BYGL-August 02, 2007
Pam Bennett, Barb Bloetscher, Joe Boggs, Jim Chatfield, Erik Draper, Dave Dyke, Gary Gao, David Goerig, Tim Malinich, Amy Stone, and Curtis Young. Text Only
August 02, 2007
This is the Eighteenth 2007 edition of the Buckeye Yard and Garden Line (BYGL). BYGL is developed from a Tuesday morning conference call of Extension agents, specialists and other contributors in Ohio. BYGL is also made available on the Internet from the Ohio State University Horticulture and Crop Science (HCS) in Virtual Perspective website (http://bygl.osu.edu). Additional fact sheet information on any of these articles may be found through the OSU fact sheet database (http://plantfacts.osu.edu). BYGL is a service of OSU Extension and is aided by major support from the Ohio Nursery and Landscape Association (ONLA), with additional funding from the Ohio Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) to the OSU Extension Nursery Landscape, and Turf Team (ENLTT). Participants in the July 31, 2007 conference included: Barb Bloetscher (Entomology/C. Wayne Ellett Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic (CWEPPD Clinic)); Joe Boggs (OSU Extension Center at Piketon/Hamilton-Clermont); Erik Draper (Geauga); Gary Gao (Delaware); Michael Loos (Cuyahoga); Tim Malinich (Lorain); Dave Shetlar (Entomology); Amy Stone (Lucas); Curtis Young (Allen); and Randy Zondag (Lake).. Additional factsheet information on any of these articles may be found through the OSU Factsheet Database (http:// plantfacts.ohio-state.edu/)
WEATHER WATCH
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The following weather information has been summarized from data collected from July 1-31, 2007. BYGLers have selected four locations to highlight different regions of the state to be included each week as seen in the table below. Additionally, there are weather station sites in Avon (Lorain County), Madison (Lake County), Perry (Lake County), Jackson (Jackson County), at the Muck Crops Research Station (Huron County), at the North Central Research Station (Sandusky County), and at the Western Research Station (Clark County). The weather data collected from all the sites can be seen at http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/newweather/.
Weather Station
Ave. High Region of Ohio Temp F
Ave. Low Temp F
Total Precip "
Normal Precip "
Ashtabula
NE
78.5F
56.2F
NA
2.9"
Wooster
NE
81.4F
57.0F
5.81"
4.1"
Hoytville
NW
83.2F
58.5F
2.4"
3.8"
Delaware
Central
87.3F
52.8F
3.49"
4.1"
Piketon
South
84.0F
60.6F
1.99"
4.0"
HORT SHORTS PLANTS OF THE WEEK Read all about perennials and landscape trees and shrubs in the ONLA publications "Perennial Plants for Ohio" and "Landscape Plants for Ohio." The descriptions and photographs of plants were provided for these publications by the OSU ENLT Team along with other industry plant lovers. These full-color publications are available at http:// Buckeyegardening.com for $5.00. Click on "garden store" and then "ONLA plant guides." ONLA members can purchase these in quantities at a reduced price at http://onla. org . *PERENNIAL OF THE WEEK. LEADWORT (Ceratostigma plumbaginoides). This late summer and fall gem, sometimes called PLUMBAGO, is this week's perennial plant of the week. Its lush green foliage during most of the summer really comes to life from late-August into fall as sky blue flowers open on red stems creating an eye-catching combination. The plant blooms through and beyond light frosts inducing a rich red to bronzy-red color in Autumn. Emerging relatively late in spring, Leadwort is a creeping plant suitable for use as a ground cover or rock garden plant in sun or partial shade. This mat-forming perennial spreads slowly from rhizomes growing to a height of 12" and spreading to 18". Leadwort is rated hardy to USDA zones 5 to 9. It easily grows in a wide range of soils, except for wet, poorly-drained ones. Leadwort is very shade tolerant, but also thrives in full sun. Providing protective mulch in winter in northern areas may help with survival. It can be somewhat invasive in optimum growing conditions, but has no serious insect or disease problems.
