. For a city of 5-6 million people, this was a disappointing turnout. The hearings had also been widely publicized on posters, on the radio, and in three Thai daily newspapers for a full week prior to each hearing.

2. Second, the BMA organized a road show to solicit the opinions of Bangkok residents on the draft zoning plan. The show was held at six different locations covering all 50 administrative districts, divided into six areas. Officials met first with some 1,252 people from Chao Praya, Burapha and Ratankosin on May 17, 2003. Then, the following week, on May 24, they met with 1,261 members of the public from Thonburi North, Thonburi South and Srinakarin.

3. Next, the BMA convened a meeting of the city planning advisory board, appointed by the Bangkok governor and comprising representatives from various government organizations as well as other qualified experts.

4. Later, the authorities organized a series of nine workshops for professionals in such fields as real estate, industry, sales and service, who would be directly impacted by the new zoning laws.

Representatives from provinces bordering Bangkok, environmental agencies, and public utilities and infrastructure (electricity, water, transportation and telephone) were also invited.

5. The BMA requested information, recommendations, and opinions from relevant agencies.

6. Analyzing the opinions received, and taking into account state and local policies, as well as various physical, economic, and social considerations, officials drew up a comprehensive city plan for Bangkok.

7. The BMA then gave everyone with a stake in the new proposal 90 days to make any objections they might have known to the relevant authorities. Complaints were to be submitted in writing between December 24, 2003, and March 22, 2004, prior to the enactment of the new zoning laws.

This, then, is what those signs posted around the city are all about. A second draft proposal was up for public scrutiny. The 90-day notice was first made public through Khao Sod, Post Today, Khom Chat Leuk, Daily News and Matichon newspapers from December 24-31, 2003, and on TV channels 5 and 9.

At the end of the 90 days, Bangkok city authorities examined the complaints and recommendations received from the public and made the changes they deemed to be appropriate.

These modifications were then sent on to the City Planning Commission for consideration. Once this has been completed, the new zoning regulations will become law.

City officials have spent a lot of time and money to ensure that the public has a voice in the new comprehensive zoning laws for Bangkok and its suburbs. But this investment has certainly been worth it. By letting people take part in deciding their future, the authorities have demonstrated an appreciation for the principles of democracy and greatly increased the chances for public compliance with the new law.

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Vocabulary

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∑ÿßà À≠â“

Rangeland

∑ÿßà À≠â“ (Rangeland) À¡“¬∂÷ß æ◊πÈ ∑’Ë„¥æ◊πÈ ∑’ÀË π÷ßË ∑’ Ë «à π„À≠à ¡’æ◊™«ß»åÀ≠â“À√◊Õæ◊™æ√√≥Õ◊ËπÊ ∑’˧≈⓬À≠â“¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà‡Õßµ“¡ ∏√√¡™“µ‘ ¡’ª√–‚¬™πå “¡“√∂ πÕߧ«“¡µâÕß°“√∑—ßÈ ∑“ßµ√ß·≈– ∑“ßÕâÕ¡·°à¡πÿ…¬å ·≈–æ◊πÈ ∑’πË π—È Ê ‡À¡“–·°à°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√®—¥°“√ ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬æ◊Èπ∞“π∑“ß𑇫»«‘∑¬“¡“°°«à“æ◊Èπ∞“π∑“ß°“√‡°…µ√ ®÷߇ÀÁπ‰¥â«“à ∑ÿßà À≠â“ (Rangeland) ·µ°µà“ß®“°∑ÿßà ª»ÿ µ— «å (Pastureland) „πÀ≈—°„À≠àÊ Õ¬Ÿà “¡ª√–°“√ §◊Õ ª√–°“√·√° ∑ÿàßÀ≠â“®—¥‡ªìπ∑’Ë¥‘πª√–‡¿∑∑’Ë ‰¡à ‰¥â „™â‡æ◊ËÕ °“√‡æ“–ª≈Ÿ° (Uncultivated land) à«π∑ÿàߪ»ÿ —µ«åπ—Èπ ®—¥Õ¬Ÿà „π∑’Ë¥‘πª√–‡¿∑∑’Ë„™â‡æ◊ËÕ°“√‡æ“–ª≈Ÿ° (Cultivated land) ª√–°“√∑’Ë Õß „π¥â“π«—µ∂ÿª√– ߧå¢Õß°“√„™âª√–‚¬™πå ∑ÿßà À≠â“π—πÈ ¡ÿßà „π·ßà°“√„™âª√–‚¬™πå·∫∫Õ‡π°ª√– ߧå (Multiple uses) §◊Õ §”π÷ß∂÷ߪ√–‚¬™πå∑—Èß∑“ßµ√ß·≈–∑“ßÕâÕ¡‡ªì𠔧—≠ ‡™àπ„™â‡ªìπ∑’˺≈‘µæ◊™Õ“À“√ —µ«å‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∑—Èß —µ«åªÉ“·≈– —µ«å‡≈’È¬ß ·∑–‡≈Á¡‡ªìπÕ“À“√ „™â‡ªìπ∑’Ëæ—°ºàÕπÀ¬àÕπ„® ‡ªìπ·À≈àßµâππÈ” ≈”∏“√ À√◊Õ‡æ◊ËÕÕπÿ√—°…契π·≈–πÈ” µ≈Õ¥®π„™â‡ªìπ∑’Ë»÷°…“ ∏√√¡™“µ‘·«¥≈âÕ¡Õ’°¥â«¬ à«π∑ÿàߪ»ÿ —µ«å¡ÿàߪ√–‚¬™πå„π¥â“π ‡æ‘¡Ë º≈º≈‘µ‡æ◊ÕË „Àâ ‰¥âº≈‘µº≈ Ÿß ÿ¥®“°°“√‡≈’¬È ߪ»ÿ µ— «å·µà‡æ’¬ß Õ¬à“߇¥’¬« ‚¥¬‰¡à ‰¥â§”π÷ß∂÷ߪ√–‚¬™πå∑“ßÕâÕ¡Õ◊πË Ê ·µàÕ¬à“ß„¥ ª√–°“√∑’ Ë “¡ °“√®—¥°“√∑ÿßà À≠Ⓡªìπ°“√®—¥°“√·∫∫¢¬“‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬æ◊Èπ∞“π∑“ß𑇫»«‘∑¬“ (Ecological principles) ‡ªìπÀ≈—° ‡™àπ‡πâπ„π¥â“π°“√∑¥·∑π (Succession) °“√ ◊∫æ—π∏ÿå µ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘ (Natural regeneration) ·≈– Õߧåª√–°Õ∫¢Õß —ߧ¡æ◊™ ‡ªìπµâπ ”À√—∫°“√®—¥°“√∑ÿßà ª»ÿ µ— «å‡ªìπ°“√®—¥°“√·∫∫ ‰¡à¢¬“¬‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬æ◊Èπ∞“π∑“ß°“√‡°…µ√ (Agriculture Principles) ‡ªìπÀ≈—° ‡™àπ ¡’°“√ª≈Ÿ° °“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ« °“√„™âªÿܬ ¬“ ª√“∫»—µ√Ÿæ™◊ ·≈–Õ“»—¬°“√™≈ª√–∑“π‡¢â“™à«¬ ‡ªìπµâπ Õ¬à“߉√ °Áµ“¡ °“√®—¥°“√∑ÿßà À≠â“∫“ߧ√—ßÈ Õ“®®”‡ªìπµâÕßÕ“»—¬°“√‡°…µ√ ‡¢â“™à«¬‡À¡◊Õπ°—π ·µà™«à ¬‡æ◊ÕË à߇ √‘¡·≈–§ß‰«â´ß÷Ë √–∫∫∏√√¡™“µ‘ ¡“°°«à“∑’Ë®–Õ“»—¬°—πÕ¬Ÿàµ≈Õ¥‰ª À≈—°¢Õß°“√®—¥°“√ à«π„À≠à ¬—ßµâÕßÕ“»—¬§«“¡√Ÿ∑â “ß𑇫»«‘∑¬“ ™à«¬ª√—∫ª√ÿß∫”√ÿß√—°…“ æ◊™ Õ“À“√ —µ«å∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿàµ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘„Àâ§ß§«“¡ ¡∫Ÿ√≥åµ≈Õ¥‰ª ∑—Èßπ’È®”‡ªìπµâÕß¡’°“√§«∫§ÿ¡®”π«π·≈–™π‘¥¢Õß —µ«å ƒ¥Ÿ°“≈ ·≈– ∂“π∑’ˇ≈’È¬ß —µ«å µ≈Õ¥®π°“√°√–®“¬¢Õß —µ«å‡≈’È¬ß √«¡ µ≈Õ¥∂÷ß —µ«åªÉ“∑’ˇ¢â“¡“ À“°‘π„π∑ÿàßÀ≠â“π—ÈπÊ ¥â«¬ ‡æ◊ËÕ∑’Ë®– ∫”√ÿß„Àâ∑ÿàßÀ≠â“π—Èπ “¡“√∂Õ”π«¬ª√–‚¬™πå ‰¥âÕ¬à“߬“«π“π

Rangeland refers to an area of land that is dominated by species of grass or other species resembling grass which grow naturally. Rangeland is beneficial to numan being directly and indirectly and management of the land in ecological terms will be more effective than in agricultural terms.

Rangeland is differ from pastureland by three main characteristics; - Rangeland is categorized as uncultivated land but pastureland is cultivated land.

- Rangeland has multiple uses with both direct and indirect benefits such as providing food sources for both wildlife and livestock, recreational areas, headwater sources, locations for nature and ecological studies as well as preserving the soil and water. Pastureland is utilized only to increase livestock productivity with no other indirect benefits.

- Management of rangeland relies on expansion based on ecological principles with an emphasis on succession, natural regeneration and plant co-existence. The management of pastureland requires no expansion and is based on agricultural principles including growing, harvesting, use of fertilizers and insecticides and irrigation. Even so, rangeland management sometimes needs to temporarily incorporate agricultural approach with the aim to promote and sustain ecological systems. In this case, however, management efforts are still made mostly with ecological knowledge by improving and preserving natural food sources for animals to last well into the future. This includes means to control the number as well as the species of animals herding seasons and zones, distribution of livestock and wildlife feeding in rangeland in order to allow the land to nurture itself sustainably.

