Floating City: An alternative to Land Reclamation by ttkiat

FLOATING CITY

AN ALTERNATIVE TO LAND RECLAMATION

Master of Architecture Student

Te e

Yo n g

K i a t

Assistant Professor Michael Budig (Advisor)

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Tuas

Jurong Island

Tanjong Pagar Terminal Marina Bay East Coast Park

Potong Pasir Terminal

Changi Airport

Abstract

Abstract This thesis aims to develop an alternate solution for land reclamation in urban expansion. Hence, by adopting flotation technology, which is successfully implemented on building on water in recent years, living on water for larger scale becomes an impending trend to our future generations. To establish a new urban context that can be seen as a benign solution to ecological system in urban expansion, the new city is established in distributed and porous form to allow more sunlight can be accessed into underwater layer. This can facilitate the growth of marine creatures such as coral reef and microorganisms under the coverage of the new city. To merge the gap between residents and users in new urban context, a walkable city, which is a highly interconnected city in terms of urban network and building arrangement. This can create a more dynamic urban living environment in new urban context.

Keyword: water, land reclamation, ecology, float, distributed, porous, network

Acknowledgments I am very thankful to my tutor, Professor Michael Budig for being very helpful and motivating throughout my development. I would also like to extend my gratitude to my friends who always answer my research questions; Ling Ban Liang, who always gives me insightful thoughts to develop my thesis; my siblings, Tee Lee Sze And Tee Lee Bon for helping me to assemble my model; and finally my friends and families who have been very understanding during my busiest period.

Content Page 0. Abstract

1. Introduction

06 - 07

2. Background

10 - 21

Thesis Statement

24 - 27

State of the Art

30 - 33

Case Study

36 - 69

Key Principles

72 - 75

7. Development

78 - 109

Site Plan

112 - 113

Detailed Design

116 - 123

10.

Bibliography & Appendix

126 - 130

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Introduction As a stand-alone island, Singapore is considered as one of the smallest countries in the world. With the advanced technology and rapid economic growth, Singapore has evolved into a rich and bustling metropolis. However, with limited land area, land scarcity becomes a pressing issue in this highly dense country. To accommodate a rapidly increasing population, apart from developing vertical urban-scape, Singapore has sought to expand the city outwards through land reclamation. Since the nation's independence in 1965, through land reclamation method, Singapore has expanded by 23%, from 575 km2 to 710 km2. In fact, land reclamation has gradually exposed the country to adverse condition as it brings subversive impact to the ecosystem and marine life along the shores. As a result, reclamation method contains impending problem that may encounter tremendous challenge in Singapore context over time.

At the same time, the rise of sea level poses the most immediate threat to Singapore. As a low-lying island, 30% of the ground level lies beneath 5m above the mean sea level. Because of the rising sea level, the minimum land reclamation level was raised from 3m to 4m above the mean sea level. Hence, land reclamation can be seen as a less sustainable solution as larger amounts of sand are required to refill the sea. Nonetheless, the extended coastline at Singapore provides a great opportunity for architecture to create a resilient and robust solution to relief the highly density population at Singapore. As our planet has greater coverage of water body than the land area, and continue advancement of flotation technology of building on water, there is a promising prospect shows that the floating city on water will become a prevailing living environment at future.

Introduction

Transformation of Singapore map over time

575 km2

135 km2

Original island Reclamation to present day Future planned reclamation

Figure 01: Transformation of Singapore map due to land reclamation

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

BACKGROUND

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

For generations, civilization and urbanization have resulted in enormous amounts of new urban areas emerging in the world map. With advanced technology and rapid economic growth, urban has higher metabolic cycle as compared to other developed area such as suburban and rural areas. As a result, it attracts immensely amount of people swarm into urban areas. However, this phenomenon has led to urban congestion. Also, this condition has exacerbated due to land scarcity. Hence, people consistently resort for different solutions to combat land scarcity. Other than building skyscrapers progressively in urban area, land reclamation becomes another prevalent method to solve land scarcity in cosmopolitan area. In fact, several countries with extensive coastline have been reclaiming land from sea for ages. Meanwhile, countries with massive reclamation projects, such as China, Netherlands, South Korea, Bahrain, Japan, Singapore and Bangladesh, have created more available new land to benefit the individual countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy. By definition, land reclamation is defined as creating of new dry land from the area covered by water, such as sea, lake or swamp. In terms of this, it is either for agricultural purpose, industrial use, and urban or harbor expansions. Likewise, land reclamation is closely related to coastal defense structure as well as the extraction of sand and gravel. In general, there are three common ways to reclaim land, which are landfill, empoldering or derelict method. As compared to the others, derelict method commonly happens at inland region, which is the damaged lands caused by natural disasters such as forest fires or floods, as well as human activities. The purpose of reclaiming the derelict land is to creating arable land for agriculture purpose. However, this thesis focuses on the coastal regions, which usually employ landfill and empoldering methods to expand the land. 10

Landfill is a traditional reclaiming method that creates dry land from an area through removing the water from wet regions such as swamps, marshes and sea. Several stages are involved in landfill process. The first stage is piling, which anchors the piles (columns) into the seabed to stabilize the foundation. It will be followed by diking, which a sand wall is built around the piling area to demarcated the reclaiming area to form enclosed region. The next stage is filing the sand into the enclosed region to create new land. Then, the sand that is previously loaded will be compressed and a granite wall is built along the side facing the sea to prevent the land from being eroded by the waves. The final stage is re-vegetation to prolong the life span of new land from soil erosion. On the other hand, empoldering is a more advanced method to reclaim land from the sea. Basically a low-lying land (polder) is reclaimed from the sea, which is protected from the sea water by dikes. First at all, piles are planted into seabed to stabilize the foundation. Then, a dike (which is much higher than sea level) is erected from the sea to deter the sea water leaks into the encapsulated region. Then, sea water will be drained and pumped out from the water lock region to create usable ground. It will be followed by sowing the reeds to the dry land. After reeds has grown up, they will be burnt to fertilize the soil. The final stage is revegetation to prevent soil erosion. Through land reclamation, humans have taken full use of land resource and enjoy the services on the new land. However, land and ocean topography are changed due to land reclamation will lead to massive changes to ecosystem services.