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This late, long-flowering plant serves as an excellent ground cover, or as a filler plant. It works well with inter-planting with spring bulbs, or with under-planting with shrubs, or as an edger. It may be used in rock gardens or border fronts, and it attracts butterflies!. All this makes Leadwort a great addition to any landscape. *WOODY ORNAMENTAL OF THE WEEK. ROSE-OF-SHARON, Hibiscus syriacus). This popular plant has been blooming in Central Ohio for several weeks. Rose-of-Sharon is a shrub or a small tree with open, showy flowers ranging in colors from white to reds and purples with many variations in color combinations. It is adaptable to both alkaline and acid soil pH and most soil types, although sites that experience moisture extremes should be avoided. Rose-of-Sharon provides a welcome colorful landscape effect in mid-summer. Some of the popular cultivars include 'Diane,' 'Helene' and 'Blue Satin.'
THE WEEKLY WEED REDROOT PIGWEED (Amaranthus retroflexus). This summer annual is nearing maturity in fields around Ohio. Redroot pigweed is shallow-rooted and can grow up to 5' in height and has a distinctive pink or red taproot. Stems are thick, hairy, and green to reddish in color. Leaves are alternate, hairy below, and have wavy edges. Branches end in a bristly cluster of flowers. A close relative, the SMOOTH PIGWEED (Amaranthus hybridus), is often found growing with redroot pigweed and is almost indistinguishable. Flower clusters on redroot pigweed are held close together like a cylinder, while the flower clusters of smooth pigweed radiate from the main stem. Being a summer annual, this weed can be controlled with cultivation or with herbicides. Both broadleaf burn-down herbicides and non-selective systemic herbicides are effective. However, some herbicide-resistant populations have been found which may necessitate rotating herbicides. As with most weeds, control is essential before the seed is produced. Remember that control of all weeds during drought conditions can be problematic. As water stress increases, even weeds begin to slow their biological processes in order to conserve moisture. These quiescent plants are less likely to take-up herbicides, making the herbicides less effective. The efficacy of herbicides will be enhanced either by using irrigation or by waiting until rainfall causes weeds to resume active growth. Keep in mind, water availability is not the only factor. High temperatures can also reduce plant activity interfering with herbicide mode of action.
BOLTING FOR THE SUN
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BYGLers noted that reports are coming in regarding some vegetables, like loose-leaf and head lettuces, broccoli, cauliflower, and spinach, which are beginning to bolt. BOLTING describes the production of flower stalks prior to the full harvest of plant parts that are grown for food. It is a natural occurrence from the plant's perspective, but it ruins with the desires of the grower! Flower stalk initiation may be stimulated by high temperatures. Long days and high temperatures can also cause sensitive plants to bolt. One way to avoid this loss of useable garden produce is to time plantings so that environmental conditions conducive to bolting are not experienced prior to harvest. Of course, it is hard to predict what the weather may be during the growing season. Trying to avoid the midsummer heat is a good idea if cool-season crops are the emphasis of the garden. Fall and spring plantings will do much better for these plants and many gardeners make successive plantings of lettuce every other week or so. This will provide a continuous supply of young, vigorous lettuce to harvest from early spring through fall. Pay attention to the descriptions of these vegetables because certain varieties will be more bolt-resistant than others.
BUG BYTES HOLEY WHITE PINE! Joe Boggs reported receiving a call regarding several dying or dead eastern white pines with the bark shot-full of tiny shotgun pellet-sized holes, or "shotholes." The perforated trees were part of a row of white pines, and the landscape manager was concerned that the hole-maker would eventually kill all of the trees. Of course, the holes are a characteristic symptom of CONIFER BARK BEETLES, and the beetles are not directly responsible for killing trees. There are several species of conifer bark beetles that occur in Ohio. All are in the beetle family Scolytidae, and most are in genera Dendroctinus, Ips, or Scolytus. The conifer bark beetles found in Ohio attack stressed, dying, or dead conifers. Weakened conifers cannot defend themselves because they lack the ability to produce enough sap to "pitch out" borers trying to enter through the bark. In effect, the conifer becomes a poor sap because it lacks sap pour. When white pines in Ohio are under attack from conifer bark beetles, it usually means the trees are in serious trouble because of some stress inducing factor (e.g. root decline, moisture stress, etc.) that predisposes the tree to bark beetle attack. BYGLers predicted that droughty conditions experienced this season throughout the state will provide great fodder for conifer bark beetles. The best prevention is watering. A tree riddled with conifer bark beetle holes cannot be "saved" using an insecticide approach. The proper treatment for such infested trees is "basal pruning"...another name for tree removal.
