[scBGW] South Carolina Botanical Gardens Watershed

A CB

CLEMSON ARCHITECTURE

COMMUNITY BUILD

BGW

south carolina botanical garden watershed

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[XL] Watershed Analysis

[L] Educational Art Installation

[M] Bridge and Trail Accessibility

[S] Signage and Wayfinding

CHANGING project SCALES overview

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Watershed Analysis

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Art and Public Education Bridge and Trail Accessibility Signage and Wayfinding

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SCHEDULE timeline of events

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Students in Clemson University’s landscape architecture and architecture departments worked with local professionals to develop and build projects within the SC Botanical Gardens. The final outcome included an awareness installation, bridges, signage, and an educational

art sculpture. The collaborative studio operated over a rigorous (6) six month period. The schedule displays the duration of the project’s phases, acting as a graphic representation of the dynamic shifts of a design build studio from idea formulation to construction.

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WATER interpreting the forces

Water. It is the most essential and abundant resource on this planet. Water continuously goes through a cycle of transforming between its three physical states; liquid, gas, and solid. Water also has the highest surface tension of all common liquids. High surface tension means that water has the ability to transfer large amounts of energy at high volumes and is the world’s most powerful solvent for many chemical substances.

Areas such as South Carolina are predominately humid because of the extreme heat and its location next to the Atlantic. This humidity allows for vapor in the air to condense, forming clouds. When the air is too dense with water vapor, it releases extra water.

Man has found many uses for this prolific compound, powering engines, damming water to create energy and space for land, planting along floodplains to produce maximum yield for crops, and even using it as a source of transportation. Yes, it is easy to see how water’s intrinsic values have

POWER

been productive throughout history.

It is also easy to see how water can be destructive. Our control over water has caused a negative impact on ecosystems of animals and vegetative life adjacent to bodies of water. Our efforts to channelize rivers remain futile if overexposed to large quantities of water; dams cut off natural processes from occurring; irrigation is ultimately dependent on the amount of available freshwater.

It is clear that water does not want to be interrupted, and our man-made interventions have often sought to control water, resulting in increased damages to areas that impede its flow.

Inevitably, it was water’s destructive properties that affected the South Carolina Botanical Garden on the summer of 2013. On July 13, 2013, the South Carolina Botanical Garden witnessed a catastrophic flood that had a recorded 8 inches of rain per hour. It resulted in a 787 year flood, which destroyed over 1,000 varieties of plants. This was H H the event which stirred our Design Build studio project intoOmotion.

DESTRUCTION

PROPERTIES

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Gulf of Mexico

[XL] watershed analysis To better understand the results that occurred on July 13, 2013 and to take the appropriate steps to a productive future for the SCBG, our team decided to broaden the scale of our research.

This would allow us to see what regional factors affect our site, as well as to understand our site in a smaller, local scale. To begin our analysis, we determined to focus 20

our initial study with the water basins and watersheds that affect our site. We set our largest scale to work within as the Savannah River Water basin. The next scale would be the Tugaloo-Seneca sub-basin, followed by the Clemson watershed, and ending with the smaller sub-watersheds that affect the South Carolina Botanical Gardens.

Eastern Divide

NC

SC

GA

Atlantic Ocean

Savanna River Water basin

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awareness

Our analysis of the watershed that we live and study in, from the Savannah River Water basin to the Hunnicutt Creek Watershed, led us to the conclusion that the watershed awareness level needs to rise across the spectrum.

Specifically, how land use and land management practices impact the natural surroundings. The interaction between Clemson University and the sensitive natural areas of the South Carolina Botanical Garden is one example where information can be presented to educate people on how their actions are directly affecting the environmental conditions around them..

We chose to focus our awareness area onto the sub water shed of kite hill that contributed to the SCBG’s Heritage Trail. The piece is meant to subtly raise awareness of how the area’s management practices contribute to the health of the South Carolina Botanical Garden.

Limitations of materials, time, and permission from Clemson University created a set of parameters for a small sized installation that would endure a short lifespan.

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The goal was to delineate the subwatershed by defining the ridge line and placing a marker at the pinnacle. The marker displays the elevation, the latitude and longitude, compass bearings, and a statement about the Heritage Trail.

For ease of placement and recovery, coupled with the short timespan the installation would last, we chose to mark the ridge lines with landscape flags. These flags were placed every foot from the edge of the marker down to the roads that they respectively intersected, the northeast ridge line ending on Highway 76 and the southern ridge line ending on Perimeter Rd.

The one semipermanent object in the installation is the marker, which was cemented in the ground. In a symbolic gesture aggregate from the trail that was damaged in the flood and water from Hunnicutt creek that did that damage were used in the cement mixture.

The short term flag installation was to intrigue and arouse viewers into following the ridge line to the marker. After the flags are gone the marker is meant to be discovered during football games and future pedestrian traffic in the area.

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changing scales Throughout our research and analysis of the Savannah River water basin, we found there was no exception of mankind’s shaping and influence on the water cycle. Numerous dams have been constructed within the region for the sake of energy. More common built interventions such as bridges, highways, and roads exist along streams and rivers. A series of four lakes stretch from the South Carolina-Georgia border, flowing downstream to Lake Russel’s dam.

Continuing downstream from these lakes, rivers and streams have been channelized and dredged since the early 20th century.

