12th Annual TSAE Abstract (International) by สมาคมวิศวกรรมเกษตรแห่งประเทศไทย

NOVELTY CLEAN and SUSTAINABLE

International Conference on Agricultural Engineering March 31 - April 1, 2011 Cholchan Pattaya Resort Hotel, Cholburi, Thailand

Organized by Thai Society of Agricultural Engineering (TSAE) & Agricultural Engineering Program Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering King Mongkutâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL) Bangkok, Thailand

Message from Chairman of the conference organizing committees

On behalf of the conference organizing committees, I would like to thank the Thai Society of Agricultural Engineering for the honor of hosting the “12th TSAE Annual Conference” and “International Conference on Agricultural Engineering” granted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering (Agricultural Engineering Program), Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang. The theme of the conference is “Novelty, Clean, and Sustainable” which aims to coincide with current situations. Moreover, it seeks to support the extension of research paper on innovation and novelty in reducing global warming (clean technology) for sustainable development. It is hoped that academicians, researchers, students, and all participants will use this opportunity to exchange knowledge and experience for the development of various fields of agricultural engineering. Again, the conference organizing committee would like to thank all the scholars who sacrificed their valuable time for editing articles. Appreciation is also due to all researchers, academicians, participants, concerned government personnel and private agencies in making the meeting successful.

(Asst.Prof.Songvoot Sangchan, Ph.D.)

Message from the TSAE President The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations reports that an insufficient food crisis occurred in 37 countries around the world and the price index of agricultural products has continuously increased. The increase of world population which is estimated to be up to 9,000 million indicates obviously that there is an increasing demand of food, needs of safety food, reserve food, preserve food; and also agricultural products for renewable energy of which there is a numerous demand at present and in the future. Thailand, one of the major food producing countries in the world, is now in the shortage of agricultural labor. The Office of Agricultural Economics reports that at present the population of Thai farmers has decreased from 60% to 20% of the total population; and the average age of farmers is approximately 57 years old and trend to be increased. The abovementioned circumstances that the world and Thailand need greater applications of agricultural machinery and agricultural & food production technologies in both farm and industrial levels. Apparently, the world and Thailand in particular need developments of engineering which support through the stream line of agriculture such as soil preparation, planting, plant protection, irrigation, fertilization, harvesting, storage, logistics, transportation, food processing and food preservation or even energy crops production which are continuously increasing. It cannot be denied that agricultural engineering is the engineering discipline that integrates engineering science and technology to direct usefulness for survival of mankind in modern world. The roles and importance of agricultural engineering are rising; and it can not be ignored since human beings still need comfort, convenience and the better quality of life as well as food supplies. The International Thai Society Engineering Conference 2011: Novelty, Clean and Sustainable held on March 31 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; April 1, 2011 at Pattaya, Thailand is organized amid the food and energy crisis of many countries in the world. This appears to be an obvious reaffirmation of the importance of developments in agricultural engineering for agricultural production. The research and extension parts are a key to success in agricultural engineering which exactly strengthens the agricultural sector in the world.

(Mrs. Dares Kittiyopas) President Thai Society of Agricultural Engineering

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10900 0 2940 6183 0 2940 6185 address: Agricultural Engineering Promotion Division Phaholyothin Rd., Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, THAILAND. Tel +66-2940-6183, Fax +662940-6185 www.tsae.asia

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Biomass liquefaction by fast pyrolysis: A preparation step for the production of fuels and chemicals in the bioliq process Nicole TRÖGER, Nicolaus DAHMEN and Eckhard DINJUS Development of a Calorimetric Method by Using Thermodynamically Open System Chiharu UMEZAKI, Warachit PHAYOM and Munehiro TANAKA Feasibility Study of Determination of the Heating Value by an Open System Calorimeter Warachit PHAYOM, Chiharu UMEZAKI and Munehiro TANAKA Disinfection of Polluted Water with Solar Energy for Rural and Remote Communities Ahmed. A. HASSANAIN Drying Sage in Passive Solar Dryers Ahmed. A. HASSANAIN Some Construction Parameters of Unglazed Perforated Solar Dryers for Medicinal Plants Ahmed A. HASSANAIN Design of a Solar Dish Collector with the Tracking System Sutapat KWANKAOMENG, Panya KANSUWAN, Petch JANBANJONG, Rat PINMAS, Rungpunsa MANEEKHAO and Wittaya TECHACHEEWAPONG Modelling of Energy System Based on Biomass in Turkey Bülent SEZER and Ahmet ÇOLAK Study of Parametric and Non-parametric Energy Efficiency in Potato Production Narges BANAEIAN and Morteza ZANGENEH Assessment of irrigated and dryland barley productive efficiency in Iran using Data Envelopment Analysis Narges BANAEIAN and Morteza ZANGENEH Effect of qualitative factors on productive efficiency of potato producers Narges BANAEIAN and Morteza ZANGENEH State the art of private biomass thermal gasification plants in Thailand Chakkawan BOONWAN and Natthakich ASSANEE A comparative study on energy use efficiency of canola production under different farming technologies Seyed Hashem MOUSAVI-AVVA and Shahin RAFIEE, Ali JAFARI The relationship between field operational energy and canola production; a case study of Golestan province, Iran Seyed Hashem MOUSAVI-AVVAL and Shahin RAFIEE, Ali JAFARI Developing an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Model for Predicting Soybean Yield from Field Operational Energy Seyed Hashem MOUSAVI-AVVAL and Shahin RAFIEE, Ali JAFARI Determination of Technical Efficiency of Agricultural Sector in the Middle East: The Application of Ideal Data Envelope Analysis Farzad KARIMI, Hossein PIRASTEH and Mehdi ZAHEDI KEYVAN Agricultural Risk Management Tool for Achieving Sustainable Development in This Sector Masoud Hekmat Ahmad Reza Ommani Mohamad Aghapou Crisis Management Evaluate and Identification to Reach the Sustainable Agriculture Masoud Hekmat Ahmad Reza Ommani Azadeh Noor Allah Noorivandi Strategic Management modern strategy to achieve sustainable development in agricultural sector Masoud Hekmat Ahmad Reza Ommani Seied Jamal Farjolah Hoseini

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Japan

Egypt

Thailand

Turkey

Iran

Thailand

Iran

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Effect of subsurface porous clay pipe irrigation on solute dynamics in a loamy soil A. A. SIYAL The Salt Movement on Soil Profile at Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation Method Applications Nizamettin Ç FTÇ and Nurcan Ç V C O LU Agricultural Water Management and Main Irrigation Problems in Turkey Nizamettin Ç FTÇ Bilal ACAR and Mehmet AH N Irrigation Water Management in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions “Sample of Konya” Mehmet AH N, Nizamettin Ç FTÇ Sinan SÜHER , Duran YAVUZ and Nurcan Ç V C O LU Different Irrigation Programs Affect Sugar Beet Yield, Quality and Water Use Efficiency in Middle Anatolian, Turkey Ramazan TOPAK, Mustafa POÇAN and Bilal ACAR Management options to use highly saline-sodic water for irrigation Younes Daw EZLIT, Rod SMITH and Steven RAINE Yield Response Model of Selected Bio-fuel Crops to Irrigation Maryjane T. SALVADOR and Ireneo C. AGULTO Optimal Crop Planning based on Flood Risk Modeling for Delta Region of Mahanadi River Basin Dibyendu SAMANTARAY, Chandranath CHATTERJEE and Rajendra SINGH Risk Mapping of Groundwater quality and water Resources Carlos PASCUAL and Osman BABIKER Comparison of two GPR frequencies in estimating volumetric soil moisture content in raised bed agricultural fields Senani WIJEWARDANA and Lakshman GALAGEDARA Constraction of artificial profiles of soil and improving soil productivity Behzad MOHAMMADZADEH, Homayoun VISTAMEHR and Zahra Derakhshan NEJAD Characterization of Soil and Yield Spatial Variability Using Geostatistics Mohammad RAFIEIOLHOSSAINI and Mohammad H. SALEHI Determination of selenium levels in soils and wheats in Turkey Mustafa HARMANKAYA, Sait GEZGiN and Ismail CAKMAK Validation of Blaney-Morin-Nigeria (BMN) Model in Estimating Crop Water Use of Jute Mallow (Corchorus olitorius) Christopher Oluwakunmi AKINBILE Optimum Design of Lateral Intakes for Irrigation Application M. Shafai BEJESTAN, M. Karami MOGHADDAM and M.SEYEDIAN The effects of artificial recharge on groundwater quality (Case study: “Shendabad coastal aquifer” in Iran) Amir. SAFI, Morteza. MOUSAVI, S. Rasoul. HOSEINLAR and Milad. EBRAHIMI Determining water balance of aquifer and analysis of its correctness (Case study: “Shendabad” coastal aquifer in Iran) Amir SAFI, M.Amir ROOZBAHANI, Morteza MOUSAVI and Salman TAVASOLI The strategies for facing the effects of inappropriate groundwater management in Iran Amir SAFI, M.Amir ROOZBAHANI, Morteza MOUSAVI and Salman TAVASOLI Experimental Investigation of The Neighboring Water Intakes Performances on Vortex Mechanism Case Study of Gotvand Oliya Dam in Iran Saeid Sanati MONFARED, Mohammad Reza KAVIANPOUR and Reza ROSHAN

Pakistan

Turkey

Libya

Philippines

India

Sudan

Sri Lanka

Iran

Turkey

Nigeria

Iran

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Numerical Investigation of Sedimentation at River Lateral Intakes by SSIIM2 H. SHAMLOO, A. ASNAASHARI, B. PIRZADEH Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Submerged Vanes and Spur Dikes on Sediment Control at Lateral Intakes H. SHAMLOO, A. ASNAASHARI, B. PIRZADEH Numerical Investigation of Hydraulics and Sedimentation of the Flow at River Side Pumping Stations H. SHAMLOO, A. ASNAASHARI, B. PIRZADEH Comparison Analysis of Class ‘A’ Pan and Piche Evaporimeters for Evaporation Measurements under Inaccurate Data Conditions in Akure, Nigeria Christopher Oluwakunmi AKINBILE*1, 2 and Mohd Suffian YUSOFF1 Risk of Soil and Water Pollution by Heavy Metals in Landfill Leachate B.G. N. SEWWANDI,S.S.R.M.D.H.R WIJESEKARA, Anushka RAJAPAKSHA, M.I.M. MOWJOOD and Meththika VITHANAGE Application of equilibrium and noequilibrium solute movement equations to simulate nitrate movement in soil by HYDRUS-1D model Zahra derakhshan Nejad, Gholamabbas SAYYAD, Alireza JAFARNEJADI and Ali ASSAREH Toxic metals in soils contaminated by landfill leachate in Kandy area, Sri Lanka S.S.R.M.D.H.R WIJESEKARA, R. M. A. U. RAJAPAKSHA1, I. P.L JAYARATHNE, B.F.A BASNAYAKE and Meththika VITHANAGE Effect of bulking materials on chemical quality of sewage sludge vermicompost Kazem HASHEMIMAJD Effect of post harvest operations on seed quality of urdbean (Vigna mungo L.) Ashish LAMBAT, Pravin CHARDE, Rajesh GADEWAR, Sanjiv CHARJAN, Konglath CHERIAN and Prachi LAMBAT Prediction of soluble solids content in cut watermelons using near infrared spectroscopy Panmanas SIRISOMBOON and Sarid CHURCHART Evaluation of dry rubber content of concentrated latex by Near-infrared Spectroscopy Panmanas SIRISOMBOON and Apidul KEAWKUPTON Mango Maturity Classification by using Physical Properties Panitnat YIMYAM, Somkit JAITRONG and Panmanas SIRISOMBOON Post harvest dormancy in Mungbean (Phaseolous mungo L.) and their methods to overcome Pravin CHARDE, Konglath CHERIAN, Ashish LAMBAT, Rajesh GADEWAR, Prabhakar BHANDARI, Sanjiv CHARJAN and Prachi LAMBAT Post Harvest Losses in Qualities of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan L.) seed due to Pulse Beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis) Infestation Rajesh GADEWAR, Ashish LAMBAT, Sanjiv CHARJAN, Pravin CHARDE, Konglath CHERIAN and Prachi LAMBAT Effect of Dropping Surface and Multiple Drops on Damage of Lime in Cold Storage Pattarachai VICHAIYA Adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Blue R dye on activated carbon produced from corn cob: Equilibrium and kinetic study Tan Chai Yun EVELYN, Olugbenga Solomon BELLO and Mohd Azmier AHMAD The optimal condition for coconut flakes dryer with vacuum and infrared heater Panmanas SIRISOMBOON and Mongkol SKUNTHONGARLAM Changing of physical properties of chilli using two-stage drying temperature Pianpan SUPAKOT, Wiriya PHOMKONG and Ekasit ONSAARD Effect of Seed Size and Storage time on Soyabean Seed Qualities Sanjiv CHARJAN, Vandan MOHOD, Shashikant ROKADE, Rajesh GADEWAR, Ashish LAMBAT and Pravin CHARDE

Iran

Nigeria

Sri Lanka

Iran

Sri Lanka

Iran

India

Thailand

India

Thailand

Nigeria

Thailand

India

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A Study and Comparison of Mathematical modeling for Drying of Tomato Amin TAHERI-GARAVAND, Shahin RAFIEE, Ailreza KEYHANI Removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue Reactive dye from aqueous solution using oil palm fruit fibre: Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. Olugbenga Solomon BELLO, Mohd Azmier AHMAD Physical properties and mechanical behavior under compressive loading of Green Walnut S. HABIBU, A. JAFARI and H. MOBILI Some Physical and mechanical properties of Hawthorn fruit S. HABIBU, A. JAFARI and H. MOBILI The Effects of Moisture Content on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Walnut Cultivars S. HABIBU, A. JAFARI and H. MOBILI Work Study in Flower Packing House Supakit SAYASOONTHORN, Michael Ayodele OMODARA and Shuaeeb Niyi OYEWOLE Wheat Class Identification Using LBP, LSP and LSN Textural Features and Monochrome Images Mohammad-Hossein Abbaspour- Fard, Alireza Pourreza, Hamidreza Pourreza, Hassan Sadrnia Lactic acid bacteria from fermented fish with high salt preservation Sukuma THIENCHAI, Saipin CHAIYANAN Properties of coconut fiber/fish protein biocomposite with different lignin content Chayanit CHAISARANPAT, Thiranan KUNANOPPARAT and Suwit SIRIWATTANAYOTIN Glass Transition of Cassava Starch during Pneumatic Conveying Drying Sawanit AICHAYAWANICH, Montira NOPHARATANA, Annop NOPHARATANA and Warinthorn SONGKASIRI Using the Six Sigma Method to Improve Soil Inversion in Tillage by Moldboard Plow Majid NAMDARI, Shahin RAFIEE and Ali JAFARI The Affect of the Cassava Physical Properties to the Harvester Design Danuwat THANGDEE and Seree WONGPICHET Design, development and performance test of a PTO (power take-off) driven mobile biomass shredder Sylvester A. BADUA, Ireneo C. Agulto , Victorino T. TAYLAN, Emmanuel V. SICAT and Angelito V. ANGELES Experimental Investigation of a Free-Piston Stirling Engine Sutapat KWANKAOMENG, Banterng SILPSAKOOLSOOK and Tisakorn KAWEEMONGKOLRAT Sediment Shape Characterization Using Digital Image Processing Bim Prasad SHRESTHA, Laxman POUDEL, Bhola THAPA and Nabin Kumar SHRESTHA Modeling Effects of Agricultural Machinery Availability on Sugar beet Yield in Iran Narges BANAEIAN and Morteza ZANGENEH Effect of Agricultural Mechanization on Corn Production of Iran Narges BANAEIAN and Morteza ZANGENEH An analysis of labour and machinery productivities for the major oilseed crops in Iran Seyed Hashem MOUSAVI-AVVAL, Shahin RAFIEE and Ali JAFARI An analysis of agricultural mechanization indicators in sunflower production in Iran Seyed Hashem MOUSAVI-AVVAL, Shahin RAFIEE and Ali JAFARI

Iran

Malaysia

Iran

Thailand

Iran

Thailand

Iran

Thailand

Philippines

Thailand

Nepal

Iran

International Conference on Agricultural Engineering (TSAE2011) “Novelty, Clean and Sustainable” 31th March – 1st April 2011, Chol Chan Pattaya Resort, Cholburi Organized by The Co-Operation of The Thai Society of Agricultural Engineering and Curriculum of Agricultural Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL). 31st March, 2011 Chalalai Room 08.30-09.30 Registration 09.30-09.45 Welcome remark By Assoc. Prof. Suchatchavee Suwansawat, Dean of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang. 09.45-10.00 TSAE conference By Mrs. Dares Kittiyopas, President of the TSAE 10.00-10.20 Opening Ceremony By H.E. General Surayud Chulanont, Privy Council and Chancellor of King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Council. Coffee Break 10.20-10.35 10.35-11.30 Keynote Speech 1 on "Biofuels and eatable pesticides - new technologies for friendly alternatives" By Dr. Samuel Gan-Mor (Head of The Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization, ISRAEL). 11.30-12.00 Keynote Speech 2 on "BAAC and clean innovation for sustainability (Tree-bank project)" (in Thai) By Mr. Luck Wajanawat (Board member and president of Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC)) Lunch Break 12.00-13.00 Paper presentation, 13.00-16.30 Annual meeting the Thai Society of Agricultural Engineering 16.30-17.30 Welcome party at the Chomview garden (If there is rain, we will move to Chalalai room) 18.00-21.00 1st April, 2011 Chalalai Room Closing ceremony and granting best paper award 16.00-16.30

31st March, Natee Room

Chairman

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Munehiro Tanaka, Saga University

Japan

13.00-13.15

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Biomass liquefaction by fast pyrolysis: A preparation step for the production of fuels and chemicals in the bioliq process Nicole TRÖGER, Nicolaus DAHMEN and Eckhard DINJUS

Germany

13.15-13.30

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Japan

13.30-13.45

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13.45-14.00

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Development of a Calorimetric Method by Using Thermodynamically Open System Chiharu UMEZAKI, Warachit PHAYOM and Munehiro TANAKA Feasibility Study of Determination of the Heating Value by an Open System Calorimeter Warachit PHAYOM, Chiharu UMEZAKI and Munehiro TANAKA Disinfection of Polluted Water with Solar Energy for Rural and Remote Communities Ahmed. A. HASSANAIN

14.00-14.15

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Drying Sage in Passive Solar Dryers Ahmed. A. HASSANAIN

Egypt

14.15-14.30

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Some Construction Parameters of Unglazed Perforated Solar Dryers for Medicinal Plants Ahmed A. HASSANAIN

Egypt

14.30-14.45

Coffee Break

Chairman

Assist. Prof. Dr. Sutapat Kwankaomeng, King Mongkut’s Institute Thailand of Technology Ladkrabang