Background

Land Reclamation Method along the Coast

Land Fill

Piling

Diking

Filling

Compressing

Planting

Burning

Planting

Empoldering

Diking

Draining

Sowing

Figure 02: Land reclamation methods along Singapore coast

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

As land reclamation always takes place along the coast, it has adverse effect to the ecological environment along the intervened region. Basically, the impacts can be categorized into two aspects: i) Impact on habitat As reclamation activity normally happens along the coast, it mainly influences coastal and marine habitats. Reclamation activity can deteriorate the biological diversity, in terms of declining of natural wetlands, which leads to the extinction of habitats for animals and plants, such as coral reef. As a result, water body will be permanently replaced by new land, which causes the loss of marine habitat. Also, disposal of dredged sediment and chemical substance can pollute the coastal region, which is impaired to the marine habitat. On the other hand, since sand is the main material for land reclamation, through mining and extraction of sand, it also impinge the original environment and ecological system. By large, land reclamation not only declines the quality of marine habitat, but also causes permanent damage to the mining site.

ii) Impact on adjustment system In fact, tidal wetlands are the natural water dissipative and storage areas. However, through reclamation, the function are significantly reduced by the construction of embankments and revetments, which are used as flood protection devices. This has led to modification of the physical environment and hydrodynamics. Reclamation and dike construction along the coast results in a steeper energy gradient, which causes the decrease in deposition of fine sediment and dramatic reduction of mud flats (a.k.a tidal flats). As mudflats provide enormous water carrying capacity, they can protect areas of lagoon from storm surge as well as storm water runoff. Also, mudflats are dynamic environments to transport sediments within inter-tidal flats. Likewise, mudflats are responsible for recycling organic matter and nutrients from both terrestrial and marine sources. Therefore, decline in mudflat areas will affect the natural adjustment system significantly over time.

Background

Untouched Area

Murky Water

Mangrove Swamp Tidal Wetland & Mudflat Embankment & Revetment

Reclaimed Land Rich Biodiversity Original Topography

Dredger

Adverse Impact on Marine Life

Figure 03: Impact of land reclamation to environment

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Background

1 4

Legend: Countries that reclaim land 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

China - 11, 914 km2 Netherlands - 6, 993 km2 South Korea - 1554 km2 Bahrain - 80 km2 Japan - 285 km2 Singapore - 135 km2 Bangladesh - 109 km2

Figure 04: Countries that expand land via land reclamation

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

1, 2 37

348

503

146

1,78

7,807

519

China Netherlands South Korea Bahrain Japan Singapore Bangladesh

Figure 05: Population density in different reclaiming countries (people per square kilometer)

According to the indicator retrieved from the World Bank Organization, as compared to other countries, Singapore has the densest population (7,807 people per square kilometer), which is way much higher than the rest. This exposes the severe condition of land scarcity issue in Singapore. Also, it explains the urgency of Singapore to expand the territory from the existing land area.

Background

Figure 06: Bahrain (left) and Singapore (right)

Through comparison, Singapore shows higher urban pressure due to blooming human population and more severe land scarcity. The diagrams above show most of the reclaiming areas are taken place around Manama, the capital of Bahrain (highlighted in red in Figure 06), which is located at North-east side of Bahrain. Also, demographics in Bahrain are more concentrated within the close vicinity to its capital. On the other hand, Singapore has much denser populations that have greater coverages of built up area across the island. Furthermore, the remaining regions mostly contain water body and natural parks. As a conclusion, urban expansion through expanding the territory is expected much urgent in Singapore. Hence, it is more necessary for us to experiment a more â&#x20AC;&#x153;environmental friendlyâ&#x20AC;? way to expand the country.

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Among the countries with massive reclamation activities, Bahrain and Singapore are the stand-alone islands, which have higher â&#x20AC;&#x153;potentialâ&#x20AC;? to reclaim sea as compared to mainland countries. Over time, they have been reclaiming 316km2 and 135km2 from sea. Even though these numbers seem insignificant as compared to China (11,914km2), Netherlands (6,993km2) as well as South Korea (1,554km2), land reclamation have increased their land areas substantially, which contributes 47% (Bahrain) and 23% (Singapore) of the total land area of respective countries. Above all, population density of Singapore is 7,807 people per square kilometer of land area while Bahrain is 1,786 people per square kilometer of land area. Likewise, as compared to Bahrain, Singapore is facing more severe land scarcity, which less lands are available for urban expansion. Therefore, Singapore is chosen to focus in this thesis project due to its denser population and severe land scarcity. Generally, Singapore reclaims land via two ways, which are landfill and empoldering methods. Through these methods, land area can be increased by spreading and compressing sand along the coast to create new land. However, land reclamation has exposed the country to adverse condition due to several factors. In fact, reclamation impinges the ecosystem and declines the biodiversity in Singapore. Due to reclamation, sedimentation can occur, which can turn water cloudy. As a result, it reduces the amount of sunlight enters the water, which leads to reduction of coral reefs and aquatic plants. Likewise, sediments cause an influx of releasing of nitrogen gas and other nitride compounds, which cause a decrease of pH value in water. This will result in decreasing in amounts of aquatic organisms because they cannot adapt to survive under acidic environment.

On the same time, due to sedimentation, reclamation threatens the aquatic organism, such as coral reefs and phytoplankton. Over years, it is estimated that approximately 60% of coral reefs have been destroyed, and majority of them are loss caused by the land reclamation projects. On the other hand, phytoplankton, a microscopic organism that obtains energy through photosynthesis, which also ensures the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide composition in water. Furthermore, phytoplanktons are the bases of the aquatic food chain. However, due to the cloudy water from reclamation, it deters sunlight to penetrate into water. This has dramatically decreased the amounts of phytoplankton in water that can impact many aquatic species directly or indirectly, which depend on phytoplankton to survive. In fact, mangrove forests have significant contribution to the biodiversity of ecosystem. They serve as the breeding ground for the birds, fishes and plants. Meanwhile, roots of mangrove can trap sediments in the water to prevent soil erosion along the coast. However, through reclamation, most of the mangrove forests in Singapore have been wiped out for urban development project. As a result, it can be expected that biodiversity and ecosystem in Singapore have been impinged following the decrease of the mangrove forests. Based on the analysis and prediction from Climate Central organization, the rising temperature by 40C will expose Tuas, Pioneer, Boon Lay, Marina Bay, Marine Parade, Jurong East, Clementi, Queenstown, Simpang, Seletar, Punggol, Tampines and Changi districts to flood risk as a result of rising sea level (as shown from Figure 08). Meanwhile, this will affect 745 thousands people out of 4,680 thousands people in Singapore (based on projection of total Singapore population in 2010).