Àπ—ß ◊ÕÕâ“ßÕ‘ß: π‘«—µ‘ ‡√◊Õßæ“π‘™ ç𑇫»«‘∑¬“∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘é §≥–«π»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡°…µ√»“ µ√å °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√. 2534 Àπâ“ 118-119

Toxic Substance

“√‡ªìπæ‘… À¡“¬∂÷ß “√∑’ˇ¢â“‰ª„π√à“ß°“¬ „π√–¥—∫ ª√‘¡“≥¡“°æÕ®–‡ªìπÕ—πµ√“¬µàÕ√à“ß°“¬ ´÷ËßÕ“®∂◊Õ‰¥â«à“ “√‡§¡’∑ÿ°™π‘¥‡ªìπæ‘…µàÕ√à“ß°“¬ ·µà§«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢÕßæ‘…π—Èπ ·µ°µà“ß°—πÕÕ°‰ª §«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…¢Õß “√‰¡à “¡“√∂«—¥ÕÕ°¡“ ‡ªìπ‡°≥±å¡“µ√∞“π‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫°“√«—¥§«“¡∂à«ß®”‡æ“–À√◊Õ ®ÿ ¥ À≈Õ¡‡À≈«‰¥â §«“¡‡ªì π æ‘ … ®–· ¥ßÕÕ°‡¡◊Ë Õ ¡’ ° “√ ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߇°‘¥¢÷Èπ ·µà∫“ߧ√—Èß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕ“®‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ πâÕ¬¡“°®π¥Ÿ‰¡àÕÕ° À√◊Õ¡Õߢⓡ‰ª‰¥â §«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢÕßæ‘… ¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫Õߧåª√–°Õ∫ 5 ª√–°“√ §◊Õ 1. ª√‘¡“≥ “√‡ªìπ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡µàÕπÈ”Àπ—°√à“ß°“¬‡ªìπ°‘‚≈°√—¡ 2. Õ—µ√“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡ “√¢Õß√à“ß°“3. Õ—µ√“°“√¢—∫∂à“4. §ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘¢Õß “√ 5. °“√µÕ∫ πÕߢÕß·µà≈–∫ÿ§§≈ ƒ∑∏‘Ï¢Õß “√∑’Ë¡’µàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µª√–‡¿∑‡¥’¬«°—π ®–¡’§«“¡ ·µ°µà“ß°—π¡“° §π ÕߧπÕ“®¡’§«“¡∑π∑“πµàÕ “√ ™π‘¥ ‡¥’¬«°—πµà“ß°—π Õ—µ√“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡·≈–Õ—µ√“°“√¢—∫∂à“¬‡ªìπ µ—«ª√–°Õ∫ ”§—≠ ·≈– —¥ à«π¢ÕßÕ—µ√“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡¢Õß√à“ß°“·≈–°“√¢—∫∂à“¬‡ªìπ‡§√◊ËÕß∫àß™’È∂÷ߧ«“¡‡ªìπæ‘… À√◊Õ°“√¢—∫∂à“ÕÕ°®“°√à“ß°“¬ ∂â“ “√‰¡à∂Ÿ°‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ√ŸªÕ◊Ëπ∑’Ë ‰¡à‡ªìπæ‘…À√◊Õ ¢—∫ÕÕ°°Á®–¡’º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘¢Õß “√ Õ—µ√“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡ ¢Õß√à“ß°“¬ ·≈–Õ—µ√“°“√¢—∫∂à“¬‡ªìπ§à“‡©æ“–µ—«¢Õß “√ ·µà≈–™π‘¥ ·≈–¡’ à«π™à«¬∫àß∫Õ°ª√‘¡“≥ “√∑’Ë®–ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ï ¥—ßπ—ÈπÕ—µ√“°“√¢—∫∂à“¬®–™à«¬∫Õ°√–¬–‡«≈“∑’Ë “√®–ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ï Õ¬Ÿà ‰¥â ∂â“Õ—µ√“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡¬‘ßË ‡√Á« °Á¬ß‘Ë ∑”„À⇰‘¥º≈‡√Á« à«πª√‘¡“≥ “√‡ªìπ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡µàÕπÈ”Àπ—°‡ªìπ°‘‚≈°√—¡π—πÈ ¬‘ßË ¡“°°Á¬ß‘Ë ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘‡Ï √Á« “√‡ªìπæ‘…®– “¡“√∂‡¢â“ Ÿà√à“ß°“¬‰¥â 3 ∑“ß ‰¥â·°à 1. ∑“ß®¡Ÿ° ¥â«¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡‰Õ¢Õß “√ ΩÿπÉ À√◊Õ≈–ÕÕß “√ ∑’Ë¡’ƒ∑∏‘Ï°—¥°√àÕπ®–∑”„À⇬◊ËÕ®¡Ÿ°Õ—°‡ ∫ “√∑’Ë´÷¡ºà“π‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ ‡¢â“ Ÿà°√–· ‚≈À‘µ‰¥â®–‡ªìπæ‘… ‡™àπ Õ“®∑”„Àâ ‚≈À‘µ‡ªìπæ‘… „πªÕ¥‡µÁ ¡ ‰ª¥â « ¬‡ â π ‚≈À‘ µ ΩÕ¬´÷Ë ß ‡ªì π ∑’Ë Ê “√®–´÷ ¡ ‡¢â “ Ÿà °√–· ‚≈À‘µ‰¥â‡√Á« 2. ∑“ߪ“° “√®–‡¢â“ª“°‰¥â‚¥¬‰¡à√Ÿâµ—« Õ“®‡ª√Õ–‡ªóôÕπ ¡◊Õ ·≈â«„™â¡◊ÕÀ¬‘∫Õ“À“√‡¢â“ª“° Õ“®µ‘¥∑’Ë∫ÿÀ√’Ë À√◊Õ‚¥Õÿ∫—µ‘‡Àµÿ∑’Ë¡’°“√À¬‘∫¢Õߺ‘¥æ≈“¥„ ઓ° “√∑’Ë¡’æ‘…°—¥°√àÕπ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡¢â“ª“°®–∑”„À⪓°§Õ‰À¡â 3. ∑“ߺ‘«Àπ—ß πÕ°®“° “√®–°—¥º‘«Àπ—ß„Àâ ‰À¡â æÕ߇ªìπ ·º≈·≈â« “√∫“ß™π‘¥ “¡“√∂´÷¡‡¢â“º‘«Àπ—߉¥â ·≈–‡¢â“‰ª∑” ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡°‘¥‡ªìπæ‘…·°à√à“ß°“¬ “√æ«°π’È “¡“√∂≈–≈“¬‰¢¡—π ∫πº‘«Àπ—ßÕÕ° ∑”„Àâ “√Õ◊ËπÀ√◊Õµ—«¡—π‡Õß´÷¡‡¢â“º‘«Àπ—߇¢â“ Ÿà °√–· ‚≈À‘µ‰¥âßà“¬¢÷Èπ “√‡§¡’‡¡◊ËÕ‡¢â“ Ÿà√à“ß°“¬∑“ß„¥°Áµ“¡ ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ ¡“°æÕ ®–¡’ªØ‘°√‘¬“ ≥ ®ÿ¥ —¡º— ·≈–´÷¡‡¢â“ Ÿà°√–· ‚≈À‘µ ´÷Ëß®–æ“ “√‰ª∑—Ë«√à“ß°“¬‰¥â æ‘…¢Õß “√¡’ 2 ·∫∫§◊Õ ·∫∫∑’Ë · ¥ßÕ“°“√∑—π∑’ §◊Õæ‘…‡©’¬∫æ≈—π À√◊ÕÕ“®¡’°“√ – ¡∑’≈–πâÕ®π∂÷ߢπ“¥Àπ÷ßË ·≈â«®÷ß· ¥ßÕ“°“√‡ªìπæ‘…‡√◊ÕÈ √—ß æ‘…‡©’¬∫æ≈—𠇪ìπæ‘…∑’˧π°≈—«‡æ√“–¡Õ߇ÀÁπ∑—𵓠·µàæ‘…‡√◊ÈÕ√—ß°Á¡’Õ—πµ√“πà“°≈—«‡À¡◊Õπ°—π ·≈–¡—°®–√—°…“‰¡àÀ“¬¢“¥¥â«¬ ‡æ√“–∫“ߧ√—ßÈ ‡¡◊ËÕ· ¥ßÕ“°“√º‘¥ª°µ‘°Á “¬‡°‘π‰ª∑’Ë®–·°â ‰¢‡ ’¬·≈â«

Toxic substance is poisonous and harmful to humanûs body once taken in plenty amount. All chemicals, which carry varying toxic intensity, are taken the toxic substance for human body. The toxicity could not be measured into standard as the measurement of the specific gravity or the melting point.

The toxicity of the substance would appear once there is a physical change or effect, but sometimes the change is hardly visible or overlooked. Toxic intensity of the substance then relies on five factors including 1. A milligram of toxic intake against a kilogram of humanûs weight.

2. An absorption capacity of human body 3. Waste Diffusion 4. The substanceûs property 5. Physical reaction of the individual on the toxic substance.

The toxic substanceûs effect to the individual body would not identical. The resistance capacity to the toxic substance would generally differ between the two persons. An absorption and the diffusion rate would play a critical role, and the ratio between the two rates would determine the toxicity or the diffusion capacity. If the substance was not deformed into non-toxin or was diffused, the property of the substance would be affected. The absorption rate of the body and the diffusion rate would be unique for each substance, and help reveal the amount of the substance to be in effect.

The diffusion rate will therefore tell the period of the substanceûs effect. The faster is the absorption rate, the quicker is the effect of the substance. For the milligram of the substance amount against the kilogram of humanûs weight, the more is the amount, the faster is the effect.

The toxic substance is generally taken into the human body through three channels: 1. By nostrils through inhalation of the substanceûs vapor or suspended particulate matter. Its corrosive property would cause the nasal vestibulitis. The substance permeating through the tissue to the bloodstream would be poisonous, making blood, for instance, toxic and the lung full of capillary, which makes easy the permeation of the substance into the bloodstream.

2. By mouth. The substance, which is stained at hands and cigarette, may be taken into the mouth by chance or by accident. The corrosive once taken into the mouth would burn the throat.

3. By skin. The substance not only burns the skin, but also permeates into the body to chemically react on the body to bring about poison. The substance would dissolve lipid on humanûs skin and make easier other substances or itself to permeate into the bloodstream.

The substance taken into the body through any channels would react, once it has enough intensity, at the reaction point and permeate into the bloodstream, which would lead the substance to transmit through the whole body.

The toxic of the substance would come into two forms-immediate effect and accumulated property until it becomes chronic. People will in general feel afraid of immediate effect, given its visibility. However, the chronic toxic is also dreadful, as it could not be cured and sometimes makes it too late for any medical treatment.

Àπ—ß ◊ÕÕâ“ßÕ‘ß: ÿ™“¥“ ™‘π–®‘µ√ çÕ—πµ√“¬®“° “√‡§¡’é ¿“§«‘™“‡§¡’ §≥– «‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ 2523 Àπâ“ 33-34

Reference: Suchada Chinachitr, Danger from Chemical Substancesû.

The Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Science. Chulalongkorn University, 1980. Page 33-34.