14.45-15.00

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Study of Parametric and Non-parametric Energy Efficiency in Potato Production Narges BANAEIAN and Morteza ZANGENEH

Iran

15.30-15.45

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Assessment of irrigated and dryland barley productive efficiency in Iran using Data Envelopment Analysis Narges BANAEIAN and Morteza ZANGENEH

Iran

15.45-16.00

EP 004

Effect of qualitative factors on productive efficiency of potato producers Narges BANAEIAN and Morteza ZANGENEH

Iran

16.00-16.15

EP 005

State the art of private biomass thermal gasification plants in Thailand Chakkawan BOONWAN and Natthakich ASSANEE

Thailand

16.15-16.30

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Design of a Solar Dish Collector with the Tracking System Sutapat KWANKAOMENG, Panya KANSUWAN, Petch JANBANJONG, Rat PINMAS, Rungpunsa MANEEKHAO and Wittaya TECHACHEEWAPONG Modelling of Energy System Based on Biomass in Turkey Bülent SEZER and Ahmet ÇOLAK

Determination of Technical Efficiency of Agricultural Sector in the Middle East: The Application of Ideal Data Envelope Analysis Farzad KARIMI, Hossein PIRASTEH and Mehdi ZAHEDI KEYVAN Meeting of Scientific Committee for selection of best paper award

Japan

Egypt

Thailand

Turkey

Iran

31st March, Waree Room

Chairman

Assoc. Prof. Kittipong Vuthijumnonk, Maejo University

Thailand

13.00-13.15

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Pakistan

13.15-13.30

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Effect of subsurface porous clay pipe irrigation on solute dynamics in a loamy soil A. A. SIYAL SW 002 The Salt Movement on Soil Profile at Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation Method Applications Nizamettin Ç FTÇ and Nurcan Ç V C O LU SW 003 Agricultural Water Management and Main Irrigation Problems in Turkey Nizamettin Ç FTÇ Bilal ACAR and Mehmet AH N SW 004 Irrigation Water Management in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions “Sample of Konya” Mehmet AH N, Nizamettin Ç FTÇ Sinan SÜHER , Duran YAVUZ and Nurcan Ç V C O LU SW 005 Different Irrigation Programs Affect Sugar Beet Yield, Quality and Water Use Efficiency in Middle Anatolian, Turkey Ramazan TOPAK, Mustafa POÇAN and Bilal ACAR SW 006 Management options to use highly saline-sodic water for irrigation Younes Daw EZLIT, Rod SMITH and Steven RAINE Coffee Break

Turkey

Libya

Chairman

Prof. Dr. A.A. Siyal, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam

Pakistan

14.45-15.00

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Yield Response Model of Selected Bio-fuel Crops to Irrigation Maryjane T. SALVADOR and Ireneo C. AGULTO Optimal Crop Planning based on Flood Risk Modeling for Delta Region of Mahanadi River Basin Dibyendu SAMANTARAY, Chandranath CHATTERJEE and Rajendra SINGH Risk Mapping of Groundwater quality and water Resources Carlos PASCUAL and Osman BABIKER Comparison of two GPR frequencies in estimating volumetric soil moisture content in raised bed agricultural fields Senani WIJEWARDANA and Lakshman GALAGEDARA Constraction of artificial profiles of soil and improving soil productivity Behzad MOHAMMADZADEH, Homayoun VISTAMEHR and Zahra Derakhshan NEJAD Characterization of Soil and Yield Spatial Variability Using Geostatistics Mohammad RAFIEIOLHOSSAINI and Mohammad H. SALEHI Determination of selenium levels in soils and wheats in Turkey Mustafa HARMANKAYA, Sait GEZGiN and Ismail CAKMAK

India

Sudan Sri Lanka

Iran

Turkey

1st April, Natee Room

Chairman

Dr. Pravin Charde, Sevadal Mahila Mahavidyalaya

India

8.30-8.45

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Iran

8.45-9.00

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A comparative study on energy use efficiency of canola production under different farming technologies Seyed Hashem MOUSAVI-AVVA and Shahin RAFIEE, Ali JAFARI EP 007 The relationship between field operational energy and canola production; a case study of Golestan province, Iran Seyed Hashem MOUSAVI-AVVAL and Shahin RAFIEE, Ali JAFARI EP 008 Developing an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Model for Predicting Soybean Yield from Field Operational Energy Seyed Hashem MOUSAVI-AVVAL and Shahin RAFIEE, Ali JAFARI ET 001 Risk of Soil and Water Pollution by Heavy Metals in Landfill Leachate B.G. N. SEWWANDI,S.S.R.M.D.H.R WIJESEKARA, Anushka RAJAPAKSHA, M.I.M. MOWJOOD and Meththika VITHANAGE ET 002 Application of equilibrium and noequilibrium solute movement equations to simulate nitrate movement in soil by HYDRUS-1D model Zahra derakhshan Nejad, Gholamabbas SAYYAD, Alireza JAFARNEJADI and Ali ASSAREH ET 003 Toxic metals in soils contaminated by landfill leachate in Kandy area, Sri Lanka S.S.R.M.D.H.R WIJESEKARA, R. M. A. U. RAJAPAKSHA1, I. P.L JAYARATHNE, B.F.A BASNAYAKE and Meththika VITHANAGE Coffee Break

Iran

Sri Lanka

Iran

Sri Lanka

Chairman

Dr. Prasan Chumjaiharn, King Mongkutâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang

Thailand

10.15-10.30

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Effect of bulking materials on chemical quality of sewage sludge vermicompost Kazem HASHEMIMAJD Effect of post harvest operations on seed quality of urdbean (Vigna mungo L.) Ashish LAMBAT, Pravin CHARDE, Rajesh GADEWAR, Sanjiv CHARJAN, Konglath CHERIAN and Prachi LAMBAT Prediction of soluble solids content in cut watermelons using near infrared spectroscopy Panmanas SIRISOMBOON and Sarid CHURCHART Evaluation of dry rubber content of concentrated latex by Nearinfrared Spectroscopy Panmanas SIRISOMBOON and Apidul KEAWKUPTON Mango Maturity Classification by using Physical Properties Panitnat YIMYAM, Somkit JAITRONG and Panmanas SIRISOMBOON Lactic acid bacteria from fermented fish with high salt preservation Sukuma THIENCHAI, Saipin CHAIYANAN Properties of coconut fiber/fish protein biocomposite with different lignin content Chayanit CHAISARANPAT, Thiranan KUNANOPPARAT and Suwit SIRIWATTANAYOTIN

India

Thailand

Thailand Thailand

1st April, Natee Room 12.00-13.00

Lunch Break

Chairman

Assist. Prof. Dr. Sunate Surbkar, Maejo University

Thailand

13.00-13.15

AF 003

Thailand

13.15-13.30

PT 005

13.30-13.45

PT 006

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Glass Transition of Cassava Starch during Pneumatic Conveying Drying Sawanit AICHAYAWANICH, Montira NOPHARATANA, Annop NOPHARATANA and Warinthorn SONGKASIRI Post harvest dormancy in Mungbean (Phaseolous mungo L.) and their methods to overcome Pravin CHARDE, Konglath CHERIAN, Ashish LAMBAT, Rajesh GADEWAR, Prabhakar BHANDARI, Sanjiv CHARJAN and Prachi LAMBAT Post Harvest Losses in Qualities of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan L.) seed due to Pulse Beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis) Infestation Rajesh GADEWAR, Ashish LAMBAT, Sanjiv CHARJAN, Pravin CHARDE, Konglath CHERIAN and Prachi LAMBAT Effect of Dropping Surface and Multiple Drops on Damage of Lime in Cold Storage Pattarachai VICHAIYA

India

Thailand

Nigeria

14.30-14.45

Adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Blue R dye on activated carbon produced from corn cob: Equilibrium and kinetic study Tan Chai Yun EVELYN, Olugbenga Solomon BELLO and Mohd Azmier AHMAD PT 009 The optimal condition for coconut flakes dryer with vacuum and infrared heater Panmanas SIRISOMBOON and Mongkol SKUNTHONGARLAM Coffee Break

Chairman

Mr. Viboon Thepent, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute

Thailand

14.45-15.00

PT 010

Thailand

15.00-15.15

PT 011

15.15-15.30

PT 012

15.30-15.45

PT 013

15.45-16.00

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PT 015

14.15-14.30

Changing of physical properties of chilli using two-stage drying temperature Pianpan SUPAKOT, Wiriya PHOMKONG and Ekasit ONSAARD Effect of Seed Size and Storage time on Soyabean Seed Qualities Sanjiv CHARJAN, Vandan MOHOD, Shashikant ROKADE, Rajesh GADEWAR, Ashish LAMBAT and Pravin CHARDE A Study and Comparison of Mathematical modeling for Drying of Tomato Amin TAHERI-GARAVAND, Shahin RAFIEE, Ailreza KEYHANI Removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue Reactive dye from aqueous solution using oil palm fruit fibre: Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. Olugbenga Solomon BELLO, Mohd Azmier AHMAD Physical properties and mechanical behavior under compressive loading of Green Walnut S. HABIBU, A. JAFARI and H. MOBILI Some Physical and mechanical properties of Hawthorn fruit S. HABIBU, A. JAFARI and H. MOBILI

Thailand

India

Iran

Malaysia

Iran

1st April, Natee Room 16.15-16.30

PT 016

16.30-16.45

PT 017

16.45-17.00

PT 018

The Effects of Moisture Content on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Walnut Cultivars S. HABIBU, A. JAFARI and H. MOBILI Work Study in Flower Packing House Supakit SAYASOONTHORN, Michael Ayodele OMODARA and Shuaeeb Niyi OYEWOLE Wheat Class Identification Using LBP, LSP and LSN Textural Features and Monochrome Images Mohammad-Hossein Abbaspour- Fard, Alireza Pourreza, Hamidreza Pourreza, Hassan Sadrnia

Iran

Thailand

Iran

1st April, Waree Room

Chairman

Prof. Dr. Nizamettin Ç FTÇ , Selcuk University

Turkey

8.30-8.45

SW 014

Nigeria

8.45-9.00

9.00-9.15

9.15-9.30

9.30-9.45

9.45-10.00

10.00-10.15

Validation of Blaney-Morin-Nigeria (BMN) Model in Estimating Crop Water Use of Jute Mallow (Corchorus olitorius) Christopher Oluwakunmi AKINBILE SW 015 Optimum Design of Lateral Intakes for Irrigation Application M. Shafai BEJESTAN, M. Karami MOGHADDAM and M.SEYEDIAN SW 016 The effects of artificial recharge on groundwater quality (Case study: “Shendabad coastal aquifer” in Iran) Amir. SAFI, Morteza. MOUSAVI, S. Rasoul. HOSEINLAR and Milad. EBRAHIMI SW 017 Determining water balance of aquifer and analysis of its correctness (Case study: “Shendabad” coastal aquifer in Iran) Amir SAFI, M.Amir ROOZBAHANI, Morteza MOUSAVI and Salman TAVASOLI SW 018 The strategies for facing the effects of inappropriate groundwater management in Iran Amir SAFI, M.Amir ROOZBAHANI, Morteza MOUSAVI and Salman TAVASOLI SW 019 Experimental Investigation of The Neighboring Water Intakes Performances on Vortex Mechanism Case Study of Gotvand Oliya Dam in Iran Saeid Sanati MONFARED, Mohammad Reza KAVIANPOUR and Reza ROSHAN Coffee Break

Iran

Chairman

Dr. Christopher Oluwakunmi AKINBILE, Federal University of Technology

Nigeria

10.15-10.30

SW 020

Iran

10.30-10.45

SW 021

10.45-11.00

SW 022

11.00-11.15

SW 023

Iran

Nigeria

1st April, Waree Room 11.15-11.30 OS 002

11.30-11.45

OS 003

11.45-12.00

OS 004

12.00-13.00

Agricultural Risk Management Tool for Achieving Sustainable Development in This Sector Masoud HEKMAT, Ahmad Reza OMMANI, Mohamad AGHAPOUR Crisis Management Evaluate and Identification to Reach the Sustainable Agriculture Masoud HEKMAT, Ahmad Reza OMMANI, Azadeh Noor Allah NOORIVANDI Strategic Management modern strategy to achieve sustainable development in agricultural sector Masoud HEKMAT, Ahmad Reza OMMANI, Seied Jamal Farjolah HOSEINI Lunch Break

Iran

1st April, Saichol Room 14.30-14.45 Coffee Break

Chairman

Assist. Prof. Dr. Siwalak Pathaveerat, Kasetsart University, Kampangsan campus

Thailand

14.45-15.00

AM 001

Iran

15.00-15.15

AM 002

15.15-15.30

AM 003

15.30-15.45

AM 004

15.45-16.00

AM 005

16.00-16.15

AM 006

16.15-16.30

AM 007

16.30-16.45

AM 008

16.45-17.00

AM 009

Using the Six Sigma Method to Improve Soil Inversion in Tillage by Moldboard Plow Majid NAMDARI, Shahin RAFIEE and Ali JAFARI The Affect of the Cassava Physical Properties to the Harvester Design Danuwat THANGDEE and Seree WONGPICHET Design, development and performance test of a PTO (power takeoff) driven mobile biomass shredder Sylvester A. BADUA, Ireneo C. Agulto , Victorino T. TAYLAN, Emmanuel V. SICAT and Angelito V. ANGELES Experimental Investigation of a Free-Piston Stirling Engine Sutapat KWANKAOMENG, Banterng SILPSAKOOLSOOK and Tisakorn KAWEEMONGKOLRAT Sediment Shape Characterization Using Digital Image Processing Bim Prasad SHRESTHA, Laxman POUDEL, Bhola THAPA and Nabin Kumar SHRESTHA Modeling Effects of Agricultural Machinery Availability on Sugar beet Yield in Iran Narges BANAEIAN and Morteza ZANGENEH Effect of Agricultural Mechanization on Corn Production of Iran Narges BANAEIAN and Morteza ZANGENEH An analysis of labour and machinery productivities for the major oilseed crops in Iran Seyed Hashem MOUSAVI-AVVAL, Shahin RAFIEE and Ali JAFARI An analysis of agricultural mechanization indicators in sunflower production in Iran Seyed Hashem MOUSAVI-AVVAL, Shahin RAFIEE and Ali JAFARI

Thailand

Philippines

Thailand

Nepal

Iran

Iran Iran

Iran

Abstract International Conference on Agricultural Engineering March 31 – April 1, 2011

“NOVELTY CLEAN and SUSTAINABLE”

The 12th Annual Conference of Thai Society of Agricultural Engineering “International Conference on Agricultural Engineering” (Novelty, Clean and Sustainable) Chon-Chan Pattaya Resort, Chonburi, Thailand; 31 March-1 April 2011

Biomass liquefaction by fast pyrolysis : A preparation step for the production of fuels and chemicals in the bioliq process Nicole TRÖGER*, Nicolaus DAHMEN, Eckhard DINJUS Abstract In near future biofuels could replace a part of fossil energy carriers. Therefore, renewable raw materials like straw and other agricultural residues have to be made accessible to industrial users for the production of fuels and chemicals. Biomass is the only renewable carbon resource and in addition, it has numerous environmental and climate relevant benefits. The Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) has developed the bioliq® process to convert available residual biomass into synthetic fuels. The overall bioliq® process consists of several steps: decentralized fast pyrolysis of the dry biomass produces a bioliqSynCrude® increasing the energy density of the material by the factor of ~10. Fast pyrolysis has been chosen as a simple and cheap liquefaction step for ligno-cellulosic biomass. The LR-mixer reactor known from other technical applications was found to be well suited also for biomass fast pyrolysis. The pumpable, homogenous bioliqSynCrude® of pyrolysis liquids with high loadings of pyrolysis char powder has been prepared with colloid mixers. In the next step the bioliqSynCrude® is then transported to a centralized pressurized gasification unit followed by gas cleaning plus conditioning and different synthesis pathways. The process chain allows besides the production of biofuels manufacturing synthesis gas, hydrogen, methane, and bulk chemicals. A pilot plant is constructed and operated at KIT to demonstrate the complete process chain from ‘straw bales to the filling station’. [Keywords] fast pyrolysis, gasification, synthesis

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (49)721-608-2-6505; Fax: (49)721-608-2-2444 E-mail address: Nicole.troeger@kit.edu Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute, Institut für Katalyseforschung und -technologie, Karlsruhe, Germany

The 12th Annual Conference of Thai Society of Agricultural Engineering â&#x20AC;&#x153;International Conference on Agricultural Engineeringâ&#x20AC;? (Novelty, Clean and Sustainable) Chon-Chan Pattaya Resort, Chonburi, Thailand; 31 March-1 April 2011

Development of a Calorimetric Method by Using Thermodynamically Open System Chiharu Umezaki1, Warachit Phayom2, Munehiro Tanaka*1 Abstract A calorimetric method by using simple thermodynamically open system calorimeter was studied and construction details were presented. Using this simple calorimeter and theoretical calculations of the mass and energy balances were expected to be useful for determining the energy content of biomass solid fuel. The material to be estimated the energy content with this instrument was small particles. The method allowed measurements of the mass flow in and out from the reactor, including residue material mass. It also measured the amount of energy output from the reactor; energy output due to transfer into water (gained heat output), sensible heat of flue gas (flue gas output), Energy outputs due to evaporation of water formed from H2 in material and due to moisture present in material (condensed water output), energy output due to transfer from the surface of the instrument to the atmosphere (conduction, convection and radiation output), flammable material unburned (unburned output) and incomplete combustion of material (incomplete combustion output) which looked at the remaining residue (combustion chamber output), and energy output which was unaccounted for (other outputs), where the flue gas compositions were estimated by Gas Chromatography. All results were gathered to analyze the heating value, the most of heat output was achieved from the combustion chamber output, the gained heat output, and the other output. [Keywords] biomass solid fuel, open system calorimeter, energy balance, mass balance

* Corresponding author, E-mail address: mune@cc.saga-u.ac.jp 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, Japan, 840-8502 2 The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Saga, Japan, 840-8502

Feasibility Study of Determination of the Heating Value by an Open System Calorimeter Warachit Phayom1, Chiharu Umezaki2, Munehiro Tanaka*2 Abstract Recently, many researchers have studied renewable energy, and heating value is one of the most important properties to indicate energy content in materials. Hence, this study evaluated the feasibility of using an open system calorimeter (OSC) to determine higher heating value, because OSC is cost effective, easy to build, and requires little maintenance. Rice straw was applied to estimate the higher heating value by OSC and compared with a commercial bomb calorimeter. The operation time by OSC was 30 min in a sample and sample weight should keep under 0.3 g, which was larger than in the case of commercial bomb calorimeter, but operation time was similar between both. The heating values by OSC were analyzed by mass and heat balance methods. By comparison with the higher heating value between OSC and commercial calorimeter for the same samples, we could know total amount of unknown heat loss which could not measured by the OSC experiment. The results showed OSC had a large volume of heat loss that might be arisen from combustion system, the interval of electric power input, the achieving of the other outputs and some leaks around the instrument. However, OSC uncertainty had quite low. Using OSC as an instrument to estimate the higher heating value, we are emphasizing on improving the construction for decreasing sum of unknown heat loss, developing a combustion system for increasing combustion efficiency. [Keywords] open system calorimeter, higher heating value, heat loss

* Corresponding author, E-mail address: mune@cc.saga-u.ac.jp 1 The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Saga, Japan, 840-8502 2 Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, Japan, 840-8502

Disinfection of Polluted Water with Solar Energy for Rural and Remote Communities Ahmed. A. HASSANAIN1 Abstract Different methods were introduced to disinfect polluted water with the solar ultra violet rays. The disinfection techniques compose of two new solar disinfection apparatuses: one was covered solar trove concentrating with rectangular enclosure box unit, while the second was parabolic concentrating uncovered unit. Bottles disinfection methods, which are advised and recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for rural and remote communities, were carried out to compare against the two disinfection apparatuses. Different sizes, colors, and bottle thickness were considered in this study. A manual sun-tracking apparatus was fabricated to allow the disinfection unit to rotate vertically and horizontally with one-degree accuracy to fit the solar altitude and azimuth angles, and at that time, the solar ray incident angle for the disinfection surface was set at zero. Results obtained from this study indicated that these designs could be used for remote and rural communities where no other sources of water disinfection were available. Covered solar trove concentrating with rectangular enclosure-box disinfection unit can be used for families in remote area. Meanwhile, the second one, parabolic concentrating uncovered unit, is mobile and easily movable. Chemical analysis showed that all disinfected polluted water samples were lower than the critical advised by the WHO for drinking water. In addition, the total count of bacteria showed the investigated units kill 100% of bacteria in the polluted water taken from many samples were addressed in the investigation. [Key Words]: Solar ultra violet rays, Disinfection, polluted water, total bacteria counts

Corresponding author: Dr. Ahmed A. Hassanain, Agriculture Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez-Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt. Tel: +20108648442. Tel: +20147811373 E-mail: a.hassanain@scuegypt.edu.eg. ahmed_hassanain@agr.suez.edu.eg.