Background

Figure 07: Estimated flood risk zone (bleaching part) if the global temperature rises by 40C (Credit to Climate Central organization)

Sembawang Woodlands Lim Chu Kang

Yishun

Chia Chu Kang

Tengah

Bukit Panjang

Central Water Catchment

Punggol

Sengkang

Ang Mo Kio Serangoon

Bukit Batok

Pasir Ris Hougang Paya Lebar

Bishan

Tampines

Jurong West

Clementi

Novena

Queenstown

Geylang Kallang

Tanglin

Pioneer

Changi

Toa Payoh

Bukit Timah

Jurong East

Boon Lay

Seletar Jalan Kayu

Western Water Catchment

Tuas

Simpang

Mandai

Sungei Kadut

Downtown

Bedok

Marine Parade

Marina Bay Bukit Merah

Figure 08: Affected districts (highlighted parts) as the global temperature rises by 40C (Credit to Climate Central organization)

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

With 30% of Singapore land is recorded less than 5m above sea level, rising sea level caused by climate change will become immediate threat to the country. To mitigate the impact of rising sea level, minimum land reclamation level has been raised from 3 meters to 4 meters above the mean sea level in 2011. In fact, Singapore is facing the challenges from neighboring countries by importing sand to fill sea along the coast. Chronologically speaking, Malaysia (1997), Indonesia (2007) and Vietnam (2009) have imposed ban of sand export to Singapore. This is because land reclamation has led to environment degradation along the coast from the motherlands, which has disrupted the ecosystem and marine life at the affected area. In average, with each cubic meter requires 1.6 tonnes of sand, each land reclamation process will require substantial amount of sand to create a new land. As a result, Singapore has imported about 14 million tonnes of sand for land reclamation purpose over years. With architectural structure, such as the oil platform, each square meter just requires around 0.020 tonnes of steels (an estimated value from Global Chimaks, a jack-up rigs). This indirect comparison shows that even in massive constructive project such as oil rig structure, the architectural solution can be a more resilient solution as compared to reclamation method.

Concluded the above-mentioned menaces that possibly or directly caused by land reclamation, it provides a room for people to reconsider a new solution to provide a more benign approach to environment while paving the way to greater nation. At the same time, it grants architects a new platform to expand their realm towards sea. As our planet contains vast water body as compared to the land area, it can be estimated that the building on water will evolve into a prevailing building type at future.

Title

Land Reclamation

Global Chimaks rigs

Hull Dimensions: 545 tons 62.5m x 62.5m x 7m

> 1.6 tons of steel per cubic meter

0.020 tons of steel per cubic meter

Figure 09: Comparison of material consumption between land reclamation and an oil rig structure

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

THESIS STATEMENT

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

In fact, several issues will arise from land reclamation method in Singapore. Most at all, it brings devastated impact to environment, which declines the quantities of coral reef, destroys mangrove forests as well as pollutes sea water along the coast. Due to the impacts and constraints of the current method to expand the land, this thesis challenges the methodology and technology used in land reclamation process. Thereby, it can be hypothesized that the countries with extensive coastal lines will prone to expand its territory through a more resilient solution rather than land reclamation method. Therefore, this thesis aims to develop a floating city on water along the coast to replace the land reclamation. In fact, flotation technology avoids direct contact of the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bottom to seabed, which creates a more protected environment for aquatic creatures. Meanhwhile, several advantages can be shown within the floating city: i) Porosity Through the floatation technology, the impact from the building itself to the marine environment can be significantly reduced as compared to land reclamation method. This is because the floating structures can be arranged in porous way which allow sunlight can be easily acccessed into underwater layer. With ample sunlight desntiy in underwater, coral reef can inhabitat on the underwater structure to create a vibrant ecological environment.

ii) Sustainability In water context, it has potential that floating building can harness renewable energy, such as offshore wind energy, solar energy as well as wave energy to create a more energy efficient and sustainable buildings. Likewise, as compared to land reclamation method, floating system allows the building can survive under extreme conditions as such the building can fluctuate with the varied water level. Meanwhile, it is a more versatile solution than reclamation method as the floating building is unconstrained by the water depths. iii) Cost-efficient Construction of a floating building is a cost-efficient solution. This is because the foundation and even the building itself can be per-fabricated off site and then towed to the allocated coordination. Likewise, floating buildings can be varied from a compact core to more dispersed configuration. Through this method, they can be constructed on an industrial scale under controlled condition. iv) Mobility A floating building can enjoy the mobility in terms of changing positions or local places. Also, they are easier to be reconfigured to improve the circulatory system between the buildings.

Thesis Statement

Mangrove Swamp Tidal Wetland & Mudflat

Off-site Prefabrication Sustainable Solution

Rich Biodiversity

Porosity

Figure 10: Advantages of flotation technology

Mobility

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Certainly, several aspects are taken in account to design a floating building as follow: i) Floating Structure A floating structure is required to achieve satisfactory standard of stability on water, which is important to ensure the safe and comfortable environment of end users. Also, it is should capable to withstand the combination of loads on water under adverse condition. ii) Connection A floating building should achieve good accessibility to and fro the shore. Meanwhile, it can be easily connected to another buildings within the cluster. Hence, a highly connected network on water is needed to establish. This may include designing a safe and comfortable moving experience from one spot to another spot in water context.

vi) Activity In fact, as compared to land area, certain activities will be constraint due to lack of stability of land. However, it provides opportunity for us to conduct water activities such as flyboard, scuba diving, sailing, hydrobike, so on and so forth (as shown from figure xx). vii) Material All materials used for a floating building should be durable to the conditions which it exposed to on sea water. Most importantly, they must have long-term life cycle that ensures the building can last long. viii) Waste Management System A proper waste management system is needed to enhance the living experience of users in a floating building.

iii) Sunlight As already mentioned, sunlight is an important resource for aquatic plant as well as coral reef to survive. Hence, a benign design in terms of structure distribution on water should be considered to protect them. iv) Minimum Water Depth Water depth underneath a floating building is crucial as it relates to grounding issue of the building. v) Mooring system A floating building should be appropriately moored on seabed to lock the floating building on water. Also, it should be flexible in length as such that it allows the building to fluctuate with the water level. Likewise, it should be strong enough to withstand the lateral forces from the surge and underwater current.

In this thesis, I will explore the porous design by considering several aspects in terms of connection, sunlight and activity.

Thesis statement

Figure 11: flyboard, scuba diving, sailing and hydrobike (in clockwise order)

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

STATE OF THE ART

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

To begin, the idea of floating city can be considered as a bold imagination in human realm. This concept is always shown in science fiction, whereby the city is depicted as an agglomeration of settlements and services that hover or suspend over the water. The city acts against the gravitational force of the Earth and strictly follow buoyancy to maintain its position in floating state. In fact, this idea is continuously tested over and over again in architectural realm. Several notable examples such as the Tokyo Plan 1960 by Kenzo Tange team, Lilypad by Vincent Callebaut as well as the Floating Island Project by the Seasteading Institute are emerged in front of us in chronological order. However, those projects are still existed as a series of paper works due to the limitation from technology side as well as tremendous challenges from the natural environment. Likewise, OMA has exercised this concept through the Zeekracht masterplan. This masterplan is conceived based on multi-directional approach to optimizing potential within the system itself. By harnessing renewable energy, from wind to wave to tidal to biomass in the North Sea of Netherland, a completely self-sustaining city with secure energy that can be turned into the most critical industry in 21st century. Even though the floating city are still conceptual designs, they can be considered as a significant asset to help us to evolve from the tabula rasa state in the concept of floating city into a reality. However, several valuable informations can be extracted and woven together to realize the floating city in water context.