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‡ªì 𠇫Á ∫ ‰´µå ¢ Õß ”π— ° ß“ππ‚¬∫“¬·≈–·ºπ æ≈—ßß“π (Energy Policy and Planning office) ‡«Á ∫ ‰´µå π’È ‡ πâ π ‡π◊È Õ À“À≈— ° „π‡√◊Ë Õ ß¢Õßæ≈— ß ß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‚¥¬¡’§Õ≈—¡πå ”§—≠µà“ßÊ ¡“°¡“¬ Õ“∑‘ Hot Section §◊Õ π”‡ πÕª√–‡¥Áπ¢à“«‡¥àπ∑’Ë ”§—≠ „πªí ® ®ÿ ∫— π ∑’Ë Õ ¬Ÿà „𧫓¡ π„® πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß√«∫√«¡ ¢à“«‡¥àπ ¢à“«¥à«π ‡™àπ ¡µ‘§≥–√—∞¡πµ√’ ´÷Ëß𔇠πÕ ¡µ‘§≥–√—∞¡πµ√’∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫‡√◊ËÕߢÕßæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ §Õ≈—¡πå Highlight ‡ªìπ°“√𔇠πÕª√–‡¥Áπ ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“∑’ˇªìπ “√–„π¥â“π¢Õßæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‚¥¬¡’√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¢Õ߇√◊ÕË ßµà“ßÊ ‡™àπ π‚¬∫“¬·≈–·ºπ ªî‚µ√‡≈’¬¡ ‰øøÑ“ Õπÿ√—°…åæ≈—ßß“π ·≈–¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¥â“π æ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡ √«¡∂÷ߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°µà“ߪ√–‡∑» ¡µ‘°“√ª√–™ÿ¡∑’Ë ”§—≠ ‡™àπ ¡µ‘ °æ√. «“ßπ‚¬∫“æ≈— ß ß“π·≈–¢à “ «ª√–™“ — ¡ æ— π ∏å ‚¥¬ºŸâ ∑’Ë ‡ ¬’Ë ¬ ¡™¡ ‡«Á∫‰´µåπ’Ȭ—ß “¡“√∂‡™◊ËÕ¡µàÕ‡¢â“°—∫‡«Á∫‰´µå∑’Ëπà“ π„® µà“ßÊ ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«°—∫‡√◊ËÕߢÕßæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ Õ’°¡“°¡“¬ ·≈–¬—ß “¡“√∂‡™◊ËÕ¡µàÕ°—∫‡«Á∫‰´µå¢Õß Àπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æå ‰¥âÕ’°¥â«¬

The Energy Policy and Planning officeûs website discusses energy and environment issues.

Within the website, a wide range of columns including recent media in the public interests, and Cabinetûs resolutions on energy and environment is available.

One of the highlights of the column are the articles about different energy and environmental issues such as, policy and planning, petroleum, electricity, energy conservation, energy and environmental information, and related information from foreign sources, resolutions of forums as well as news releases. Visitors to the website can link into to a wide range of related websites about energy and environment and articles from leading local newspapers.

www.environnet.in.th ‡«Á∫‰´µåπ’ȇªìπ‡«Á∫‰´µå¢Õß°√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‚¥¬‡πâπ°“√𔇠πÕ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß °— ∫ ‡√◊Ë Õ ß¢Õß ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡‡ªì π À≈— ° ¿“¬„π‡«Á ∫ ‰´µå ª√–°Õ∫¥â « ¬§Õ≈— ¡ πå µà “ ßÊ Õ“∑‘ §√∫‡§√◊Ë Õ ß‡√◊Ë Õ ß ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ¢à“«/∑—π‡Àµÿ°“√≥åªí®®ÿ∫—π ™ÿ¡™π ’‡¢’¬« ¡ÿ¡ πÿ° ‡°√Á¥§«“¡√Ÿâ‡°’ˬ«°—∫ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‡§√◊Õ¢à“’‡¢’¬« ·≈–°‘®°√√¡µà“ßÊ πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß¡’§Õ≈—¡πå‡√◊ËÕ߇¥àπª√–®” —ª¥“Àå ∑’Ë𔇠πÕ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“ “√– ”§—≠‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕߢÕß ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ¡ÿ¡ ¡“™‘° °“√ ”√«®§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ ·≈–À—«¢âÕÕ◊ËπÊ ∑’Ë πà “ π„® ‡™à π ª√–‡¥Á π ∑“ߥ⠓ π ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡∑’Ë Õ ¬Ÿà „𧫓¡ π„®„πªí ® ®ÿ ∫— π ‚¥¬¡’ ° “√𔇠πÕ‡√◊Ë Õ ß ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡°— ∫ §π‡¡◊ Õ ß æ√â Õ ¡°— π π’È ¬— ß ¡’ ¡ÿ ¡ ‡∫“Ê ”À√—∫ºŸâ‡¢â“‡¬’ˬ¡™¡‡«Á∫‰´µå∑’˵âÕß°“√∑¥ Õ∫§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π§Õ≈— ¡ πå ∑’Ë ‡ °’Ë ¬ «°— ∫ ‡°¡§”∂“¡ª√–≈Õß ªí≠≠“Õ’°¥â«¬

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by Freshwater Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University.

The website also presents information about benthic macroinvertebrates as well as environmental research and studies in different community-Based Monitoring Systems on Environmental Quality and Health in the Pong River, Sustainable Nam Pong Watershed Conservation and the Management Project for Quality of Life.

One important feature of the website is a special column allocated for visitors to link to other interesting websites about environments such as those of the network for environment and Thai development, Seub Nakhasatien Foundation, and the Chulabhorn Research Institute.

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‡ªìπ‡«Á∫‰´µå¢Õß¿“§«‘™“™’««‘∑¬“ §≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘ ∑ ¬“≈— ¬ ¢Õπ·°à π Wetlab ‡ªì π ™◊Ë Õ ‡√’ ¬ °¢Õß çÀâÕߪؑ∫µ— °‘ “√™’««‘∑¬“πÈ”®◊¥é (Freshwater Biology Laboratory) ´÷Ëß∑”°“√»÷°…“‡°’ˬ«°—∫ —µ«å ‰¡à¡’°√–¥Ÿ° — π À≈— ß Àπâ “ ¥‘ π ´÷Ë ß ‡ªì π °≈ÿà ¡ — µ «å ∑’Ë Õ “»— ¬ Õ¬Ÿà ∫ πÀ√◊ Õ ·∑√°µ—«Õ¬Ÿà„πµ–°Õπ∑âÕßπÈ” ¿“æ√«¡¢Õ߇«Á∫‰´µåπ’ȇªìπ°“√𔇠πÕª√–‡¥Áπ ¢Õßß“π«‘®—¬∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫‡√◊ËÕߢÕß ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡„π ∑ÿ°Ê ¥â“𠇪ì𠔧—≠ Õ“∑‘ ß“π«‘®¬— ‡√◊ÕË ß √–∫∫‡ΩÑ“√–«—ß §ÿ ≥ ¿“æ ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡·≈– ÿ ¢ ¿“æ„π√–¥— ∫ ™ÿ ¡ ™π„°≈â ·¡àπÈ”æÕß À√◊Õß“π«‘®¬— ‡√◊ÕË ß‚§√ß°“√®—¥°“√·≈–æ—≤π“ ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡≈ÿà ¡ πÈ” æÕßÕ¬à “ ߬—Ë ß ¬◊ π ‡æ◊Ë Õ §ÿ ≥¿“æ™’«‘µ ‡ªìπµâπ ∑—È ß π’È „π·µà≈–ß“π«‘®—¬∑’Ë𔇠πÕ®–¡’µ—«Õ¬à“ß Àπ⓵“¢Õ߇«Á∫‰´µå∑’Ëß“π«‘®—¬™‘Èππ—Èπ∫√√®ÿÕ¬Ÿà ´÷Ë ß ºŸâ ∑’Ë ‡¢â“‡¬’¬Ë ¡™¡®– “¡“√∂‡¢â“‰ª‡¬’¬Ë ¡™¡√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¢Õß ß“π«‘®—¬π—ÈπÊ ‰¥â∑—π∑’ πÕ°®“°π’È ‘Ë ß ∑’Ë ”§— ≠ Õ’ ° ª√–°“√Àπ÷Ë ß §◊ Õ ¡’§Õ≈—¡πå∑’Ëæ√âÕ¡®–„À⺟⇢Ⓡ¬’ˬ¡™¡‡«Á∫‰´µå ‰¥â‡™◊ËÕ¡ µàÕ‡¢â“°—∫‡«Á∫‰´µå∑“ߥâ“π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë ”§—≠Ê ¥â«Õ“∑‘ ‡«Á∫‰´µå‡§√◊Õ¢à“¬‡æ◊ËÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡·≈–°“√æ—≤π“ ‰∑¬ ‡«Á ∫ ‰´µå ¢ Õß¡Ÿ ≈ π‘ ∏‘ ◊ ∫ 𓧖‡ ∂’ ¬ √ ‡«Á ∫ ‰´µå ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬®ÿÓ¿√≥å ‡ªìπµâπ

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www.thaiwaterbirds.com ‡«Á ∫ ‰´µå π’È ‡ ¢’ ¬ π‚¥¬§ÿ ≥ æÕæ≈ ππ∑¿“ ´÷Ë ß ‡ªì π ∫ÿ§§≈∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π«ß°“√¥Ÿπ°¡“‡ªìπ√–¬–‡«≈“¬“«π“π ¡’ º≈ß“π∑’Ë ‰¥â√—∫√“ß«—≈¡“°¡“¬ Õ“∑‘ √“ß«—≈®“°°“√ ª√–°«¥¿“æ∂à“¬ √“ß«—≈®“°ß“π‡¢’¬π ‡ªìπ∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë ™◊πË ™Õ∫°“√¥Ÿπ°‡ªìπÕ¬à“߬‘ßË ·≈– ¡—§√‡ªìπ ¡“™‘°¢Õß ™¡√¡π—°¥Ÿπ°°√ÿ߇∑æœ ·≈–®“°°“√ —ßË ¡ª√– ∫°“√≥å „π‡√◊ËÕßπ’Ȫ√–°Õ∫°—∫¡’§«“¡ π„®°“√ √â“߇«Á∫‰´µå®÷ß ‰¥â √â“ß∫â“π∫πÕ‘π‡∑Õ√å‡πÁµ¢÷È𠇫Á∫‰´µåπ§’È Õà π¢â“ßπà“ π„®æÕ ¡§«√ ‚¥¬‡«Á∫‰´µå π’πÈ ”‡ πÕ‡°’¬Ë «°—∫‡√◊ÕË ß¢Õßπ°‚¥¬‡©æ“–«‘∏°’ “√𔇠πÕ ‡ªìπ√Ÿª·∫∫¢Õß√“¬ß“π ∫∑§«“¡ ∑’πË “à π„®æ√âÕ¡¿“æ ª√–°Õ∫‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë «¬ß“¡¡“° ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“ à«π„À≠à‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π ∂“π°“√≥å™à«ß‡«≈“π—ÈπÊ ¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π¿“¬„𠇫Á∫‰´µå¬—ß¡’§Õ≈—¡πå¥÷ߥŸ¥„® ”À√—∫ºŸâ∑’ˇ¢â“‡¬’ˬ¡™¡ ‡«Á∫‰´µå¥â«¬°“√𔇠πÕ¿“æπ°„π· µ¡ªá ∑—Èß®“°„π ª√–‡∑»·≈–µà“ߪ√–‡∑» πÕ°®“°π’¬È ß— 𔇠πÕ§Õ≈—¡πå ‡°’ˬ«°—∫¿“æ·≈–‡æ≈ß ¿“æ·≈–§” ´÷Ë߇π◊ÈÕÀ“‡ªìπ°“√ 𔇠πÕ§”°≈Õπ∏√√¡™“µ‘æ√âÕ¡°—∫¿“æª√–°Õ∫∑’Ë «¬ß“¡¡“°Ê

The website is written by Porpol Nontapa, a bird watching veteran who has won awards for photography, and writing. Mr. Nontapa is a bird lover and an honorable member of Bangkok Bird Watching Club. The website is the product of his many bird-watching experiences.

