14.02.2013
Characterization of Different Front Crawl Variations Used by Triathletes Tatiane Gorski1, Pedro Figueiredo2 Zurich 1: Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic Diseases 1: Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic Diseases, Zurich, Switzerland; 2: Higher Education Institute of Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal.
Introduction
Triathlon Cumulative effects of 3 disciplines and interference (Peeling & Landers, 2009)
Effect of cycling on running (Distribution of) Intensity (Suriano et al., 2007; Bonacci et al., 2011; Etxebarria et al., 2013)
Cadence (Bernard et al., al 2003; Vercruyssen et al., al 2005)
Nutritional strategies (McGawley, Shannon & Betts, 2012)
Cycle frame ergonomics (Garside & Doran, 2000; Silder, Gleason & Thelen, 2011; Bisi et al., 2012)
Drafting (Vercruyssen et al., 2002)
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Introduction
Swimming in Triathlon Low correlation swimming time x total time (Dengel et al., 1989)
Swimming intensity cycling performance (Peeling, Bishop & Landers, 2005)
Swimming position final position (best athletes faster at early stages) Inferior swimming performance effort during cycling running performance (Vleck, Bürgi & Bentley, 2006)
Introduction
Swimming in Triathlon
Different technical abilities, wetsuit, drafting, specific strategy and preparation for the (Bentley et al., 2002; Millet & Vleck, 2010) swimming‐cycling transition
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Introduction
Swimming in Triathlon
Pelling & Landers, 2007
Delextrat et al., 2003
Different technical abilities, wetsuit, drafting, specific strategy and preparation for the (Bentley et al., 2002; Millet & Vleck, 2010) swimming‐cycling transition
Introduction
Swimming in Triathlon
Aim: comparing biomechanical and coordinative parameters of different front‐crawl variations used in triathlon races. Different technical abilities, wetsuit, drafting, specific strategy and preparation for the (Bentley et al., 2002; Millet & Vleck, 2010) swimming‐cycling transition
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Methods
Participants / Protocol 8 male triathletes (19.8 ± 1.9 years, 65.8 ± 4.3 kg, 1.78 ± 0.03 m) 6 x 25‐m maximal tests (pause = 5 min)
In apnea (CR) Breathing to the right side (CR_R) Breathing to the left side (CR_L) With the head out of the water (HO) HO breathing to the right side (HO_R) HO breathing to the left side (HO_L)
Methods
Data collection Two cameras (frontal/lateral, under the water) Digitization of 18 anatomical landmarks 2D reconstruction Index of coordination (IdC)
Mass center velocity (v) Stroke length (SL)
Stroke frequency(S F)
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Methods
Index of Coordination (Chollet et al., 2000) Upper‐limbs coordination Time between propulsive and non‐propulsive phases
Entry and catch Pull Push Recovery
Under the water
Out of the water
IdC = time lag between propulsion of the two arms 0: opposition % of total stroke cycle <0: “catch‐up” >0: superposition
Methods
Videos
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Methods
Statistics Repeated‐measures ANOVA Bonferroni post‐hoc P<0.05 0. ) Stata ((10.1)
Results
Characterization of front‐crawl variations CR
CR_R
CR_L
HO
HO_R
HO_L
V (m*s‐1)
1.60 ± 0.10
1.57 ± 0.12
1.56 ± 0.12
1.48 ± 0.12ab
1.48 ± 0.13a
1.53 ± 0.16
SL (m)
2.14 ± 0.13
2.11 ± 0.08
2.23 ± 0.14
1.69 ± 0.08a,b,c
2.19 ± 0.21d
2.25 ± 0.08bd
SF (Hz)
0.76 ± 0.08
0.76 ± 0.08
0.70 ± 0.07
0.87 ± 0.08abc
0.69 ± 0.06a,b,d
0.68 ± 0.7a,b,d
IdC (%)
‐10.2 ± 3.6
‐10.8 ±3.6
‐13.3 ±3.5
‐10.6 ±6.7
‐11.0 ±5.5
‐13.9 ±1.9
a,b,c,d Significantly different from CR, CR_R, CR_L, and POLO, respectively (p<0.05).
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Discussion
Head under vs. out of water Differences in v, SL and SF = water polo players (Zamparo & Falco, 2010)
In HO: SL SF ~ water polo players Not sufficient to reach CR v.
(Zamparo & Falco, 2010; de Jesus et al., 2012)
Discussion
Breathing patterns Head under the water: no differences Specific training Open water swimming: breathing frequently
Head out of the water: differences! Head rotation
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Discussion
Index of Coordination > swimmers / < water polo players No differences between technical variations (Alberty et al., 2005)
(de Jesus et al., 2012)
≠ Swimmers (Seifert et al., 2008)
Specialization + training specificity Longer distances Swimmers: IdC over 200 m
(Alberty et al., 2005)
Triathletes: Effect of velocity (Millet et al., 2002; Chollet et al., 2003)
Conclusion Differences in biomechanical, but not in coordinative parameters HO: SF compensating SL Breathing patterns affecting HO swimming, but not front‐crawl
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Practical Application Training all technical variations used during competition “Swimming technique should be the groundwork in the multi‐year planning AND should be f focussed d on in i each h training i i session” i ” (Olbrecht, 2011) Technical improvement performance
Thank you!
tatigorski@gmail.com
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