In fact, there is no clear information to trace back the history of floating architecture. However, through research, a common floating architecture is always appeared as a floating home. In general, a floating home is the combination of boat structure and a dwelling unit. It is built for living purposes on water instead of land. Chronologically, floating home has been evolved from a narrowboat to a barge and then a houseboat. Back to 18th and 19th century, a narrowboat was generally used for industrial purposes, for carrying goods through the narrow canals. Its function was then extended and turned into a settlement for the workers. On the other hand, similar to narrowboat, a barge was used for transportation of commercial goods. Unlike a narrowboat, a barge is flat-bottom, which is always appeared as significantly larger in size and sturdier, which enables it to carry larger and heavier loads. Through the development of narrowboat and barge, they have been evolving into a houseboat, which is a general term for the floating home. Since World War I, due to the financial crisis, the demand on houseboat has escalated dramatically. This is because a houseboat was a cheaper source of housing and it could be pre-fabricated in order to wait out the war. After the war, these families were managed to house on boat and continued growing their from there. Nowadays, a houseboat is generally referred to a modern home built on water or home is built to float in case of flood. However, its size is limited due to the constraint of current technology.

State of the Art

Figure 12: the Zeekracht project, OMA (above) and Lilipad Floating City (below)

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

As climate change becoming a global phenomenon recently, rising sea level becomes an inevitable threat that intimidates our living spaces, especially those are situated along the coastal region. Hence, innovative and sustainable solution is needed to help us combating this problem. Therefore, seastead is emerging as a new building typology. According to Oxford Dictionary, seastead was origin from 1960s, which is a blending concept of sea and homestead. Nowadays, it is normally referred to the practice of establishing permanent settlements on structures located in areas of sea outside the jurisdiction of any country. Essentially, seastead can be seen as a robust and drastic solution to the rising sea level. As compared to houseboat, seastead is comparatively much larger scale that is closer to an urban scale rather than just an individual unit scale. Currently, seasteading are mostly existing as a conceptual design. In general, it stands for a wide spectrum of floating structures, such as cruise ship, spar platform, modular island as well as monolithic island. Among the above-mentioned examples, cruise ship, spar platform and modular island (as shown from figure 13) are the modified versions of existing technology and are expected to be more viable solutions as compared to monolithic island.

However, seastead has received a series of criticisms and skepticisms in terms of practicability and desirability of living on the sea. Other than criticisms from political perspective, other general perspective includes: i) Remoteness Seastead would be hard to access from land, it may hardly to associate several amenities such as culture, restaurant and shopping, which will be less attractive to potential residents. ii) Stability Seasteadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s structures are difficult to withstand the adverse condition in an open sea condition. iii) Pollution Seastead may lead to environmental pollution such as waste pollution as well as visual pollution. In fact, seastead still provides a great solution for us to combat urban congestion and threat from rising sea water. Most importantly, as compared to land reclamation method, it can be seen as a more benign method which has mild effect to environment and urban context.

State of the Art

Figure 13: Cruise ship, spar platform, monolithic island (in clockwise direction)

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

CASE STUDY

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

1. Circulation System The Tokyo Plan 1960 & The Kartal Masterplan This case study is Tokyo Plan 1960, which is the master plan unveiled by Kenzo Tange team that stretches across the Tokyo Bay. This plan is dedicated for the population of tertiary industries. Essentially, this plan is largely driven by the circulation system rather than actual production due to the economic expansion of Tokyo during that era. The dynamic element of this new cluster involves different movements such as regular commuter and automobile system. The proposed urban cluster is articulated in linear form, which allows the commuters can run smoothly in linear way. Meanwhile, linear form avoids the chaotic system within a larger city. A central spine, which associates with different social and service programmes, forming a vibrant gathering places along the central spine. In this system, great amount of users will heavily rely on the mass transportation as well as moving mobility of individual traffic.

As the human movement is the primary element within this new cluster, the circulation system is designed in a more elaborate way. In terms of that, the transportation system involves 3-level of cyclical system to overcome the limitation of overlapping links. The hierarchical traffic system is ranked in accordance to the speed of vehicles moving along them. Meanwhile, the lowest level can be served as artificial ground that houses different services and functional spaces. For the lowest circulation system, it is further divided into two parts, which includes the circulation across the civic spine while another one across the residential neighborhood. The traffics are branches out from the central spine perpendicularly towards residential areas like the vertebrae structure.

Case Study - Circulation System

1 2 3

Main highway, the fastest lane, which serves as the link to connect the water cluster to the land amenities.

Intermediate highway, the transition link between the upper highway as well as lower route.

Service path, the slowest route, which connects the civic spine together with residential neighborhood.

Figure 14: Plan view (left) and axonometric View (right) of the Tokyo Plan 1960

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Figure 15: The aerial perspective view shows the ergonomic city landscape that connects seamlessly with the adjacent context as well as the waterfront

As compared to the Tokyo Plan 1960, the Kartal masterplan can be seen as a organic and radical way in formation of the city landscape. This master plan aims to redevelop an abandoned industrial site into a new sub-center of Istanbul, which features with central business district, residential cluster, cultural amenities as well as leisure functions. The site is affiliated to several prevailing nodes, such as major highway, coastal highway, sea bus terminals as well as heavy and light rails. The design of circulation system begins with tying together the adjacent infrastructures and urban context.

By connecting those nodes in haphazard way (as shown in the Figure 16), the intricate line pattern is simplified into bunches form. Through this method, the bunches form the main lateral lines that stitches the major road from adjacent urban context. The elemental city framework is created through integrating the lateral connections with the main longitudinal axis to create a soft grid pattern. Meanwhile, the new network pattern can be programmed to adjust the highly density zone as well as the height of the buildings within the city fabric.

Case Study - Circulation System

Figure 16: Tensile network system as preliminary path (left) and generated soft grid pattern from the network (right) of the Kartal Masterplan

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Comparison of Tokyo Plan 1960 and Kartal Masterplan Comparing both cases, the most distinct similarity is both of them are planned based on the circulation system. As compared to Zaha Hadidâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s methodology, Kenzo Tangeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strategy can be considered as relatively obsolete and conservative. The fundamental difference of their circulation system is Kenzo Tange one is in hierarchical form while Zaha Hadid one is distributed form. The big advantage of distributed system as compared to hierarchical system is, it minimizes the chance of disruption as malfunction of any single part of circulation system happens. In other word, with hierarchical system, disruption of entire circulation system can be expected if the main highway breaks down. Similar to chain system, the smaller branches is always bond to bigger branches.