The website presents stories and information about bird. species and current issues relating to the conservation of bird communities. Stories are mostly presented in reports and articles with beautiful pictures attached.

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www.taodum.com

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‡ªìπ‡«Á∫‰´µå¢Õß‚§√ß°“√‡ √‘¡ √â“ߧ«“¡‡¢â¡·¢Áß ‡§√◊Õ¢à“¬°“√»÷°…“·≈–Õπÿ√—°…åªÉ“‡µà“¥” Õ.‰∑√‚¬§ ®.°“≠®π∫ÿ√’ §≥– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡·≈–∑√—欓°√»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¡À‘¥≈ ‡π◊È Õ À“¿“¬„π‡«Á ∫ ‰´µå π’È ® –‡ªì π ‡√◊Ë Õ ß‡°’Ë ¬ «°— ∫ ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡‚¥¬‡©æ“–‡√◊ÕË ß√“«∑’‡Ë °’¬Ë «¢âÕß°—∫ªÉ“‡µà“¥” ‡™àπ ∫—π∑÷°π—°‡¥‘π∑“ß ∑’‡Ë ≈à“∂÷߇√◊ÕË ß√“«¢Õß°“√‡¥‘πªÉ“ ‡µà“¥” πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß¡’‡√◊ËÕߢÕߧ«“¡À≈“°À≈“¬„πªÉ“ ‡µà“¥” ∑—Èßπ’ȧÕ≈—¡πåª√–®”¢Õ߇«Á∫‰´µåπ’Ȫ√–°Õ∫¥â«”π—° ß¶å ∏√√¡–®“°ªÉ“ «‘®—¬æ◊™- —µ«åªÉ“ “√–πà“√Ÿâ ®“°ªÉ“ §«“¡‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À« °‘®°√√¡°“√‡¥‘πªÉ“ ‡¥‘π∑“ß ∏√√¡– ‡ªìπµâπ πÕ°®“°π’ȺŸâ∑’ˇ¢â“‰ª„π‡«Á∫‰´µåπ’ÈÀ“° µâÕß°“√‡™◊ËÕ¡µàÕ‡§√◊Õ¢à“¬°—∫‡«Á∫‰´µåÕ◊Ëπ°Á “¡“√∂ ‡™◊ËÕ¡µàÕ‰¥â –¥«°‡æ√“–«à“‡«Á∫‰´µåπ’È ‰¥â®—¥·∫àß°≈ÿà¡ ™—¥‡®π∑—ÈßÕߧå°√‡Õ°™π ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ ·≈– à«π√“™°“√

The website developed by the Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, aims to increase education and strengthen the black terrapin-related education and conservation network found at Sai Yok district, Kanchanaburi.

The websiteûs content is mostly about the black terrapins such as travelersû notes on experience at Black Terrapin Forest, and a wide range of interesting issues. Permanent columns of the website include forest temples, Dharma from the forest, research on wildlife and activities for those who enjoy treking. Visitors can click to other related websites, as the website has clearly classified its presentation into sub-sections based on different interests such as the private organization, foundation and public agencies.

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Photographic Guide to the Birds of Southeast Asia Page: 398 Price: 895 baht Available at all branches of Asia Books. Tel. 0 2715 9000 or through the website of www.asiabook.com The book gives the readers direct advice about birds presented through fantastic pictures about birds in Southeast Asia including Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Borneo, Southern China and Taiwan. Bird lovers should not miss this book.

∂“π°“√≥å ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‰∑¬ 2544-2545 √“§“: 350 ∫“∑ ´◊ÈÕ‰¥â∑’Ë√â“π‚≈° ’‡¢’¬« ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘‚≈° ’‡¢’¬« ‚∑√. 0 2622 2250-2 À√◊Õ√â“πÀπ—ß ◊Õ¢π“¥„À≠à∑—Ë«‰ª ‡ªìπÀπ—ß ◊Õ∑’Ë∫—π∑÷°‡√◊ËÕß√“« ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å·≈–§«“¡ ‡§≈◊ÕË π‰À« ∑’ Ë ”§—≠∑“ߥâ“π ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡ ∑’ Ë “¡“√∂ –∑âÕπ „Àâ‡ÀÁπ∂÷ß ∂“π°“√≥å §«“¡‡ªìπ‰ª¢Õß ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡‰∑¬‰¥â ‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’ ‚¥¥‡¥àπ¥â«¬¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡æ◊ËÕ°“√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß·≈–§âπ§«â“ √«¡∂÷ß°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå ‡™◊ÕË ¡‚¬ß ‡√◊ÕË ß√“«‡¢â“¥â«¬°—πÕ¬à“ß¡’¡µ‘ ‘ ·≈–√Õ∫¥â“π Àπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È ‰¥âª√–¡«≈ ∂“π°“√≥å ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‰∑2544-2545 ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ 12 À—«¢âÕ §≈Õ∫§≈ÿ¡∑ÿ°‡√◊ËÕß ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ∑—Èß„π·ßà¡ÿ¡¥â“π∑√—欓°√ ·≈–°“√„™âª√–‚¬™πå ‰¥â·°à ¥‘π·≈–·√à∏“µÿ Õ“°“» ªÉ“‰¡â ∑–‡≈·≈–∑√—欓°√™“¬Ωíßò §«“¡À≈“°À≈“¬∑“ß™’«¿“æ ·≈–∑’Ë¥‘π ·≈–°‘®°√√¡À≈—°Ê ∑’Ë ¡’ ∫ ∑∫“∑ À√◊ Õ à ß º≈°√–∑∫µà Õ ¿“æ·«¥≈â Õ ¡ ‰¥â · °à ‡°…µ√°√√¡ Õÿµ “À°√√¡ æ≈—ßß“π ¢¬–·≈– “√Õ—πµ√“°“√∑àÕ߇∑’¬Ë « ‚¥¬∑’·Ë µà≈–À—«¢âÕ¬—߇πâπ°“√𔇠πÕ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å ∑’ Ë ßà º≈°√–∑∫·≈–¡’π¬— ”§—≠ µàÕ ∂“π°“√≥å ß‘Ë ·«¥≈âÕ¡‰∑‡™à π °√≥’‡À¡◊Õß·≈–∂à“πÀ‘π‡«’¬ß·Àß ®.‡™’¬ß„À¡à °√≥’ ‡À¡◊Õßµ–°—Ë«√Õ∫‡¢µ√—°…“æ—π∏ÿå —µ«åªÉ“∑ÿàß„À≠àπ‡√»«√ °√≥’ ‡À¡◊Õß‚ª√·µ ®.Õÿ¥√∏“π’ °√≥’°“√Õπÿ≠“µ„™âÕÿ∑¬“π∑“ß ∑–‡≈„π°“√∂à“¬∑”¿“æ¬πµ√å °√≥’°“√®à“¬§à“°ä“´≈à«ßÀπâ“ ‚§√ß°“√∑àÕ àß°ä“´·≈–‚√ß·¬°°ä“´‰∑¬-¡“‡≈¬å „πÀ—«¢âÕ æ≈—ßß“π‰øøÑ“ ®–¡’‡√◊ÕË ß°√≥’ª≠í À“§à“‰ø·æß °√≥’¡≈æ‘…·≈– ªí≠À“∑’Ë·¡à‡¡“– °√≥’‚§√ß°“√∂à“πÀ‘π∑’Ë ®.ª√–®«∫§’√’¢—π∏å πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß¡’‡√◊ËÕß‚√߉øøÑ“π‘«‡§≈’¬√å »Ÿπ¬å«‘®—¬π‘«‡§≈’¬√å Õߧ√—°…å ‡ªìπµâπ

Thailandûs Environments in 2001-2002 Price: 350 baht Available at Green World outlet, Green World Foundation. Tel. 0 2622 2250-2 This book records important stories, situation and movement of Thailands environment, containing extensive information for reference, research and analysis as well as orchestrating stories in several dimensions. The book compiles environmental stories of Thailand during 2001-2002, composed of 12 different topics covering all aspects of environments, be it the natural resource and the effective utilization of soil, minerals, air, forest, oceans and coastal areas, biodiversity and soil as well as other important activities which impact on the environment including agriculture, industry, energy, waste, hazardous chemicals and tourism.

The book also highlights certain important events which affect Thai environments such as Viang-ngae mine and coalmine case in Chiang Mai, lead mines around Thungyai Naresuan wild-animal conservation and the potash mine in Udon Thani. Other case studies include the Film Board approval for movie shooting at the marine park, advance payment for natural gas, the Thai-Malay gas pipeline and gas separation project, high-cost electricity bills, Mae Moh chemical waste, coal mine project at Prachuab Khiri Khan, as well as nuclear power plant at Ongkharak.