All of these interventions have affected the way that water flows within the water basin. The dams have taken away from the sporadic nature of the hydrology, creating a more stable system with fewer and less intense floods and droughts. This stability is good for the expansion of civilizations, but ultimately has had a negative impact on the surrounding natural systems. Our analysis has shown us that the Savannah River water basin has many locations that has lost its ability to remove excess sediment and debris, which does not allow its rivers to naturally shape its own channels, as well as the ability to deliver water to the flood plain.

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[ Savannah RIver Waterbasin ]

[ Seneca/Tugaloo Watershed ]

[ Clemson Watershed ]

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population distribution

When assessing the damage of the storm from July 13, 2013 in the Savannah River water basin, we wanted to determine the damage recorded as well as the amount of people affected by the storm.

The Savannah River water basin has a fairly evenly distributed population, with the highest densities being located in Augusta GA and along the Atlantic coastal plain.

Greenville is the largest SC city within the watershed, but only contributes minimally.

Sassafrass Mountain is the highest elevation in the Savannah River water basin, with the city of Savannah as the lowest elevation as it resides next to the Atlantic. Sassafrass is a part of the Blue Ridge Mountains, and reaches a peak height of 3,554ft. Its elevation allows for water to flow the entire length of the water basin, giving fresh water to over 1,400,000 citizens. Due to the storm from that month, each largely populated area was affected in one way or another by the 787 year flood.

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regional flood damage

Upstate South Carolina experienced a heavy amount of rain throughout the month of July, with there being 28/31 accounted days of rain. The flood that occurred had the most effect on the Clemson area because it contained the most sensitive natural material to be damaged. The flash flood started near Clemson, and flowed naturally throughout the Savannah water basin. This is why other towns and cities along the basin experienced lesser flood events. As the flood made its way through the water basin, the water was able to naturally mitigate into the ground.

The month-long rain also had an effect on the soil.

The soil was unable to take on water every day, resulting in a ground condition that cannot fully saturate. When water does not saturate into the ground, it flows freely along the surface, known as sheet flow.

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pre-dam construction

post-dam construction

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energy creation

As we shifted our focus to the smaller scale of the Tugaloo-Seneca sub-basin, we wanted to find how water had flown historically through the area. Our research found that Lake Hartwell next to Clemson’s campus, which is man-made, was constructed in 1962. Five hundred and sixty bridges were created, which provided easier transportation for the Upstate and 56,000 acres of surface area was gained, yet 75,000 acres were submerged by Lake Hartwell.

These graphics illustrate the impact the lakes had on the Tugaloo-Seneca subbasin

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LAKE HARTWELL clemson watershed

When Lake Hartwell was introduced to the TugalooSeneca sub-basin, Clemson was faced with an opportunity.

If could dam Lake Hartwell, they would not only avoid losing 494 acres but also create an energy source. The president of Clemson had the Army Corps of Engineers do the construction of the dam. The energy created by this dam provides 486,000 mVh.

This diagram was made to show what parts of campus we would not have if the levees were not there. Many student athlete facilities would be under water, including some parts of Clemson’s football stadium.

What remains of the lake in Clemson’s campus is Hunnicutt Creek, which plays a large role in the flood on July 13, 2013.

The main creek tributary can be seen running to the South of the botanical gardens and walker golf course.

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creation of dams

A large influence on both regional and local watersheds was the damming of rivers in the Seneca/Tugaloo watershed.

The Flood Control Act of 1950 authorized the Hartwell Dam and Reservoir as the second component in the comprehensive development of the Savannah River Basin based on anticipation of the growth of industry in the Savannah River valley. The federal government was interested in developing power resources in the South. And the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers wanted to generate relatively inexpensive power with hydroelectric systems. Full power pool was designed to be 660 feet above mean sea level.

The start of appropriations for construction were made on July 15, 1955, and the first major contract was awarded on October 14, 1955 for construction of the earth embankments. Filling of the reservoir began in February 1961 and was completed in March 1962.

The Land in Question: During the initial negotiations neither the state of South Carolina nor the Clemson Board of Trustees legally owned the majority of the land that would be affected by flooding on Clemson’s campus.

From 1939 on, Clemson University had a 100-year lease with the federal government. However, 34

the agreement required Clemson to use the land for educational purposes only, so Clemson faculty in agriculture, forestry and engineering began long-term research projects based on the land. Concern was that the lake, which would lie 665 feet above sea level, would flood the lowlying land on the Seneca River where Clemson raised many of its crops.

“If the federal government had done what they wanted, they would have flooded a great deal of Clemson campus, including half of the land that Mr. Clemson originally gave to the school,” Reel said.

This low-lying land served as a drainage system for the KeoweeSeneca-Twelve Mile River systems connected to the Savannah River basin. Reel said the rivers around this potential lake were “flooding rivers” because their sources were in the mountains where there were collections of snow.

Correspondence between the Corps of Engineers and Clemson relating to the construction of the Hartwell project and its effect on the college began as early as 1949. In 1955 Clemson officials, including president Robert F. Poole, and the Clemson Alumni Association set up their own committee to decide on what had become known as the “lake issue.”

Clemson 1947

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In late 1956 Clemson College objected to the damage that would be done to its property as a result of the impounded water in the reservoir.