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CAT FIGHTS - ROUND TWO Dave Shetlar reported observing egg masses of YELLOWNECKED CATERPILLAR MOTH (Datana ministra) and HICKORY TUSSOCK MOTH (Lophocampa caryae) this week in central Ohio. Dave noted that it is well established that yellownecks have at least two generations per season in Ohio, and it is suspected that the tussock moths may have two generations. The appearance of egg masses means that the first generation for these general defoliators has been completed and landscape managers should be on the lookout for the second generation. Yellownecked caterpillars feed gregariously in colonies. First instars feed as leaf skeletonizers, and later instars consume entire leaves. The caterpillars pass through different "color phases" during their development. First instar caterpillars are copper-colored with no distinct lines. Second instars have distinct alternating longitudinal yellow and orangish-red lines. Caterpillars in the final instar stage have alternating longitudinal black and yellow lines. Although all instars are hairy, the hairs are most evident during the last instar stage. The caterpillars will feed on a wide range of trees and shrubs including: crabapples and other ornamental fruit trees, oak, maple, elm, beech, linden, honey locust, azalea, and boxwood. Early instar hickory tussock moth caterpillars are leaf skeletonizers, feeding side by side in large groups across the leaf surface. Later instars disperse, feed separately, and consume entire leaves. Although larvae of all instar stages are covered with stiff white hairs, which may cause a rash when handled, there are different color forms. All color forms are variations of a black on white motif and range from thin black stripes across the back (tiger striping) to a row of black spots down the back. Most color forms also have two prominent side by side tufts of long black hairs immediately behind the head which is typical for a tussock moth caterpillar. In past years, these caterpillars have been responsible for heavy defoliation of oaks in southern Ohio.
DISTORTED CONEFLOWERS Joe Boggs reported that he is regularly seeing the handiwork of an eriophyid mite that affects Echinacea flowers. The mites live inside the opening flower buds and suck nutrients from the base of the flowers. As a result, green to reddish-green elongated rosette-like tufts of stunted and distorted flower parts will sprout from the tops or sides of the cones of coneflowers. Not only is the damage unsightly, it can also seriously reduce seed production. Little appears to be known about this mite. It is a yet-to-be identified eriophyid, and lacks a scientific name as well as an approved common name. The mite is commonly referred to as the "coneflower rosette eriophyid mite" because of its host plant and the family name for these mites (Eriophyidae). However, the mite's minimal taxonomic condition will no doubt eventually change since it is becoming a common problem on coneflowers in perennial gardens and naturalized areas in Ohio and elsewhere in the U.S. Management options currently focus on removing and destroying affected flower heads. The mites http://bygl.osu.edu/all.lasso?issue=18 (5 of 11)2/28/2008 7:03:32 AM
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are probably out of the effective reach of miticides since they live deep inside the rosettes. Dave Shetlar has observed thousands of mites leaving rosettes to crawl to the tips of the distorted mass after a rain event. This behavior is common to eriophyid mites and allows them to be picked-up by the wind to be blown ("ballooned") to other coneflowers. Pollinators probably also provide lifts to new horizons. Thus, affected flower heads should be removed and destroyed at the first sign of the rosettes. Additionally, Dave recommends cutting affected plants to the ground in the fall, and destroying the plant tissue (e.g. contributing the infested tissue to a landfill!). Plant debris should also be raked up and included in the landfill contribution.