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Photographic Guide to the Birds of Southeast Asia ®”π«π: 398 Àπâ“ √“§“: 895 ∫“∑ ´◊ÈÕ‰¥â∑’Ë√â“π‡Õ‡™’¬∫ÿä§∑ÿ° “¢“ ‚∑√»—æ∑å 0 2715 9000 À√◊Õ —Ëß ´◊ÈÕºà“π∑“߇«Á∫‰´µå www.asiabook.com ‡ªìπÀπ—ß ◊Õ·π–π”∑’‡Ë °’¬Ë «°—∫‡√◊ÕË ßπ°‚¥¬µ√ß °“√𔇠πÕ „π√Ÿª·∫∫¿“æπ°∑’˧√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡æ◊Èπ∑’ˇՇ´’¬µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬π°„π¡“‡≈‡´’¬ ‰∑¬ Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬ ∫Õ√å‡π’¬« ®’π„µâ ŒàÕß°ß ·≈–‰µâÀ«—π ”À√—∫ºŸâ∑’˺Ÿâ™◊Ëπ™Õ∫§«“¡ «¬ß“¡ ¢Õßπ° ‚¥¬‡©æ“–π°„π¿Ÿ¡‘¿“§‡Õ‡´’¬µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâπ’È ‰¡à§«√æ≈“¥Àπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È

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‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ✦ GREENLINE

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°“√«‘‡§√“–Àåº≈°√–∑∫ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ √“§“: 140 ∫“∑ ´◊ÕÈ ‰¥â∑’Ë√“â π‚≈° ’‡¢’¬« ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‚‘ ≈° ’‡¢’¬« ‚∑√. 0 2622 2250-2 Àπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’ȇªìπÀπ—ß ◊Õ∑’Ë „À⧫“¡√Ÿâæ◊Èπ∞“π‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ ‡√◊Ë Õ ß¢Õß EIA À√◊ Õ √“¬ß“π«‘ ‡ §√“–Àå º ≈°√–∑∫¥â “ π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‚¥¬π”‡ πÕ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“∑’Ë„À⧫“¡√Ÿâæ◊Èπ∞“π‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ ‡√◊ÕË ß EIA „π·ßà¡¡ÿ µà“ßÊ π—∫µ—ßÈ ·µà§«“¡‡ªìπ¡“ ·π«§«“¡§‘¥ ∫∑∫“∑Àπâ“∑’Ë «‘∏’°“√∑” EIA µ≈Õ¥®π°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß ‚¥¬¡’°√≥’»÷°…“∑—ÈߢÕ߉∑¬·≈–µà“ߪ√–‡∑»ª√–°Õ∫‡æ◊ËÕ ‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡‡¢â“„®·°àºŸâÕà“π∑’˵âÕß°“√‡æ‘Ë¡æŸπ§«“¡√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕß EIA π—∫‡ªìπª√–‚¬™πåÕ¬à“ß¡“° ”À√—∫ºŸâ∑’˵âÕß°“√»÷°…“§âπ§«â“ ‡√◊ËÕß EIA ‚¥¬µ√ß

Environmental Impact Analysis Price: 140 baht Available at Green World outlets, Green World Foundation. Tel. 0 2622 2250-2 The book provides information about environmental impact analysis or EIA covering background, concept, role, and procedures as well as relevant legislation, case studies both on local and international cases provide easy reading for the readers. The book offers excellent information for those who need in depth understanding on EIA processes.

™¡À¡Ÿàªí°…“∑‘™“™“µ‘ ®”π«π: 57 Àπâ“ ¿“æ ’Ë ’ √“§“: 200 ∫“∑ ´◊ÕÈ ‰¥â∑√’Ë “â π´’‡ÕÁ¥∑ÿ° “¢“ ‡ªìπÀπ—ß ◊Õ∑’πË ”‡ πÕ‡π◊ÕÈ À“‡°’¬Ë «°—∫π°„π«√√≥§¥’‡√◊ÕË ß √“¡‡°’¬√µ‘Ï æ√–√“™π‘æπ∏å„πæ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–æÿ∑∏¬Õ¥øÑ“ ®ÿÓ‚≈°¡À“√“™ Àπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È ‰¥â®—¥∑”¢÷Èπ ”À√—∫‡¬“«™π ‡æ◊ËÕÀ“√“¬‰¥â∑Ÿ≈‡°≈â“∑Ÿ≈°√–À¡àÕ¡∂«“¬ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–‡∑æ√—µπ√“™ ÿ¥“ ¬“¡∫√¡√“™°ÿ¡“√’ ‡æ◊ËÕæ√–√“™∑“π‡ªìπ∑ÿπ °“√»÷°…“·°à‡¥Á°ºŸâ¬“°‰√â„π∂‘Ëπ∑ÿ√°—π¥“√ “√– ”§—≠¢ÕßÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È ∫√√¬“¬∂÷ß≈—°…≥–¢Õß π°·µà≈–™π‘¥ ∑—Èß™◊ËÕÕ◊Ëπ ™◊ËÕ«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ™◊ËÕ “¡—≠ ™◊ËÕ«ß»å Õ“∑‘ π°°“ß‡¢π ‰°àª“É °√–‡µÁπ °√–‡À«à“ °≈“ß ·¢°‡µâ“ ‡¢“‰ø ¢¡‘Èπ ‡§â“‚¡ß ‚æ√–¥° “≈‘°“ ‡ªìπµâ𠇪ìπ¿“æ«“¥ ´÷Ëß«“¥‚¥¬§ÿ≥ªí≠®æ√ »√’°ÿπ ·≈–§ÿ≥ ®“√ÿ®‘πµå πÆ’µ–¿—Æ ‡ªìπºŸâ„À⧔∫√√¬“¬

Birds in Literature Page: 57 in coloured pictures Price: 200 baht Available at all branches of Se-ed bookstores The book is about birds in Thai literature such as Ramayana, composed by King Rama I. The book is published mainly for young readers with an objective to raise funds to donate to Princess Sirindhorn for scholarships given to impoverished children in rural areas.

The book clearly elaborates details, names and species of each bird. Among a few include the robin, red jungle fowl, kingfisher, common koel, nocturnal birds, red breasted parakeet, red terrapin dove, common Lora, Asian barred owlet, barbet, and common myna. The bookûs artist is Panchaporn Srikun, while Charuchin Nathitapat provides the written details.

°“√Õπÿ√—°…å∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ºŸâ·µàß: ».¥√.π‘«—µ ‡√◊Õßæ“π‘™ ¿“§«‘™“™’««‘∑¬“ªÉ“‰¡â §≥–«π»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡°…µ√»“ µ√å √“§“: 280 ∫“∑ ´◊ÈÕ‰¥â∑’Ë√â“π´’‡ÕÁ¥∑ÿ° “¢“ ·≈–∑’Ë»Ÿπ¬åÀπ—ß ◊Õ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—‡°…µ√»“ µ√å ‡ªìπÀπ—ß ◊Õ„π‚§√ß°“√µ”√“™ÿ¥°“√®—¥°“√·≈–Õπÿ√°— …å ∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‡≈à¡∑’Ë 1 ¡’∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ 14 ∫∑ §√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡ ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“ “√– ”§—≠ §◊Õ 4 ∫∑·√°‡ªìπ°“√∫√√¬“¬∂÷ß√–∫∫ ∏√√¡™“µ‘°—∫°“√æ—≤π“ √–∫∫𑇫» ∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘ ·≈–∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚≈° ´÷Ë߇ªìπæ◊Èπ∞“𧫓¡√Ÿâ∑“ߥâ“π π‘ ‡ «»«‘ ∑ ¬“∑’Ë ”§— ≠ ”À√— ∫ „™â „ π°“√®— ¥ °“√·≈–Õπÿ √— ° …å ∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ „π∫∑µàÕ¡“‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß ¢Õß∑√— æ ¬“°√∏√√¡™“µ‘ ∑’Ë ‡ °’Ë ¬ «°— ∫ ¥‘ π ·√à ∏ “µÿ æ≈— ß ß“π ∑√—欓°√πÈ” ªÉ“‰¡â ∑ÿßà À≠â“ —µ«åª“É √«¡∑—ßÈ ∑√—欓°√°”≈—ßß“π ¡πÿ…¬å ·≈– Õß∫∑ ÿ¥∑⓬¡’‡π◊ÈÕÀ“‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√„™â∑√—欓°√ °—∫ªí≠À“ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ·≈–°ÆÀ¡“¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡

Natural Resource and Environmental Conservation Writers: Prof. Dr. Niwat Reungpanich, Department of Forest Biology, Forestry Faculty, Kasetsart University.

Price: 280 baht Available at all branches of Se-ed bookstores and book centers at Kasetsart University The book is published under the Natural Resource Management and Conservation Volume 1, covering 14 chapters. Contents of the first four chapters touch mainly on development of natural systems, ecological systems, natural resources, and the earthûs atmosphere which are regarded as important for environmental management and conservation. The following chapters involve information about soil, minerals, energy, water resources, forests, wild animals, and human forces. The two last chapters present effective utilization of natural resource and environment-related legislation.

Communities and Nature Writer: Pichet Detphiew and Piyabutr Lorkrailert Price: 170 baht Available at all branches of Se-ed bookstores The book presents concepts and definitions of nature, natural systems, environment, natural resources, and natural communities, with case studies on environmental management in communities in the North, Northeast, and the South.

The book also presents specific examples of natural communities in Thailand such as the forest community in the North, the Bung forest, and Tam forest communities in the northeast and Southern fishing communities managing coastal resources.

π°„πªÉ“ –·°√“™ ‡≈à¡ 2 ºŸâ·µàß: ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ (««.) √“§“: 250 ∫“∑ ´◊ÕÈ ‰¥â∑√’Ë “â π´’‡ÕÁ¥∑ÿ° “¢“ ªÉ“ –·°√“™ À√◊Õ ∂“π’«‘®—¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ –·°√“™ µ.¿ŸÀ≈«ß Õ.ªí°∏ß™—¬ ·≈– µ.«—ßπÈ”‡¢’¬« µ.Õÿ¥¡∑√—æ¬å Õ.«—ßπÈ”‡¢’¬« ®.π§√√“™ ’¡“ ‡ªìπªÉ“æ◊Èπ∑’ËÕπÿ√—°…å·≈–‡ªìπªÉ“ µâπ·∫∫∑’Ë¡’‡Õ°≈—°…≥凩擖µ—« §◊Õ ‡ªìπªÉ“¥‘∫·≈âß·≈–ªÉ“ ‡µÁß√—ß¡’ ¿“æÕÿ¥¡ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å∑’Ë ÿ¥·ÀàßÀπ÷Ëß„π¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ° ‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ “√– ”§—≠¢ÕßÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È ‰¥â∫√√®ÿ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢Õßπ° ™π‘¥µà“ßÊ ¡“°¡“¬∂÷ß 60 ™π‘¥´÷Ë߇ªìππ°∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬„πªÉ“ –·°√“™ ‚¥¬π°·µà≈–™π‘¥‰¥â‡¢’¬π§”Õ∏‘∫“¬≈—°…≥–‡¥àπ ·≈–𑇫»«‘∑¬“æÕ —߇¢ª æ√âÕ¡π”‡ πÕ¿“æª√–°Õ∫π° ·µà≈–™π‘¥∑’Ë ‰¥â®“°°“√»÷°…“„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë·≈–«“¥¢÷Èπ®“°µ—«Õ¬à“ß π°∑’ˇ°Á∫‰«â„πæ‘æ‘∏¿—≥±å¢Õß ∂“∫—πœ πÕ°®“°π’Èπ°∫“ß™π‘¥ ®–¡’§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—π√–À«à“ßµ—«ºŸâ·≈–µ—«‡¡’¬¿“¬„πÀπ—ß ◊Õ ‡≈à¡π’®È –¡’¿“æª√–°Õ∫‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫‡æ◊ÕË „Àâ‡ÀÁ𧫓¡·µ°µà“ß ∑’™Ë ¥— ‡®π¥â«¬ ”À√—∫ºŸ∑â ™’Ë π◊Ë ™Õ∫π° ·≈–§«“¡ «¬ß“¡¢Õß —µ«å ™π‘¥π’È®÷߉¡à§«√æ≈“¥‚Õ°“ ∑’Ë®–‡ªìπ‡®â“¢ÕßÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È

Birds of Sakaerat Volume II Writer: Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR) Price: 250 baht Available at all branch of Se-ed bookstore Sakaerat forest or Sakaerat Environmental Research Institute, Phuluang, Pak Thong Chai district, Udom Sap and Wang Nam Khiew, Wang Nam Khiew district, Nakhon Ratchasima are conservation areas in the Southeastern region which unique dry evergreen forest and dry dipterocarp forest. respectively.