However, the hierarchical performs better in terms of dividing different types of transport and different speeds. This strategy can ensure each individual can run smoothly with less interference from different factors. Also, different transport types such as automobile, commuter as well as bicycle can be arranged in different heights to improve the transportation happens along the way in terms of different speeds. Therefore, a more efficient network system can be formed through combining both distributed and hierarchical system. In other word, each highway can be branched out in different heights to ensure the smoothness of circulation system of entire cluster.

Case Study - Circulation System

Figure 17: Hierarchical System in Tokyo Plan 1960 (left) and Distributed System in Kartal Masterplan (right)

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

2. Flotation Technology Oil Platform (a.k.a Oil Rig)

Oil rig, also known as oil platform, is a large structure to extract and process oil and natural gas. Also, it contains space to store the products temporarily. Normally, depending on different circumstances, an oil rig is fixed on the ocean floor or float on ocean surface.

In general, fixed platform are built with concrete legs, which is suitable to moor permanently on the site. Due to its concrete foundation, a fixed platform is normally highly durable, which is suitable for harsh environment and carry heavier topside.

In fact, there are multiple types of operating oil rig, such as fixed platform, jack-up rig, semi-submersible rig as well as compliant tower, are located along coast and offshore region to perform their duties. Normally, fixed platform (concrete gravity-based platform) and jack-up rig are operating in the relatively shallow sea region. On the other hand, semi-submersible rig and compliant tower are operating in the relatively deeper sea region, which is generally more than 100m water depth.

Similar to fixed platform, a jack-up rig is anchored permanently on the seabed. Associated with steel legs, they allow a jack-up rig can adjust its height with self-elevating function. In general, it is used to operate in smaller, shallower offshore region, which is up to 150m depth of water.

Case Study - Flotation Technology

Types of Oil Rig

Figure 18: Concrete gravity-based platform (left), jack-up rig (middle) & semi-submersible rig (right)

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Semi-submersible rig is the most common type of offshore drilling rig. Unlike fixed platform and jack-up rig, a semi-submersible rig floats on sea rather than resting on seabed. This is because its floating deck is supported by submerged pontoons and it can be kept stationary by a series of anchors and mooring lines underneath the pontoons. Due to the flotation system, it allows a semisubmersible rig can operate in relatively deeper sea region, which ranges from 6m to more than 1000m of water depth. In fact, the existing largest semi-submersible oil rig is dubbed as Ocean Great White by Hyundai Heavy Industries. The recorded dimensions are 123m long and 78m wide, with capability to operate in water depth up to 3,000m. In fact, a semi-submersible is built off-site and then transported to the site by a carrier boat (as shown from Figure 19). Hence, in overall, a semi-submersible is expected more ecological friendly since the impact to the seabed is significantly reduced as compared to fixed platform and jack-up rig. Also, it can be placed from relatively shallow region which is suitable to function along the coastal region.

Figure 19: A semi-submersible rig is transported on a ship before mooring on the site

Case Study - Flotation Technology

Pontoon

Mooring lines

Figure 20: A semi-submersible rig

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Ship Funnel

Main Deck Bridge Stern

Superstructure Forecastle Bow

Anchor

Bulbous Bow

Propeller

Hull

Bottom

Figure 21: Parts of a ship

Bow Thruster

Case Study - Flotation Technology

Main deck

Tween Deck

Water Level Hull Fuel Tank

Fuel Tank

Fresh Water Tank

Service Deck

Bulkhead Double Bottom Tank

Figure 22: Section of a ship

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Indeed, ship is the most ubiquitous floating object in relatively larger scale. Hence, it is fundamental to understand the elements that contribute to a floating ship that can be potentially adopted to design a floating building. Basically, a ship is equipped with different parts that are essential for it to float or travel on water. Thereby, the function of each mechanism is listed as follow: i) Hull A hull is the watertight body of a ship, which its shape is entirely relied on the shipâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s role. ii) Bulbous bow A bulbous bow is a protruding bulb of a ship, which is below the water level. Its main function is to modify the flows of water around the hull, which is main to reduce drag. This will result in improving speed, range, fuel efficiency and stability.

iii) Propeller A propeller also known as rudder, which is used to steer a ship. iv) Bow thruster A bow thruster is a transversal propulsion device built into or mounted onto the bow of a ship. In terms of that, the structure of a hull, which is the main flotation technology of a ship, is more applicable to be adopted in architectural realm. As mentioned before, a hull is a watertight body of a ship, which is a very important mechanism for a ship to float. With bulkhead, an upright wall within the hull of a ship, a hull interior is compartmentalized into multiple rooms. This is not only to increase the structural rigidity of the vessel, but also create watertight compartments that can contain water in the case of water leakage in a hull (as shown from Figure 23).

Case Study - Flotation Technology

Bulkhead

Water Level

Hull

Leakage

Figure 23: Application of bulkheads to a hull

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

How does a ship float and maintain its stability on water? Regardless of massive size, an essential question has arisen on how does a ship float in water. Basically, when a ship is placed on the water, due to gravitational force, the weight of ship will displace certain amounts of water. This phenomenon can be explained through Archimedes’s principle and the formula is shown as below: Fb = Buoyant force Fb = ρ.g.ν, where

ρ = density of sea water (Average value = 1025 kg/m3)

g = gravitational force

(Average value = 9.81m/s2)

ν = volume of displaced water

According to Archimedes’s principle, the buoyant force is equivalent to the weight of the displaced water, which is an upward force exerted by water to oppose the weight of an immersed ship. In order to make a ship floats in water, assuming the gravitational force and displaced water are constant, the overall density of a ship must be less than density of water. In other words, it does not matter how big or small of a size of a ship, the determining factor is depend on the overall density of a ship. To understand how a ship stabilize over the water, it is important to comprehend the center of gravity, metacenter and center of buoyancy of a ship.

What is center of gravity? Center of gravity is the point whereby the mass of an object concentrated to. A simple object such as ball has its center of gravity right at its center. However, in a more complex object, like human, the center of gravity is normally higher than the waist. This is because there is more weight in the upper half of a human than in the bottom half. As an imperative, the lower the center of gravity of an object, the easier of the object to balance itself. Hence, a taller and lighter object is less stable than a shorter and heavier object. In general, there are several steps to find the center of gravity of an object in irregular shape: 1) Hang the object at a point on any edge, due to gravitational force, the object will rotate and finally remain still at its equilibrium position. 2) Draw a line perpendicularly downwards from that pinpoint. 3) Repeat step 1 and 2 on different point. 4) Identify the intersection point of two lines, which is the center of gravity.