WHEEL OF MISFORTUNE Curtis Young reported identifying a WHEEL BUG (Arilus cristatus) for an Extension office this week. Likewise, several BYGLers noted that they are seeing this predator lurking among the leaves of trees and shrubs. Caterpillars and sawfly larvae are a favored prey, but the bugs will not turn their beaks up at other arthropod fare. Indeed, they will even nail the probing fingers of uninformed gardeners! These bugs belong to the Hemipteran family Reduviidae which is represented in North America by over 160 different species. Members of this family are collectively known as assassin bugs or ambush bugs. Both names describe how the bugs make a living; they are stealthy hunters. Wheel bugs get their very descriptive common name from a peculiar morphological feature that rises from the top of the bug's thorax. The structure looks like half of a cog-wheel, with the gear teeth clearly visible. Wheel bugs are big, measuring over 1 1/4" long, and their color varies from light gray to bluish-gray to grayish-brown. As with all predatory bugs, wheel bugs are equipped with piercing-sucking mouthparts that are used to inject paralyzing and pre-digestive enzymes into their prey. They then suck the "essence-of-insect" from their hapless victims. While these are beneficial insects, they should not be handled. All members of the family are capable of delivering a painful bite to people. The pain of a wheel bug bite has been described as being equal to or more powerful than a hornet sting, and taking over a week to heal.
HORSEHAIR WORMS
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Gary Gao reported receiving a sample of long, thin, white, snake-like "worm" in a pickle jar. The unusual beastie was found by a homeowner in his swimming pool, and he was concerned that his find presented a health hazard. Thus, he had first taken it to the Delaware County General Health District, but was then referred to the Delaware County Extension Office. The 'worm' is actually a type of roundworm that is commonly called a horsehair worm. They are also called cabbagehair worms, Gordiid, or Gordian worms, and they belong to a group of organisms called Nematomorphora. The "horsehair" name came from early speculations that these worms arise through "spontaneous generation" from horse hairs. Their common occurrence in horse watering troughs provided further support for this erroneous belief. The common name of Gordian worms comes from their tendency to twist their long (4" - 14") thin bodies into loose, knot like balls that may resemble the enigmatic "Gordian knot" of Greek legend. The immature or juvenile stage of horsehair worms are considered beneficial since they live as internal parasites of a wide range of arthropods including: centipedes; millipedes; grasshoppers; crickets; cockroaches; and beetles. The juveniles lack a mouth and digestive system. But since they live inside the host's body cavity, swimming around in the nutrient rich "blood" (hemolymph) of the host, nutrients can be directly absorbed through the worm's body wall. Once the worms are nearly mature, they must induce their host to take them to water so the adult worms can emerge into the aquatic environment. It is speculated that the heavy absorption of moisture by the nearly mature juveniles cause the host to become thirsty. Thus, parasitized crickets will swan dive into swimming pools! The adult worms that emerge from the submerged host are the horsehair worms. They can live for six months in high moisture environments and they may be found in pools of water, in decaying vegetation, and on lower portions of plants, but they do not feed. Eventually, the worms produce eggs that hatch into larvae that encyst on vegetation. Once these encysted larvae are eaten by an arthropod, the long, twisting life cycle starts all over again. Horsehair worms do not harm humans. However, some of the BYGLer's recommended that the homeowner should wear a swimsuit in his pool; not for health concerns, but for concerns of the neighbors.
DISEASE DIGEST DUE THE MILDEW BYGLers reported a litany of plants that are being whitened with POWDERY MILDEW (PM). This fungal disease can affect all types of plants from trees to herbaceous plants. Although the symptoms of PM appear much the same, the species of fungi that cause powdery mildew are usually different on different plants. Thus, the powdery mildew fungus that infects roses will not jump to dogwoods, and the fungus that infects London planetree will not appear on phlox. As the name implies, PM symptoms often appear as a distinct circle or patch of powdery white to gray superficial fungal http://bygl.osu.edu/all.lasso?issue=18 (7 of 11)2/28/2008 7:03:32 AM
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growth on the surface of leaves, stems, flowers, or fruit. When the fungus first infects the leaf, it appears as if someone had sprinkled talcum powder on plant surfaces. Mildew patches may enlarge and coalesce until they cover the entire leaf on one or both sides. Young foliage and shoots may be particularly susceptible. Often leaf distortion, accompanied by leaf curling and/or twisting may be observed before the PM fungus is noticed. Severe powdery mildew infections can cause leaves to yellow, or in some species like dogwood and magnolia, there is a reddening of leaves. These infected leaves then appear to be dried and turn brown, while young shoots, leaves and flowers become disfigured. Although it usually is not a fatal disease, powdery mildew may hasten plant defoliation and fall dormancy, and the infected plant may become extremely unsightly. Most powdery mildew fungi produce airborne spores and infect plants when temperatures are moderate (60-80F). The spores are often not present during the hottest days of the summer. Unlike many fungi that infect plants, powdery mildew fungal spores do not require free water on plant surfaces in order to germinate and infect plant tissues. Some powdery mildew fungi, especially those on rose, apple, and cherry are favored by high humidity. Overcrowding and shading will also promote higher humidity in the canopies of these plants. These conditions favor and promote the development of PM fungi. Of course, these are the exact environmental conditions that seem to be prevalent all across Ohio. Call it intuition, but it seems this year that we are due for the dew... powdery mildew that is!