This book contains information of over 60 types of birds found at Sakaerat forest. Outstanding features of the birds and their ecology are given in this book, including pictures available from the study and paintings of example of birds available at the instituteûs library. The book also presents difference between male and female birds of certain species with pictures to assist with the presentation. Bird lovers should not miss this book

ªÉ“™“¬‡≈π...𑇫»«‘∑¬“·≈–°“√®—¥°“√ ºŸâ·µàß: ».¥√. π‘∑ Õ—°…√·°â« ¿“§«‘™“«π«—≤π«‘∑¬“ §≥–«π»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡°…µ√»“ µ√å √“§“: 200 ∫“∑ ®”π«π: 278 Àπâ“ ´◊ÈÕ‰¥â∑’Ë√â“π·æ√àæ‘∑¬“ Àπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’‡È ªìπÀπ—ß ◊Õ∑’Ë ‰¥â√∫— √“ß«—≈ TTF AWARD “¢“ ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡ª√–®”ªï 2542 ¢Õß¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‚‘ µ‚¬µâ“ª√–‡∑»‰∑‡ªìπÀπ—ß ◊Õ∑’Ë¡’‡π◊ÈÕÀ“ “√–À≈“¬ª√–°“√‡°’ˬ«°—∫§«“¡√Ÿâ æ◊Èπ∞“π∑√—欓°√ °“√®—¥°“√·≈–°“√Õπÿ√—°…å ‚¥¬‡πâπ°“√ „À⧫“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡‡¢â“„®‡°’ˬ«°—∫∂‘Ë𰔇𑥠§«“¡ ”§—≠ªí®®—‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡ ™π‘¥æ◊™·≈– —µ«å °“√ª√—∫µ—«·≈–°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ °‘®°√√¡°“√Õ¬Ÿà√à«¡°—πÕ¬à“ß¡’√–∫∫ µ≈Õ¥®πªí≠À“ “‡Àµÿ ·≈–º≈°√–∑∫∑’Ë ‡ °‘ ¥ ¢÷È π µà Õ ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡®“°°“√∑”≈“ªÉ“™“¬‡≈π·≈–·π«π‚¬∫“¬ ¡“µ√°“√∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡„π°“√ ®—¥°“√·≈–°“√Õπÿ√—°…å∫πæ◊Èπ∞“π°“√„™âª√–‚¬™πå∑√—欓°√ ∏√√¡™“µ‘ªÉ“™“¬‡≈πÕ¬à“߬—Ë߬◊π

Mangrove Ecology and Management Writer: Prof. Dr. Sanit Aksornkaew, Department of Silviculture, Forestry Department, Kasetsart University Page: 278 Price: 200 baht Available at Phrae Pitthaya publsihign house This book won the 1999 Toyota Thailand Foundation Award for the environnental division of the awards.

It features a wide range of information on natural resource, management and conservation with an objective to create an understanding about origin, impact, environmental factors, plants and creatures and their adjustment and growth, systematic management for human and environment, as well as problems, causes and impact on environments from peopleûs encroachment, and guidelines and appropriate measures to manage and conserve mangrove resource for sustainable purposes.

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™ÿ¡™π°—∫∏√√¡™“µ‘ ™◊ËÕºŸâ·µàß: 摇™…∞å ‡¥™º‘« ·≈–ªî¬∫ÿµ√ À≈àÕ‰°√‡≈‘» ®”π«π: 170 Àπâ“ ´◊ÈÕ‰¥â∑’Ë: √â“π´’‡ÕÁ¥∑ÿ° “¢“ Àπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È¡’‡π◊ÈÕÀ“À≈—°ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬·π«§‘¥·≈– §”𑬓¡‡°’ˬ«°—∫∏√√¡™“µ‘ √–∫∫∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘ ™ÿ¡™π∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‚¥¬· ¥ß°√≥’µ«— Õ¬à“ß °“√®— ¥ ¿“æ™ÿ ¡ ™π„Àâ ¡’ § «“¡ — ¡ æ— π ∏å °— ∫ ∏√√¡™“µ‘ · ≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡„π¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ ¿“§Õ’ “π ·≈–¿“§„µâ ∑—Èßπ’ȇπ◊ÈÕÀ“ ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«°—∫™ÿ¡™π∏√√¡™“µ‘ Õ“∑‘ ™ÿ¡™π¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ„π°“√ ®—¥°“√ªÉ“™ÿ¡™π ™ÿ¡™π¿“§Õ’ “π„π°“√®—¥°“√ªÉ“∫ÿàß ªÉ“∑“¡ ·≈–™ÿ¡™πª√–¡ßæ◊Èπ∫â“π¿“§„µâ „π°“√®—¥°“√∑√—欓°√ ™“¬Ωíßò

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Environmental News ¢à“«... ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡

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À¿“æ¬ÿ‚√ª¬Õ¡√—∫ ‘π§â“ª√–¡ßÕ“À“√‰∑¬ ¡’§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬¡“°¢÷Èπ ∂‘µ‘°“√µ√«®æ∫ “√µ°§â“ß≈¥≈ß °«à“ 60% «π∑“ß°—∫ “√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ µ°§â“ß „πº≈‘µ¿—≥±åÕ“À“√®“°∑—Ë« ‚≈°∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ∑ÿ°ªï 𓬠‘∑∏‘ ∫ÿ≠¬√—µº≈‘π Õ∏‘∫¥’ °√¡ª√–¡ß ‡ªî¥‡º¬«à“°√¡ª√–¡ß ‰¥â√—∫√“¬ß“π®“°π“¬∫√√®ß ®”πß »‘µ∏√√¡ ™à«¬ªØ‘∫—µ‘√“™°“√ ”π—°∑’Ë ª√÷ ° …“°“√‡°…µ√µà “ ߪ√–‡∑» ª√–®” À¿“æ¬ÿ‚√ª (Õ’¬Ÿ) «à“®“° °“√√“¬ß“π¢ÕßÕß§å ° √µ√«® Õ∫ §«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿— ¬ ¥â “ πÕ“À“√¢ÕßÕ’ ¬Ÿ (√“ø) ª√–®”ªï 2546 æ∫«à“ ‘π§â“ ª√–¡ß‰∑¬∑’Ë à߉ªÕ’¬Ÿ ¡’°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ ¢Õß “√µ°§â“ßÀ√◊Õ¡’·π«‚π⡇ ’Ë¬ß µàÕ§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬≈¥≈ß ‚¥¬„πªï 2545 ¡’°“√µ√«®æ∫ °“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ À√◊Õ¡’·π«‚π⡇ ’ˬߵàÕ §«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬ ®”π«π 173 √“¬°“√ ·µà „ πªï 2546 µ√«®æ∫‡æ’ ¬ ß 69 √“¬°“√ À√◊Õ≈¥≈ß 60% ‡ªìπ°“√ µ√«®æ∫∑’Ë ¥à “ ππ”‡¢â “ ¢Õߪ√–‡∑» ¡“™‘ ° Õ’ ¬Ÿ ®”·π°‡ªì π ‘ π §â “ ª√–¡ß à«π„À≠à‡ªìπ°ÿâß ·≈– ‘π§â“ª»ÿ —µ«å à«π„À≠à‡ªìπ‰°à ”À√—∫ ç√“øé (RAFF) À√◊Õ (Rapid Alert System For Food And Feed) ‡ªìπ√–∫∫°“√µ√«® Õ∫§«“¡ ª≈Õ¥¿— ¬ ¢ÕßÕ“À“√∫√‘ ‚ ¿§·≈– Õ“À“√ — µ «å ‡ ≈’È ¬ ß®— ¥ ∑”‚¥¬§≥–

°√√¡“∏‘°“√ À¿“æ¬ÿ‚√ª ¥â“𧫓¡ ª≈Õ¥¿—¬µàÕ ÿ¢¿“æ ·≈–§ÿ⡧√Õß ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ (DG-SANCO) ¡’‡ªÑ“À¡“‡æ◊ËÕ·®â߇µ◊Õπ·°àª√–‡∑» ¡“™‘°Õ’¬Ÿ ´÷Ëß√–∫∫°“√µ√«® Õ∫¢Õß ç√“øé ®–„™â ¡ “µ√∞“π‡¥’ ¬ «°— π ∑—È ß „π°“√ µ√«® Õ∫ ‘π§â“ ∑’πË ”‡¢â“®“°ª√–‡∑» ∑’Ë “¡ ·≈–∑’˺≈‘µ‚¥¬ ¡“™‘° ”À√— ∫ ª√–‡¿∑ “√ªπ‡ªóô Õ π∑’Ë µ√«®æ∫ ‡™àπ “√‡§¡’„π°≈ÿà¡ 3 MCAD æ∫„ππÈ”¡—πª≈“ ·≈–´Õ ∂—Ë«‡À≈◊Õß®”π«π 6 √“¬°“√ ‚≈À– Àπ— ° ®”æ«°·§¥‡¡’ ¬ ¡„πª≈“À¡÷ ° ®”π«π 17 √“¬°“√ ¬“ªØ‘ ™’ « π– µ°§â“ß„π°ÿâß®”π«π 27 √“¬°“√ ¬“ ªØ‘™’«π–„π‰°à®”π«π 11 √“¬°“√ ‡™◊ÈÕ®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å„π°ÿâß 8 √“¬°“√ ®“°√“¬ß“π¢Õß ç√“øé æ∫«à“ º≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑’Ë¡’°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ®“°∑—Ë«‚≈° ‚¥¬√«¡¡’·π«‚π⡇æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ „πªï 2546 µ√«®æ∫ 4,286 √“¬°“√ ªï 2545 µ√«®æ∫ 3,024 √“¬°“√ ªï 2544 µ√«®æ∫ 1,567 √“¬°“√ ªï 2543 µ√«®æ∫ 823 √“¬°“√ Õ∏‘ ∫ ¥’ ° √¡ª√–¡ß°≈à “ «Õ’ ° «à “ ®“°√“¬ß“π¢Õß ç√“øé ™’È „Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ ‘ π §â “ ª√–¡ß·≈–¿“§‡°…µ√Õ◊Ë π Ê ¢Õ߉∑¬ ∑’Ë à ß ‰ª®”Àπà “ ¬„π°≈ÿà ¡ ª√–‡∑» ¡“™‘ ° À¿“æ¬ÿ ‚ √ª ¡’ ·π«‚πâ ¡ °“√ªπ‡ªóô Õ π≈¥≈ß ·≈– ¡’ § «“¡ª≈Õ¥¿— ¬ µà Õ ºŸâ ∫ √‘ ‚ ¿§¡“° ¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ

EU Thai seafood The EU accepts Thai seafood as Thai food products have been proven safer for consumption with a 60% decrease of contaminants while food products from other suppliers are found to contain more contaminants each year.