Case Study - Flotation Technology

Figure 24: US navy ship (Credit to: Gary Keen)

In fact, a bigger boat such as a US navy ship (as shown from Figure 24) is generally more stable than a smaller boat. This is because it employs several methods to get a low center of gravity. Firstly, a bigger vessel requires heavy engines to propel, which is normally placed at the very low position of a vessel underneath water level. Secondly, They have bigger keel, which is a board extended vertically underwater along the central spine of a ship. This device avoids a ship rolls from side to side because greater amounts of rotating force is required to push the boat sideways in the water.

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

What is center of buoyancy and metacenter? What is their implication to stabilize a ship? Center of buoyancy is the resultant center of a immersed vessel and displaced water. On the other hand, Metacenter is a theoretical point intersects at an imaginary vertical line that passes through the center of buoyancy, which remains directly above the center of buoyancy. To understand its implication to balance a boat, the conditions are illustrated through Figure xx: (1) Ideal stable equilibrium This is the ideal perfect stable equilibrium state whereby the metacenter is positioned directly above the center of gravity. Conversely, the center of buoyancy is situated directly below the center of gravity. In this state, the ship is remained perfectly stable over the water.

(2) Stable equilibrium In this case, the ship is tilted. However, the metacenter is still positioned above the center of gravity. Hence, with buoyancy force, the ship is tend to return to its original position which is the perfect state of equilibrium. (3) Neutral equilibrium In this case, the metacenter is overlapped with the center of gravity. Therefore, the ship will still remain its titled position. (4) Unstable equilibrium Under this condition, the position of the metacenter is below the center of gravity. In this case, the buoyancy force will tend to push the ship upwards and hence the ship will capsize.

Case Study - Flotation Technology

(1)

(2)

Ideal stable equilibrium

Center of gravity

(3)

Stable equilibrium

Metacenter

New center of buoyancy

(4)

Neutral equilibrium

Unstable equilibrium

Original center of buoyancy

Figure 25: Application of metacenter to stabilize a ship

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Floating Breakwater Breakwater, is an artificial offshore structure that is constructed along the coastline to provide a protected zone for the coastal structure as well as a safer zone for anchorage. The main function of the breakwater is to dwindle the intensity of wave action and hence reduce coastal erosion (as shown from Figure 28). Breakwater can be categorized into two types, which are the anchored and floating devices. As compared to the anchored one, some of the benefits of a floating breakwater are: i) Environmental friendly The present of a floating breakwater imposes minimum interference to water current and fish migration. Likewise, it avoids sedimentation happens at the foundation of an anchored breakwater. ii) Increased protected region A floating breakwater can be employed at the deeper sea region and hence the protected zone is expanded. iii) Transportable A floating breakwater can be transported easily across the water. With this advantage, floating breakwaters can usually be reconfigured into a new layout with minimum effort.

Figure 26: The section of the Monaco Breakwater under construction phase. It is built with concrete and reinforced with steel bar.

Monaco Breakwater The Monaco Breakwater is the largest floating breakwater in the world. Its dimensions is recorded as 352.75m long, 28m wide and 24.5m high. Built in reinforced concrete, its total weight is estimated around 650 tons. It was constructed at the Crinavis protected bay (as shown in Figure 26) and then towed to its final destination across the water. To secure its position on the water, 8 chains in tension with total weight of 1,000 tons are anchored to 35m long steel piles driven into the bottom of the sea with water depth of 55m.

Case Study - Flotation Technology

Monaco Breakwater Figure 27: The Monaco Breakwater.

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

T-Block

U-Block

Heavy Duty U-Block

Length

up to 20m

up to 30m

50+ m

Width

3 - 4m

4 - 7m

7 - 18m

Height (Total)

3 - 4m

4 - 7m

7 - 18m

Water Depths

up to 6m

6 - 12m

>12m

Wave Heights

up to 1.1m

1.1 - 2.5m

>2.5m

Table 01: General types of floating breakwaters and their informations (resources: FDN Engineering)

In general, the floating breakwater can be categorized into 3 types: i) T -Block It is used at water regions with water depth up to 6m. It is suitable to resist wave height up to 1.1m. ii) U-Block Its function is more versatile than the T -Block. It works under more severe environment with water depth up to 12m or wave height up to 2.5m. iii) Heavy Duty U-Block It is a upgraded version of U-Block breakwater. Hence, it can work under more severe conditions with wave height more than 2.5m.

Case Study - Flotation Technology

Behind breakwater

In front of breakwater

Floating breakwater Figure 28: The effect of a floating seawater for attenuation of wave

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Floating Concrete

Other than timber, floating concrete is also widely used to build the barge or platform for a floating building. A floating concrete is a solid composite product made of reinforced concrete and lightweight impermeable material, which is typically polystyrene. Typically, polystyrene is confined within a impermeable chamber which is made of concrete. Due to the lightweight of polystyrene, it manages to offset the heavy weight of a typical concrete, and hence the overall weight of a floating concrete is lighter than water.

Figure 29: A floating concrete. (Adopted from architangent.com)

Case Study - Flotation Technology

Figure 30: A floating barge made of floating concrete (Adopted from parsiangrp.com)

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Rhizolith Island

Figure 31: Timeline for full revitalization along the coastline is estimated to take about five to ten years.

Rhizolith Island, is a prototype to explore the potential for floating concrete structure to revitalize the deteriorating shorelines. Rhizolith Island is a prototype to emulate the mangroves, which controls sediments through their roots, thereby preventing shoreline decay. The design is composed of two parts, which are a head and a fin that are made from concrete. Due to the head is made from lightweight concrete that is lighter than water while the fin is made from ultra high-performance concrete (a.k.a UHPC), which is denser than water. This combination allows the design ables to float in water while maintaining stable foundation. Through the systemâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s porosity and funnelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s form, the force of the water is mitigated. 60

For the first phase of the project, the planted mangroves will be protected by encasement tubes to harbor mangrove seedlings. Eventually, the mangrovesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; roots will be able to spread. A timeline (about 5 - 10 years) is estimated for allowing the mangroves to flourish into an organic buffer zones for the coastlines (as shown from Figure 31).

Case Study - Flotation Technology

Figure 32: Rhizolith Island developed by Aptium Architecture, construction details of Rhizolith Island, the pilot prototype according to the concept of Rhizolith Island (in clockwise direction)

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

3. Urban Layout Toa Payoh Toa Payoh is the first satellite town that was planned and developed by Housing Development Board (HDB). It is a self-contained housing estate with various programs.