TURF TIPS FALL TURF REJUVINATION BY SEEDING IS NEAR Dave Shetlar reminded BYGLers that if re-seeding is part of a turfgrass rejuvenation program, the optimal time for seeding is fast approaching. Summer heat, humidity, drought-like conditions, along with disease and insect problems have many turfgrass managers focused on rejuvenation and overseeding to bring turfgrass back to dreamed-of dense, lush growth. Rejuvenation is very different from renovation. Lawn renovation includes killing the existing lawn using a non-selective, non-residual herbicide. If renovation is desired, the herbicide applications should be started very soon to meet the optimum time for seeding. The ideal time for lawn seeding in southern and central Ohio is early September until mid-October. In northern Ohio, this task should be completed by mid-September for best results. These recommendations are for optimum results in seed germination and winter hardiness of turf. Turf can be seeded later in the fall, but the risk of winter injury increases as seeding and germination is delayed. Several steps are necessary in assuring the success of fall turf rejuvenation. These steps include turfgrass cultivar selection, soil preparation, and irrigation. It is important to establish good seed-tosoil contact by raking, vertical mowing, or de-thatching prior to seeding. Mechanical slit-seeding is also recommended. However, The Bug Doc did caution BYGLers that finding slit-seeders may become more difficult as we get closer to optimum seeding times. A mechanical slit-seeder offers higher germination than broadcasting seeders because the seeds get placed in direct contact with the soil. The highest turfgrass seed germination rates occur when seed is in direct contact with the soil, but is also exposed to sunlight. Slit-seeders are not seed-drills; the seed should not be covered by soil. Slit-seeders use slicing blades that cut through the turfgrass opening shallow furrows to deposit the seeds onto the soil. Core-cultivation could be also used, but does not http://bygl.osu.edu/all.lasso?issue=18 (8 of 11)2/28/2008 7:03:32 AM
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usually produce enough soil exposure to be used alone. A starter fertilizer applied at the time of seeding is highly recommended to support the establishment and growth of the turf seedlings. Irrigation is also recommended since rainfall is sometimes in short supply in September and October in many parts of Ohio. Of course, in keeping with the old saying that "you can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear," even the best rejuvenation efforts will be undone by selecting a low-quality turfgrass cultivar. Refer to the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program web site at http://www.ntep.org/tables.htm for the latest turfgrass cultivar performance ratings. On a final note, keep in mind that sodding can be done any time of the year when turfgrass roots will grow. If the lawn is being renovated rather than rejuvenated, sod provides another option. Not only will sod provide an immediate impact, it also produces rapid soil stabilization. Thus, while sod offers many other benefits, it may be the best choice on slopes to avoid turfgrass renovation from becoming a wash-out.
INDUSTRY INSIGHT HOW DRY I AM Water was on the minds of BYGLers this week as early summer drought was followed by a welcome period of rain. However, though the precipitation was sufficient to green up lawns, it was not enough to replenish moisture levels deeper in the soil. Randy Zondag reported that moisture levels gradually decreased through the 4", 8" and 12" depths. To further confuse matters, irrigation applied to fields was replenishing only the upper 4", leaving the deeper soils dry. Long periods of irrigation began to penetrate the 8" depth, but the deeper soils were still extremely dry. Dry deep soils result in the loss of fine roots leading to stress, scorch, and other drought symptoms in the plant even though the soil surface looks adequately hydrated. Other problems include poor digging conditions and difficulty in establishing newly planted material. Trees which fail to establish deep roots can be prone to tipping-over as they mature. Dealing with drought means monitoring soil moisture throughout the soil profile. Moisture probes or a simple shovel can be used to check the degree of hydration 8" and 12" below the surface. Longer periods of irrigation will be needed to penetrate the lower levels. However, do not keep soils saturated by over watering either - check the soil before and after irrigating.