Drying Sage in Passive Solar Dryers Ahmed. A. HASSANAIN1 Abstract Sage plants (Salvia officinals) were dried in the passive drier at different times of the year. Different passive solar driers were used to achieve the socioeconomic benefits from drying such growing medicinal plants in Sinai. These dried plants might be the source of increasing the Bedouin income instead of cannabis or marijuana especially if it is exported abroad. Four drying methods in this investigation were used to dry Sage in two seasons August and March before flowering stage. Plants were dried in Unglazed transpired passive solar drier (UPPSD), 100% exposed to direct sunrays, 50% exposure to the direct sunrays (in greenhouse drier covered with shading cloth); and 0% sunrays i.e. protected the medicinal plants from the sunrays i.e. in shaded barn. Investigations were carried out under the environmental weather conditions of Ismailia, Egypt. The study revealed that, Sage can be dried at different times of the year around before flowering stage of the plants. [Key words]: Sage, Passive solar driers, Temperature, relative humidity, drying rate and constant

1 Corresponding author: Dr. Ahmed A. Hassanain, Agriculture Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez-Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt. Tel: +20108648442. Tel: +20147811373 E-mail: a.hassanain@scuegypt.edu.eg. ahmed_hassanain@agr.suez.edu.eg.

Some Construction Parameters of Unglazed Perforated Solar Dryers for Medicinal Plants Ahmed A. HASSANAIN1 Abstract Investigations were carried out on design parameters of the unglazed perforated solar dryers for medicinal plants under the prevailing weather conditions of Ismailia, Egypt. Parameters considered in this study are; hole (perforation) diameters, and plate material and thickness. Solar drier was characterized outdoors under the prevailing weather conditions. A hole diameter of 3mm for all the investigated plates and a conditions gave the highest obtained heat exchange effectiveness. A diamond shaped holes distribution with dimensions of 29x29mm apart gave higher heat exchange effectiveness than a square shape distribution. Temperature increased above ambient per the unit of incident radiation was found as 0.016±0.001oCm2/W. That perforated surface was used as absorber in dryer constructed to dry Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). The dryer reduced the moisture content from 65% (wet basis) to 38.1 % on 8 hours at the first drying day of the 18th April, 2010. This compared with a reduction in moisture content (wet basis) from 65% to 42.2 % for samples dried in shaded area under the same prevailing weather conditions at the same time. [Key Words]: Unglazed perforated solar dryer, construction parameters, medicinal plants

Design of a Solar Dish Collector with the Tracking System Sutapat Kwankaomeng1*, Panya Kansuwan1, Petch Janbanjong2, Rat Pinmas2, Rungpunsa Maneekhao2, Wittaya Techacheewapong2 Abstract The daily average solar radiation in Thailand is 18.2 MJ/m2 - day. Solar energy, therefore, is very attractive to employ for many applications because it is free and clean energy. This project aims to design and fabricate a solar dish collector with the tracking system. The solar collector is a parabolic dish that concentrates the sunlight into a beam and focuses one hot spot which heat is gathered for utilizing. The dish is adjusted and controlled in both polar and inclination axis. The controller mechanism comprises the direct current motor to move the dish. The solar parabolic dish has diameter and projective area of 1.5 m and 1.76 m2, respectively, providing approximate power of 371 W. The tracking system is used to track the location of the sun by using global positioning system (GPS) resulting in precision and reliability. In the proof of concept device, the prototype was preliminary tested. The experimental set up was conducted. The parabolic dish surface is covered with various reflective materials such as mirror, aluminum foil and plexiglass. The preliminary testing results show that plexiglass offered the highest temperature at the focal point of the dish of 200ºC with suitable climate. According to the reflective material thickness which laminated on the surface of the dish, the focal point is changed by 1.7 % from the theoretical design dish. The prototype is being tested and developed. The future development including mechanical and controlling devices will be conducted to verify the reliability of tracking the sun and effectiveness of solar collector. [Key Words]: Solar Collector, Parabolic Dish, Tracking System

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (66)2329-8350; Fax: (66)2329-8352 E-mail address: kksudara@kmitl.ac.th 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand, 10520 2 Student, Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand, 10520

Modelling of Energy System Based on Biomass in Turkey Bülent SEZER1 Ahmet ÇOLAK2 Abstract In this study; the drawing of the boundaries of potential biomass energy system and calculation of system outputs in a particular region (Turkey) are subjected to research. The aim of this study is to answer the question that “How much biomass energy can be generated in a particular location potentially without affecting food security balance?” Although the data special to Turkey are processed in this research, the model is universal and applicable to every location. Natural resources are used for the purpose of biofuel production besides the conventional food production. A present global biomass model was used for this intention. Data consisting of net primer production (NPP, by photosynthesis), total land area, agricultural efficiency and alternatives of land use peculiar to region were entered in the global biomass model and the model was called “Turkey Integrated Food-Energy Model” (TIFEM). The effects of different land-use scenarios were observed in the model. As a result, maximum potential biomass energy which can be produced annually was found in spite of food security constraint. Approximately, between 840 Million ton oil equivalent energy (Mtoe) can be generated according to different scenarios. The achieved results are equivalent to significant percentage of primary energy consumption of Turkey. [Keywords] modeling, biomass, energy, land use.

Agricultural Engineer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ankara, TURKEY, 06172, Email: bulent.sezer@tarim.gov.tr, sezbul@hotmail.com. 2 Prof. Dr., Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Machinery, Diskapi, Ankara, TURKEY, 06110, Email: colak@agri.ankara.edu.tr

Study of Parametric and Non-parametric Energy Efficiency in Potato Production Narges BANAEIAN*1, Morteza ZANGENEH2 Abstract In the present study an attempt has been made to use a non-parametric method Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for assessing the technical efficiency for potato production in five zones of the state of Hamadan, Iran. The results were then compared to corresponding ones already obtained from a parametric method. The data from farmers growing potato in five zones including labor, machinery, water, diesel fuel and hours used, kind of machinery used, physical inputs such as seed, fertilizers and chemicals (as inputs) and the yield (as output) were transformed into energy terms (MJ ha-1). Mean score of energy use efficiency calculated 1.09 implying that in potato production by consuming each Joule of energy 1.09 Joule energy will be gained. Also mean technical efficiency calculated 0.86, the interpretation of this result is that the same level of output could be produced with 86% of the resources if these units were performing on the frontier and 14% of overall resources could be saved. The results revealed that farmers in zone 4 with a TE of 0.947 have consumed energy from more efficient sources, followed by zone 5 (0.906), whereas parametric energy use efficiency showed the higher level for zone 5 and 1(1.42 and 1.13 respectively). The low level of correlation could be established between the parametric and nonparametric efficiency for energy inputs (R2=0.31). [Keywords] energy use efficiency, parametric, non parametric, potato, zone wise.

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (98) 261-280-1011; Fax: (98) 2612808138E-mail address: nrgsbanaei@ut.ac.ir 1 MSc Student, 2PhD Student, Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, School of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj: Iran.

Assessment of irrigated and dryland barley productive efficiency in Iran using Data Envelopment Analysis Narges BANAEIAN*1, Morteza ZANGENEH2 Abstract Barley (Hordeum vulgare L) is the second plant after wheat among the most important cereal crops of Iran. The aim of the present study was to investigate barley production efficiency in both dryland (low input) and irrigated (high input) systems using a non-parametric method of Data envelopment analysis (DEA). Efficiency study helps to achieve sustainable production in agricultural systems. Data were collected from national research project was conducted in all regions of the country during 2009–2010 by Iranian Ministry of Agriculture national research. More consideration in irrigated barley caused higher efficiency rather than dryland barley (0.77 and 0.61 respectively). The average technical efficiency (resource use) provides information about the potential resource savings that could be achieved while maintaining the same output level. Mean technical efficiency of provinces showed that South Khorasan and Qom provinces in dryland and Kurdistan province in irrigated barley production were the most efficient provinces and use fewer inputs. In both irrigated and dryland cultivation, marginal and small areas were significantly more efficient than extensive area whereas no significant between distinctive climate zones. Also analysis showed that technical efficiency of irrigated production in zones 1 and 2 (Subtropical and Cold semi-arid zone) is significantly different from zone 4 and 5 (Warm semi arid and arid zone). [Keywords] Barley, Iran provinces, productive, marginal and small size farms.

Effect of qualitative factors on productive efficiency of potato producers A case study Hamadan province of Iran Narges BANAEIAN*1, Morteza ZANGENEH2 Abstract A non-parametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique was applied to investigate the degree of technical and scale efficiency of potato producers in Hamadan province of Iran. Mean technical efficiency in a DEA model in which all variables were normalized with the number of farms was 0.83, indicating that there is ample potential for more efficient input utilization in potato farming. The normalized measurement of variables captures the fact that although mean scale efficiency is 0.85 but most scale-inefficient farms are operating under increasing returns to scale. Increasing returns to scale indicate that an increase in the input resources produces more than proportionate increase in outputs. In an attempt to explain variation in efficiency scores, the study focuses on certain qualitative factors often not accounted for. Analysis reveals that smaller farms and thoroughbred farmers are more efficient than others. Riskable mentality caused farmers in range of 30-40 years old were in higher level of production efficiency. Also number of land plot investigation showed that concomitant lands in one section are the most efficient farms, so in order to expand mechanization and increase the production efficiency of farms, it's necessary to unify the small plot together. [Keywords] Production efficiency, Qualitative factors, Land integration.

State of the art of private biomass thermal gasification plants in Thailand Chakkawan Boonwan1, Natthakich Assanee2 Abstract Currently, there are 21 gasification plants in Thailand with capacities are about 15 MW. Especially, the numbers of thermal gasification plants from 21 gasification plants in Thailand are 7 plants, 2 public plant and 5 private plants, with the total 10 MW capacities. The investment cost of the thermal gasification plants is relatively high, ranging between 8,000- 100,000 baht/kW, because most of plants are under technology improvement for cost reduction. If technology is stable, the investment cost will be able to reduce about 1,000 baht/kW. The 5 private thermal gasification plants are strongly examined in this investigation. It was found that most of plants have a series problem of the inability of control gas production system for both producer gas rate and gas composition resulting from the lack of a good design system for feeding system and tar content removal. In order to develop gasification plants in Thailand, the research in this area must be continuous requirement for ensuring system stability resulting in cheaper investment cost [Keywords] biomass, renewable energy, thermal gasification plant

1 Lecturer, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Patumtani,Thailand, 12110 2 Phd. student, Department of Energy Technology, School of Energy, Environment and Materials, King Mongkut â&#x20AC;&#x2DC; s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150

A comparative study on energy use efficiency of canola production under different farming technologies Seyed Hashem MOUSAVI-AVVAL*, Shahin RAFIEE, Ali JAFARI Abstract The main objective of this study was to examine the energy use pattern and energy productivity of canola production under different farming technology levels. Data for the production of canola were collected from 130 randomly selected canola farms from Golestan province, Iran, using a face to face questionnaire method. The population investigated was divided into two groups based on farm machinery ownership and level of farming technology. Group I were 72 owners of agricultural machinery and practiced under high level of farming technology, whereas Group II were 58 non-owners of machinery and exercised under low level of farming technology. The results revealed that 18793.10 MJ ha-1 energy consumed by Group I and 16535.54 MJ ha-1 energy consumed by Group II. Similarly, total energy output of canola production was also higher in Group I than that of Group II (57236.57 vs. 49530.46 MJ ha-1). The energy indicators were also investigated and the results showed that energy use efficiency of canola production in Group I and Group II was 3.05 and 2.99, respectively. Similarly, energy productivity and net energy gain were higher for canola production under high levels of technologies. From this study it was concluded that extension activities are needed to improve the efficiency of energy consumption in canola production in the region. [Keywords] agricultural machinery, energy, canola production

* Corresponding author, E-mail address: sh.mousavi@ut.ac.ir Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran,

The relationship between field operational energy and canola production; a case study of Golestan province, Iran Seyed Hashem MOUSAVI-AVVAL*, Shahin RAFIEE, Ali JAFARI Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop an econometric model between energy use in different operations of tillage, sowing, irrigation, fertilizer and chemical application, weeding, harvesting and transportation and the yield value of canola. Therefore, inquiries on 130 oilseed canola farms in Golestan province of Iran were conducted by a face-to-face interviewing in 2009-2010 production period. In specifying a fit function relation, the Cobb-Douglass production function was selected. The results showed that elasticity coefficients of irrigation, harvesting and transportation operational energies were statistically significant on the yield level; while, the impacts of tillage, sowing, weeding and fertilizer and chemical application operations were not statistically significant. Moreover, the elasticity values of transportation (0.263) and harvesting operations (0.184) were found to be the highest; indicating that, increasing 10% in the energy consumption in transportation and harvesting operations, would led to 0.263% and 0.184% increase in canola grain production, respectively. The results derived from this study can be used by policy makers and other relevant agencies for recommendations to farmers in order to use energy more efficiently. [Keywords] econometric model, sensitivity analysis, operational

* Corresponding author, E-mail address: sh.mousavi@ut.ac.ir Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.

Developing an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Model for Predicting Soybean Yield from Field Operational Energy Seyed Hashem MOUSAVI-AVVAL, Shahin RAFIEE, Ali JAFARI Abstract This study focused on the capability of ANN model as an alternative tool to forecast the yield value of soybean in Golestan province of Iran. For this purpose, a face to face questionnaire method was conducted to collect quantitative data on the use of energy inputs in different operations of soybean production. For developing the ANN model the quantity of energy used in different operations for soybean production including tillage, sowing, irrigation, fertilizer and chemical application, weeding, harvesting, and post-harvest operations were introduced as input variables, while the grain yield of soybean was considered as the single output variable. The data was partitioned into 70% for training and 30% for testing data sets. Several MLP network architectures such as three, four and five layers have been developed, generalized and their performance was compared using the quality parameters. The results revealed that the ANN model consisting of one input layer with seven input variables, two hidden layers with six and four neurons, respectively, and one neuron in the single output layer, had the highest coefficient of determination (0.801) and the lowest values of RMSE (39.84 kg ha-1) and MAE (33.26 kg ha-1); so it was selected as the best structure for prediction of soybean yield. Also the MBE for the selected ANN model was found to be -6.94 kg ha-1, indicating a negligible underestimation of soybean yield by the selected ANN model. Finally, the results showed that the ANN predicted yield was tended to follow the corresponding actual ones quite closely. [Keywords] soybean yield; operational energy; Artificial Neural Network

* Corresponding author, E-mail address: sh.mousavi@ut.ac.ir Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.

