Greenline 15

∫Õ°‡≈à“‡°â“ ‘∫ ë Free Talk

«“√ “√‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«©∫—∫∑’Ë 15 π’È ‡ªìπ©∫—∫摇»…∑’Ë®—¥∑”¢÷Èπ‡æ◊ËÕÕÿ∑‘»„Àâ·°àà ºŸ‡â ’¬™’«µ‘ ·≈– Ÿ≠À“¬„π‡Àµÿ°“√≥忬— æ‘∫µ— ‘ ·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«„πª√–‡∑»Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬ °àÕ„Àâ ‡°‘ ¥ §≈◊Ë π ¬— ° …å ÷ π “¡‘ ´— ¥ ∂≈à ¡ 6 ®— ß À«— ¥ ™“¬·¥π¿“§„µâ Õ—π‰¥â·°à °√–∫’Ë æ—ßß“ ¿Ÿ‡°Áµ √–πÕß µŸ≈ ·≈–µ√—ß ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å∑’ˉ¡à§“¥§‘¥«à“®–‡°‘¥¢÷È𠉥â„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬§√—Èßπ’È °àÕ„À⇰‘¥§«“¡ ‡ ’¬ À“¬∑’˪√–¡“≥§à “ ·∑∫‰¡à ‰ ¥â∑—Èß™’«‘µ ∑√—æ¬å ‘π ·≈–§«“¡‡®Á∫ª«¥∫Õ∫™È”∑“ß ®‘ µ „®¢ÕߺŸâ ∑’Ë ¬— ß ¡’ ™’ «‘ µ Õ¬Ÿà µà Õ ‡π◊Ë Õ ß‰ª∂÷ ß §«“¡‡ ’ ¬ À“¬∑’Ë √â “ ߺ≈°√–∑∫µà Õ °“√ ®—¥°“√∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡ √«¡∑—È ß °“√øóô π øŸ ¿“懻√…∞°‘ ® ·≈– —ߧ¡¢Õß™ÿ¡™π °“√æ≈‘°øóôπÕ—π¥“¡—π ®“°¿—¬æ‘∫—µ‘§√—Èßπ’È®÷ß¡’∑—Èßß“π∑’˵âÕߥ”‡π‘π °“√Õ¬à“߇√àߥà«π‡©æ“–Àπâ“ ‰ª®π∂÷ß °“√‡µ√’ ¬ ¡°“√√–¬–¬“«‡æ◊Ë Õ ‡ΩÑ “ √–«— ß ·≈–ªÑ Õ ß°— π ‡Àµÿ ° “√≥å · ≈–º≈°√–∑∫∑’Ë Õ“®‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„πÕ𓧵¥â«°“√µ‘¥µ—ßÈ ‡§√◊ÕË ßµ√«®«—¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« ·≈–√–∫∫‡µ◊ Õ π¿— ¬ ‡ªì π ª√–‡∑»·√°„π ¿Ÿ ¡‘ ¿ “§‡Õ‡™’ ¬ ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬¿“¬À≈— ß ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å ®÷߇ªìπº≈®“°»—°¬¿“槫“¡ æ√âÕ¡¢Õ߇∑§‚π‚≈¬’°“√ ◊ËÕ “√∑’Ë∑—π ¡—¢Õߪ√–‡∑» ·≈–°“√‡≈Á߇ÀÁ𧫓¡®”‡ªìπ

Green Line Vol. 15 is published specifically in dedication to the casualties and missing people during the earthquake in Indonesia that triggered the tsunami devastating 6 southern provinces namely Krabi, Pang-nga, Phuket, Ranong, Satul, and Trang.

Many lives that have been lost and remain unfound have inflicted the lasting mental pain and wounds to those who stay alive. The disaster never anticipated to come about in Thailand has incurred the damage to the extent that the estimates cannot be concluded. This is because we, whether the public sector, tourists, or local people, are unaware of the proper actions in the face of such event while the tsunami actually takes time in its travel and formation, sparing us time to escape in timely manner. ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 3

‡√àߥà«π¢Õß√–∫∫‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬ ‡æ√“–¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ µà“ßÊ ®“°°“√»÷°…“√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ° ‚≈° ∫à ß ™’È ∂÷ ß ‚Õ°“ ∑’Ë ‡ °‘ ¥ ·ºà 𠥑 π ‰À«„π ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¢÷ÈπÕ’°‰¥â„πÕ𓧵 «“√ “√‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«©∫—∫π’È ¬—ß¡’ µ—«Õ¬à“ß®“°ª√– ∫°“√≥åµ√ߢÕß™ÿ¡™π ∫â“π∫“߇∫π∑’Ë· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁ𧫓¡ ”§—≠ ¢Õߪɓ™“¬‡≈π „π∫∑∫“∑ ç√—È«∏√√¡™“µ‘é ∑’Ë ª °ªÑ Õ ß∑—È ß ™’ «‘ µ ·≈–∑√— æ ¬å ‘ π „Àâ √ Õ¥ ª≈Õ¥¿—¬ √«¡∑—ßÈ ‡√◊ÕË ß√“«¢Õß —≠™“µ≠“≥ °“√‡µ◊ Õ π¿— ¬ ∑“ß∑–‡≈∑’Ë ‡ °‘ ¥ ®“°°“√ —Ë ß ¡ª√– ∫°“√≥å ¢ Õß∫√√æ∫ÿ √ÿ … ™“« ¡Õ√å·°π πÕ°®“°π—Èπ¬—ß¡’¿“æ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“° ¥“«‡∑’ ¬ ¡ IKONOS ∑’Ë ‰ ¥â √— ∫ § « “ ¡ Õπÿ ‡ §√“–Àå ® “° ”π— ° æ— ≤ π“‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ Õ«°“»·≈–¿Ÿ ¡‘ “√ π‡∑» (Õß§å ° “√ ¡À“™π) · ¥ß¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘ª√–‡∑»æ◊Èπ∑’Ë°àÕπ ·≈–À≈—ß°“√‡°‘¥ ÷π“¡‘ ÿ¥∑⓬π’È °Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√«“√ “√ ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«µâÕߢբÕ∫§ÿ≥ºŸÕâ “à π∑ÿ°∑à“π ∑’Ë ‰ ¥â ° √ÿ ≥ “„Àâ §”·π–π” ·≈–¢â Õ — ß ‡°µ À≈“¬ª√–°“√∑’Ë ‡ ªì π ª√–‚¬™πå Õ ¬à “ ߬‘Ë ß µà Õ °“√®— ¥ ∑”«“√ “√„Àâ πà “ Õà “ π ¡’ § «“¡ ∂Ÿ°µâÕߢÕߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈·≈–µÕ∫ πÕߧ«“¡ π„® ¢ÕߺŸÕâ “à π¡“°¢÷πÈ ´÷ßË °Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√°Á¢Õ √—∫¢âÕµ‘™¡ (‡æ◊ÕË °àÕ) ¥â«¬§«“¡ª√“√∂π“¥’ ¢Õß∑à“π‰«â¥â«¬§«“¡¬‘π¥’Õ¬à“߬‘Ëß æ√âÕ¡ À«—ß«à“ “√–µà“ßÊ „π‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«©∫—∫π’È ®–‡ªìπª√–‚¬™πå„À⺟âÕà“π∑ÿ°∑à“π ‡¢â“„® ·≈–√Ÿâ∑—π‡Àµÿ°“√≥å∏√≥’æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬ ÷π“¡‘∑’Ë ‡°‘ ¥ ¢÷È π Õ— 𠇪ì π ¿— ¬ ∏√√¡™“µ‘ ∑’Ë Õ “®‰¡à „ ™à ¿—¬√⓬πà“°≈—«....À“°‡√“√Ÿ∑â π— ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å·≈– √Ÿâ∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µâÕß ‡µ√’¬¡æ√âÕ¡‰«â·≈â«

4 ë ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE

Regardless of the action being viewed as late prevention, Thailand is the first country in Asia to take interests and carry out the installation of the earthquake measurement device and warning system due to our existing potential. We are the country with modern communicating technologies in this region.

Based on the study of faults in Thailand, it will not be surprising if there will be more earthquake disasters in Thailand in the future.

Therefore, the earthquake measurement device and warning system are considered the future essential factors for Thailand.

Green Line Vol. 15 presents almost all of tsunami-related aspects in Thailand, purported to educate any parties concerned and general public in Thailand and overseas.

Finally, we hope the materials contained here will be useful, and provide understanding and knowledge to everybody so that proper actions can be taken in the event of the tsunami, the danger we may fear not if we know ahead and take proper actions.

“√∫—≠ ë Contents

∫Õ°‡≈à“‡°â“ ‘∫ ë Free Talk

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“√§¥’À≈—° ë Main Feature

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ª∞¡∫∑ ç ÷π“¡‘é Introduction: çTsunamié

™à«ß®—∫‡¢à“§ÿ¬°—π ë Interview

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√». ¥√.ªí≠≠“ «“√ÿ»‘√‘ ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬®”‡ªìπµâÕß¡’√–∫∫‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬ ÷π“¡‘ Tsunami Warning System in Thailand ‡ ’¬ß®“°æ◊Èπ∑’Ë A Voice from Local

—ߧ¡ ’‡¢’¬« ë Green Society Column

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∫â“π∫“߇∫π ™ÿ¡™π∑’Ë√Õ¥‰¥â¥â«¬ªÉ“‚°ß°“ß Bangbane Village: The Survival Community by Mangrove Forest

„∫ÕàÕπ ë Young Leaf

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°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ‡°’Ë¬«°—∫§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ç ÷π“¡‘é „πª√–‡∑»≠’˪ÿÉπ Teaching about çTsunamié in Japan ™“«¡Õ√å·°π°—∫ —≠™“µ≠“≥∑“ß∑–‡≈ Morgan and Sea Instinct

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°√’π‡«Á∫ ë Green Web

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‡«Á∫‰´µå ÷π“¡‘

Tsunami Websites

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 5

π‚¬∫“¬ ’‡¢’¬« ë Green Policy

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°“√øóôπøŸ ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈„πæ◊Èπ∑’˪√– ∫¿—Restoration of the Environment of Devastated Coastal Areas

‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ë Green Tech

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GIS °—∫°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡¢Õßæ◊Èπ∑’˪√– ∫¿—GIS and Environmental Transition of Areas Affected by Disaster

∑àÕ߉ª°—∫∏√√¡™“µ‘ ë Environment Tips

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∑àÕ߉ª„πæ◊Èπ∑’˪√– ∫¿—¬

Travel to Devastated Areas

6 ë ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE

“¬¥à«π ’‡¢’¬« ë Green Expressway

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§«“¡‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À« ë Environment Tips Column

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“√§¥’À≈—° ë Main Feature

‚¥¬ ÿ®‘πµπ“ ‘ßÀ‚°«‘π∑å π—°«‘™“°“√„π§≥–∑”ß“π°√√¡“∏‘°“√∑À“√ √—∞ ¿“

By Sujintana Singhagowint Academicians in the Working Group of Military Commission, Parliament

Introduction: çTsunamié

çTsunamié À√◊Õ ÷π“¡‘‡ªìπ™◊ËÕ§≈◊Ëπ∑–‡≈ (sea wave) ™π‘ ¥ Àπ÷Ë ß ∑’Ë ‡ ¡◊Ë Õ ¢≥–‡°‘ ¥ ª√–°Õ∫¥â « ¬™ÿ ¥ §≈◊Ë π ∑’Ë ¡’ §«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ¡“° ™à«ß§«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπª√–¡“≥ 80 ∂÷ß 200 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ·≈–¡’§«“¡ Ÿß§≈◊Ëπª√–¡“≥ 1 ‡¡µ√ ·≈–™à«ß √–¬–‡«≈“Àà“ߢÕߧ≈◊πË ·µà≈–≈Ÿ°§≈◊πË (À√◊Õ§“∫§≈◊πË ) ¬“«π“π (Õ“® 10-20 π“∑’) ‚¥¬¡“°¡—°‡°‘¥®“°§«“¡ —πË –‡∑◊Õπ¢Õß ·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« Õ—π‡π◊ÕË ß®“°°“√‡§≈◊ÕË πµ—«¢Õßæ◊πÈ ∑–‡≈„π·π«¥‘ßË À√◊ Õ ·π«≈“¥µ“¡·π«√Õ¬‡≈◊Ë Õ π∑’Ë °à Õ „Àâ ‡ °‘ ¥ ·ºà 𠥑 π ‰À« „µâ∑–‡≈ ®π„π∑’Ë ÿ¥∑”„Àâ¡«≈πÈ”∂Ÿ°°√–µÿâπÀ√◊Õ√∫°«π‚¥°“√·∑π∑’Ë„π·π«¥‘Ëß ®÷߇°‘¥§«“¡µà“ß√–¥—∫¢ÕßπÈ”∑–‡≈

çTsunamié is a kind of the sea wave that, at occurrence, comprises a group of greatly long waves, ranging from 80 to 200 kilometers, with the height of approximately 1 meter, and there is a pause, which may take 10-20 minutes, between waves (or periods of waves). It is spawned mainly by the shake brought by the undersea earthquake, a result of the vertical or horizontal motion along the fault line of the seabed. Such motion stimulates or stirs the vertical misplacement of massive volume of water, leading ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 7

Õ¬à“ß©—∫æ≈—π ·≈–‡°‘¥°“√ª√—∫√–¥—∫¢ÕßπÈ”ÕÕ°‰ª‚¥¬√Õ∫ ‡°‘¥‡ªìπ§≈◊πË ∑’‡Ë §≈◊ÕË π∑’ÕË Õ°‰ª‚¥¬√Õ∫‡™àπ°—π ·≈–‡π◊ÕË ß®“° ¡«≈πÈ” ∑’Ë ‡ §≈◊Ë Õ πµ— « ¡’ ª √‘ ¡ “≥¡“°®÷ ß ‡ªì π ‡Àµÿ „ Àâ ÷ π “¡‘ ¡’ æ≈—ßß“π¡“° À√◊ÕÕ“®‡°‘¥®“°·ºàπ¥‘π∂≈à¡ À√◊Õ ¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø √–‡∫‘¥∑’Ëæ◊Èπ∑âÕß ¡ÿ∑√ À√◊Õ Õÿ°“∫“µµ°≈ß Ÿà∑–‡≈ ´÷Ëß°àÕ„Àâ ‡°‘ ¥ ®ÿ ¥ °”‡π‘ ¥ §≈◊Ë π §≈◊Ë π π’È Õ “®‡§≈◊Ë Õ π∑’Ë ¢â “ ¡¡À“ ¡ÿ ∑ √ ‡¢â“∑”≈“¬æ◊πÈ ∑’´Ë ß÷Ë Àà“ß®“°®ÿ¥°”‡π‘¥§≈◊πË ‡ªìπæ—πÊ °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ‚¥¬‰¡à¡’≈—°…≥–º‘¥ —߇°µ ‡æ√“–„π∑–‡≈≈÷°§≈◊Ëπ¡’§«“¡ Ÿß ‡æ’¬ß 30 ‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√ ‡§≈◊ËÕπ∑’˥⫬§«“¡‡√Á« 600 ∂÷ß 1,000 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√µàÕ™—«Ë ‚¡ß ∂ⓧ≈◊πË ‡§≈◊ÕË πµ—«ºà“π∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíßò ®– ‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡ Ÿß¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«ª√–¡“≥ 15 ‡¡µ√ ™◊ËÕπ’È¡“ ®“°°“√ ¡“ ¢Õߧ”„π¿“…“≠’˪ÿÉπ√–À«à“ߧ”«à“ ç ÷é (Tsu)

to the sudden differences in sea water levels and accordingly the radiation of water levels adjustment and waves, and the massive volume of water generate the tsunami high level of energy.

Otherwise, the landslides or eruption of volcanoes on the seabed or meteorites plummeting into the sea may also create the waves epicenter. These waves may travel across oceans and devastate the areas thousands of kilometers far from the epicenter without noticeable irregularities since, around the deep sea area, the waves are only 30 centimeters of height and travel at the speed of 600 to 1,000 kilometers

¿“æ®”≈Õß· ¥ß°“√‡°‘¥§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ÷π“¡‘ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¿“殓° Department of Geological Science University of Michigan-Ann Arbor Tsunami Model, illustration from the Department of Geological Science University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

´÷Ëß·ª≈«à“ ∑à“‡√◊Õ ·≈–§”«à“ çπ“¡‘é (Nami) ·ª≈«à“ §≈◊Ëπ çTsunamié ®÷ßÀ¡“¬∂÷ߧ≈◊Ëπ∑à“‡√◊Õ À√◊Õ∫“ߧπ°Á‡√’¬°«à“ §≈◊Ë π Õà “ «‡√◊ Õ ‡æ√“– ÷ π “¡‘ ¡— ° ‡§≈◊Ë Õ π∑’Ë ‡ ¢â “ À“∑à “ ‡√◊ Õ ¢Õß ≠’˪ÿÉπ‡ªìπª√–®” ´÷Ëßµ√ß°—∫§«“¡À¡“¬„π¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…«à“ Harbor Wave ‡Àµÿ∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ Harbor Wave °Á‡æ√“– ‡¡◊ÕË §≈◊πË ‡§≈◊ÕË πµ—«‡¢â“ Ÿ√à –¥—∫πÈ”µ◊πÈ „°≈♓¬Ωíßò §«“¡‡√Á«¢Õß §≈◊Ëπ®–≈¥≈ß ·µà§«“¡‡√Á«¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ®–¥—π„Àâ√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿ ß ¢÷È π Õ¬à “ ß√«¥‡√Á « ´÷Ë ß ∂â “ À“°§≈◊Ë π ‡¢â “ ª–∑–™“¬Ωíò ß ∑’Ë ¡’ 8 ë ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE

per hour. When the waves move towards the coastal areas, the height will increase rapidly about 15 meters.

The word çtsunamié originates from a Japanese compound noun made up of two words ... çTsué which means port and çNamié which means waves, since it often moves towards Japanese ports. Its meaning matches the harbor wave in English as when moving towards the shallow area near the coast, the

√Ÿª√à“ߧ≈⓬µ—««’ (V) §«“¡‡√Á«·≈–§«“¡·√ߢÕߧ≈◊Ëπ®–¬‘Ëß ‡æ‘Ë ¡ ¢÷È π ·≈– à ß º≈„Àâ § ≈◊Ë π ¡’ § «“¡ Ÿ ß ¡“°¢÷È π Õ’ ° ∑—È ß π’È „ π ªí®®ÿ∫—ππ—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å à«π„À≠à„™â‡√’¬° ç ÷π“¡‘é ¡’§«“¡ À¡“¬‡¥’¬«°—∫§≈◊Ëπ®“°·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« (seismic sea wave) À√◊Õ earthquake sea wave À√◊Õ seismic surge* 1 §”«à“ çTsunamié µ“¡À≈—°°“√∂Õ¥Õ—°…√ («‘∏’∑—∫ »— æ ∑å ) ‚¥¬√“™∫— ≥ ±‘ µ ¬ ∂“π –°¥‡ªì π ¿“…“‰∑¬«à “ ÷ π “¡‘ §”«à “ §≈◊Ë π ÷ π “¡‘ ‰ ¥â ºà “ π°“√æ‘ ® “√≥“√— ∫ √Õß»— æ ∑å ∏√≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬“ µ“¡ª√–°“» ”π— ° 𓬰√— ∞ ¡πµ√’ ‡ √◊Ë Õ ß»— æ ∑å ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“´÷Ëߪ√–°“» ≥ «—π∑’Ë 17 ‡¡…“¬π 2530 ≈ßπ“¡ ‚¥¬æ≈‡Õ°‡ª√¡ µ‘≥ Ÿ≈“ππ∑å

speed of the waves will decrease but also press the rapid rise of sea water level. If the waves strike the V-shaped coast, the speed and degree of the waves will surge even higher, resulting in increase in height.

At present, majority of scientists relate the tsunami to the seismic sea wave or earthquake sea wave or seismic surge. *1 The spelling for çTsunamié in Thai is ç ÷π“¡‘é in accordance with the foreign word borrowing principles as determined by The Royal Institute of Thailand. The word §≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘ (TSUNAMI) was approved as a geological term in the Notification of the Office of the Prime Minister on geological terms dated April 17, 1987 signed by General Prem Tinsulanonda.

∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡—°‡°‘¥§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘ ÷π“¡‘¡°— ‡°‘¥¢÷πÈ „π¿Ÿ¡¿‘ “§ À√◊Õ „π∫√‘‡«≥¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ Õ—π°«â“ß„À≠à‰æ»“≈ ∑—Èßπ’È¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫¢π“¥¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ·≈– ∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˇ°‘¥ ‚¥¬ª°µ‘ ÷π“¡‘‡ªìπª√“°Æ°“√≥å∑’Ë¡—°‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ „π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî° ‡π◊ËÕß®“°„π¬à“π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî° ¡’·π«°“√‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«·≈–¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø„µâ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√Õ¬Ÿà¡“° ®π¡’≈°— …≥–§≈⓬«ß·À«π√Õ∫¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘ø°î ∑’‡Ë √’¬°«à“

Areas Prone to Tsunami Occurrence The tsunami usually occurs in the region or area of vast ocean, depending on the size and origin of the waves. In normal circumstances, the tsunami usually occurs in the Pacific Ocean as a result of the high frequency of earthquakes and undersea volcanic activities that form the çRing of Firesé, called

*1 §”Õ∏‘∫“¬§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß tsunami ®“°æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑å∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ §≥–Õπÿ°√√¡°“√®—¥∑”æ®π“πÿ°√¡∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ©∫—∫æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 1 æ.». 2530 Àπâ“ 123 *1 The definition of the tsunami as given in Geological Terms Dictionary, Geological Terms Dictionary Preparatio Subcommittee, 1st Edition, 1987, p. 123. ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 9

ç«ß·À«π‰øé (Ring of Fires) ®ÿ¥°”‡π‘¥ ”§—≠¢Õß ÷π“¡‘ „π·ª´‘ øî ° °Á §◊ Õ ·π«√à Õ ß≈÷ ° °â π ¡ÿ ∑ √ (Deep Oceanic Trench) ‚¥¬‡©æ“–πÕ°™“¬ΩíòßÕ≈“ °“ À¡Ÿà‡°“–§Ÿ√‘≈ ∑“ßµ–«—πÕÕ° ÿ¥¢Õß√— ‡´’¬ ·≈–°≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»∑“ßµ–«—π µ°¢Õß∑«’ªÕ‡¡√‘°“„µâ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿàµ‘¥¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî° µ≈Õ¥®π ∫√‘‡«≥À¡Ÿ‡à °“–Œ“«“¬∑’¡Ë °— ª√– ∫°—∫ ÷π“¡‘∫Õà ¬§√—ßÈ √âÕ¬≈– 80 ¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π∫√‘‡«≥·∂∫·π« —Ëπ –‡∑◊Õπ ·ª´‘ø°î (Pacific Seismic belt) ´÷ßË ‡ªìπ·À≈àßµâ𰔇𑥠÷π“¡‘ ¥—ßπ—πÈ Õ“®°≈à“«‰¥â«“à „π·∂∫¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘ø°î ¡’‚Õ°“ ‡ ’¬Ë ß µàÕ°“√‡°‘¥ ÷π“¡‘¡“°°«à“„π∫√‘‡«≥Õ◊ËπÊ ∑—Èßπ’ȇªìπ‡æ√“–

so because of the ring-alike shape surrounding the Pacific Ocean. One significant origin of the tsunami is the deep oceanic trench, especially off the Alaska coast, in the Kuril Island to the far east of Russia and those countries in the western region of South America that connect to the Pacific Ocean, as well as the Hawaii Islands which have frequently encountered the tsunami. 80% of the tsunami occurs in the area of the Pacific seismic belt that serves as the tsunami origin. Therefore, it can be stated that the Pacific Ocean is exposed to higher risks of the tsunami than those applied to any other areas since

¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî°§√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡ æ◊Èπ∑’Ë°«à“ 1 „π 3 ¢Õߺ‘«‚≈° Õ’°∑—ßÈ √“¬≈âÕ¡¥â«¬√àÕß≈÷°°âπ ¡ÿ∑√¡“°°«à“∫√‘‡«≥¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ Õ◊Ë π Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡‡Àµÿ°“√≥å ÷π“¡‘‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 26 ∏—𫓧¡ 2547 ∑’˺à“π¡“ ∑”„Àâ‡√“‰¥â∑√“∫«à“Õ“®¡’·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«„À≠à ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥â„π·∂∫√Õ¬µàÕ¢Õß·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°Õ‘π‡¥’¬∑’Ë¡ÿ¥≈ß ‰ª„µâ · ºà π ¬Ÿ ‡ √‡´’ ¬ (À√◊ Õ ‡Õ‡´’¬µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ) ‚¥‡©æ“–„π·∂∫·π«À¡Ÿà‡°“–Õ—π¥“¡—π·≈–𑂧∫“√å ≈—°…≥– ¥— ß °≈à “ «¬à Õ ¡¡’ § «“¡‡ªì 𠉪‰¥â Ÿ ß ∑’Ë ∑”„Àâ ‡ °‘ ¥ ÷ π “¡‘ ‰ ¥â Õ’ ° ‡æ’¬ß·µà‰¡à∑√“∫«à“®–‡¡◊ËÕ„¥‡∑à“π—Èπ

it covers one-third of tectonic plate and is surrounded by relatively higher number of deep oceanic trenches.

However, the tsunami hat took place on December 26, 2004 has ringed us an alert that large-scale earthquakes may occur in the area that the India Plate dives under the Eurasia (or Southeast Asia) Plate, particularly the Andaman and Nicoba Islands.

Such development raises the high probability that the tsunami will recur and it is only a matter of time.

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·π«‚πâ¡°“√‡°‘¥§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¡’√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°„π∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—𠵓¡ ‚§√ß √â“ß∑“ß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“·ª√ —≠≠“≥ ®—¥Õ¬Ÿà„π à«π¢Õß ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°∑’ˇªìπ√Õ¬µàÕ√–À«à“ß·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°Õ‘π‚¥-ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’ˬπ°—∫¬Ÿ‡√‡™’¬ ´÷Ëß¡’≈—°…≥–¢Õßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë·ºàπ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ à«π∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π°”≈—ß¡ÿ¥µ—«‡¢â“„µâæ◊Èπ∑’Ë·ºàπ∑«’ª„πÀ¡Ÿà ‡°“–™«“ ·≈–µàÕ‡≈¬¡“∑“߇Àπ◊Õ∂÷ß à«π¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑æ¡à“ ·≈–®’π √Õ¬µàÕ¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°¥—ß°≈à“«‡ªìπ·π«µàÕ‡π◊ÕË ß ´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈æ«ß¡“®“°√Õ¬°“√™π√–À«à“ß∑«’ªÕ‘π‡¥’¬·≈– ‡Õ‡´’¬≈ß¡“ Ÿà∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π ∑”„À⇰‘¥≈—°…≥–¢Õß√àÕß„π ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√„µâ√Õ¬µàÕπ’ȥ⫰“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«¢Õß·ºàπ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√∑«’ªµàÕ∫√‘‡«≥ √Õ¬µà Õ π’È πÕ°®“°®–¡’·√߇§âπ‡°‘¥¢÷ÈππâÕ¬°«à“µ“¡·π« ·ºàπ¥‘π‰À««ß√Õ∫·ª´‘øî°·≈â« ¬—߇ªìπ°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπµ—«·∫∫ ·≈àπºà“π‡©’¬¥°—π ‰¡à‰¥âª–∑–°—π‚¥¬µ√ß ·≈–µ”·ÀπàߢÕß ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬Õ¬ŸàÀà“ß®“°·π«¡ÿ¥µ—«„π∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π‡ªìπ √–¬–∑“ߪ√–¡“≥ 600 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ≈—°…≥–¥—ß°≈à“«®÷߇ªì𠓇Àµÿ ∑’Ë ‡ ªì π °≈‰°∑”„Àâ ‡ °‘ ¥ §≈◊Ë π ¬— ° …å „ πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â ‡π◊ËÕß®“°∑ƒ…Æ’°“√‡°‘¥§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…åµâÕß¡’ “‡Àµÿ¡“®“°°“√ ‡§≈◊ÕË πµ—«¢Õß√Õ¬‡≈◊ÕË π¬âÕπ¡ÿ¡µË” ´÷ßË ®–∑”„ÀâÀπ‘ à«π∫π¢Õß √–π“∫‡≈◊ËÕπ·∑π∑’ËπÈ”„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ ·µà®“°À≈—°∞“π¬◊π¬—π ™—¥‡®π«à“ ∫√‘‡«≥·∂∫∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π¡’√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ° ‚≈° ´÷ßË ∑”„À⇧¬‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«∑’ÕË π‘ ‚¥π’‡´’¬¡“·≈â« πÕ°®“° π’¢È Õâ ¡Ÿ≈®“°‡´“∏å‡∑‘√πå ¬Ÿπ‡‘ «Õ√å´µ‘ ·’È §≈‘øÕ√å‡π’¬ À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ‰¥â¬◊π¬—π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈°“√‡°‘¥§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â °“√æ∫√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°„π∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π ∑”„ÀâÀ≈“¬§π¡’§«“¡«‘µ°«à“ À“°¡’·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«¢π“¥ 7 √‘ ° ‡µÕ√å ¢÷È π ‰ª „π∫√‘ ‡ «≥√Õ¬‡≈◊Ë Õ π ”§— ≠ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–∑’Ë √Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ§≈Õß¡–√ÿ଴÷Ëß¡’®ÿ¥‡√‘Ë¡µâπµ—Èß·µà‡°“–¿Ÿ‡°Áµºà“π Õà“«‰∑¬∑“ß∑‘»µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ∂÷ßµ–«—πµ°‡©’¬ß„µâ ™à«ß≈–µ‘®Ÿ¥ 8-10 Õß»“ ‡°√ß«à“§π‰∑¬®–‡°‘¥‚»°Æ°√√¡ ‡À¡◊Õπ À√◊Õ¬‘Ëß°«à“ª“ªí«π‘«°‘π’∑’ˇ§¬‡°‘¥¡“·≈â« §≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ÷π“¡‘∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ‡«≈“ 7.58 π. ¢Õß «—π∑’Ë 26 ∏—𫓧¡ 2547 À≈—߇°‘¥‡Àµÿ·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«„π·∂∫ ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî° ‚¥¬¡’»Ÿπ¬å°≈“ß∑’ˇ°“– ÿ¡“µ√“ª√–‡∑» Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬ ‰¥â∂“‚∂¡µ“¡·π«™“¬Ωíòß √â“ߧ«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬„Àâ ª√–‡∑»„π‡Õ‡´’¬ µ—Èß·µà‡°“– ÿ¡“µ√“ ª√–‡∑»Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’Õ‘π‡¥’¬ »√’≈—ß°“ ∫—ß°≈“‡∑» √«¡∑—Èß 6 ®—ßÀ«—¥¿“§„µâ∑“ß Ωíòß∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π Õ—π‰¥â·°à æ—ßß“ ¿Ÿ‡°Áµ °√–∫’Ë √–πÕß µ√—ß ·≈– µŸ≈

Trend of Tsunami Occurrence in Thailand Based on the signal interpretative geological structure, the fault scarring the tectonic plate in the Andaman Sea is categorized as the joint between the Indo-Australian and Eurasia Plates where the Andaman plate is diving under the plate in the Java Islands, and the fault line stretches northward until Thailand, Myanmar, and China. The fault line is uninterrupted in nature, created by the collision between Indian and Asian continents into the Andaman Sea, which also engendered the trench under this joint.

The motion of continental undersea plates at the joint not only generates less pressure than the rings of fault lines in the Pacific Ocean, but also is of brushing-against nature and not that of direct collision. In addition, Thailandûs geographical location is 600 kilometers far from the plates diving line in the Andaman Sea. Such circumstances may be a mechanism that triggers the tsunami in Thailand since the theoretical occurrence of tsunami needs the descending reverse movement of faults, which will result in the upper level of stone layer replacing the volume of sea water. Nonetheless, there is evidence clearly assuring that the Andaman Sea experienced the movement of tectonic plates which has triggered the earthquake in Indonesia before.

Furthermore, the data derived from Southern University, California, the United States can confirm the tsunami-related data on Thailandûs side.

The discovery of faults in the Andaman Sea has raised the concern that, in the events of the 7.0 earthquake or above around the major faults, especially Klong Marui Fault stretching from Phuket Island to the northeastern to southwestern parts of the Gulf of Thailand, latitude 8-10 Ì, Thai people may encounter the tragedy to the extent similar to or worse than that having injured Papua New Guinea before.

The tsunami occurred at 7:58 hours on December 26, 2004 following the earthquake in the Pacific Ocean with the epicenter in the Sumatra Island of Indonesia and speeded towards the coastal areas, incurring damages to Asian countries namely Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and 6 southern provinces of Thailand located in the Andaman Sea area comprising Pang-nga, Phuket, Krabi, Ranong, Trang, and Satul. ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 11

𓬙“√å≈ å ·¡Á°§√’√’Ë ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√ ”π—°ß“πÕÿµÿπ‘¬¡ «‘ ∑ ¬“·≈– ¡ÿ ∑ √»“ µ√å · Àà ß ™“µ‘ ¢ Õß À√— ∞ „π√— ∞ Œ“«“À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ‰¥â„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈Õ—ππà“µ°„®«à“ ∑—π∑’∑’˵√«®æ∫ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢Õß·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«∑’Ë√ÿπ·√ß∂÷ß 8.9 √‘°‡µÕ√å (´÷Ëß„π‡«≈“ µàÕ¡“‰¥âª√—∫„À⇪ìπ 9.0 √‘°‡µÕ√å ¡’Õ“πÿ¿“æ‡∑à“°—∫√–‡∫‘¥ ª√¡“≥Ÿ 3 À¡◊Ëπ°«à“≈â“π≈Ÿ°) ´÷Ëß∑“ß»Ÿπ¬åœ ‰¥â欓¬“¡∑ÿ° «‘∂’∑“ß∑’Ë®–·®âß¢à“«π’È„Àâ∑ÿ°ΩÉ“¬∑√“∫‚¥¬‚∑√»—æ∑å·®â߉ª∑’Ë ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬ °Õß∑—æ‡√◊Õ À√—∞ ∂“π±Ÿµ À√—∞„πÀ≈“¬ª√–‡∑» √«¡∂÷ß°√–∑√«ßµà“ߪ√–‡∑» À√—∞ ·µàπà“‡ ’¬¥“¬∑’ˉ¡à¡’ ‡∫Õ√å µ‘ ¥ µà Õ Àπà « ¬ß“π„¥Ê „πæ◊È π ∑’Ë ∑’Ë ‰ ¥â √— ∫ º≈°√–∑∫ Õ¬à“ßÀπ—°‰¡à«à“®–„πÕ‘π‡¥’¬ »√’≈—ß°“ À√◊Õ ‰∑¬ ‡π◊ËÕß®“° ª√–‡∑»‡À≈à“π’ȉ¡à¡’°≈‰°„π°“√‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬

Charles McCriley, Director of the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center of the United States, provides the shocking data that as soon as the implication of the 8.9 earthquake was detected (the degree of which was later changed to 9.0, equivalent to the power of over 30,000 million of atomic bombs), the Center had attempted in whatever ways possible to notify all of concerning parties about the data by contacting Australia, the U.S. Navy, the U.S. embassies in several countries, as well as Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the U.S. Unfortunately, the Center had no available contact numbers of the severely affected areas, whether India, Sri Lanka, or Thailand, since these countries did not have the warning system in place.

®ÿ¥‡√‘Ë¡µâπ¢Õß·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ∑“ßµÕπ‡Àπ◊Õ¢Õß ‡°“– ÿ¡“µ√“ ª√–‡∑»Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬„°≈â°∫— ‡¡◊Õß∫—π¥“Õ“‡®–Àå ‡«≈“ 7.58 π. (µ“¡‡«≈“∑âÕß∂‘πË ) Àà“ß®“°¿Ÿ‡°Áµ 580 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ∑’Ë≈–µ‘®Ÿ¥ 3.4 Õß»“‡Àπ◊Õ ≈Õßµ‘®Ÿ¥ 95.7 Õß»“µ–«—πÕÕ° π—∫‡ªìπ·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«√ÿπ·√ß∑’Ë ÿ¥Õ—π¥—∫ 5 ¢Õß‚≈°π—∫®“°ªï 2533 ·≈–‡ªìπ§√—Èß·√°¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬„π√Õ∫ 40 ªï ·√ß —Ëπ –‡∑◊Õπ∑”„À⇪≈◊Õ°‚≈°„µâ∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π·µ°À≈“¬æ—π °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ‡°‘¥‡ªìπ§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ç ÷π“¡‘é ®“°π—Èπ§≈◊Ëπ Ÿß°«à“ 5 ‡¡µ√ ‰¥â∂“‚∂¡™“¬Ωíßò ∑–‡≈À≈“¬ª√–‡∑»„π‡Õ‡´’¬ Õ—π‰¥â·°à ¡— ≈ ¥’ ø å · ≈–À¡Ÿà ‡ °“–µà “ ßÊ ∑“ß„µâ ¢ Õߪ√–‡∑»»√’ ≈— ß °“ ∫—ß°≈“‡∑» Õ‘π‡¥’¬ ‡°“–ªïπ—ß·≈–¡“‡≈‡´’¬ µ≈Õ¥∂÷ßæ¡à“

The earthquake originated in the northern part of the Sumatra Island, Indonesia, proximate to Banda Aceh at 7:58 hours (local time), 580 kilometers far from Phuket, at 3.4 Ì north latitude and 95.7 Ì east longitude. It is the 5th largest earthquake in the world since 1990 and the first earthquake in Thailand in 40 years. The shake resulted in the 1,000 kilometers tectonic plate under the Andaman Sea being demolished, spawning the 5 meters high çtsunamié that devastated the coastal areas of several Asian countries namely the Maldives Islands and the Islands to the south of Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, India, the Penang Island, Malaysia, and Myanmar.

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µàÕ¡“‡¡◊ÕË ‡«≈“ 8.30 π. ‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«√Ÿ â °÷ ‰¥âÕ°’ §√—ßÈ ‚¥¬¡’ »Ÿ π ¬å ° ≈“ß∑’Ë √— ∞ ©“π ª√–‡∑»æ¡à “ Àà “ ß®“°®— ß À«— ¥ ‡™’¬ß„À¡àª√–¡“≥ 200 °¡. ∑’Ë≈–µ‘®Ÿ¥ 20.76 Õß»“‡Àπ◊Õ 98.04 Õß»“µ–«—πÕÕ° ¡’¢π“¥ª√–¡“≥ 6.4 √‘°‡µÕ√å ∑”„Àâ ‡°‘¥§«“¡ —Ëπ –‡∑◊Õπ„πÀ≈“¬®—ßÀ«—¥∑“ß¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ ‰¥â·°à ≈”ª“ß ‡™’¬ß„À¡à ‡™’¬ß√“¬ ·≈–·¡àŒàÕß Õπ ·≈–·≈â « π“∑’ ∑’Ë √â “ ߧ«“¡‡ ’ ¬ À“¬„Àâ °— ∫ ª√–‡∑» ‰∑¬¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ‡«≈“ 9.00 π. µ“¡‡«≈“„πª√–‡∑» ‰∑¬ §≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å¡â«πµ—«´—¥‡¢â“™“¬Ωíòß 6 ®—ßÀ«—¥¿“§„µâÕ¬à“ß √ÿπ·√ß∂÷ß 3 √–≈Õ° 𓬇§π Œ—¥π—µ ºŸâ‡™’ˬ«™“≠¥â“π∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °≈à“««à“ ·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«∑’Ë°àÕ„À⇰‘¥§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å„π‡Õ‡´’¬ ¡’°”≈—ß·√ß¡“° ®π∑”„Àâ·°π‚≈° —Ëπ àߺ≈„À⇪≈’ˬπ·ºπ∑’Ë„π¿Ÿ¡‘¿“§‰ª Õ¬à“ß∂“«√ ∑”„À⇰“–µà“ßÊ ‡§≈◊ËÕπ¡“°∂÷ß 20 ‡¡µ√ ·µà ‡√◊ÕË ßπ’¬È ß— ‰¡à¡¢’ Õâ ¬ÿµ‘ ´÷ßË „π∑“ß°≈—∫°—π 𓬠®ä«µ ™‘ª°‘π ·Ààß »Ÿπ¬å¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«·Ààß™“µ‘¢Õß À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ °≈à“««à“ ¡’·π«‚πâ¡∑’ˇ°“–µà“ßÊ „°≈⇰“– ÿ¡“µ√“®–¡’§«“¡ Ÿß®“° ∑–‡≈¡“°¢÷Èπ ·∑π∑’Ë®–‡§≈◊ËÕπ∑’ˉª‡æ√“–·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«§√—Èßπ’È ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°Õ‘π‡¥’¬‰¥â‰∂≈¡ÿ¥ ≈߉ªÕ¬Ÿ„à µâ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°æ¡à“ ∑”„Àâ ‡°‘¥°“√¬°µ—« ¥—ßπ—Èπ °“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«∑’Ë¡’º≈µàÕ‡°“–µà“ßÊ πà“®–‡ªìπ„π√Ÿª¢Õß·π«¥‘Ëß¡“°°«à“·π«πÕπ

At 8:30 hours, the earthquake was felt again, the epicenter being at Chan State, Myanmar, 200 kilometers far from Chiang Mai, at 20.76 Ì north latitude and 98.04 Ì longitude, with the 6.4 scale, causing the shake in several northern provinces such as Lampang, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, and Mae Hong Sorn.

The moment that inflicted the severest damage to Thailand was during 9:00 hours in Thailands local time. As many as three tsunami waves rolled in and violently devastated the coasts of 6 southern provinces.

Ken Hadnat, a geological specialist, states that the earthquake spawning the tsunami in Asia is of powerful force, causing the shake at the earthûs core, and consequently the permanent changes in the regional map and the motion of islands as far as 20 meters from their original locations. The conclusion, however, is yet to be made on this issue. In contrast, Steward Chipkin, an officer at the National Earthquake Data Center of the United States, reports that it is more likely that the Islands proximate to the Sumatra Islands have stood higher above the sea level rather than moved horizontally. Since this earthquake pressed the India Plate to dive under the Myanmar Plate, the movements affecting the relevant islands should be more of vertical rise rather than horizontal shift. ¿“æ®”≈Õß°“√‡°‘¥§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘ Trail of Destruction, the town of Kalmunai on Sri Lankaûs Eastern coast, Indonesia, Sri Lanka Suffered the most deaths and devastation from the tsunami, Illustration from Time, January 10.