COMING ATTRACTIONS
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25th PERENNIAL PLANT SYMPOSIUM AND TRADE SHOW The 25th Perennial Plant Symposium is August 5-11, 2007 at the Hyatt Regency Hotel, Columbus, Ohio. Lectures, workshops, tours, and a trade show will highlight this silver anniversary symposium. The trade show will be held August 6, 7, and 9 during the Perennial Plant Symposium in the Battelle Hall of the Greater Columbus Convention Center in Columbus, Ohio. Exhibitor information may be obtained by contacting the Perennial Plant Association, (PPA), 3383 Schirtzinger Road, Hilliard, OH 43026. Phone 614-771-8431, Fax 614-876-5238 or email ppa@perennialplant.org . Program and Registration information can be found at http://www. perennialplant.org/newsdetail.asp?ID=121, or by contacting the PPA.
40th ANNUAL NURSERY GROWERS OF LAKE COUNTY OHIO (NGLCO) FIELD DAY 40th ANNUAL NURSERY GROWERS OF LAKE COUNTY OHIO (NGLCO) FIELD DAY is August 14, 2007. The NGLCO Field Day will be held at Holden Arboretum in Kirtland Ohio. The program this year will feature garden tours of the 3,500 acre Holden Arboretum, including a garden railroad which is a new feature for at the Arboretum. Information on the time and location for the Field Day are posted on the following website http:// www.nglco.com/fieldday.htm . Master Gardeners and students will receive a special price. For further information call 440-241-7969.
MSU EXTENSION TO HOST EAB FIELD DAY MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY (MSU) EXTENSION TO HOST EAB FIELD DAY, AUGUST 16TH. Consider heading north for a hands-on seminar illustrating ways insecticides are being used in the battle of the emerald ash borer (EAB). Participants will walk the BayPointe Golf Club, a MSU field research site in West Bloomfield, Michigan, to see test results of soil drench treatments after 4 years. The group will be able to compare treated trees of all sizes with untreated control trees. Other insecticide treatments will also be demonstrated. University specialists and tree care professionals will discuss what treatments and application methods are being used in SE Michigan and ways that these practices can be applied in other areas. The registration fee is $30.00 and is limited to 200 hundred people. Additional program and registration materials are available online at http://www.emeraldashborer.info
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GREEN INDUSTRY FALL GET TOGETHER The Associated Green Industries Fall Get Together will be a perennial affair this year. On August 30, 2007 the dinner, tours and presentations will be held at Art Form Nurseries, 16656 Chillicothe Rd., Chagrin Falls, OH. Tours begin at 4:00, with dinner and speakers at 6:00. Topics for the evening include "Identification of Tree Issues" and "New and Valuable Perennials in the Landscape." Registration required by August 17. Go to http://lorain.osu.edu/horticulture/commhort for registration flyer or call 440-350-2582.
BYGLOSOPHY "When gardeners garden, it is not just plants that grow, but the gardeners themselves." - - Ken Druse
Where trade names are used, no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by Ohio State University Extension is implied.  Although every attempt is made to produce information that is complete, timely, and accurate, the pesticide user bears responsibility of consulting the pesticide label and adhering to those directions. Ohio State University Extension embraces human diversity and is committed to ensuring that all research and related educational programs are available to clientele on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to race, color, religion, sex, age, national origin, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, disability, or veteran status.  This statement is in accordance with United States Civil Rights Laws and the USDA. Keith L. Smith, Ph.D., Associate Vice President for Agricultural Administration and Director, Ohio State University Extension, TDD No. 800-589-8292 (Ohio only) or 614-292-1868
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http://bygl.osu.edu/all.lasso?issue=18 (11 of 11)2/28/2008 7:03:32 AM