Determination of Technical Efficiency of Agricultural Sector in the Middle East: The Application of Ideal Data Envelope Analysis Farzad KARIMI*1, Hossein PIRASTEH2, Mehdi ZAHEDI KEYVAN3 Abstract The crucial importance of agricultural sector in developing countries is a well-known fact due to the significant share of this sector in total employment and food production in GDP of these economies, given their high rate of growth of population. This calls for enhancement of this sector's production efficiency under present widespread malpractice in the Third World. In addition, agriculture has always been confronted with operational and financial uncertainties in the past as well as different uncertainties at present due to dramatic changes that are taking place throughout this sector. These new uncertainties result from strategic choices and a turbulent business climate created by the process of globalization. The objective of this paper is to present a methodology to measure and evaluate both potential and actual efficiency in agriculture sector of the Middle East countries at the presence of risk and uncertainty via a technique called interval data envelopment analysis (IDEA). The data used by this research refers to a ten year period (19902010). The results show that among the countries in the region, Israel has the highest ranking in actual agricultural efficiency whereas Afghanistan ranks the lowest. Also, Iran, Israel, Pakistan, Turkey, Iraq, Lebanon and Egypt are the only ones that have shown to have potential agricultural technical efficiency. [Keywords] Agriculture, Technical Efficiency, Interval Data Envelopment Analysis

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (66)2329-8337; Fax: (66)2329-8336 E-mail address: kcprasan@kmitl.ac.th 1 Agricultural Engineering Curriculum, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand, 10520 2 Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand, 10520

Agricultural Risk Management Tool for Achieving Sustainable Development in This Sector Masoud Hekmat*1 Ahmad Reza Ommani2 Mohamad Aghapour3 Abstract Agriculture is a perilous activity. Jointly, all kinds of natural, social, economical, and international risks provide a brittle and vulnerable set for the crop producers. Noting, surly, is more important than safety impression for mankind. Need for safety, in the other hand, is one of the most important human needs. The government, for keeping the agriculture sector safe, has developed a plan entitled as agriculture insurance. Being Constant is harmonizing the economical, social, and environmental thoughts and insights to attain the ordinary needs, not to achievement of future needs disability. Being constant consists of extended subjects and is highly involved with the social substances, focuses on daily matters, and is a motivated international movement which is correlated with authorities. The genuine concept of being constant is certainty and the assurance of a pleasing life for everyone .contaminated activities lessening and preventing the usage level rising are not enough for facing this problem, a well planed activity for poverty reduction, more justice, and opportunity reinforcement in/out the countries is needed.. This study`s results, which are gained through library study, interview ,and compilation, show that the risk management is the access to effective reactions to predict the time of a scathe or a negative happening. The results of this research indicate that this fact should be reserved for better management providing a suitable condition to turn the crisis into a risk and Greater government support in this sector with aimed subsidies allocated in the agricultural sector, providing a suitable condition for improving the promotion level of agricultural products insurance and benefits gained through this. [Keywords] Risk Management, Agriculture Development, and Sustainable agriculture

* E-mail address: Masoud.Hekmat1@gmail.com 1 MS student of Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch 2, 3 Faculty Member and Assistant professor of Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch

Crisis Management Evaluate and Identification to Reach the Sustainable Agriculture Masoud Hekmat*1 Ahmad Reza Ommani2 Azadeh Noor Allah Noorivandi3 Abstract Agriculture is a perilous activity. Jointly, all kinds of natural, social, economical, and international risks provide a brittle and vulnerable set for the crop producers. Noting, surly, is more important than safety impression for mankind. Need for safety, in the other hand, is one of the most important human needs. This study is aimed to evaluate the functions of crisis management in agriculture sector. Results are gained through library study, compilation, interview, and observation. Results show that the crisis management is a function to manage to minimize the scathe when a detriment event is occurred. Crisis management is identified as a solution for critical conditions. Crisis management is the critical condition`s management technique ;risks should be controlled because there is more time to make decision in risky conditions ,but crisis is something which is already occurred and the decision time is minimized so that the crisis must be leaded. As governments are more involved with crises influencing the agricultural sector, they, as commissions of the agricultural insurance, tend to the risk and crisis managements. Governments, by applying the mentioned techniques, are able to solve agriculture sector problems. It seems that, according to the countries` conditions, agricultural insurance function includes both risk management and crisis management, which depends on the politicians and policymakers insights. However, insurance fund, in Iran, has changed its management system from risk management to crisis management. [Keywords] constant development, Agriculture development, Crisis management

* E-mail address: Masoud.hekmat1@Gmail.com 1. MS student of Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch 2. Assistant professor of Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch 3. Faculty Member of Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch

Strategic Management modern strategy to achieve sustainable development in agricultural sector Masoud Hekmat*1 Ahmad Reza Ommani2 Seied Jamal Farjolah Hoseini3 Abstract Fund and funding have been the most important agriculture problems during the last 3 decades. One of the most important manager`s duties in agriculture sector and the government is to facilitate funding and prevent the fund outlet. Solving this problem which is the strategic objective for managers need many theoretical argument and practical strategy which is a way farmers can share to supply agriculture financial services. This agricultural financial services are rapidly transforming to a new paradigm in the agriculture sector development topic .Agriculture sector`s economical output in Iran (except some productions) is lower than the service and industry sectors. Special supporting policies introduced by government have increased this sectors output. This study is aimed to evaluate the ways agriculture resources are supplied for the agriculture sector development. Information is gained through library study, compilation, observation, and interview. Results show that if there is a profitable conventional system guarantees the farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; income, they would like to invest and common in agriculture financial supplying. [Keywords] Strategic Management, Agriculture Development, Agriculture Sector

* E-mail address: Masoud.hekmat1@gmail.com 1 MS student of Islamic azad university, shoushtar Branch 2 Faculty Member and Assistant professor of Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch

3-Associate Professor of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Science and Research Branch This paper is a part of my master's thesis.

Effect of subsurface porous clay pipe irrigation on solute dynamics in a loamy soil A. A. Siyal Abstract Subsurface porous clay pipe irrigation is widely regarded as the most promising irrigation method for arid regions. But salt accumulation on and near the soil surface with this method can hinder the germination of succeeding direct-seeded crops. Predicting salt movement and accumulation with clay pipe irrigation will allow producers to anticipate the need of salt leaching for salinity control in the root zone. HYDRUS-2D model was used to simulate salt accumulation from a subsurface clay pipe irrigation system, installed at 30 cm depth, after growing season of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) crop with irrigation water having salinity of 1.1dS m 1 on a loamy soil with initial salinity of 2.3 dS m-1. Predicted electrical conductivity (ECe) values from HYDRUS-2D were significantly correlated with actual saturated paste ECe data obtained from field experiments (R2 = 0.92-0.94). Salinity was low around the pipe and increased with distance from the pipe showing more pronounce above but less below the pipe. Thus, for both measured and predicted cases, the higher soil salinity levels in soil profile were observed above the clay pipe. Proper management of salt accumulation is therefore vital for the sustainable crop production whenever subsurface irrigation system is applied for irrigation purpose. [Keywords] clay pipe, subsurface irrigation, leaching salt, HYDRUS-2D

Tel. +92-345-835-8031, Email address: siyal@yahoo.com Department of Land and Water Management, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh. Pakistan

The Salt Movement on Soil Profile at Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation Method Applications Nizamettin Ç FTÇ *1, Nurcan Ç V C O LU1 Abstract In this study, the effects of sprinkler and drip irrigation methods on salt distributions within soil profile were researched. The irrigation interval for each irrigation methods was 7 (seven) days and water content of soil was replenished to the field capacity in each irrigation (FC). The irrigation content of soil was measured by t Profile Probe moisture meter. As a result, when initial and final soil salinity values soil depth compared, it was observed that the soil salinity decreased 40.8% on sprinkler irrigation and 29.5% on drip irrigation method at depth of 0 -30 cm, 26.3% on sprinkler irrigation method and 25.5% on drip irrigation method at depth of 30 – 60 cm whereas the soil salinity increased 58.8% on sprinkler irrigation method and 56.2% on drip irrigation method at depth of 60 -90 cm, 54.6% on sprinkler irrigation method and 31.8% on drip irrigation method at depth of 90 -120 cm. [Keywords] Salt movement in soil profile, sprinkler and drip irrigation.

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (90) 332- 223 28 35; Fax: (90) 332- 2410108 E-mail address: nciftci@selcuk.edu.tr 1 Department of Farm Buildings and Irrigation, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selçuk, Konya, Turkey, 42075

Agricultural Water Management and Main Irrigation Problems in Turkey Nizamettin Ç FTÇ *1, Bilal ACAR1, Mehmet AH N1 Abstract Turkey is situated in 26o- 45o E longitude and 36o- 42o N latitude with semi-arid climate. Total land potential is 78 million hectares (ha) and about 28 million ha of this is cultivated land. Although irrigable land potential is 16.5 million ha, currently irrigated land is 5.1 million ha. The areas with salinity-alkalinity and drainage problems are about 1.5 and 2.7 million ha (total 4.2 million ha),respectively. There are five different irrigation water management types in irrigated lands of Turkey. These are: management by government, management by local managers, management by water user associations, management by cooperatives and management by public. There are many responsible government organizations and authorities in irrigation water management in Turkey. The complexity in those responsibilities have resulted some conflicts and problems in practice between organizations. There are various problems with different scales in irrigation water management. The main problems that have to be solved urgently for sustainable irrigation are follows: deficiencies in water conveyance, distribution and applications, salinity and drainage problems, contamination of surface and groundwater resources, poor subsurface development works in fields, problems in maintenance and repairs, deficiency of farmer attendance in irrigation practice, problems of farmers within organizations, poor legislation and technical issues. Those problems should be solved to obtain projected targets and sustainable irrigation. [Keywords] irrigation water management, drainage, agriculture, sustainability

Irrigation Water Management in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions “Sample of Konya” Mehmet AH N*1, Nizamettin Ç FTÇ 1, Sinan SÜHER 1, Duran YAVUZ1, Nurcan Ç V C O LU1 Abstract In the province of Konya, although there are 1 815 000 ha arable areas, actually 2 247 000 ha is under cultivation. Dry farming areas are 1 730 000 ha, 817 000 ha of which are laid fallow. This accounts for 77 percent of total cultivated areas. This situation clearly demonstrates the need in the province for irrigation water. Although fields officially opened to irrigation are 377 000 ha (15%), an estimated 140 000 ha areas are irrigated through unlicensed wells but actual irrigated areas are approximately 517 000 ha. Total water potential of Konya province is 4.082 billion m3/yr. while 2.932 billion m3/yr (72%) of this is surface water, 1.150 billion m3/yr (28%) is groundwater. However, the amount of water withdraw from groundwater is estimated to be nearly 1.840 billion m3/yr. Nearly 8.2 billion m3/yr of water are required to irrigate all the irrigable lands. Though Turkey has the average precipitation of 643 mm/yr while the world has the average of around 1000 mm/yr for years, the average precipitation of the region is about 323 mm in 60 years. On the other hand, the average precipitation in the last 12 years has been 280 mm. Water to be brought through Blue Tunnel into the Konya basin will not cover the region's agricultural water needs, for the amount of water from Blue Tunnel is far lower than what is required. Moreover, 1/4 of this water will be used for drinking water or utility water. Agricultural irrigation water should be saved to irrigate more areas with existing water resources. For this purpose, efficiency of irrigation should be increased by reducing water losses, deficit irrigation practices should be improved and crop patterns should be changed. The first of the measures to be taken has accelerated as a result of some institutions’ crediting pressurized irrigation systems especially in recent years. As for the second, the practice is difficult to implement since the farmers are not informed. But some of the farmers already use limited amount of irrigation water during the vegetation period since they can not find enough. The third too is hard to implement, for the farmers just can not give up growing the plants they are used to, but it is the inevitable result. [Keywords] Irrigation, irrigation water management, Konya

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (90) 332- 223 29 75; Fax: (90) 332- 2410108 E-mail address: mhsahin@selcuk.edu.tr 1 Department of Farm Buildings and Irrigation, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selçuk, Konya, Turkey, 42075

Different Irrigation Programs Affect Sugar Beet Yield, Quality and Water Use Efficiency in Middle Anatolian, Turkey Ramazan TOPAK1, Mustafa POÇAN2 and Bilal ACAR*1 Abstract This experiment was conducted during the 2006 and 2007 growing season at the research field of the Rural Services Research Institute in Konya, Turkey. The study was designed to evaluate the effect of irrigation interval on the depletion of available soil moisture and its effect on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) quantity, quality and the water use efficiency. The experimental field had a complete randomized block design and consisted of four treatments (i.e. irrigation every 5, 10, 15 and 20 days) for three replicates. The amount of irrigation water applied to treatments was estimated as the quantity equal to replenishing the soil moisture deficit to field capacity in the 90 cm soil profile depth. The gravimetric method was used to determine the soil moisture content. In treatments, soil moisture content was measured one day before irrigation. A total of 1,006 mm and 672 mm of water was applied to the 5-day and 20-day irrigation intervals, respectively. Seasonal water use ranged from 866 to 1,158 mm across treatments. Highest average root yield was obtained to be 67, 621 kg ha-1 from five-day irrigation interval. Maximum irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) were 7.29 and 5.99 kg m-3 for 20 days and 10 days irrigation intervals, respectively. The research results showed that irrigation in sugar beet could be carried out every ten days instead of every five days. [Keywords] irrigation interval, sugar beet, yield and quality, water use efficiency, energy efficiency factor of irrigation inputs.

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (90) 332- 223 28 51; Fax: (90) 332- 2410108 E-mail address: biacar@selcuk.edu.tr 1 Department of Farm Buildings and Irrigation, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selçuk, Konya, Turkey, 42075 2 State Hydraulic Works Ankara Regional Directorate, Ankara, Turkey

Management options to use highly saline-sodic water for irrigation Younes Daw Ezlit*1,2, Rod Smith2,3, and Steven Raine2,3 Abstract Irrigation using highly saline-sodic water requires appropriate management to avoid long term development of sodicity and salinity problems. The main factors that control the sodicity and salinity problems are maintenance of sufficient leaching and avoidance of soil structure degradation due to sodicity. The degree of reduction in hydraulic conductivity- as indicator of soil degradation- will depend on the level of sodium in the soil-water. This paper reports on a laboratory experiment conducted using soil columns for two virgin soils to investigate the reduction in the saturated hydraulic conductivity with increasing concentrations of applied saline-sodic water. The experiment also investigated the effect on hydraulic conductivity of three amelioration strategies: (i) reducing the pH of the applied water to 7 and 5 using sulphuric acid, (ii) diluting the saline-sodic water, and (iii) adding a gypsum amendment. In addition, good quality water (i.e. 0.4 and 0.1 dS/m respectively) was applied to the soil columns after the water quality treatments. The application of the saline- sodic water to both soils produced substantial impacts on soil structural properties. In addition, the experiment confirmed that the pH amendment of the natural highly saline sodic water using sulphuric acid did not have any significant effect on the changes observed in soil structural stability or conductivity. The saturated hydraulic conductivity was found to decline with increasing volumes of the highly saline sodic water applied. The highly saline sodic water which had been diluted with deionised water and amended with gypsum was found to have no adverse impact on the soil structural stability or conductivity. This suggests that the conductivity could be maintained above an acceptable target level by controlling the volume of the highly saline sodic water applied. The results suggested that it may be possible to develop feasible strategies by using gypsum and mixing the HSS water with good quality water to ensure the maintenance of the conductivity above an acceptable target level. [Key words] salinity. sodicity, irrigation management, hydraulic conductivity, soil structure degradation

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (218)218917995789; E-mail address: yezlit@yahoo.com 1 Department of Soil and Water Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Fateh University, Tripoli, Libya 2 Cooperative Research Centre for Irrigation Futures, Toowoomba, Australia, 3450 3 Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia, 3450

Yield Response Model of Selected Biofuel Crops to Irrigation Maryjane T. SALVADOR1 and Ireneo C. AGULTO2 Abstract This study aimed to develop a computer model that can predict the yield and biofuel content of corn, sweet sorghum and sunflower in response to different levels of total water applied. Its primary goal is to determine the relationship between the yield and biofuel content against the total water applied from planting to harvesting. All the established equations were used by the computer model as tools for predicting and simulating the yield of the selected biofuel crops. The functions identified include grain yield, percent glucose, and liters of ethanol per ton of corn grain for corn; stripped stalk yield, juice volume, sugar level in brix, and ethanol per cubic meter of sweet sorghum juice for sweet sorghum; and grain yield for sunflower. The required data sets for computing the yield and biofuel content of the selected biofuel crops are as follows: crop data (type, maximum rooting depth, length of growing season, and management allowed deficit), soil data (field capacity, wilting point, elevation, and apparent specific gravity), and daily information (age of crop, maximum and minimum temperatures, solar radiation, rainfall depth, desired irrigation depth, and beginning soil moisture). [Keywords] Irrigation; Biofuel crops; Biofuel; Yield response; Computer model

1 Institute of Graduate Studies, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz 3120, Nueva Ecija Philippines (mtsalvador@yahoo.com) 2 College of Engineering, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz 3120, Nueva Ecija Philippines

Optimal Crop Planning based on Flood Risk Modeling for Delta Region of Mahanadi River Basin Dibyendu Samantaray1, Chandranath Chatterjee*2 and Rajendra Singh3 Abstract Flooding is the most common and damaging natural hazard faced by civilization. It causes a great deal of damage to crops and infrastructure. The delta region of the Mahanadi river basin in Orissa, India, is selected as the study area as it is affected by devastating floods almost every year. In this study, MIKE FLOOD model setup is used to simulate the flood inundation extent. L-moment based flood frequency analysis combined with MIKE FLOOD is used to simulate flood inundation corresponding to different return periods. Subsequently, flood risk is evaluated for cropping pattern in floodplains using stage-duration-damage curves of different rice varieties. A grid based analysis is carried out to evaluate the net return in monetary terms for different flood resistant rice varieties along with the normal ones. For this analysis, grid wise flood depth time series is extracted from MIKE FLOOD result file corresponding to various return periods. A programming code is developed using C language, with flood depth time series files as input and stage-duration-damage curves as testing conditions, so as to estimate the expected net return for different rice varieties. With maximum expected net return for a rice variety, the grid is assigned to that particular variety. Subsequently, an optimal crop allocation map is prepared for the entire floodplain with maximum average annual expected net benefit considering the flood risk in the region. The expected increase in net benefit is found to be around Rs. 16.95 crores from the agricultural lands in the floodplain with optimal cropping pattern as compared to only normal rice varieties presently grown in the same area. [Keywords] Mahanadi delta, Flood hazard assessment and Optimal crop planning.

* Corresponding author, E-mail address: cchatterjee@agfe.iitkgp.ernet.in 1 Research Scholar, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur – 721302, West Bengal (e-mail: dibyaman27@gmail.com) 2 Associate Professor, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur – 721302, West Bengal (e-mail: cchatterjee@agfe.iitkgp.ernet.in and cchat_iit@yahoo.com) 3 Professor, Agricultural and Food Engineering Dept., Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur – 721302, West Bengal (e-mail: rsingh@agfe.iitkgp.ernet.in)

RISK MAPPING OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY AND WATER RESOURCES Carlos PASCUAL1, Osman BABIKER2 Abstract The groundwater resources in a 265 ha of highly diversified and intensive rice-based environment in the Philippines was endangered to NO3-N contamination with spatial degree of influence and temporal vulnerability risks as affected by intensive cropping systems with application of high N-fertilizer and judicious use of groundwater. Such nitrate contamination levels are above the World Health Organization’s maximum contamination level of 10 ppm for drinking water. Tree-joining, complete cluster analysis of monthly groundwater depths on GPS-guided observation wells revealed three distinct groups of wells differentiated by groundwater depths, analyzed using GIS spatial analysis and modeling. Likewise, groundwater resources for households use in Khartoum, Sudan is also at risk on its water quality. [Keywords] Modeling, NO3-N , GIS, risk mapping, water resources

* Space Technology Center,Future University, Khartoum, Sudan;Email: cmpascual123@yahoo.com 1 Professor and Director, Faculty of Geoinformatics, Future University, Khartoum, Sudan 2 Senior Student, Department of Geoinformatics, Faculty of Geoinformatics, Future University, Khartoum, Sudan

Comparison of two GPR frequencies in estimating volumetric soil moisture content in raised bed agricultural fields Senani WIJEWARDANA, Lakshman GALAGEDARA* Abstract Estimation of soil moisture content is essential in many field applications such as civil engineering, hydrology, meteorology etc. The soil moisture content and its spatio-temporal variability help in improving the agricultural productivity without wasting more water in irrigation. The most of available methods in measuring the soil moisture content such as; gravimetric, time domain reflectometry, neutron scattering and capacitive sensors provide point measurements and spatial applications are restricted due to a smaller sample volume. In this context, ground penetrating radar (GPR) method plays an important role. The objective of this study is to compare the 100 MHz and 200 MHz antenna frequencies by employing Tran ZOP survey method in estimating the volumetric soil moisture content in raised bed agricultural field (Brassia oleracea and Beta vulgaris) with GPR. The GPR system (Pulse EKKO Pro) with 100 MHz and 200 MHz antennas was used to collect data within survey area of around 4 m x 12 m plot sizes. Vegetables were cultivated in approximately 1 m wide and 12 m length raised beds of about 0.1 m height. Transillumination Zero Offset Profile (Trans ZOP) survey mode was employed in collecting GPR data. Volumetric soil moisture content (VSMC) was calculated by converting radar wave velocity into dielectric permittivity and then using a standard empirical relationship between the dielectric permittivity and moisture content for each Trans ZOP location. This study shows that the direct ground wave which travels under the raised bed was very clear when using 200 MHz antennas when compared to the 100 MHz antennas. Data which were collected by using 200 MHz antenna gave comparatively higher VSMC potentially owing to the higher spatial resolution than 100 MHz data. The small- scale VSMC variation in raised bed agricultural field can be measured using the Tran-ZOP survey mode. [Key words] ground penetrating radar, Trans-ZOP, irrigation, volumetric soil moisture content

*Corresponding author, Tel: +94 812395468 Fax: +94 812395454 E-mail address: lgalaged@pdn.ac.lk 1 Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

Constraction of artificial profiles of soil and improving soil productivity Behzad Mohammadzadeh*1,Homayoun Vistamehr2, Zahra Derakhshan nejad3 Abstract Sometimes one area is unsuitble to culture. Important issues in farming is water and soil.Purpose of this study is to obtain the highest efficiency in water and land use.The area 2000 m2 was choosen in Iran southwest with very hot climate and unsuitable soil to farming.This area soil profile was changed to 5 layrs. Beneath layer which located in deep 80cm was composed of impermeable materials and prevented infiltration from soil profile.Secound layer which placed on the first one ,was water tank. To wash tank to removal the stored salts in this layer, permeable pipes were placed in it.Transporter layer as a third one with capilary chractristics,placed one the seound layer,to transport the water from secound layer to forth. Forth layer contained nutrients for plants, placed on the third one and could be changed in proportionate with desired plant, and needed plant food to be injected to it. At last ,fifth layer placed on the forth one to minimize evaporation from soil surface.The plant which selected for this study was bean. Results showed that by creating this profile, needed irrigation water severly reduced and the soil catched to the capability of culture and could reserve the water for a long period and by soil modifiation give capability of culture. So that the plant during the growth, not facing to water and food shortage. [Keywods] soil profile,agriculture,irrigation.