Õâ“ßÕ‘ß 1. Õ—π«à“¥â«¬ ÷π“¡‘ ‚¥¬ ªí≠≠“ ®“√ÿ»‘√‘ ¡πµ√’ ™Ÿ«ß…å ÿ«‘∑¬å ‚§ ÿ«√√≥ Õ—ª √ ª“π∑Õß

Reference 1. On Tsunami by Panya Charusiri, Montri Chuwong, Suwit Kohsuwan, and Absorn Panthong. ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 13

‡Àµÿ°“√≥å ”§—≠ ç ÷π“¡‘é §√à“™’«‘µ¡πÿ…¬å - 1 ‡¡…“¬π æ.». 2489 ‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«¢π“¥ 7.3 √‘°‡µÕ√å À¡Ÿ‡à °“–‡Õ≈Ÿ‡∑’¬π „π√—∞Õ≈“ °“ ´÷ßË ‡ªìπÀ¡Ÿ‡à °“–‡≈Á°¢π“¥¬“«µ—ßÈ Õ¬Ÿ¡à À“ ¡ÿ∑√ ·ª´‘ø°î ∑“߇Àπ◊Õ °àÕ„À⇰‘¥§≈◊πË ¬—°…å ç ÷π“¡‘é ‡¢â“∂≈à¡À¡Ÿ‡à °“–Œ“«“¬‡ªìπº≈„À⡺’ ‡Ÿâ ’¬™’«µ‘ 159 §π·≈– √â“ߧ«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬ 29 ≈â“π¥Õ≈≈“√å - 5 惻®‘°“¬π æ.». 2493 ‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«¢π“¥ 8.2 √‘°‡µÕ√å ∑’Ë∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòߥâ“π„µâ¢ÕßÕà“«°—¡™—µ°“ („π·∂∫·ª´‘øî°) ∑’Ë∫√‘‡«≥¥â“π µ–«—πÕÕ°‰°≈¢Õß√— ‡´’¬ °àÕ„À⇰‘¥§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘‡ªìπ∫√‘‡«≥°«â“ß∑—Ë«¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî°µÕπ‡Àπ◊Õ ¥â«¬§«“¡‡√Á«§≈◊Ëπ°«à“ 500 ‰¡≈å À√◊Õ √“« 800 °¡.µàÕ™—Ë«‚¡ß - 9 ¡’π“§¡ æ.». 2500 ‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«¢π“¥ 8.3 √‘°‡µÕ√å ∑’ËÀ¡Ÿà‡°“–‡Õ≈Ÿ‡∑’¬π´È”Õ’° °àÕ„À⇰‘¥§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å¢π“¥§«“¡ Ÿß 75 øÿµ §≈◊Ëπ‡¥‘π∑“߉°≈‡ªì𧫓¡¬“«°«à“ 2,440 ‰¡≈å À√◊Õ √“« 3,904 °¡. ∑—Ë«¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘ø⫬§«“¡‡√Á«ª√–¡“≥‡°◊Õ∫ 800 °¡.µàÕ™—Ë«‚¡ß - 23 情¿“§¡ æ.».2503 ÷π“¡‘∂≈à¡Œ“«“¬Õ’°§√—ÈßÕ—π‡π◊ËÕß®“°·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«¢π“¥ 8.3 √‘°‡µÕ√å„πª√–‡∑»™‘≈’ §«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬ à«π„À≠à ‡°‘¥„πÀ¡Ÿà∫â“πŒ‘‚≈ ¢Õߌ“«“¬ ¡’ºŸâ‡ ’¬™’«‘µ 61 √“¬ Õ“§“√∫â“π‡√◊Õπæ—ß∑≈“¬°«à“ 537 ·Ààß §«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬ 23 ≈â“π¥Õ≈≈à“√å - 29 惻®‘°“¬π æ.». 2518 ‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«¢π“¥ 7.2 √‘°‡µÕ√å ∑’ËŒ“«“¬Õ’°§√—Èß °àÕ„À⇰‘¥§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘ 47 øÿµ ¡’ºŸâ‡ ’¬™’«‘µ 2 √“¬ ·≈– ∑√—æ¬å ‘π‡ ’¬À“¬¡Ÿ≈§à“ 4.1 ≈â“π¥Õ≈≈“√å - 17 °√°Ø“§¡ æ.». 2541 ‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«¢π“¥ 7.1 √‘°‡µÕ√å ∑’˪≈“ÿ¥¥â“πµ–«—πµ°¢Õß∑–‡≈∫‘ ¡“√姷≈–„π 20 π“∑’µàÕ¡“ °àÕ„Àâ§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘æßÿà ‡¢â“°√–·∑°™“¬Ωíßò „ àÀ¡Ÿ∫à “â π„𪓪í«π‘«°‘π’ ·≈–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥πÈ”∑à«¡ ‡ªìπ∫√‘‡«≥¬“«µ“¡√‘¡™“¬À“¥ 32 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ¡’ºŸâ‡ ’¬™’«‘µ 2,202 √“∫“¥‡®Á∫ 1,000 √“¬ ª√–™“™π°«à“À¡◊Ëπ§π∑’Ë√Õ¥™’«‘µµâÕ߉√â∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—- 26 ∏—𫓧¡ æ.». 2547 ‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«¢π“¥ 8.9 √‘°‡µÕ√å ∑’‡Ë °“– ÿ¡“µ√“ Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬ ‡°‘¥§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘ àߺ≈„Àâ¡’ºŸâ‡ ’¬™’«‘µπ—∫· π√“¬∑—Èß„πÕ‘π‡¥’Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬ »√’≈—ß°“ ¡“‡≈‡´’¬ ·≈–‰∑¬

Vital Events: çTsunamié Taking Human Lives - April 1, 1946: The 7.3 earthquake occurred at the Elutian Islands, Alaska State, the island of small and long size which is located in the North Pacific Ocean, triggering the çtsunamié that devastated the Hawaii Islands, resulting in 159 death tolls and the damage amounting to USD 29 million.

- November 5, 1950: The 8.2 earthquake occurred at the southern coast of the Gulf of Kamchatka (In the Pacific) to the far Trail of Destruction, the town of Kalmunai on Sri Lankaûs Eastern east of Russia, triggering the çtsunamié that overwhelmed the coast, Indonesia, Sri Lanka Suffered the most deaths and wide area of the North Pacific Ocean at the speed of about 500 devastation from the tsunami, Illustration from Time, January 10. miles or 800 kilometers per hour.

- March 9, 1957: Another 8.3 earthquake occurred at the Elutian Islands, triggering the 75 feet high çtsunamié. The wave moved as far as over 2,440 miles or about 3,904 kilometers throughout the Pacific Ocean at the speed of almost 800 kilometers per hour.

- May 23, 1960: The tsunami stroke Hawaii again as a result of the 8.3 earthquake in Chili. Most damage was concentrated in Hilo Village, Hawaii, while the death tolls amounted to 61 and 537 houses and buildings were destroyed, incurring the damage in the amount of USD 23 million.

- November 29, 1975: The 7.2 earthquake recurred in Hawaii, triggering the 47 feet high tsunami, causing 2 casualties and assets damage amounting to USD 4.1 million.

- July 17, 1998: The 7.2 earthquake occurred in the western end of the Bismark Sea. Twenty minutes later, the spawned tsunami stroke the coastal village in Papua New Guinea was located, generating the flood along the coastal line as far as 32 kilometers. The death tolls reached 2,202, with 1,000 people injured and over 10,000 survivals rendered homeless.

- December 26, 2004: The 8.9 earthquake occurred at the Sumatra Island, triggering the tsunami that caused over 100,000 deaths in India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Thailand.

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™à«ß®—∫‡¢à“§ÿ¬°—π ë Interview

‚¥¬ π≈‘π »√æ√À¡

By Nalin Sonnprom

·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«‡ªìπª√“°Æ°“√≥å∏√√¡™“µ‘√ªŸ ·∫∫Àπ÷ßË ∑’°Ë Õà „À⇰‘¥§«“¡‡ ’¬À“Õ¬à“ß¡À—πµå ”À√—∫ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡√“´÷ßË ‰¡à‡§¬¡’§«“¡§‘¥«à“®–‡°‘¥¿—¬æ‘∫µ— ·‘ ºàπ¥‘π‰À« ∑’Ë√ÿπ·√߇°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥â‡≈¬ ‡æ√“–‡ªìπ∑’ˇ™◊ËÕ«à“ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡’∑”‡≈∑’˵—ÈßÕ¬Ÿ„à π∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë ª≈Õ¥¿—¬®“°·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« ·µàª®í ®ÿ∫π— ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„À¡àÊ ∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√µ√«® Õ∫À≈—°∞“π ∑“ß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ‚∫√“≥§¥’·≈–ª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å µ≈Õ¥®π°“√µ√«®«—¥¥â«¬‡§√◊Õ¢à“∂“π’«—¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«√«¡∑—Èß®“°√“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπµà“ßÊ · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ «à“‡√“µâÕßµ√–Àπ—°∂÷ß¿—¬æ‘∫—µ‘®“°·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬·≈â« An earthquake is a natural phenomenon, which causes tremendous devastation. For Thailand, we have never thought of greater destructive earthquake as it is believed that Thailand is situated in a safety zone far away from the earthquake. But, currently update information, received from the proven evidence of geology, archaeology and history along with the measurement of earthquake network station, including other quake-prone reports, has shown that the disaster of earthquake must be recognized in Thailand. vital links: hightech buoys detect pacific Tsunams. ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 15

ª√“°Ø°“√≥å·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 26 ∏—𫓧¡ 2547 «—¥·√߉¥â∂÷ß 9.3 √‘°‡µÕ√å ‚¥¬¡’»Ÿπ¬å°≈“ßÕ¬Ÿà∑’ˇ°“–∑“ßµ–«—πµ°Àà“ß®“°™“¬ΩíòߢÕ߇°“– ÿ¡“µ√“ (‡¡◊ÕßÕ“‡®–Àåª√–‡∑»Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬) 80 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√·≈–Àà“ß®“°ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ (¿Ÿ‡°Áµ) ª√–¡“≥ 800 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ´÷Ëß∑—Èßπ’ȇªìπº≈¡“®“°°“√Õ—¥µ—«·≈–¡ÿ¥µ—«¢Õß·ºà𠇪≈◊Õ°‚≈°Õ‘π‡¥’¬≈߉ª„µâ·ºàπ¬Ÿ‡√‡´’¬ ´÷ßË ¬—ߺ≈„À⇰‘¥§≈◊πË ¬—°…å∑√’Ë ®Ÿâ °— °—π„ππ“¡ ç ÷π“¡‘é ∑’‡Ë §≈◊ÕË πµ—«¡“∑“ß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√Õ‘π‡¥’¬·≈–∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π‡¢â“°√–∑∫™“¬Ωíßò ®—ßÀ«—¥¿Ÿ‡°Áµ °√–∫’Ë ß¢≈“ µ√—ß √–πÕß µŸ≈ ‚¥¬§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…剥â‚∂¡°√–ÀπË”·≈– °«“¥∑ÿ° ‘Ëß∑ÿ°Õ¬à“ß≈ß Ÿà∑–‡≈ ∑”„Àâ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬™’«‘µ·≈–∑√—æ¬å ‘π®π¡‘Õ“®ª√–‡¡‘π §à“‰¥â ‡æ◊ËÕ¡‘„À⇰‘¥§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬®“°∏√≥’æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬Õ¬à“߉¡à∑—π√–«—߇™àππ’È¢÷ÈπÕ’° √—∞∫“≈®÷ß¡’¡µ‘§≥–√—∞¡πµ√’„Àâ¡°’ “√«“ß√–∫∫‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬≈à«ßÀπâ“¢÷πÈ „πª√–‡∑»‰∑«“√ “√‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«©∫—∫∑’Ë 15 π’È ®÷ߢÕπ”∑à“πºŸâÕà“π¡“æ∫·≈–查§ÿ¬°—∫ √Õß»“ µ√“®“√¬å ¥√.ªí≠≠“ «“√ÿ»‘√‘ À—«Àπâ“Àπ૬ªØ‘∫—µ‘°“√«‘®—¬∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“ ·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«·≈–∏√≥’ ≥ — ∞“π §≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ‡°’ˬ« °—∫°“√µ‘¥µ—Èß√–∫∫‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬ ÷π“¡‘„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬

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‡°’ˬ«°—∫√–∫∫‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬ ÷π“¡‘‚¥¬ —߇¢ª ç∑ÿ°§√—ßÈ ∑’‡Ë °‘¥ ÷π“¡‘√“â ¬·√ß¡—°¡’§πµ“¬‡ ¡Õ ‡™àπ∑’πË °‘ “√“°—« ‡¡◊ÕË §.».1992 ¡’ºŸâ‡ ’¬™’«‘µ°«à“ 270 §π ªï‡¥’¬«°—π∑’ËÕ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬Õ’° 1,000 §π ·≈–∑’Ëøî≈‘ªªîπ å ªï §.». 1994 Õ’° 62 §π À≈“¬™“µ‘®÷ß¡’·π«§‘¥µ‘¥µ—Èß√–∫∫‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬¢÷Èπ ‚¥¬‡√‘Ë¡ ®“°Õ‡¡√‘°“·≈–≠’˪ÿÉπ ∑’˪√– ∫¿—¬ ÷π“¡‘∫àÕ¬§√—È߇π◊ËÕß®“°‡ªìπª√–‡∑»„π à«π∑’Ë ‡√’¬° ç«ß·À«π‰øé ¢Õß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî° ‚¥¬∑”‡ªìπ‚§√ß°“√√–∫∫‡µ◊Õπ¿—÷π“¡‘∑ª’Ë √–°Õ∫¥â«¬ ¡“™‘°®“° 26 ™“µ‘ ´÷ßË ¡’¿“√°‘®„π°“√µ‘¥µ“¡ µ√«® Õ∫§≈◊πË ·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«·≈– ∂“π’«—¥√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈„π∫√‘‡«≥‡¢µ·ª´‘øî° ‡æ◊ËÕ„™âª√–‡¡‘π »—°¬¿“æ°“√‡°‘¥§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘·≈–„™â ”À√—∫„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬‡√◊ËÕß ÷π“¡‘ ‚¥¬¡’»Ÿπ¬å‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬ ÷π“¡‘¿“§æ◊Èπ·ª´‘øî° (Pacific Tsunami Warning Center À√◊Õ PTWC) ‡ªìπ»Ÿπ¬åªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“π¥â“π ÷π“¡‘„π‡¢µ·ª´‘øî°µ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà„°≈⇡◊ÕߌÕπ ‚π≈Ÿ≈Ÿ∫π‡°“–Œ“«“¬ »Ÿπ¬å‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬ ÷π“¡‘π’È®—¥«à“‡ªìπ à«πÀπ÷ËߢÕß‚§√ß°“√§«“¡ ™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ “°≈„π°“√™à«¬™’«‘µ·≈–ª°ªÑÕß∑√—æ¬å ‘π´÷ËßÀπà«ß“π NOAA ·≈–Àπà « ¬ß“π„Àâ ∫ √‘ ° “√¢â Õ ¡Ÿ ≈ Õ“°“» “°≈ ¥”‡π‘π°“√√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫ 2 »Ÿπ¬å §◊Õ (1) »Ÿπ¬å‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬ ÷π“¡‘ Õ≈“ °“ (Alaska Tsunami Warning Center À√◊Õ ATWC) ∑’ˇ¡◊Õß Palmen √—∞Õ≈“ °“ §√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡‡¢µ√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫·∂∫ Õ≈“ °“ ∫√‘µ™‘ ‚§≈—¡‡∫’¬ «Õ™‘ßµ—π ‚Õ‡√°Õπ·≈–·§≈‘øÕ√å‡π’(2) »Ÿπ¬å‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬ ÷π“¡‘·ª´‘øî°„πÀ“¥Õ’«“ (Ewa Beach) √—∞ Œ“«“¬ §√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡∫√‘‡«≥Œ“«“¬ ·≈– À¡Ÿà‡°“–Õ◊Ëπ„π·∂∫ ·ª´‘ø°î

Earthquake phenomenon on December 26, 2004, measured at a magnitude of 9.3 Richter, with the epicenter 80 kilometers off the west coast of Sumatra Island (Aceh, Indonesia), and about 800 kilometers far from Thailand (Phuket) are a result of compression and recession of the Indian Plate diving under the Eurasian Plate. Their rupture generated the giant wave, commonly known as, çTsunamié, moving from the Indian Ocean and the Andaman Sea and striking the coasts of Phuket, Krabi, Songkla, Trang, Ranong and Satul. The giant wave heavily hit and swept everything to the sea, causing massive losses of lives and properties, too much to be to be estimated in terms of value.

To avoid such destruction from the imminent geo hazard, the government has agreed to install an early warning system in Thailand.

This GREEN LINE Vol. 15 would like to invite you to meet and discuss with Assistant Professor Dr. Panya Warusiri, Head of Operational Research, Seismology and Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, about the installment of Tsunami Warning System in Thailand.

Q: A:

About Tsunami Warning System Every time tsunami occurs, losses of lives have always involved, for example, Nicaragua in 1992, it killed more than 270 people. Same year in Indonesia, 1,000 people died and in Philippines, 62 people were dead in 1994. Several countries, thus, have thought of installing a warning system, starting from the United States and Japan, where tsunami often take place due to its location along the çRing of Fireé of the Pacific Ocean. The Tsunami Warning System comprises of members from 26 countries, which have the functions of monitoring seismological and tidal stations throughout the Pacific Basin to evaluate potentially tsunamigenic earthquakes and disseminating tsunami warning information. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) is the tsunami operational center in the Pacific Rim, located near Honolulu, Hawaii. This warning center is a part of the International Aids of Human Life and Property, which the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrationûs (NOAA) and National Weather Service are responsible for the operations of two tsunami warning centers.

They are (1) the Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (ATWC) in Palmer, Alaska, serving as the regional Tsunami Warning Center for Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California. (2) The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) in Ewa Beach, Hawaii, serving as the regional Tsunami Warning Center for Hawaii and other Pacific archipelago. ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 17

‡π◊ËÕß®“°§≈◊Ë𧫓¡ Ÿß¢Õß ÷π“¡‘µË”„π¢≥–∑’ˇ§≈◊ËÕπµ—«„ππÈ”≈÷° „πÕ¥’µ √–∫∫∑’Ë„™âµ√«®®—∫§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…åπ’È®÷߬—߉¡à‰¥â∂Ÿ°æ—≤π“‡∑à“∑’˧«√ »Ÿπ¬å‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬ ÷π“¡‘ ·ª´‘øî°„πŒ“«“¬‡ªìπ»Ÿπ¬å∑’Ë„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√„π¬à“π·ª´‘øî° ‚¥¬¡’≈—°…≥–°“√ ¥”‡π‘πß“π‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ ÷π“¡‘„π 2 ·∫∫ §◊Õ °“√‡ΩÑ“√–«—ß (monitoring) ·≈–°“√ ‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬ (warning) °“√·∂≈ß¢à“«°“√‡ΩÑ“√–«—߇√◊ËÕß ÷π“¡‘®–ÕÕ°Õ“°“»‡¡◊ËÕ ·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«‡°‘¥¢÷Èπµ—Èß·µà¢π“¥ 6.75 µ“¡¡“µ√“√‘°‡µÕ√å ‡ªìπµâπ‰ª à«π°“√ ·∂≈ß°“√≥凵◊Õπ¿—¬π—Èπ®–°√–∑”µàÕ‡¡◊ËÕ‰¥â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“° ∂“π’«—¥√–¥—∫πÈ” ´÷Ëß∫àß™’È ∂÷ß»—°¬¿“æ∑’ËÕ“®°àÕ„À⇰‘¥ ÷π“¡‘‰¥â ∂“π’«—¥√–¥—∫πÈ”®–∑”°“√∫—π∑÷°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ‡°’ˬ«°—∫πÈ”√Õ∫Ê ∂“π’ ·≈â«®–ª√–°“»‡µ◊Õπ‡¡◊ËÕ≈—°…≥–·≈– ¡∫—µ‘¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈µ√ß °—∫»—°¬¿“æ°“√‡°‘¥ ÷π“¡‘·µà‡ªìπ∑’πË “à —ß‡°µ«à“√–∫∫¥—ß°≈à“«Õ“®‰¡à∂°Ÿ µâÕ߇ ¡Õ‰ª ·≈–®“° ∂‘µ‘√âÕ¬≈– 75 ¢Õß°“√‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬∑—ÈßÀ¡¥µ—Èß·µàªï 2490 (§.». 1948) ‡ªìπ µâπ¡“π—πÈ º‘¥æ≈“¥ ¥—ßµ—«Õ¬à“߇Àµÿ°“√≥åªï æ.». 2491 ∑’ŒË Õπ‚π≈Ÿ≈Ÿ (‡°“–Œ“«“¬) ´÷ßË ¡’ª√–°“»‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬∑”„ÀâµÕâ ßÕæ¬æºŸ§â π´÷ßË ‡ªìπ°“√‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬∑’ºË ¥‘ æ≈“¥ ‡π◊ÕË ß®“° ‡Àµÿ°“√≥åπ—Èπ‰¡à‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ ∑”„Àâ ‘Èπ§à“„™â®à“¬°«à“ 30 ≈â“π¥Õ≈≈à“√å (À√◊Õª√–¡“≥ 1,200 ≈â“π∫“∑)

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°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß√–∫∫‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬ ÷π“¡‘‚¥¬ —߇¢ª ç„πªí®®ÿ∫π— ‰¥âæ≤ — π“√–∫∫¡“°¢÷πÈ „π°“√µ√«®«—¥«à“‡°‘¥§≈◊πË ÷π“¡‘¢π÷È ®√‘ß ‚¥¬°“√µ‘¥µ—È߇§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ DART (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis System) ∑’Ë·ª≈«à“ ç≈Ÿ°¥Õ°é ´÷Ëß¡’∑—Èß à«π∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà∫π ∫°·≈–∑–‡≈ ´÷ßË ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ à«π∫—π∑÷°°“√‰À« –‡∑◊Õπ¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ°‚≈° ·≈– à«π «—¥°“√¢÷Èπ-≈ߢÕß√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ DART ®÷ß¡’≈—°…≥–§≈⓬∑ÿàπ ∫“ß à«πµ‘¥æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ∑–‡≈ ∫“ß à«π≈Õ¬Õ¬Ÿàº‘«πÈ” ‡π◊ËÕß®“°·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«À≈“¬§√—È߉¡à„™à«à“®–‡°‘¥ ÷π“¡‘ ∑ÿ°§√—Èß ¥—ßπ—Èπ√–∫∫‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬®÷ßµâÕߪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ«—¥§«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß √–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈Õ¬à“ß≈–‡Õ’¬¥ ≥ ®ÿ¥µ‘¥µ—Èߥ⫇§√◊Ë Õ ß«— ¥ π’È ‡ ªì 𠇧√◊Ë Õ ß¡◊ Õ ∑’Ë ∫ Õ°«à “ ‡°‘ ¥ ·ºà 𠥑 π ‰À« ·≈–∫Õ°«à “ ‡°‘ ¥ πÈ”∑–‡≈°√–‡æ◊ËÕ¡ À√◊Õ ∫“ß∑’Õ“®®–‡°‘¥°≈“ß∑–‡≈„π¿“«–ª°µ‘ °“√‡°‘¥ ÷π“¡‘ À√◊Õ‰¡àµâÕß¡’ 2 ªí®®—¬π’ȧ«∫§Ÿà°—π §◊Õ ¡’∑—Èß·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«·≈–¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ√–¥—∫ ¢ÕßπÈ”∑–‡≈‰¡àπâÕ¬°«à“ 1 ‡¡µ√ µ√ßπ’È¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑ÿ°Õ¬à“ß®– à߉ª¬—ß™“¬Ωíòß™π‘¥æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ≥ ‡«≈“®√‘ß (Real Time) ‡¡◊ËÕ∂÷ß™“¬Ωíòß°ÁµÕâ ß¡’√–∫∫ ◊ÕË “√∑’¡Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ Ÿß √Õß√—∫‡æ◊ÕË °√–®“¬¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ àßµàÕ„ÀâÀπà«¬ß“π ‡™àπ °√¡Õÿµπÿ ¬‘ ¡«‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’ °√¡∑√—欓°√∑“ß∑–‡≈·≈–™“¬Ωíßò °“√‰øøÑ“ΩÉ“¬º≈‘µ °√¡™≈ª√–∑“π ”π—°ß“π ª√¡“≥Ÿ‡æ◊ËÕ —𵑠°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡·≈–∫√√‡∑“ “∏“√≥¿—¬ À√◊Õ Àπ૬ߓπ∑’ËÕ“®®—¥ µ—Èߢ÷Èπ¡“摇»…∑’ˉ¡à‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫°√¡Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“ ·≈–°√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’‡æ√“– ¡’§«“¡®”‡ªìπ∑’Ë®–µâÕß¡’‡®â“¿“æ∑’Ë∑”‡√◊ËÕßπ’È‚¥¬‡©æ“– ‡æ◊ËÕ®–‰¥â√Ÿâ«à“„§√‡ªìπ ºŸâ√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫À≈—° Àπ૬ߓππ’È®÷ßπà“®–µâÕ߇ªìπÀπ૬ߓπÕ‘ √– ¡¡ÿµ‘∂Ⓣ¥âÕ¬à“ß π’È·≈â« °ÁµâÕß à߇«Á∫‰≈πå (Web Line) À√◊Õ ‚∑√»—æ∑å “¬µ√ßÀ“ œæ≥œ 𓬰

Because of the small wave height a tsunami has during much of its journey through deep water, a reliable early detection system for tsunamis has yet to be developed. PTWC in Hawaii is the center to provide information in the Pacific Basin. Its tsunami operational work has 2 processes, that is, monitoring and warning. Tsunami Monitoring Information Bulletin will be issued when the earthquake occurs with a magnitude of 6.75 or greater on the Richter scale. On the other hand, the Tsunami Warning Bulletin will be issued when receiving the information from tidal stations indicating that a potentially tsunami exists.

Tidal stations will record information about the water around them and issue a warning when characteristics of the sea begin to match those of a potential tsunami. Unfortunately, it is noticeable that the mentioned system may not always be reliable. And from the statistics, 75% of total warnings issued since 1948 have been false. For example, Honolulu was evacuated in 1948 on a false tsunami alert, causing a cost of more than $30 million dollars (or about 1,200 million Baht).

Q: A:

How does a Tsunami Warning System Work?

At present, the system has been further developed to measure if the real tsunami occurs, by installing the equipment, called DART (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis System), meaning ça small pointed missileé, which is set at the surface and seafloor. Its component consists of a bottom pressure recorder and a gauge of sea tide level, similar to buoy, some of which is on seabed while the others is at the surface. As many of the earthquakes taking place donût necessarily relate to the tsunami, the warning system must have the gauge equipment to elaborately detect the activity of sea level at the installation point as well.

This gauge instrument is an equipment to specify if the earthquake takes place, the sea level activity develops, or sometimes the wave may take place in the middle of the sea at a normal circumstance. Whether a tsunami exists, it relies on these 2 factors together, that is, the emergence of both earthquake and the displacement of sea level not less than 1 meter. At this point, every data will be sent to ashore at real time. Once received the data, the effective communication system is required to distribute data to other departments, such as the Meteorological Department, the Department of Mineral Resources, the Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, the Electricity Generation Authority of Thailand, the Royal Irrigation Department, the Office of Atoms for Peace, the Department of Disaster Prevention and Relief, and other specially established agencies, unrelated to the Meteorological Department and the Department of Mineral Resources, which are in need to be specifically held responsible for this matter. This agency, thus, should be independent agency. Once all things completed, the data must be sent to Web Line or a direct phone call to the Prime Minister is carried out in order to inform accordingly. Then, the appointed agency will issue a tsunami warning alert. Nevertheless, the good warning requires a strong cooperation from officials both at coast and ashore. ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 19

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Q: A:

Trend to Establish Independent Agency to Be Responsible Directly for Tsunami In Thailand

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The Need of Thailand to install Warning System

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Risk of Tsunami in Thailand

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Directions to develop Warning System in Thailand

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Position to pose buoys in Thailand

This issue takes time because of the limitations of budget, human resources, and unavailability of equipment at hand. It is estimated that in about 2 years, it may be completed. Moreover, Mr.Smith, a vice Minister, along with his team are fully in charge of this project.

50 years ago, the system had just been established and its development might not have been good enough. The tsunami warning had been issued several times, but with only 25% accurate while 75% incorrect due to the ineffective technology at that time. At present, technologies have been largely improved and believed that its assessment of the event is over 85-90% precise. Moreover, from the study of information and history of earthquakeûs occurrences in Thailand and nearby area, itûs been found that earthquakes may possibly occur again in the future in those areas where they used to take place, especially in the Andaman Island-Nicobar Island, which is far from Thailand but closer to where the earthquake emerged this time. Therefore, Thailand finds it necessary to install the warning system and Thailand should be its center because the earthquake is potentially to take place in this area. The direction for the next research will be focusing on the capability to detect its occurrence to ensure confidence.

Thailand is more potentially risky of having tsunami than India, Burma or Malaysia. These countries may not be much affected. But if considering the map, Burma is in the risky zone where there is more chance of an earthquake to occur than its counterpart.

The 1st Stage considers the distinct potential of Thailand because Thailand network system is the best. It is not difficult to show our excellence, demonstrating that Thailandûs infrastructure is the best. As the most important component of the warning system is the communication system, Thailand has the highest potential in this region.

The 2nd Stage considers a key factor of the main equipment system, that is, a high technology requiring the higher processing cost. So, cooperation from other countries is a must.

From the study of information, it is possible that an earthquake might occur due to the fault line beneath the seabed in the nearby area of Thailand. The earthquake, thus, may possible take place in the coastal areas of Phuket, Pang-nga and Ranong. (See illustration) ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 21

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¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π– ”À√—∫‡¡◊Õ߉∑ªí®®ÿ∫—π¬—ߧ߉¡à¡’√–∫∫‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬ ÷π“¡‘·≈–√–∫∫Àπ’¿—¬¢÷Èπ„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ·µà°Á §‘¥«à“πà“®–¡’„πÕ𓧵 ·¡â„π·ºπ∑’Ë‚≈°®–‰¡à‰¥â√–∫ÿ«à“æ◊Èπ∑’ËΩíòß∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π®– ‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’‡Ë ’ˬ߿—¬ ÷π“¡‘ ‡§¬‡¢’¬π∫∑§«“¡√à«¡°—∫Õ“®“√¬å¡πµ√’ ™Ÿ«ß…å ·≈–§ÿ≥ ÿ«∑‘ ¬å ‚§ ÿ«√√≥ (®“°°√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’) ‡°’¬Ë «°—∫‡√◊ËÕßπ’È ´÷ËßÕ¬“°®–„Àâ¢âÕ‡ πÕ ·π–„π‡√◊ËÕß√–∫∫‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬„π 3 ≈—°…≥– §◊Õ çµ–‚°π‡√Á«·≈–·¡àπ¬”é À¡“¬∂÷߇√“µâÕß¡’‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’Ë∑—π ¡—¬ ‚¥‡©æ“–µ–‚°π‡√Á« ´÷Ë߇°’ˬ«‡π◊ËÕß°—∫√–∫∫‡ΩÑ“√–«—ß´÷Ëß®–¡’‡§√◊ËÕß«—¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« ·≈–‡§√◊ËÕß«—¥√–¥—∫πÈ”∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ·≈–¡’√–∫∫‡§√◊Õ¢à“¬∑’Ë¥’¡“°°—∫µà“ß ª√–‡∑»„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë„°≈⇧’¬ß ª√– “πß“π¥â“π ÷π“¡‘¥â«¬°—π‡¡◊ËÕ√Ÿâ«à“‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« √ÿπ·√ß¢π“¥µ—Èß·µà 7.5 √‘°‡µÕ√å¢÷Èπ‰ª („π∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π‚¥¬‡©æ“–·∂∫µ–«—π µ°¢ÕßÀ¡Ÿà‡°“–Õ—π¥“¡—π-𑂧∫“√å ‡§¬‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«¢π“¥ 7 √‘°‡µÕ√å·≈â« À≈“¬§√—ßÈ ·µà‰¡à‡§¬‡°‘¥ ÷π“¡‘) ¥—ßπ—πÈ µâÕß√Ÿ„â Àâ·πà«“à ‡°‘¥·ºà𠥑π‰À«√ÿπ·√ß∑’Ë„¥ ∂â“√ÿπ·√ß∂÷ߢ’¥¥—ß°≈à“« (·≈–µ√ß°—∫ æ◊È π ∑’Ë „ 𧫓¡ π„®¢Õ߇√“) ª√–°Õ∫°— ∫ ¡’ ‡ §√◊Ë Õ ß¡◊ Õ «— ¥ ¡“µ√“°“√¢÷Èπ≈ߢÕßπÈ”·∫∫∑’Ë∑—π ¡—¬π’È„™â„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ ·ª´‘ø°î ¥â«¬¬‘ßË ¥’¡“° ‡æ√“–‡√“®–√Ÿ∑â π— ∑’«“à ¡’§«“¡º‘¥ª°µ‘¢π÷È ·≈–°Á„Àâ√’∫µ–‚°πÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«‚¥¬¡’√–∫∫ ◊ËÕ “√∑’Ë∑—π ¡—¬°Õª√å¥â«¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ Ÿß ´÷Ëß∑”„Àâ ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬·≈–√Õ∫¢â“߉¥â√—∫√Ÿâ∑—Ë«∂÷ß«à“‡°‘¥§≈◊Ëπ·≈â«π– ·≈–¥â«¬°“√ √â“ß·∫∫®”≈Õߧ≈◊Ëπ (wave simulation À√◊Õ tsunami propagation) ”À√—∫°“√‡°‘¥ ÷π“¡‘∑’Ë√«¥‡√Á« (∂÷ßµÕππ—Èπ‡√“§ßµâÕß¡’ºŸâ™”π“≠°“√¥â“ππ’Èæ√âÕ¡∑ÿ°‡«≈“ Õ¬Ÿ·à ≈â«) ª√–°Õ∫°—∫Àπ૬ߓπ∑—ßÈ ¢Õß√—∞·≈–Õߧ尓√¡À“™π ‡™àπ GISTDA ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂‡™‘ß —Ëß·≈–º≈‘µ¿“殓° ¥“«‡∑’¬¡ ™π‘¥ ç≥ ‡«≈“π—Èπé (Real Time) „Àâµ√«®‡™Á§ ¥â«¬¿“殓°¥“«‡∑’¬¡ ‡™àπ ¿“æ ªÕµ (SPOT) Õ‘‚§πÕ (IKONOS) À√◊Õ §«‘°‡∫Õ√å¥ (Quick Bird) „π∑—π∑’ ‡æ◊ËÕ¥Ÿ «à“‡°‘¥ ÷π“¡‘À√◊Õ‰¡à ®“°π—Èπ®÷ß√’∫§”π«≥Õ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á««à“ ‡°‘¥ ÷π“¡‘À√◊Õ‰¡à ∂Ⓡ°‘¥®√‘ßµâÕ߉ª Ÿà≈—°…≥–∑’Ë Õß

Q: A:

Suggestions for Thailand Currently, there is neither Tsunami Warning System nor Evacuation System in Thailand, but they will be in the future. Even though a global map does not point out the coastal area of Andaman Sea as a risk zone for destructive tsunamis, the article, written with the cooperation between Archan Montri Chuwong and Khun Suwit Kosuwan (from the Department of Mineral Resources) has addressed this issue that I would like to share. There are 3 stages of warning system. They are:çRapid shout and accurateé means we must have advanced technologies, especially in terms of a rapid shout, which relates to the monitoring system. This system requires effective gauge equipment for earthquake and sea level and a very well network system connected to neighboring countries working for tsunamis together. Once the earthquake with the magnitude of 7.5 Richter or greater (in the Andaman sea, especially in the west of Andaman-Nicobar Islands, where the number of earthquakes at a magnitude of 7.0 Richter took place but didnût generate the tsunami) is acknowledged, the ability to detect the exact presence of severe earthquake is a must. If the magnitude of the earthquake meets our crisis level (and within our interests), the rapid shout is carried out immediately. It would also be better if it is confirmed by the modern gauge equipment measuring the tidal level in the Pacific Ocean because we will immediately know that abnormality exists. With the advanced communication system along with high technologies and the wave simulation or tsunami propagation for the fast occurrence of tsunami, Thailand and its neighboring countries can then acknowledge the presence of tsunami straight away.

(At that time, we should already have experts to stand by all the time.)

Together with agencies from both the government and private sector, such as GISTDA that has the capacity to produce çreal timeé photo such as SPOT, IKONOS or QUICK BIRD from the satellite to check if the tsunami occurs. Then, the calculation process is performed at once to confirm whether or not the tsunami develops. If it does, it will lead to the 2nd stage. çEscape fasté is the 2nd stage when people have already known of news and tsunami information. The education about tsunami is also significant, such as which area to be evacuated. Not everybody has to evacuate. Only people in the area of coastline need to escape immediately, while people and buildings that are 20 meter from the sea level are actually safe and they are the safe zone to be evacuated to.

The direction for çWarning Alerté in the long term is that the subject of geo hazards, no matter what they are; be an earthquake, volcano, immediate and repeated flood or draught, sink holes, and tsunami, should be added to school lessons from the primary level to the secondary one. The çescape fasté drill should be implemented by preparing the rehearsal plan of çescape fasté for people both children and adults. It can be practiced once a year in the areas where the natural disasters occur, and rotate throughout a year. These will as well be the contribution to the victims of the disaster. This is not the escape to die so the area must often be cleared. ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 23

çÀπ’‡√Á«é ´÷Ëß„π™—Èπ∑’Ë Õßπ’ȇ¡◊ËÕª√–™“™π√—∫∑√“∫¢à“« “√·≈–¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ÷π“¡‘·≈â« °“√„Àâ°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕß ÷π“¡‘°Á‡ªìπ ‡√◊ËÕß ”§—≠ ‡™àπ ∫Õ°«à“ºŸâ§π·∂∫„¥∫â“ß∑’˧«√Àπ’ ‰¡à„™à∑ÿ°§πÀπ’À¡¥À√◊Õ∫π‡¢“°ÁÀπ’ ‡Õ“‡©æ“–§π∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà·∂∫™“¬À“¥ ‡∑à“π—Èπ∑’˧«√√’∫Àπ’ ºŸâ§π·≈–∫â“π‡√◊Õπ ‘Ëß°àÕ √â“ß∑’Ë ŸßÊ ‡™àπ ‡°‘π°«à“ 20 ‡¡µ√®“°√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ π—∫‰¥â«à“ª≈Õ¥¿—¬„π °“√À𒉪∑’Ëπ—Ëπ ·π«∑“ß°“√ 燵◊Õπ„Àâ√Ÿâé „π·∫∫√–¬–¬“« ¥â«¬°“√¢Õ„Àâ∫√√®ÿÀ—«¢âÕ‡√◊ËÕß∏√≥’æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬ (Geohazards) ∑ÿ°·∫∫„™â „π∫∑‡√’¬πµ—ßÈ ·µà√–¥—∫ª√–∂¡»÷°…“®π∂÷ßÕÿ¥¡»÷°…“‰¡à«“à ®–‡ªìπ·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« ¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø√–‡∫‘¥ πÈ”∑à«¡©—∫æ≈—π·≈–´È”´“° À√◊Õ ¿—¬·≈âß (Draught) À≈ÿ¡¬ÿ∫ (Sinkholes) ·≈– ÷π“¡‘ ¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π°“√Ωñ°´âÕ¡„Àâ çÀπ’‡√Á«é §«√µâÕß¡’°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√‚¥°“√‡µ√’¬¡·ºπ°“√´âÕ¡ çÀπ’‡√Á«é ‰«â„Àâª√–™“™π‰¥â∑√“∫‰¡à«à“‡¥Á°À√◊ÕºŸâ„À≠à ‚¥¬Õ“®∑”∑’≈–§√—Èßµ“¡∑’˵à“ßÊ ∑’˪√– ∫ ¿—¬„π·µà≈–∑’ËÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π‰ªµ≈Õ¥ªïÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬æ◊Èπ∑’Ë≈– 1 §√—ÈßµàÕªï ‡æ◊ËÕ√à«¡∑”∫ÿ≠‰«âÕ“≈—¬·°àºŸâª√– ∫¿—¬§√—Èßπ’ȥ⫬ ç‰¡à„™à À𒉪µ“¬é ¥—ßπ—ÈπµâÕß¡’°“√‡§≈’¬√åæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∫àÕ¬Ê ª√–°“√ ÿ¥∑⓬ ç·ºπ∑’Ë ÿ¥™—¥é §«√∫Õ°„Àâ™—¥«à“∑“ß Àπ’µâÕß„™â‡ âπ∑“߉Àπ∫â“ß ·µà≈–‡ âπ„™â‡«≈“°’Ëπ“∑’ ·≈–Õ¬à“ ≈◊¡∑“ßÀπ’∑’Ë¥’µâÕß –¥«° √«¥‡√Á« ª≈Õ¥¿—¬ ·µà≈–®ÿ¥∑’˺à“𠇧¬‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’ˇ ’¬À“¬Àπ—°À√◊Õ‡≈Á°πâÕ¬‡∑à“„¥ ´÷Ëß°“√‰¥â¡“¢Õß ·ºπ∑’Ë¥—ß°≈à“«®”‡ªìπµâÕßÕ“»—¬°“√∑”·ºπ∑’Ë¿Ÿ¡‘ª√–‡∑»¢—Èπ √“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥ ·≈–∫Õ°„À≥â«à“æ◊Èπ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬¡’¢π“¥ ‰Àπ À√◊Õ ‡§¬‰¥â√—∫§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬¡“°À√◊ÕπâÕ¬ Õÿ∑¬“π‡ ’À“¬‰ª¡“°πâÕ¬‡∑à“„¥¢Õßæ◊Èπ∑’ËÕÿ∑¬“π∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ ∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë√“∫ ‡ ’¬‰ª‡∑à“„¥ À√◊Õ ∫√‘‡«≥∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬‡∑à“„¥ ™“¬À“¥‡∑à“„¥ ´÷Ëß ·ºπ∑’Ë¥—ß°≈à“« Õ“®„™â‡«≈“„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå«‘®—¬‡æ◊ËÕ°”Àπ¥ æ◊Èπ∑’ËÕ—πµ√“¬®“° ÷π“¡‘ (Tsunami Hazard Map) ·ºπ∑’Ë ¥—ß°≈à“«§«√∑”°“√æ‘¡æ出¬·æ√àÕ¬à“ߥ’„Àâ°—∫®—ßÀ«—¥ ‡∑»∫“≈ µ”∫≈ ‚√߇√’¬π «—¥ ·≈– ∂“π∑’Ë√“™°“√µà“ßÊ µ≈Õ¥®π„Àâ°—∫ π—°∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« (æ°µ‘¥µ—«) ¥â«¬‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ߧ«“¡¡—Ëπ„®„π§«“¡ ª≈Õ¥¿—¬„Àâ°—∫æ«°‡¢“ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¿“殓° §≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—Illustration from the Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University

The last stage, çVery clear map,é should visibly indicate which evacuation route must be used and how much time it will take for each route. And do not forget that the good escape route must be convenient, fast and safe and it must be able to pinpoint how damaged each route has been. In order to achieve this kind of map, the elaborated geographic map is required and it should be able to inform how many of the destructions areas are exposed or how damaged they used to be. It should also be able to tell how much damage the national park has been proportionally compared to the total areas of the national parks, how much damage the plain areas, or the residential areas, and the beach areas have been. This map may require quite a time to analyze and conduct research in order to define the hazard area from tsunami. The map should be very well published and distributed to provinces, municipalities, districts, schools, temples, and other government agencies and to the tourists (pocketbook) to boost their confidence and security.