Representatives of the college and the Corps held numerous meetings prior to 1956. At a meeting in December 1952 in the office of Robert F. Poole, president of the college, proposed plan for the Clemson College area was presented to college officials. In a letter on 5 July 1955, the Corps furnished the vice chairman of the Board of Trustees of the school with information on plans for acquisition, relocation, and protection of facilities in the Clemson area. This information was substantially the same as presented to the college officials in December 1952 (57*). The Board of Trustees then pledged their cooperation in the Hartwell project (58*). By 1956 DL Robert E. Edwards had assumed the presidency of Clemson College, and on 29 June 1956 the chairman of the Hartwell Dam Subcommittee of the Board of Trustees transmitted to the Savannah District a report compiled by a private engineering firm on the Hartwell project as related to Clemson College. Based on this report, three plans were proposed by the board for the protection of school holdings. In order of preference, these plans proposed the following: lowering the power pool from 660 feet to 610 feet; diverting the Seneca River around the endangered college property to prevent the anticipated flooding; or compensation for college lands and facilities that would be affected by the impounded waters.

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The Corps proceeded in anticipation of reaching agreement on the basis of the third plan until December 1956, when the Clemson trustees declared the land irreplaceable and the damage that would be done to the college irreparable (59*).Following the claims made by Clemson of irreparable damage resulting from construction of the Hartwell project, and the support which these claims received from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, construction on the project was halted pending further investigation.

The Chief of Engineers attended a meeting at Clemson College on 20 December 1956 and subsequently requested authority from the Public Works committees of both the Senate and the House to restudy the project. Following the authorization, the Corps did a restudy during the early months of 1957. One curious circumstance that surfaced during the restudy was the fact that the Department of Agriculture had conveyed more than 7,600 acres of bottom land along the Seneca River to the college for the payment of one dollar in December 1954, more than four years after the authorization of the Hartwell project. This had been done without the knowledge of the Department of Army. In December 1956, the Department of Agriculture declared the damage 38

to this land “would be so great as to cast serious doubt on the economic feasibility of the project” (60*). Following the restudy it was concluded that redesigning the project with a power pool of 610 feet would be economically unfeasible and that the only alternative was to provide for the diversion of the Seneca River so that impounded waters would pose no threat to the Clemson College lands. On the basis of this revised project, work was resumed in 1957 and completed in December 1963.

The two diversion dams built in the vicinity of Clemson College in 1961 to rechannel the Seneca River and protect valuable school facilities were constructed of random earth fill raised on alluvial soil. The completion of the two diversion dams redesignated Hartwell’s power pool to 660 feet

Construction of the dikes by the Corps continued throughout the financial negotiations. 250,000 cubic yards of rock and 3,500,000 of dirt were used in the project. “The material to build the dikes came from the rear end of Cemetery Hill,” Reel said. Most likely, this meant that all of the slave graves were destroyed.

“They just dug them up — they didn’t know what was there, they didn’t do any surveys,” Reel said.“They just dug them up and built the dikes.”

“History of the Savannah District, 1829–1989” Henry E. Barber and Allen R. Gann

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clemson watershed analysis

Our next phase of analysis led us to look at the local scale of the Clemson watershed.

Through the construction of the dams, Clemson was forced to channelize what is now Hunnicutt Creek. It was the creek’s inability to withstand a large amount of rain that resulted in the destruction in the South Carolina Botanical Gardens as well as surrounding areas.

Clemson University’s campus essentially became a bowl, where the water surged from the top of Kite Hill, through the South Carolina Botanical Gardens, into the Clemson Walker Golf Course, and ending at the Clemson Organic Farm and pump station.

This is not optimal for water quality. We noted that there were 4 separate areas within this watershed that have separate strategies of maintenance. Kite Hill, often used as a parking lot during football season, is maintained by the campus. Kite Hill is severely compacted, which had a great impact on the flow of water on site. Water was unable to saturate into the soil, resulting in large amounts of sheet flow.

The Garden’s focus is primarily natural.

There is no use of chemicals, and employees install mulch, and prune the plants. When water entered the South Carolina Botanical Garden, it was able to flow very rapidly through sensitive material.

Water flowed over the Duck Pond, and destroyed thousands of plants and bridged paths in its wake. By the time water had reached the Clemson Walker Golf Course, roughly 102,000 gallons of water had pass through the Botanical Garden.

The Walker Golf Course has a very strict maintenance policy. Being a golf course, it is mowed frequently, faculty applies a heavy use of fertilizer and herbicides, and Hunnicutt Creek is extremely channelized.

On the event of a storm, water flows rapidly over its short grass, carrying chemicals such as nitrogen and phosphorous with it into the creek and downstream.

Clemson’s Organic Farm was not as greatly affected by the flood; only 3ft of standing water was found to have breached the channels of the creek.

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CLEMSON WATERSHED closed system analysis

Clemson’s relationship with Lake Hartwell has created a unique water system. All of Clemson’s watershed drains to the bottoms and the old Seneca river channel, where it would traditionally flow down through the Savannah River Water basin unimpeded, but it does not. It runs straight into a levee, and from here the water is pumped

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up and into Lake Hartwell to continue its natural course.

This pumping only occurs when the water level is high enough though, and the sediment is only dredged when it reaches a certain level as well. This has created a completely closed system for Hunnicutt Creek, turning a natural system into a man-made system.

An illustration showing the situation that the levees have set up for hunnicutt creek.

Prolific rains led to saturated soils and flood prone conditions

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flow rate analysis

The land management was critically assessed through analyzing variables in the equation Q=CiA. The equation acted as a tool for breaking down factors in absorption and sheet flow. The most complex and manipulatable coefficient is “C”, the overall porosity. Slope, land cover, and soil porosity combine to create the “C” coefficient. This was a factor when analyzing kite hill’s land use management. Compaction from vehicle traffic and parking led to very impervious soils.