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (0098)09126614885; Fax: (0098)261-3503605 E-mail address: Behzad_alb@yahoo.com 1 Invited professor of payam nour university of hashtgerd 2 Retierd professor of university of Isfahan 3 Islamic azad university of Ahwaz- science and research branch

Characterization of Soil and Yield Spatial Variability Using Geostatistics Mohammad Rafieiolhossaini1* and Mohammad H. Salehi 2 Abstract Spatial variability of soil fertility parameters and other extrinsic factors need to be evaluated for farming practices which match agricultural inputs with local crop requirements. In this study, geostatistics was used to describe and map spatial patterns of some of soil properties such as total nitrogen, available phosphorous and potassium and wheat yield in the Nafch area, Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiari province, Iran. The spatial continuity of each variable was examined by variogram function. The variograms showed that the distribution of all variables is not random but spatially-dependent as their estimated variogram values increase with increasing distance. The average range values were 44.5, 20.4, 31.4 and 44.5 m for total nitrogen, available phosphorous, available potassium and wheat yield (harvest index), respectively. The range beyond which the property is not longer spatially dependent was almost the same for total nitrogen and wheat yield. This shows that a close spatial interactions among the studied variables over the field. Using the variogram models with kriging algorithm, the values for each variable was estimated for a 5*5 grid. The distribution of all variables is spatially dependent and continuous over a short distance. Spatial patterns of soil properties identified by these geostatistical techniques are of great importance in the fertility management of soils. Studying the spatial structure of yield and its mapping could be used to determine different factors controlling yield over the field. [Keywords] Soil properties, Spatial variability, Wheat, Geostatistics

* Corresponding author, Tel.: +98 381 4424428, email: m_rafiee_1999@yahoo.com Assistant Prof., Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran 2 Assistant Prof., Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran

DETERMINATION OF SELENIUM LEVELS IN SOILS AND WHEATS IN TURKEY Mustafa HARMANKAYA*1, Sait GEZGiN1, Ismail CAKMAK2 Abstract Although selenium (Se) is not essential for plant growth, its amount in plants and plants based foods is very important for human and animal nutrition. Consumption of foods (particularly wheat) poor in Se is shown as the main reason for the Se deficiency problem in humans. Studies conducted in different countries revealed that wheat is one of the best Se source for human beings. Wheat is, therefore, an important targeted stable food for enrichment (biofortification) with Se. There is a lack of detailed information regarding the soil and wheat content of Se in Turkey. The aim of this research was to determine the Se content both in soil samples and in wheat grain collected from the some selected provinces of the Central Anatolia Region. Plant available Se concentrations of soil samples collected from the Central Anatolia Region ranged from 0.56 to 9.76 g kg-1, with an average of 2.25 g kg-1. Se concentrations in grains of wheat cultivars grown on these soils ranged from 10.13 to 96.01 g kg-1, with an average of 24.31 g kg-1. All of these values are much lower than the critical level (100 g Se kg-1) of Se in wheat grain for human nutrition. The results obtained showed that wheat grown in Turkey has very significant Se deficiency problem. [Keywords] Selenium, wheat, soil.

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (99)0.332.2232957; Fax: (99)0.332.2410108 E-mail address mharmankaya@selcuk.edu.tr 1 Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 42075, Konya TURKEY 2 Sabanc University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul –TURKEY

Validation of Blaney-Morin-Nigeria (BMN) Model in Estimating Crop Water Use of Jute Mallow (Corchorus olitorius) Christopher Oluwakunmi AKINBILE*1,2 Abstract A physiologically based simulation model, Blaney-Morin-Nigeria (BMN) was tested and validated for jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius) in Ibadan, Nigeria. The model was developed as an experimental tool to accurately predict and determine the consumptive water use of crops throughout its growing season. The simulation model has only three weather data as input parameters, i.e. temperature, relative humidity and ratio of sunshine hours. The consumptive water use was computed using FORTRAN 77 as the programming language and the computed values were compared with the results obtained from field measurements. The results from field measurements indicated minimum and maximum weekly average water use by the crop as 1.75 and 4.35 mm/day on 6 and 5 weeks after planting (WAP) respectively. When compared with the modeled values, the model validation showed the minimum and maximum weekly average water use by jute was 1.98 and 4.25 mm/day on 1 WAP and 5 WAP respectively. One common feature was the maximum values in both instances were during the mid-season/flowering stage of the crop development. The statistical analysis showed good agreement (R= 0.93) between the modeled and measured values at 95% confidence interval of significance. This agreed with previous findings on the use of the model for similar shallow-rooted vegetable crops like jute. From these findings, BMN was found useful in accurately estimating the consumptive water use by the vegetable. The model could therefore be used to schedule irrigation for different shallow-rooted crop especially vegetables and also as a prediction tool under varying crop management scenarios. [Keywords] simulation model; water use; BMN, Corchorus olitorius; WAP; Nigeria.

* Corresponding author, Tel.: +60-164363925; Fax: + 60-45941009 E-mail address: cecoakinbile@eng.usm.my 1 School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. 2 Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

Optimum Design of Lateral Intakes for Irrigation Application M. Shafai Bejestan *1, M. Karami Moghaddam 2 and M.Seyedian3 Abstract It is the main goal of this study to investigate sediment delivery to an intake from trapezoidal canal. In this study, suspended sediment feed upstream of a lateral intake under different flow conditions. Intake angle was taken as 90 degree on a side of trapezoidal flume. From analysis of these data it was found that the flow patterns at the upstream of the intake has been modified in such a way that more water from surface layers are diverted compare to the case of intake from a rectangular flume. Therefore less suspended sediment enters the intake. Also it was found that in all tests the amount of sediment enters the intake reaches its minimum value at Froude Number between o.35 and 0.45. [Keywords] irrigation, intake structures, sediment

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (98)6113330635; Fax: (98)6113365670 E-mail address: m_shafai@yahoo.com 1 Professor, Shahid Chamran University, College of water science engineering, Ahwaz Iran 2 PhD student, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 3 Assistant professor of Gonbad-e K vus University and former Ph D student, Shahid Chamran University, College of water science engineering, Ahwaz, Iran.

The effects of artificial recharge on groundwater quality (Case study: “Shendabad coastal aquifer” in Iran) Amir. SAFI1, Morteza. MOUSAVI2, S. Rasoul. HOSEINLAR3, Milad. EBRAHIMI4 Abstract Due to the quality decline of water resources used for agriculture in many plains of Iran, the recharge of aquifers acquired increasing importance. In “East-Azarbaijan” province, located in North-West of Iran, for example, 16 artificial recharge projects were developed during last few years. “Shendabad” area is one of the most important agricultural plains of “East-Azarbaijan” and groundwater quality was improved by artificial recharge of the aquifer during recent decades. Unfortunately, regarding intrusion of salt-water from Urumia Lake into the coastal aquifer in recent years, there is not enough fresh water for agriculture. In this study, through two long-term and short-term plans, the quantitative and qualitative effects of artificial recharge on “shendabad” aquifer were studied. Also the necessary parameters for the plans and for comparison of the quality of the recharging water from “Daryanchay” river on one hand, and the groundwater from the recharged aquifer from the other hand were investigated to find out the possibility of extending the artificial recharge to the other parts of the plain, where agriculture needs water with a better quality. Meanwhile, some suggestions to improve the quality of the groundwater were presented. [Keywords] groundwater, intrusion of salt-water, artificial recharge, agriculture

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (98)9123784295; E-mail addressAmir_safi_nm@yahoo.com 1 Graduate student in Civil & Water Resources Engineering, Khaje Nasir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 2 Faculty member, Water Resources Department, Khaje Nasir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 3 Manager, Basic studies on water resources, East Azarbaijan Regional Water Resources Organization, Tabriz, Iran 4 Graduate student in Civil &Environmental Engineering, Khaje Nasir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Determining water balance of aquifer and analysis of its correctness (Case study: “Shendabad” coastal aquifer in Iran) Amir SAFI1, M.Amir ROOZBAHANI2, Morteza MOUSAVI3, Salman TAVASOLI4 Abstract In order to determine the amount of annual exploitable groundwater of an area, its water balance, i.e. the conditions of its hydrological equilibrium, must be obtained in the first place. To determine the water balance, the amount of water which leaves the area in forms of evaporation, transpiration, water currents or penetrating into the surface of the Earth must be deducted from the total the amount of annual precipitation in the basin. These calculations can be done in a different fashion like monitoring the water level in the wells of the area. In this paper, at first the water balance for a five-year long term period has been calculated and the change of aquifer volume determined through this method has been compared with the volume change of aquifer determined via the drop of water level in wells. In order to verify the results for five-year long term period, a one year short term period is used. [Keywords] water balance, hydraulic equilibrium, verification, drop of water level, change of aquifer volume

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (98)9123784295; E-mail address: Amir_safi_nm@yahoo.com 1 Graduate student in Civil & Water Resources Engineering, Khaje Nasir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 2 Graduate student in Civil & Water Resources Engineering, Khaje Nasir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 3 Faculty member, Water Resources Department, Khaje Nasir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 4 Graduate student in Civil & Water Resources Engineering, Khaje Nasir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

The strategies for facing the effects of inappropriate groundwater management in Iran Amir SAFI1, M.Amir ROOZBAHANI2, Morteza MOUSAVI 3, Salman TAVASOLI 3 Abstract Due to the relatively high country population growth, development of agriculture, industry and urbanization in recent years, the country's average per capita renewable water usage has diminished. Reviewing the available statistics and figures of the status of groundwater exploitation in the main spheres of the country shows that in front of 57.7 billion cubic meters of groundwater discharged, of about 50.7 billion cubic meters have been recharged. In other words, the amount of groundwater exploitation has been about 7 billion cubic meters more than that of recharge in a way that in most areas of the country the level of groundwater aquifers has greatly dropped and its balance is negative. In this article, the most important consequences and implications of drop in groundwater aquifer level such as land subsidence, the movement of saline water towards fresh Water utilization areas, minimizing groundwater quality and eventually agriculture turning uneconomic has been mentioned and finally suggestions and solutions in the form of conducting utilizable studies have been presented. [Keywords] groundwater, subsidence, quality, agriculture

Experimental Investigation of The Neighboring Water Intakes Performances on Vortex Mechanism Case Study of Gotvand Oliya Dam in Iran Saeid Sanati Monfared1, Mohammad Reza Kavianpour2, Reza Roshan3 Abstract Water Intakes are generally used for supplying water for drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes and also for power generation. A formation of vortex at the power intakes is one of the main challenges in the design of such structures. The formation of strong vortex close to the water intakes may cause air entrainment, which certainly affects the power operation. This phenomenon depends on the complex interaction of the intake’s geometry, fluid characteristics, the approaching flow, Froude number, and the submergence depth. Lack of precision in design of such structures may raise many problems, one of which is the occurrence of strong vortex and air penetration into hydraulic establishments. In this study, the scaled model of Gotvand Oliya Dam, South of Iran (with 4 intakes) was constructed and studied at Water Research Centre of Iran to observe the effect of inflow conditions and gates operation on the performance and the mechanism of vortex formation at the power intakes. Various combinations of gates openings were examined with different water heads. While the results showed that, many works have focused on the effects of the parameters on vortex formation, the combinations of gates operation can also be an important factor to control this phenomenon. [Key words] Aeration, Power intake, Vortex

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (98)912-541-7866 ; Fax: (98)21-88779476 E-mail address: saeid.sanati@gmail.com 1 MSc Student, Civil Engineering Department, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, 2 Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 3 MSc, Head of Hydraulic Structures, Water Research Institute, Tehran, Iran

Numerical Investigation of Sedimentation at River Lateral Intakes by SSIIM2 H.Shamloo*1, A. Asnaashari2, B. Pirzadeh3 Abstract Analyzing the structure of the flow from main to the lateral channel is important in many of hydraulic structures. Lack of sediment control entered to the intake channel is the main reason of entering sediments to the installation systems, which make many problems for different parts. In the first part of this study, to investigate problems associated with the sedimentation in the lateral intakes, different parameters such as velocity and turbulence kinetic energy in different sections of the main channel and intake have been estimated using different turbulence models available in SSIIM2 software. Comparing experimental data of Brakdoll et al. (1998) showed a good agreement with its numerical counterpart explained in the first part. In the second part, the effect of the ratio of diverted discharge to flow and flow Froude number on the sediment discharge and sediment volume entering into the intake have been estimated using selected turbulence model associated with the first part. [Keywords] Lateral Intake, Sedimentation, SSIIM2

* Corresponding author, Tel.: 09123703114, E-mail address: hshamloo@kntu.ac.ir 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Eng, K.N.Toosi University of Tech, Tehran, Mirdamad Street, Iran 2 Msc. Student of Civil Eng, Hydraulics, K.N.Toosi University of Tech, Tehran, Mirdamad Street, Iran 3 PHD Student

Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Submerged Vanes and Spur Dikes on Sediment Control at Lateral Intakes H.Shamloo*1, A. Asnaashari2, B. Pirzadeh3 Abstract Sediment control at lateral intakes is known as a complicated issue for river engineers. In this study, numerical simulation of the impact of submerged vanes and spur dike on sediment control at lateral intake has been performed. For guiding flow into the diversion channel and increasing the vane performance, a single spur dike in opposite side of the intake has been utilized and the effects of spur dike length, the location of intake, and the angle of attack on reducing the movement of bed-load sediment into the diversion channel have been investigated. Obtained numerical results consisting with the experimental data confirmed this face that the effective performance of the vanes can increase using a proper spur result in eliminating the bed-load sediment ingestion rate into diversion channel. [Keywords] Submerged Vane, Sediment Control, Lateral Intake

Numerical Investigation of Hydraulics and Sedimentation of the Flow at River Side Pumping Stations H.Shamloo*1, A. Asnaashari2, B. Pirzadeh3 Abstract Man has harvested water by establishing the small and large intakes at riversides for different purposes such as water supply for urban, agricultural and industrial zones. Changes of velocity in the intake zone may cause some sedimentation in front of the intake. Sedimentation would decrease the discharge of the out flow and also increases the entrance of sediments, resulting in an increase of the maintenance costs. In the first part of this study, to evaluate the ability of numerical methods in prediction of the hydraulics of the flow and sedimentation, numerical simulation of a straight intake has been performed using SSIIM2 software. To investigate problems related to the sedimentation in lateral intakes, the effects of the different parameters such as discharge ratio and deviation angle on the sediment discharge entering to the intake channel have been estimated using K- turbulence model. Good agreement has been found comparing the numerical results and the experimental data of Abbasi (2004). In the second part, three-dimensional numerical investigation of sedimentation of the flow in a real pumping station has been carried out and suggestions for decreasing the sedimentation have been provided. [Keywords] River Side Pumping Station, Sedimentation, SSIIM2

Comparison Analysis of Class ‘A’ Pan and Piche Evaporimeters for Evaporation Measurements under Inaccurate Data Conditions in Akure, Nigeria Christopher Oluwakunmi AKINBILE*1, 2 and Mohd Suffian YUSOFF1 Abstract A class A pan evaporimeter for measurement of evaporation was locally-designed, constructed and validated. Its measurements were compared with Piche Evaporimenter. This was to provide reliable alternative for measurement in the absence of other evaporimeters. The parameters that affected evaporation which were measured included minimum and maximum temperature and the relative humidity for the period of interests and statistical analyses was carried out on the data. Findings from the study indicated that the evaporation values for class A pan in May ranged between 0.7 mm and 5.3 mm while the month’s average temperature ranged from 24.8 28.40C. The mean temperature value was 26.60C For the month of June, the evaporation value for ranged between 0.26 mm and 3.4 mm, average temperature and its mean range values were 24.90C and between 23.8 and 260C respectively and evaporation value for the month of July ranged between -2.8 mm and 1.3 mm, average temperature and the mean ranged from 24.60C and 24.2 to 250C respectively and the relative humidity ranged between 69 and 95%. Comparing the performance of class ‘A’ pan evaporimeter, with Piche, a good agreement existed as the results were comparable. Class A pan could be used in place of Piche evaporimeter for measuring evaporation rates during the computation of evapotranspiration and consumptive water use of crops. The validation of this evaporimeter in other teaching and research farms in Nigeria is inevitable for reliability of results, standardization and consideration of other factors such as windspeed, solar radiation and night time temperature which may have indirect effects on evaporation. [Keywords] Class Á’ Pan; Piche; Design; Evaporation; Analyses; Nigeria.