24 ë ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE

Ω“°¢âÕ§‘¥‡ÀÁπ §π‰∑¬¡—°®–≈◊¡§‘¥°—πÕ¬Ÿ‡à √◊ÕË ßÀπ÷ßË §◊Õ °“√Ωñ° º¡«à“ ‡√“§«√µâÕß¡’°“√Ωñ°§π¢÷Èπ¡“‡ªìπ«‘∑¬“°√∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë¥â“π ·ºà 𠥑 π ‰À«·≈– ÷ π “¡‘ ‚¥¬°“√Ωñ ° µâ Õ ßΩñ ° „Àâ √Ÿâ ∑ÿ ° à « π ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å∑’˺à“π¡“‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 26 ∏.§. 2547 ‡ªìπ¢âÕ‡µ◊Õπ„® ∑’˵âÕß®¥®” ·µà§π‡√“π“π«—π‡¢â“°Á®–≈◊¡Õ’° °“√Ωñ°π’È®÷ß §«√Ωñ°∫àÕ¬Ê ‡À¡◊Õπ°“√Ωñ°Àπ’‰øªï≈–§√—Èß°Á¬—ߥ’ ¡’°“√ ´âÕ¡·≈–°“√‡§≈’¬√åæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ·≈â«∑ÿ°Õ¬à“ß®–ÕÕ°¡“¥’ æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’Ë ‰¡à§«√‡ªî¥√â“π¢“¬¢ÕßÀ“∫‡√à À√◊Õ ‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’ˇ ’ˬ߿—¬ À√◊Õ °“√ √â“ß ‘Ëߪ≈Ÿ° √â“ߢ«“ß·π«∑“ßÀπ’¿—¬°Á®–∂Ÿ°µ√«®‡™Á§ Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ªï≈– 1 §√—È߇™àπ°—π °“√‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À««—¥·√ß —πË –‡∑◊Õπ‰¥â∑’Ë 9.3 √‘°‡µÕ√å „π∫√‘‡«≥‡°“–π’·Õ (Nias) ª√–‡∑»Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬ ´÷Ëß„°≈â °—∫∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˇ°‘¥‡¥‘¡‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 29 ¡’π“§¡ 2548 ∑’˺à“π¡“ ·µà‰¡à°Õà „À⇰‘¥§≈◊πË ¬—°…å π÷ “¡‘ ‡æ’¬ß‡°‘¥§≈◊πË Ÿß 10 ‡´Á𵑇¡µ√ „π∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíßò ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√Õ‘π‡¥’¬ ·≈–√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß¢÷πÈ 30 ‡¡µ√∫√‘‡«≥‡°“–π’·Õ ∑”„Àâ™’È™—¥«à“√–∫∫‡µ◊Õπ¿—§«√¡’ ¢÷È π „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ‡æ√“–‡Àµÿ ° “√≥å ∑’Ë ‡ æ‘Ë ß ºà “ π¡“ ‡¡◊ËÕ§◊π«—π∑’Ë 29 ¡’π“§¡ 2548 Õ“®∑”„Àâ∑ÿ°§π —∫ π °“√®—¥√–∫∫°“√ ◊ËÕ “√°“√·®âß¢à“«·≈–°“√®—¥°“√Õæ¬æ ª√–™“°√ “¡“√∂®—¥°“√‰¥â‡ªìπ√–∫∫¡“°¢÷Èπ ·µà°Á‡À¡◊Õπ µÕ°¬È”§«“¡Ωíß„®„Àâ°—∫ª√–™“™π„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¡“°¢÷Èπ‡™àπ°—π∂â“ ‰¡à¡’°“√∑”Õ–‰√„À⥒¢÷Èπ°«à“‡¥‘¡ Õ¬à“߉√°Á¥¿—’ ¬ ÷π“¡‘∑‡’Ë °‘¥¢÷πÈ „π∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π„π§√—ßÈ π’È „À⧫“¡√Ÿâ·°à‡√“Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß«à“§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ÷π“¡‘·∑â®√‘ß·≈⫬—ß ¡’‡«≈“„Àâ¡πÿ…¬å‡√“‡µ√’¬¡µ—«‡Õ“™’«‘µ√Õ¥ 1-2 ™—Ë«‚¡ß¢÷Èπ‰ª ∂â“À“°«à“®—¥√–∫∫‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬≈à«ßÀπâ“∑’Ë¥’æÕ

Food for Thought The Thai people usually forget one thing, that is, the practice. I think we should train people to be trainer serving in the field of earthquake and tsunami. By training, it means we must be trained to know every part of it. The past event on December 26 was a reminder to be recognized but soon enough people will forget. So, the drill should often be practiced, same as the fire escape drill, at least once a year. It should be conducted as if it were real; all the area will be cleared. The consequential result will bear fruit. The areas, where street vendors are prohibited or in jeopardy, or buildings that block the escape plan likewise, must be checked at least once a year.

Earthquake with magnitude at 9.3 Richter around Nias Island, Indonesia occurred, which is quite closed to the prior area, on March 29, 2005.

However, it did not generate a giant tsunami wave.

The height of the wave was 10 centimeters at the coastline of the India Ocean and 30-meter high at the sea level around Nias Island. These events without a doubt show that the warning system should be set up in Thailand. Because the past event on the night of March 29 might have confused everyone, the management of news dissemination and evacuation of people should be more systematic. These events seem as well to be another reminder to the local people if nothing has been done so far to make it better.

However, tsunami disaster, which occurred in the Andaman Sea at this time, provides us a lesson learnt that the giant wave tsunami spares us 1-2 more hours to be able to survive if tsunami early warning system is well in place.

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™à«ß®—∫‡¢à“§ÿ¬°—π ë Interview

‚¥¬ ∏π“

By Thana

∑’Ë¡“ : »Ÿπ¬å à߇ √‘¡·≈–æ—≤π“æ≈—ß·ºàπ¥‘π‡™‘ß§ÿ≥∏√√¡ Source : Moral Center

‡ ’¬ß®“°æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’Ë

À≈—߇Àµÿ°“√≥å∏√≥’æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬ ÷π“¡‘´—¥∂≈à¡ 6 ®—ßÀ«—¥ ¿“§„µâ¢Õ߉∑¬ ∑”„ÀâÀ≈“¬™’«‘µµâÕߺ®≠°—∫§«“¡ Ÿ≠‡ ’∫“ߧπµâÕßµàÕ ŸâµàÕ‰ª‚¥¬≈”æ—ßÕ¬à“ß ‘ÈπÀ«—ß ‘Èπ°”≈—ß„® À≈“¬‡ ’¬ß®“°„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’Ë∫Õ°‡≈à“‡√◊ËÕß√“«µàÕ®“°«—π∑’Ë 26 ∏—𫓧¡ 2547 ∑’ºË “à π¡“ –∑âÕπ„Àâ‡ÀÁπªí≠À“∑’µË Õâ ߇√àß·°â‰¢ ∫∑ √ÿª°“√ —¡¿“…≥废âª√– ∫¿—¬·µà≈–∑à“π∑’Ëπ”¡“‡ πÕπ’È · ¥ß„Àâ ‡ ÀÁ π ªí ≠ À“ ◊ ∫ ‡π◊Ë Õ ß∑’Ë ™ “«∫â “ πµâ Õ ß°“√®√‘ ß Ê ∑—È ß ‡ªì π °“√∫— π ∑÷ ° ª√–«— µ‘ » “ µ√å ® “°ª“°§”¢ÕߺŸâ Õ ¬Ÿà „ π ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å§√—Èßπ—Èπ‡Õ“‰«â

After the tsunami has devastated 6 southern provinces of Thailand, many lives have to suffer losses.

Some have to move on alone, despite being without hope and will. Many local voices telling the stories subsequent to December 26, 2004 have reflected the issues that require urgent solution. The summary of the interviews with each victim shown here is purported to demonstrate the continual problems for which solutions are truly needed by local people.

ºŸâª√– ∫¿—¬ ë Victims Mrs.Sukon Butrakloy, 43 years old π“ß ÿ§π∏å ∫ÿµ√§≈âÕ¬ Õ“¬ÿ 43 ªï À≈—߇°‘¥‡Àµÿ°“√≥å§≈◊πË ¬—°…å π÷ “¡‘ ‡∏Õ„Àâ ¡— ¿“…≥å«“à After the tsunami incident, she spoke during ¡’®‘µ„®«ÿà𫓬 —∫ π ‰¡à ∫“¬„® ∑”Õ–‰√‰¡à∂Ÿ° §«“¡§‘¥ the interview that she was confused and nervous «°«π ‡æ√“–≈Ÿ° 2 §π‡ ’¬™’«‘µ®“°‡Àµÿ°“√≥å§√—Èßπ’È ·µà and didnût know what to do. Her thoughts went in endless circle because her two children died in that incident. However, she feels much better now as she gets to read the donated dharma books and has a talk with monks and dharma practitioners.

They have taught her to have a peace of mind. She feels better and wants to donate and make food offering to monks and also would like the government to provide jobs and income-generating methods to victims.

Mrs.Supa Nopparit, 63 years old çAs many as 10 members of my family were dead. I was sad and sank in my thoughts because I wondered why we were so unfortunate even though our family have always refrained from eating meat during the vegetarian festivals for several years con26 ë ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE

µÕππ’È¥’¢÷Èπ¡“°‡æ√“–‰¥âÕà“πÀπ—ß ◊Õ∏√√¡–∑’Ë¡’ºŸâ∫√‘®“§„Àâ Õ’°∑—Èß¡’æ√–·≈–ºŸâ∑’˪ؑ∫—µ‘∏√√¡¡“查§ÿ¬ ∑à“π Õπ„Àâ∑” ®‘µ„®„Àâ ß∫ √Ÿâ ÷°¥’¢÷Èπ Õ¬“°®–∑”∫ÿ≠„ à∫“µ√ ·≈–Õ¬“°„Àâ √—∞∫“≈™à«¬ √â“ßß“π √â“ß√“¬‰¥â„Àâ°—∫ºŸâª√– ∫¿—¬¥â«¬é

secutively. But I can come to terms with it now. The monk told me to think that their past merits could only keep them alive that far. The volunteers have kept me company and helped repair the house. Iûm glad that Thai people donût abandon one another. π“ß ÿ¿“ πæƒ∑∏‘Ï Õ“¬ÿ 63 ªï I want the volunteers to stay here as long as ç§π„π§√Õ∫§√—«¢Õߪѓµ“¬‰ª∂÷ß 10 §π ªÑ“°Á possible. If they donût have works elsewhere, I donût ‡ ’ ¬ „®·≈–§‘ ¥ ¡“° ‡æ√“–‡√“§‘ ¥ «à “ ™à « ߇∑»°“≈°‘ 𠇮 want them to hurry to go.é §√Õ∫§√—«‡√“°Á∂◊Õ»’≈°‘π‡®°—π¡“π“πÀ≈“¬ªï ∑”‰¡∂÷߬—ß ‚™§√⓬լŸàÕ’° ·µàµÕππ’È∑”„®‰¥â·≈â« æ√–∑à“π°Á∫Õ°„À⧑¥ Mrs.Wilairat Kengdieaw, 30 years old ‡ ’¬«à“‡¢“∑”∫ÿ≠°—π¡“·§àπ’È æ«°Õ“ “ ¡—§√°Á¡“™à«¬Õ¬Ÿà çAt first I thought I wouldnût survive it because ‡ªìπ‡æ◊ÕË π ¡“™à«¬´àÕ¡∫â“π ¥’„®∑’§Ë π‰∑¬‰¡à∑Õ¥∑‘ßÈ °—π Õ¬“° I was cooking on the first floor of the hotel. The „Àâæ«°Õ“ “ ¡—§√Õ¬Ÿà¥â«¬°—ππ“πÊ ∂Ⓣ¡à¡’ß“π∑’ˉÀπ°ÁÕ¬à“ waves speedily flooded in. My friend told me to run ‡æ‘ßË °≈—∫é but I couldnût run fast enough. Fortunately, there was one foreigner that helped carry me upstairs so I could π“ß«‘‰≈√—µπå ‡°à߇¥’¬« Õ“¬ÿ 30 ªï survive it. But it turned out that my life saver died on ç∑’·√°§‘¥«à“µ—«‡Õ߉¡à√Õ¥·≈â« ‡æ√“–Õ¬Ÿà™—Èπ≈à“ߢÕß loss of blood because of the long and deep wound ‚√ß·√¡°”≈—ß∑”Õ“À“√Õ¬Ÿà §≈◊Ëπ¡“‡√Á«¡“° ‡æ◊ËÕπ∫Õ°„Àâ«‘Ëß on his leg cut by unknown material. Then, I had a °Á«ß‘Ë ‰¡à∑π— ·µà¡Ω’ √—ßË §πÀπ÷ßË ‡¢“™à«¬Õÿ¡â „Àâ¢π÷È ∫—π‰¥‡≈¬√Õ¥¡“‰¥â chance to save one foreign child later by throwing ·µà§π∑’˙૬‡√“‡¢“°≈—∫µ“¬ ‡æ√“–‚¥πÕ–‰√‰¡à√Ÿâ∫“¥∑’Ë¢“ him a piece of wood for him to hold onto and ‡ªìπ·º≈≈÷°·≈–¬“«∑”„À⇠’¬‡≈◊Õ¥¡“° ·µà‡√“°Á¬—ß¡’‚Õ°“ dragging him up from the water. The images at that ‰¥â™à«¬‡¥Á°Ω√—ËߧπÀπ÷Ëß„Àâ√Õ¥µ“¬¥â«¬°“√‚¬π‰¡â≈߉ª„Àâ time are still vivid in my mind Iûve seen so many ‡¢“‡°“–·≈â « ™à « ¬¥÷ ß ‡¢“¢÷È π ¡“®“°πÈ” ∂÷ ß µÕππ’È ¿ “æ dead people. The houses were wrecked to pieces, ‡Àµÿ°“√≥嵓à ßÊ ¬—ßµ‘¥µ“Õ¬Ÿ‡à æ√“–‡ÀÁπ¿“æ§πµ“¬‡¬Õ–¡“° so I would like the government to accelerate to ∫â“π™àÕßæ—߇ ’¬À“¬¬—∫‡¬‘π Õ¬“°„Àâ∑“ß°“√™à«¬ √â“ß∫â“π rebuild them and rehabilitate the Andaman Sea „Àâ „ À¡à ‡ √Á « Ê ·≈–™à « ¬øóô π øŸ ° “√∑à Õ ß‡∑’Ë ¬ «∑“ßΩíò ß ∑–‡≈ areas back to its normal state. Õ—π¥“¡—π„Àâ°≈—∫§◊π Ÿà ¿“懥‘¡é Mrs.Jian Chaiwong, 41 years old π“߇®’¬π ‰™¬«ß»å Õ“¬ÿ 41 ªï çI lost my child during this event and cried 祑©—π‡ ’¬≈Ÿ°‰ª®“°‡Àµÿ°“√≥å§√—Èßπ’È √âÕ߉Àâ∑ÿ°«—π every single day that a doctor had to give me some À¡ÕµâÕß„À⬓ “¡’°Á¢«—≠‡ ’¬ ™’«‘µ§√Õ∫§√—«¬Ë”·¬à °«à“®– medication. My husband was disheartened. The family ∑”„®‰¥â°Áπ“π ‚™§¥’∑’Ë¡’Õ“ “ ¡—§√¡“查§ÿ¬¥â«¬‡≈¬∑”„Àâ life fell into critical phase. Itûs taken me a long time §≈“¬§«“¡∑ÿ°¢å≈߉ª‰¥â∫â“ß Õ¬“°„Àâ√—∞∫“≈™à«¬æ≈‘°øóôπ to come to terms with it. Fortunately, the volunteers ‡»√…∞°‘®¢Õß®—ßÀ«—¥∑’ªË √– ∫¿—¬„Àâ°≈—∫¡“ Ÿ à ¿“懥‘¡ Õ¬à“ß have kept me company so my distress is somewhat πâÕ¬§π¡’ß“π∑”°Á®–∑”„Àâ≈◊¡‡√◊ËÕß√â“¬Ê ≈߉ª‰¥â∫â“ßé mitigated. I want the government to recover the economies of devastated provinces to its normal state.

At least, if people have a job to do, they may forget the cruel experience to some extent.é

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ºŸâªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“π„π»Ÿπ¬å™à«¬‡À≈◊ÕºŸâª√– ∫¿—¬ ë Staff at the Victims Relief Center π“ß “«∑—»π“ ∫ÿ≠∑Õß ç√—∫™à«¬ª√÷°…“ªí≠À“¥â“π°ÆÀ¡“¬„Àâ°∫— ºŸªâ √– ∫¿—¡’§π¡“ª√÷°…“¡“° ™“«∫â“π°Áπà“√—°¥’ ™à«¬°—π°—∫Õ“ “ ¡—§√„π°“√∑”ß“π „§√∂π—¥Õ–‰√°Á™à«¬µ“¡π—Èπ ‡∑à“∑’Ë¡“ Õ¬Ÿà · ≈–¡“‡ÀÁ π °Á Õ ¬“°„Àâ À πà « ¬ß“π√“™°“√™à « ¬Õ”𫧫“¡ –¥«°‡«≈“ºŸâª√– ∫¿—¬‰ªµ‘¥µàÕ‡√◊ËÕ߇հ “√µà“ßÊ ‡æ√“–∫“ߧπµâÕß°“√‡Õ° “√¥à«π‰ª„™â„π°‘®°“√ß“πµà“ßÊé ®à“ ‘∫‡Õ°Õÿ¥¡√—µπå æ—π∏ÿåæ—° 纡լŸÀà π૬∑’¡Ë ¿’ “√°‘®„π°“√§âπÀ“»æ ·≈–™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ ¥â“πµà“ßÊ ·°àºŸâª√– ∫¿—¬ Õ“∑‘ √â“ß∫â“π™—Ë«§√“« º¡§‘¥«à“ ºŸªâ √– ∫¿—¬µÕππ’‰È ¥â√∫— ¢Õß∫√‘®“§¡“°·≈â« ‘ßË ∑’‡Ë ¢“Õ¬“°‰¥â ‡«≈“π’§È Õ◊ °”≈—ß„®·≈–‰¥â¡Õ’ “™’æ‡æ◊ÕË À“‡≈’¬È ߧ√Õ∫§√—«µàÕ‰ªé π“߫߻廒≈ π“«“∫ÿ≠π‘¬¡ ç¡“™à«¬¥Ÿ·≈¥â“π ÿ¢¿“æ¢ÕߧπªÉ«¬ ºŸâ∑’˪ɫ¬‰¡à¡“° °Á™«π°—π‰ªÕÕ°°”≈—ß°“¬µÕπ‡™â“ „§√∑’ˇªìπ¡“°‡√“°Á‰ª„Àâ ∫√‘°“√∂÷ß∑’Ë∫â“π ‚¥¬®–¡’‡®â“Àπâ“∑’ˉª ”√«®°àÕπ«à“∫â“π „¥¡’§πªÉ«¬∫â“ß ®“°π—Èπ‡√“°Á‰ª„Àâ∫√‘°“√ ºŸâª√– ∫¿—¬ à«π „À≠ଗߵâÕß°“√°”≈—ß„®Õ¬Ÿà Õ¬“°„Àâ∑ÿ°Àπ૬ߓπ∑’Ë¡“™à«°—πµ—Èß·µàµâπ¥Ÿ·≈°—πµàÕ‰ª‡√◊ËÕ¬Êé π“ß “«µ–«—π∏√√¡ ¢à“∑‘æ¬åæ“∑’ 癓«∫â“π‰¡à§ÿâπ°—∫°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬ °“√æ≈—¥æ√“° ‡¢“ ‡æ‘Ë߇®Õ‡≈¬‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑’ˉ¡à§“¥§‘¥ ·µàæÕ‡¢“‡®Õ°—∫°“√æ≈—¥ æ√“°·≈â« ‡¢“‰¥â§«“¡§‘¥Õ–‰√„À¡àÊ «à“ æ≈—¥æ√“°À¡¥°Á‰¥â ¡—π·ª≈°¥’ Ω√—Ëß∫Õ°«à“∑”‰¡§π‰∑¬ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬¢π“¥π’Ȭ—߬‘È¡‰¥â À“°‡ªìπª√–‡∑»‡¢“°Á‡»√â“°—π‰ª∑—Èߪ√–‡∑» ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ °”≈—ß„®‡ªìπ ‘ßË ”§—≠ ™“«∫â“π¬—ߧߵâÕß°“√°”≈—ß„®Õ¬Ÿà √«¡ ∑—Èߧ«“¡√«¥‡√Á«„π°“√„À⧫“¡™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ®“°¿“§√—∞é À≈“¬‡ ’¬ß∑’Ë∫Õ°‡≈à“‡√◊ËÕß√“«Ω“°¡“ ≥ ∑’Ëπ’È ‡æ◊ËÕ ¢Õ∫§ÿ≥„π‰¡µ√’®‘µ∑’˧π‰∑¬¡’„Àâ°—π·≈–°—π ‰¡à«à“®–‡°‘¥ Õ–‰√√â “ ¬·√ß·§à ‰ Àπ ¢Õ‡æ’ ¬ ß¡’ °”≈— ß „® à ß ‰ª∂÷ ß ™’ «‘ µ ∑’Ë ‡¥’¬«¥“¬ ‡¢“°Áæ√âÕ¡®– Ÿâ°—∫ªí≠À“π“π“ª√–°“√∑’ˇº™‘≠ Õ¬Ÿà¢â“ßÀπ⓵àÕ‰ª

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Ms.Tassana Boonthong çI work as a legal consultant for victims. There are many people who have come consult me. Local people are nice and collaborate with volunteers in working. The people lend hands in the departments theyûre good at. From what Iûve seen during stay here, Iûd like the government agencies to provide facilitation to victims when they are contacted by victims about documents because the victims may urgently require documents for use in several circumstances.é Police Sergeant Major Udomrat Panpak çIûm a member of the team whose missions are corpses digging and providing assistance in several aspects to victims such as building temporary accommodations. I think the victims have received enough donations. What they need now are mental support and jobs to support their families.

Mrs.Wongsean Navaboonniyom çWe come here to help taking care of patientûs health. For those that are slightly ill, we encourage them to take exercise in the morning. For those who are seriously ill, we provide home delivery service.

Usually, the staff will be first sent to survey and see which households have ill members, and then we travel there for service provision. Most of the victims are still in need of mental support. I would like all of the agencies that have collaborated with each other from the beginning to continue lending their assistance.é Ms.Tawantham Karthippathee çThe local people are not familiar with losses and parting. Itûs their first time to face such event so they never anticipated something like this. But after such experience, theyûve come up with new ideas that itûs ok to part from others and itûs such an alien experience. Foreigners asked me why Thai people could still smile after severe losses and said if it were their countries, the sorrow would have spread throughout the nation. Therefore, mental support is essential. The local people still need it. Prompt assistance from the government is another significant factor.é Many voices telling the stories present here want to express gratitude for the good will that Thai people have for one another. No matter what cruelty theyûre facing, only if the mental support is delivered to those lonely souls, they will be ready to combat any upcoming difficulties waiting ahead.

—ߧ¡ ’‡¢’¬« ë Green Society Column

‚¥¬ ∏π“

By Thana

BANGBANE VILLAGE :

The Survival Community

by Mangrove Forest ∫â“π∫“߇∫π µ.¡à«ß°≈«ß Õ.°–‡ªÕ√å ®.√–πÕß ‡ªìπ Õ’°Àπ÷Ëß™ÿ¡™π∑’ˇº™‘≠Àπâ“°—∫¡À—πµ¿—¬§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ·µà°≈—∫ ºà“πæâπ¡“¥â«¬§«“¡ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬·∑∫®–πâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫ æ◊Èπ∑’Ë√–π“∫‡¥’¬«°—π ®“°§”¬◊π¬—π·∑∫‡ªìπ‡ ’¬ß‡¥’¬«°—π ¢Õß™“«∫â“π∫â“π∫“߇∫πµà“ß°Á查«à“ ™’«‘µ·≈–∑√—æ¬å ‘π ¢Õßæ«°‡¢“∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà√Õ¥ª≈Õ¥¿—¬¡“‰¥â à«πÀπ÷Ë߇ªìπ‡æ√“–ªÉ“ ¢â“ß∫â“π Bangbane Village, Tambon Muang Kluang, Kapur District, Ranong is another community that encountered the tsunami but went through with almost slightest damage when compared with other areas located at the same level. The opinions of the Bangbane villagers that almost rang consensus were that their lives and assets were secured because the partially side of the nearby forest.

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§ÿ≥§à“¢Õß çªÉ“™“¬‡≈πé πÕ°®“°™à«¬√—°…“ ¡¥ÿ≈ ∑√—欓°√ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ „Àâ§π∫â“π∫“߇∫π‰¥âæ÷Ëßæ‘ß¡“Õ¬à“ß ¬—Ë߬◊π·≈â« ¬—߇ªìπ·π«ªÑÕß°—π‡ ¡◊Õπ√—È«∫â“π∏√√¡™“µ‘„Àâ °—∫™“«∫“߇∫π„Àâ√Õ¥æâπ®“°æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬§√—Èßπ’È ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“° ◊ÕË ¡«≈™π‰¥â ¡— ¿“…≥åπ“ßæ√‡æÁ≠ —ßË ∫—« Õ“¬ÿ 41 ªï ™“«∫â“π∫“߇∫π À¡Ÿà 4 ‡≈à“∂÷ß«—π∑’‡Ë °‘¥§≈◊πË ¬—°…å ¢≥–π—Èπµπ‡ÕßÕ¬Ÿà∑’Ë∫â“π §≈◊Ëπ®–¡“ 2 ∑“ß∑—ÈßÀπâ“∫â“π·≈– À≈—ß∫â“π ∑“ßÀ≈—ß∫â“ππÈ”®–¢÷Èπ¡“µ“¡·π«≈”§≈Õß §√—Èß ·√°°Á‰¡àµ°„®∂÷ßπÈ”®–‡¢â“∫â“π ‡æ√“–‰¡à‰¥â§‘¥«à“®–√ÿπ·√ß ¡“°®÷߉¡à‰¥âÀ𒉪‰Àπ Õ¬Ÿà„π∫â“π®ππÈ”≈¥≈ß à«πÀ≈—ß∫â“𠵑¥√‘¡§≈Õ߇ªìπ∑’ˮե‡√◊Õª√–¡ß °àÕπ§≈◊Ëπ®–¢÷Èπ¡“Õ’°§√—Èß πÈ”„π§≈Õß·Àâß≈߉ª ·≈–‰¡àπ“ππ—°πÈ”°Á°≈—∫¢÷Èπ¡“Õ’°§√—Èß ·µà§√—Èßπ’ÈπÈ”¡“·√ß¡“° ¡“æ√âÕ¡‡√◊Õ∑’Ë«‘Ë߇√Á«¡“° «‘Ëß‚¥‰¡à¡§’ π¢—∫‡√◊Õ ¥â«¬§«“¡·√ߢÕßπÈ” ‡√◊Õ°Á‡√‘¡Ë ·µ°·≈–®¡≈ß ¿“¬„πÀ¡Ÿà∫â“π¡’‡√◊Õª√–¡ßÕ¬Ÿàª√–¡“≥ 30-40 ≈” À≈—ß ®“°‡°‘¥§≈◊Ëπ‡À≈◊Õ‡æ’¬ß 1 ≈” ·µà∫â“π‰¡à∂Ÿ°∑”≈“¬ ´÷Ëߧ‘¥ «à“ªÉ“™“¬‡≈π‰¥â™à«¬‰«â ‡æ√“–À≈—ß∫â“π‡ªìπªÉ“™“¬‡≈π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ∑”„À⧫“¡·√ߢÕßπÈ”≈¥≈ß ∑’˺à“π¡“‰¥âÀâ“¡µ—¥ªÉ“ ®÷ß∑”„Àâ¡’ªÉ“‡À≈◊ÕÕ¬Ÿà À“°‰¡à¡’ªÉ“™à«¬ªÑÕß°—𧑥«à“§ß‰¡à¡’ ‡À≈◊Õ √“∫‡√’¬∫‡À¡◊Õπæ◊Èπ∑’ËÕ◊ËπÊ πÕ°®“°π’È®“°°“√ —¡¿“…≥å 𓬪√’¥“ „∫‚´à Õ“¬ÿ 34 ªï ™“«∫â“π∫“߇∫π ª√–¡ßæ◊Èπ∂‘Ëπ ´÷Ëߪ≈Ÿ°∫â“πÕ¬Ÿà√‘¡ ªÉ“™“¬‡≈𠉥â„Àâ —¡¿“…≥剫â«à“ ∫â“π¢Õßµπª≈Ÿ°Àà“ß®“° ∑–‡≈‡ªìπ√–¬–∑“ߪ√–¡“≥ 100 ‡¡µ√‡∑à“π—Èπ °Á¬—ß·ª≈° „®«à“√Õ¥®“°°“√∑”≈“¬¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ‰¥âÕ¬à“߉√ ‡æ√“–«—π‡°‘¥ ‡Àµÿ§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å °√–· πÈ”¡’§«“¡·√ß¡“° πÈ”¢÷Èπ¡“∂÷ß∫â“π √–¥—∫πÈ” Ÿßª√–¡“≥ 1 ‡¡µ√ ·≈–πÈ”°Áºà“π∫â“πº¡‰ª‚¥¬∑’Ë µ—«∫â“π‰¡à‡ ’¬À“¬ ¢≥–π—Èπµπ‡Õ߬—ßÕ¬Ÿà∫π∫â“π‡æ√“–‰¡à

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The value of a mangrove forest does not only rest at maintaining the sustainable balance of nature and environment, which has been relied upon by Bangbane villagers for ages, but also serves as the natural blockage that has protected the villagers from this disaster.

Based on the interview conducted by the media with Ms.Pornpen Sangbua, the 41 years old woman residing at Moo 4, Bangbane Village, she told us that she was at home on the day the tsunami arrived. The wave flew in two directions, to the front and back of the house. At the back of the house, the wave traveled along the canal line. She wasnût startled at first when the water entered her house for thinking that it wouldnût be serious so she didnût flee. The woman stayed at her house until the water level lowered. The back of her house was next to the canalûs edge, a place for fishing boat mooring.

Before another wave arrived, the canal water level had plummeted but surged back just a short while later. But this time the flow was so powerful that it took the fast-moving boats without controllers along.

The power of the current wrecked the boats and they sank. There were total of 30-40 fishing boats in the village. After the incident, only 1 of them was left. However, the houses were not destroyed. She thought that the pure mangrove forest behind the houses had helped mitigate the degree of flowing water. Until now, it has prohibited anyone from cutting down the trees in the forest so that the forest has remained. Had there been no forest, our village would have been devastated like elsewhere.

In addition, Mr.Preeda Baizoh, the 34 years old local fisherman at Bangbane Village who built a house around the entrance of the mangrove forest, said in the interview that his house was only 100 meters far from the sea and he was still surprised how it could survive the devastation of the wave. On the day of the tsunami, the current was so strong that the water overflew to his house and the water level stayed at 1-meter high. The water then passed his house without inflicting damage to it. At the time he was still upstairs because he didnût think the current would be that strong and had never before experienced such event in his life. While he was running out of the house, he heard the terrifying sound of the wave flooding boats and large logs to collide with the trees around his house with a loud clash. After he had got out of his house, he ran to the high land and then witnessed that the national

§‘¥«à“πÈ”®–·√ß ‡°‘¥¡“‰¡à‡§¬‡®Õ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å·∫∫π’È ·≈– ™à«ß∑’«Ë ß‘Ë ≈ß®“°∫â“π‰¥â¬π‘ ‡ ’¬ß§≈◊πË πà“°≈—«¡“°§≈◊πË æ—¥æ“‡√◊Õ æ“∑àÕπ´ÿß¢π“¥„À≠à¡“°√–·∑°°—∫µâπ‰¡â∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà√Õ∫µ—«∫â“π ‡ ’¬ß π—ËπÀ«—Ëπ‰À« ·µà‡¡◊ËÕ≈ß®“°∫â“π°Á«‘ËßÀ𒉪∑’Ë Ÿß®÷߉¥â ‡ÀÁπ«à“‡¢µÕÿ∑¬“πœ ·≈–∫â“π∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥Õÿ∑¬“π∂Ÿ°§≈◊Ëπ ∑”≈“¬‡ ’¬À“¬µÕππ—Èπ∂÷߇√‘Ë¡µ°„® ´÷Ëß°“√∑’Ë∫â“π‰¡à∂Ÿ°§≈◊Ëπ ∑”≈“¬ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§≈◊Ëπ “¡“√∂ºà“π‰ª∑“ß„µâ∂ÿπ µ—«∫â“π∑’Ë ¬°„µâ∂ÿπ Ÿß∑”„ÀâπÈ”ºà“π‰ª‰¥â –¥«° ·≈–Õ’° à«πÀπ÷Ëߧ‘¥ «à “ µâ π ‰¡â ªÉ “ ™“¬‡≈π®”π«π¡“°„πÀ¡Ÿà ∫â “ π‰¥â ™à « ¬™–≈Õ §«“¡·√ߢÕߧ≈◊Ëπ‰«â¥â«¬ ‡æ√“–√Õ∫∫√‘‡«≥∫â“π‡ªìπªÉ“ ™“¬‡≈π ‰¥â™«à ¬™–≈Õ‡»…‰¡â®”π«π¡“°∑’®Ë –‡¢â“¡“°√–·∑° ∫â“π‰«â‰¥â ·≈–®“°§”„Àâ —¡¿“…≥å¢Õß𓬙”π“≠ √—°…“ Õ“¬ÿ 51 ªï ™“«ª√–¡ß∫â“π∫“߇∫π °Á‡ªìπÕ’°Àπ÷Ë߇ ’¬ß∑’ˬ◊π¬—π «à“ªÉ“™“¬‡≈πæ◊Èπ∑’˙૬櫰‡¢“‰«â ªÉ“™“¬‡≈π∑’ˇÀ≈◊ÕÕ¬Ÿà„π À¡Ÿà∫â“π¢≥–π’È ‡π◊ËÕ߇æ√“–™“«∫â“π·≈–‡®â“Àπâ“∑’˙૬°—π ¥Ÿ·≈‰«â ‡¡◊ËÕ°àÕπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¥—ß°≈à“«®–æ∫‡ÀÁ𧫓¡ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¢Õß ªÉ“‚°ß°“߉¥â µâπ„À≠à®–‚µ¢π“¥µâπ¡–æ√â“« µâπ¢÷Èπµ√ß «¬ß“¡ §«“¡ Ÿß¢π“¥ 20-30 «“ ‡ªìπ∑’ËÀ¡“¬µ“¢Õß ºŸâª√–°Õ∫°‘®°“√‡µ“∂à“π µàÕ¡“¡’π“¬∑ÿπ‡µ“∂à“π®â“ߧπ‡¢â“¡“µ—¥ªÉ“®π√“∫ ‡√’¬∫ ®“°∑’ˇ§¬Àπ“·πàπ°≈“¬‡ªìπªÉ“‚≈à߇µ’¬π º≈®“°°“√ µ—¥‰¡â √â“ߪí≠À“„À♓«∫â“π ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‰¡â‚°ß°“ß à«π∑’Ë π“¬∑ÿπ‰¡àµâÕß°“√ °Á®–∑‘È߉«âµ“¡·π«§≈Õß ∑”„À♓«∫â“π —≠®√≈”∫“°‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√«‘Ë߇√◊Õ ∑’Ë ”§—≠§◊Õ ¡’º≈°√–∑∫ µàÕ —µ«åπÈ”‡π◊ÕË ß®“°ªÉ“™“¬‡≈π‡ªìπ∑’‡Ë æ“–øí°¢ÕߪŸ ª≈“ ‡¡◊ÕË µ—¥‰¡âÕÕ°À¡¥ —µ«å®÷ßÀπ’À“¬‰ª¥â«¬ Õ“®®–√âÕπ· ß·¥¥ ∑’Ë àÕßµâÕß∂÷ßæ◊Èπ¥‘π ®÷ß∑”„Àâ —µ«åπÈ”‰¡à “¡“√∂Õ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà„π ∫√‘‡«≥‰¥â

park and the houses located there were damaged by the wave. Then, he began to scare. The reason his house was not destroyed was that the wave flew under the house that was raised higher, allowing it to pass with ease. He thought another contributing factor was a great number of trees in the mangrove forest of the village helped to hold up the wave strength. The mangrove forest, surrounded his house, probably obstructed many pieces of wood that might have struck the house as well.

The interview with Mr.Chamnan Raksa, the 51- years- old fisherman at Bangbane Village, raised another voice confirming that the mangrove forest had saved their lives. The mangrove has still remained as it is today since the villagers and officers have joined force in preserving them. In the past, people saw the richness of the mangrove forest. The trees were as big as coconut trees, 20-30 wah (40-60 meters) tall, and stood elegantly straight, catching the interests of charcoal stove entrepreneurs.

Later on, one charcoal stove businessman hired some people to massively cut down the trees in the forest, and the thick forest became the clear land.

That action caused troubles to villagers. The portion of woods not desired by the entrepreneur was deserted along the canal, leading to the transportation difficulty, especially in the case of traveling by boats. Of significance was the impact on aquatic animals as the mangrove forest served as the reproduction and resting place for crabs and fish.

After the tress had been cut down, these aquatic animals also disappeared. It was probably because the sunlight shone down to the floor of the canal was so strong that the aquatic animals could no longer inhibit in the area.

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¥—ßπ—πÈ ‡¡◊ÕË ‰¡à¡ ’ µ— «åπÈ” ™“«∫â“π°Á‰¥â√∫— º≈°√–∑∫ ‡¥◊Õ¥ √âÕπ À“°‘π‰¡à‰¥â ·≈–∑’Ë ”§—≠ §◊Õ ªÉ“‚°ß°“߇ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ªÑÕß°—π≈¡¡√ ÿ¡™“«ª√–¡ß∑’ˉÀπ°Á√Ÿâ¥’ ®“°º≈°√–∑∫¥—ß °≈à“«∑”„À♓«∫â“πµ—¥ ‘π„®¢—∫‰≈à°≈ÿ¡à ∑’‡Ë ¢â“¡“µ—¥‰¡â‚°ß°“ß ‡æ√“–À“°ª≈àÕ¬„Àâµ—¥°—π‰¥âµàÕ‰ª §‘¥«à“ ÿ¥∑⓬§ßÀ¡¥ ·πàπÕπ ™“«ª√–¡ß‡¡◊ËÕ‰¡à¡’ —µ«å°ÁÀ¡¥Õ𓧵 À≈—ß®“°π—Èπ „™â√–¬–‡«≈“°«à“ 10 ªï ªÉ“°Á‡√‘Ë¡øóôπµ—« ªÉ“‡√‘Ë¡Àπ“·πàπ¢÷È𠇪ìπ ¿“æªÉ“∑’ˇÀÁπÕ¬Ÿà„πªí®®ÿ∫—𠇪ìπªÉ“√ÿàπÀ≈—ß∑’Ë™“«∫â“π ™à«¬°—π¥Ÿ·≈ ·≈–øóôπµ—«¢÷Èπ¡“ ‡ªìπªÉ“∑’Ë™“«∫â“π√à«¡°—∫‡®â“ Àπâ“∑’˪ɓ™“¬‡≈π√à«¡°—πª≈Ÿ° ∑’˺à“π¡“∑—È߇¥Á°·≈–ºŸâ„À≠à √«¡°—π‡ªìπ 100 §π ‡¢â“¡“√à«¡°—πª≈Ÿ° ·¡â°√–∑—Ëߢâ“ß ∫â“πµπ°Áª≈Ÿ°‰«â ·≈–Àâ“¡µ—¥‡¥Á¥¢“¥ ‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë°Á‡Õ“„®„ à ¥Ÿ·≈‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’ ·µà°Á¬—ß√Ÿâ ÷°‡ ’¬¥“¬ªÉ“‡¥‘¡Ê ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°π“¬∑ÿπ µ—¥‡º“∂à“π‰ªÀ¡¥·≈â« ∑’Ë∫â“π√Õ¥ª≈Õ¥¿—¬„π§√—Èßπ’È À“° ‰¡à¡°’ ß‘Ë ‰¡â µâπ‰¡â¢«“߉«â §ßæ—ßæ‘π“» ·µàæ«°°‘ßË ‰¡â¢«“ß·≈– ™≈Õ°“√°√–·∑° ∑”„Àâ∫“â π√Õ¥¡“‰¥âÕ¬à“ß‚™§¥’¡“°Ê ‡æ√“– ∫â“πµ‘¥Õ¬Ÿà√‘¡Ωíò߇≈¬ µÕππ’È∑ÿ°§π„π∫â“π∫“߇∫π‡ÀÁπ§ÿ≥§à“ ¢Õߪɓ™“¬‡≈πÕ¬à“ß™—¥‡®π„π«—π∑’˧≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å¢÷Èπ¡“ À“° ‰¡à¡’ªÉ“™“¬‡≈𧑥«à“§ß‰¡à¡’‡À≈◊Õ ·¡â°√–∑—Ëß™’«‘µ ®“°π’ȉª §ßµâÕߙ૬°—πª≈Ÿ°ªÉ“‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ·¡â∑’˺à“π¡“™“«∫â“π·≈–‡®â“ Àπâ“∑’Ë®–™à«¬°—πª≈Ÿ°Õ¬Ÿà·≈â« ·µà§‘¥«à“µâÕߪ≈Ÿ°‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ ¥â“ππ“¬∫ÿ≠‡≈’È¬ß —Ëß∫—« Õ“¬ÿ 61 ªï ª√–¡ß∑–‡≈ ·Ààß∫â“π∫“߇∫π ¡.4 ‡≈à“‡ √‘¡«à“ µπ√Õ¥™’«‘µ¡“‰¥âπ—∫«à“ ‚™§¥’¡“° ‡æ√“–«—π‡°‘¥‡Àµÿµπ°”≈—ß°ŸâÕ«πÕ¬Ÿà°≈“ß∑–‡≈ 32 ë ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE

Without aquatic animals, the villagers faced difficulties caused by having no occupation. Also, of significance is any fishermen know that the mangrove forest helps impede the monsoon. Such impact brought about the villagerûs decision to expel the trees cutters. If the action had pursued, there would have definitely been no trees left. Without aquatic animals, there would be no future for the fishermen. After that, 10 years later, the forest has started to revive. It has become more densely and has turned into what we see today the forest of the recent generation, a result of the supervision and cooperation between villagers and mangrove forest officers. Until now, 100 of adults and children have joined force to grow trees even in the area of houses and it is stipulated that no trees shall be cut.