The Director of the Fishery Department, Mr. Sithi Bunyaratpalin, said that, according to Mr. Banjong Chamnongsittham at the EUûs Office of Overseas Agricultural Consultation, the Rapid Alert System For Food and Feed (RAFF) revealed that Thai seafood exports to the EU for 2003 showed lower contamination and risk for consumption.

In 2002, 173 items were found with contaminants that were not safe for consumption. However, in 2003, inspection at border inspection posts in EU member countries found only 69 items which contained contaminants.

Prawns and chicken made up the majority of the list.

RAFF is a system to inspect the safety of food and feed under the European Commissionûs DG-SANCO. Its responsibility is to inform EU member countries

concerning the safety of food and feed to protect consumers, applying RAFF inspection standards for goods from third world countries as well as member countries.

Contaminants discovered include 3-MCAD chemicals found in 6 items of fish oil and soya sauce, cadmium heavy metal found in 17 items of squids, antibiotics in 27 items of prawns and 11 items of chicken and microorganisms in 8 tems of prawns.

The report published by the RAFF concluded that the number of contaminated products from around the world was on the rise in 2003 with 4,286 items while there were 3,024 items in 2002, 1,567 items in 2001 and 823 items in 2000.

The Director of the Fishery Department added that the RAFF report indicated that fishery and other agricultural products from Thailand exported to the EU contained less contaminants and so became safer for consumption.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Source: . . . . .Krungthep . . . . . . . Thurakij, . . . . . . 27. . April . . . .2004 ...................... ∑’Ë¡“ : °√ÿ߇∑æ∏ÿ√°‘® ©∫—∫ª√–®”«—π∑’Ë 27 ‡¡…“¬π 2547

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Bad Odors Cause Major Complaints

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The Pollution Control Depart- cases as a result of urban expanment disclosed bad odors being sion. There were 307 different the biggest pollution problem in issues from a total of 501 cases with 2003 followed by dust and smoke. bad odors topping the list followed Bangkok had more complaints than by noise, dust and smoke, dirty water, garbage and hazardous waste anywhere else in the country.

The Center for Complaints, respectively.

Outside Bangkok, the provinces Inspection and Enforcement Division, Pollution Control Depart- of Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, ment, reported 754 cases of Nakhon Pathom, Nonthaburi, complaints filed in 2003. Bad odors Pathum Thani and Saraburi received were the biggest pollution problem more complaints than others. In and made up 40 per cent of all the Eastern Region, Chon Buri and complaints. Other complaints Rayong tie at number one ranking. referred to dust and smoke, dirty Chiang Mai tops the list in the water, noise, hazardous waste and North with 11 different issues. The complaints indicated that bad odors garbage.

The top 5 provinces with the were Chiang Mai major pollution highest number of complaints are problem. In the West, Kanchanaburi Bangkok, Samut Prakan, Nakhon listed the most complaints.

In the South, Songkhla comes Pathom, Samut Sakhon and Nonthaburi respectively with 528 cases filed in at number one with 19 different making up 70 per cent of the 754 issues followed by Surat Thani with 13 issues. Nakhon Ratchasima leads cases filed nationwide.

For the Central Region, Bangkok other Northeastern provinces with and its greater vicinity has more 14 pollution issues filed.

Source: Krungthep Thurakij, 15 April 2004

............................................................................................... ‡ πÕÀâ“¡º≈‘µ·≈–π”‡¢â“ “√‡§¡’ Bad On Chemical Production and Import Proposed §ÿ ≥ «ÿ ≤‘ „π§≥–°√√¡°“√ªØ‘ √Ÿ ª √–∫∫ ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“µ‘ ‰¥â°≈à“«ª“∞°∂“‡√◊ËÕß "‡»√…∞°‘ ® æÕ‡æ’ ¬ ß √â “ ß√–∫∫Õ“À“√ ÿ¢¿“«–" «à“ ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡’°“√„™â “√‡§¡’ „π°“√‡°…µ√‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“° ¥—ßπ—ÈπÀ“° µâÕß°“√·°âªí≠À“ §π‰∑¬µâÕßÀ—π°≈—∫¡“ ∑”°“√‡°…µ√·∫∫æÕ‡æ’¬ß ‚¥¬‡ πÕ·π– «à“§«√°”Àπ¥∑‘»∑“ß°“√æ—≤π“ª√–‡∑» Õߧå√«¡ ‰¡à‡πâπ°“√∫√‘‚¿§π‘¬¡ ‡°…µ√°√ ·≈–Õß§å ° √∑’Ë π— ∫ πÿ π ‡√◊Ë Õ ß°“√‡°…µ√ §«√À— π ¡“¥”‡π‘ π °“√„π‡√◊Ë Õ ß°“√‡°…µ√ ·∫∫ª≈Õ¥ “√æ‘ … Õ¬à “ ß®√‘ ß ®— ß ¡“°¢÷È π ¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π√—∞∫“≈§«√¡’π‚¬∫“¬„π¥â“π °“√‡°…µ√ª≈Õ¥ “√æ‘…¥â«¬°“√≈¥°“√ π”‡¢â“¬“¶à“·¡≈ß≈ß ®π°√–∑—Ë ß ‰¡à ¡’° “√ π”‡¢â“¡“„™â„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬Õ’°µàÕ‰ª ». π.æ. »‘√‘«—≤πå ∑‘æ¬å√“¥≈ ª√–∏“π §≥–∑”ß“π®—¥ß“π ¡—™™“ ÿ¢¿“æ ªï 2547 °≈à“««à“ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ëπà“ π„®§◊Õ ¡—™™“¡’¢âÕ ‡ πÕÀâ“¡π”‡¢â“ “√‡§¡’ª√–‡¿∑¥Ÿ¥´÷¡∑’Ë π”¡“„™â „π°“√‡°…µ√ ‰¥â·°à “√‡§¡’æ‘… √â “ ¬·√ß¡“° (1A) æ‘ … √â “ ¬·√ß (1B) ‡ÕÁπ‚¥´—≈‡øµ ·≈–æ“√“§«Õ∑ ¿“¬„πªï 2549 ·≈–„Àâ¡’°“√§«∫§ÿ¡°“√„™â “√‡§¡’ Õ¬à“߇¢â¡ß«¥‚¥¬ºŸâ´◊ÈÕ‰¥âµâÕß¡’„∫Õπÿ≠“µ ‡∑à “ π—È π ºŸâ ®”Àπà “ ¬ “√‡§¡’ ° “√‡°…µ√ ∑ÿ°™π‘¥ ·≈–ºŸâ „™â “√‡§¡’Õ—πµ√“¬√⓬·√ß µâÕߺà“πÀ≈—° Ÿµ√°“√Õ∫√¡°“√„™âÕ¬à“ß ∂Ÿ ° «‘ ∏’ πÕ°®“°π’È ¬— ß ‡ πÕ„Àâ √— ∞ ‡°Á ∫ ¿“…’ π”‡¢â“ “√‡§¡’∑’ˇªìπÕ—πµ√“¬µàÕ™’«‘µ·≈– ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡‡æ◊Ë Õ „™â „ π°“√®— ¥ µ—È ß °Õß∑ÿ π √–∫∫Õ“À“√ª≈Õ¥¿—¬„πæ◊Èπ∑’˥⫬

The National Health Assembly unanimously agreed that, to solve the Thai peopleûs health problems, the government should prohibit production of agricultural chemicals and promote organic agriculture as an alternative.

The General Assembly 2004, held at the Impact Convention Center, Muangthong Thani on September 8, 2004 to review policy proposals and chaired by Dr. Banlu Siripanich M.D., Director of the National Health Reformation Committee, saw more than 3,500 members from around the country sharing their opinion concerning solutions to health problems faced by the Thai people. The majority expressed concerns about the use of chemicals and suggested the government exercise measures to prohibit production and import of agricultural chemicals and promote organic agriculture.

The Assembly suggested advertisements of chemical products should be banned the same way cigarettes were.

Strictest control measures should be exercised with factories to prevent chemical release into public areas.

The government should take into consideration the establishments of a research institute dedicated to promote sustainable agriculture and an NGO to protect consumers according to Section 57 of the Constitution quoting Source: Matichon, 9 September 2004

ùconsumersû rights must be protected.

A talk on the topic ùSustainable Economy and Healthy Food Systemû delivered by Dr. Prawes Wasee, M.D., a Director of the National Health Reformation Committee, mentioned the growing use of chemicals for agriculture at an alarming rate. To solve problems caused by chemicals, the Thai people must resort to sustainable agriculture. Dr. Prawes suggested a wholistic approach for the countryûs development direction and consumerism must be avoided. Farmers and agriculture-related organizations should focus on chemical-free agriculture seriously. This must be supported by the government by gradually reducing imports of insecticides to achieve chemical free agriculture.

The President of the Organizing Committee, Dr. Siriwat Thipradol, M.D., summarized interesting issues proposed by the Assembly including the banning of chemical absorbents such as the extremely dangerous 1A type, dangerous 1B type, endosulphate and paraquat within 2006, control of purchases of chemicals by applying purchase and sales licensing systems, workshops and trainings in the use of chemicals, distribution of taxes on chemical imports to set up a fund to support local safe food programs.