Risk of Soil and Water Pollution by Heavy Metals in Landfill Leachate B.G. N. SEWWANDI*1,2, S.S.R.M.D.H.R WIJESEKARA2, Anushka RAJAPAKSHA2, M.I.M. MOWJOOD3 and Meththika VITHANAGE2 Abstract Environmental pollution due to landfill leachate has been studied extensively for inorganic and organic pollutants. This study investigates the risk of soil and water pollution by heavy metals in leachate from a selected landfill in Gampola, Sri Lanka. Leachate and soils from the landfill were collected and analyzed for heavy metals and quality rating scales were calculated. The results reveal that the heavy metal concentrations in leachate is relatively low and highest quality rating scales of 54, 37 and 31 % were resulted for Pb, Cr, Cd, respectively for the concentrations of 0.054, 0.037 and 0.031 mg L-1. Heavy metal concentrations in soils were higher than that of leachate and showed a decreasing trend with increasing distance from the landfill. The highest content of Cd, Mn and Cu were 21,173 and 2493 mg kg-1, respectively at the landfill whereas highest content of Zn, Ni, Pb and Cr (1619, 76, 1003 and 239 mg kg-1, respectively) was found within 1 m distance from the dumpsite. Quality rating scales for Pb, Cr and Cd were 251, 80 and 57 %, respectively based on the soil quality standards in Thailand which indicates the degree of soil contaminations by heavy metals in landfill leachate. It can be concluded that the soils are highly contaminated with heavy metals from landfill leachate indicating the potential of the soils to be a natural attenuating agent. However, when the soils’ capacity exceeds there is a possibility of ground and surface water contaminations by heavy metals in landfill leachate. [Keywords] heavy metals, landfill leachate, quality rating scale

*Corresponding author, Tel: (94)71512-4437; Fax: (94)81239-5454 E-mail address: sewwandidh@yahoo.com Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. 2 Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka. 3 Department of Agric. Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. 1

Application of equilibrium and nonequilibrium solute movement equations to simulate nitrate movement in soil by HYDRUS-1D model Zahra derakhshan nejad1, Gholamabbas sayyad*2, Alireza jafarnejadi3, Ali assareh4 Abstract Nitrate is an element which is important to plant growth and crop production. Mineral form of nitrate is one mobile anion that is absorbable for plants, and if its amount at the soil exceeds the plant requirments due to its charge homology with charge of clay particls at the soil, quickly will be washed from the soil profile and lead to contiminating of ground water and causing toxicity. This study was performanced to investigate nitrate movement under sugarcane cultivation soil. The research was performanced in years 2010-2011 using data which was measured and collected in Karun agro-industry region. The simulation of nitrate movement in soil was established by using HYDRUS-1D software. Direct modeling method using solute movement equilibrium and nonequilibrium equation was used to predict nitrate movement in soil. Results showed that in conditions of field, direct modeling method using solute movement equilibrium model (with correlation coefficient 94%) predicted the nitrate movement more accurate than others, but application of both equations showed underestimation in nitrate movement prediction. [Keywords] Nitrate, Simulation, Sugarcane

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (0098) 611-3364054; Fax: (0098) 611-3330079 E-mail address: gsayyad@gmail.com 1 Islamic Azad University of Ahwaz - Science and Research Branch. E-mail address: Derakhshan_10z@yahoo.com 2 Invited professor of Islamic Azad University of Shushtar Branch 3 Islamic Azad University of Ahwaz - Science and Research Branch 4 Islamic Azad University of Ahwaz Branch

Toxic metals in soils contaminated by landfill leachate in Kandy area, Sri Lanka S.S.R.M.D.H.R WIJESEKARA*1, R. M. A. U. RAJAPAKSHA1, I. P.L JAYARATHNE1, B.F.A BASNAYAKE2 and Meththika VITHANAGE1. Abstract Toxic metals in landfill leachate can be adsorbed into associated soils. The aim of this study was to examine the availability and mobility of heavy metal ions (Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr and Cd) in leachate contaminated soils as an environmental concern. This includes determination of total, exchangeable and bio-available heavy metal concentrations in leachate contaminated soil, cation exchange capacity (CEC), zero net proton charge (pHzpc) and specific surface area determination of particular soils. Leachate contaminated soils from Gohagoda municipal solid waste open dump site were used in this study. Heavy metal ions with high concentrations were observed indicating examined soils have been in contact with leachate. Furthermore, a considerable amount of metal ions were recorded in exchangeable and bio-available fractions confirming their complexation with associated soils. Highest concentration of heavy metal recorded was Zn (59.4 mg/kg) in the exchangeable fraction while it was 4.5 mg/kg in the bioavailable fraction. The recorded CEC; 49.09 meq/100g, pHZPC; 4.64, specific surface area; 9.25 m2/g and FTIR results showed that the soil is kaolinite clay type, lack of organic mater. These findings lead to understand the heavy metal retention by the soils in contact. Thus, a considerable concentration of heavy metals has been adsorbed into soils preventing ground water and surface water contamination, however, still soil releases toxic metals to the environment. In consequence to mitigate this serious environmental concern needs urgent remediation effort. [Keywords] leachate, heavy metals, cation exchange capacity

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (94)77969-3346; Fax: (94)81223-2131 E-mail address: wijesekara84@gmail.com 1 Chemical and Environmental Systems Modeling Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka. 2 Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.

Effect of bulking materials on chemical quality of sewage sludge vermicompost Kazem

HASHEMIMAJD1 Abstract

Vermicomposting is at suitable methods for stabilization and converting of sewage sludge into useful products. To investigate the effects of bulking material on vermicompost quality, an experiment was conducted in a factorial design with three replications. In this experiment, the final dried sludge in lagoons was mixed with bulking materials (woodchips, three leaves, and wheat straw) in four mixing proportion with swage sludge (0, 15, 30, and 45 %, V/V). Chemical properties of bulking materials, sewage sludge, and produced vermicomposts were determined. Vermicomposts had relatively low pH and EC. Their nutrients content especially N, P, Fe, and Zn were high. These properties showed its suitable quality for use in agriculture. Heavy metals concentrations of vermicomposts, except Zn, were lower than recommended values by EPA. Mixing of Bulking materials with sewage sludge decreased pH, N, Pb, Co, and Cd, but increased Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Ni content of produced vermicomposts. In most cases, the concentrations of nutrients were higher in 30% mixing proportion. Therefore, 30% (v/v) mixing of bulking material with sewage sludge is recommended for vermicompost production. [Key words] Vermicompost, sewage sludge, bulking materials, heavy metals, Eisenia foetids

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (98)4515512204, E-mail address: hashemimajd@yahoo.com 1 Department of soil science, faculty of agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil-Iran

Effect of post harvest operations on seed quality of urdbean (Vigna mungoL.) Ashish Lambat1, Pravin Charde1, Rajesh Gadewar1, Sanjiv Charjan2, Konglath Cherian3, Prachi Lambat3. Abstract Effects of threshing, drying and storage methods on seed quality of urdbean (Vigna mungo L.) were studied. The seeds threshed by hand had maintained significantly very low mechanical damage to seeds and higher germination, seedling vigour and field emergence percentage. Drying of urdbean seeds at lower temperature (shade) recorded significantly higher germination, seedling vigour and field emergence percentage. The urdbean seeds stored in polyethylene bags recorded significantly higher germination, seedling vigour and field emergence and lesser seed invasion by fungal flora during storage as compared to jute and cloth bags under ambient condition. It was also noted that Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., Rhizopus sp., Tricothecium sp. and Penicillium sp. were the most commonly occurring fungi irrespective of storage periods and storage containers during storage under ambient condition.

[Keywords] Urdbean, seed quality, threshing, drying, container, storage.

Corresponding Author, (0091)(9372727927) Email : lambatashish@gmail.com Research Academy, Sevadal Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Nagpur, M. S., India. 2. Dr. P.D.K.V. Akola’s College of Agriculture, Nagpur, M. S., India. 3 Department of Botany, Hislop college, Nagpur, M. S., India.

Prediction of soluble solids content in cut watermelons using near infrared spectroscopy Panmanas SIRISOMBOON1, Sarid CHURCHART*1 Abstract The objective of this research was to study the possibility of using near infrared spectroscopy in reflectance mode in evaluating the soluble solids content (sweetness) of cut watermelons by portable spectrophotometer, in the spectral range of 600–1100 nm. In the analysis of soluble solids content the samples of the watermelon (Kinnaree Variety) were taken in the rainy season (from September-October 2009) and in the winter season (from FebruaryMarch 2010) at different harvesting dates of 21, 23, 25 and 27days after flower blooming. The 25 days after blooming was a commercial harvesting time. The calibration models for prediction were developed using Partial Least Square (PLS) method. The best model was created using the spectra which was modified by Multiplicative Scatter Correction (Full MSC) that provided the correlation coefficient(r) of 0.80 , Standard error of Prediction (SEP) of 0.559 %Brix, bias of -0.144 %Brix and ratio of the the range to SEP (RER) of 6.99. Conclusively, this technique could categorize sweetness levels of cut watermelons but could not accurately predict the sweetness values. [Keywords] Watermelon, Fresh cut, Kinnaree Variety, Soluble solids content, Near-Infrared spectroscopy, Partial Least Square (PLS)

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (66)81833-9462; Fax: (66)2329-8336 E-mail address: sarid_alone@hotmail.com 1 Curriculum of Agricultural Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand.

Evaluation of dry rubber content of concentrated latex by Near-infrared spectroscopy Panmanas SIRISOMBOON1 and Apidul KEAWKUPTONG1* Abstract The analysis of dry rubber content of concentrated latex using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was done by scanning 240 rubber latex samples using NIR Spectrometer in reflectance mode in the wavelength range of 11002500 nm. The measurement of dry rubber content used was the method of concentrated latex factory. The samples were separated into two groups: 169 samples for Calibration set and 71 samples for Prediction set. The models for prediction were developed from partial least squares (PLS) method. The best model was developed from the raw spectrum where the correlation (r), standard error of prediction (SEP) and bias were 0.99, 0.44% and -0.02%, respectively. The ratio of SEP to Standard deviation (RPD) was 5.75 and ratio of the SEP to range of Prediction set (RER) was 16.97. The NIR technique in Reflectance mode can accurately and fast be used to measure dry rubber content of concentrated latex. In addition, the peak of natural rubber appears clearly at 1152-1195, 1715-1776 nm and 2300-2350 nm. [Keywords] Dry Rubber Contents, Concentrated Latex, Sample

* Corresponding author, E-mail address: juy_sabayoi@hotmail.com 1 Agricultural Engineering Curriculum, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand, 10520

Mango Maturity Classification by using Physical Properties Panitnat YIMYAM1, Somkit JAITRONG2, Panmanas SIRISOMBOON*3 Abstract This report describes the using of an image processing program that can measure sample objects’ 2D physical properties which consist of length (L), width (W), top area (TA), length of a pole to an outmost point (PTP), thick (T), and side area (SA). These extracted 2D features were used to estimate maturity of sample objects which were an exported mango cultivar called “Nam Dokmai”. After that, we did different experiments on two classification methods including a back-propagation method and a partial least square discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) to classify maturity of the sample. The experimental results illustrate that both methods can classify the wider range of the sample’s age more accurately than the narrower range. In addition, the accuracy results of classification convince that classification by using the back-propagation method is more effective than the partial least square discriminate analysis. [Keywords] Image processing, Feature extraction, Maturity of mangoes

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (66)2329-8337; Fax: (66)2329-8336 E-mail address: kspanman@kmitl.ac.th 1 Faculty of Science and Social Sciences, Burapha University Sakaeo Campus, Sakaeo, Thailand, 27160 2 Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Burapha University Sakaeo Campus, Sakaeo, Thailand, 27160 3 Curriculum of Agricultural Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand, 10520

Post harvest dormancy in Mungbean (Phaseolous mungo L.) and their methods to overcome. Pravin Charde1, Konglath Cherian2, Ashish Lambat1, Rajesh Gadewar1, Prabhakar Bhandari1, Sanjiv Charjan3, Prachi Lambat2. Abstract Five genotypes of mungbean were sown during 2009. The seeds after harvesting, threshing and processing were evaluated for their hardseededness dormancy. The findings of the present study indicate that concentrated sulphuric acid, hot water, sand scarification and hot air oven methods are effective for reducing hardseededness in Mungbean. All the above mentioned treatments showed injuries effect to the seed embryo by increasing the dead seeds and abnormal seedlings except concentrated sulphuric acid treatment. In general concentrated sulphuric acid treatment for 60 seconds have been found most effective for breaking seeds coat dormancy and also significantly highest germination percentage compared to the above mentioned treatments under taken in the present investigation.

[Keywords] Mungbean, dormancy, hard seed coat, germination, seedling vigour, field emergence.

Correspondence Author (0091) (9372727927) Email: lambatashish@gmail.com 1

Research Academy, Sevadal Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

Department of Botany, Hislop College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

Dr. P. D. K. V. Akola’s, College of Agriculture, Nagpur, Maharashtra State, India.

Post Harvest Losses in Qualities of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan L.) seed due to Pulse Beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis) Infestation. Rajesh Gadewar1, Ashish Lambat1, Sanjiv Charjan2, Pravin Charde1, Konglath Cherian3, Prachi Lambat3. Abstract Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) is an important sources of protein. The seed infestation by pulse beetle during storage is a major problem. This paper gives a brief account of certain biochemical, mycological and physiological changes in qualities of pigeon pea seeds due to infestation of pulse beetle during storage. In the present study, it was found that the percentage of moisture content, total ash, crude fiber, crude protein significantly increased and crude fat total carbohydrate, total sugar pulse beetle reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar significantly decreased in pulse beetle infested seeds of pigeon pea during storage. Increase in protein content is attributed to insect metabolites like uric acid, which is nitrogenous is nature. The incidence percentage of fungi such as species of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Curvularia, Fusarium, Penicillium and Rhizopus were predominant over all other fungi on infested pigeon pea seeds and it is increased with increase in pulse beetle infestation during storage. The physical and physiological qualities of pigeon pea seeds i.e. 100 – seed weight, germination, seedling vigour and field emergence percentage decreased with increase in infestation of pulse beetle during storage. [Keywords] pigeon pea, pulse beetle, infestation, seed quality and storage.

Corresponding Author (0091) (9372727927), Email: lambatashish@gmail.com Research Academy, Sevadal Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. 2 Dr. P.D.K.V, Akola’s, College of Agriculture, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. 3 Department of Botany, Hislop College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

Effect of Dropping Surface and Multiple Drops on Damage of Lime in Cold Storage Pattarachai VICHAIYA* Abstract Two kinds of impact experiment were studied to investigate if they were the cause of chilling injury of lime in cold storage. The first experiment was to drop lime at 1 meter height on three surfaces (soil, 10 mm thick of Ethylene Propylene Diane rubber (EPDM) and 10 mm plywood) to simulate the injury cause by harvesting. The second experiment was multiple drops of lime (one time, two times and three times) at 1 meter on soil surface to simulate the injury due to handling. Experiments were terminated when most lime stored at ambient condition turned to brown color with harden skin. It appeared on day 13 of storage. It was found that under ambient storage, lime dropped on all three surfaces continuously increased in damage. However, in cold storage, the injury, as a result from dropping on soft surfaces (soil and EPDM) was slightly increased to 2.35 percent while lime dropped on plywood suffered 50 percent of damage as early as day 3 of storage. Damage on all surfaces remained unchanged for the rest of the storage. In the repeat dropping experiment and keeping in ambient storage condition, lime of three times dropped showed the most injuries of 90 percent at the end of day 13. However, in cold storage, it appeared that lime of one time dropped exhibited only 2.3 percent of damage during the two weeks storage. Lime which was dropped two times and three times showed similar damage pattern. Damage increased to 38 percent on day 3 and remained constant during the time of storage. In conclusion, lime kept in cold storage showed less than half of damage than in ambient condition. It was likely that cold storage could help prolong shelf life of lime even though it was subjected to minor impact. [Keywords] Lime, impact, cold storage, bruise damage, inducing of injury

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (66)2329-8337; Fax: (66)2329-8336 E-mail address: patvichaiya@hotmail.com Agricultural Engineering Curriculum, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand, 10520

Adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Blue R dye on activated carbon produced from corn cob: Equilibrium and kinetic study Tan Chai Yun EVELYN1, Olugbenga Solomon BELLO1,2, Mohd Azmier AHMAD1* Abstract The adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) dye onto activated carbon prepared from corn cob by physiochemical activation with Na2CO3 was investigated. The corn cob was carbonized at 700oC under purified nitrogen flow of 150 cm3/min for 2 h. The char produced was impregnated with Na2CO3 at weight ratio of 1: 2.5 followed by activation in a vertical reactor at 760oC for 1 h. The effects of various parameters such as contact time, initial RBBR concentration (50-200 mg/L) and temperature (30-600C) were investigated. The influence of these parameters on adsorption capacity was studied in batch process. RBBR adsorption uptake was found to increase with increase in initial concentration and contact time. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models were used to fit the adsorption data. Equilibrium data were best represented by Freundlich isotherm model. Pseudo second order model provided the best correlation for the experimental data studied. The surface area, surface morphology, proximate and elemental analyses were determined and discussed. [Keywords] Remazol Brilliant Blue R dye, Corn cob, Activated carbon, Adsorption

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (6)04-5996459; Fax: (6)04-5941013 E-mail address: chazmier@eng.usm.my 1 School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia 2 Department of P/A Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria

The optimal condition for coconut flakes dryer with vacuum and infrared heater Panmanas SIRISOMBOON1, Mongkol SKUNTHONGARLAM*1 Abstract Using of far infrared radiation for drying in the vacuum chamber has been increased because this method proved effective drying. Therefore, this study aimed to dry coconut flakes to produce virgin coconut oil by using far infrared radiation with drying in the vacuum chamber. The machine performance test was done. The heater temperature set points were 55 and 65 oC. The speed of the agitator in the coconut flakes was 100 and 200 rpm. Drying time were 45, 60 and 90 minutes. The vacuum pressure was 30 mmHg. The results showed that the best operating condition for producing virgin coconut oil was the heater set point of 65 oC, drying time of 90 minutes and agitation speed of 200 rpm. For other conditions, the coconut milk mixed with oil was obtained instead of virgin coconut oil. The oil yield was 14% by weight of coconut flakes. [Keywords] Virgin coconut oil, vacuum, infrared, dryer.

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (66)86577-6723; Fax: (66)2329-8336 E-mail address: mongkolbest@hotmail.com 1 Curriculum of Agricultural Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand.