LEGEND:

Residential

Parking Zone

Health Care Center

Commercial

Hawker Center/ Market

Educational

Eldercare/ Childcare

Sports

Community

Work

Shopping Center

Case Study - Urban Layout

Areas for light industry and religious practice are provided within the neighborhood to serve the residents.

Several educational institutions are allocated within the town. Meanwhile, hospital, eldercare and childcare centers are placed within the town to provide medical services to residents.

A town center houses shopping malls and entertaining facilities whereas the smaller retail area such as markets as well as hawker centers are distributed in each neighborhood within the walking distances of residents. Meanwhile, places for social recreation and sports activities are created through the town park and sports complex.

Residential buildings such as HDB blocks, condominiums and landed properties are the main program in the town. Meanwhile, multi-storey car parks are provided within the walking distances for the residents.

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Koh Panyee Koh Panyee is a self-sustained village in Phang Nga Bay. As a fishing village, the families are living on stilt houses that spread across water.

LEGEND:

Residential

Dock

Health Care Center

Shop

Restaurant

Educational

Sports

Community

Floating Farm

Retail

Case Study - Urban Layout Title

Surrounded by water body, Koh Panyee contains floating soccer platform which is the main sports facility across the village. Likewise, educational institution, healthcare center and community center are clustered together to serve the residents.

Other than residential program, Koh Panyee also contains floating farm, restaurant and commercial area to sustain the residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; life.

The main program in Koh Panyee is residential program that stretches outwards from a mountain. In fact, the village is distributed in organic way across the water.

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Kampung Admiralty Kampung Admiralty is designed as an integrated complex to meet the needs of growing elder population in Singapore. The cross-proximity to healthcare, social, commercial and other amenities supports intergenerational bonding and promotes active aging in place.

Studio Apartment + Two blocks with about 100 units

Community Farm + Residents can grow vegetables, herbs and ornamental plants

Community Park + Features fruits trees + Includes a three-generational playground for both young and old

Eldercare and Childcare Centre + Located side by side to promote bonding between generation + The eldercare center has space for about 100 seniors, and the childcare center will offer 200 places

Community Plaza and Shops + An airy space for community activities + 20 shops as well as 2 to 3 food and beverage outlets are provided for the users

Admiralty Medical Care + Spans two levels with an area of 8,500 sqm + Offers outpatient consultation, day surgery, rehabilitation and diagnosis

Basement Car Park and Bicycle Parking + Two basement floors will house the car park and a mechanical bicycle parking system which can store 500 bicycle

Supermarket + A new 1,000 sqm supermarket is provided to cater the adjacent residents

Hawker Center + Features 50 stalls and 900 seats

LEGEND:

Residential Eldercare/ Childcare

Parking Zone

Health Care Center

Commercial

Hawker Center/ Market

Sports

Community Plaza

Shopping Center

Case Study - Urban Layout

Meanwhile, the studio apartment, eldercare and childcare center are surrounded by the community garden and recreational area at top tier.

As an elderly-friendly design, it consists of medical center at mid-tier to provide better medical services for elder population.

Kampung Admiralty consists of supermarket and car park at basement-tier and retail shops at groundtier as well as hawker center at mid-tier to cater the residents and public users. Also, the ground level is freed up to create community plaza for activity generator.

Koh Panyee

415

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water 0

Kampung Admiralty

East Coast Seasteading

20,000 m2

300

Relationship of Residential with other Programs Resolution Amount of Unit

Unit Size

Toa Payoh Square meter

Toa Payoh

Koh Panyee

415

Koh Panyee

3,500m2

Kampung Admiralty

20,000 m2

Kampung Admiralty

20,000m2

East Coast Seasteading

300

East Coast Seasteading

28,000m2

518

36,000m2

Residential Parking Zone

Unit Size

Healthcare

Square meter 0

0 0

LEGEND:

Walkability

Toa Payoh Average Distance from Residential Unit

36,000m2

Toa Payoh Koh Panyee

10,750m

Commercial Food

3,500m2

Shopping Koh Panyee Kampung Admiralty

20,000m2

Kampung Admiralty East Coast Seasteading

28,000m2

East Coast Seasteading

8,000m

0 0

1,500m

500m

Education Eldercare/ Childcare Recreational Communal

Walkability Communal Area

Recreational

Eldercare/ Childcare

Education

Shopping Area

Food

Commercial

Toa Payoh

Health Care Centre

Parking Zone

Residential

Average Distance from Residential Unit

10,750m

Case Study - Urban Layout

Through comparison from three examples, the relationship of residential program with the other programs in urban scale, such as resolution as well as walkability can be illustrated as the diagram from the left.

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

KEY PRINCIPLES

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

KEY PRINCIPLES - MASTERPLAN

Social

Accessibility

Ecology

Title

Activity

Flyboard

Hydrobike

Scuba Diving

In fact, as compared to land area, certain activities will be constraint due to lack of stability of land. However, it provides opportunity for us to conduct water activities such as flyboard, scuba diving, sailing, hydrobike, so on and so forth,

Sailing

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Connection

Tokyo Plan 1960 | Kenzo Tange

Khatal Masterplan | Zaha Hadid

Hierarchical System

Distributed System

The advantage of distributed system is it minimizes the chance of disruption as malfunction of any single part of circulation system happens. On the other side, the hierarchical performs better in terms of dividing different types of transport and different speeds. This strategy can ensure each individual can run smoothly with less interference from different factors. Also, different transport types such as automobile, commuter as well as bicycle can be arranged in different heights to improve the transportation happens along the way in terms of different speeds.

Concept - Masterplan

Sunlight

Coral Reef @ Platoform Eureka

Rhizolith Island

Over time, the foundation of an oil rig can turn into a ideal habitat for coral reef. Coral reef can inhabite on the structure, which will attract other marine life such as fishes and microorganism to resurrect the ecosystem. On the other hand, rhizolith is a prototype that is equipped with floating pot to allow the mangrove plant can grow on the fluctuate water.

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

DEVELOPMENT

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Preliminary Definition

To begin from clean state, I started with arbitrary approach, which is defining the boundary of the site with an enclosed region. Similarly, nodes are being distributed within the boundary, to deform the regular network pattern. This is to experiment what is the potential network pattern in water context.

Stage 01 - Preliminary Network Programmatic Area & Circulatory Path

Open Water Body

3. Transformation The linear paths are transformed around the voids. As a result, a porous and dynamic city pattern is formed.

Preliminary Path

Void Node

2. Connection Nodes are connected to form preliminary paths. Meanwhile, to create a more porous pattern, voids are interspersed on the network to act as attractors and repellents to transform the adjacent paths.