The officers have also taken good care of them.

They still mourned over the old forest that got cut down and turned into charcoal by the entrepreneur.

Had branches and trees not slowed down the wave, houses would have been swept away. We were very fortunate that branches impeding and slowing down the wave so houses, located on the bank, were safe.

Now everybody at Bangbane Village clearly conceives the value of the mangrove forest. He thought that on the day the tsunami arrived, had it not been for the mangrove forest, absolutely nothing would have been remained, even life. From now on, villagers have to cooperate in growing more trees. Although the villagers and officers have always tried to grow tem, more trees are still needed.

Mr.Boonliang Sungbua, the 51-years-old sea fisherman at Moo 4, Bangbane Village, said in addition that it was very lucky of him to survive the tsunami because on that day, he along with his relative was lifting the seine in the middle of the sea.

When the wave rolled in, the ship sank. When they

æ√âÕ¡≠“µ‘Õ’°§πÀπ÷Ëß ‡¡◊ËÕ§≈◊Ëπ‡¢â“¡“°√–·∑°‡√◊Õ°Á≈à¡ ‡¡◊ËÕ ¡Õ߇ÀÁπ§≈◊Ëπ‰¡à¡’‡«≈“„À⧑¥Àπ’Õ’°·≈â« §≈◊Ëπ´—¥®πµ°≈߉ª „π∑–‡≈‡¥’¬Î «π—πÈ ‚¥¬∑’≠ Ë “µ‘µπ®¡À“¬‰ª„π∑–‡≈ 4 «—π ·≈– æ∫»æ¿“¬À≈—ß µπ∂Ÿ°§≈◊Ëπ´—¥‰ªµ‘¥∫πµâπ‰¡â∫√‘‡«≥Àπâ“ ‡°“– Ÿßª√–¡“≥ 10 ‡¡µ√ À≈—ß®“°§≈◊Ëπ ß∫°Á≈ß®“° µâ π ‰¡â · ≈â « ‡¥‘ π ≈ÿ ¬ πÈ” °≈— ∫ ¡“∫â “ π‡æ√“–∑–‡≈∫√‘ ‡ «≥π—È π °≈“¬‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑√“¬ ´÷Ë߇¥‘¡°àÕπ§≈◊Ëπ¡“‡ªìπ√àÕßπÈ”∑’ˇ√◊Õ«‘Ëß ºà“π‰¥â ∫â“π‡ ’¬À“¬ ·µàÀ“°§‘¥∂÷ߧ«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬∑’ˇ°‘¥°—∫ æ◊Èπ∑’ËÕ◊ËπÊ π—∫«à“‡ ’¬À“¬πâÕ¬°«à“ §‘¥«à“ªÉ“™“¬‡≈ππ—∫À¡◊Ëπ ‰√à‰¥â™à«¬ªÑÕß°—𧫓¡·√ߢÕߧ≈◊Ëπ‰«â„À⠪ɓ™“¬‡≈π∂Ÿ° ∑√“¬‡¢â“¡“∑—∫∂¡‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë°«â“ß ‚¥¬∑√“¬∂Ÿ°§≈◊Ëπ´—¥‡¢â“ ¡“∂¡·∑π¥‘π‡≈π‡¥‘¡ ªÉ“™“¬‡≈π´÷Ë߇§¬‡ªìπ·À≈àß∑”¡“ À“°‘π¢Õß™“«∫â“π À“ —µ«åπÈ”ª√–‡¿∑ ÀÕ¬·§√ß ÀÕ¬π“ß√¡ ªŸ¥” ·≈–‡ªìπ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà —µ«åπÈ”«—¬ÕàÕπ ·µà¢≥–π’È°≈—∫°≈“¬‡ªìπ æ◊Èπ∑√“¬ ´÷Ëß®– àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕÕ“™’æ ·µà√–¬–¬“«ªÉ“Õ“® ®–øóôπµ—«°≈—∫§◊π‰¥â ´÷ËߧߵâÕß„™â‡«≈“π“π „π«—π∑’ˬ—߉¡à¡’√–∫∫‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬ ªÉ“™“¬‡≈πÀ≈—ß∫â“π ¢Õߧπ∫â“π∫“߇∫π‰¥âæ‘ Ÿ®πå°“√∑”Àπâ“∑’˪√“°“√ªÑÕß°—π ¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘‰¥â‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’ §«“¡‡ªìπ¡“¢Õß ç∫“߇∫πé ·≈– ªÉ“™“¬‡≈π∑’„Ë À≠à„À≠à∑ ’Ë ¥ÿ ¢Õ߉∑¬ „πÕ¥’µæ◊πÈ ∑’∫Ë “â π∫“߇∫π µ.¡à«ß°≈«ß Õ.°–‡ªÕ√å ®.√–πÕß ™◊ËÕ¢Õßµ”∫≈¡’∑’Ë¡“§◊Õ ¡’ ™“«∫â“π®“° ®.¿Ÿ‡°Áµ Õæ¬æÀπ’ ߧ√“¡¡“∑“߇√◊Õ ‚¥¬¡“ ¢÷Èπ∫°·∂«°–‡ªÕ√å ·≈–‡¥‘π‡∑Ⓡæ◊ËÕ‡¢â“¡“À“∑’Ë∑”°‘π„À¡à æ∫∫√‘‡«≥µâπ‰¡â„À≠à ´÷Ë߇ªìπµâπ¡–¡à«ß≈”µâπ°≈«ß ‡¡◊ËÕ‡ÀÁπ

saw the wave, there was no time to think about fleeing and the wave swept them down into the sea at that very moment. It took 4 days until they found their dead drown relative. He was washed away by the wave to lie on the 10-meter tree in the frontal area of the island. After the wave had subsided, he climbed down from the tree and forded the water to return home as the area had become a sand ground, despite previously being a channel that boats could navigate. Although houses were damaged, the harm was relatively small when compared to those in other areas. I believe 10,000 rai of the mangrove forest mitigated the strength of the wave. A large area of the mangrove forest was filled with sand that was washed in and replaced mud. The mangrove forests that used to be the source of villagerûs occupation catching aquatic animals like cockles, oysters, and crabs - and inhabitants of baby aquatic animals have become a sand ground, affecting the occupation of villagers. However, although it will take a long while, the forest should be revival in a long run.

In those days when a warning system was yet to be available, the mangrove forest proved its excellent role as a natural barrier. Regarding the history of Bangbane Village and the largest mangrove forest of Thailand, Tambon Muang Kluang, Kapur District, Ranong, of which its name originated from the story, the villagers from Phuket, escaping war, boarded the ship which traveled to Kapur District and walked on their feet into the area to search for a new place to make a living. They found the

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‡ªìπ ∂“π∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡®÷߇√‘Ë¡‡¢â“¡“µ—ÈßÀ≈—°·À≈àߢ÷Èπ ¿“À≈—ßµàÕ¡“¡’æ√√§æ«°‡¢â“¡“Õ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿ‡à æ‘¡Ë ¡“°¢÷πÈ ®÷߇√’¬°«à“ ç∫â “ π¡à « ß°≈«ßé ¡“®π∑ÿ ° «— π π’È ¿“æ¿Ÿ ¡‘ ª √–‡∑»¢Õß µ.¡à«ß°≈«ß ¡’æ◊Èπ∑’Ë à«π„À≠à‡ªìπ∑’Ë√“∫√‘¡Ωíòß∑–‡≈ ≈—∫¥â«¿Ÿ‡¢“¢π“∫‰ª°—∫™“¬Ωíßò ∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π ∑”„ÀâÕ“°“»§àÕπ¢â“ß Õ∫Õÿàπ·≈–™◊Èπ ∑‘»‡Àπ◊Õ µ‘¥°—∫ µ.√“™°√Ÿ¥ Õ.‡¡◊Õß ®.√–πÕß ∑‘»„µâ ·≈–µ–«—πÕÕ° µ‘¥°—∫ µ.°–‡ªÕ√å ∑‘»µ–«—πµ° µ‘¥°—∫∑–‡≈ Õ—π¥“¡—πÕ“≥“‡¢µ¢ÕßÀ¡Ÿà∫â“πÕ¬Ÿàµ‘¥°—∫Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ ·À≈¡ π-ª“°·¡àπÈ”°√–∫ÿ√’-ª“°§≈Õß°–‡ªÕ√å ´÷Ë߇ªìπ æ◊πÈ ∑’ Ë «à π„À≠à¢Õߪɓ™“¬‡≈π„π®.√–πÕß ·≈–‡ªìπªÉ“™“¬‡≈π º◊π„À≠à∑ ’Ë ¥ÿ ∑’‡Ë À≈◊ÕÕ¬Ÿ„à πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ·≈–‡¢µÕ‘π‚¥-·ª´‘ø°î æ◊Èπ∑’Ë¥—ß°≈à“«®÷ߪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬√–∫∫𑇫»æ◊Èπ∑’Ë™ÿà¡πÈ” À≈“°À≈“¬ º ¡º “π°—π‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë™ÿà¡πÈ”º◊π„À≠à ‰¥â·°à À“¥‡≈π À“¥∑√“¬ ·À≈àߪ–°“√—ß ·À≈àßÀ≠â“∑–‡≈ ·≈– ªÉ “ ™“¬‡≈π¥÷ ° ¥”∫√√æå ∑’Ë ÿ ¥ √«¡∑—È ß ‡ªì π ·À≈à ß ∑’Ë Õ ¬Ÿà Õ “»— À≈∫¿—¬ ·≈–¢¬“¬æ—π∏ÿå¢Õß ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ ¡’§«“¡À≈“°À≈“∑“ß™’«¿“æ Ÿß¡“° ‚¥¬‡©æ“–‡ªìπ·À≈àßÕ“»—¬¢Õßæ—π∏ÿå —µ«å™π‘¥æ—π∏ÿå∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π ∂“π¿“æ∂Ÿ°§ÿ°§“¡ ‰¥â·°à π°øîπøÿ∑ π°À—«‚µ¡≈“¬Ÿ ª≈“°–∑ÿ߇À«∑–‡≈ πÕ°®“°π’È ªÉ“™“¬‡≈π∫√‘‡«≥ª“°·¡àπÈ”°√–∫ÿ√’ ‡ªìπ »Ÿπ¬å°≈“ß°“√»÷°…“«‘®¬— √–¥—∫π“π“™“µ‘ ‡°’¬Ë «°—∫ªÉ“™“¬‡≈𠉥â√—∫°“√ª√–°“»‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ß«π™’«¡≥±≈≈”¥—∫∑’Ë 4 ¢Õß ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ·≈–®—¥«à“‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ß«π™’«¡≥±≈ª√–‡¿∑ ªÉ“™“¬‡≈π·Ààß·√°¢Õß‚≈°¥â«¬ ªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’À¡Ÿà∫â“π·Ààßπ’È ª√–™“°√®”π«π 2,951 §π ‡ªì𙓬 1,480 §π ‡ªìπÀ≠‘ß 1,471 §π Õ“™’æÀ≈—°§◊Õ ∑” «π-∑”‰√à ª√–¡ß Õ“™’æ‡ √‘¡ §â“¢“¬ ·≈–‡≈’È¬ß —µ«å

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area filled with big hollow-trunk mango trees and considered it as appropriate for settling down.

Subsequently, there were more people joining and the village has been called çMuang Kluang Village (Village of Hollow-Trunk Mango Trees) until today.

The geographical characteristic of Tambon Muang Kluang is that most area is plain on a sea bank, filled interchangeably with mountains along the Andaman Sea, thus warm and humid weather.

Muang Kluang Village connects to Tambon Ratkrud, Amphur Muang, Rayong in the north, Tambon Kapur in the south and east, and the Andaman Sea in the west. The area of the village connects to Laem Son National Park-Kraburi River Estuary and Kapur Canal Estuary that form the major area of the mangrove forest in Ranong and the largest remaining mangrove area in Thailand and Indo-Pacific region.

The area, therefore, is composed of various ecological systems which combine into a large wet land, such as mud beach, sand beach, reefs and seaweeds source, and the most ancient mangrove forest, that has become as a dwelling place, sanctuary, and breeding area for living beings. The area is highly biological diversified, particularly to be the inhabitant for several species that live in the threatened areas such as Finfoots Lorge Head Malayu birds and Katung Sea Cliff fish.

Furthermore, the mangrove forest located on the estuary of the Kraburi River is the center for international research related to the mangrove forest. It was announced the 4th Biosphere Reserve of Thailand as well as the 1st Biosphere Reserve of the world in terms of the mangrove forest. At present, the population of this village is 2,951 in number, 1,480 males and 1,471 females. The major occupations are farming and fishery, and the secondary ones are trade and husbandry.

Õߧåª√–°Õ∫¢Õß çªÉ“™“¬‡≈πé ªÉ“™“¬‡≈𠇪ìπ°≈ÿà¡¢Õß —ߧ¡æ◊™ ´÷Ëß à«π„À≠à®– ‡ªìπ‰¡â‰¡àº≈—¥„∫ ¡’≈°— …≥–∑“߇ √’«∑‘ ¬“·≈–°“√ª√—∫µ—«∑“ß ‚§√ß √â“ß∑’˧≈⓬§≈÷ß°—π°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õßæ√√≥‰¡â„πªÉ“™“‡≈π¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫·π«‡¢µ ´÷Ëߺ‘¥·ª≈°‰ª®“° —ߧ¡æ◊™ªÉ“∫° ∑—Èßπ’È ‡π◊ËÕß®“°Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¢Õß≈—°…≥–¢Õߥ‘𠧫“¡‡§Á¡ ·≈– °“√¢÷Èπ≈ߢÕßπÈ”∑–‡≈‡ªì𠔧—≠ ”À√—∫·π«‡¢µ∑’ˇ¥àπ™—¥ ¢Õߪɓ™“¬‡≈π ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ µâπ‚°ß°“ß ∑—Èß‚°ß°“ß„∫‡≈Á° ·≈–‚°ß°“ß„∫„À≠à®–¢÷ÈπÕ¬ŸàÀπ“·πàπ∫πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë„°≈âΩíòß∑–‡≈ ‰¡â· ¡·≈–ª√– —°®–Õ¬Ÿà∂—¥®“°·π«‡¢µ¢Õß‚°ß°“ß ¢≥– ∑’‰Ë ¡âµ–∫Ÿπ ®–Õ¬Ÿ≈à °÷ ‡¢â“‰ª®“°·π«‡¢µ¢Õ߉¡â· ¡·≈–ª√– —° ‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’Ë¡’¥‘π‡≈π·µà¡—°®–·¢Áß à«π∫πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¥‘π‡≈π∑’ˉ¡à ·¢Áß¡“°π—°·≈–¡’πÈ”∑–‡≈∑à«¡∂÷߇ ¡Õ®–¡’‰¡â‚ª√ß √—ß°–·∑â ·≈–Ω“¥¢÷ÈπÕ¬ŸàÕ¬à“ßÀπ“·πàπ à«π‰¡â‡ ¡Á¥®–¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà·π« ‡¢µ ÿ¥∑⓬ ´÷Ë߇ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’ˇ≈π·¢Áß∑’Ë¡’πÈ”∑–‡≈∑à«¡∂÷߇ªìπ§√—Èß §√“« ‡ªìπ®ÿ¥∑’Ë√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈¢÷Èπ Ÿß ÿ¥‡∑à“π—Èπ ·≈–·π«‡¢µ π’È∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ·π«µ‘¥µàÕ√–À«à“ߪɓ™“¬‡≈π°—∫ªÉ“∫° ∑—Èßπ’È æ◊™ æ«°‚ª√ß®–æ∫‡ÀÁπ‰¥â∑—Ë«Ê ‰ª„πªÉ“™“¬‡≈π ·≈–®–¢÷Èπ Õ¬à“ßÀπ“·πàπ„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’Ë∂Ÿ°∂“ß πÕ°®“°π’È ¬—ßæ∫ “À√à“¬ ’ ·¥ß ’‡¢’¬« ’‡¢’¬«·°¡πÈ”‡ß‘π µ≈Õ¥®π·æ≈ßµÕπæ◊™ ·≈–·æ≈ßµÕπ —µ«å √«¡∑—ßÈ ºŸ¬â Õà ¬ ≈“¬®”æ«°‡ÀÁ¥ √“ §ÿ≥§à“ ¢Õߪɓ™“¬‡≈π‡ªìπ ∂“π∑’ÕË πÿ∫“≈ —µ«åπÈ”«—¬ÕàÕπ Õ’°∑—ßÈ ‡ªìπ ·À≈àß√«¡¢Õß —µ«åπÈ” ∑—ßÈ °ÿßâ ÀÕ¬ ªŸ ª≈“ —µ«å§√÷ßË ∫°§√÷ßË πÈ” ‡™àπ ‡µà“ ®√–‡¢â ·≈– —µ«å‡≈◊ÈÕ¬§≈“π ∑—Èß°‘Èß°à“·≈–ߟ µ≈Õ¥ ®π·¡≈ßÕ’°À≈“°À≈“¬™π‘¥ ¡πÿ…¬å„™âª√–‚¬™πå¡“°¡“®“°ªÉ“™“¬‡≈π µ—ßÈ ·µà‡ªìπ·À≈àßÕ“À“√ ·À≈à߇™◊ÕÈ ‡æ≈‘ß ·À≈àß ‡æ“–‡≈’È¬ß —µ«åπÈ” œ≈œ

Components of çMangrove Foresté The mangrove forest represents a group of plant societies, most of which comprise evergreen trees that are of similar characteristics of liberalism and structure adjustment. The growth of plants in the mangrove depends upon the zone line which is different from inland plant because the nature of soils, salt, and sea tide cast significant influence.

The clear zone line of the mangrove forest consists of mangrove trees, whether ones with small or large leaves, that thicken in the area proximate to the sea.

Avicennia (Samae) and Bruguiera Gumnorrhiza (Prasak) stand next to the mangrove zone while Xylocarpus (Taboon) is found in the deeper zone, next to the zone of samae and prasak, but the soil is typically harder. Found in the moderately hard mud zone that is kept humid with water flow are Ceriops (Prong), Kandelia Candel (Rang-katae), and Lumnitzera (Fard) growing in density, while Melaleuca Leucadendron (Samed) form the last zone, the hard mud ground, which is sometimes reachable by sea water only when sea water reaches the highest level.

This zone also marks the joint between the mangrove forest and the land forest. Ceriops (Prong) are generally seen in the mangrove forest, but widely dense in the slashed area. In addition, red, green, and blue-green algae, as well as planktons, mushrooms and fungus are discovered. The mangrove forest is valuable in terms of serving as a source of food for baby aquatic animals as well as attracting aquatic animals namely shrimps, clams, crabs, fishes, amphibians like turtles and crocodiles, and reptiles like chameleons and snakes, as well as many species of insects. Humans have utilized the mangrove forest in several respects, including as a source of food, energy, and aquatic animals breeding, etc.

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πÕ°®“°π’ È ”π—°ß“π°Õß∑ÿπ π—∫ πÿπ°“√«‘®¬— ( °«.) ‰¥â®¥— ·∂≈ß¢à“« ç‰∑¬°—∫°“√√—∫¡◊Õ·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«·≈–§≈◊πË ¬—°…åé ‚¥¬¡’π—°«‘™“°“√ºŸâ‡™’ˬ«™“≠¥â“π·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«‡ªìπºŸâ„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ‰¥â·°à √». ¥√.ªí≠≠“ «“√ÿ»√‘ ‘ §≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ œ≈œ ‡¢â“√à«¡°“√·∂≈ß¢à“« ´÷ßË √». ¥√.ªí≠≠“ ·∂≈ß«à“ ¢≥–π’È¡’À≈“¬ª√–‡∑»∑’Ë欓¬“¡ª≈Ÿ°ªÉ“‚°ß°“ß (GREEN BELT) √Õ∫™“¬Ωíßò ∑–‡≈‡æ◊ÕË ‡ªìπ·π«µâ“π§≈◊πË ÷π“¡‘ ™à«¬≈¥§«“¡·√߉¥â ´÷Ë߉∑¬°Á§«√®–»÷°…“·≈–∑¥≈Õß∑” ‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—π ·µà¡’¢âÕ®”°—¥ §◊Õ “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â‡©æ“–æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ªÉ“™“¬‡≈π‡∑à“π—Èπ à«πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë™“¬À“¥À≈“¬ª√–‡∑»°”≈—ß »÷°…“À“æ—π∏ÿ‰å ¡â¬π◊ µâπ∑’¡Ë „’ ∫¡“°Ê ¡“ª≈Ÿ° ‡æ◊ÕË ‡ªìπ·π«µâ“π ÷π“¡‘‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—π ®–‡ÀÁ π «à “ ‰¡à „ ™à ‡ æ’ ¬ ßπ— ° «‘ ™ “°“√‡∑à “ π—È π ∑’Ë ‡ ÀÁ π §ÿ ≥ ª√–‚¬™πå¢Õߪɓ™“¬‡≈π ·µà™“«∫â“π∑’ÕË ¬Ÿ„à πæ◊πÈ ∑’‰Ë ¥âª√– ∫ ·≈–‡ÀÁπ¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ߥ⫬µπ‡Õß «à“ªÉ“™“¬‡≈ππÕ°®“°‡ªìπ ·À≈àß∑”°‘π ·≈–‡ªìπÀ—«„®¢Õß™“«‡≈πÕ¬à“ß∫â“π∫“߇∫π·≈â« ¬—߇ªìπ√—È«ªÑÕß°—π¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘ ´÷Ëß ”π÷°π’ÈΩíßÕ¬Ÿà„π„®¢Õß ™“«∫â“π∫“߇∫πÕ¬à“ß·πàπ·øÑπ ™“«∫â“π„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠„π °“√ª≈Ÿ°ªÉ“ ·≈–√Õ«—πøóôπ§◊π¢Õߪɓ™“¬‡≈π∫“߇∫πÕ’°§√—Èß ‰¡à√Ÿâ«à“®–„™â‡«≈“Õ’°π“π·§à‰Àπ

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Moreover, the Thailand Research Fund (TRF) arranged for the press release on çThailand and Measures to Handle Earthquake and Tsunami.é Assistant Professor Dr.Panya Charusiri, an earthquake specialist at Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, joined the press release and stated that at present there were many countries that attempted to grow the green belt along the sea coast to be used as the blockage against tsunami. Thailand should also study and conduct research accordingly. However, limitation existed because it could be done only in the mangrove area.

Several countries were also conducting a study on growing trees with thick leaves in the beach areas to serve as tsunami blockage.

It is perceivable that not only the academics realize the value of the mangrove forest, but the local villagers have also had on the ground experience and acknowledged the facts that besides being used to make a living, the mangrove forest is also the heart of Bangbane villagers and the natural barrier against disaster. This idea has been deeply implanted in the villagerûs mind. The villagers deem forest growing an important activity and are waiting for the recovery of the mangrove forest, no matter how long it will take.

„∫ÕàÕπ ë Young Leaf

‚¥¬ ∫—ßÕ√ ¿—∑√«‘∑¬å

By Bang-orn Pattarawit

Teaching about çTsunamié in Japan Õ¬à“ß∑’∑Ë √“∫°—π¥’Õ¬Ÿ·à ≈â««à“ª√–‡∑»≠’ªË πÿÉ ‡ªìπª√–‡∑»∑’¡Ë ∑’ –‡≈≈âÕ¡√Õ∫ ·≈–µ—ßÈ Õ¬Ÿà „π·π«‡§≈◊ËÕπµ—«¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ°‚≈° ´÷Ëß∑”„À⇠’ˬߵàÕ°“√‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«‰¥â‚¥¬ßà“¬°«à“æ◊Èπ∑’Ë Õ◊Ëπ„π‚≈° ·≈–À“°°“√‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«¥—ß°≈à“«‡°‘¥®“°°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπµ—«¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°Õ¬à“ß °√–∑—πÀ—πÕ—π‡ªìπº≈„À⇰‘¥√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ„µâ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ ·≈–∑”„ÀâπÈ”∑–‡≈‡°‘¥°“√°√–‡æ◊ËÕ¡„π ·π«¥‘ËßÕ¬à“ß∑—π∑’∑—π„¥ ®–∑”„À⇰‘¥§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ç ÷π“¡‘é µ“¡¡“ ∑—Èßπ’È∑—Èßπ—Èπ¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫§«“¡ √ÿπ·√ߢÕß·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« °“√‡°‘¥§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ç ÷π“¡‘é „π·µà≈–§√—Èß ·πàπÕπ«à“∫√‘‡«≥·∂∫™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈®– ‡ªìπ∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˉ¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ®÷ßÕ“®¥Ÿ‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕ߬“°¡“°∑’Ë®–ªÑÕß°—π‰¡à„Àâ∫√‘‡«≥ ·∂∫™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈‰¡à‰¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫‡≈¬ ´÷Ëß„π‡√◊ËÕßπ’È À≈“¬Ê ª√–‡∑»‰¥â¡’°“√ √â“߇§√◊ËÕß ªÑÕß°—π§≈◊Ëπ ‘Ëß°’¥¢«“ßµà“ßÊ °“√„™âÕÿª°√≥å°“√‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬‡¢â“¡“™à«¬ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–«‘»«°√ ™“«≠’ªË πÿÉ ‰¥â¡°’ “√ÕÕ°·∫∫°“√ √â“߇¢◊ÕË π¥‘πÀ√◊Õ ‘ßË °’¥¢«“ß∑’¡Ë §’ «“¡°«â“ß∑Õ¥‡ªìπ·π«¬“« ‡æ◊ËÕ欓¬“¡≈¥°”≈—ߧ«“¡·√ß·≈–§«“¡ Ÿß¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ √«¡‰ª®π∂÷߇æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ°“√‡∫π∑‘»∑“ß ¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ¥â«As is widely known, Japan is a country surrounded by the sea and located along the movement line of the tectonic plate, exposed to the earthquake to the greater extent than other areas on earth. When the earthquake is triggered by the sudden movement of the tectonic plate, generating the undersea rupture and the sudden vertical rise of the sea bed, the devastating çtsunamié waves will follow, noted that the scale of the earthquake is concerned.

On any occurrence of the çtsunamié waves, the coastal areas undoubtedly are, among others, subject to the severest impact, which makes it seem difficult to keep the effect on those coastal areas at zero level. Considering such event, several countries have built the waves-resistant machine and blockages, as well as sought assistance from the warning device. The Japanese engineers, in particular, have designed a soil dam or a blockage that stretches over long distance in the attempt to mitigate the force and height of the waves, and divert their directions. ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 37

”À√—∫°“√„À⧫“¡√Ÿâ·≈–°“√·®âß¢à“« “√‡√◊ËÕß §≈◊πË ¬—°…å ç ÷π“¡‘é ·°àπ°— ‡√’¬π·≈–ª√–™“™π∑—«Ë ‰ª ‡ªìπ‡√◊ÕË ß∑’Ë √—∞∫“≈≠’ªË πÿÉ „À⧫“¡ ”§—≠Õ¬à“߬‘ßË ¡’°“√𔧫“¡√Ÿ‡â °’¬Ë «°—∫ §≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ç ÷π“¡‘é ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ ç ÷π“¡‘é §◊ÕÕ–‰√ ‡°‘¥¢÷È𠉥âÕ¬à“߉√ °“√ªÑÕß°—π °“√‡µ√’¬¡µ—« °“√√—°…“™’«µ‘ „Àâ√Õ¥æâπ ®“°¿—¬§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ç ÷π“¡‘é ‚√§¿—¬µà“ßÊ ∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ç ÷π“¡‘é ∫√√®ÿ≈ß„πµ”√“°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπµ—Èß·µà√–¥—∫™—Èπ ª√–∂¡»÷°…“‰ª®π∂÷ß√–¥—∫¡—∏¬¡»÷°…“ ‚¥¬¡’®ÿ¥ª√– ß§å ‡æ◊ÕË „Àâπ°— ‡√’¬π‡À≈à“π—πÈ ‡¢â“„®∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥§≈◊πË ¬—°…å ç ÷π“¡‘é ·≈–°“√‡µ√’¬¡µ—« ªÑÕß°—π °“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘µ—«‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥ ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å¢÷Èπ®√‘ß ‚¥¬‡©æ“– ”À√—∫π—°‡√’¬π∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π∫√‘‡«≥ ·∂∫™“¬Ωíßò ∑–‡≈µà“ßÊ ∑’¡Ë §’ «“¡‡ ’¬Ë ßµàÕ°“√‰¥â√∫— º≈°√–∑∫ ®“°§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ç ÷π“¡‘é ®–¡’°“√Ωñ°´âÕ¡®“° ∂“π°“√≥å ®”≈Õß ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâπ—°‡√’¬π‰¥â‡¢â“„® ·≈–‡√’¬π√Ÿâ«‘∏’°“√ªÑÕß°—π °“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘µ—« À“°‡°‘¥‡Àµÿ°“√≥å∑’ˉ¡à§“¥§‘¥¢÷Èπ®√‘ß ”À√—∫ª√–™“™π∑—Ë«‰ª Àπ૬ߓπµà“ßÊ ®–¡’°“√ ·®âß¢à“« “√¢Õß°“√‡µ√’¬¡µ—« °“√ªÑÕß°—π‡¡◊ÕË ‡°‘¥§≈◊πË ¬—°…å ç ÷π“¡‘é Õ¬Ÿ‡à ªìπª√–®”∑“ß‚∑√∑—»πå«“à çÕ“®®–‡°‘¥§≈◊πË ¬—°…å ç ÷π“¡‘é ¢÷Èπ∫√‘‡«≥...................... ¢Õ„Àâª√–™“™π∑’ËÕ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà „π·∂∫∫√‘ ‡ «≥π—È π ‚ª√¥√–¡— ¥ √–«— ß é ·≈–·πà π Õπ«à “ ª√–™“™π∑’ËÕ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà„π∫√‘‡«≥·∂∫™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ ‡ ’Ë ¬ ßµà Õ °“√‰¥â √— ∫ º≈°√–∑∫®–µâ Õ ß¡’ ° “√Ωñ ° ´â Õ ¡®“° ∂“π°“√≥å®”≈Õߪï≈– 1 §√—Èß ‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫°“√Ωñ°´âÕ¡¢Õß π—°‡√’¬π ‚¥¬„π°“√‡√’ ¬ π°“√ Õπ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»≠’Ë ªÿÉ π ‰¥â °≈à “ «∂÷ ß «‘ ∏’ ° “√∑’Ë ® –ªÑ Õ ß°— π µ— « ‡Õß·≈–§√Õ∫§√— « ®“°¿— §≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ç ÷π“¡‘é ‰«â„π·∫∫‡√’¬π¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È

The Japanese has prioritized the teaching and notification about the çtsunamié waves to students and public as a significant agenda. The knowledge about what the çtsunamié waves are and their origin, as well as prevention of, preparation for, and surviving the çtsunamié, and the consequential illness generated by them have been part of the text books of the students in primary until high school levels with the intention to educate the students about the nature of the çtsunamié and the preparation, protection, and practice in times of real crisis. The students residing in coastal areas have especially received the simulation training for their understanding and learning about the preparation and actions provided unexpected phenomena.

The general public and organizations are notified about the preparation and prevention in the occurrence of the çtsunamié waves on television on regular basis, the statement of which follows: çThere is a probability of the çtsunamié giant waves in....

The residents in the area please take caution.é Certainly, the residents in coastal areas are required to rehearse the simulation once a year, with the same applied to student training.

Stated in the text books in Japan are the following measures to protect oneself and family from the çtsunamié waves:

Protective Measures against çTsunamié Waves ë At the beach

°“√ªÑÕß°—πµ—«®“°¿—¬§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ç ÷π“¡‘é

ë

- When you perceive and feel the earthquake, do not stay still. Hurry out of the beach to the place 30 meters above sea level as swiftly as possible.

- Provided the areas lack plateaus, hurry to °√≥’∑’˧ÿ≥Õ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥™“¬À“¥ tree-condense areas in the forest or a stable, strong - À“°§ÿ≥√—∫√Ÿâ ·≈–√Ÿ â °÷ ∂÷ߧ«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢÕß·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« building. ¢Õ„Àâ§ÿ≥Õ¬à“Õ¬Ÿà°—∫∑’ËÀ√◊Õπ‘Ë߇©¬ „Àâ§ÿ≥√’∫ÕÕ°®“° ë At home or school ∫√‘‡«≥™“¬À“¥‰ª¬—ß∫√‘‡«≥∑’ÕË ¬Ÿ‡à Àπ◊Õ√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ - Follow the recommendations provided by ¡“°°«à“ 30 ‡¡µ√ Õ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«‡∑à“∑’˧ÿ≥®–∑”‰¥â a specialist on radio or television.

- À“°∫√‘‡«≥π—Èπ‰¡à¡’∑’Ë Ÿß „Àâ§ÿ≥√’∫Àπ’‰ªÕ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë - Hurry out of the beach to the place 30 ¡’µâπ‰¡â‡¬Õ–Ê „πªÉ“ À√◊Õµ÷°∑’Ë·¢Áß·√ß¡—Ëπ§ß meters above sea level or tree-condense areas in the forest.

38 ë ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE

ë °√≥’∑’˧ÿ≥Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë∫â“πÀ√◊ÕÕ¬Ÿà∑’Ë‚√߇√’¬π - ªØ‘ ∫— µ‘ µ “¡¢à “ « “√∑“ß«‘ ∑ ¬ÿ À √◊ Õ ‚∑√∑— » πå ∑’Ë ‡ ªì 𠧔·π–π”ºŸâ‡™’ˬ«™“≠‡©æ“–¥â“π - √’ ∫ ‰ª¬— ß ∫√‘ ‡ «≥∑’Ë ¡’ § «“¡ Ÿ ß ‡Àπ◊ Õ √–¥— ∫ πÈ” ∑–‡≈ ¡“°°«à“ 30 ‡¡µ√ À√◊Õ∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’µâπ‰¡â‡¬Õ–Ê „πªÉ“ - Õ¬ŸàÀà“ß®“°·¡àπÈ” - π”«‘∑¬ÿæ°æ“‡æ◊ËÕµ‘¥µ“¡¢à“« “√, ºâ“Àà¡, Õ“À“√ ·≈–πÈ”¥◊Ë¡µ‘¥µ—«‰ª¥â«- À“°§ÿ≥Õ¬Ÿà°—∫ºŸâª°§√Õß „À⇵◊ÕπºŸâª°§√Õß„ÀâÀ¬‘∫ ™ÿ¥ª∞¡æ¬“∫“≈‰ª¥â«- Õ¬à“¬âÕπ°≈—∫‰ª∫â“π®π°√–∑—Ë߉¥â√—∫°“√ª√–°“»«à“ ç§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ç ÷π“¡‘é ß∫·≈â«é - À“°§ÿ ≥ æ≈— ¥ À≈ß®“°§√Õ∫§√— « „Àâ §ÿ ≥ °≈— ∫ ‰ª¬— ß ∂“π∑’Ë∑’ˇ®Õ°—π°àÕπÀπâ“

‘Ëß∑’˧ÿ≥µâÕߪؑ∫—µ‘Õ¬à“߇§√àߧ√—¥‡¡◊ËÕ∫√‘‡«≥∑’˧ÿ≥Õ¬Ÿà‡°‘¥ §≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ç ÷π“¡‘é - ªØ‘∫µ— µ‘ “¡§”·π–π”∑’‰Ë ¥â√∫— ®“°ºŸ‡â ™’ˬ«™“≠‡©æ“–¥â“π - Õ¬ŸÀà “à ß®“°∑–‡≈ ·≈–∫√‘‡«≥∑’µË Ë” ·≈–√’∫À𒉪∫√‘‡«≥ ∑’Ë Ÿß∑’ˇÀπ◊Õ√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈¡“°°«à“ 30 ‡¡µ√ - Õ¬ŸàÀà“ß®“°·¡àπÈ” - π”«‘∑¬ÿæ°æ“ ºâ“Àà¡ Õ“À“√ ·≈–πÈ”¥◊Ë¡ µ‘¥µ—«‰ª¥â«¬

- Stay away from rivers.

- Bring with you a compact radio to keep updated, blanket, and beverages.

- If your parents are present, remind them to take first-aid kits.

- Do not get back home until the notification that the çtsunamié waves have subsided is issued.

- If you are separated from family, go back to the previous place when you were last with them.

The following actions must be strictly taken in the event of the çtsunamié waves in your area: - Conform to the recommendations of a specialist.

- Stay away from the sea and low ground, and hurry to plateaus 30 meters above sea level.

- Stay away from rivers.

- Bring with you a compact radio to keep updated, blanket, and beverages.

Do you know?

In the event of the çtsunamié waves, your conscience and strict conformity to a specialistûs recommendations will ‡«≈“∑’ˇ°‘¥§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å assure your safety against the çtsunamié waves and ç ÷ π “¡‘ é À“°§ÿ≥¡’ µ‘ ·≈–ªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡§”·π–π”Õ¬à“ß such experience will be valuable and useful to you in a long run. ‡§√àߧ√—¥·≈â« §ÿ≥¬àÕ¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬®“°§≈◊πË ¬—°…å ç ÷π“¡‘é ·≈– ª√– ∫°“√≥å¥ß— °≈à“«®–¡’§“à ·≈–‡ªìπª√–‚¬™πåµ¥‘ µ—«§ÿ≥‰ª

§ÿ≥∑√“∫À√◊Õ‰¡à?

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 39

„∫ÕàÕπ ë Young Leaf

‚¥¬ §√√™‘µ

By Kanchit

™“«¡Õ√å·°π °—∫ —≠™“µ≠“≥∑“ß∑–‡≈ Morgan and Sea Instinct ™“«¡Õ√å · °π ‡ªì π Àπ÷Ë ß „π°≈ÿà ¡ ™πæ◊È π ‡¡◊ Õ ß∑’Ë ‡ √’ ¬ °«à “ 癓«‡≈é ´÷Ë߇ªìπ™π‡ºà“æ◊Èπ‡¡◊ÕߢÕß¡≈“¬Ÿ ‡Àµÿ∑’Ë™“«¡Õ√å·°π µâÕ߉ªÕ¬Ÿàµ“¡‡°“–µà“ßÊ °Á‡æ√“–∂Ÿ°√ÿ°√“π®“°™π°≈ÿà¡Õ◊Ëπ‡≈µâÕßÕæ¬æÀπ’¿—„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡’™“«¡Õ√å·°π·≈–™“«‡≈Õ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿ∫à √‘‡«≥ ®.√–πÕß À¡Ÿ‡à °“– ÿ√π‘ ∑√å À¡Ÿ‡à °“– ‘¡≈‘ π— ‡°“–æ√–∑Õß Õ.§ÿ√–∫ÿ√’ ™“¬Ωíò ß ¢Õß Õ.µ–°—Ë « ªÉ “ Õ.∑⓬‡À¡◊Õß „π®.æ—ßß“ ‡°“– ‘ ‡ À≈à À“¥√“‰«¬å ·À≈¡À≈“ ∫â“π‡Àπ◊Õ ∫â“π –ª“ „π ®.¿Ÿ‡°Áµ æ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–‡®â“Õ¬ŸàÀ—«∑√ß¡’æ√–¡À“°√ÿ≥“∏‘§ÿ≥ ∑√ßæ√–√“™∑“ππ“¡ °ÿ≈„Àâ°∫— ™“«¡Õ√å·°π·≈–™“«‡≈¥â«¬ Õ“∑‘ °≈â“∑–‡≈ À“≠∑–‡≈ π“«“√—°…å ¡ÿ∑√«“√’¬å œ≈œ ∑”„Àâæ«° ‡¢“‡ªìπ§π‰∑¬∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µâÕßµ“¡°ÆÀ¡“Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡æ«°‡¢“‰¡à§àÕ¬ π„®·≈–¢“¥§«“¡‡¢â“„® ‡°’Ë ¬ «°— ∫ °“√∂◊ Õ §√Õß∑’Ë ¥‘ 𠵓¡°ÆÀ¡“¬ ∑”„Àâ æ «°‡¢“¡— ° ‰ª √â“ß∫â“π√‘¡Ωíòß∑–‡≈∑’ˇªìπ∑’Ë “∏“√≥– ∫“ߧ√—Èß®÷ßµâÕß°≈“‡ªìπºŸâ∫ÿ°√ÿ°‰ª‚¥¬ª√‘¬“™“«¡Õ√å·°π¡’Õ“™’æÀ≈—° §◊Õ °“√®—∫ª≈“ ´÷ßË «à“°—π«à“§π ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà°—∫∑–‡≈ √Ÿâ®—°∑–‡≈‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’ ‡«≈“‡°‘¥‡¿∑¿—¬∑“ß∑–‡≈ ¡—°®–√Õ¥µ“¬ ‡æ√“–Õà“π∑–‡≈ÕÕ° Õ¬à“ß™“«¡Õ√å·°π°Á‡™àπ°—π ‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥‡Àµÿ°“√≥å§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ÷π“¡‘ æ«°‡¢“°Á√Õ¥æâπ¿—¬¡“‰¥â ¥â«¬ —≠™“µ≠“≥ À“≠ ¡ÿ∑√«“√’¬å ‡≈à“«à“ æàÕ·¡à Õπ‡¢“«à“ ∫√√æ∫ÿ√ÿ… ∫Õ°‡≈à“°—πµàÕÊ ¡“«à“ ∂â“πÈ”¢ÿàπÀâ“¡ÕÕ°‰ªÀ“ª≈“ µâÕß√Õ„Àâ πÈ”„ ®÷߉ªÀ“ª≈“‰¥â ∂â“πÈ”∑–‡≈≈¥≈ßÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«π—πË À¡“¬§«“¡ 40 ë ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE

Morgan people is a group of native people, called çsea gypsiesé, the native tribe of Malayu. The reason why Morgen had scattered in several islands because they were invaded by other tribes. So, they must migrate.