Changing of physical properties of chilli using two-stage drying temperature Pianpan Supakot* Wiriya Phomkong and Ekasit Onsaard Abstract The study was aimed to improve physical properties of chilli (Capsaicum annuum c.v. Chinda) by using twostage drying temperature. Main quality attributes of dried chilli are color, rehydration rate, shrinkage and structure. Two-stage drying air temperature was initiated by using a higher temperature at a first stage followed by a lower temperature at a second stage. At first stage, drying air temperatures and time were varied at 60, 70 and 80 oC and 3, 4 and 5 hour and followed by using 50oC at a second stage until moisture content less than 12% (db) compared with one-stage drying temperature (70 C, 6 hour). Final moisture contents and water activities of dried chilli were 9.50±0.05-9.75±0.10 %(db)(P>0.05) and 0.42± 0.01-0.44±0.02 (P>0.05), respectively. A lightness of chilli dried at two-stage temperature was higher than one stage drying (p 0.05). However, chroma value, hue angle and UE of dried chilli did not significantly different among different conditions (P>0.05). It was found that using of drying air temperature at 70 C for 3 hour and followed by 50 C for 9 hour provided a lighter color of chilli than other conditions and control. The rehydration rate of dried chilli using two-stage drying temperature was higher than one-stage drying temperature )p 0.05). Rehydration rate was decreased with increasing of drying temperature and time. Using drying temperatures at 70 C for 3 hour at first stage provided the highest rehydration rate and the lowest shrinkage of dried chilli(p 0.05). Increasing of cell compactness of dried chilli was observed with increasing of drying air temperature and time measured by scanning electron microscopy. [Keywords] chilli, physical properties, two-stage drying temperature

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (45)45353500; Fax: (45)288373 E-mail address: p.supakot@gmail.com 1 Food Technology, Department of Agro-Indrustry, Faculty of Agriculture, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubonratchathani 34190, Thiland, Email: P.supakot@gmail.com.

Effect of Seed Size and Storage time on Soyabean Seed Qualities. Sanjiv Charjan1, Vandan Mohod1, Shashikant Rokade2, Rajesh Gadewar2, Ashish Lambat2, Pravin Charde2 Abstract One of the major problems encountered in Soyabean production is the lack of good quality seeds at the time of sowing. In the present investigation freshly harvested seeds, (Oct. – 2008) of the Soyabean var, JS-335, were graded into small, medium and bold seeds. The graded seeds stored in jute bags upto next sowing season (June, 2009) in the present investigation the observation on different tests were taken bimonthly from November – 2008 to June – 2009. It was observed that the recovery percentage was significantly higher in medium size seeds as compared to small and bold size seeds. The 100 – seed weight was significantly maximum in bold size seeds. Among the seed grades, medium size seeds showed significantly higher seed viability and field emergence percentage as compared to small bold and ungraded seeds. Seedling vigour parameters viz, speed of germination, length of seedling, seedling dry weight and seed vigour index was higher in bold seeds but it is at par with medium size seeds. It was also noted that Aspergillus Sp., Fusarium Sp., Curvualaria Sp., Rhizopus Sp. and Penicillium Sp. were the most commonly occurring fungi irrespective of Soyabean seed sizes during storage. But total incidence percentages of fungi were observed higher on small size seeds as compared to other size seeds. The medium size seeds showed significantly higher seed viability, field emergence percentage and lesser invasion of fungal flora during storage up to coming Kharif season sowing time. [Keywords] Soyabean, Recovery Percentage, Seed Viability, Field Emergence Percentage, Kharif season (June-September 2008).

Corresponding author (0091) (9372727927), Email: lambatashish@gmail.com. 1 Dr. P.D.K.V, Akola’s, College of Agriculture, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. 2 Research Academy, Sevadal Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

A Study and Comparison of Mathematical modeling for Drying of Tomato Amin TAHERI-GARAVAND*, Shahin RAFIEE, Ailreza KEYHANI Abstract Thin-layer drying kinetics of Tomato was experimentally investigated in a pilot scale convective dryer. Experiments were performed at air temperatures of 40, 60, and 80ºC and at three relative humidity of 20%, 40% and 60% and constant air velocity of 2 m/s. In order to select a suitable form of the drying curve, 9 different thin layer drying models were fitted to experimental data. The high values of coefficient of determination and the low values of reduced sum square errors and root mean square error indicated that the Midilli et al. model could satisfactorily illustrate the drying curve of tomato. the Midilli et al. model had the highest value of R2 (0.9997), the lowest SSE (0.22662) and RMSE (0.0040912) for relative humidity of 20% and air velocity of 2 m/s. the Midilli et al. model had the highest value of R2 (0.99946), the lowest SSE (0.46702) and RMSE (0.0051192) for relative humidity of 40% and air velocity of 2 m/s. the Midilli et al. model had the highest value of R2 (0.99952), the lowest SSE (0.438982) and RMSE (0.0050188) for relative humidity of 60% and air velocity of 2 m/s. The Midilli et al. model was found to satisfactorily describe the drying behavior of tomato. [Keywords] Tomato, Thin-layer drying, relative humidity, air temperatures, air velocity

Removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue Reactive dye from aqueous solution using oil palm fruit fibre: Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. Olugbenga Solomon Bello*1,2 Mohd Azmier Ahmad1 Abstract This study investigates the adsorption potential of activated carbon prepared from oil palm fruit fibre (OPFAC) to remove Remazol Brilliant Blue Reactive (RBBR) dye, from its aqueous solution. Operational parameters such as initial pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, initial dye concentration and temperature were studied in batch process. The adsorption process attained equilibrium at 60 mins. Equilibrium data were tested by two widely used isotherm models namely, Langmuir and Freundlich. It was found that adsorption of RBBR dye on OPFAC correlated well with the Langmuir isotherm model, implying monolayer coverage of dye molecules onto the surface of the adsorbent. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 28.81 mgg 1 at 600C. Kinetics of the adsorption process was tested by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model provided the best correlation for the experimental data studied. Thermodynamic study showed endothermic, spontaneous nature and feasibility of the adsorption process. OPFAC was found to be effective in the adsorption of RBBR dye from aqueous solutions. [Keywords] Adsorption; Spontaneous; Maximum adsorption capacity; Endothermic

School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia Department of P/A Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B 4000. Ogbomoso,Oyo State. Nigeria E-mail address of corresponding author: osbello@yahoo.com 2

Physical properties and mechanical behavior under compressive loading of Green Walnut S.Habibi1, A. jafari, H.mobli Abstract In this paper some physical and mechanical properties of walnut were determined in order to design processing equipment and facilities. Physical properties investigated include, size, sphericity index, fruit density, mass, volume, geometric mean diameter and surface area. Mechanical properties studied were the coefficient of friction, the rupture force and the rupture energy. The average green walnut‘s length, width, thickness, sphericity, fruit density, mean mass, volume, geometric mean diameter and surface area were 48.15 mm, 42.92 mm, 39.73 mm, 90.32%, 0.91 g/cm3, 40.75 g, 45 cm3, 43.45 mm and 59.4 cm2 respectively at 66.15% moisture content (w.b.); while the corresponding values of Walnut (without green shell) at 47.14% moisture content (w.b.) were 34.61mm, 33.46 mm, 30.99 mm, 95.54%, 0.76 g/cm3, 13.73 g, 18.22 cm3, 32.94 mm and 34.21 cm2, respectively. On three different surfaces, the static coefficient of friction varies from 0.48 to 0.69 for green walnut and from 0.29 to 0.47 for walnut. The compression speeds were carried out at 50, 100, and 200 mm/min. The rupture strength of green walnut and walnut decreased with increasing of moisture content while rupture strength increased with an increase of compression speeds. These data are useful in the design and development of handling and processing machines, which are not available currently in literature. [Keyword] Wanut, Physical and Mechanical Properties, Compression speeds, Rupture strength

MSc student of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Agricultural Machinery Engineering Dept., Faculty of

Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj,Corresponding email: s_habibi@ut.ac.ir

Some Physical and mechanical properties of Hawthorn fruit S.Habibi1, A.jafari, H.mobli Abstract The knowledge of physical properties of hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) fruit is necessary to design post harvesting equipment such as cleaning, sorting, grading, kernel removing, storage, packing and processing of fresh fruits. Also, the information supplied on the physical properties of the hawthorn fruit can be used in human nutrition. This study was done to analyze the physical and mechanical properties of the Iranian hawthorn fruit like (dimensions, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, fruit density, volume, surface area, friction coefficient and Hardness) at the moisture content of 71.23 percent. Other results showed that linear dimensions varied from 18.22 to 29.10 mm in length, 17.92 to 27.79 mm in width, and 13.82 to 21.40 mm in thickness. Mean mass and fruit volume was measured as 4.273g and 4657.8mm3, respectively. The geometric mean diameter, sphericity, fruit density and surface area were measured as 20.40mm, 87.74%, 1.04 (g/cm3) and 1316.42(mm2), respectively. The friction coefficient over the surface of wood, glass and galvanize sheet were 0.39, 0.54 and 0.45, respectively. The highest rupture force, deformation and toughness in this moisture content were obtained for hawthorn loaded along the Xaxis. The mean values of cracking force and energy were measured 15.17 N and 579.35 MJ, respectively. Increasing in size of hawthom was found to increase on cracking force and energy. [Keyword] Hawthorn, Physical and Mechanical Properties, Friction Coefficient.

MSc student of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Agricultural Machinery Engineering Dept., Faculty of

Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj,Corresponding email: s_habibi@ut.ac.ir

The Effects of Moisture Content on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Walnut Cultivars S.Habibi1, A.jafari, H.mobli Abstract Physical properties of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) fruit are important for the design of post harvesting equipment such as cleaning, sorting, grading, packing and processing of fresh fruits. The average length, width and thickness of Walnut at 5% moisture content (w.b.) were 36.13, 32.77 and 31.1 mm, while the corresponding values of Walnut at 47.14% moisture content (w.b.) were 34.61, 33.46 and 30.99 mm, respectively. The average sphericity, volume, fruit density, Mean mass, geometric mean diameter and surface area were measured as 92.17%, 17.77cm3, 0.6 kg/m3, 10.71gr, 33.25 mm and 3474.68 mm2 at 5% moisture content and 95.54%, 18.22 cm3, 0.76 kg/m3, 13.73gr, 32.94 mm and 3421.55 mm2 at 47.14% moisture content. At all moisture contents, the static coefficient of friction was the highest on galvanize sheet and the least for wood. The rupture force and energy were measured at different loading velocities and Walnut size. The experiments were carried out at two moisture contents, three compression speeds (50, 100, and 200 mm/min), and three compression axes (X-, Y-, and Z-axes). The results showed that loading velocity, loading direction and Walnut size had significant effects on cracking force and energy. Rupture force and rupture energy of walnuts decreased in magnitude with an increase of moisture content, while rupture force and rupture energy increased with an increase of compression speeds. [Keyword] Walnut, Physical and Mechanical Properties, cracking force

MSc student of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Agricultural Machinery Engineering Dept., Faculty of

Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj,Corresponding email: s_habibi@ut.ac.ir

Work Study in Flower Packing House Supakit SAYASOONTHORN*1, Michael Ayodele OMODARA2 and Shuaeeb Niyi OYEWOLE2 Abstract A work study was carried out in Kedem farm (located north of Tel Aviv, Israel) that produces flowers for export to Europe. The cultivars of flowers which the farmer was working on at the time of study were kochia and ruskus. The study was done with the aim of analysing the specific job elements involved in the handling and packaging of these flowers for export in order to make useful recommendation(s) for effective time management for increase productivity. Two major operations were considered; sorting and serving. Work elements that were used for measurement in sorting operation are; put, pile, move, idle and others, while for serving operation; divide, bring new, take out, idle and others were used. The result of the measurements (which were taken using the pocket computer with time study programme) shows that the standard time for the sorter and server is 3,660 and 3,050 sec, while the actual production rate is 2,170 branch/hr and 372 branch/hr for sorter and server respectively. In order to remove bottle neck from the dividing operation, it is suggested that the sorter should carry out all the elements of the operation alone while the server should join the other two workers dividing (grading of ruskus). The result shows that with this recommendation the actual production rate of the sorter will be 1,660/hr while the three workers dividing will have a production rate of 1,485/hr. [Keywords] packing house, work study, flower

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (66)561-3482; Fax: (66)561-3482 E-mail address: agrspks@ku.ac.th 1 Department of Farm Mechanics, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Thailand, 10900 2 Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute, Km 3, Asa Dam Road, P.M.B 1489, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria

Wheat Class Identification Using LBP, LSP and LSN Textural Features and Monochrome Images Mohammad-Hossein Abbaspour- Fard1, Alireza Pourreza*1, Hamidreza Pourreza2, Hassan Sadrnia1 Abstract Utilizing machine vision in wheat seed classification is an impartial method which can help in online verification and increases the accuracy of seeds selection in real applications of agricultural industry. In this study, the efficiency of using some texture features to classify nine Iranian wheat seed varieties was evaluated. 1080 grayscale images of bulk wheat seeds (120 images of each variety) were acquired with similar illumination condition (florescent ring light). 77 textural features were extracted from LBP (Local Binary Patterns), LSP (Local Similarity Patterns) and LSN (Local Similarity Numbers) matrixes. In order to select the most significant textural features, Stepwise discrimination method was individually used for each matrix and also for all matrixes. With this method features were ranked based on their level of contribution in classification when they are evaluated individually and all together. LDA (Linear Discriminate Analysis) classifier was employed for classification using top selected features. The average accuracies of the classifier were 63.89%, 77.04% and 75.74% when top 10 features of LBP, LSP and LSN matrices were used respectively. The average classification accuracy was 90.37% when top 30 features selected from all feature groups were used in the classifier. [Keywords] Wheat, Classification, Image Processing

* Corresponding author, Tell: (+98-511) 8796818, Fax: (+98-511) 8787430 E-mail address: alireza.pourreza@gmail.com 1. Department of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. 2. Department of computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.

Lactic acid bacteria from fermented fish with high salt preservation Sukuma THIENCHAI1, Saipin CHAIYANAN*1 Abstract Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are considered to be the dominant microorganisms in most fermented food. The functions of the lactic acid bacteria in the fermented food are both preservation by producing lactic acid and development of distinct flavors. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of lactic acid bacteria in high salt (>20%NaCl) fermented fish products. The 38 bacterial strains were isolated from 12 samples of ka-pi (fermented krill), 5 samples of salted Chinese mackerel fish (Scomberomorus sinensis) and 3 samples of imported anchovy fillets in olive oil. Pediococcus pentosaceus (1), P. acidilactici (4), Tetragenococcus halophilus (3), Lactobacillus plantarum (4), and L. delbrueckii (9) were found in ka-pi samples (24.31% salt, 2.42% total acid, and pH 7.03). P. pentosaceus (1), P. acidilactici (3), T. halophilus (7) isolates were found in salted fish samples (21.81% salt, 0.99% total acid, and pH 7.57). P. acidilactici (2), P. pentosaceus (1), T. halophilus (1), and L. plantarum (2) were isolated from anchovy fillets (20.03% salt, 3.04% total acid, and pH 5.76). The diverse components of the raw material used and the production processes of high salt fermented products create the different environments for the LAB. The high pH and the small amount of acid in the ka-pi and salted fish samples could not elicit a preservation activity of the LAB. The low pH of the anchovies demonstrated the lactic acid fermentation. It can be concluded that the major preservation factor is the high salt concentration. The LAB only enhances the flavor and taste of the fermented foods. [Keywords] fermented fish, fermented product, lactic acid bacteria, and preservation

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (66)2470-8887; Fax: (66)24708891 E-mail address: saipin.cha@kmutt.ac.th 1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkutâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand, 10140

Properties of coconut fiber/fish protein biocomposite with different lignin content Chayanit CHAISARANPAT*1, Thiranan KUNANOPPARAT2, Suwit SIRIWATTANAYOTIN Abstract The development of biocomposites from agricultural biodegradable matrix and renewable natural fibers has attracted great interests. Fish waste and coconut fiber are respectively byproducts of the surimi and coconut milk industry. Preparation of fish protein matrix reinforced with coconut fiber is a way to produce biocomposite from byproducts. Fiber/matrix adhesion is an important parameter affecting the mechanical properties of biocomposite. Lignin is a polyphenolic polymer which locates on fiber surface. As polyphenol/protein interactions have been reported, lignin might play an important role on fiber/protein adhesion. The objective of this work was to study properties of coconut fiber with different lignin content/fish protein biocomposite. Coconut fiber was treated with an organosolv method to vary lignin content. Mechanical properties of treated fiber with lignin content in range of 14, 26 and 37% were not significantly different. Then, plasticized fish protein with 20% treated coconut fibers containing different lignin content were prepared by compression molding. Physical adhesion and chemical adhesion in terms of glass transition temperature (Tg) and chemical bonds of biocomposite were respectively characterized by scanning electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. In addition, mechanical properties of biocomposite were determined by texture analyzer. The results showed no change of infrared spectra and Tg of biocomposite with different lignin content. Moreover, no effect of lignin content on mechanical properties of biocomposite was observed. Therefore, different lignin content in studied range seemed to have no significant effect neither on physical and chemical adhesion nor mechanical properties of biocomposite. [Keywords] adhesion, fiber, biocomposite, fish protein, lignin

* Corresponding author, E-mail address: thiranan.kun@kmtt.ac.th 1 Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Tungkru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand 2 Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Tungkru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand

Glass Transition of Cassava Starch during Pneumatic Conveying Drying Sawanit AICHAYAWANICH*1, Montira NOPHARATANA1, Annop NOPHARATANA2, Warinthorn SONGKASIRI3 Abstract Glass transition is related to undesired agglomeration of starch-based powders during various drying processes. Therefore, to reduce cassava starch agglomeration, this research aimed to investigate glass transition of cassava starch during pneumatic conveying drying. To evaluate glass transition point of the starch during the drying process, the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to evaluate glass transition temperature of the starch as a function of weight fraction of water. Then, temperature and weight fraction of the starch were measured along the drying tube. Further, water and starch chain mobility in the starch granules around glass transition point were investigated via Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometer. The experimental results showed that glass transition temperatures of cassava starch were varied from 33.94 to 132.20oC depending on plasticizing effect of water. The starch phase changed from rubbery to glassy at the middle stage of the drying process. When the dried starch granule was in rubbery phase, the water and starch chain mobility in the dried starch granule were high. The results indicated that the starch granules in rubbery phase became sticky and could agglomerate during the drying process. [Keywords] Cassava starch, Glass transition, Water and starch chain mobility

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (66)2470-8887; Fax: (66)24708891 E-mail address: saipin.cha@kmutt.ac.th 1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand, 10140

Using the Six Sigma Method to Improve Soil Inversion in Tillage by Moldboard Plow Majid Namdari1, Shahin Rafiee, Ali Jafari Abstract Soil tillage, in general, is one of the fundamental agro-technical operations in agriculture because of its influence on soil properties, environment, and crop production. Historically, one of the main functions of moldboard plough has been to turn over the soil in order to turn over and cover sods, crop residues, and weeds. This study aimed to improve soil inversion index in moldboard plowing using the Six Sigma method in farm of University of Tehran. Six Sigma is a new methodology to improve the quality of process outputs by identifying and removing the causes of defects (errors) and minimizing variability in processes. Measurement showed process capability (Cpk) was 0.43 before using Six Sigma in study farm. FMEA tools revealed that plowing speed, using moldboard plow without disk coulter, soil moisture content and plowing depth are the most important factors in soil inversion errors, with 720, 648, 490 and 420 RPN respectively. A split-split factorial design was conducted to examine the validity of the FMEA results. Experimental data confirmed these results, showing that plowing speed, using disk coulter, soil moisture content and plowing depth significantly influenced soil inversion. After implementing the suggested results Cpk upgraded to 1.2. Therefore use Six Sigma method can improve soil inversion by moldboard plow and creating a desired final soil condition.