The lack of vegetative cover, along with the steep slope of the surface creates the situation of light infiltration and high flow rates.

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Graphic of kite hill’s game day management practices.

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kite hill compaction

Compaction and its relationship with the coefficient “C�. As compaction occurs the pore space of the soil is minimized, thus decreasing its porosity and increasing the C coefficient. This reduction of pore size causes a lack of O2 gas and H2O, both of which are vital for plant growth. As a result of the compaction the soil hardens and becomes more brittle. All of these factors decrease the porosity of the soil inversely increasing the C coefficient.

Rough estimations put 7,500 cars on kite hill for a home football game. At 2 people per car, a total of 15,000 people inhabit the hill, accounting for 18% of the stadiums seating.

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duck pond overflow

While the duck pond was not the catalyst for the flood, it was the beginning point of the damage that occurred on the heritage trail within the SCBG. The amount of water that dumped into it from kite hill was substantial enough to overflow the dam and the discharge tube. The flood nearly damaged a historic cabin, and wiped out all but two of the bridges and hundreds of plants.

Illustration of the duck ponds different flood levels and the total estimated contribution from the 7/13/13 flood event.

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6,614,784 gallons [XL] [ L ] [M] [ S ] 49

botanical garden trail system The South Carolina Botanical Garden has a dense canopy cover, slowing the rate at which water reaches and saturates the soil. The undisturbed natural environment allows for a high rate of percolation; however, the

creek channels were not capable of holding the large amount of water traveling through the site during the flood event. The influx and resulting rise in water level caused severe soil erosion, destroying many plants along the way.

Illustration of the Botanical Gardens and the total estimated contribution from the 7/13/13 flood event.

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102,000,000 gallons [XL] [ L ] [M] [ S ] 51

Illustration of the Walker Golf Course and the total estimated contribution from the 7/13/13 flood event.

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walker golf course

The recorded 787 year flood brought sand deposits from the South Carolina Botanical Garden onto the incised banks.

Fertilizers and herbicides were able to travel via runoff into the creek due to fast moving water.

The water then flows down the creek through the organic garden and is pumped back into the lake.

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Illustration of the Organic Farm and the total estimated contribution from the 7/13/13 flood event.

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organic farm

Hunicutt Creek continues through the natural landscape of the organic farm following from the golf course. The run-off of chemicals travels through the site before reaching the pump station and the lake.

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DESIGN PROCESS concept development

For the installation we began looking at both cement and steel markers and basic information. We settled on steel, for detailed purposes, and began looking at displaying information on a steel plate.

The construction sequence experienced both manufacturing and time restrictions, limiting the fabrication possibilities.

Therefore, to display the amount of information we wanted to we printed a graphic on a sticker and mounted it to an aluminum composite plastic board.

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INSTALLATION PIECE construction process

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A steel plate was cut using a plasma torch and a compass.

Holes were drilled in between the compass bearings of the graphic top which we used as a guide to drill the holes. Pegs were welded to the bottom to secure it into the cement foundation. We then bolted it together and gathered our aggregate and water to mix.

Then it was just a matter of locating the top, digging a hole, mixing the cement, finding north, and setting the marker. The ridge lines we walked and flagged. The flags lasted for a total of 9 days, and in one final poetic gesture large recycling containers were moved around on top of them further compacting the soil.

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visual watershed

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[L] art and public education We were able to analyze multiple influences of the SCBG through several lenses by analyzing the project on different scales and dividing it into different scopes. We heavily relied on the information analyzed in the XL assessment of the design problem. From the range of water basins to local watersheds, the opportunity to create an educational art piece became clear. To compliment and build upon the watershed installation, the art piece was created from knowledge gained 62

in researching the effects of the flooding events that occurred during July 2013. The art piece would continue the shift of scales by demonstrating how Clemson University and The Botanical Gardens were effected by water.

Two numbers really define the historical events where Clemson and water intersect; 660, the lake level, and 787, the nominal value given to the power of the July storm. These numbers become the entry point into the didactic, educational nature of our artwork.

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camellia trail

children’s garden

art sculpture

duck pond

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site selection & survey

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Many potential sites were assessed in determining the ideal location for the art piece’s installation. The Northeast side of the duck pond was chosen as the ideal location, offering the opportunity to blend in with the surrounding landscape and offering a destination point to visitors on the opposite end of the pond. The site for the sculpture was then surveyed, with site sections produced to aid in the construction documents and installation specifications.

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8’ 7”

7’ 10 1/2”

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site surveying

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DESIGNconcept PROCESS development 68

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SCREW OPERATION SPLASH BASIN SCALE TOPO EXIT CHANEL

scale flow

basin fill lines

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scale topo 1’ = 450’

conceptual ideas

The initial ideas of the educational art piece led the designers to an approach that would speak to the flood event that caused severe damage throughout the gardens. The initial concept was to recreate the flood through a scaled down version of vast amount of water being poured and traveling through the site.

22%

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archimedes screw

The archimedes screw was a technique researched as a way to transport water from the duck pond to the ‘cloud’.

Several tests and mock ups were developed to determine materials and construction methods to construct the screw.

A 8” diameter, 20’ long steel pipe was purchased, but the weight of the pipe would make it difficult to turn the pipe, and therefore a new technique was needed.

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2”

11/4”

6”

Pipe Diameters

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flood simulation

Many tests were done to research what scale would be adequate to represent the flood event. During the process of mock up tests, the idea of incorporating the water cycle into the art piece was developed.