In Thailand, Morgan people and sea gypsies inhibit Ranong, Surin Island, Similan Island, Pra Thong Island, Kuraburi District, the coast in Takua Pah District, Tai Muang in Pang-nga, Silay Island, Rawai Beach, Laa Peninsula, Nuea Village, and Sabah Village in Phuket.

His Majesty the King graciously gave Morgen people and sea gypsies surnames, for example, Klahtalay (bravery of the sea), Haantalay (bravery of the sea), Navarak (navy preservation), and Samutwaree (sea water), making these people legally Thai people.

However, these people lack interests in and understanding about legal land ownership, and therefore tend to build houses on the sea coast, which is public land, causing them to sometimes become trespassers in a sense.

The major occupation of Morgan people is fishery. It has been told that those who live with the sea and know it well will survive perils because they can read the sea. That applies to Morgan people. In the face

«à“ ®–‡°‘¥§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å¢÷Èπ „Àâ√’∫∫Õ°°—πµàÕÊ ‰ª ·≈–Àπ’¢÷Èπ‰ªÕ¬Ÿà∫π∑’Ë Ÿß ´÷Ëß®“°‡Àµÿ°“√≥å§≈◊Ëπ ¬—°…å π÷ “¡‘∑‡’Ë °‘¥¢÷πÈ §ß‰¡àµÕâ ß¡’§”Õ∏‘∫“¬„¥Ê Õ’° ™≈∏‘™“ ·¢°ª“∑“π ∫Õ°«à“ æàÕ·¡à Õπ«‘∏’ —߇°µ«à“®–¡’擬ÿ‡¢â“«à“ „À⥟∑âÕßøÑ“∂â“ ‡ÀÁπ«à“°âÕπ‡¡¶¡’ ·’ ¥ß‡√◊ÕßÊ ªπ ’¥” π—πË ·À≈– ®–¡’擬ÿ‡¢â“ À√◊Õ¥Ÿ°ß‘Ë ‰¡â‡≈Á°Ê ∑’≈Ë Õ¬Õ¬Ÿ„à π∑–‡≈ ∂â“°‘ßË ‰¡â≈Õ¬¢π“π°—∫∑âÕß∑–‡≈· ¥ß«à“‰¡à¡Õ’ –‰√ À“°‡ÀÁπ°‘Ë߉¡âµ—Èߢ÷Èπ· ¥ß«à“‰¡à‡°‘π 5 ™—Ë«‚¡ß ®–¡’擬ÿ·≈–§≈◊Ëπ¢π“¥„À≠àæ—¥‡¢â“¡“ À√◊Õ∂â“∑âÕß∑–‡≈·∂∫ π—Èπ¡’ª≈“‚≈¡“ „À⠗߇°µ¥Ÿ«à“∂⓪≈“‚≈¡“«à“¬‡¢â“¡“∑’Ë™“¬Ωíòß · ¥ß«à“®–‡°‘¥æ“¬ÿ„À≠à §” Õπ¢Õß∫√√æ∫ÿ√…ÿ ®“°√ÿπà µàÕ√ÿπà ‡°’¬Ë «°—∫∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß ™“«¡Õ√å·°π∑”„À≡ࡒ„§√µâÕß Ÿ≠‡ ’¬™’«‘µ‰ª §ß‡ªìπ ”π÷°Àπ÷Ëß ∑’Ë¿“§√—∞µâÕß„À⧫“¡ π„®„π°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ‡√◊ËÕ߇°’ˬ«°—∫ ÷π“¡‘·°à‡¥Á°·≈–‡¬“«™π„Àâ¡“°¢÷Èπ π—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√åÀ≈“¬™“µ‘欓¬“¡»÷°…“°“√欓°√≥å °“√‡°‘¥ ÷π“¡‘Õ¬à“ß∂Ÿ°µâÕß·¡à𬔠·µà°Á¬—߉¡à “¡“√∂°”Àπ¥„Àâ ™—¥‡®π≈߉ª‰¥â ·µà«à“¡’»“ µ√噓«∫â“π®“°ª√–‡∑»®’π∫Õ°«à“ „À⠗߇°µ —µ«å∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„µâ¥‘𠇙àπ ÀπŸ ∂â“À“° —µ«å‡À≈à“π’È·µ°µ◊Ëπ ÕÕ°¡“«‘Ë߇æàπæà“π¢â“ß∫πæ◊Èπ¥‘πÕ¬à“ß‚°≈“À≈·≈â« ‘Ëß∑’˵“¡¡“ §◊Õ·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« À√◊Õ ·¡≈ß “∫®”π«π¡“°«‘ßË ‡æàπæà“π ÿπ¢— ‡ªì¥ ‰°à À¡Ÿ À¡’ µ◊πË µ°„® ª≈“°√–‚¥¥¢÷πÈ ®“°º‘«πÈ” ´÷ßË ‡ªìπ°“√‡µ◊Õπ¿—‚¥¬∏√√¡™“µ‘ πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß¡’¢âÕ —߇°µ¢Õß™“«®’π —߇°µ°“√ ‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ߢÕßπÈ”„π∫àÕ 5 ª√–°“√ °àÕπ‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« ‰¥â·°à πÈ”¢ÿπà ¢÷πÈ ¡’°“√À¡ÿπ«π¢ÕßπÈ” √–¥—∫πÈ”‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß ¡’øÕßÕ“°“» ·≈–√ ¢¡ ·µàÕ¬à“߉√°Á¥’‡¥Á°·≈–‡¬“«™π§«√√Ÿâ«‘∏’ªØ‘∫—µ‘µπ„π‡∫◊ÈÕß µâπ‡¡◊ËÕ ç ÷π“¡‘é ¡“‡¬◊Õπ¥â«¬

of the tsunami, they have survived by instincts.

Haan Samutwaree said his parents taught him that their ancestors have passed knowledge from generation to generation that one should not go out fishing when the water looks cloudy and should do so only when the water is clear. If the sea water rapidly plummets, it implies that the tsunami will follow. The information should then be spread swiftly and people should flee to high land. As we can see from the recent tsunami incident, there is no need for further explanation.

Chonticha Kaekpathan said her parents taught her to predict the visit of storms by observing the sky. If clouds become blackish shining-red, the storms will come.

Alternatively, it can be predicted by observing small branches floating in the sea. If the branches float horizontally on the sea surface, nothing will happen.

However, if the branches stand up, it demonstrates that the storm and large wave will come within 5 hours. In case there are dolphins in the area, if they swim towards the shore, the powerful storm will come.

The teachings of ancestors about nature passed from generation to generation of Mogen people prevent any loss of lives. It should raise the governmentûs awareness that more attention should be paid to educating children and youths about the tsunami.

The scientists of various nations have attempted to study how to correctly and accurately predict the tsunami occurrence, but the definite identification is still not possible. However, the Chinese local wisdom has it said that one method is to observe underground animals like rats. If these animals panic and turbulently run around on the ground, the earthquake will follow. Otherwise, the situation that cockroaches, dogs, ducks, hens, pigs, or bears panic, or fish jump out of the water serves as the natural warning system. Furthermore, another Chinese method is to observe 5 types of changes of water in a pond that occur prior to the earthquake, namely water getting cloudier, circulating water, changes in water level, bubbles, and bitter taste. ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 41

However, children and 1. — ß ‡°µª√“°Æ°“√≥å ¢ Õß™“¬Ωíò ß À“°πÈ” ∑–‡≈≈¥ youngster should know the √–¥—∫≈ß¡“°À≈—߇°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« „Àâ —ππ‘…∞“π«à“ Õ“®‡°‘¥§≈◊Ëπ way of preliminary practice ÷π“¡‘µ“¡¡“‰¥â „Àâ√’∫Õæ¬æ§π„π§√Õ∫§√—« —µ«å‡≈’È¬ß „ÀâÕ¬Ÿà when tsunami visits, as well.

¢âÕ∫—≠≠—µ‘∫√√‡∑“ “∏“√≥¿—¬ 10 ª√–°“√ §◊Õ

Àà“ß®“°™“¬Ωíòß¡“°Ê ·≈–Õ¬Ÿà„π∑’Ë¥ÕπÀ√◊Õ∑’Ë ŸßπÈ”∑à«¡‰¡à∂÷ß 2. ∂â“Õ¬Ÿà„π‡√◊Õ´÷Ë߮ելŸà∑’Ë∑à“‡√◊Õ À√◊Õ Õà“« „Àâ√’∫π” ‡√◊ÕÕÕ°‰ª°≈“ß∑–‡≈‡¡◊ËÕ∑√“∫«à“®–‡°‘¥§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘æ—¥‡¢â“À“ ‡æ√“–§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà‰°≈™“¬Ωíòß¡“°Ê ®–¡’¢π“¥‡≈Á° 3. §≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘Õ“®‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥âÀ≈“¬√–≈Õ° ®“°°“√‡°‘¥ ·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«§√—È߇¥’¬« ‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“√·°«àß¡“¢ÕßπÈ”∑–‡≈ ¥—ßπ—È𠧫√√Õ —°√–¬–Àπ÷Ëß®÷ß®– “¡“√∂≈߉ª™“¬À“¥‰¥â 4. µ‘¥µ“¡°“√‡ πÕ¢à“«Õ¬à“ß„°≈♑¥·≈–µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß 5. „π∫√‘‡«≥¬à“π∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡ ’ˬ߿—¬∑’Ë®–‡®Õ§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘ À“°∑’æË °— Õ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿ„à °≈♓¬À“¥ §«√®—¥∑”‡¢◊ÕË π °”·æß ª≈Ÿ°µâπ‰¡â «“ß«— ¥ÿ‡æ◊ÕË ≈¥·√ߪ–∑–¢ÕßπÈ”∑–‡≈ ·≈–°àÕ √â“ß∑’æË °— Õ“»—¬„Àâ ¡—πË §ß·¢Áß·√ß 6. «“ß·ºπ„π°“√Ωñ°´âÕ¡√—∫¿—¬®“° ÷π“¡‘ ‡™àπ °”Àπ¥ ∂“π∑’Ë„π°“√Õæ¬æ ·À≈àß – ¡πÈ” –Õ“¥ ‡ªìπµâπ 7. „π¬à“π∑’¡Ë §’ «“¡‡ ’¬Ë ß¿—¬∑’®Ë –‡®Õ§≈◊πË ÷π“¡‘ „ÀâÀ≈’°‡≈’¬Ë ß °“√°àÕ √â“ß„°≈♓¬Ωíòß 8. ®—¥«“ߺ—߇¡◊Õß„Àâ‡À¡“– ¡ ∫√‘‡«≥·À≈àß∑’ËÕ“»—¬§«√ ¡’√–¬–Àà“ß®“°Ωíòß 9. ª√–™“ —¡æ—π∏å·≈–„À⧫“¡√Ÿâª√–™“™π„π‡√◊ËÕß°“√ ªÑÕß°—π·≈–∫√√‡∑“¿—¬®“°§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘·≈–·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« 10. «“ß·ºπ≈à«ßÀπâ“ À“°‡°‘¥ ∂“π°“√≥å¢÷Èπ®√‘ß„π ‡√◊ËÕß°“√ª√– “πß“π√–À«à“ßÀπ૬ߓπ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß °”Àπ¥¢—Èπ µÕπ„π¥â“π°“√™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ∫√√‡∑“¿—¬ ¥â“π “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ °“√√◊ÕÈ ∂Õπ ·≈–øóôπøŸ ‘Ëß°àÕ √â“ß

*1

¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°‡«Á∫‰´µå¢à“«‡°’ˬ«°—∫ ÷π“¡‘1

42 ë ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE

10 Disaster Relief Enactments comprise the followings: 1. Observe any incidents at the shore. If the sea water plummets after the earthquake, assume that the tsunami may follow. Get families and pets way far from the sea and stay on high ground or highland where water cannot reach.

2. In case one is boarding a ship moored at the port or harbor, hurry to navigate the ship towards the middle of the sea when perceiving that the tsunami will come since the tsunami far off the shore is small in size.

3. One earthquake may generate several waves of tsunami due to the fluctuation of sea water.

Therefore, wait for an appropriate while before going down to the beach.

4. Closely and continually follow news and updates.

5. In the region exposed to high risk of encountering the tsunami, if the residence is proximate to the sea, the blockage and wall construction, tree growing, and materials placing should be carried out to abate the collision of sea water. Also, the residence should be made stable and strong.

6. Plan the tsunami training such as determining the migration area and clean water reserve point.

7. In the area of high risk, avoid carrying out the construction proximate to the sea.

8. Ensure proper town planning. The residence area should be to an extent far from the shore.

9. Carry out public relations and educate the public about the preventive and relief measures against the tsunami and earthquake.

10. Preplan the coordination between relevant parties, relief process, public health, and building demolition and rehabilitation that are necessary in the real situation. *1

Data is taken from tsunami-related websites.

·≈– ‘Ëß∑’Ëπà“ Õ¥·∑√°„π°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ¢Õ߇¥Á°·≈– ‡¬“«™π‰∑¬ §◊Õ ‡√◊ËÕ߇°’ˬ«°—∫‡§√◊ËÕ߇µ◊Õπ¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘ ç —¡º— 摇»…é ¢Õß —µ«å‚≈° §≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ç ÷π“¡‘é ∑’ˇ¢â“∂≈à¡ 12 ª√–‡∑» ∑—Ë«‚≈° ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 26 ∏—𫓧¡∑’˺à“π¡“ §√à“™’«‘µ¡πÿ…¬å‰ª·≈â« °«à“· π√“¬ ∑«à“¡’∫√√¥“ —µ«å‡≈Á° —µ«å„À≠à®”π«π¡“°√Õ¥æâπ ®“°À“¬π–§√—Èßπ—Èπ‰¥â ‡æ√“–¡’ª√– “∑ —¡º— √—∫‡ ’¬ß –∑âÕπ‰¥â ¥’°«à“¡πÿ…¬å¡“° ®“°¿“æ∂à“¬∑“ßÕ“°“»¢Õ߇¢µ ß«πæ—π∏ÿå —µ«åª“É ¬“≈“¢Õß»√’≈ß— °“ ∑’·Ë æ√à¿“æºà“π ∂“π’‚∑√∑—»πåπ“π“™“µ‘ · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“∫√‘‡«≥π’¡È π’ È”∑à«¡ ·µà°≈—∫‰¡àæ∫«à“¡’™“â ß ‡ ◊Õ¥“« °«“ß ÿπ¢— ®‘ßÈ ®Õ° ®√–‡¢â µ“¬·µàÕ¬à“ß„¥ ∑—ßÈ π’®È “°ª√–«—µ»‘ “ µ√å ‡°’¬Ë «°—∫‡Àµÿ°“√≥å·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« ¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø√–‡∫‘¥ À√◊Õ §≈◊πË ∑–‡≈®“° ·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« æ∫«à“∫√√¥“ ÿπ—¢®–‡Àà“ÀÕπ π°µà“ßÊ ∫‘πÀπ’¿—·≈–ΩŸß —µ«åµ“à ßÊ ®–À𒉪 Ÿ∑à ª’Ë ≈Õ¥¿—¬°àÕπ∑’¡Ë À—πµ¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘ ®–¡“‡¬◊Õπ

‡ª≈’Ë ¬ π·ª≈߇≈Á ° πâ Õ ¬„π — ≠ ≠“≥ª°µ‘ ∑’Ë √— ∫ ‰¥â ‡¡◊ËÕ«—µ∂ÿ —Ëπ –‡∑◊Õπ πÕ°®“°π’È ·Õπ §≈Õ‡¥ ‡°Õ‡∑’¬√å ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√ «π —µ«å ª“√’ √–∫ÿ«“à —µ«åÕπ◊Ë Ê °Á√∫— √Ÿ¿â ¬— ∏√√¡™“µ‘≈«à ßÀπⓉ¥â‡™àπ°—π Õ“∑‘ π°æ‘√“∫∑’Ë¡’ —¡º— ‰«¡“°‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕߧ«“¡°¥ Õ“°“» À√◊Õ π°Õæ¬æ ·≈–ΩŸßº÷Èß∑’Ë¡’√–∫∫¿“¬„π∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ ·¡à𬔠Ÿß æ√âÕ¡· ¥ßªØ‘°‘√‘¬“µÕ∫ πÕßµàÕ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¢Õß π“¡·¡à‡À≈Á°„π‚≈° ‡√◊ËÕß√“«‡À≈à“π’È∑”„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ —µ«åµà“ßÊ ¡’ —¡º— ∑’ˉ«°«à“ ¡πÿ…¬å¡“° √—∫√Ÿâ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßµà“ßÊ ‰¥â°àÕπ§π∑—Ë«‰ª ∑”„Àâ Àπ’¡À—πµ¿—¬ ÷π“¡‘‰¥â∑—π∑à«ß∑’ À“°§‘¥‰ªÕ’°·ßàÀπ÷Ëß °Á‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“ ∏√√¡™“µ‘‰¥â √â“ß √√§å ß‘Ë µà“ßÊ ‰¥âÕ¬à“ß≈ßµ—« ‡¡◊ÕË √â“ß ç¿—¬√â“¬é ‡æ◊ÕË ∑”≈“¬≈â“ß °Áæ√âÕ¡µ‘¥µ—ßÈ æ√ «√√§å√∫— √Ÿâ ç¿—¬√⓬≈à«ßÀπâ“é „Àâ °—∫ —µ«å‚≈°‡™àπ°—π ·µà ç∏√√¡™“µ‘é Õ“®≈◊¡‡ √‘¡®ÿ¥‡¥àπ¢âÕπ’È„Àâ °—∫ ç¡πÿ…¬åé ‡æ√“–√Ÿâ«à“‡√“¡’ ç µ‘ªí≠≠“é ∑’Ë®–ª√–¥‘…∞姑¥§â𠇧√◊ËÕߪÑÕß°—π¿—¬‰¥â„πÕ𓧵 ·¡â«à“∫“ߧ√—È߇√“µâÕ߇√’¬π√Ÿâ∑’Ë®– Ÿ≠‡ ’¬°àÕπ∑’®Ë –µ√–Àπ—°«à“®–Õ¬Ÿ√à «à ¡°—∫ ç∏√√¡™“µ‘é‘ ‰¥âÕ¬à“߉√

The materials that should be included in the lessons of Thai children and youths are the natural warning mechanism and çspecial senseé of world animals.

Although the çtsunamié devastating 12 countries on December 26, 2004 has taken away over 100,000 human lives, there are a great number of small and large animals that have survived the disaster thanks to their superior special echoing sense over that of humans. The air photos taken Yala Natural Wildelife Reserve Area of Sri Lanka international television stations have shown that the flood overflew the area but no cases of death of elephants, leopards, deer, foxes, and crocodiles were found. As such, based on the history of earthquake, volcano eruption, or waves following earthquake, it is found that dogs barked and howled, birds migrated to safe places, and herds of animals escaped to sanctuaries before the visit of natural disasters.

Minor Changes in Perceivable Normal Signal at Vibration Ann Claude Kurtiar, Director of Paris Zoo, states that other animals such as pigeons that are sensitive to any changes in air pressure or migrating birds and bees that have the brilliantly accurate internal system and are ready to respond to any changes in the magnetic field of the earth can also detect the signal of natural disasters.

These cases have implied that these animals have superior sense over that of humans and can perceive changes before humans. Therefore, they are in time in escaping to safe places. On another aspect, it is conceivable that the nature well creates the balance.

When it gives birth to the çdisasteré for devastation, it also bestows the sensory talent to çsense disasters aheadé to animals on earth. However, the nature may have forgotten to complement çhumansé with this ability for it knows we possess çwisdomé to be able to invent the prevention equipment in the future, although we have to learn sometimes what losses are before getting aware of how to coexist with çthe natureé.

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°√’π‡«Á∫ ë Green Web

‚¥¬ ‡øóòÕßøÑ“

By Fuangfaa

Tsunami Websites

‡«Á∫‰´µå

÷π“¡‘ «“√ “√°√’π‰≈πå ©∫—∫∑’Ë 15 π’È ‡ªìπ©∫—∫摇»…‡æ◊ËÕ√–≈÷°∂÷ߺŸâª√– ∫¿—¬æ‘∫—µ‘·ºà𠥑π‰À« ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 26 ∏—𫓧¡ 2547 ∑’˺à“π¡“ π”‡ πÕ‡√◊ËÕß√“«µà“ßÊ ‡°’ˬ«°—∫ ÷π“¡‘ ´÷Ëß À“°∑à“πºŸâÕà“π π„®»÷°…“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„Àâ¡“°°«à“π’È “¡“√∂§âπÀ“‰¥â®“°‡«Á∫‰´µåµà“ßÊ Õ“∑‘ 1. www.most.go.th/tsunami/index.htm ‡ªìπ‡«Á∫‰´µå¢Õß°√–∑√«ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ‚¥¬®—¥∑”Àπâ“摇»…‡©æ“–‡√◊ËÕߧ≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘ ¡’À—«¢âÕ §«“¡√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕß·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« §«“¡√Ÿ‡â √◊ÕË ß§≈◊πË Tsunami √–∫∫ “√ π‡∑»∑“ß¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å º≈°√–∑∫‡™‘ßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¢Õß ÷π“¡‘ √–∫∫‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬ ÷π“¡‘ ‘Ëß∑’˧«√ªØ‘∫—µ‘‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«/ ÷π“¡‘ ª√–°“»/»Ÿπ¬åª√– “πß“πºŸâª√– ∫¿—2. www.dmr.go.th/tsunami/tsunami.htm ‡ªìπ‡«Á∫‰´µå¢Õß°√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’ 𔇠πÕ‡√◊ËÕß√“«µà“ßÊ ¥—ßπ’È §«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß ÷π“¡‘ ∑”‰¡∂÷߇°‘¥ ÷π“¡‘ ™π‘¥¢Õß ÷π“¡‘ ∫√‘‡«≥·À≈à߇°‘¥ ÷π“¡‘ ¢π“¥¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ÷π“¡‘ 44 ë ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE

Green Line Magazine Vol. 15 is published specially to be a remembrance to the victims of the earthquake on December 26, 2004 and present to you the stories related to the tsunami waves. Any persons interested in finding further information can go to the following websites: 1. www.most.go.th/tsunami/index.htm The website of Ministry of Science and Technology, contain a special page contributed to the tsunami waves. Included are the topics below: Knowledge about earthquake Knowledge about waves Tsunami Geographical information system Impact of tsunami on areas Tsunami warning system Actions to be taken in the events of earthquake/tsunami Notification/assistance centers for victims 2. www.dmr.go.th/tsunami/tsunami.htm The website of Department of Mineral Resources, presenting the contents as follows: Definition of tsunami Cause of tsunami Type of tsunami Tsunami areas Size of tsunami Disaster by tsunami Cases of tsunami in Andaman Damage data Reality about tsunami Anticipation-prediction of tsunami Actions to trivialize the danger of and the damage brought by tsunami ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 45

æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ÷π“¡‘ °√≥’§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ÷π“¡‘„πÕ—π¥“¡—π ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈§«“¡‡ ’¬À“§«“¡®√‘߇°’ˬ«°—∫§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘ °“√§“¥°“√≥å-∑”𓬰“√‡°‘¥§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ÷π“¡‘ ¢âժؑ∫—µ‘„π°“√∫√√‡∑“Õ—πµ√“¬·≈–§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬®“°§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘ 3. www.sunamithai.com ‡ªìπ‡«Á∫‰´µå∑’Ë𔇠πÕ‡√◊ËÕß√“«µà“ßÊ ¥—ßπ’È §«“¡√Ÿâ·≈–¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„πÕ¥’µ¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘ §«“¡√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕß·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« √«∫√«¡°‘®°√√¡¢ÕßÀπ૬ߓπµà“ßÊ ∑’Ë®—¥¢÷Èπ‡æ◊Ëՙ૬‡À≈◊ÕºŸâª√– ∫¿—¬ ÷π“¡‘ 4. www.prh.noaa.gov/pr/itic/library/pubs/textbooks/tsunamitextbooks.html ‡ªìπ·À≈àߧ«“¡√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕß ÷π“¡÷ ”À√—∫‡¥Á° 5. http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/exhibits/tsunami/tsubay.html ‡ªìπ‡«Á∫‰´µå¢Õß NASA ‡ªìπ¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…∑’ËÕà“πßà“¬·≈–‡¢â“„®ßà“¬ ·∂¡∑⓬¡’∫∑ ∑¥ Õ∫§«“¡‡¢â“„®Õ’°¥â«¬ „Àâ≈Õß∑¥ Õ∫∑”°—π¥Ÿ 6. www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami-hazard ‡√◊ËÕß√“«¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘·≈–√«∫√«¡«‘∏’‡Õ“µ—«√Õ¥®“°§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘ 7. www.naturenw.org ¿“æ„πÕ¥’µ¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘·≈–√«∫√«¡«‘∏’ªÑÕß°—π¿—¬®“°§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘ 8.www.tsunami.org ∫∑ —¡¿“…≥庪Ÿâ √– ∫¿—¬ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡√◊ÕË ß√“«¢Õߧ≈◊πË ÷π“¡‘∑∂’Ë ≈ࡇ°“–Œ“«“¬·≈–∑’ÕË π◊Ë Ê 9. www.tsunamisrilanka.com √«∫√«¡∫∑ —¡¿“…≥å ¿“æ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å ‡√◊ËÕß√“«¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘∑’Ë∂≈ࡪ√–‡∑» »√’≈—ß°“«—π‡¥’¬«°—∫∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ°—∫ª√–‡∑»‰∑πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß¡’‡«Á∫‰´µåÕ◊ËπÊ Õ’°¡“°¡“¬ Õ“∑‘ www.phuketitcity.com ·≈– www.thaitsunami.com, www.thailandtsunami.com, www.tsunamithailand.com „À≥⠇≈◊Õ°‡¢â“‰ª»÷°…“°—π

46 ë ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE

3. www.sunamithai.com The website presents the following materials: Background knowledge and data about tsunami Knowledge about earthquake Series of activities arranged by various organizations to assist tsunami victims 4. www.prh.noaa.gov/pr/itic/library/pub/textbooks/tsunamitextbooks.html Collection of knowledge about tsunami for kids 5. http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/exhibits/tsunami/tsubay.html The website is built by NASA in simple and easy-to-understand English, containing the comprehensive test to be tried out.

6. www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami-hazard Collection of tsunami-related stories and survival measures 7. www.naturenw.org Images concerning tsunami in the past and collection of protective measures against tsunami hazard 8. www.tsunami.org The interviews with tsunami victims and the data about tsunami devastating Hawaii and elsewhere 9. www.tsunamisrilanka.com Collection of interviews, event photos, and story about the tsunami wave devastating Sri Lanka on the same date it did Thailand There are also many other relevant websites, for example, www.phuketcity.com, www.thaitsunami.com, www.thailandtsunami.com, and www.tsunamithailand.com for your learning.

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 47

π‚¬∫“¬ ’‡¢’¬« ë Green Policy

‚¥¬ ∏ß™—¬ ¥≈ª√– ‘∑∏‘Ï

By Thongchai Dolprasit

°“√øóôπøŸ ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡

™“¬Ωíßò ∑–‡≈„πæ◊πÈ ∑’ªË √– ∫¿—Restoration of the Environment of Devastated Coastal Areas °“√¥”‡π‘π°“√¥â“π°“√øóôπøŸ∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈„π æ◊È π ∑’Ë ª √– ∫¿— ¬ ‡ªì π Àπâ “ ∑’Ë √— ∫ º‘ ¥ ™Õ∫‚¥¬µ√ߢÕß°√¡∑√— æ ¬“°√∑“ß∑–‡≈·≈–™“¬Ωíò ß °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ´÷Ëß°√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘œ ª√–°Õ∫ ¥â«¬°√¡µà“ßÊ ∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡¥Ÿ·≈¥â“π∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡¢Õß ª√–‡∑» ´÷ËßÀ≈—߇°‘¥æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ÷π“¡‘„π§√—Èßπ’È °√–∑√«ßœ ‰¥â¥”‡π‘π°“√„π¥â“πµà“ßÊ ‡æ◊ÕË øóπô øŸ ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡™“¬Ωíßò ∑–‡≈„πæ◊πÈ ∑’ªË √– ∫¿—¬¿“¬„µâæπ— ∏–°‘®¢Õß°√–∑√«ßœ ‚¥‰¥â®—¥µ—Èß»Ÿπ¬åª√– “πß“π‡©æ“–°‘®‡æ◊ËÕ·°â‰¢ªí≠À“®“°º≈°√–∑∫·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«„πª√–‡∑» Õ‘ π ‚¥π’ ‡ ´’ ¬ ≥ Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘Õà“«æ—ßß“ ®—ßÀ«—¥æ—ßß“ ‚¥¬∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë ª√– “πß“π°—∫Àπ૬ߓπµà“ßÊ „π°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“π„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ·≈–°“√®—¥∑”√“ß“πº≈°“√¥”‡π‘πß“π¢Õß∑ÿ°Àπ૬ߓπ ·≈–·µàßµ—Èß™ÿ¥ªØ‘∫—µ‘°“√‡©æ“–°‘® „πæ◊Èπ∑’ˇæ◊ËÕ·°â‰¢ªí≠À“º≈°√–∑∫®“°·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« ‚¥¬§≥–∑”ß“π‡©æ“–°‘® π’È ‰¥â·µàßµ—Èß™ÿ¥ªØ‘∫—µ‘°“√‡©æ“–°‘®„πæ◊Èπ∑’ˇæ◊ËÕ·°â‰¢ªí≠À“®“°º≈°√–∑∫ ·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« ·≈–¡Õ∫À¡“¬‡®â“Àπâ“∑’„Ë π°“√ªØ‘∫µ— ß‘ “π‡√àߥà«π‡æ◊ÕË µ√«®‡¬’¬Ë ¡ §âπÀ“ The restoration of natural resources and coastal environment in the devastated areas is under direct responsibility of Coastal Resources Department, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. Subsequent to the disaster, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, consisted of various departments, being held responsible for monitoring natural resources and environment of the nation, has taken actions to restore the coastal environment in the damaged areas in compliance with its mission by establishing the Adhoc Center for Resolving the Impact of Earthquake in Indonesia at Pang-nga National Park, Pang-nga. The center has coordinated with several organizations in carrying out field works and prepared the report on the performance of all agencies.

Moreover, it has appointed the adhoc team to resolve the consequential issues 48 ë ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE

„π°“√™à«¬‡À≈◊Õπ—°∑àÕ߇∑’¬Ë «·≈–ºŸªâ √– ∫¿—¬ √«¡∑—ßÈ ”√«® §«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬‡∫◊ÕÈ ßµâπ¢ÕßÀπ૬ߓπ„π —ß°—¥ ‡æ◊ÕË ‡µ√’¬¡°“√ øóôπøŸ∫Ÿ√≥–µàÕ‰ª ®“°º≈°“√ ”√«®§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬„πÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ æ∫«à“®”π«πÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘∑—Èß 13 ·Ààß æ∫«à“Õÿ∑¬“π ·Ààß™“µ‘∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π¢—Èπ‡ ’¬À“¬¡“° §◊Õ - ·À≈¡ π (®.√–πÕß) ‡ ’¬À“¬ª√–¡“≥ 95% - Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ ‘√‘π“∂ (®.¿Ÿ‡°Áµ) ‡ ’¬À“¬ª√–¡“≥ 95% - Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘À¡Ÿà‡°“– ÿ√‘π∑√å ‡ ’¬À“¬ª√–¡“≥ 85% (®.æ—ßß“) - Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ ‘¡‘≈—π (®.æ—ßß“) ‡ ’¬À“¬ª√–¡“≥ 70% - Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘À“¥πæ√—µπå∏“√“ ‡ ’¬À“¬ª√–¡“≥ 50% - À¡Ÿà‡°“–æ’æ’ (®.°√–∫’Ë) ‡ ’¬À“¬ª√–¡“≥ 50% ”À√—∫Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘Õ’° 8 ·Ààß ¡’§«“¡‡ ’¬À“Õ¬Ÿà„π¢—È𧫓¡‡ ’¬À“¬µË”°«à“ 50% ·≈–®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈°“√ »÷°…“§«“¡º‘¥ª°µ‘¢Õߪ√“°Æ°“√≥å∑“ß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“À≈—ß °“√‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« æ∫«à“ ¡’°“√‡°‘¥À≈ÿ¡¬ÿ∫·ºàπ¥‘π·¬°µ—« ®”π«π 15 ·Ààß „π 4 ®—ßÀ«—¥ ‰¥â·°à Õ”‡¿ÕÕà“«≈÷° ®.°√–∫’Ë Õ”‡¿Õ≈–ߟ ·≈–°‘ßË Õ”‡¿Õ¡–π—ß ®. µŸ≈ Õ”‡¿Õ∑—∫ªÿ¥ ®.æ—ßß“ Õ”‡¿Õ‡¡◊Õß ·≈–Õ”‡¿ÕÀ⫬¬Õ¥ ®.µ√—ß Õ”‡¿Õ∑ÿàß„À≠à ®.π§√»√’∏√√¡√“™ √«¡∑—Èßæ∫°“√‡°‘¥µ–°Õπ¢ÿàπ¢âπ„ππÈ” ∫“¥“≈ ∫√‘‡«≥Õ”‡¿ÕÕà“«≈÷° ®.°√–∫’Ë µ≈Õ¥®πæ∫°“√‡æ‘Ë¡ ¢Õß®”π«ππÈ”æÿ√âÕπ ∫√‘‡«≥ Õ”‡¿Õ°–ªß ·≈–Õ”‡¿Õ ∑⓬‡À¡◊Õß ®.æ—ßß“ πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ßæ∫°“√·¬°¢Õß·ºàπ¥‘π·≈–æ◊Èπ∑’Ë¥‘π ¬ÿ∫µ—«„π∑âÕß∑’µË ”∫≈ÀπⓇ¢“ Õ”‡¿Õæπ¡ ®.°√–∫’Ë √«¡ 3 ·Ààß à«π¥â“𧫓¡‡ ’¬À“¬¢Õߪ–°“√—ß º≈°“√ ”√«®·π« ª√–°“√—ß„π 10 æ◊Èπ∑’Ë æ∫«à“ ·À≈àß∑’ˉ¥â√—∫§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¡“° ‚¥¬‡©æ“–‡¢µæ◊Èπ∑’ËÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘∑“ß∑–‡≈ ´÷Ëߧ«√ „Àâ ß ¥°“√¥”‡π‘ π °‘ ® °√√¡∑à Õ ß‡∑’Ë ¬ « ‡æ◊Ë Õ „Àâ · 𫪖°“√— ß “¡“√∂øóôπµ—«‚¥¬ª√“»®“°°“√√∫°«π ®“°ªí®®—¬¿“¬πÕ° ª√–°Õ∫¥â « ¬æ◊È π ∑’Ë ®— ß À«— ¥ √–πÕß (‡¢µÕÿ ∑ ¬“π·Àà ß ™“µ‘ ·À≈¡ π) ‰¥â·°à ‡°“–§â“ߧ“« ‡°“–°”πÿ⬠·≈–„πæ◊Èπ∑’ËÀ¡Ÿà ‡°“–æ’æ’ ‰¥â·°à ∫√‘‡«≥‡°“–‰ºà∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ Õà“«µâπ‰∑√∫√‘‡«≥ ªï°Õà“«¥â“πµ–«—πµ° ·≈–„πæ◊Èπ∑’ËÀ¡Ÿà‡°“– ÿ√‘π∑√å ‰¥â·°à ∫√‘‡«≥Õà“«º—°°“¥ ‡°“– ÿ√π‘ ∑√儵⠇°“–µÕ√‘π≈“Ωíßò µ–«—πÕÕ° ·≈–Ωíßò µ–«—πµ°·≈–„πæ◊πÈ ∑’ÀË ¡Ÿ‡à °“– ‘¡≈‘ π— ‰¥â·°à ‡°“–‡¡’¬ß (‡°“– ’Ë) ∫√‘‡«≥ªï°Õà“«µÕπ‡Àπ◊Õ (Stonehenge) ·≈–Ωíòß

of the earthquake, and assigned the officers the urgent mission to investigate, search, and assist tourists and victims, as well as survey the preliminary damages of the agencies under supervision to prepare for further restoration.

Based on the survey of the damage of 13 national parks, it is found that the following national parks have been severely damaged: - Lam Son (Ranong) estimated damage 95% - Sirinat National Park (Phuket) estimated damage 95% - Surin Island National Park (Pang-nga) estimated damage 85% - Similan National Park (Pang-nga) estimated damage 70% - Nopparat Thara Beach-P.P. Island estimated damage 50% - National Park (Krabi) estimated damage 50% The damages for the other 8 national parks are estimated to be less than 50 %. Based on the data derived from the study of the irregularities of aftermath geologic phenomena of earthquake, it is found that there were 15 cases of holes and split earths on the earth surface in 4 provinces: Aou Luk District in Krabi, La-ngoo District and Manang Sub-district in Satul, Tappud District in Pang-nga, Muang and Huay-yod Districts in Trang, and Tungyai District in Nakorn Sri Thammarat. In addition, the underground water filled with muddy sediment has been found in the area of Aou Luk District in Krabi and in Gapong and Tai Muang Districts in Pang-nga.

The increased number of hot springs have also been found. ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 49

¥â“π„µâ (°”·æ߇¡◊Õß®’π) ‡°“–ª“¬Ÿ (‡°“–‡®Á¥) ¥â“πµ–«—πÕÕ° ‡©’¬ß„µâ (∫√‘‡«≥µàÕ‡π◊ËÕߢÕßÀ‘π°≈⫬‰¡â) ‡°“– ‘¡‘≈—π (‡°“–·ª¥) ¥â“π‡Àπ◊Õ ·≈–À‘πÀπâ“≈‘ß (Beacon Point) ‚¥√ÿª¿“æ√«¡ ∂“π°“√≥姫“¡‡ ’¬À“¬¢Õߪ–°“√—ßæ∫«à“ ª–°“√— ß πÈ” µ◊È π ‡ ’ ¬ À“¬∫“ß à « πª√–¡“≥√â Õ ¬≈– 5-30 ª–°“√—ßπÈ”≈÷°‡ ’¬À“¬‡≈Á°πâÕ¬ª√–¡“≥√âÕ¬≈– 5-10 ª–°“√—ß „πæ◊Èπ∑’ËÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘À¡Ÿà‡°“– ÿ√‘π∑√å ·≈–À¡Ÿà‡°“– ‘¡‘≈—π ∂Ÿ°∑√“¬·≈–¢¬–∑—∫∂¡‡ ’¬À“¬ ´÷Ë߬—߉¡à “¡“√∂ª√–‡¡‘𠧫“¡‡ ’¬À“¬‰¥â πÕ°®“°π’È®“°°“√ ”√«®§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬¢Õߪɓ™“‡≈πæ∫«à“ ªÉ“™“¬‡≈π„π®—ßÀ«—¥æ—ßß“‡ ’¬À“¬ 1,900 ‰√à ”À√—∫„πæ◊πÈ ∑’®Ë ß— À«—¥¿Ÿ‡°Áµ æ∫«à“∫√‘‡«≥∑’‰Ë ¥â√∫— º≈°√–∑∫ ‰¥â·°à ªÉ“™“¬‡≈ππÕ°‡¢µªÉ“ ß«π·Ààß™“µ‘ ∫√‘‡«≥ªÉ“™“‡≈π§≈Õß¡ÿ¥ß ‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë 10 ‰√à ·≈–ªÉ“™“¬‡≈π∫√‘‡«≥À“¥„π À“π À“¥°¡≈“ À“¥∑⓬‡À¡◊Õß ‡ ’¬À“¬∫“ß à«π ªÉ“™“‡≈π„π‡¢µÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘‡¢“≈”ªï À“¥∑⓬‡À¡◊Õß Õÿ∑¬“π ·Ààß™“µ‘µ–√ÿ‡µ“‡ ’¬À“¬∫“ß à«π ª√–‡¡‘π¡Ÿ≈§à“§«“¡‡ ’À“¬¢Õߪɓ™“¬‡≈π„π‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ 7-8 ≈â“π∫“∑ ·≈–„π¥â “ 𧫓¡‡ ’ ¬ À“¬¢ÕßÀ≠â “ ∑–‡≈ æ∫«à “ À≠â“∑–‡≈ à«π„À≠à¡’ ¿“檰µ‘ Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ æ∫«à“∫“ß æ◊Èπ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬¢ÕßÀ≠â“∑–‡≈¡“°°«à“ 20% ‰¥â·°à ∫√‘‡«≥∫“߇∫π ®—ßÀ«—¥√–πÕß (30%) ∫√‘‡«≥∑ÿàßπ“¥” ®—ßÀ«—¥æ—ßß“ (80%) ∫√‘‡«≥‡°“–æ√–∑Õߥâ“π‡Àπ◊Õ (50%) ‚¥¬ à«π„À≠à∂°Ÿ µ–°Õπ∑√“¬∑—∫∂¡ ·≈–æ∫√Õ¬°—¥‡´“–·π« „°≈â√Õà ßπÈ” πÕ°®“°π’È À≠â“∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥À“¥‡®â“‰À¡ ®—ßÀ«—¥ µ√—ß ‡ ’¬À“¬√âÕ¬≈– 20 ¬—߉¡à “¡“√∂ª√–‡¡‘π¡Ÿ≈§à“§«“¡ ‡ ’¬À“¬‰¥â „π¥â“π∑√—欓°√ªÉ“™“¬À“¥·≈–™“¬À“¥ ¡’§«“¡ ‡ ’¬À“¬ ‚¥¬æ∫«à“ ªÉ“™“¬À“¥‡ ’¬À“¬∫“ß à«π ª√–¡“≥ 50 ë ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE

Moreover, the split earth and earth sinking, 3 in total, are found to be in Naa Kao Sub-district, Panom District, Krabi. The survey in 10 areas of coral reefs has found that the areas, which are severely damaged and especially those in the areas of marine national parks, where tourism should be temporarily prohibited for the recovery of coral reefs, are the followings: Ranong (Lamson National Park), including Kangkao and Gamnui Islands; Phi Phi Islands, including all areas of Pai Island and the western wing of Tonsai Harbor; Surin Islands, including Pakkad Harbor, South Surin Island, and the eastern and the western sides of Torrinla Island; Similan Islands, including Miang Island (Si Island), the northern (Stonehenge) and southern (The Great Wall of China) wings of the harbor, the southeastern area of Payuu Island (Jed Island) (linking to Orchid Point), the northern area of Similan Island (Pad Island), and Beacon Point.