[Keywords] tillage, risk priority number (RPN), failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA), disk coulter, DMAIC cycle.

*Corresponding author, Tel.: (+98) 2612801011; Fax: (+98) 2612808138 E-mail address: majidnamdari@gmail.com 1Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, School of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran: Iran.

The Affect of the Cassava Physical Properties to the Harvester Design Danuwat THANGDEE*1 and Seree WONGPICHET2 Abstract The Physical Properties of Cassava was studied as the data for design the cassava harvesting machine. The Kasetsart-50 variety was random checked from the 14 plot and the results were showed that: the normally cultural practice of farmer were grew cassava on the ridge form with about 680 and 960 millimeters of within row and between row respectively, and on the harvesting period the ridge was about 150 millimeters height, while the length, width, penetration of cassava bunches regard to row at 90 percentile were 501, 566, and 210 millimeters respectively. The average of cassava bunches weight was 4 kilograms. The bulk density of cassava bunches was 197 kilograms/cubic meter and the angle of friction on iron surface was 23 degrees. [Keywords] Cassava, Cassava bunch, Physical properties

* Corresponding author, E-mail address: wtharngdee@gmail.com 1 Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 40002 2 Assistant Prof. Dr. Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 40002

Design, development and performance test of a PTO (power take-off) driven mobile biomass shredder Sylvester A. BADUA1 , Ireneo C. Agulto2 , Victorino T. TAYLAN2, Emmanuel V. SICAT2 & Angelito V. ANGELES2 Abstract This study aimed to design, develop and test the performance of a PTO (power take-off) driven mobile biomass shredder that will be used in the production of organic fertilizer. Primary design criteria that were considered includes industry need, pto-driven, rigidity, capacity approaching industry level and shredding efficiency. The performance parameters determined during the tests are the capacity, efficiency, fuel consumption, mean time between failure, noise level and fineness modulus. Test materials that were used were acacia (samanea saman L.) leaves and twigs with a diameter of less than or equal to 2 in. Test results showed that the average capacity of the machine is 530 kg/hr with a shredding efficiency of 89% and consumes an average of 4.6 L/h of diesel fuel. An 80 min mean time between failure was exhibited by the machine during the testing. A noise level of 97 db was recorded during the performance test. The shredded materials exhibited an average fineness modulus of 5.5. The cost of the machine was PhP 49,000.00 (as of October 2010, Science City of Munoz, Philippines prices). Cost indicators showed a positive Net Present Value and an Internal Rate of Return of 26%. [Keywords] Design; Development; Organic agriculture; Shredder; Biomass

1 Institute of Graduate Studies, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz 3120, Nueva Ecija Philippines (sabadua@gmail.com) 2 College of Engineering, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz 3120, Nueva Ecija Philippines Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand, 10520

Experimental Investigation of a Free-Piston Stirling Engine Sutapat KWANKAOMENG 1, Banterng SILPSAKOOLSOOK 2, Tisakorn KAWEEMONGKOLRAT*3 Abstract A Stirling engine is a hot gas engine that can be used with multi–fuel choices as the heat source. The Stirling engine, therefore, is a potential engine which provides power from biomass, solar energy, or other fuels. The freepiston Stirling engine (FPSE) has good advantage in size over other types of Stirling engines. The FPSE consists of two dynamic pistons, displacer and working piston, reciprocating in along the same cylinder or in-line cylinders resulting in a compact Stirling engine. The objective of this research is to test and evaluate the performance of the FPSE. The FPSE prototype has swept volume of 23 cm3, the displacer and working piston diameter of 4.4 cm and 2.7 cm, respectively, and the displacer and working piston stroke of 2.1cm and 4 cm, respectively. The prototype is heated by alcohol burner and cooled by air. The engine is pressurized at an atmospheric pressure of air as the working gas. The experimental investigations were conducted in order to obtain the engine characteristics. The testing results of the FPSE showed that the engine obtained output power about 0.1 W at 730 rpm of engine speed with the input heat of 10.45 W. [Keywords] Free Piston Stirling Engine, Stirling engine, Prototype,

* Corresponding author, Tel.: (66)89545-4543; Fax: (66)2329-8336 E-mail address: f_ae_49@hotmail.com 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang,Chalongkrung Rd. Ladkrabang 10520, Tel. 0-2329-8351 Fax. 0-2329-8352 2 Department of Chemistry, Siam University. Phasichareon, Bangkok, Thailand, 10160. 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand, 10520

Sediment Shape Characterization Using Digital Image Processing Bim Prasad Shrestha1, Laxman Poudel2, Bhola Thapa3, Nabin Kumar Shrestha4 Abstract This part of research work is focused on defining sand particles shape using Digital Image Processing (DIP). Sand particles shape can be defined using geometrical structures which involves mathematics and its derivatives. Shape descriptor is utilized to define exactly the sand particles shape. It describes the region or boundary of sand particles. So study of sand shape using digital image processing with Fourier analysis gives an exact particles shape. This research utilizes nondestructive automation technique online or off-line based on using image processing. It is revealed that total 21 different shape of sand particles were identified each having different measures. Sand shapes were analyzed and processed using Charge Coupled Devices (CCD) camera, image processing Matrox Imaging Library (MIL) Software and in MatLab 6.5 platform. This new way of vision which cannot be revealed by eye can characterize particles shape easily. Research in shape similarity has a lot of challenges, some solutions and, and for same in use in different application. [Keywords] Image processing, sediments, shape characterization, erosion]

Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kathmandu University Dhulikhel, Nepal PhD candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, 4 Researcher, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal 2 3

Nepal

Modeling Effects of Agricultural Machinery Availability on Sugar beet Yield in Iran Narges BANAEIAN*1, Morteza ZANGENEH2 Abstract For determination and assessing the production status of sugar beet production in Iran mechanization indicators has been used. Firstly a descriptive analysis have been performed about production of sugar beet in 2001-2008 period and the results revealed that generally production of sugar beet has a positive growth in the specific period. In this study, different models were built to justification of status of sugar beet production. The survey was carried out by means of data obtained from Ministry of Agriculture. Data was including mechanization degree based on area of machinery use and mechanization ownership based on number of sugar beet farmers who use agricultural machinery into the whole of studied area and sugar beet farmers based on various agricultural operations as input, and yield (kg ha-1) as output. Agricultural mechanization has an important role in improvement of sugar beet production in Iran. Agricultural operations divided into four sets to model yield using regression analysis. The models built and could justify sugar beet yield with R2 of 0.85, averagely. Results revealed that levels of mechanization in each agricultural operation have different effects on yield improvement. Mechanization degree of land leveling was the most effective factor in modeling sugar beet yield as output. Mechanization degree of manure application, planting, irrigation and bund making has positive effect on sugar beet yield, so increasing the mechanization degree of these operations can improve yield. [Keywords] Agricultural mechanization, Agricultural operation, sugar beet.

Effect of Agricultural Mechanization on Corn Production of Iran Narges BANAEIAN*1, Morteza ZANGENEH2 Abstract For determination and assessing the effect of agricultural mechanization in various stages of production process on production status of irrigated corn in Iran, two indicators have been used, cultivated area (ha) and yield (kg ha-1). Several regression models have been built using Mechanization Degree (MD) and Mechanization Ownership (MO) of all agricultural operations, MD is based on area of machinery use and MO is based on number of corn farmers who use agricultural machinery into the whole of studied area and corn farmers, as input and cultivated area and yield as output, separately. The survey was carried out by means of data obtained from Agricultural Ministry of Iran in the period of 2001-2008. The results revealed that mechanization ownership of planting and harvesting have a significant effect on cultivated area of corn in Iran with 95% and 99% confidence, respectively. Mechanization degree of planting, manure application and chemical application were significant in justifying cultivated land with R2 of 0.98. Also MO of planting and irrigation was the important factors in modeling corn yield as output. Based on obtained results, agricultural mechanization has an important role in improvement of corn production in Iran. Levels of mechanization in each agricultural operation have different effects on yield improvement. High value of R2 of models showed the robustness of selected factors as input for modeling desired output. Policy makers can consider important factors between mechanization inputs to improve the corn production of Iran. [keywords] yield, regression model, mechanization.

An analysis of labour and machinery productivities for the major oilseed crops in Iran Seyed Hashem MOUSAVI-AVVAL*, Shahin RAFIEE, Ali JAFARI Abstract Considering the importance of oilseed crops and also the significant role of machinery and human labour as the intensive investment inputs in agricultural productions, the main objective of this study was to examine the productivity of human labour and machinery inputs in the productions of soybean, canola and sunflower, the major oilseed crops in Iran. Data used in this study were obtained from 319 oilseed farms from Aliabad, Kalalaeh and Gorgan regions of Golestan province, Iran. For calculating the sample size, the simple random sampling method was used. The productivities of inputs were calculated using the Cobb-Douglas production function and value of marginal product (VMP) of the partial regression coefficients. The results revealed that the machinery marginal productivity in sunflower production was higher than that of other oilseed crops. While, the use of machinery input in soybean production was contributed negatively with output. On the other hand the highest labour productivity was obtained from canola production and it was found to be the same for soybean and sunflower productions. The results also revealed that, in canola and sunflower productions the machinery productivity was higher than labour productivity, while the labour productivity was highest in soybean production. [Keywords] productivity; labour; machinery

* Corresponding author, E-mail address: sh.mousavi@ut.ac.ir Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.

An analysis of agricultural mechanization indicators in sunflower production in Iran Seyed Hashem MOUSAVI-AVVAL*, Shahin RAFIEE, Ali JAFARI Abstract Mechanization development strategies require both the quantitative and qualitative assessments of the mechanization indices and their impacts on agricultural production (yield) and economic factors. The main objectives of this study were to estimate and to analyze the mechanization indices for sunflower production in Golestan province of Iran. Data used in this study were collected from 95 sunflower production enterprises in Golestan province using a survey method. With considering the objectives of this study, the mechanization capacity indicator based on the ratio of total mechanical energy used per unit area of sunflower production (kWh ha-1) was estimated and the effect of mechanization capacity on the production yield was analyzed. Also a mechanization indicator based on the ratio of mechanical energy over total farm operational energy including human labour and machinery energy inputs was introduced as a measure of qualitative assessment of modernization of agriculture. On the other hand, the contribution of operational costs from total cost of production was calculated, and an index has been suggested based on the ratio of the cost of machinery to the total labour and machinery costs for estimation of the costs of mechanization components. The results of this study revealed that the mechanization capacity was calculated as 442.98 kWh ha-1 for the useful mechanical power of tractors and combine harvesters used per hectare of sunflower production in the region. Also the share of mechanical energy from total farm operational energy including human labour and machinery energy inputs was found to be 56.3%. The analysis furthermore revealed that, the total cost of production was 822.57 $ ha-1; from which the share of operational costs of production was found to be 37.52%. Also the human labour and machinery costs contributed to the total operational costs by 21.10% and 16.42%, respectively. [Keywords] Mechanization; Machinery; Human labour; Sunflower

* Corresponding author, E-mail address: sh.mousavi@ut.ac.ir Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.

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Samuel Gan-Mor â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Short CV & Publication list

University Education and Additional Training 1972 - 1976 B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering - Tel-Aviv University, Israel. 1977 - 1979 M.Sc. in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering - Case Institute of Technology, C.W.R.U., Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. Thesis Title: Pressure measurements on model corneas due to hard and soft contact lenses. Supervision by Prof. A. Dybbs and Prof. I. Greber. 1984 - 1986 D.Sc. in Agricultural Engineering - The Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. Thesis Title: Collision of a viscoelastic - plastic agricultural product with an elastic plate. Supervision by Prof. N. Galili. Positions held 1973 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; to date Research Engineer, The Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ARO, Israel. 1990 - 1995 Head, The Department of Post-Harvest Technologies, The Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ARO, Israel. 2004 - 2008 Head, ISAE - The Israeli Society of Agricultural Engineers. 2010 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; to date Director, The Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ARO, Bet dagan. Articles in International journals Gan-Mor, S. and S. E. Law (1992). Frequency and phase-lag effects on transport of particulates by an AC electric field. Transactions of the Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers, 28(2):317-323. Gan-Mor, S. and A. Mizrach (1992).

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Analytical model for plastic impact of fruit on thin plate. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 35(6):18691872. Gan-Mor, S., Y. Schwartz, A. Bechar, D. Eisikowitch and G. Manor (1995). Relevance of electrostatic forces in natural and artificial pollination. Canadian Agricultural Engineering, 37(3):189-194. Gan-Mor, S., A. Grinstein, H. beres, Y. Riven and I. Zur (1996). Improved uniformity of spray deposition in a dense plant canopy: methods and equipment. Phytoparasitica 24(1):57-67. Mizrach, A., N. Galili, S. Gan-Mor, U. Felitsanov and I. Prigojin (1996). Models of ultrasonic parameters to assess avocado properties and shelf life. J. of Agricultural Engineering Research, 65:261-267. Gan-Mor, S., B. Ronen, S. Josef and Y. Bilanki (1997). Guidance of autonomous vehicle for greenhouse transportation. ACTA Horticulture No. 443:99-104. Bechar, A., S. Gan-Mor, Y. Vaknin, I. Shmulevich, B. Ronen and D. Eisikowitch (1997). An image analysis technique for accurate counting of pollen on stigmas. The new Phytologist - International J. of the Plant Science, 137(4):639-643. Vaknin, Y., S. Gan-Mor, A. Bechar, B. Ronen and D. Eisikowitch (1999). Effect of desiccation and dilution on viability of almond pollen. The Journal of Horticultural science & Biotechnology, 74: 321-327. Bechar, A., I. Shmulevich, D. Eisikowitch, Y. Vaknin, B. Ronen, S. Gan-Mor (1999). Modeling and experiment analysis of electrostatic date pollination. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 42(6):15111516. (Received the â&#x20AC;&#x153;2000 ASAE Superior paper Awardâ&#x20AC;?). Gan-Mor, S., N. Galili (2000). Rheological model of a fruit collision with an elastic plate J. of Agricultural Engineering Research, 75(2):139-147. Vaknin Y., S. Gan-Mor, A. Bechar, B. Ronen and D. Eisikowitch (2000). The role of electrostatics in pollination. Plant Systematic and Evolution. Vol. 222 (1-4): 133-142 (Invited paper). Fenigstein A., Eliyaho, M., Gan-Mor, S., Veierov, D. (2001). Effect of five vegetable oils on the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Phytoparasitica 29(3):197-206. Vaknin Y., S. Gan-Mor, A. Bechar, B. Ronen and Eisikowitch, D. (2001). Improving pollination of almond (Amygdalus communis L.; Rosaceae) using electrostatic techniques. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 76(2): 208-212. Vaknin Y., Gan-Mor S., Bechar A, Ronen B, Eisikowitch D. (2001).

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Are flowers morphologically adapted to take advantage of electrostatic forces in pollination? New Phytologist. 152: 301â&#x20AC;&#x201C;306. Vaknin, Y., Gan-Mor S., Bechar A, Ronen B, Eisikowitch D. (2002). Effects of supplementary pollination on cropping success and fruit quality in pistachio. Plant Breeding 121(5): 451-455. Gan-Mor S., A. Bechar, B. Ronen D. Eisikowitch and Y. Vaknin (2003). Electrostatic Pollen Applicator Development and Tests for Almond, Kiwi, Date and Pistachio â&#x20AC;&#x201C; An Overview. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 19(2):119-124. Gan-Mor S., A. Bechar, B. Ronen D. Eisikowitch and Y. Vaknin (2003). Improving Electrostatic Pollination inside Tree Canopy via Simulations and Field Tests. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 46(3):839-843. Gan-Mor, S. and G. A. Matthews, (2003). Review paper: Recent Developments in Sprayers for Application of Biopesticides - an Overview. Biosystems Engineering 84(2): 119-125. (Renowned by the journal: Amongst the 10 most downloaded papers of Biosystems Engineering for 2003). Gan-Mor, S., R. L. Clark, B. L. Upchurch. (2007). Implement lateral position accuracy under RTK-GPS tractor guidance. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Elsevir Pub. Co. 59(1-2): 31-38. Bechar, A., S. Gan-Mor, B. Ronen. (2008). A method for increasing the electrostatic deposition of pollen and powder. Journal of Electrostatics 66(7+8):375-380 Eshel, D., R. Regev, J. Orenstein, S. Droby, S. Gan-Mor. (2009). Combining physical, chemical and biological methods for synergistic control of postharvest diseases: a case study of Black Root Rot of carrot. Postharvest Biology and Technology 54: 48â&#x20AC;&#x201C;52. Gan-Mor, S., B. Ronen, Y. Vaknin Y. Glik, Y. Samocha, D. Eisikowitch. (2009). Further Studies on Electrostatic Date Pollination â&#x20AC;&#x201C; from the Laboratory Bench to Field Unit Performance Test. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 25(5): 643-646. Palevsky, E., Gal, S., Maoz, Y., Abrahams, J., Melamed, E., Domeratzky, S., Gross, S., Shmueli,S., Gan-Mor, S., Ronen, B. and Argov, Y. 2010. Windborne pollen provisioning cover crops (WPPCC) for enhancing the population levels of Euseius scutalis and improving citrus rust mite control. IOBC/ WPRS Bulletin in press.

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Scientific committee 1. Dr. Takayuki Kojima 2. Dr. Samuel Gan-Mor 3. 4. 5. 6.

Dr. Munehiro Tanaka Dr. Li Zaigui Dr. Bim Prasad Sherestha Dr. Panmanas Sirisomboon

7. Dr. Pimpen Pornchaloempong 8. Dr. Prasan Chumjaiharn 9. Dr. Pravin Charde 10. Dr. Nizamettin Ă&#x2021; FTĂ&#x2021; 11. Dr. Christopher Oluwakunmi AKINBILE 12. Dr. Anupun Terdwongworakul 13. Dr. Siwalak Pathaveerat 14. Dr. Altaf Ali Siyal

Saga Study Center, The Open University of Japan and Saga University, JAPAN Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ARO, ISRAEL Saga University, JAPAN China Agricultural University, CHINA Kathmandu University, NEPAl King Mongkutâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, THAILAND King Mongkutâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, THAILAND King Mongkutâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, THAILAND Sevadal Mahila Mahavidyalaya, INDIA Selcuk University, TURKEY Federal University of Technology, NIGERIA Kasetsart University, THAILAND Kasetsart University, THAILAND Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, PAKISTAN

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