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Thai Herbs Export Strategies

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‡§√◊Ë Õ ß ”Õ“ß πÈ” ¡— π ÀÕ¡√–‡Àº≈‘ µ ¿— ≥ ±å Õ “À“√‡ √‘ ¡ √«¡∑—È ß ¬“ ª√“∫‚√§·≈–·¡≈ß»—µ√Ÿæ™◊ ·≈–«—™æ◊™ ¬“√—°…“‚√§„π —µ«å∑¥·∑π¬“ªØ‘™«’ π– µ≈Õ¥®π„™â∑¥·∑πŒÕ√å‚¡π‡æ»·≈– „™â „π¥â“π°“√·æ∑¬å·≈– “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ ¡Ÿ≈∞“π¥â«Õ∏‘∫¥’°√¡«‘™“°“√‡°…µ√°≈à“« Õ’°«à“ °“√«‘®—¬¥—ß°≈à“«®– Õ¥√—∫°—∫ ·ºπ¬ÿ∑∏»“ µ√å ¡ÿπ‰æ√ ‡§√◊ËÕ߇∑» ·≈–‡§√◊Ë Õ ßª√ÿ ß Õ“À“√‰∑¬¢Õß °√–∑√«ß‡°…µ√·≈– À°√≥å · ≈– ¬ÿ∑∏»“ µ√å°“√æ—≤π“Õÿµ “À°√√¡ º≈‘ µ ¿— ≥ ±å ¡ÿ π ‰æ√¢Õß°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ ‚¥¬‡πâπæ—≤π“ ¡ÿπ‰æ√ ∑—Èß√–∫∫·∫∫§√∫«ß®√ µ—Èß·µà°“√ º≈‘µ«—µ∂ÿ¥∫‘ „À⡧’ ≥ ÿ ¿“懪ìπ¡“µ√∞“π ¡’ § «“¡ª≈Õ¥¿— ¬ ‰√â “√ªπ‡ªóô Õ π ®π∂÷ ß °“√·ª√√Ÿ ª º≈‘ µ ¿— ≥ ±å „ Àâ ¡’ ¡“µ√∞“π°“√º≈‘µ Ÿà “°≈ æ√âÕ¡°—∫ à ß ‡ √‘ ¡ °“√µ≈“¥ ∑—È ß „π·≈–πÕ° ª√–‡∑»‡æ◊ËÕ∑¥·∑π°“√π”‡¢â“ ·≈– ‡æ‘Ë¡»—°¬¿“æ°“√·¢àߢ—π„πµ≈“¥‚≈° 𓬩°√√®å ° ≈à “ «‡ √‘ ¡ Õ’ ° «à “ ¢≥–π’ È ¡ÿπ‰æ√Õ¬Ÿà„π¿“«–„°≈â ≠ Ÿ æ—π∏ÿå ‚¥¬‡©æ“–æ◊È π ‡¡◊ Õ ß·≈–æ— π ∏ÿå æ◊ ™ ªÉ “ °√¡œ ®÷ ß ‡µ√’ ¬ ¡·ºπ°“√«‘ ®— ¬ ‡æ◊Ë Õ √«∫√«¡·≈–Õπÿ √— ° …å æ— π ∏ÿ ° √√¡ æ◊™ ¡ÿπ‰æ√‡Õ“‰«â‡æ◊ËÕª√–‚¬™πåÕ¬à“ß ¬—Ë߬◊π°àÕπ∑’Ë®– Ÿ≠À“¬‰ª®“°·À≈àß ª≈Ÿ° ‡¡◊ËÕ‡ √Á® ‘Èπ°“√«‘®—¬§“¥«à“®–¡’ »Ÿπ¬å°≈“ßæ◊™ ¡ÿπ‰æ√Õ¬à“ߧ√∫«ß®√ ∫√‘°“√·°à‡°…µ√°√ ºŸâª√–°Õ∫°“√ ·≈–ºŸâ π„® √«¡∑—È ß ®– “¡“√∂„Àâ ∫√‘ ° “√µ√«® Õ∫·≈–√— ∫ √Õßæ— π ∏ÿå æ◊™ ¡ÿπ‰æ√‚¥¬‡∑§π‘§∑“ß™’«‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ µ≈Õ¥®π„Àâ∫√‘°“√æ—π∏ÿåæ◊™ ¡ÿπ‰æ√ ·≈–∂à “ ¬∑Õ¥‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ °“√º≈‘ µ °“√‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ« °“√‡°Á∫√—°…“·≈–°“√ ·ª√√Ÿª‰ª Ÿà‡°…µ√°√ ∏ÿ√°‘®‡Õ°™π ‰¥âÕ¬à“ß∂Ÿ°µâÕß·≈–‡À¡“– ¡µàÕ‰ª

A research effort has been made for 12 types of Thai herbs with the aim to compete. In response to a growing demand, development of Thai herbs will help promoting export and reduce importing the reseach revealed that Thai herbs will become extinct, so the call for collection to secure their sustainable use should be made.

The Director of the Agricultural Technical Department, Mr. Chakan Sangraksawong, said that Thai herbs have now become one of economical crops generating great earnings from exports. In 2003, Thailand exported 29,776 tons of spices, herbs and herb extracts totaling 1.5 billion Baht with a yearly growth of 8.1%. In order to further promote herb exports and increase competitiveness capacity of Thai herbs in world markets, research and studies are in need to develop Thai herbs as quality products to meet the standards of the world markets.

The project is aim to maintain supplies of herbs by regrowing and preserving Thai herbal species that will be conducted from 2004 until 2007.

With specific directions for research and technological development to make Thai herbs competitive, the Agricultural Technical Department has been studying 4 types of herbs which are turmeric, Andrographis paniculata, pepper and white spot arum. Future study plans include 8 more types of herbs namely dark Chinese keeps, cassumunar, senna, cuneatum, ploeng dang, citronella, Pueraria, derris elliptica benth and vanilla. Recently, herbs are in high

demand for the cosmetic industry, production of aromatic oils, food supplements, organic insecticides, natural medicine for animals, sex hormone substitutes as well as for medical purposes and general public health services.

Mr. Chakan also added that the research would respond to the strategies for herbs, spices and seasonings implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives as well as the development strategies for herbal products implemented by the Ministry of Public Health. An integrated development approach will include production of quality, contaminant-free raw materials and processed herbal products that meet international standards.

Marketing plans will cover both domestic and international markets - to improve the market share vis-a-vis imported products and to introduce Thai products to the world.

The Director of the Agricultural Technical Department pointed out that at present, several Thai herbs especially the indigenous species are facing extinction. The Department has therefore drawn up a plan to collect and study such species and find ways to preserve them. The end of the project should see a Thai herb service center accessible to farmers, businessmen and the interested groups. Using molecular biological technique, the center will be able to inspect and certify various kinds of herbs together with services related to herb species, technology, production, harvesting, storage and processing to the benefit of herb growers and private business enterprises.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Source: . . . . .Manager . . . . . .Daily, . . . . 8. .June. . .2004 .......................... ∑’Ë¡“ : ºŸâ®—¥°“√√“¬«—π ©∫—∫ª√–®”«—π∑’Ë 8 ¡‘∂ÿπ“¬π 2547

Last Page Questions §”∂“¡∑⓬‡≈à¡

Our 13th issue of Green Line is still packed with interesting information about the environment found in our feature stories including ùBig Treesû and ùBird Migrationû as well as ùPublic Parks in Thailandû. As usual, we have some fun questions for our readers who have read all of our stories in this issue. Those who can give correct answers to all the questions will receive a card collection as a souvenir which will be mailed directly to your address. Here are the questions -

‡¥‘π∑“ß¡“∂÷ß©∫—∫∑’Ë 13 ·≈â« ”À√—∫«“√ “√ GREEN LINE © ∫— ∫ π’È ´÷Ë ß ¬— ß §ß‡µÁ ¡ Õ‘Ë ¡ ‰ª¥â « ‡√◊Ë Õ ß√“« “√–πà “ √Ÿâ ‡ °’Ë ¬ «°— ∫ ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡ ∑—È ß ‡√◊Ë Õ ß µâ π ‰¡â „ À≠à π°¬â “ ¬∂‘Ë π √«¡∂÷ ß ‡°√Á ¥ §«“¡√Ÿâ ‡ °’Ë ¬ «°— ∫ ‡√◊ÕË ß «π “∏“√≥–„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ·≈–‡™àπ‡§¬ ”À√—∫ ∑à“πºŸâÕà“π∑’˵‘¥µ“¡Õà“π«“√ “√®π®∫‡≈à¡ ‡√“¡’§”∂“¡ ¡“„Àâ∑à“π‰¥â√à«¡ πÿ°°—π ∑à“π„¥∑’Ë “¡“√∂æ‘™‘µ§”∂“¡ ¢Õ߇√“‰¥â ‡√“¡’™ÿ¥°“√å¥ – ¡‡ªìπ¢Õß∑’Ë√–≈÷°‡≈Á°Ê πâÕ¬Ê ®—¥ àß„Àâ∑à“π∂÷ß∫â“𠧔∂“¡ßà“¬Ê ¡’¥—ßπ’È.......

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1. „π°“√¢÷Èπ∑–‡∫’¬πµâπ‰¡â„À≠à„π°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ µâπ‰¡â„À≠à∑’Ëæ∫¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ §◊Õµâπ„¥?

From the survey to register big trees around Bangkok, which type of big tree totals in greatest number? æ‘°≈ÿ ª√–¥Ÿà∫â“π ‚æ»√’¡À“‚æ Pikul Pradu Ban Bodhi trees 2. «π “∏“√≥–·Ààß·√°¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ §◊Õ·Ààß„¥?

What is the first public park in Thailand? «π®µÿ®—°√ «π≈ÿ¡æ‘π’ «π∏π∫ÿ√’√¡¬å Chatujak Park Lumpini Park Thonburirom Park 3. π°¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ™π‘¥„¥‡ªìππ°∑’Ë àß —≠≠“≥‡µ◊Õπ«à“ƒ¥ŸÀπ“«°”≈—߬à“߇¢â“¡“·≈â«?

Which type of migrating bird indicates the coming of the cold season? π°·µâ«·≈â«Õ°‡¢’¬« 𰪓°Àà“ß π°Õ’‡ ◊Õ ’πÈ”µ“≈ Hooded Pitta Asian Open-billed Stork Common Brown Shrikes

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¢Õ‡ªπ´÷Ëß¡“≈’ √ÿ®‘‡√°«‘‰≈¬«√√≥, ÿ¥·∑â·µà®Õ¡ √«ß ®–ª√– ‘∑∏‘Ϫ√– “∑æ—π∏ÿå, ¢Õ‡æ’¬ß„Àâ¡’§—π- ∏–√–√◊πË √–√«¬ÀÕ¡. µÕπÀπ÷Ëß®“°æ√–√“™π‘æπ∏å‡√◊ËÕß ¡—∑π–æ“∏“ „πæ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–¡ß°ÿ؇°≈Ⓡ®â“Õ¬ŸàÀ—«