The overall summary of the coral reef damages are that the shallow water coral reefs have been partly damaged, approximately 5-30%, while the deep-sea coral reefs have slightly been damaged approximately 5-30%. Since the coral reefs in the areas of Surin National Park and Similan Island have been covered with sand and garbage, the total damage cannot yet be estimated.

Furthermore, based on the survey of the damage to mangrove forests, it is found that 1,900

√âÕ¬≈– 5-30 ¡Ÿ≈§à“§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬‡∫◊ÕÈ ßµâπ 24 ≈â“π∫“∑ ·≈– §≈Õß∑“ßπÈ” ∫√‘ ‡ «≥™“¬Ωíò ß ∑–‡≈¡’ ° “√‡ª≈’Ë ¬ π ¿“æ ¡’ µ–°Õπ∑√“¬∑—∫∂¡ à«π§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬¢Õßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë·≈–·À≈àß∑√—欓°√πÈ” æ∫«à“¡’∫àÕπÈ”∫“¥“≈‡ ’¬À“¬∑—Èß ‘Èπ 850 ∫àÕ ∫àÕπÈ”µ◊Èπ‡ ’À“¬ 500 ∫àÕ √–∫∫ª√–ª“·∫∫∫“¥“≈‡ ’¬À“¬ 425 ·Ààß √–∫∫ª√–ª“·∫∫º‘«¥‘π‡ ’¬À“¬ 30 ·Ààß ·≈–·À≈àßπÈ” ‡ ’¬À“¬ 12 ·À≈àß „π¥â“π°“√µ‘¥µ—È߇§√◊ËÕß«—¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« °√–∑√«ßœ √à«¡°—∫¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ߢ≈“π§√‘π∑√å ∑”°“√µ‘¥µ—È߇§√◊ËÕß«—¥ ·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« ®”π«π 3 ™ÿ¥ ‡æ◊ËÕ„™â„π°“√µ√«® Õ∫°“√ ‡§≈◊ËÕπµ—«¢Õß√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ ç§≈Õß¡“√ÿà¬é Õ—π‡π◊ËÕß®“° after shock ®“°·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«„πª√–‡∑»Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’„π¥â“π°“√µ√«®«—¥§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”∑–‡≈ „π®—ßÀ«—¥¿Ÿ‡°Áµ ®—ßÀ«—¥°√–∫’Ë ·≈–®—ßÀ«—¥æ—ßß“ æ∫«à“ §ÿ≥¿“æπÈ” à«π„À≠à Õ¬Ÿà„π‡°≥±å¥’ ·µà¡’ªí≠À“°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¢Õߢ¬–·≈–¡’§«“¡ ¢ÿàπ Ÿß „π¥â“π°“√∑”≈“¬·À≈à߇擖æ—π∏ÿ凙◊ÈÕ‚√§„π·À≈àß πÈ”°—°¢—ß ‰¥â∑”°“√©’¥ “√‡§¡’ ≥ ∫â“ππÈ”‡§Á¡ Õ.µ–°—Ë«ªÉ“ æ√âÕ¡∑—Èߥ”‡π‘π°“√∫”∫—¥πÈ”·≈–¶à“‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§‚¥¬„™â§≈Õ√’π ∫√‘‡«≥‡¢“À≈—°√’ Õ√å∑ ®.æ—ßß“ πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—߉¥â∑”°“√µ√«® Õ∫‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§ ‰¥â·°à E.Coli, Entercocci ·≈– Parasite „π∫àÕπÈ”µ◊Èπ√à«¡°—∫§≥– “∏“√≥ ÿ¢»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¡À‘¥≈ ·≈–ºŸ‡â ™’¬Ë «™“≠®“°√—∞¡‘™·‘ °π ∑’ÀË ¡Ÿà 3 À¡Ÿ∫à “â π„π∫â“π µ”∫≈§÷°§—° Õ”‡¿Õµ–°—Ë«ªÉ“ „π¥â“π∑√—æ¬å ‘𠉥â∑”°“√ª√–‡¡‘π∑√—æ¬å ‘π¢Õß Àπà « ¬ß“π „π — ß °— ¥ °√–∑√«ß∑√— æ ¬“°√∏√√¡™“µ‘ · ≈– ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡ æ∫«à“¡’∑√—æ¬å ‘π¢ÕßÀπ૬ߓπ„π —ß°—¥ 3 Àπ૬ߓπ‰¥â√—∫§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬√«¡∑—Èß ‘Èπ 222.3 ≈â“π∫“∑

rais of mangrove forest in Pang-nga have been damaged. For Phuket, the affected areas are the mangrove forest outside the national forest reserve, 10 rais of Klong Mudong Mangrove Forest, and parts of the mangrove forests around Naiharn, Kamala, and Taimuang Beaches, the mangrove forest in Kao Lumpee National Park, and parts of Tai Muang Beach in Tarutao National Park. The damage to mangrove forests is initially estimated to be Baht 7-8 million.

In terms of the damages to the sea grass, it is found that majority of sea grass is intact. Nonetheless, it is revealed that the damages of sea grass in some areas have been more than 20%, including Bang Bane in Ranong (30%), Tungna Dum in Pang-nga (80%), and the northern area of Prathong Island (50%). The majority of the damages are that they are covered in sand sediment and the erosive trace has been evidently found nearby channels. Moreover, the damage of sea grass at Chaomai Beach in Trang is 20%, of which its value is unable to be estimated.

In terms of natural resources in the areas of beach forests and beaches, approximately 5-30% of beach forests have been damaged, the value of which is initially estimated to be Baht 24 million. The canals around the sea have encountered transformation and pile of sand sediment.

For water resources and its areas, 850 underground water ponds, 500 shallow ponds, 425 underground water systems, 30 land surface water systems, and 12 water resources have been damaged.

Regarding the installation of earthquake measurement equipment, the Ministry has collaborated with Songkla Srinakarin University to install 3 earthquake measurement equipment with the purpose of detecting the movement of çKlong Maruié fault due to the aftershock of the earthquake in Indonesia.

Based on the sea water quality inspection in Phuket, Krabi, and Pang-nga, it has been found that ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 51

·≈–„π à«π§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬¥â“π∑√—æ¬å π‘ ·≈–Õ◊πË Ê æ∫ «à“¡’§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬§‘¥‡ªìπ¡Ÿ≈§à“¡“°°«à“ 50,000 ≈â“π∫“∑ ·¬°‡ªì𧫓¡‡ ’¬À“¬¥â“πª√–¡ß·≈–°“√‡æ“–‡≈’È¬ß —µ«å πÈ”™“¬Ωíòß ª√–¡“≥ 510 ≈â“π∫“∑ ·≈–§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬¥â“π ‡°…µ√·≈–ª»ÿ —µ«å ª√–¡“≥ 15 ≈â“π∫“∑ ·≈–§«“¡‡ ’À“¬¥â“π°“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«·≈–∏ÿ√°‘®µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß¡’®”π«π¡“°‚¥§à“‡ ’¬À“¬Õ¬Ÿà√–À«à“ߪ√–‡¡‘π·≈–§“¥«à“π—°∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«®– ≈¥≈ß√âÕ¬≈– 25 à«π§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬∑“߇»√…∞°‘®·≈– ∏ÿ√°‘® ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ÀÕ°“√§â“‰∑¬ ª√–¡“≥§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬∑’Ë 30,000 - 50,000 ≈â“π∫“∑ ·≈–§“¥«à“®– “¡“√∂øóôπøŸ ‡»√…∞°‘®‰¥â„π‡«≈“ 6 ‡¥◊Õπ º≈®“°∏√≥’æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬®“°§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ÷π“¡‘ ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 26 ∏—𫓧¡ 2547 àߺ≈„À⇰‘¥§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬Õ¬à“ß¡“°¡“¬„π 6 ®—ßÀ«—¥¿“§„µâ™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π ¥—ßπ—Èπ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ°“√ ‡µ√’¬¡°“√ªÑÕß°—πªí≠À“„πÕ𓧵‡ªìπ‰ªÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ „π∑ÿ°¡‘µ‘ §≥–√—∞¡πµ√’‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 4 ¡°√“§¡ 2548 ∑’˺à“π ¡“¡’¡µ‘¡Õ∫À¡“¬„Àâ√Õß𓬰√—∞¡πµ√’ (𓬮“µÿ√πµå ©“¬· ß) √—∫º‘¥™Õ∫°“√¥”‡π‘πß“πøóôπøŸ ¿“æ∏√√¡™“µ‘ ·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡µ≈Õ¥®π𑇫»πå¢Õßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’ˉ¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫ ®“°∏√≥’æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬„π¿“æ√«¡∑—Èß√–∫∫ ‚¥¬°”Àπ¥¡“µ√“ °“√øóôπøŸ·≈–æ—≤π“æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’˪√– ∫æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬ ¥—ßπ’È

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the overall quality of sea water is fair, despite the issues of garbage contamination and high muddy level.

Regarding to the elimination of disease incubators in the areas of standing water, the chemical spray has been used at Baan Nam Kem in Tagua Paa District and chlorine has been employed for water treatment and disease eradication at Kao Lak Resort in Pang-nga. Furthermore, in collaboration with the Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, and the specialists from Michigan, shallow ponds were inspected to verify if there has been E.Coli, Entercocci, and Parasites at Moo 3, Naibaan Village, Kukkak Sub-District, Tagua Paa District.

In terms of assets, the properties of the agencies under the supervision of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment were estimated.

The properties of 3 agencies have been damaged totaling Baht 222.3 million in value.

The damage to assets and others has been amounted to over Baht 50,000 million, which may be divided into fishery and coastal aquatic animals breeding for the amount of Baht 510 million, agriculture and livestock for the amount of Baht 15 million, and tourism and its continual businesses, of which their value are under assessment. It is also expected that the number of tourists will decrease by 25%.

According to the University of Chamber of Commerce, the economic and business damage has been estimated to be approximately Baht 30,000-50,000 million while it is anticipated that the economy will be recovered within 6 months.

The tsunami disaster taking place on December 26, 2004 has caused huge damages to 6 southern provinces located along the Andaman sea coastline. Therefore, in order to ensure the efficiency of every aspect of future prevention, on January 4, 2005, the Cabinet reached a resolution to assign the responsibility for the overall restoration of nature, environment, and ecological systems of the affected areas to Deputy Prime Minister (Chaturong Chaisaeng) by determining the restoration and developmental measures for the devastated areas as follows:

1. °“√·°â‰¢Õ¬à“߇√àߥà«π °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‚¥°√¡Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ —µ«åªÉ“·≈–æ—π∏ÿåæ◊™ ·≈–∑ÿ°Àπ૬ߓπ „π —ß°—¥‰¥â‡¢â“™à«¬‡À≈◊ÕºŸªâ √– ∫¿—¬·≈–‡¢â“∑”§«“¡ –Õ“¥ (Clean up) æ◊È π ∑’Ë ∑’Ë ‰ ¥â √— ∫ º≈°√–∑∫®“°∏√≥’ æ‘ ∫— µ‘ ¿— ‚¥¬∑”§«“¡ –Õ“¥ ´÷Ë߉¥â„™âß∫ª√–¡“≥‰ª·≈â«∑—Èß ‘Èπ 185,620,000 ∫“∑ 2. «“ß¡“µ√°“√øóôπøŸ™ÿ¡™π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡·≈–Õÿ∑¬“π ·Ààß™“µ‘ ‚¥2.1 °”Àπ¥¡“µ√°“√ ”À√—∫øóôπøŸ™ÿ¡™π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’ˉ¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫ ¥â«¬°“√ - °”Àπ¥æ◊πÈ ∑’∑Ë ®’Ë –¡’°“√øóπô øŸ·≈–∫Ÿ√≥– ·≈– ®—¥°“√¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·≈–°“√ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’¬À“- ª√– “πß“π„Àâª√–™“™π·≈–™ÿ¡™π‡¢â“¡“¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√°”Àπ¥°‘®°√√¡·≈–°“√ ¥”‡π‘πß“π‚¥¬æ‘®“√≥“∑—Èߥâ“π‡»√…∞°‘® —ߧ¡ ·≈–°“√Õπÿ√—°…å∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘ ·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ - ®—¥√–∫∫º—߇¡◊Õß·≈–ª√–°“»‡¢µæ◊πÈ ∑’·Ë ≈– ¡“µ√°“√§ÿ⡧√Õß ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡„Àâ‡À¡“– ¡

1. Urgent Rehabilitation (a) National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department and all agencies under Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment have jointly lent assistance to victims and cleansed up the areas affected by the disaster by spending the budget totaling Baht 185,620,000.

2. Restoration Measures for Communities, Environment, and National Parks 2.1 The following measures to restore the affected communities and environment are prescribed: - Determine the areas which will be restored and rehabilitated, manage the data, and assess the damage; - Coordinate with the public and com munities to encourage their participa tion in arranging activities and de termining actions by taking into account the aspects concerning economy, society, and natural resources and environment preserva tion; ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 53

- ¡Õ∫¿“√°‘®„π°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿßß“π√–¥—∫æ◊πÈ ∑’„Ë Àâ ™—¥‡®π ‡æ◊ËÕ “¡“√∂¥”‡π‘π°“√µ“¡√–∫∫ º— ß ‡¡◊ Õ ß·≈–°“√ª√–°“»‡¢µæ◊È π ∑’Ë · ≈– ¡“µ√°“√§ÿâ ¡ §√Õß ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡Õ¬à “ ß¡’ ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ 2.2 °”Àπ¥¡“µ√°“√øóôπøŸÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘¥â«°“√ - °”Àπ¥·π«‡¢µæ◊Èπ∑’ˇªìπ 2 ≈—°…≥– §◊Õ æ◊Èπ∑’ˇæ◊ËÕ°“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« ·≈–æ◊Èπ∑’ˇ¢µÀ«ß Àâ“¡‡æ◊ËÕøóôπøŸ∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß ·«¥≈âÕ¡ - °”À𥇪ìπæ◊πÈ ∑’ÀË “â ¡„™âª√–‚¬™πå (Off Limit Area) ”À√—∫æ◊πÈ ∑’„Ë ¥¡’§«“¡‡ ’¬Ë ß ŸßµàÕ°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬¢Õß√–∫∫𑇫» ·≈–‡¢µ ß«πÀ«ß Àâ“¡ - ∑”§«“¡ –Õ“¥ (Clean Up) æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’ˉ¥â√—∫ §«“¡‡ ’¬À“- ®—¥√–‡∫’¬∫·≈–ÕÕ°·∫∫ ‘ËßÕ”π«¬§«“¡ –¥«°„À¡à„Àâ Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫ ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡ ·≈–§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√√Õß√—∫π—°∑àÕ߇∑’¬Ë « (Carrying Capacity) 3. ‡√à ß √— ¥ °“√ ”√«®»÷ ° …“·≈–«‘ ®— ¬ ‡æ◊Ë Õ „Àâ ¿“æ ∏√√¡™“µ‘øóôπ§◊π Ÿà ¿“æ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å‚¥¬‡√Á« ®”‡ªìπµâÕß¡’°“√ ”√«® ¿“槫“¡‡ ’¬À“¬∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ°—∫∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘ ·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ∑”°“√«‘®—¬‡™‘ß«‘™“°“√‡æ◊ËÕ π—∫ πÿπ°“√ ¥”‡π‘πß“π∑—ßÈ „π√–¬–‡√àߥà«π·≈–√–¬–¬“« ‚¥¬¥”‡π‘πß“π √à«¡°—∫®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬Õ◊πË Ê °√¡·ºπ ∑’∑Ë À“√ 4. ®— ¥ ∑”√“¬≈–‡Õ’ ¬ ¥‚§√ß°“√/°‘ ® °√√¡¿“¬„µâ ¡“µ√°“√°“√¥”‡π‘ π ß“π·≈–§à “ „™â ®à “ ¬„π°“√øóô π øŸ · ≈– æ—≤π“∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡„πæ◊Èπ∑’˪√– ∫ ∏√≥’æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬√–¬–‡√àߥà«π °“√·°â ‰ ¢·≈–¡“µ√“°“√øóô π øŸ · ≈–æ— ≤ π“æ◊È π ∑’Ë ∑’Ë ª√– ∫æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬π’È®–∑”„Àâ°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√¢ÕßÀπ૬ߓπ∑’Ë ‡°’¬Ë «¢âÕß¡’·π«∑“ߥ”‡π‘π°“√∑’™Ë ¥— ‡®π¡“°¢÷πÈ ‡æ◊ÕË ™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ ·≈–øóπô øŸ∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘Õ¬à“߇√àߥà«πµàÕ‰ª

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- Organize the town planning system and announce the appropriate envi ronment-protection areas and measures; and - Assign clearly the local adjustment missions so as to comply with the town planning system and efficiently announce the environment-protection areas and measures.

2.2 The following measures to restore the national parks are prescribed: - Divide the areas into 2 zones: one to be tourist spot and another to be the prohibition areas for natural resources and environment restoration; - Designate the off limit areas when ever such areas are exposed to the risk of ecological damage and the re served areas; - Cleanse up the affected areas; and - Reorganize and redesign the facilities to suit the environment and tourist car rying capacity.

3. Accelerate the study and research to ensure rapid nature restoration, carry out the necessary investigation of the damage to natural resources and environment, conduct the academic research to supplement both urgent and long-term actions in collaboration with Chulalongkorn University, other universities, and Royal Thai Survey Department.

4. Prepare the details of the projects/ activities under the operating measures and within the expenses in urgently restoring and developing natural resources and environment of the affected areas.

Problem-solving and the measures to restore and develop the affected areas will help clarify the operating directions of relevant agencies to further save and rehabilitate natural resources in urgent manner.

Õâ“ßÕ‘ß 1. √“¬ß“πº≈°“√¥”‡π‘ π ß“π°√–∑√«ß ∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘ ·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡„π°“√·°â‰¢ ªí≠À“®“°º≈°√–∑∫·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«„πª√–‡∑»Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’µ—Èß·µà«—π∑’Ë 27 ∏—𫓧¡ 2547 ∂÷ß «—π∑’Ë 31 ¡°√“§¡ 2548 2. §«“¡§◊∫Àπâ“°“√·°â‰¢ªí≠À“º≈°√–∑∫ ®“°∏√≥’æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬ ( ÷π“¡‘) 6 ®—ßÀ«—¥¿“§„µâ™“¬Ωíòß ∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π¢Õß°√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈«—π∑’Ë 6 °—𬓬π 2548, »Ÿπ¬å ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈– ◊ËÕ “√

Reference 1. çReport on the actions taken by Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment to resolve the consequential issues of the earthquake in Indonesia for the period from December 27, 2004 to January 31, 2005é 2. çProgress on resolving the consequential issues of the disaster (tsunami) in 6 southern provinces located along the Andaman sea coastline,é Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, September 6, 2005, Information and Technology Center.

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‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ë Green Tech

‚¥¬ ‘µ“ ≈—°…≥“ ‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë»Ÿπ¬åÕπÿ√—°…åæ≈—ßß“π·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑By Sita Laksana Officer, Energy Conservation Center of Thailand

GIS °—∫°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ·«¥≈â¢Õßæ◊ Õ¡ Èπ∑’˪√– ∫¿—Transition GIS and Environmental of Areas Affected by Disaster §«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß√–∫∫ “√ π‡∑»¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å √–∫∫ “√ π‡∑»¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å (Geographic Information System: GIS) ‡ªìπ√–∫∫ “√ π‡∑»¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡™‘ßæ◊πÈ ∑’Ë À√◊Õ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ∑’Ë ¡’ æ‘ °— ¥ µÌ “ ·Àπà ß ´÷Ë ß ‡ªì π °“√º ¡º “π°“√∑Ì “ ß“π√–À«à “ ß °√–∫«π«‘∏’«‘‡§√“–Àå√à«¡°—∫√–∫∫∞“π ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë¡’°“√Õâ“ßՑ߇™‘ß æ‘°—¥ √–∫∫ “√ π‡∑»¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å ®÷ßÀ¡“¬√«¡∂÷ß∑—Èß√–∫∫¢Õß °“√„Àâ§Ì“µÕ∫‡™‘ßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë´÷Ëß„™â‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’‡æ◊Ëե̓‡π‘π°“√„π¢—Èπ µÕπµà“ßÊ ‡√‘Ë¡µ—Èß·µà°“√√«∫√«¡·≈–πÌ“‡¢â“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ °“√®—¥‡°Á∫ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈Õ¬à“߇ªìπ√–∫∫ °“√°Ì“Àπ¥‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢ Ì“À√—∫‡≈◊Õ°„™â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ‡æ◊ÕË πÌ“‰ª«‘‡§√“–Àå À√◊Õ √â“ß·∫∫®Ì“≈Õ߇™‘ßæ◊πÈ ∑’·Ë ≈–„π∑⓬∑’ Ë ¥ÿ ®–∑Ì“°“√· ¥ßº≈´÷Ë߇ªìπ°“√µÕ∫§Ì“∂“¡‡™‘ßæ◊Èπ„Àⷰຟℙâ ∞“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡ªìπÕߧåª√–°Õ∫ Ì“§—≠„π√–∫∫ “√ π‡∑» ∑—Ë«‰ª√«¡∑—Èß√–∫∫ “√ π‡∑»¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å „π√–¬–·√°∞“π ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‰¥â®¥— ‡°Á∫‚¥¬„™â‚ª√·°√¡°√–¥“…§Ì“π«≥ (Spreadsheet) ·≈–æ— ≤ 𓇪ì π √–∫∫∞“π¢â Õ ¡Ÿ ≈ ‡™‘ ß — ¡ æ— π ∏å (Relational Database) ·≈–„πªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’°“√æ—≤π“√–∫∫∞“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡™‘ß«—µ∂ÿ (Object-oriented Database) ‘Ë ß ∑’Ë ‡ °Á ∫ Õ¬Ÿà „ π∞“π¢â Õ ¡Ÿ ≈ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈µ—«‡≈¢·≈–µ—«Õ—°…√ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡æ’¬ß 2 √Ÿª·∫∫ π’ȉ¡à‡æ’¬ßæÕ Ì“À√—∫√–∫∫ “√ π‡∑»¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å ∑’ˮ̓‡ªìπµâÕß¡’ °“√·∑π≈—°…≥–¢Õß ‘Ëßµà“ßÊ ∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà®√‘߇™‘ßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ‡™àπ ‚√߇√’¬π ·¡àπÌÈ“ ·ª≈ßæ◊Èπ∑’Ëπ“¢â“« ¥—ßπ—Èπ√–∫∫ “√ π‡∑»¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å®÷ß ®Ì“‡ªìπµâÕß„™â«µ— ∂ÿ‡™‘ßπ“¡∏√√¡‡æ◊ÕË ·∑π ‘ßË µà“ßÊ ∑’¡Ë Õ’ ¬Ÿ®à √‘ß «—µ∂ÿ ‡™‘ßπ“¡∏√√¡ ‡√’¬°«à“ øÕ√å (Feature) ´÷Ëß·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 3 ª√–‡¿∑ ‰¥â·°à ®ÿ¥ (Point) ‡ âπ (Line) ·≈–Õ“≥“∫√‘‡«≥ (Area) 56 ë ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE

Definition of Geographic Information System The geographic information system (GIS) represents the information system pertaining to the data on areas or locations, a combination between the functions of analytical process and database referring to locations. The geographic information system, therefore, covers the whole system that produces the answers about areas through applying technologies in several processes including the data gathering and input injection, organized data storage, determination of conditions for data selection for analysis or building area models, which will eventually lead to provision of the answers about areas to users.

The database is an essential element of the information systems in general, as well as the geographic information system. In the initial phase, the spreadsheet was employed to store data, which were developed into the relational database. At present, the object-oriented database has been established to store digital and textual data. However, these two kinds of data are not sufficient to serve the geographic information system, which requires the representation of actual objects existing in the areas, for instance, schools, rivers, and farms. Consequently, it is necessary that the geographic information system rely on representing actual objects with features that are divided into 3 types: point, line, and area.

√–∫∫ “√ π‡∑»¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å “¡“√∂«‘‡§√“–Àå¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡æ◊ËÕ πÕßµÕ∫§«“¡µâÕß°“√À≈“°À≈“¬√Ÿª·∫∫¢ÕߺŸâ„™â ‡™àπ ‡æ◊ËÕ µ√«® Õ∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ „™âª√–°Õ∫°“√·°âªí≠À“ À√◊Õ ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ß·∫∫ ®Ì“≈Õ߇™‘ßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®÷߮̓‡ªìπµâÕ߇°Á∫„π ≈—°…≥–‡™‘߇≈¢ (Digital) ‡æ◊ÕË „Àâ°“√‡√’¬°„™â¢Õâ ¡Ÿ≈¡’§«“¡ –¥«° ·≈– “¡“√∂µÕ∫ πÕߧ«“¡µâ Õ ß°“√¢ÕߺŸâ „ ™â À ≈“¬§π´÷Ë ß ¡’ «—µ∂ÿª√– ߧå„π°“√„™âß“π∑’ËÀ≈“°À≈“¬·µ°µà“ß°—π‰ª

Õߧåª√–°Õ∫¢Õß√–∫∫ “√ π‡∑»¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å °“√„™â√–∫∫ “√ π‡∑»¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å‡æ◊ËÕ«‘‡§√“–Àå¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ‡™‘ßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë √–∫∫µâÕß¡’Õߧåª√–°Õ∫∑—Èß 4 ª√–°“√§√∫∂â«π·≈– Õ¥√—∫°—π Õ—π‰¥â·°à ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡™‘ßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ∫ÿ§≈“°√ Œ“√奷«√å·≈– ´Õøµå·«√å

‚§√ß √â“ߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈„π√–∫∫ “√ π‡∑»¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡™‘ßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¡’Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 2 ¡‘µ‘ ¥—߇™àπ·ºπ∑’Ë´÷Ëß¡’°“√ Õâ“ßÕ‘ßæ‘°—¥µ“¡·π«·°π X ·≈– Y °“√·∑π√Ÿª√à“߇™‘ßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ¥â«¬øÕ√å·∫∫®ÿ¥ ‡ âπ ·≈–Õ“≥“∫√‘‡«≥ °Á®—¥‡ªìπ‚§√ß √â“ß ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß ‡√’¬°«à“ ‡«§‡µÕ√å (Vector) πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß¡’ ‚§√ß √â“ߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈Õ’°™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë·∑π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈æ◊Èπ∑’˥⫬§à“µ—«‡≈¢∑’Ë ‡√’¬ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß°—π∑—Èß·π«·°π X ·≈– Y „π≈—°…≥–¢Õ߇¡µ√‘° ‚§√ß √â“ߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈·∫∫π’È ‡√’¬°«à“ ·√ ‡µÕ√å (Raster) µ—«Õ¬à“ß ¿“æ∑’Ë¡’‚§√ß √â“ß·∫∫π’È°Á§◊Õ ¿“æ∫π®Õ‚∑√∑—»πå „π®Õ¿“æ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬®ÿ¥¿“æ (Pixel) ®Ì“π«π¡“°‡√’¬ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß°—π∑—Èß „π·π«√“∫·≈–·π«¥‘Ëß ·µà≈–®ÿ¥¿“æ®–· ¥ß ’‰¥â 1 ’ ‡¡◊ËÕ®ÿ¥ ¿“æ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥· ¥ß ’ ‡√“®÷߇ÀÁπ¿“æ∫π®Õ‚∑√∑—»πå¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·∫∫ ‡«§‡µÕ√å·≈–·√ ‡µÕ√å ¡’°“√®—¥°“√‚§√ß √â“ß·µ°µà“ß°—π¥—ßπ’È

The geographic information system is able to analyze data to meet the demands of users, for example, data examination, assisting problem-solving, or establishing area models. Therefore, the data storage must be based on digital format to facilitate data retrieval and meet the demands of several users with different purposes of usage.

Elements of Geographic Information System In employing the geographical information system to analyze the data on areas, the system is to be composed of all of 4 elements complementing each other: area data, personnel, hardware, and software.

Data Structure of Geographical Information System The area data are at minimum two-dimensional, in the same way that a map refers to locations by plotting them on the X and Y axis and representation of locations with point, line, and area features. is regarded as one type of data structure called vector. In addition, there is another data structure whereby the area data are represented with sequence of digits both on the X and Y axis in the format of matrix, which is called raster.

The example of an image with this data structure is the image on television. The screen comprises mass pixels sequenced horizontally and vertically. Each pixel displays one color. With all pixels combined into color display, we can see the image on television screen. The differences between the vector and raster structure are demonstrated below:

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 57

‚§√ß √â“ߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈·∫∫‡«§‡µÕ√å „π∑“ߧ≥‘µ»“ µ√å§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘¢Õ߇«§‡µÕ√åµâÕߪ√–°Õ∫ ¥â«¬®ÿ¥‡√‘Ë¡µâπ ¢π“¥ ·≈–∑‘»∑“ß ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„π√–∫∫ “√ π‡∑» ¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å∑’Ë¡’‚§√ß √â“ß·∫∫‡«§‡µÕ√å ‰¥â·°à ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ª√–‡¿∑®ÿ¥ ‡ âπ·≈–Õ“≥“∫√‘‡«≥ ‚¥¬¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡À≈à“π’¡È §’ ≥ ÿ ¡∫—µ¢‘ Õ߇«§‡µÕ√å ¥—ßπ’È ë ®ÿ¥ ‡ªìπÀπ૬¬àÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥¢Õ߇«§‡µÕ√å´÷Ëß¡’®ÿ¥‡√‘Ë¡µâπ ‚¥¬¢π“¥ ·≈–∑‘»∑“ß¡’§“à 0 ®ÿ¥‡ªìπ‡æ’¬ßµÌ“·Àπàß´÷ßË ‰¡à “¡“√∂«—¥æ◊πÈ ∑’‰Ë ¥â ë ‡ âπ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬‡«§‡µÕ√å ´÷Ëß¡’≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ‡ âπµ√߇√’¬ßµàÕ ‡π◊ËÕß°—π‡ªìπ≈Ì“¥—∫‡ âπ¡’‡æ’¬ß 1 ¡‘µ‘ §◊Õ ¡’§«“¡¬“« ·µà‰¡à¡’§«“¡°«â“ß ë Õ“≥“∫√‘‡«≥ª√–°Õ∫¥â«‡«§‡µÕ√å ∑’Ë ‡ √’ ¬ ßµà Õ ‡π◊Ë Õ ß°— 𠇪ìπÕπÿ°√¡ ´÷Ëß¡’≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ ‡ âπªî¥ ¥—ßπ—Èπ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ª√–‡¿∑ Õ“≥“∫√‘ ‡ «≥®÷ ß “¡“√∂«— ¥ æ◊È π ∑’Ë ¥â « ¬°“√·∑π¢â Õ ¡Ÿ ≈ „π æ◊È π ∑’Ë ® √‘ ß ‚¥¬„™â ‚ §√ß √â “ ß ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·∫∫‡«§‡µÕ√å ‡™àπ °“√ ·∑πµÌ“·ÀπàߢÕß∫â“π¥â«¬®ÿ¥ ·¡àπÈ”·∑π¥â«¬‡ âπ ·≈–æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ªÉ“·∑π¥â«¬Õ“≥“∫√‘‡«≥ µÌ“·Àπàß À√◊Õ √Ÿª√à“ß ¢Õß ‘Ë ß ∑’Ë ª √“°Ø∫πæ◊È π ‚≈° “¡“√∂·∑π¥â « ¬øï ‡ ™Õ√å ™π‘¥µà“ßÊ ´÷Ëß®—¥«à“‡ªìπ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ °√“øøî° (Graphic Data) ·µà ¢â Õ ¡Ÿ ≈ „πæ◊È π ∑’Ë ® √‘ ß ¬— ß ¡’ √ “≈–‡Õ’¬¥∫àß∫Õ°≈—°…≥–µà“ßÊ ‡™àπ ∫â“π¡’¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡≈¢∑’Ë∫â“π µÌ“∫≈ ÕÌ“‡¿Õ ®—ßÀ«—¥ ·≈–™◊ËÕ¢Õ߇®â“∫â“π ·¡àπÌÈ“¡’¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈™◊ËÕ ·¡àπÌÈ“ªÉ“‰¡â¡’¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈™π‘¥ªÉ“ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡À≈à“π’ȇ√’¬°«à“ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈≈—°…≥– —¡æ—π∏å ´÷ËßÕ“®‡ªìπ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈µ—«‡≈¢À√◊Õ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈µ—«Õ—°…√°Á‰¥â ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ≈—°…≥– —¡æ—π∏å¡’°“√®—¥‡°Á∫„π∞“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ·≈–¡’√À— Ì“À√—∫ ‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß‰ª¬—ߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈°√“øøî°‰¥âÕ¬à“߇®“–®ß „πªí®®ÿ∫—π∞“π ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈≈—°…≥– —¡æ—π∏åπ‘¬¡„™â‚§√ß √â“ßµ“¡À≈—°°“√¢Õß∞“π ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡™‘ß —¡æ—π∏å (Relational Database) ´÷Ëß “¡“√∂„™â √–∫∫®—¥°“√∞“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡™‘ß —¡æ—π∏å (Relational Database Management System: RDBMS) ∑—Ë«‰ª‡æ◊ËÕ°“√®—¥°“√∞“π ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ‡™àπ Microsoft Access, Oracle ·≈– dBase √ÿª √–∫∫ “√ π‡∑»∑“ß¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å (GIS) ‡ªìπ∑—Èß ‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ·≈–∞“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë„™â„π°“√‡°Á∫∫—π∑÷° ·°â‰¢ ª√—∫ª√ÿß 58 ë ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE

Vector Structure Mathematically, the vector quality is composed of the starting point, scale, and direction. The data in the geographic information system with vector structure are point, line, and area. These data comprise the following vector qualities: ë Point is the smallest unit of vector, with the starting point, scale, and direction defined as zero. It represents only a location and cannot be used to measure areas. ë Line is composed of the vector of sequentially ordered lines. It is merely one-dimensional, that is, it has length but no width. ë Area comprises the series of vectors, characterized as close-ended lines. Therefore, the area data can be used to measure the area by representing the actual objects in the area with the vector structure, for instance, representing the location of a house with a point, a river with a line, and a forest area with an area.

The locations or shapes of the objects found on earth can be represented with the features of several types, which are categorized as graphic data. However, the data of actual areas are, in identifying characteristics, also detailed by house numbers, sub-districts, districts, provinces, and house ownerûs names in case of houses, as well as names of rivers, and types of forests. These data are called attributive data that may include either digital or textual data. The attributive data are stored in the database and given unique codes for the purpose of establishing the specific linkage to the graphic data. Currently, the attributive database usually relies on the data structure of the relational database, noted that the relational database management system (RDMS) general such as Microsoft Access, Oracle, and dBase can be used for database management.

In conclusion, the geographical information system (GIS) serves as both the tool and database for

®—¥°“√ «‘‡§√“–Àå · ¥ßº≈ ·≈–√“¬ß“πº≈¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡™‘ßæ◊Èπ∑’˥⫇§√◊ËÕߧա摫‡µÕ√å ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å∑“ß¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√凪ìπ µ—«‡™◊ÕË ¡‚¬ß§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°∫— ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈Õ◊πË Ê ‡æ◊ÕË Õ∏‘∫“¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥å µà“ßÊ ∫πº‘«‚≈°

°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡¿“¬À≈—߇Àµÿ°“√≥å §≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ÷π“¡‘∂≈à¡ 6 ®—ßÀ«—¥¢Õ߉∑¥√.Õ“ππ∑å π‘ ∑ «ß»å ≥ Õ¬ÿ ∏ ¬“ ºŸâ Õ”π«¬°“√»Ÿ π ¬å ‡§√◊Õ¢à“¬ß“π«‘‡§√“–Àå«‘®—¬·≈–Ωñ°Õ∫√¡°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß ‚≈°·Ààß¿Ÿ¡¿‘ “§‡Õ‡´’¬µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ ®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—‡ªî¥‡º¬«à“ ®“°°“√µ√«® Õ∫„π‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπæ∫«à“ §≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ÷π“¡‘ ∑”„À⇰“–¿Ÿ‡°Áµ„πæ‘°¥— ·ºπ∑’¿Ë ¡Ÿ »‘ “ µ√凧≈◊ÕË π∑’„Ë π·π«√“∫®“° ‡¥‘¡∂÷ß 11 ‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√ ´÷Ëß®–°√–∑∫∑”„Àâæ‘°—¥√àÕßπÈ” ”À√—∫ °“√‡¥‘π‡√◊Õ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª¥â«πÕ°®“°π’È®“°√“¬ß“πÕ¬à“߉¡à‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√¢ÕßÀπà«¿“æ∂à“¬¥“«‡∑’¬¡ À√—∞ √–∫ÿ«à“ À≈—ß®“°§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ÷π“¡‘æ—¥ ∂≈ࡇ¡◊ËÕª≈“¬ªï∑’Ë·≈â« ∑”„À⧫“¡≈÷°¢Õß√àÕßπÈ” à«πÀπ÷Ëß„π ∫√‘‡«≥™àÕß·§∫¡–≈–°“ ´÷Ë߇ªìπ‡ âπ∑“߇¥‘π‡√◊Õ∑’ËÀπ“·πàπ ∑’ Ë ¥ÿ ·ÀàßÀπ÷ßË ¢Õß‚≈°„π·∂∫Ωíßò ∑–‡≈¢Õ߇°“– ÿ¡“µ√“∑’‡Ë §¬≈÷°∂÷ß 4,000 øÿµÕ“®®–¡’§«“¡≈÷°‡æ’¬ß 100 øÿµ ´÷Ëß∂◊Õ‡ªìπ√–¬–∑’Ë Õ—πµ√“¬µàÕ°“√‡¥‘π‡√◊ÕÕ¬à“ß¡“° à«πÕÿª°√≥å™à«¬°“√‡¥‘π‡√◊Õ À≈“¬æ—π™‘Èπ Õ“∑‘ ∑ÿàπ≈Õ¬πÈ”∑’˵√÷ߥ⫬ ¡ÕÀ—«‡ÀÁ¥∂Ÿ°§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ¢π“¥ 50-100 øÿµæ—¥‡ª≈’Ë¬πµ”·Àπàß ·¡â·µà´“°‡√◊ÕÕ—∫ª“ß∑’Ë ‡§¬Õ¬Ÿà„π·ºπ∑’Ë°Á¡’°“√¬â“¬µ”·Àπàß ·≈–¡’´“°‡√◊Õ„À¡à∑’Ë∂Ÿ° §≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å∑”≈“¬≈ß∑—∫∂¡∫πæ◊Èπ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ®÷ß®”‡ªìπ®– µâÕß¡’Àπ૬ߓπ‡¢â“‰ª°Ÿâ ‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬ À√◊Õ ”√«®‡æ◊ËÕ∑”·ºπ∑’Ë ´“°‡√◊Õ‡À≈à“π—Èπ ®“°√“¬ß“π¢ÕßÀπ૬«‘®¬— ∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« √–∫ÿ«“à §≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘‰¥â∑”≈“¬™“¬Ωíòß√Õ∫¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√Õ‘π‡¥’¬‚¥¬‡©æ“–∑’Ë ‡ªì𙓬À“¥ ·≈–‡°‘¥√Õ¬·µ°µàÕ‡ªìπ·π«µàÕ‡π◊ÕË ß´÷ßË ¬“«∂÷ß 500 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√‡ªìπÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ ·≈–Õ“®¬“«∂÷ß 1,300 °¡. ( “‡Àµÿ®“° ®ÿ¥∑’ˇ°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«µ“¡„π·π«‡¥’¬«°—π) ¿“«–‡™àππ’ȬàÕ¡°àÕ„Àâ ‡°‘¥°“√ —Ëπ‰À«µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß„π·ºàπ¥‘π‰∑¬ ´÷Ë߬—ߺ≈„À⇰‘¥¥‘π∂≈à¡ ·≈–À≈ÿ¡¬ÿ∫„π·∂∫∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈∑“ß„µâ¢Õ߉∑¬‰¥â (°√¡

storing, modifying, improving, managing, analyzing, displaying, and reporting the area data through computers by linking the geographic relations to other data to explain the phenomena on the earth surface.

Environmental Transition Subsequent to Tsunami Devastating 6 Provinces of Thailand Dr.Anon Sanitwong-na-Ayuddhaya, Director of the Southeast Asia START Regional Center, Chulalongkorn University, reveals that based on the preliminary inspection, it is found that the tsunami has led to the horizontal movement of Phuket in the geographic map 11 meters from its former location, which will also result in the changes in ship navigationchannels.

Furthermore, the unofficial report by the Satellite Imagery Unit of the United States demonstrates that after the devastation by the tsunami around the end of last year, the depths of certain channels in Malaka Strait, one of the worldûs most congested navigation route on the sea side of the Sumatra Island, may have plummeted to 100 feet from formerly 4,000 feet, which will be dramatically harmful for navigation. Several thousands of navigation equipment such as water floats tied by mushroom head anchors was hurled by the 50-100 feet tsunami to the extent of change in locations. Even the locations of the wrecked ship remains plotted on the map were transitional, and the new wrecked ship remains as a result of the tsunami devastation also pile up on the ocean floor, incurring the requirement that the units be assigned to salvation, movement, and investigation so as to prepare the map of those wrecked ship remains.