The flood simulation would store water in a “cloud� and release after being filled. The water would flow over a scaled down topography were it would set until it evaporated.

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bucket component

To accomplish the flood simulation, the “cloud� was developed through iterations of a water holding device and its complimenting structure.

The bucket component had analysis of form as well as the balancing mechanism for storing then releasing water.

The final design incorporated a inverse pyramidal form that would engage when filled with five gallons of water.

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fabrication methods

In order to create the piece, we relied heavily on integrated digital and manual means of fabrication. We converted the complex geometry in our digital models into large stencils that were then cut out with the CNC machine. The stencils were applied to the raw steel, cutting and etching all the parts with a plasma cutter, These pieces were then connected by welding them together and grinding the edges to achieve a desirable finish. The final scaled topography model was an abstracted geometric interpretation of a portion of the clemson watershed surrounding the SCBG.

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cardboard stencil

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final proposal

The render to the right is the final proposed educational art piece. The light frame was proposed as a way to increase transparency to achieve a ‘floating’ presence for the bucket component, which acted as the cloud. A full scale version was constructed and tested after which it was determined the weight of the water, coupled with the reflex of the dumping

water required more structural stability. The designers saw this as an opportunity to incorporate a folded metal and notching detail used throughout all scales of the project, as will be discuss in subsequent chapters. The larger surface of the new structure allowed for an infographic to be incorporated onto the side of the art piece explaining its significance.

evolution of structure

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splash zone

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water cycle

The final educational art piece attempted to memorialize the 2013 flood event, while offering a handson interaction with the water cyle. The movement of water from the cloud, condensing and precipitating to the ground, collecting in a body of water before being evaporated back into the air. For the installation the built intervention functioned with the duck pond to achieve the desired results.

path of water through piece

Condensation

Precipitation

Evaporation

Water Collection

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ART PIECE construction documentation 3.15’

2.41’

0.46’

104

2.

00

bucket proportions

84

’

final bucket

3.15’

2.41’

2.41’

104

30 2.

00

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water release mechanism

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foundations

The foundations for the art piece became an imperative part of the final design. They needed to account for the loads that would be transferred from the weight of the steel itself, along with the reflex that resulted during the bucket release.

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ART INSTALLATION construction process

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[M]

Bridge & Trail Accessibility

The studios’ critical analysis of the July 2013 flood event led to the determination of two responses being formed.

One response being reactive, as seen in the rebuilding of the trails and bridges; and the other response being proactive as seen in the education and awareness being raised through the [XL] and [L] scales of the project.

While it is important to help 92

educate neighbors on how their actions are affecting the natural environment, it is also important to provide an accessible path through the gardens to create a safe, engaging experience.

The bridges were developed to encourage a safe pathway through the gardens, attempting to be secondary to the rich natural environment in which they inhabited.

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[SUB] standard unit bridge

[MBB] mountain bog bridge

[HCB] hunt cabin bridge

[CTB] crucible trail bridge

[AB1] access bridge one

[AC2] access bridge two

[PTB] peninsula trail bridge

[RGB] rock garden bridge

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WHY REBUILD? 787 year flood event

Playing a large role in the Clemson community, the Natural Heritage Trail within the SCBG shelters more than one thousands varieties of native plants in their natural habitat. The flood event caused by unprecedented rainfall created large amounts of water being collected, primarily in a stream that flows through the heart of the gardens. These floods washed out many plant colonies, trails, and bridges, causing only one of the nine bridges to be determined safe to the public.

Upon researching the cause of these bridge failures, it was discovered that these wooden bridges lacked structural integrity with minimal precautions made for high-water conditions. It was also evident that the bridge footings were small and placed in close proximity to the streambed.

As a result, the bridges were vulnerable to washout. Our goal is to create bridges that address these issues while emphasizing the importance of durability and versatility.

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BEFORE

AFTER

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bridge location The aftermath of destruction left only one of the nine existing bridges along the Natural Heritage Trail safe for pedestrian use. Spanning throughout the entirety of the trail, these bridges play an important role for a positive visitor experience.

Students of Clemson’s Architecture +CommunityBUILD began to research the locations of the bridges and the site itself. The image on the right illustrates the proposed locations where bridges were to be constructed, both replacing washed out bridges as well as introducing new places to increase trail accessibility. The placements were advised through interaction

with a wildlife expert in order to reduce future soil erosion.

Beginning near the historic Hunt Cabin and continuing down to the Rock Garden Overlook, the bridges included: Hunt Cabin Bridge, Mountain Bog Bridge, Crucible Trail Bridge, Peninsula Garden Bridge, and Rock Garden Bridge, as well as two smaller, trail access bridges.

The student designers thoroughly researched regional and local aspects of the area to help create a design that not only represents Clemson University and the Botanical Gardens, but also provides safe accessibility throughout the trails with bridges constructed with structural integrity.

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[HCB] Hunt Cabin Bridge [MBB] Mountain Bog Bridge [CTB] Crucible Trail Bridge [RBB] Rivers Bluff Bridge [PGB] Peninsula Garden Bridge [RGB] Rock Garden Bridge

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CONCEPTUAL DESIGN initial idea development

1:

Looking into the Vernacular of Clemson and the Appalachian, The Architecture + CommunityBUILD studio wanted to create a bridge design that not only illustrates a system that blends into the landscape, but also demonstrates lightweight, durability, and versatility.

