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Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes
S ABINE P ÖLLER1, T HOMAS M OELLER2 & M AREN W ITT1,2 1 2
FACULTY OF SPORT SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG, GERMANY INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED TRAINING SCIENCE, LEIPZIG, GERMANY
Science & Triathlon - Magglingen - February 2013
Introduction Functions of the trunk musculature:
stable base force transmission
Impact on athletic performance? Prevention of injuries?
Santana (2005)
Content C t t and d amountt off strength t th ttraining? i i ? “Gold standard” for the measurement of
Tittel (1994)
core strength? Science & Triathlon - Sabine Pöller: Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes
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Core Strength Testing • Measurement results of core strength differ strongly possible causes: isometric or isokinetic movements endurance strength or 1 RM different groups of subjects, different measuring systems, different measuring positions movement speeds, reps and evaluation software (Verdonck et al., 1997) Science & Triathlon - Sabine Pöller: Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes
Objectives What is the performance level of triathletes in an isometric trunk maximum strength test in the cross-section of the total sample? depending on age and gender? depending on the training base? compared over a preparation period and over a year? gender-differentiated compared to the other sports: rowing, canoeing, swimming and throwing (athletics)? In which amount and content is strength trained at
German triathlon bases?
Science & Triathlon - Sabine Pöller: Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes
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Instrument and Measurement Isometric maximum strength test using
the CTT Pegasus g (BfMC,, Leipzig, p g, Germany) at the Institute for Applied Training Science (Leipzig) within the complex performance diagnostics Maximum force measured in the
sagittal, frontal & transversal plane 3 trials in the strength test (~15 min)
Science & Triathlon - Sabine Pöller: Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes
Instrument and Measurement Each subject has its own individual anthropometric
profile p Necessary to determine:
body mass body height upper body length
Reference = upper body torque
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Subjects 49 athletes (21 female and 28 male, regional and
national squad) 19.2 ± 3.0 years old Comparative Test A (after 2-4 months); n=16
1. Test (n=49)
Comparative Test B (after 1 year); n=11
Sex
Body height in cm
Body mass in kg
female
168.8 ± 6.3
58.1 ± 7.6
male
183.3 ± 6.3
70.5 ± 8.3
Science & Triathlon - Sabine Pöller: Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes
Cross-Section Results (n=49) [Percent] 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Extension
Flexion
Lateral left
Lateral right
Rotation left
Rotation right
Science & Triathlon - Sabine Pöller: Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes
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Gender Differences [Percent]
120
* *
110
* *
*
100 90 80 70 60 Extension
Flexion
Lateral left
male
Lateral right Rotation left Rotation right
female
Lateral Lateral Extension Flexion Signifikanztabelle left right p
.002
.084
.011
.015
Rotation Rotation left right .000
.007
Science & Triathlon - Sabine Pรถller: Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes
Age Group Differences [Percent]
120 110 100 90 80 70 60 Extension
Flexion
Lateral left Lateral right Rotation left Juniors
Rotation right
U23/Elite
โ ข Juniors (n=28), U23/Elite (n=21) Science & Triathlon - Sabine Pรถller: Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes
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Strength Training at the National Centers Saarbrücken (n=8), Potsdam (n=22),
Neubrandenburg (n (n=9), 9), others (n (n=10) 10) Saarbrücken Potsdam
Neubrandenburg
strength training in h/year
~ 200
100-150
100-150
units per week
4
3-5
2-3
a) athletic training b) with i h gym equipement i c) with free weights
50 % 15 % 35 %
65 % 0% 35 %
66.6 % 33.3 % 0%
alternative strength training
none
Skikes, rowing, canoeing
xc-skiing
Science & Triathlon - Sabine Pöller: Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes
Training Base Differences [Percent]
130
120 110 100 90 80 70 6 60 Extension
Flexion
Saarbrücken
Lateral_li Potsdam
Lateral_re Rotation_li Rotation_re Neubrandenburg
others
• Problems with inconsistent recording and group composition Science & Triathlon - Sabine Pöller: Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes
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Development over one preparation period [Percent]
*
130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60
Extension
Flexion
Lateral left Lateral right Rotation left Rotation right 1. Test T t
2. Test T t
.787
Lateral left .095
Lateral right .956
Rotation left .072
Rotation right .054
.07
.38
.01
.27
.32
Extension
Flexion
p
.000
d
.77
Science & Triathlon - Sabine Pรถller: Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes
Comparison of Sports Men
[Percent]
110 100 90 80 70 60 Extension Canoeing Swimming (Elite)
Flexion Rowing Triathlon
Lateral
Rotation
Swimming (Youth) Throwing
Science & Triathlon - Sabine Pรถller: Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes
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Comparison of Sports Women
[Percent]
105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 Extension Canoeing Swimming (Elite)
Flexion
Lateral
Rowing Triathlon
Rotation
Swimming (Youth) Throwing
Science & Triathlon - Sabine Pรถller: Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes
Single Cases
Male (17), Regional Squad
Male (20), Regional Squad
Female (22), National Squad
Female (27), National Squad
Science & Triathlon - Sabine Pรถller: Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes
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Summary Men have a good performance level, women have
significant deficits - explanation? No significant differences by age and training Trunk strength training with complex, alternative training methods Good analysis of the trunk strength possible with this test
Science & Triathlon - Sabine Pöller: Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes
Future Research With ongoing testing, clarification of the trend in the
longitudinal section Training intervention studies Benchmarks for triathletes Correlation of dysbalances and laterality Correlation of flexibility and strength performance I Impact t on the th competition titi result lt Standardized recording of strength training
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
contact: sabine.poeller@gmail.com
Science & Triathlon - Sabine Pöller: Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes
References Bourban, P., Hübner, K., Tschopp, M. & Marti, B. (2001). Grundkraftanforderungen im Spitzensport: Ergebnisse eines 3-teiligen Rumpfkrafttests. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin und Sporttraumatologie, 49 (2), 73-78. Cowley, P. M., Fitzgerald, S., Sottung, K., & Swensen, T. (2009). Age, Weight, and the Front Abdominal Power Test as g and Work in Young g Men and Women. Journal off Strength g and Predictors of Isokinetic Trunk Strength Conditioning Research, 23, 915-925. Denner, A. (1995). Muskuläre Profile der Wirbelsäule. Band 1: Grundlagen. Köln: Sport und Buch Strauß. Fröhlich, M. & Pieter, A. (2009). Cohen’s Effektstärken als Mass der Bewertung von praktischer Relevanz – Implikationen für die Praxis. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin und Sporttraumatologie, 57, 139-142. Nikolenko, M., Brown, L. E., Coburn, J. W., Spiering, B.A. & Tran, T. T. (2011). Relationship between Core Power and Mesures of Sport Performance. Kinesiology, 43 (2), 163-168. Prochnow, C. (2011). Entwicklung eines Trainingskonzepts zum spezifischen Krafttraining in der Sportart Triathlon im Hochleistungstraining. Studienarbeit, Trainerakademie Köln. Santana, J. (2005). Strength Training for Swimmers: Training the Core. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 27 (2), 40-42. Sato, K. & Mokha, M. (2009). Does Core Strength Training Influence Running Kinetics, Lower-Extremity Stability, and 5000-m Performance in Runners? Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23, 133-140. Tittel, K. (2003). Beschreibende und funktionelle Anatomie des Menschen (14., völlig überarb. und erw. Aufl.). München, Jena: Urban und Fischer. Tschopp, M. (2003). Leistungsdiagnostik Kraft. Magglingen: Swiss Olympic. Verdonck, A. J., Höltke, V. & Theek, C. (1997). Isokinetische Kraftleistungsdiagnostik der Rumpfextensoren und – flexoren. Eine Untersuchung bei Hochleistungsschwimmern und Eistänzern/Eiskunstläufern der nationalen Spitzenklasse. Leistungssport, 27 (4), 39-44. Vincent, W. (1995). Statistics in kinesiology. Champaign: Human Kinetics. Weineck, J. (2000). Optimales Training : leistungsphysiologische Trainingslehre unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Kinder- und Jugendtrainings (11. Aufl.). Balingen: Spitta-Verlag. Witt, M. (2009, Oktober). Biomechanische Diagnostik selbstständig durchführen: Rumpfkraft. Vorlesung Masterstudiengang Sportwissenschaft an der Universität Leipzig. Zatsiorsky, V. M. & Kraemer, W. J. (2008). Krafttraining, Praxis und Wissenschaft. Aachen: Meyer & Meyer.
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Development over one year [Percent]
130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60
*
Extension
*
Flexion
Lateral left Lateral right Rotation left 1 Test 1.
Extension
Flexion
p
.024
.888
d
.70
.03
*
Lateral left .000 1.29
Rotation right
2 Test 2. Lateral right .000
Rotation left .155
.80
Rotation right .064
.28
.44
Science & Triathlon - Sabine Pöller: Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes
Upper Body Torque by Zatsiorsky (1984, in Witt, 2009) needed: body mass (BM), body height (BH) and upper body
length (UBL). (UBL)
Women upper body mass (UBM) = -21.084 + 0.326 BM + 0.2155 BH Men upper body mass (UBM) = 10.0974 + 0.62064 BM - 0.06562 BH individual upper body torque = 0.45 UBL/100 * 9.81 UBM Expected: Extension : Flexion – 2:1, Flexion : Lateral – 1:1,
Flexion : Rotation – 1:0,7
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Training Examples
(Prochnow, 2011; Eggert, 2011) Science & Triathlon - Sabine Pรถller: Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes
Instrument and Measurement
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Kraftformen Motorische Kraft=Maximalkraft, Schnellkraft und
Kraftausdauer (Letzelter & Letzelter, 1986) Maximalkraft lk f =Basisfähigkeit, f h k Anteill an d der Absolutkraft, b l k f der willkürlich aktiviert werden kann (Bührle, 1985) Tab. : Erscheinungsformen und leistungsbestimmende Faktoren der Muskelkraft (nach Schmidtbleicher) Maximalkraft
Schnellkraft
Kraftausdauer
Reaktives Kraftverhalten
Muskelquerschnitt
Maximalkraft f
Maximalkraft f
Elastische Eigenschaften
Muskelfaserspektrum
Explosivkraft
Ermüdungswiderstandsfähigkeit
Reflexverhalten
willkürliche Aktivierungsfähigkeit
Startkraft
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Science & Triathlon - Sabine Pรถller: Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes
Science & Triathlon - Sabine Pรถller: Diagnostic and Evaluation of the Core Strength of Triathletes
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