The report of the Earthquake and Geology Analysis Organization identifies that the tsunami has destroyed the coasts around the Indian Ocean, especially beach areas, and generate the continual fault of 500 kilometers in length at minimum, which may be as long as 1,300 kilometers (caused by the point of earthquake along the same line). The circumstance is highly likely to generate the sustained series of shake in Thailand that may lead to landslides and sinking lands in the southern coastal region of Thailand (Department ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 59

∑√—欓°√∏√≥’,2548) ´÷Ëß„π∫√‘‡«≥¥—ß°≈à“«‡ªìπ∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’°“√ æ“¥ºà“π¢Õß√Õ¬‡≈◊ÕË π¡’æ≈—ß¢π“¥„À≠à¢Õ߉∑¬ 2 ·π« §◊Õ √Õ‡≈◊ËÕπ√–πÕß ·≈–√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ§≈Õß¡–√ÿଠ´÷Ëß∑—Èß Õß«“ßµ—«„π ·π«µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ-µ–«—πµ°‡©’¬ß„µâ √Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕππ’ȇªìπ √Õ¬‡≈◊ÕË π‡À≈◊ÕË ¡¢â“ß·≈–∑”„Àâ∫≈äÕ°∑“ߢ«“‡≈◊ÕË π‡¢â“À“ºŸ â ß— ‡°µ √Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ¥—ß°≈à“«π’È®“°À≈—°∞“π°“√ ”√«®∑“ßπÈ”¡—πæ∫«à“ ¢π“π‡°“–¿Ÿ‡°ÁµæÕ¥’ ·≈–·πàπÕπ∑’Ë ÿ¥Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¢Õß°“√¢¬—∫ ‡§≈◊ËÕπ¢Õß·ºàπ¥‘π„π§√—Èßπ’È πÕ°®“°®–∑”„À⇰‘¥√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ ¬âÕπ„À≠àµ√ß®ÿ¥‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« (USGS 2005) ·≈â« ¬—ßÕ“® ∑”„À⇰“–¿Ÿ‡°Áµ‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰ª®“°‡¥‘¡ ´÷Ëß®“°°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå·√߇§âπ ·≈–§«“¡‡§√’¬¥‡∫◊ÈÕßµâ𠧓¥«à“‡°“–¿Ÿ‡°Áµ¡’°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‡¢â“‰ª À“‡°“– ÿ¡“µ√“∑“ß∑‘»µ–«—πµ°‡©’¬ß„µâ

of Mineral Resources, 2005). The area is crossed by 2 large active faults of Thailand, Ranong Fault and Klong-Marui Fault, lying along the northeast-southwest line. These faults incline sideward, making the block shift towards the observer. Based on the oil survey evidence, it is found that these faults by chance parallel the Phuket Island, and for certain the impact of the recent movement of the tectonic plate not only generated the gigantically reversed fault around the epicenter (USGS 2005) but may also have been a reason for the movement of the Phuket Island from its former position. Based on the preliminary pressure and tension analysis, it is estimated that the Phuket Island inclined southwestward to the Sumatra Island.

¿“æ· ¥ß‡ âπ·∫à߇¢µ·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈° ®“° ”π—°ß“πæ—≤π“‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’Õ«°“»·≈– “√ π‡∑» (Õߧ尓√¡À“™π) The picture show the crustal plate boundaries. Illustration from the Bureau of Space Technology and Geomatics (Public Organization)

𓬇™‘¥»—°¥‘Ï Õ√√∂Õ“√ÿ≥ ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√∑√—欓°√·√à 2 °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’ ‰¥â„Àâ —¡¿“…≥å°—∫ ◊ËÕ¡«≈™π‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 19 ¡°√“§¡ 2548 «à“ „µâæ◊Èπ¥‘π„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬®–¡’√Õ¬·¬°™—ÈπÀ‘π „µâ∑Õâ ß∑–‡≈ ‡ªìπ·π«√Õ¬‡≈◊ÕË π (Fault) ∑’¡Ë ¡’ “π“π·µà‰¡à‰¥â‡§≈◊ÕË π À√◊Õ ¢¬—∫µ—« π“π‡¢â“ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬µå “à ßÊ °Á∑∫— ∂¡√Õ¬·¬°π—πÈ ®π¡‘¥ ·µà‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«§√—Èßπ’È °√–· πÈ”À√◊Õ·√ß —Ëπ –‡∑◊Õπ Õ“®®–日擮π∑”„Àâ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å‡À≈à“π—ÈπÀ≈ÿ¥ÕÕ°∑”„À⇪ìπ √Õ¬·¬° ®“°§”∂“¡À≈“¬°√–· ‡°’ˬ«°—∫·π«ª–°“√—߉∑¬À≈—ß §≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ß∫≈ß ≥ «—ππ’ȧ«“¡™—¥‡®πª√“°ÆÕÕ°¡“ ‚¥°“√ ”√«®·π«ª–°“√—ß∑—ÈßÀ¡¥„π‡¢µÕ—π¥“¡—𠇪ìπÀπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß °√¡∑√—欓°√∑“ß∑–‡≈·≈–™“¬Ωíòß (∑™.) √à«¡°—∫Àπà«¬ß“π®“° 8 ∂“∫—π°“√»÷°…“‚¥¬·∫àßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë°“√ ”√«®¥—ßπ’È 60 ë ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE

Cherdsak Attha-arun, Director of Ore Resources 2, Department of Mineral Resources, responded to the mediaûs interview on January 19, 2005, saying the undersea stone layer faults have long existed in the underground of Thailand but there have been no movements or shifts. Throughout the long period, organic substances have filled up those faults.

Nonetheless, due to the recent earthquake, the current or shake may have washed or blown away those organic substances and regenerated the faults.

Regarding numerous questions on Thailandûs post-tsunami coral reefs, it is now clarified that the survey of all coral reefs in the Andaman Sea is in the responsibility of Department of Marine and Coastal

¿“æ∂à“¬®“°¥“«‡∑’¬¡¥â“π≈à“ß· ¥ßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¢Õß∫—π¥“ Õ“‡®“–Àå °àÕπ·≈–À≈—ß ÷π“¡‘∂≈à¡ ∑”„Àâ∫â“π‡√◊Õπ Ÿ≠À“¬¡“°°«à“ 100,000 À≈—ߧ“‡√◊Õπ Satellite images show a section of Banda Aceh before and after the tsunami.

With more than 100,000 left homeless.

°àÕπ°“√‡°‘¥ tsunami Before tsunami

À≈—ß°“√‡°‘¥ tsunami After tsunami ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 61

¿“槫“¡ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬À≈—ß®“°§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ÷π“¡‘∂≈à¡∑’ËÀ¡Ÿà‡°“–æ’æ’ ®—ßÀ«—¥¿Ÿ‡°Áµ

1. À¡Ÿà‡°“–®—ßÀ«—¥√–πÕß·≈–‡°“– ÿ√‘π∑√å ”√«®‚¥¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡°…µ√»“ µ√å 2. À¡Ÿ‡à °“– ‘¡≈‘ π— ”√«®‚¥¬¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ߢ≈“π§√‘π∑√å 3. À¡Ÿà‡°“–™“¬Ωíòßæ—ßß“·≈–¿Ÿ‡°Áµ µ≈Õ¥®πÀ¡Ÿà‡°“–æ’æ’ ·≈–À¡Ÿà‡°“–„π®—ßÀ«—¥µ√—ß ”√«®‚¥¬°√¡∑√—欓°√∑“ß∑–‡≈ ·≈–™“¬Ωíòß√à«¡°—∫®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—«≈—¬≈—°…≥å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¡À‘¥≈ ·≈–¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ √“™¡ß§≈ ®—ßÀ«—¥µ√—ß 4. À¡Ÿà‡°“–µ–√ÿ‡µ“·≈–‡°“–Õ◊ËπÊ „π®—ßÀ«—¥ µŸ≈ √«¡ ∂÷ßÀ¡Ÿà‡°“–Õ“¥—ß√“«’ ”√«®‚¥¬¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬√“¡§”·Àß√à«¡°—∫ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∫Ÿ√æ“ ®“°°“√ ”√«®æ∫«à“ ·π«ª–°“√—ß™àÕߢ“¥∑’ËÀ¡Ÿà‡°“– ÿ√π‘ ∑√å‡ ’¬À“¬¡“° Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ „πæ◊πÈ ∑’ÕË π◊Ë Ê ‡™àπ ·π«ª–°“√—ß Õà“« ÿ‡∑扥â√—∫§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬πâÕ¬ ¡’ª√–°“√—ßæ—ß∫â“ß·µà —߇°µ ‡ÀÁ𬓰 À√◊Õ¡’µ–°Õπ∑√“¬∑—∫∂¡·µàµâÕߥŸ„π∑’Ë≈÷° à«π∑’ËÀ¡Ÿà ‡°“–æ’æ’ Õà“«¡“À¬“ ‰¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫πâÕ¬¡“° ·µà·π«ª–°“√—ß ∑’ÕË π◊Ë „πÀ¡Ÿ‡à °“–æ’æ’ ‡™àπ ‡°“–‰ºà ‰¥â√∫— º≈°√–∑∫‡ ’¬À“¬ (¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ®“°°√¡∑√—欓°√∑“ß∑–‡≈·≈–™“¬Ωíòß√à«¡°—∫¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—ߢ≈“π§√‘π∑√å)

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Resources (DMCR) in collaboration with the agencies from 8 educational institutions, with the areas divided as follows: 1. The Ranong province and Surin Islands are surveyed by Kasetsart University.

2. The Similan Islands are surveyed by Songkla Nakarin University 3. The Pang-nga coast and Phuket Islands, as well as the Trang province and P.P. Islands are surveyed by Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, in collaboration with Chulalongkorn University, Walailak University, Mahidol University, and Ratchamongkol Institute of Technology.

4. The Tarutao Islands and other islands in Trang province, including the Adang-Ravi Islands are surveyed

by Ramkamhang University in collaboration with Burapha University.

Based on the survey, it is found that Chongkad Coral Reef at the Surin Islands has been substantially damaged However, about other areas, the Suthep Gulf Coral Reef has been subject to minimal damage whereby some reefs have collapsed but the collapse hardly visible or have been piled up by sand sediments but the piling up is visible only at the deep level. Those at the P.P. Islands, Maya Gulf, have been hardly affected, but the other coral reefs at the P.P. Islands such as those at Pai Island have been damaged (the data derived from Department of Marine and Coastal Resources in collaboration with Songkla Nakarin University).

“√–πà“√Ÿâ GIS

“√–πà“√Ÿâ GIS

¢âÕ ¡Ÿ ≈ ¿“æ°“√„™â GIS ∑à“π “¡“√∂‰¥â® “° ‚§√ß°“√ª√–‡¡‘πº≈°√–∑∫ ¿“æ∑“ß∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“ ·≈– °“¬¿“æ„πæ◊Èπ∑’˪√– ∫∏√≥’æ‘∫—µ‘ ‡æ◊ËÕ°“√ øóôπøŸ ¿“æ·≈–°“√‡ΩÑ“√–«—ß¿—¬

The illustration of GIS can be found from the Project of Geological and Physical Impact.

Assessment for rehabilitation and monitoring in the areas affected by earthquakes.

‚¥¬§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ√–À«à“ß °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’ °√–∑√«ß ∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡°—∫¿“§«‘™“∏√≥’ «‘∑¬“ §≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—Àπ૬ªØ‘∫—µ‘°“√«‘®—¬∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«·≈–∏√≥’ ·ª√ — ≥ ∞“π º◊ π ·ºà 𠥑 π ‡Õ‡™’ ¬ µ–«— π ÕÕ°‡©’ ¬ ß„µâ ®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬·≈–»Ÿπ¬å«®‘ ¬— ¿Ÿ¡ ‘ “√ π‡∑»‡æ◊ÕË ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ®ÿ à “≈ß°√≥å ¡ À“«‘ ∑ ¬“≈— ¬ ‚¥¬ºŸâ ™à « »“ µ√“®“√¬å ¡∫—µ‘ Õ¬Ÿà‡¡◊Õß·≈–∑’¡ß“π«‘®—¬

In cooperation between Department of Mineral Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Research Unit of Geology, Earthquake and Geo-mor phology in Southeast Asi a Chulalongkorn University GeoInformaticS Center for Thailand [GISTHAI], Chulalongkorn University Satellite Images from IKONOS are courtesy of the Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (Public Organization) (GISTDA).

E-mail : sombat@gisthai.org Õâ“ßÕ‘ß 1. GIS ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡æ◊Èπ∑’˪√– ∫¿—¬, ‘√‘æ√ °¡≈∏√√¡ (siripon@gistda.or.th), Ì “ π— ° ß“πæ— ≤ π“‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ Õ«°“»·≈–¿Ÿ¡‘ “√ π‡∑» 2. ·π«ª√–°“√— ß ..§«“¡™— ¥ ‡®πÀ≈— ß §«“¡ — ∫ π, ∏√≥å ∏”√ßπ“«“ «— ¥‘Ï

Reference 1. GIS of Areas Affected by Disaster, Siriporn Kamoltham (siriporn@gistda.or.th), the Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency.

2. Coral Reefs...Post-turmoil Clarification, Thorn Damrongnawasawat ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 63

∑àÕ߉ª°—∫∏√√¡™“µ‘ ë Environment Tips

‚¥¬ π≈‘π »√æ√À¡

By Nalin Sonnprom

Travel to Devastated Areas

¡’·À≈àß∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«¡“°¡“¬„π 6 ®—ßÀ«—¥™“¬·¥π¿“§„µâΩíòß∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π Õ—π‰¥â·°à °√–∫’Ë ¿Ÿ‡°Áµ æ—ßß“ µŸ≈ √–πÕß ß¢≈“ ´÷Ëß„π·µà≈–®—ßÀ«—¥¡’·À≈àß∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«¡“°¡“¬∑’ˬ—ß ‰¡à∂Ÿ°∑”≈“¬ À√◊Õ ∫“ß·ÀàßøóôπøŸ‰¥â·≈â«°«à“√âÕ¬≈– 90 There are several tourist spots in six southern border provinces on the Andaman Coast, comprising Krabi, Phuket, Phang-nga, Satun, Ranong, and Songkhla, each of which is abundant with undamaged tourist spots or some of which have been over 90% rehabilitated.

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Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ ‘√‘π“∂ Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ ‘√‘π“∂ ®—ßÀ«—¥¿Ÿ‡°Áµ ‡ªìπ ∂“π∑’Ë Àπ÷Ëß∑’ˉ¥â√—∫§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬∂÷ß 95% ®“°æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬ ÷π“¡‘∑’˺à“π ¡“ Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ ‘√‘π“∂π—Èπ°àÕµ—Èߢ÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕªï æ.». 2520 ‚¥¬§≥–√—∞¡πµ√’¡’¡µ‘µâÕß°“√æ—≤π“®—ßÀ«—¥¿Ÿ‡°Áµ„À⇪ìπ ‡¡◊Õß∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« ‚¥¬‰¥â¡Õ∫À¡“¬„Àâ°√¡ªÉ“‰¡â ”√«®æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ∫√‘‡«≥À“¥„π¬“ß·≈–∑’Ë√“∫∫“ß à«π¢Õß∑ÿàß ß«π‡≈’È¬ß —µ«å ∫â“𠓧Ÿ‡ªìπÕÿ∑¬“π¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ ´÷Ëßπà“ππÈ”∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥π’È ¡’ª–°“√—ßπÈ”µ◊Èπ¢π“¥„À≠à 2 ·π« ·≈–¡’À“¥∑√“¬∑’ˇߒ¬∫ ß∫ –Õ“¥Õ—π‡ªìπ·À≈àß«“߉¢à¢Õ߇µà“∑–‡≈¡“‡ªìπ‡«≈“ ‡π‘Ëππ“π ¥â«¬®ÿ¥‡¥àπ·≈–§«“¡ ”§—≠∑—Èß Õߪ√–‡¥Áππ’ȇÕß °√¡ªÉ“‰¡â®÷߉¥â‡ πÕæ◊Èπ∑’Ëπ’È„À⇪ìπÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ ‚¥ª√–°“»„π√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ‡≈à¡ 98 µÕπ∑’Ë 115 ≈ß«—π∑’Ë 13 °√°Æ“§¡ 2524 ª√–°“»„Àâæ◊Èπ∑’Ë™“¬Ωíòß·≈–æ◊ÈππÈ” ∑–‡≈ª√–¡“≥ 5 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√®“°Ωíòß∑“ß∑‘»µ–«—πµ°‡©’¬ß ‡Àπ◊Õ¢Õ߇°“–¿Ÿ‡°Áµ ´÷Ëߧ√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∫√‘‡«≥ªÉ“ π∑–‡≈ ªÉ“‡¢“√«° ªÉ“‡¢“‡¡◊Õß À“¥„π¬“ß À“¥„π∑Õπ „π∑âÕß∑’Ë µ”∫≈‰¡â¢“« µ”∫≈ “§Ÿ ·≈–µ”∫≈‡™‘ß∑–‡≈ Õ”‡¿Õ∂≈“ß ®—ßÀ«—¥¿Ÿ‡°Áµ √«¡æ◊Èπ∑’Ë 90 µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ „À⇪ìπÕÿ∑¬“π ·Ààß™“µ‘·≈–°√¡ªÉ“‰¡â‰¥â„™â™◊ËÕµ“¡∑’Ë™“«¿Ÿ‡°Áµ‡√’¬°¢“π«à“ Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘À“¥„π¬“ß µàÕ¡“„πªïæ.». 2533 ‡æ◊ËÕ πâÕ¡‡°≈â“∂«“¬‡©≈‘¡æ√–‡°’¬√µ‘‡π◊ËÕß„π«‚√°“ ∑’Ë ¡‡¥Á® æ√–π“߇®â“œ æ√–∫√¡√“™‘π’π“∂ ∑√ß¡’æ√–™π¡“¬ÿ§√∫ 60 æ√√…“ „πªï æ.». 2535 ®“°π—Èπ°√–∑√«ß‡°…µ√·≈– À°√≥å ‰ ¥â ° √“∫∫— ß §¡∑Ÿ ≈ ‡æ◊Ë Õ ¢Õæ√–√“™∑“πæ√–∫√¡ √“™“πÿ≠“µ „™â™Õ◊Ë Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘À“¥„π¬“ß„À¡à«“à çÕÿ∑¬“π ·Ààß™“µ‘ ‘√‘π“∂é ´÷Ëß∑√ß‚ª√¥‡°≈â“œ Õπÿ≠“µ

Sirinart Marine National Park Sirinart Marine National Park, Phuket province, represents another location that has been subject to 95% damage as a result of the recent tsunami. Sirinart Marine National Park was established in 1977. The cabinet had a resolution purporting to develop Phuket province into a tourist city by assigning Royal Forest Department responsibility to survey the areas around Nai Yang Beach and the partial plain of Baan Saku Livestock Reserve and designating those areas as the national park. Around the territorial sea waters in the area lie 2 large lines of shallow coral reefs and placid and clean beach that has long served as a natal beach for sea turtles to lay eggs. Because of these two features and significances, Royal Forest Department proposed the designation of the area as a national park and announced in the government gazette Vol. 98 Section 115, dated July 13, 1981, that the areas covering the beach and the sea waters approximately 5 kilometers off the northwestern coast of Phuket Island, including the areas of Ironwood Forest, Khao Ruak Forest, Khao Muang Forest, Nai Yang Beach, Nai Thorn Beach in Tambon Mai Kao, Tambon Sakoo, and Tambon Choeng Talay, Talang District, Phuket province, with the total area of 90 square meters, are designated as a national park and Royal Forest Department called it Nai Yang Beach Marine National Park as named

by Phuket people. In 1990, in order to humbly celebrate the 60th birthday anniversary of Her Majesty Queen Sirikit in 1992, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives requested the Queenûs approval for renaming Nai Yang Beach Marine National Park as çSirinart Marine National Parké and the approval was given as such.

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®ÿ¥∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«∑’Ëπà“ π„® §◊ÕÀ“¥„π¬“ß ´÷Ëß¡’™“¬À“¥ ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡√à¡√◊Ëπ¥â«¬∑‘« π∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈–æ—π∏ÿ剡âªÉ“™“¬À“¥ ∑’√Ë ¡à √◊πË ∑√—欓°√™’«¿“æ∫π∫°‰¡àÀ≈“°À≈“¬π—° ¥—ß®–‡ÀÁ𠉥â«à“™π‘¥ªÉ“„πÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ ‘√‘π“∂ ¡’‡æ’¬ß 3 ™π‘¥ §◊Õ ªÉ“¥ß¥‘∫ ªÉ“™“¬À“¥ ·≈–ªÉ“™“¬‡≈π ªÉ“¥ß¥‘∫ æ∫Õ¬Ÿ„à π∫√‘‡«≥ªÉ“‡¢“√«°·≈–ªÉ“‡¢“‡¡◊Õß ®–æ∫æ«°‰¡âµ–‡§’¬π ¬“ß À≈ÿ¡æÕ æ‘°ÿ≈ªÉ“ ªÉ“™“¬À“¥ ‡ªìπªÉ“‚ª√àßæ∫Õ¬Ÿà∑—Ë«‰ªµ“¡·π«À“¥ ªÉ“™“¬À“¥π’ÈπÕ°®“°®–‡ªìπ∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬¢Õß —µ«åµà“ßÊ ‡™àπ °√–·µ π°°“ß‡¢π∫â“π π°‡Õ’¬È ß “√‘°“ π°·´ß·´« π°‡¢“ „À≠à π°¢¡‘Èπ∑⓬∑Õ¬¥” π°ª√Õ¥ æ√√≥‰¡âÀ≈—°„πªÉ“ ™“¬À“¥ ∑’Ëæ∫‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ªª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ π∑–‡≈ ‚æ∑–‡≈ ÀŸ°«“ß ®‘°∑–‡≈ ‡ ¡Á¥ À«â“ ‚ °≈”‡®’¬° º—°∫ÿâß∑–‡≈ ≈‘Èπ Àà“π ·≈–§√“¡ªÉ“ à«π∫√‘‡«≥À“¥®–¡’√ªŸ µà“ßÊ ®—°®—πË ∑–‡≈ ·≈–‡ªìπ∑’Ë«“߉¢à‡µà“∑–‡≈ ªÉ“™“¬‡≈𠇪ìπªÉ“‰¡â‰¡àº≈—¥„∫ æ∫∑—Ë«‰ª∫√‘‡«≥ §≈ÕßπÈ”®◊¥∑’ËπÈ”∑–‡≈∑à«¡∂÷ß ‡™à𠪓°§≈Õß∑à“πÿàπ ·≈– §≈Õß՟ൖ‡¿“ ¡’¢π“¥ª√–¡“≥ 1.28 µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ π— ∫ «à “ ‡ªì π ªÉ “ ™“¬‡≈π∏√√¡™“µ‘ º◊ π „À≠à º◊ π ÿ ¥ ∑â “ ¬¢Õß ®—ßÀ«—¥¿Ÿ‡°Áµ°Á«“à ‰¥â æ—π∏ÿ‰¡â∑æ’Ë ∫‰¥â·°à ‚°ß°“ß„∫„À≠à ‚°ß°“ß „∫‡≈Á° ‚ª√ߢ“« ‚ª√ß·¥ß µ–∫Ÿπ¢“« µ–∫Ÿπ¥” · ¡ Ω“¥ ¥Õ°¢“« Ω“¥¥Õ°·¥ß ∂—Ë« ‡∂“∂Õ∫·∂¡ Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ √‘ π‘ “∂¡’π°°«à“ 115 ™π‘¥ ∑’æË ∫∫àÕ‡™àπ π°°“ß‡¢π∫â“π π°‡Õ’¬È ß “√‘°“ π°π“ßπ«≈ π°°‘π‡ªï¬ô « π°°«—° à«π∑√—欓°√∑“ß∑–‡≈∑’Ëæ∫¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ §◊Õ ª≈“‰À≈ ¡Õ‡√à¬å ª≈“°√–√Õ°≈“¬·¥ß ª≈“ª“°·µ√ ‡ªìπµâπ

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The interesting tourist attraction is Nai Yang Beach, kept refreshing by natural pine trees and tree species in beach forest.

The biological resources on land are not of much variety, as can be seen that there are only 3 kinds of forests in Sirinart Marine National Park: tropical rain forest, beach forest, and mangrove forest.

The tropical rain forests are found in Khao RuakKhao Muang National Forest Reserve where Malabar ironwood, rubber tree, Intsia palembanica, and bullet wood are discovered.

Beach The beach forests represent thin forests that generally can be found along the beach.

Besides being inhabited by many animals, for example, Indochinese ground squirrel, Oriental Magpie-Robin, Common Myna, Drongo, Spotted Dove, Black-naped Oriole, and Bulbul, the beach forests are generally composed of such major tree species as common iron wood, portia tree, umbrella tree, Barringtonia racemosa, cajeput oil tree, jambolan plum, goatûs foot creeper, and Indigofera oblonga. The beach area is full of figures and mole crabs, as well as serves as the natal beach for sea turtles to lay eggs.

The mangrove forest is an evergreen forest generally found around fresh water canals reached by sea water such as Tha Nun Canal and U-Tapao Canal. It is of approximately 1.28 square meters in size and can be regarded as the last large natural mangrove forest of Phuket province. Found in the forest are such tree species as Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Ceriops decanda, Ceriops tagal, Xylocarpus granatum, Xylocarpus moluccensis, Aegialites rotundifolia, Lumnitzera racemosa, Lumnitzera littorea, Bruguiera, and Derris trifoliate.

Sirinart Marine National Park is inhabited by over 115 species of birds, among which are those frequently discovered species such as Oriental Magpie Robin, Common Myna, Gull, Collared Kingfisher, and White-brested Waterhen. The mainly found marine resources are Morey eel and Cornet fish.

Laem Son Marine National Park

Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘·À≈¡ π Õÿ ∑ ¬“π·Àà ß ™“µ‘ · À≈¡ 𠇪ì π Õ’ ° Àπ÷Ë ß Õÿ ∑ ¬“πœ ∑’˪√– ∫§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬ 90 °«à“‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ ·À≈¡ π µ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà∑“ߥâ“πΩíòß∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π „π∑âÕß∑’ËÕ”‡¿Õ ‡¡◊Õß√–πÕß Õ”‡¿Õ°–‡ªÕ√å °‘ËßÕ”‡¿Õ ÿ¢ ”√“≠ ®—ßÀ«—¥ √–πÕß ·≈–Õ”‡¿Õ§ÿ√–∫ÿ√’ ®—ßÀ«—¥æ—ßß“ Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ ·À≈¡ π‰¥â√∫— °“√ª√–°“»‡ªìπÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ ‡¡◊ÕË «—π∑’Ë 19 ‘ßÀ“§¡ 2526 ‡ªìπÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘≈”¥—∫∑’Ë 46 ¢Õß ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬§√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡æ◊Èπ∑’˪√–¡“≥ 315 µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ À√◊Õ 196,875 ‰√à Õ¬Ÿà„π∑âÕß∑’ËÕ”‡¿Õ‡¡◊Õß Õ”‡¿Õ°–‡ªÕ√å ®—ßÀ«—¥√–πÕß ·≈–Õ”‡¿Õ§ÿ√–∫ÿ√’ ®—ßÀ«—¥æ—ßß“ ‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’ËπÈ” ª√–¡“≥ 259 µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬æ◊Èπ∑’Ë™“¬Ωíòß ∑–‡≈¬“«ª√–¡“≥ 60 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ·≈–À¡Ÿà‡°“– 2 À¡Ÿà‡°“– ‰¥â·°à À¡Ÿà‡°“–°”„À≠à·≈–À¡Ÿà‡°“–°”πÿ⬠√«¡∑—È߇°“–µà“ßÊ Õ’° 8 ‡°“– ‰¥â·°à ‡°“–À¡Ÿ ‡°“–‡ªï¬° πÈ”πâÕ¬ ‡°“–‡ªï¬° πÈ”„À≠à ‡°“–‡∑“ ‡°“–§â“ߧ“« ‡°“–≈â“π ‡°“–°”πÿ¬â ·≈– ‡°“–‰¢à ¡’§«“¡ Ÿß®“°√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß ÿ¥ 296 ‡¡µ√ ∑’Ë ‡°“–°”„À≠à ”À√—∫™“¬Ωíòß·ºàπ¥‘π„À≠à¡’¬Õ¥‡¢“ Ÿß∑’Ë Õà“«Õà“ß Ÿß®“°√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ 264 ‡¡µ√ ´÷Ëß≈—°…≥–¢Õß æ◊Èπ∑’ˇªìπ≈—°…≥–µ—««’¬◊Ëπ‰ª„π∑–‡≈∑”„À⇰‘¥·√ß°√–·∑° ®“°§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘Õ¬à“ß·√ß æ◊Èπ∑’Ë®÷߇ ’¬À“¬§àÕπ¢â“ß¡“° „π ∫√‘‡«≥™“¬À“¥®–æ∫‰¡â™“¬À“¥´÷Ëß¡’≈—°…≥–‡ªìπªÉ“‚ª√àß æ—π∏ÿ剡â∑’Ëæ∫‰¥â·°à π∑–‡≈ À¬’∑–‡≈ ·≈–®‘°∑–‡≈ ≈—°…≥– ™“¬ΩíòߢÕßÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘‡ªì𙓬Ωíòß·§∫Ê ¡’≈”πÈ” “—Èπ¢π“¥‡≈Á°®”π«π¡“°®“°∑’Ë Ÿß¥Õπ„π·ºàπ¥‘π‰À≈ÕÕ° Ÿà ∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—πª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬§≈ÕߢÕß §≈Õß≈—¥‚π¥ §≈Õß ¢–πÿ¥ ·≈–§≈Õß∫“߇∫π ´÷Ëß·¡àπÈ”≈”§≈Õ߇À≈à“π’ȉ¥âæ—¥æ“ µ–°Õπ¥‘ π ¡“∑— ∫ ∂¡µ“¡ª“°·¡à πÈ” ·≈–™“¬Ωíò ß ∑”„Àâ ≈—°…≥–™“¬Ωíòß∫√‘‡«≥ª“°·¡àπÈ”≈”§≈Õß∂Ÿ°ª°§≈ÿ¡‰ª¥â«ªÉ“™“¬‡≈π æ—π∏ÿ‰å ¡â∑æ’Ë ∫¡’‚°ß°“ß„∫„À≠à ‚°ß°“ß„∫‡≈Á° æß °“À—« ÿ¡ œ≈œ

Laem Son Marine National Park, located on the Andaman coast in Muang Ranong District, Kapur District, Suk Samran Minor District, Ranong province, and Kuraburi District, Pang-nga province, is another national park that has faced over 90% damage. Laem Son Marine National Park was announced as a national park on August 19, 1983 and is the 46th national park of Thailand, covering the area of approximately 315 square meters or 196,875 rai, located in Muang District and Kapur District, Ranong province, and Kuraburi District, Phang-nga province. Among the area is the water area of approximately 259 square meters, comprising the beach area of 60 kilometers in length and 2 archipelagos, being Kam Yai Archipelago and Kam Noi Archipelago, as well as 8 islands, being Moo Island, Piak Island, Nam Noi Island, Piak Nam Yai Island, Tao Island, Kangkao Island, Lan Island, Kam Nui Island, and Kai Island. The park is at maximum 296 meters above the sea level at Kam Yai Island. As for the mainland coast, the mountain peak is situated in Ang Gulf and 264 meters above the sea. The area is v-shaped and sticks out towards the sea, which contributed to the strong clash of the tsunami that left severe damage to the area.

The beach tree species found in the beach area such as Ironwood, Derris indica, and congregate into a thin forest. The coast of the national park is narrow and provides the outlet for numerous small waterways from the inner plateau such as Kong Canal, Lad Nod Canal, Kanud Canal, and Bangbane Canal to flow into the Andaman Sea. These canals have brought soil sediments to pile up along the mouths of rivers and the coasts, resulting in the coast in the mouths of rivers being covered by the mangrove forest. The tree species found in the area are composed of Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata. ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 67

®“°≈—°…≥– ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡ª‘ √–‡∑»·≈–§«“¡Õÿ¥¡ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ¢Õß —ߧ¡æ◊™∑”„Àâæ◊Èπ∑’ËÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘·À≈¡ π‡À¡“– ‡ªìπ∂‘Ëπ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà¢Õß —µ«åÀ≈“¬ª√–‡¿∑¥â«¬°—π ®“°°“√ ”√«® —µ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡ „πªï æ.». 2531 æ∫°√–·µ∏√√¡¥“ ≈‘ß· ¡ §à“ß·«àπ∂‘πË „µâ Õ’‡ÀÁπ¢â“ß≈“¬ À¡’¢Õ À¡Ÿª“É °√–®ß ≈‘πË „À≠à æ≠“°√–√Õ°¥” Õâπ„À≠à ‡¡àπÀ“ßæ«ß œ≈œ ·≈– ®“°°“√ ”√«®π°‡¡◊ËÕªï 2538 æ∫π°∑—ÈßÀ¡¥°«à“ 138 ™π‘¥ ‡ªìππ°ª√–®”∂‘Ëπ 80 ™π‘¥ πÕ°π—Èπ‡ªìππ°Õæ¬æ ‰¥â·°à π° ¬“ß∑–‡≈ ‡À¬’¬Ë «·¥ß π°ÕÕ° π°°√–·µ·µâ·«ä¥ π°‡¥â“¥‘π π°π“ßπ«≈·°≈∫ π°‡¢“„À≠à π°°‘π‡ªï¬ô « π°‡ß◊Õ°°√“¡™â“ß π°π“ß·Õàπ∫â“π π°ª√Õ¥ π°·´ß·´« π°¢¡‘πÈ ∑⓬∑Õ¬¥” π°¢ÿπ∑Õß œ≈œ „π∫√‘‡«≥À¡Ÿà‡°“–°” ‡°“–§â“ߧ“« ¬—ß Õÿ¥¡ ¡∫Ÿ√≥剪¥â«¬·π«ª–°“√√—ß ´÷Ë߇ªìπ·À≈àß∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—À≈∫¿—¬·≈–¢¬“¬æ—π∏ÿå¢Õß —µ«åπÈ”‰¥â‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’

The landscape and richness of plant society has rendered Laem Son Marine National Park appropriate for inhabitation of several types of animals. Based on the survey of mammals in 1988, it was found that Indochinese ground squirrel, Crab-eating Macaque, Dusky Langur, Common Palm Civet, Bear Cat, Wild Boar, Mouse Deer, Black Squirrel, and Brush-tailed Porcupine.

Based on the birds survey in 1995, 138 species of birds were found, 80 of which form the category of residents while the remainder were migrants such as Pacific reef-egret, Brahminy Kite, White-bellied sea eagle, Red-wattled Lapwing, Common sandpiper, Tern, Spotted dove, Collared Kingfisher, Wreathed Hornbill, Barn Swallow, Bulbul, Drongo, Black-naped Oriole, and Hill Myna.

The area of Kangkao Island, Kam Archipelago, is still abundant with coral reefs and serves as the location for inhabitation and breeding as well as the sanctuary for aquatic animals.

Chao Mai Marine National Park

Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘À“¥‡®â“‰À¡ 燮ⓉÀ¡é ™◊ËÕ —ÈπÊ π’È„™â‡√’¬°‰¥â∑—ÈßÀ¡Ÿà∫â“π ≈”§≈Õß À“¥∑√“¬ ∂È” ‡¢“ ·≈–‡°“– ‡°“–‡®â“‰À¡ ∂Ÿ°‡√’¬°µ“¡ ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å¢Õß·ºàπ¥‘π∑’Ë‚Õ∫≈âÕ¡¥â«¬∑–‡≈¥â“πÀπ÷Ëß ·≈–≈”§≈ÕßÕ’°¥â“πÀπ÷Ëß ¡’‡¢“√Ÿª°√–‚¥ß©≈“¡∑’Ë‚¥¥‡¥à𠇪ìπ —≠≈—°…≥å π—∫®“°‡¢“°√–‚¥ß©≈“¡¡“ 5 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ‰ª ®¥À“¥À¬ßÀ≈‘߇ªìπÀ“¥¬“« ´÷Ë߇ªìπÀ“¥°«â“ߢ«“߇À¡“– ∑’Ë®–¡“‡¢â“§à“¬æ—°·√¡ ·µà¡’¢âÕ§«√√–¡—¥√–«—ß„π‡√◊ËÕß°“√ ‡≈àππÈ” ‡π◊ËÕß®“°πÈ”≈÷°·≈–§≈◊Ëπ®—¥ ∂—¥‡¢â“‰ªÕ’°‡ªìπÀ“¥∑’Ë ∑Õ¥¬“«‰ª∑“ßµ–«—πµ°∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ À“¥‡®â“‰À¡ ‡À¡“–„π °“√‡≈àππÈ” ‡æ√“–πÈ”µ◊Èπ·≈–∫√‘‡«≥°«â“߇∫◊ÈÕßÀπâ“®–¡Õß ‡ÀÁπ‡°“–≈‘∫ßÕ¬Ÿà‰¡à‰°≈π—° à«π‡∫◊ÈÕßÀ≈—߇ªìπ¥ß π√à¡√◊Ëπ ÿ¥™“¬À“¥§◊Õ‚¢¥‡¢“Õ’°¥â“πÀπ÷ËߢÕ߇¢“°√–‚¥ß©≈“¡ „𠬓¡πÈ”≈ßÕ“®‡¥‘π≈—¥‡≈“–‚¢¥À‘π‰ª Ÿà‡«‘ÈßÕà“«‡≈Á°Ê Õ’°·Ààß Àπ÷Ë߇√’¬°«à“ Õà“«ªÕ ≈÷°‡¢â“‰ªµ“¡§≈Õß≈—¥‡®â“‰À¡Õ’°§◊Õ∑’Ë 68 ë ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE

çChao Maié is an abbreviation used to call altogether village, canal, beach, cave, mountain, and island. Chao Mai Island is called so based on the geographical nature of the land that is surrounded by the sea on one side and the canal on another and has the ribbon shark fin-shaped hill as an outstanding symbol. Yong Ling Beach, a spacious beach suitable for camping, is 5 kilometers next to the ribbon shark fin-shaped hill. However, travelers should be cautious in swimming due to its deep water and strong waves. Next to Yong Ling Beach towards the west lies Chao Mai Beach which is suitable for swimming due to shallow water.

Travelers can see Libong Island, which is barely far away from the wide are in the front of the beach and enjoy the refreshing pine forest in the back. At the end of the beach stands another side of the ribbon shark fin-shaped hill. During the time of low tide, travelers may take a cut past rocks to another small

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extensively-stretching gulf called Por Gulf. Deep into the horizon along Chao Mai shortcut canal stands a beautiful cave called Chao Mai Cave, the mouth of which can be reached through boat. Chao Mai Caveûs structure is complex and comprises several floors.

The ground floor represents a spacious cave with stalagmites and stalactites forming large pillars. Climbing the cliff 100 meters to the right, travelers will reach the upper floor of the cave. The surface of the cave’s wall looks like the layers of piling-up seashells and a cold, clear pond will be found before descending inside the inner cave.

Yongling Beach-San Beach is located 15 kilometers from the National Parkûs office and connects to Yao Beach to the south. The curve of the beach is paralleled with the pine forest called Yongling Beach. At the end of the beach stand high hills full of extensive stretches and caves through which the cut can be taken towards the seashore cliff.

Towards the north of Yongling Beach stretches the road leading to the beach on another side of the hill called San Beach and out of sight to the north lies Yonglam Cape.

Mook Island is situated in Tambon Libong, Kantang District, representing another large island in Trang territory water. The air photos reveal the head of Mook Islandûs cape sticking out to the middle of the sea. Located on the capeûs head is Mook Island community, which is flanked by Hua Lam Beach, the portal beach at the entrance of the village. Another side is Phang-ga Gulf, the curved shape of which is excellently employed for wind protection. Both sides of the seashores are covered by white small grains of sand and the clear water provides pleasure of swimming. A mysterious magnificent cave, called Nam Cave or Emerald Cave by villagers, is hidden to the west of the cliff. During the time of low tide, a boat can get through a small hollow at the entrance of the cave. Navigating along the meandering and dark narrow hollow with 80 meters in length represents ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 69

∫“ß™π‘¥ ¿“æªÉ“∫π ¿Ÿ‡¢“ Ÿß™—𠇪ìπªÉ“¥‘∫™◊Èπ „µâÀ—« ·À≈¡‡°“–¡ÿ°µå‡ªìπªÉ“™“¬‡≈π ª√–¡“≥ 3 ‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå ¢Õß æ◊Èπ∑’˪√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ ‚°ß°“ß„∫„À≠à ‚°ß°“ß„∫‡≈Á° · ¡¥” · ¡¢“« À≈ÿ¡æÕ∑–‡≈ ®“°∑–‡≈∑‘»µ–«—πµ°‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ ¡’ª–°“√—ßÕàÕπÀ≈“° ’ à«π∑“ߥâ“πµ–«—πÕÕ°‡ªìπ·π« À≠â“∑–‡≈ À≠â“∑–‡≈‡ªìπÕ“À“√¢Õßæ–¬Ÿπ∑’Ëæ∫„πÕÿ∑¬“π ·Ààß™“µ‘À“¥‡®â“‰À¡ πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ßæ∫ —µ«åπÈ”„π·π«À≠â“ ∑–‡≈ ‰¥â·°à ÀÕ¬‡¡àπ ·≈–¥“«·¥ßÀπ“¡ ‡ªìπµâπ ‡°“–°√–¥“𠉪∑“ߥâ“πµ–«—πµ°¢Õ߇°“–¡ÿ°µå „™â‡«≈“‡¥‘π∑“ߪ√–¡“≥ 1 ™—Ë«‚¡ß °Á®–∂÷߇°“–Õ’°·Ààß Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë¥Ÿ‡À¡◊Õπ¿Ÿ‡¢“Àâ“≈Ÿ°‡ªìπæ◊¥µ‘¥µàÕ°—ππ—Ëπ §◊Õ ‡°“– °√–¥“𠇪ìπ∑’˵—ÈߢÕßÀπ૬æ‘∑—°…åÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘À“¥ ‡®â“‰À¡ Àπ૬∑’Ë 3 (‡°“–°√–¥“π) ‡°“–∑’Ë «¬∑’Ë ÿ¥¢Õß ∑–‡≈µ√—ß ∑’Ë¡’‡°“–Õ◊ËπÊ √“¬√Õ∫‡ªìπ∫√‘«“√ ™“¬À“¥‡ªìπ ∑√“¬¢“«≈–‡Õ’¬¥ πÈ”„ ®π¡Õ߇ÀÁπ√‘È«∑√“¬„µâæ◊ÈππÈ” ÿ¥™“¬À“¥¥â“π‡Àπ◊Õ¡’·π«ª–°“√—ß ∑Õ¥¬“«ÕÕ°‰ª„π∑–‡≈ ∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíò߇ªìπª–°“√—ßπÈ”µ◊Èπ ‡°“–‡™◊Õ° ‡ªìπ‡°“–‡≈Á°Ê ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π«ß≈âÕ¡¢Õß ‡°“–¡ÿ°µå·≈–‡°“–°√–¥“π ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬‡°“–‡≈Á°Ê 2 ‡°“– ∑’ÕË ¬Ÿµà ¥‘ °—π‡ªìπ‡°“–∑’¡Ë ’ ¡— ª∑“π√—ßπ° ¿“æªÉ“‡ªìπªÉ“¥‘∫™◊πÈ ¡’ª–°“√—ß·¢Áß ª–°“√—ßÕàÕπ ¥Õ°‰¡â∑–‡≈ °—≈ªíßÀ“ ≈—∫°—π Õ¬Ÿàµ≈Õ¥·π«™“¬Ωíòß ´÷Ëß®–¡’·π«ª–°“√—ߧàÕπ¢â“ß ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ¡“° ¡’§«“¡À≈“°À≈“¬¢Õß™π‘¥ª–°“√—ß Ÿß¡“° ª–°“√—ß ÕàÕπÀ≈“° ’ øÕßπÈ”§√° ¥Õ°‰¡â∑–‡≈§√° À«’∑–‡≈ ª–°“√—ß ‰ø ∫√‘‡«≥‡°“–‡™◊Õ°¬—ß¡’∂È”µ◊ÈπÊ ∑’Ë®–¥”π”À√◊Õ‡Õ“‡√◊Õ ≈Õ¥‡¢â“‰ª‰¥â¬“¡πÈ”≈ß ‡æ◊ËÕ®–æ∫°—∫À“¥∑√“¬‡≈Á°Ê ·≈– §â“ߧ“«‡µÁ¡ºπ—ß∂È”„µâπÈ” µ√ߪ“°∂È”§◊Õ∑’Ë√«¡¢Õß°—≈ªíßÀ“ ∑’Ë «¬ß“¡

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the thrilling experience, but excitement will replace the former feeling as soon as travelers reach the cave’s mouth where they witness the clear and emerald sea water, clean and white beach, as well as some tree species. The high and steep hill is covered by the tropical rain forest, and under Muk Island lies the mangrove forest that takes 3% of the area, comprising Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia officinalis, Avicennia alba, and Intsia bijuga. To the northwest of the sea lie colorful baby corals and to the east is a line of sea grass, the food for dugongs found in Chao Mai Marine National Park. In addition, aquatic animals such as Oursins and Crown of Thorns Starfish are witnessed along a line of sea grass.