The idea of camouflage, 2: what is seen and unseen became essential in the initial process of the conceptual design. It was important that the bridge designs did not take away from the garden but merged into the landscape, creating a synergy between garden and bridge. Proposing 3: a lightweight and versatile bridge would allow the garden to remain the primary attraction; however, still maintaining a strong yet subtle presence within the trails.

To embody a lightweight, versatile, and durable design, the studio began to be inspired by 12” Appalachian basket weaving and the motions used to create these baskets. By using the primary, secondary, and tertiary steps1: seen 2: in Appalachian basket weaving, the idea of creating a three-part system emerged. Essentially, 3: this system has sub-systems that works together to construct a very strong bridge that is simple in design and assembly.

Building Strategies for Streams 1: Primary bridge structure should be located above the deck to allow for maximum clearance under the bridge.

2: Footings should be set back from edge of stream in anticipation of high water and to allow footings to bear on stable soil.

2:

1:

3: Bridge design should be expandable and accommodate multiple spans

ADA Accessibility 1: Handrail Height - 34” - 38” IBC - section 1003.3.3.11

2:

3:

2: Guardrail Height - > 3’-6” Openings under 34“, must prevent a 4” sphere from pass ing through

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3: ADA Ramp 1:12 Slope Maximum rise - 30” Minumum Landing - 60”

GUARD RAIL

SECONDARY TACTILE USER EXPERIENCE

THROUGH TRUSS

PREP-FABRICATED CORTEN STEEL

DECKING

FIBERGLASS GRATE

high water

1:

FOOTINGS 2:

“DIAMOND PIER” PRE-CAST CONCRETE FOUNDATION SYSTEM

3:

3:

12” GUARD RAIL

SECONDARY TACTILE USER EXPERIENCE 1:

HANDRAIL

2:

PRIMARY TACTILE USER EXPERIENCE high water

DECKING

3: 3:

TERTIARY TACTILE USER EXPERIENCE

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diamond pier foundations

fiberglass grating

steel

wood

Materials

Initial material research help narrow down design parameters and determine material that would help promote the concepts and aesthetics we wished to achieve through the bridges. Diamond pier foundation offered a low impact solution to secure the bridges in place, while the fiberglass grating created an ADA compliant, slip resistant surface.

The bridges were developed with the idea of using a thin gauge steel that could be cut and bent to enhance the ‘weaving’ concept, but the studio was forced to reinterpret how the concept could be applied to a temporary wood bridge structure after coordination issues delayed the manufacturing of the steel elements. diamond pier

PRO

PRO CON

CON

Homogeneous Cutable Bendable Durable Consistant Long Shelf Life

Homogeneous Expensive Cutable Accessibility Bendable Rust Durable Amenities Consistant Long Shelf Life

Expensive Accessibility Rust Amenities

wood

PRO

PRO CON

CON

Affordable Accessible Workable Durable

Affordable Rigid Accessible Weight Workable Structural Durable Capacity Heterogenous

Rigid Weight Structural Capacity Heterogenous

steel

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DESIGN PROCESS Bridge Concepts & Detailing [XL] [ L ] [M] [ S ] 105

“The contractor - the assembler, the collector - accumulates the parts and strives to minimize the amount of field assembly by employing to the greatest extent possible off-site fabrication in factories dedicated to the development of integrated component assemblies.” (‘Refabricating Architecture’ Kieran & Timberlake 43)

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component assembly

The design strategy for constructing the bridges included a hierarchy of parts and pieces that would aide in ease of construction. The hierarchy was composed of subassemblies and modules, that could be assembled in a thoughtful order.

The subassemblies included the structural ribs, railing units, floor decking, and diamond piers. The structure and railing could be produced and assembled off site in modules, with the integration of decking and the diamond piers occurring on site. The bridge modules could then undergo final assembly on site.

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Existing Topography

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Crucible Trail Bridge Site

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CE AN TR AZA EN PL

The three most critical sites were located along the Natural Heritage Trail as high priority. The sites included the Crucible Trail Bridge [CTB], the Peninsula Trail Bridge [PTB], and the Rock Garden Bridge [RGB].

Two of these three locations weren’t accessible without traversing the creek and its terrain and the third site included a small rock bridge, inaccessible to handicapped occupants and lacking the safety of a hand and guard rail. Constructing at these sites would allow for an ease of access throughout the Natural Heritage Trail while the subsequent structures were built.

RGB

ON OC B EE L EL S CTB

TB

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sectional parti

The sectional diagram of the bridge best explains its primary elements. The bridge railing is comprised of two trusses that are essentially ‘woven’ together. Aside form its visceral aesthetic appeal, this strategy hosts several pragmatic advantages. The top cords of each truss are used to achieve the required guard rail and handrail height for an ADA compliant elevated platform.

In addition, the two trusses are providing each other with lateral stability to prevent bending. The graphic on the right compared how this strategy was resolved in the advancing stages of the project.

Schematic Steel Design Design Development Temporary Wood Design

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Truss #1 Truss #2

36”

42”

Deck Framing

Truss #1 Truss #2

36”

42”

Deck Framing

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model iteration

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production sequence

Modeling was integral to the design process. With each iteration, came new ideas and lessons learned, informing a new resulting model.

The focus of the exercise was not only to help visualize the design but also help plan construction phases and understand live load reactions. The process took advantage of a laser cutter to create prototypes, which the designers used to predict how 114

the full scale, steel version that would eventually be created.