Kradan Island It takes 1 hour to travel to the west of Muk Island and reach Kradan Island that looks like the webbed five hills. The 3rd division of Chao Mai National Park (Kradan Island) prevention area is located here. Kradan Island represents the most magnificent island on Trang Sea, surrounded by other entourage islands, beautified by the small white grains of sand and the water so clear that the undersea streak of sand is in sight. At the northern end of beach lies the coral reef that stretches into the sea and the shallow water corals stretches along the seashore.

Chuak Island is a small island where birdûs nest concession is given, located between Muk Island and Kradan Island and consists of 2 small Islands connecting to each other. The forest falls within the category of a tropical rain forest, and hard corals, soft corals, sea anemone, and corals grow alternately along the seashore. The coral reefs are quite abundant and of great variety ranging from colorful soft coral reefs, mortar-shaped sponge, Ritterûs Radianthus, Ctenocella, and fire coral. There is also a shallow cave that can be reached by diving or boat during the time of low tide to witness a small beach and a group of bats perching on the

‡°“–·À«π ‡ªìπ‡°“–∑’Ë¡’ —¡ª∑“π√—ßπ° ¿“æªÉ“ ‡ªìπªÉ“¥‘∫™◊πÈ ¡’∑ß—È ¥ßª–°“√—ßπÈ”µ◊πÈ ·≈–πÈ”≈÷° ¥Õ°‰¡â∑–‡≈ °—≈ªíßÀ“ ≈—∫°—πµ≈Õ¥·π«™“¬Ωíòß ¡’·π«ª–°“√—ߧàÕπ¢â“ß ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ‡™àπ ª–°“√—߇¢“°«“ß ª–°“√—ß· â∑–‡≈ øÕßπÈ” ·®°—π¥” øÕßπÈ”§√° ¥Õ°‰¡â∑–‡≈ ¥Õ°‰¡â∑–‡≈§√° ª–°“√—ß ™à Õ ß·ºà π ª–°“√— ß ‡ÀÁ ¥ Õ¬Ÿà „ π√–¥— ∫ §«“¡≈÷ ° ª√–¡“≥ 10-20 øÿµ à«π„À≠à®–Õ¬Ÿà∑“ß∑‘»µ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õ߇°“– ¥â“π∑‘»µ–«—πµ°√–¥—∫§«“¡≈÷° 60 øÿµ ®–‰¡à¡’ª–°“√—߇≈∑’∑Ë ”°“√Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ µ—ßÈ Õ¬Ÿ∑à À’Ë “¥©“ßÀ≈“ß Àà“ß ®“°µ—«®—ßÀ«—¥ª√–¡“≥ 47 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ·≈–Àà“ß®“°À“¥‡®â“ ‰À¡ 16 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ∑‘»„µâ¢ÕßÀ“¥©“ßÀ≈“ß®√¥‡¢“√‘¡πÈ” §◊Õ ‡¢“·∫π– ´÷ßË ¡’√Õà ß√Õ¬¿“懢’¬π ’·¥ß¬ÿ§°àÕπª√–«—µ»‘ “ µ√å ·µà§àÕπ¢â“ß≈∫‡≈◊Õπ¥â«¬°“≈‡«≈“ æ◊Èπ∑’Ë™“¬À“¥µ√߇™‘ß ‡¢“°«â“ߢ«“ß·≈–√à¡√◊πË ¥â«¬æ—π∏ÿ‰å ¡â ¡’∫Õà πÈ”®◊¥æ√âÕ¡ ‡À¡“– ”À√—∫°“√°“߇µÁπ∑åæ°— ·√¡ À√◊Õ °“√™ÿ¡πÿ¡√◊πË ‡√‘ߢÕß°≈ÿ¡à „À≠à ÿ¥∑“߇Àπ◊Õ¢ÕßÀ“¥ §◊Õ §≈Õß©“ßÀ≈“ß ´÷Ëß∫√‘‡«≥ ª“°§≈Õ߇ªìπ®ÿ¥™¡«‘«∑’Ë¡’∑—»π’¬¿“æÀ≈“°À≈“À“¥ª“°‡¡ß À“¥∑√“¬™“¬∑–‡≈·À≈àß∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« ·Ààß·√°¢Õ߇¡◊Õßµ√—ß Õ¬ŸàÀà“ß®“°µ—«‡¡◊Õß 40 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ¿“æ·√°∑’Ë¥÷ߥŸ¥ “¬µ“¡ºŸâ¡“‡¬◊Õπ ‰¥â·°à ‚¢¥‡¢“„À≠à °≈“ßπÈ”√Ÿª√à“ߧ≈⓬§ππÕπÀß“¬∑Õ¥µ—«¬“«‰ª∑“ߥâ“π ‡Àπ◊Õ π—Ëπ§◊Õ ‡¢“‡¡ß À√◊Õ ‡°“–‡¡ß —≠≈—°…≥åª√–®”À“¥π’È ∂÷ß®–‡ªìπ ∂“π∑’∑Ë Õà ߇∑’¬Ë «∑’∂Ë °Ÿ æ‘∫µ— ¿‘ ¬— ∑”≈“¬Õ¬à“ßÀπ—° ·µà „πªí®®ÿ∫—π∑—Èß¿“§√—∞ ¿“§‡Õ°™π ·≈–ª√–™“™π„πæ◊Èπ∑’ˉ¥â √à « ¡øóô π øŸ æ◊È π ∑’Ë ‡ À≈à “ π’È „ Àâ ‡ ªì π ∂“π∑’Ë ∑à Õ ß‡∑’Ë ¬ «‰¥â Õ’ ° §√—È ß ∫“ßæ◊Èπ∑’ËÕ“®µâÕß„™â‡«≈“„π°“√øóôπøŸ¬“«π“π ·µà§«“¡ «¬ß“¡µ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß ∂“π∑’ˇÀ≈à“π’ȉ¡à‰¥â¥âÕ¬≈߉ª °«à“‡¥‘¡ ‡æ◊ËÕ√Õ§Õ¬°“√°≈—∫¡“‡¬’ˬ¡™¡¢Õßπ—°∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« ‡™àπ‡¥‘¡

wall of the underground cave, while the beautiful corals concentrate around the mouth of the cave.

Waen Island is the island where birdûs nest concession is given, with a tropical rain forest and shallow and deep water coral reefs, sea anemone, and corals growing alternately along the sea shore.

The coral reefs are quite abundant such as Staghorn coral, whip coral, Black Vase-Shaped Sponge, mortar-shaped sponge, sea anemone, Ritterûs Radianthus, sheet coral, and mushroom coral, lying 10-20 feet deep. Most of them concentrate in the east of the island.

The office of the National Park is located on Chang Lang Beach, 47 kilometers from the city area of the province and 16 kilometers from Chao Mai Beach. Located to the south of Chang Lang Beach is Bae-na Hill where the trace of red paintings in the past era is present but has faced through the time.

The beach area around the foot of the hill is wide and covered by tree species and the fresh water pond is available, appropriate for camping or arranging party for a large group of people. Situated at the northern end of the beach is Chang Lang Canal, the mouth of which is the sightseeing area with various sceneries.

Pak Meng Beach is the first tourist spot of Trang province, located 40 kilometers from the city area of the province. The first scenery that attracts the sight of travelers is the large hill in the sea with the shape similar to a human lying face first to the north. The hill is call Meng Hill or Meng Island, which is a symbol of this beach.

Despite the fact that the tourist spots were severely devastated by the disaster, at present these areas have been rehabilitated and ready to serve tourists. Although some areas may need a long period to recover, their natural beauty is not lessened at all and waiting to be revisited by tourists. ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 71

“¬¥à«π ’‡¢’¬« ë Green Expressway

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By Editorial Board

Green Expressway Green Expressway column targets readers who have environment-related questions. Whatever questions you have, we will seek answers from specialists to satisfy your curiosity. In this issue, there are many enthusiastic youths who are interested in the tsunami. The editorial board has selected some of several incoming questions that correspond with the main focus of each issue. We will gradually provide answers to those questions that have not yet been answered here in the following issues. If answering in the magazine does not keep up with proper pace, we will provide answers via e-mail or postal service up to your convenience, provided you have provided us your address.

1. How many kinds of the tsunami do we know?

Specialists have divided the tsunami into 4 kinds as follows: 1. Tsunami generated by the coastal or submarine earthquakes. The tsunami tends to be generated by the undersea earthquake. When the earthquake under the sea is triggered by the motion of tectonic plate, the powerful shake will arise at the focus of that motion. The shake will then affect the sea water, generating the wave. Initially the wave will be of great length and little height, spreading out from the center in all directions at the speed of over 700 kilometers/hour. When the wave moves towards the shore, the length will decrease and the height will increase, resulting in the powerful devastating force.

2. Tsunami generated by the landslide under the sea or on the coast, for example, ones occurring in Hawaii and Newfoundland.

3. Tsunami generated by the strong volcano eruption such as those occurring at Kick ùem Jenny in the Caribbean Sea. 4. Tsunami generated by humans, for instance, one triggered by atomic bombs experiment at the Bikini Island.

2. §≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ°—∫ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬§√—Èßπ’È¡’ “‡Àµÿ¡“ ®“°Õ–‰√ ‡°‘¥®“°·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«„µâ∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥‡°“– ÿ¡“µ√“ ª√–‡∑»Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬ ·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«„π∑–‡≈§√—Èßπ’È¡’»Ÿπ¬å°≈“ß Õ¬Ÿà∑“ßµ–«—πµ°¢Õ߇°“– ÿ¡“µ√“ §«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢÕß·ºàπ¥‘π ‰À« «—¥‰¥â 9.0 √‘§‡µÕ√å (‚¥¬ USGS) ∑’ˇ«≈“ 06.58 π. (‡«≈“∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ) (07.58 π. ‡«≈“„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬) ¢Õß«—π∑’Ë 26 ∏—𫓧¡ 2547 »Ÿπ¬å°≈“ߢÕß·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë∫√‘‡«≥¥â“π µ–«—πµ°¢Õ߇°“– ÿ¡“µ√“‡Àπ◊Õ Õ¬Ÿà≈÷° 10 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√∑’Ë®“° æ◊Èπº‘«‚≈° (π—∫«à“µ◊Èπ¡“°) »Ÿπ¬å°≈“ߢÕß·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«Õ¬Ÿà Àà“ß®“°°√ÿ߇∑æœ 1,260 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ·≈–Àà“ß®“°‡°“–¿Ÿ‡°Áµ ª√–¡“≥ 580 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ·≈–¡’·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«¢π“¥‡≈Á°≈ß¡“ ‡°‘¥µ‘¥µ“¡¡“Õ’°À≈“¬§√—ßÈ µ≈Õ¥«—π∑’Ë 26 - 29 ∏—𫓧¡ 2547 §≈◊πË ÷π“¡‘æ¥— ‡¢â“∑à«¡™“¬Ωíßò ‡°“– ÿ¡“µ√“‡¡◊ÕË ‡«≈“ 07.00 π. (‡«≈“∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ) ·≈–µ‘¥µ“¡¡“¥â«¬§≈◊Ëπ¢π“¥ª“π°≈“ß·≈– Ÿß 6 ≈Ÿ°„πÀπ÷Ëß™—Ë«‚¡ß §≈◊Ëπæ—¥‡¢â“ Ÿà®—ßÀ«—¥Õ“‡®–Àå (Aceh) ∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ ‡Àπ◊Õ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡«≈“ 12.59 π. (‡«≈“ ∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ) ‡°‘¥§≈◊Ëπ§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘√ÿπ·√ß ¡’§«“¡ Ÿß¡“° æ—¥ ∑à«¡Õ“§“√∫â“π‡√◊Õ𙓬Ωíòß °àÕ„À⇰‘¥§«“¡ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬„π ª√–‡∑»Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬ ·≈–¡’ºŸâ‡ ’¬™’«‘µ®”π«π¡“° „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡°‘¥§≈◊πË ¢π“¥√ÿπ·√ߧ«“¡ Ÿß 10 ‡¡µ√ æ—¥‡¢â“ Ÿà™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π ®“°°“√√«∫√«¡¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“° ·À≈àßµà“ßÊ “¡“√∂∫—π∑÷°‡«≈“∑’˧≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘‡¢â“ª–∑– ®—ßÀ«—¥µà“ßÊ „π∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ‰¥â¥—ßπ’È ‡«≈“ 09.35 π. πÈ”∑–‡≈·Àâß®“°Àπâ“À“¥ª√–¡“≥ 100 ‡¡µ√ ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 5 π“∑’ ‡«≈“ 09.38 π. §≈◊Ëπ Ÿßª√–¡“≥ 2-3 ‡¡µ√ ‡¢â“ °√–∑∫Ωíòß ‡«≈“ 09.43 π. §≈◊Ëπ Ÿß 6-7 ‡¡µ√ ‡¢â“°√–∑∫Ωíòß ‡«≈“ 10.03 π. §≈◊πË Ÿß‡°‘π°«à“ 10 ‡¡µ√ ‡¢â“°√–∑∫ Ωíò߇ªìπ‡«≈“ 20 π“∑’ ‡«≈“ 10.20 π. §≈◊πË Ÿß 5 ‡¡µ√ ‡¢â“°√–∑∫Ωíßò ∑”„Àâ ‡°‘¥πÈ”∑à«¡Õ¬Ÿàª√–¡“≥ 1 ™—Ë«‚¡ß ·≈–πÈ”∑–‡≈°≈—∫ Ÿ√à –¥—∫ª°µ‘ª√–¡“≥ 11.00 π.

3. ®–∑√“∫‰¥âÕ¬à“߉√«à“®–‡°‘¥§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘Õ’°‡¡◊ËÕ‰√·≈– µâÕ߇µ√’¬¡µ—«Õ¬à“߉√ π—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√嬗߉¡à “¡“√∂∑”π“¬«à“®–‡°‘¥·ºà𠥑π‰À«·≈–§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘‡¡◊ËÕ‰À√à ·µàÕ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ °“√∑’ˇ√“

2. What is the cause of the recent tsunami in Thailand?

The recent tsunami was generated by the undersea earthquake off the Sumatra Island, Indonesia, with the epicenter situated to the west of the Sumatra Island. The earthquake was 9.0 in scale (measured by USGS), occurring at 06:58 hours (local time) (or 07:58 hours in Thailand) on December 26, 2004. The epicenter of the earthquake lied to the west of the North Sumatra Island, 10 kilometers deep down the earth (very shallow), and was 1,250 kilometers far from Bangkok and 580 kilometers far from Phuket. Several small aftershocks followed suit during December 26-29, 2004. The tsunami overflew the coast of the Sumatra Island at 07:00 hours (local time), followed by 6 waves of medium and large sizes within an hour.

The wave stroke Aceh, which is located in the northern region of Indonesia, at 12:59 hours (local time). The powerful tsunami of great height devastated residences on the coast, inflicting the damage to Indonesia and bringing about high death tolls.

In Thailand, the powerful 10 meters high wave stroke the Andaman shore. After information gathering from several sources, the timetable of the tsunami attack in several provinces on the bank of the Andaman Sea of Thailand can be created as follows: 09:35 hours The sea water dried up from the area 100 meters far from the sea for 5 minutes.

09:38 hours The 2-3 meters high wave washed ashore.

09:43 hours The 6-7 meters high wave overflew the shore.

10:03 hours The wave of over 10 meters in height overflew the shore for 20 minutes.

10:20 hours The 5 meters high wave over flew the shore, nurturing the flood for 1 hour and the sea level went back to its normal state at around 11:00 hours.

3. How can we know of another occurrence of the tsunami and how should we prepare for it.?

The scientists are still unable to forecast the time ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 73

∑√“∫∂÷ߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈æ◊Èπ∞“π¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°¥—ß°≈à“«¡“·≈â« ∑”„Àâ ‡√“ “¡“√∂‡µ√’¬¡°“√≥å√—∫¡◊Õ‡æ◊ËÕ∫√√‡∑“§«“¡‡ ’¬À“®“°§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘¥—ß°≈à“«‰¥â ‚¥¬°“√µ—Èß ∂“π’µ√«® Õ∫§≈◊Ëπ ·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«·≈–§≈◊Ëπ„π∑–‡≈≈÷° ”À√—∫¢âժؑ∫—µ‘„π°“√∫√√‡∑“Õ—πµ√“¬·≈–§«“¡‡ ’¬À“®“°§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘ 1. ¢≥–∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíò߇¡◊ËÕ√Ÿâ ÷°«à“¡’·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« À√◊Õ æ∫«à“√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈≈¥≈ß¡“°º‘¥ª°µ‘ „Àâ√’∫Õæ¬æ‰ª ¬—ß∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë Ÿß∑—π∑’ 2. ‡¡◊ËÕ‰¥â√—∫øíߪ√–°“»®“°∑“ß°“√‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√ ‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«„π∑–‡≈ „À⇵√’¬¡√—∫ ∂“π–°“√≥å∑’ËÕ“®®– ‡°‘¥§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘µ“¡¡“‰¥â 3. ∂â“Õ¬Ÿà„π‡√◊Õ´÷Ë߮ելŸà„π∑à“‡√◊Õ „Àâ√’∫π”‡√◊Õ ÕÕ°‰ª°≈“ß∑–‡≈ ‡¡◊ÕË ∑√“∫¢à“««à“®–‡°‘¥§≈◊πË ÷π“¡‘æ¥— ‡¢â“À“ 4. §≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘ Õ“®‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥âÀ≈“¬√–≈Õ°®“°°“√ ‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«§√—È߇¥’¬« ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’°“√·°«à߉ª¡“¢ÕßπÈ” ∑–‡≈ ¥—ßπ—Èπ§«√√Õª√–°“»®“°°“√°àÕπ®÷ß “¡“√∂≈߉ª ™“¬À“¥‰¥â 5. µ‘¥µ“¡°“√‡ πÕ¢à“«¢Õß∑“ß√“™°“√Õ¬à“ß„°≈â ™‘¥·≈–µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß 6. À“°¡’∫â“π‡√◊ÕπÕ¬Ÿà„°≈♓¬À“¥ §«√®—¥∑”‡¢◊ËÕπ °”·æß ª≈Ÿ°µâπ‰¡â «“ß«— ¥ÿ ≈¥·√ߪ–∑–¢ÕßπÈ”∑–‡≈ „π ∫√‘‡«≥¬à“π∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡ ’ˬ߿—¬„π‡√◊ËÕߧ≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘ 7. §«√À≈’°‡≈’ˬ߰“√°àÕ √â“ßÕ“§“√∫â“π‡√◊Õπ„°≈â ™“¬Ωíòß„π¬à“π∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡ ’ˬ߿—¬ Ÿß 8. «“ß·ºπ„π°“√Ωñ°´âÕ¡√—∫¿—¬®“°§≈◊πË ÷π“¡‘ ‡ªìπ ª√–®”∑ÿ°ªï ‡™àπ °”Àπ¥ ∂“π∑’Ë„π°“√Õæ¬æ ·À≈àß – ¡ πÈ” –Õ“¥‡ªìπµâπ 9. ®— ¥ «“ߺ— ß ‡¡◊ Õ ß„Àâ ‡ À¡“– ¡ ∫√‘ ‡ «≥·À≈à ß ∑’Ë Õ“»—¬§«√¡’√–¬–Àà“ß®“°™“¬Ωíòß 10. ª√–™“ —¡æ—π∏å·≈–„À⧫“¡√Ÿâª√–™“™π„π‡√◊ËÕß °“√ªÑÕß°—π·≈–∫√√‡∑“¿—¬®“°§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘·≈–·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« 11. «“ß·ºπ≈à«ßÀπâ“ À“°‡°‘¥ ∂“π°“√≥å¢π÷È ®√‘ß „π ‡√◊ËÕß°“√ª√– “πß“π√–À«à“ßÀπ૬ߓπ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°”Àπ¥ ¢—ÈπµÕπ„π¥â“π°“√™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ∫√√‡∑“¿—¬ ¥â“π “∏“√≥– ÿ¢ °“√√◊ÈÕ∂Õπ·≈–øóôπøŸ ‘Ëß°àÕ √â“ß ‡ªìπµâπ 4.®– “¡“√∂µ‘¥µ“¡¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ºŸ â ≠ Ÿ À“¬·≈–‡ ’¬™’«µ‘ ‰¥â∑„’Ë ¥∫â“ß °√¡ªÑÕß°—π·≈–∫√√‡∑“ “∏“√≥¿—¬ (ª¿.) °√–∑√«ß ¡À“¥‰∑¬ www.disaster.go.th 74 ë ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE

period of the next earthquake and tsunami.

However, the basic information on tectonic plate enables us to prepare for the disaster and alleviate the damage brought by the tsunami through building the earthquake and deep sea wave inspection station.

As to the recommended actions to mitigate the danger and damage brought by the tsunami: 1. If you feel the earthquake and find that the sea level unusually plummets while you are staying around the shore, move to highland immediately.

2. Subsequent to the governmentûs announcement on the undersea earthquake, prepare for the possible following tsunami.

3. In case one is boarding a ship moored at the port or harbor, hurry to navigate the ship towards the middle of the sea when hearing that the tsunami will come 4. One earthquake may generate several waves of tsunami due to the fluctuation of sea water. Therefore, wait for an appropriate while before going down to the beach.

5. Closely and continually follow news and updates.

6. In the region exposed to high risk of encountering the tsunami, if the residence is proximate to the sea, the blockage and wall construction, tree growing, and materials placing should be carried out to abate the collision of sea water.

7. In the area of high risk, avoid carrying out the construction proximate to the sea.

8. Plan the tsunami emergency training such as determining the migration area and clean water reserve point.

9. Ensure proper town planning. The residence area should be to an extent far from the shore.

10.Carry out public relations and educate the public about the preventive and relief measures against the tsunami and earthquake.

11.Preplan the coordination between relevant parties, relief process, public health, and building demolition and rehabilitation that are necessary in the real situation.

4. How can we trace the information on missing persons and casualties?

Consult Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior.

§«“¡‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À« ë Environment News

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‚¥¬ ∏ß™—¬ ¥≈ª√– ‘∑∏‘Ï‘ ∫√√≥“∏‘°“√¢à“«Àπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æåÕ‘π‰´¥å “¡—≠™π

By Thongchai Donprasit Editor of Inside Common Folks Newspaper

®–‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«- ÷π“¡‘Õ’° (®“°¢à“« ¥√“¬«—π «—π®—π∑√å∑’Ë 14 ¡’π“§¡ 2548)

∏√≥’«‘∑¬“®“°¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬Õÿ≈ ‡µÕ√å-‚§‡≈‡√π ª√–‡∑»‰Õ√å·≈π¥å‡Àπ◊Õ ∑’˵’æ‘¡æå„π«“√ “√ ç‡π‡®Õ√åé ºŸâ‡™’ˬ«™“≠·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«‡µ◊Õπ«à“®–‡°‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«Õ¬à“ß√ÿπ·√ß ·≈–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ÷π“¡‘‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—π∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ «—π∑’Ë 26 ∏—𫓧¡ 2547 ¡’ºŸâ‡ ’¬™’«‘µ¡“°∂÷߇°◊Õ∫ 300,000 §π ‚¥¬°“√‡°‘¥„À¡à§√—Èßπ’È®–‡°‘¥∑’Ë¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√Õ‘π‡¥’¬„°≈â ‡°“– ÿ¡“µ√“ ª√–‡∑»Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬ æ◊Èπ∑’ˇ¥’¬«°—∫∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ ‚¥¬·√ß —Ëπ –‡∑◊Õπ®–Õ¬Ÿà√–À«à“ß 7.5 √‘°‡µÕ√å∂÷ß 8.5 √‘°‡µÕ√å 𓬮ÕÀåπ ·¡°§≈Õ °’¬å ºŸâ‡™’ˬ«™“≠·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«®“°¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬Õÿ≈ ‡µÕ√åœ °≈à“««à“ ®“°°“√»÷°…“æ∫«à“ºŸâ‡™’ˬ«™“≠ ¬—ß∫Õ°‰¡à‰¥â«à“®–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«„À≠à¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ‰√ ·µà∑’Ë·πàÊ §◊Õ·√ß°¥¥—π∑’˵√«®æ∫„π§√—Èßπ’ȇªìπ·√ß°¥¥—π∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ „πª√‘¡“≥¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ·≈–„π«ß°«â“ß∑’Ë ÿ¥π—∫µ—Èß·µà∑“ß¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬«—¥‰¥âµ—Èß·µà¡’°“√‡√‘Ë¡∑”«‘®—¬¡“

Evidence Points to Possibility of Another Earthquake-Tsunami (Source : Khao Sod dated March 14, 2005)

On March 16, AFP reported from Paris, France, and referred to the opinion of a geologist at Ulster-Coleraine Univesity, North Ireland, published in çNatureé magazine that the earthquake specialist has warned that there will be a powerful earthquake that generates the tsunami in the same nature as that occurring on December 26, 2004, which will massacre almost 300,000 humans. The reoccurrence will take place in the Indian Ocean, proximate to the Sumatra Island, Indonesia, the same area as the recent one.

The scale will range from 7.5 to 8.0. John Mc Closky, an earthquake specialist at Ulster-Coleraine University states that based on the study, the specialist is still unable to pinpoint when exactly the grand earthquake will occur. What is certain now is that the pressure discovered represents the highest and widest pressure ever since the university began its research on measurement.

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π.æ.®—°√∏√√¡ ∏√√¡»—°¥‘Ï ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√ ”π—°ß“πæ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“·Ààß™“µ‘ °≈à“«∂÷ß·π«∑“ß°“√øóôπøŸ∫Ÿ√≥– «—¥¬à“𬓫 ®.æ—ßß“ «à“ ¢≥–π’Ȭ—߉¡à “¡“√∂¥”‡π‘π°“√ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°µ‘¥‡√◊ËÕߢÕß°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ»æ ÷π“¡‘ ∑’˵âÕß√Õ„Àâ»æ ÿ¥∑Ⓡ§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬‰ª ÿ “π‰¡â¢“« ®÷ß®– “¡“√∂‡√‘Ë¡øóôπøŸ‰¥â ‚¥¬‰¥â√—∫ß∫ª√–¡“≥®“°√—∞∫“≈„π°“√øóôπøŸ¡“°«à“ 4.5 ≈â“π∫“∑ ‡æ◊ËÕ¥”‡π‘π°“√∫Ÿ√≥–»“ π ∂“π ®—¥ √â“߇¡√ÿ„À¡à ‡°≈’ˬæ◊Èπ¥‘π„À¡à ‡æ◊ËÕ∑”≈“¬‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§∑’Ë¡“°—∫πÈ”‡À≈◊Õß·≈–‡≈◊Õ¥∑’Ë´÷¡‰ª „πæ◊Èπ¥‘π·≈–∫”√ÿßæ√–¿‘°…ÿ ߶å∑’Ë®”«—¥Õ¬Ÿà°«à“ 7 √Ÿª ‚¥¬§“¥«à“®–„™â‡«≈“„π°“√øóôπøŸ·≈⫇ √Á®Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 6 ‡¥◊Õπ ·≈– §“¥«à“ß∫ª√–¡“≥∑’ˉ¥â√—∫§ß®–‡æ’¬ßæÕ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°«—¥‡ ’¬À“¬‰ª¡“° ´÷Ëß∑“ß ”π—°ß“πæ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“·Ààß™“µ‘¬—ß®–‰¥â ‡ªî¥‚Õ°“ „Àâª√–™“™π∑’Ë¡’®‘µ»√—∑∏“ “¡“√∂√à«¡°—π∑”∫ÿ≠∫Ÿ√≥–«—¥¬à“𬓫 √à«¡¥â«¬ ‚¥¬ºà“π¡“¬—ß ”π—°ß“πæ√–æÿ∑∏ »“ π“·Ààß™“µ‘ ·≈–∑“ß ”π—°ß“π®–®—¥ àß„∫‡ √Á®·≈–„∫Õπÿ‚¡∑π“∑’ˇªìπ°“√®à“™◊ËÕ∂÷ߺŸâ∫√‘®“§®—¥ àß°≈—∫‰ª¬—ß∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√ ”π—°ß“πæ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“·Ààß™“µ‘ °≈à“«µàÕ«à“ ¿“¬À≈—ß®“°∫Ÿ√≥–«—¥¬à“𬓫‡ √Á® ‘Èπ·≈â« ®–®—¥ ∑”∫ÿ≠§√—Èß„À≠à‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ°“√Õÿ∑‘» à«π°ÿ»≈„Àâ·°à»æºŸâ‡ ’¬™’«‘µ®“°§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ ∑’ˉ¥â¡“™—π Ÿµ√»æ∑’Ë«—¥¬à“𬓫 à«π ®–°”Àπ¥«à“‡ªìπ«—π„¥π—Èπ µâÕߢ÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫∑“ßæ√– ߶å·≈–ª√–™“™π„πæ◊Èπ∑’ˇªìπºŸâ°”Àπ¥ ·µà à«πµ—«·≈â«Õ¬“°„À⥔‡π‘π °“√øóôπøŸ«—¥‡ √Á® ‘Èπ°àÕπ·≈â«®÷ߧàÕ¬®—¥°“√∑”∫ÿ≠ à«π°“√∫Ÿ√≥–«—¥∫“ß¡à«ß∑’ˇªìπÕ’°Àπ÷Ëß„π«—¥∑’Ë∂Ÿ°®—¥‡ªìπ ∂“π∑’ˇ°Á∫»æ ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 75

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Rehabilitation of Yan Yao Temple, Charity for the Merits of Tsunami Victims (Source : Khao Sod dated March 20, 2005) Chakratham Thammasak, a doctor and Director of the Office of National Buddhism mentions the guideline to rehabilitate and restore Yan Yao Temple, Pang-nga that it is not current possible to do so until the transfer of tsunami victims to Mai Kao Cemetery, Phuket, is completed. The rehabilitation that will start afterwards is supported by the governmentûs budget in the amount of Baht 4.5 million for restoration of religious places, construction of a new meru, soil re-leveling to eliminate the disease brought about by lymph and blood that soaked the ground and nourish, and nurturing over 7 monks that stay in the temple enclosure.

The rehabilitation is expected to take at minimum 6 months and should be covered by the allocated budget.

The temple was severely damaged and the Office of National Buddhism will also open for the charity from the people with good faith to restore the temple. The Office of National Buddhism will issue the receipt and gratuitous statement addressing donators to home addresses.

Director of the Office of National Buddhism continues that after the restoration of Yan Yao Temple is complete, a grand charity will be held to pay merits to the dead by the tsunami whose corpses entered the autopsy process at Yan Yao Temple. As to at which temple the charity should be held, local monks and people will make decision, but personallyûId rather like that the charity be held after the temple restoration has completed. Bang Muang Temple, another site of corpse storage for autopsy will have to serve as a place for keeping temporary tsunami corpses and the restoration will have to wait until the corpses are transferred to Mai Kao Cemetery. However, he feels no worry since Bang Muang Temple is much larger in area than Yan Yao Temple. The overall restoration will be similar, that is, restoration of religious places, construction of a new meru, and building a monkûs chamber.

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∑’Ë√—∞ ¿“ 𓬂§Õ‘®‘‚√ ¡—µ´ŸÕÿ√– (Mr.Koichiro Matsuura) ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√„À≠àÕߧ尓√¬Ÿ‡π ‚° ‡¢â“‡¬’ˬ¡§“√«– æ—πµ”√«®‚∑ ∑—°…‘≥ ™‘π«—µ√ 𓬰√—∞¡πµ√’ „π‚Õ°“ ∑’ˇ¥‘π∑“ß¡“‡¬◊Õπ‰∑¬‡æ◊ËÕ‡¢â“‡ΩÑ“œ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–‡∑æ√—µπ√“™ ÿ¥“œ ¬“¡∫√¡√“™°ÿ¡“√’ ‡æ◊ËÕ∑Ÿ≈‡°≈â“œ ∂«“¬µ”·Àπàß ∑Ÿµ —π∂«‰¡µ√’ ·≈–‡¢â“√à«¡ª√–™ÿ¡§≥–°√√¡“∏‘°“√«à“¥â«¬®√‘¬∏√√¡„π °“√„™â§«“¡√Ÿâ¥â“π«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’§√—Èß∑’Ë 4 ∑’Ë®—¥¢÷Èπ„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬√–À«à“ß«—π∑’Ë 23-25 ¡’π“§¡ 2548 ”À√—∫ °“√‡¢â“æ∫𓬰√—∞¡πµ√’„π§√—Èßπ’È¡’°“√À“√◊Õ„πª√–‡¥Áπµà“ßÊ¥—ßπ’È π“¬°√—∞¡πµ√’°≈à“«µâÕπ√—∫ºŸÕâ ”π«¬°“√„À≠àÕߧ尓√¬Ÿ‡π ‚° ‚¥¬· ¥ß§«“¡¢Õ∫§ÿ≥·≈–¬‘π¥’∑¬’Ë ‡Ÿ π ‚°‰¥â°√“∫∫—ߧ¡ ∑Ÿ≈‡™‘≠ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–‡∑æ√—µπ√“™ ÿ¥“œ ¬“¡∫√¡√“™°ÿ¡“√’„Àâ∑√ߥ”√ßµ”·Àπàß∑Ÿµ —π∂«‰¡µ√’¥“â π°“√‡ √‘¡ √â“ ß»—°¬¿“æ ¢Õß ‡¥Á°™π°≈ÿà¡πâÕ¬¥â«¬°“√»÷°…“·≈–°“√Õπÿ√—°…å¡√¥°∑“ß«—≤π∏√√¡ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°æ√–Õߧ剥â∑√ßß“πÀπ—°‡æ◊ËÕ à߇ √‘¡§«“¡‡ªìπ Õ¬Ÿà·≈– ∂“π–¢Õ߇¥Á°™π°≈ÿà¡πâÕ¬„π∂‘Ëπ∑ÿ√°—π¥“√µà“ßÊ √«¡∑—È߉¥â∑√ߪؑ∫—µ‘¿“√°‘®Õ—π¬‘Ëß„À≠àÀ≈“¬¥â“π ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâæ °π‘°√ ¢Õßæ√–Õߧ塒§«“¡‡ªìπÕ¬Ÿà∑’Ë¥’¢÷Èπ ´÷ËߺŸâÕ”π«¬°“√„À≠àÕߧ尓√¬Ÿ‡π ‚°‰¥â· ¥ß§«“¡‡ÀÁπ¥â«¬°—∫𓬰√—∞¡πµ√’·≈–°≈à“««à“ ∑“߬Ÿ‡π ‚°‰¥âµ√–Àπ—°„πæ√–√“™°√≥’¬°‘®¢Õß ¡‡¥Á®æ√–‡∑æ√—µπ√“™ ÿ¥“œ ∑’Ë∑√ßÕÿ∑‘»µπ‡æ◊Ëՙ૬‡À≈◊Õ‡¥Á°¥âÕ¬‚Õ°“ ®π‰¥â√∫— °“√¬°¬àÕß«à“‡ªìπ∫ÿ§§≈ ”§—≠„π°“√ à߇ √‘¡°“√»÷°…“πÕ°√–∫∫ ´÷ßË ∑√ß„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠‡ªìπ摇»…°—∫‡¥Á°·≈–‡¬“«™π √«¡∑—Èß™“«‰∑¬¿Ÿ‡¢“ æ√âÕ¡°—∫ à߇ √‘¡§«“¡À≈“°À≈“¬∑“ß«—≤π∏√√¡·≈–«—≤π∏√√¡∑âÕß∂‘Ëπµà“ßÊ ∑—Èßπ’È ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√„À≠à Õߧ尓√¬Ÿ‡π ‚°‰¥âæ∫‡ÀÁπ¥â«¬µπ‡Õß„π¢≥–‡¥‘π∑“߉ª¬—ßÕ”‡¿ÕÕ¡°ãÕ¬ ´÷Ëß ¡‡¥Á®æ√–‡∑æ√—µπ√“™ ÿ¥“œ ‰¥â∑√ß®—¥µ—Èß»Ÿπ¬å °“√‡√’¬π√Ÿ·â ÀàßÀπ÷ßË ‰«â∑π’Ë π—Ë ‡æ◊ÕË „À⇥Á°„π™ÿ¡™π‰¥â√∫— °“√»÷°…“ ·≈–‰¡à‡æ’¬ß·µà„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡∑à“π—πÈ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–‡∑æ√—µπ√“™ ÿ¥“œ 76 ë ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE

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Director-General of UNESCO Consults with the Prime Minister to Build the Pre-Warning System after the Geological Disaster in Asia (Source : Government bureau News Center)

At the parliament, Mr. Koichiro Matsuura, Director-General of UNESCO, had an audience with Lieutenant Colonel Thanksing Shinawatra, the Prime Minister, in the visit to Thailand to have an audience with Her Royal Highness Crown Princess Sirinthorn to offer her the title of the goodwill ambassador, and participated in the 4th Meeting of the Commission of Ethics in Science and Technology Application held in Thailand during March 23-26, 2005. In the audience with the Prime Minister, he discussed with him the following issues: The Prime Minister made welcome statement to Director-General of UNESCO, and expressed gratitude and pleasure that UNESCO had invited Her Royal Highness Crown Princess Sirinthorn to hold the position of the goodwill ambassador in the aspect of potential-building of minority children through education and cultural heritage preservation since Her Royalty had attentively proceeded to enhance the living and status of minority children in remote areas, as well as carried out majestic activities for the betterment of her citizens. Director-General expressed agreement with the Prime Minister and stated that UNESCO had been aware of Her Royalty Highness Crown Princess Sirinthornûs activities and dedication to support children in especially difficult circumstances that she was praised to be the influential figure in non-formal education promotion. She also paid special attention to children, youths, and hill tribes, as well as promote multiculturalism and local cultures. Director-General of UNESCO had witnessed her contributions by himself during his travel to Om-koy District where Her Royal Highness Crown Princess Sirinthorn established a learning center to educate children in the community. Her contributions had not been limited to Thailand only for she had also established several schools in the remote areas of neighboring countries such as Laos and Cambodia. In this event of honor declaration, Her Royal Highness Crown Princess Sirinthorn established was the first influential figure that was selected to hold such title in ASEAN region.

In addition, both parties had discussed about the installment of the pre-warning system in order to maximize disaster prevention efficiency. Director-General of UNESCO mentioned the experience encountered in his motherland and the earthquake occurring in Papua New Guinea in 1998, and that he was willing to lend assistance and provide information to full effort. However, the Prime Minister voiced out his opinion that he wanted to concentrate on educating the public about geological disaster since Thai people still lacked the necessary relevant knowledge and understanding by including the contents in the academic course of Thailand so as to prevent any public hazard previously faced by other countries.

Director-General of UNESCO expressed his admiration towards the Prime Ministerûs administration and immediate problem-solving, and in this occasion invited the Prime Minister to join the biannual General Meeting of UNESCO to be held in the beginning of October. The Prime Minister expressed the willingness to join the meeting should he not be engaged in other missions. ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ë GREEN LINE ë 77

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100 Days of Aftershock: Tsunami (Source: Post Today dated March 29, 2005)

At 23:00 hours on March 27, 2005, there was another thrilling earthquake in the Sumatra Island, Indonesia, measured to be 8.5 in scale. The impact had crossed the Indian Ocean and reached Hat Yai District, Songkla in Thailand, causing those staying in high buildings such as hotels to chaotically find covers.

Afterwards, the warning had been spread to notify tourists and people staying in high buildings to move to the ground. Also, the patients in hospitals were evacuated outdoor.

Furthermore, 6 southern provinces were notified to evacuate people residing around the coastal areas for fear of another tsunami.

Mr.Samit Thammasarot, Assistant Minister of the Office of the Prime Minister, and Chairman of the National Forewarning Committee stated that there was a possibility for the tsunami and commanded the relevant organizations to always get prepared. The global television station like CNN immediately reported breaking news and confirmed that the point of incident was the coast of Sumatra Island, proximate to the point of recent earthquake.

Mr.Chalermchai Ekantrong, Deputy Director-General of Meteorology Department and Acting Director-General, mentioned that based on the report prepared by Noah Institute and the U.S. Oceanography and Atmosphere Organization, the earthquake at such scale was capable of spawning the tsunami.

Simultaneously, Nachars McKiary from the U.S. Pacific Tsunami Warning System stated that the earthquake at such scale was the severest scale to generate the tsunami.

There was additional report that this undersea earthquake occurred 30 kilometers deep down and 203 kilometers far from the shore, making the anniversary of 100th day after the tsunami.

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