As the working idea became more developed, there would be an increase in scale to allow for a higher level of detail.

Small hardware was used to represent a bolted connection and glue represented a welded connection.

The attention to detail was imperative and continued as the project developed.

m2_T m2_T m2_T

T_2

m1_T

T_2

m1_T

T_2

T_1

T_1

FJ_1

FJ_2

FJ_3

FJ_4

W_1

W_2 W_1

W_2 W_1

W_2

cut file to model an eight foot section of the bridge.

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1_Wm

1_Wm

1_Wm

1_Wm

W_1

2_Wm

2_Wm

2_Wm

2_Wm

W_2

FJ_4

load simulation

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rod detail

Horizontal steel rods were used to fulfill requirements for a code compliant guard rail.

We designed a slot in the truss webbing that facilitated the integration of the horizontal rods. A major advantage to the design detail is the simple twostep installation process that happens on site. Furthermore, this detail became a unifying element that appeared in several other parts of the botanical garden watershed project.

detail model

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two-step assembly

elevation

axonometric assembly diagram

plan section

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rod detail

The detail of two overlapping rods promoted the ‘woven’ concept that could be incorporated in the multiple installations created.

The notching in the bent steel offered a unifying element that began to tie the elements of the project together to read as a part of a whole.

steel bridge railing elevation

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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS nishkian monks

The scope of the work required the review and professional approval from a Structural Engineer. We worked with Ty Monks, from Nishkian Monks on the integrity of the bridge’s design. We presented him our iterative models and one larger, more developed model with complimenting drawings of how the bridges could be constructed using a parts-to-whole methodology.

The conversation that followed the presentation included how the initial span would be made as well as how connections would be made. He was cautionary of bolted connections that would be exposed to large amounts of shear, along with how the 10 ga. bent metal would perform structurally.

Through our discussions, new details were developed such as making the initial span with 3/8� thick angle iron that would have welded bent metal tabs to receive the web members. The detailing of the top chord of the handrail truss was maintained as a composite, wood and steel member that would be connected using lag screws. The calculations for the bent metal pieces were done by simulating a standard angle iron of the same thickness. To the right are some notes created for the structural analysis.

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final proposal

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BRIDGE

construction documentation

Installation Process

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1

2

4

5

Installing the diamond pier footings followed the process illustrated below. The site was managed by creating a reference point, which acted as the standard elevation.

Excavation could then be measured with a higher level of consistency and control to minimize the amount of disturbed soil.

3

6 [XL] [ L ] [M] [ S ] 127

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fabrication documentation [XL] [ L ] [M] [ S ] 129

rib (u-section) detail

A1 3’ 6 3/8"

A2 A3

2’ 4 5/16" 2’ 9/16"

1"

1 5/8"

1’ 2"

cut schedule Item

A1

A2

Qty.

(44)

(44)

Size

Cut 1 1/2”

4’

1 1/2”

2’-11”

3 1/2”

3 1/2”

2’ 4 30

(22)

3 1/2”

2’ 9/16"

1"

1 1/2”

A3

3’-6” 30 3’-4 7/8”

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3’ 6 3/8"

30

We employed the use of a jig in the construction of the temporary wooden bridges by creating U-sectioned ribs. This allowed us to build repeated components offsite with accelerated speed and repetitive accuracy.

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assembly axon

wood bridge sequence

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steel bridge sequence

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BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION process documentation

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temporary bridges

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site progression

The progression of the project experienced multiple deviations from expected plans.

The biggest adaptation came when the steel manufacturer could not meet expected time frames for producing the steel components in time for the regrand opening of the Natural Heritage Trail.

In response to this news, the team reinterpreted the design of the steel bridges with wood, a more readily available material.

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After a quick redesign charrette, applying the weaving principles to wood construction. The wood bridges served as a temporary solution for the re-opening of the Natural Heritage Trail, acting as a placeholder for the steel modules that would later be inserted in their place. The wood bridges were constructed in a manner in which they could be broken down, and transported to a new location within Clemson’s Experimental Forest.

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wood bridge installation

The installation of the wood bridges included the same principles of a combination of prefabricated units that could be constructed off site, carried into the site, and easily assembled. Two angle irons created the initial span, which then received prebuilt wooden ‘U’ sectioned ribs that incorporated a woven guard and hand rail detail, congruent with the developed concept.

The design was built around the parameters of foundations and grating to be reused for the steel interpretation of the ‘weaving’ concept.

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wood bridge details

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steel bridge installation

After receiving the bent and cut steel manufactured parts back the studio was able to finish all off-site construction and subassemblies. The kit of parts was then transported to their respective sites for final construction. The design of the units allowed for the materials to be moved my hand, with the help of a steel chassis shown below.

The importance to break the bridge into parts manageable enough to be moved by hand prevented unnecessary soil disturbance of heavy or invasive machinery. The process of erection included an initial span of angle irons, ‘woven’ web members, bolted bottom cords, welded top cords, inserted rod details, and finally a wooden handrail.

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steel bridge details

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[S]

signage & wayfinding

The breakdown of analysis and installation into different scales allowed the studio to work efficiently within a given scope while being influenced and inspired by the work being developed by the collective studio.

The signage and wayfinding was identified as the aspect closest to the human scale as it helps facilitate easy travel for the users

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of the South Carolina Botanical Garden and the Natural Heritage Trail located within. The signage was sensitive to its surround environment, following a concept of being secondary to the natural environment, striving to be visible at specific location along the trail while being ‘invisible’ and non competing at other moments along the pathway.

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CAROLINA

SOUTH

B O T A N I C A L

G A R D E N

where nature and culture meet

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The exercise of developing signage and wayfinding for the Natural Heritage Trail built upon the brand already established by the South Carolina Botanical Garden. The trail’s uniqueness in representing multiple ecosystems within the state of South Carolina lent itself to be branded by using graphics of the state. The goal was to produce a simple design that could be easily understood.

HERITAGE TRAIL

branding

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8�

6 text options

The development and refinement of the signage required multiple iterations for font type, size, and location. A variety of options were analyzed, with a bold, condensed sans serif being selected for a clean aesthetic that could be easily read at a distance.

ON Y F R DM KO Y PIE HIC B A OAK OLINA RIE PRA CAR NA OLI CAR TS N LAN OSI SP POC OROU NIV NE CAR AF PI GLE LON NES U EST DD FOR

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ENT N RPM ABI SCA TC OG EE HUN NB IDG TAI ER UN T BLU DEN MO RES RN GAR O F THE ER OVE OW SOU C DFL DIC WIL ACI AND ODL LS WO BEL EST FS NEE FOR LUF OCO B R ST OVE H C RIVE ORE RIC AL CF T T S ESI COA NT M FORES

ANS SERIF

HERITAGE T R A I L

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” 6”

Rhythm

Natural Materials

Natural Materials

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DESIGNconcept PROCESS development Repetition

In the generative process of integrating signage along the trail, the studio developed multiple iterations of how the signage could be integrated within existing infrastructure along with the new proposed bridge infrastructure. It was decided the best intervention for signage would be to locate the built interventions at ideal locations of necessity, limiting the amount of imposing infrastructure.

Framing

Framing in plan

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bending steel

The use of weathering steel, also known as corten steel led to the exploration of the material’s properties. The designers looked to capitalized on steel’s malleability and looked to industrial origami as a precedent. While activating a unique aesthetic, the bent metal also provided efficient structural results. A thin gauge metal could be bent, adding to the structural capacity by increasing the cross sectional characteristics.

The use of a thin material could be implemented throughout all phases of the project to reduce the cost of using a thicker gauge as well as allowing for easier workability and transport with a reduced weight.

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Industrial Origami

Bent Steel Precedent

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An importance was placed on developing a wayfinding marker that would act as a secondary element to the natural elements located within the gardens. The proposal of bent steel promoted a geometry that could be wide from one viewpoint and slender from a contrasting viewpoint.

The interaction between visibility and invisibility allowed the studio to affect how occupants of the gardens travel within the site and interact with the built interventions.

Crucible Trail Bridge

Bird Watching

Hunt Cabin

Stone Chair

Peninsula Trail Bridge

Rock Garden Bridge

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modeling iteration

The tool of physical modelling was used in every scale of the BGW project. The signage team was able to use a laser cutter as a tool to predict how a full scale, steel product would react. The modelled mock-ups investigated multiple connections and details, informing the final design decisions for the resulting product.

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FINAL SIGNAGE construction documentation

The final proposal for the signage continued the bent metal and notching aesthetic, while incorporating a unique geometry.

A composite aluminum board received the wayfinding graphics and were bolted onto the steel markers to allow for flexibility.

These boards are made to be unmountable and changed if any modification in the trail were to be made in the future. The bottom of the marker included two voids in the shape of South Carolina, representing the Natural Heritage Trail’s unique opportunity of representing the three major ecosystems found within the state: the foothills, the piedmont, and the coastal plains. The voids doubled in purpose by receiving existing wooden barriers.

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foundations

The foundations for the signage markers needed to account for the high amount of surface area that would be exposed to wind loads. A reinforced concrete based housed multiple anchor bolts to achieve the desired result.

To ensure the anchor bolts and their corresponding holes in the steel markers were in alignment, a wooden template was created.

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Wood Template

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construction photos The construction of the signs consisted of a composite of process from digital to manual techniques.

In order to ensure straight lines and consistent shapes, wooden template forms were made to act as guides while cutting. The templates were constructed using a CNC mill machine. The signs were then plasma cut using a hand held cutter using compressed air to slice through the metal, and finally they were hand bent at the proper angle, giving the sign structural integrity. A concrete base foundation was poured on site with embedded anchor bolts to receive the completed signs.

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ROCK GARDEN SPLIT

OCONEE BELLS

signs on heritage trail

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HUNT CABIN

CAROLINA PRAIRIE

[BGW] Natural Heritage Trail

The Natural Heritage trail held a regrand opening exactly one year following the trails initial unveiling. The director of the South Carolina Botanical Gardens, Patrick McMillan, and a garden sponsor can be seen to the right during the ribbon cutting, unveiling the rehabilitated trail and additional signage, bridge, and art sculpture 174

interventions. The flood even of July 2013 caused great damage to the SCBG and Natural Heritage trail within a year of the trail’s opening. The gardens revival and improvements of drainage, trail circulation, accessibility, and wayfinding helps in continuing to serve the neighboring community and visitors of the garden, creating an engaging, safe experience.

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ribbon cutting ceremony

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project team

Nick Allport

Brittany Cohen

William Craig

Jared Lee

Naseem Keshmirian

Trey Meyer

Cody Zanni

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Katie Fronek

Brennan Hansley

Nick Irmen

Nicole Nguyen

Josh Robbins

Adam Windham

Faculty:

Paul Russell

Dan Harding

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