1. Enclosure An enclosed region is defined with an arbitrary boundary. Potential nodes are projected on the dykes as well as the boundary. Existing Node

Preset Boundary

Arbitrary Node

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Potential Network Pattern

By randomly distributing the void nodes within the boundary, different network patterns are generated. As a result, the more potential network patterns are chosen for further analysis.

Title

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Potential Network Pattern

The potential network patterns are identified based on two aspects, such as porosity and interconnectivity. Thereby, they can be classified into 3 categories such as centralized, clustered and distributed pattern.

Conclusion To create a more resilient network system, programmatic areas should be more interconnected and accessible from land, whereby they should maintain intimate relationship to the land amenities. Therefore, as compared to centralized and clustered pattern, the distributed network system shows greater potential as its overall performance is better in terms of porosity and interconnectivity.

Title

Centralized Pattern

+ The openings are largely aggregated at the central region + Programmatic areas are shifted to the peripheral of the opening at central region.

2. Clustered Pattern + The openings are aggregated in several distinctive clusters. + Programmatic areas are mainly sprawled through the central region. Meanwhile, the minor one are stretching on the verge of the opened clustered.

3. Distributed Pattern + The openings are distributed sporadically within the boundary. + Programmatic areas are interspersed in the intervention. As a result, a more organic and evenly layout of network system is formed.

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Chosen Network Pattern

Among the scattered network system, a network is chosen based on following criteria: 1. Programmatic areas are more evenly spread out within the boundary. 2. More connections allows the cluster has higher accessibility to land amenities. 3. More variations on network width to create a more resilient and dynamic circulation system.

Title

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Program Allocation

Area Break Down Diagram A > 5000m2

Suitable programs: residential shopping mall

3000m2<A ≤ 5000m2 Suitable programs: sports complex

2000m2<A ≤ 3000m2 Suitable programs: health care educational institution community centre

1500m2<A ≤ 2000m2 Suitable programs: market hawker center

1000m2<A ≤ 1500m2 Suitable programs: large scale commercial parking area

500m2<A ≤ 1000m2

Suitable programs: medium scale commercial eldercare childcare

100m2<A ≤ 500m2 Suitable programs: small scale commercial

A ≤ 100m2

Suitable programs: recreational

Stage 02 - Program Allocation

Residential Parking Zone Healthcare Commercial Food Shopping

Residential Nodes

By rationalizing the relationships of residential program to other programs, the programs are distributed accordingly to the designated nodes.

Education Eldercare/ Childcare Recreational Communal Work

Private Zoning

Different regions, from private to public regions are radiated out from the residential nodes.

Public

Residential Nodes

Residential

Taking residential program as the primary concern, the residential nodes are distributed on the network pattern first.

Preliminary Path

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Network Pattern Discretization

The area of each plot from the discretized network pattern has been classified (according to area break down diagram). This is to assort different programs according to their suitable plot areas.

LEGEND:

A > 5000 m2

3000m2 < A ≤ 5000m2

100m2 < A ≤ 500m2

A ≤ 100m2

2000m2 < A ≤ 3000m2

1500m2 < A ≤ 2000m2

1000m2 < A ≤ 1500m2

500m2 < A ≤ 1000m2

Title

* Each grid is measured as 100m x 100m.

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Zone Definition

By taking residential program as the primary concern, different zones, start from private to public zone, are radiated away from the residential clusters.

400m 350m 300m 250m 200m

PUBLIC

150m

LEGEND:

100m

PRIVATE

Title

* Each grid is measured as 100m x 100m.

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Program Distribution

Through the aforementioned definitions, the programs are allocated within the network system to create a highly connected neighborhood context.

LEGEND: 1 - 500 m Residential

Others

Residential

Parking Zone

Health Care Center

Commercial

Hawker Center/ Market

Educational

Eldercare/ Childcare

Sports

Community

Work

Shopping Center

Title

* Each grid is measured as 100m x 100m.

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Circulation

To ensure an urban can function properly, a well planning transportation system must be implemented to ensure seamless and smooth urban circulation.

LEGEND: Potential Destination

Stage 03 - Circulation Shortest Paths Between Programs

Again, shortest path analysis is run between the programs in the new cluster to identify the potential openings of buildings to create more porous building typologies.

Trainline Extension

Trainline is extended from Bayshore station and is terminated at the shoreline to connect the people from land to the new cluster.

Vehicular Paths

Vehicular paths are elevated away from the pedestrian path to minimize the interference of vehicles to pedestrians. The vehicular paths are linked to residential and parking nodes.

Pedestrian path

Pedestrian path such as public circulation as well as civic region are generated from generated shortest path network.

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Extracted Path

Certain paths are chosen from the preliminary network from following criterias: 1. Close proximity with programs 2. Shortest paths connected from land amenitie

Title

* Each grid is measured as 100m x 100m.

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Pedestrian Path Development

To create a interconnected neighborhood, the preliminary network pattern is created through the shortest paths to access different programs. As a result, major and minor circulatory paths are shaped according to the preliminary network pattern.

LEGEND: Shortest path to access each program

Path width

Starting Point

End Point

100m

Residential

Parking Zone

Health Care Center

Commercial

Hawker Center/ Market

Educational

Eldercare/ Childcare

Sports

Community

Work

Shopping Center

Title

* Each grid is measured as 100m x 100m.

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Transportation Hotspot

To design effective transportation routes, important nodes, such as residential and shopping center are bookmarked as transportation hotspots.

LEGEND:

Residential

Parking Zone

Health Care Center

Commercial

Hawker Center/ Market

Educational

Eldercare/ Childcare

Sports

Community

Work

100

Shopping Center

Title

* Each grid is measured as 100m x 100m.

101

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Transportation Route Development

LEGEND: Primary Road

Secondary Road

Railway Extension

Transport Interchange Residential

Parking Zone

Health Care Center

Commercial

Hawker Center/ Market

Educational

Eldercare/ Childcare

Sports

Community

Work

102

Shopping Center

Title

* Each grid is measured as 100m x 100m.

103

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Program Distribution

After defining the circulation system, the next step is to define building plot based on predefined network.

LEGEND: Shortest Path Between Programs

104

Stage 04 - Building Footprint

Building Footprint

Taking shortest paths between programs as well as void regions as a guideline, the building footprints are generated in the new cluster.

Void Regions

Void regions are extracted to identify the potential void region of building footprints.

Shortest Paths Between Programs

Again, shortest path analysis is run between the programs in the new cluster to identify the potential openings of buildings to create more porous building typologies.

105

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Void Region

Void regions are extracted to identify the potential void region of building footprints.

106

Title

* Each grid is measured as 100m x 100m.

107

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Building Footprint

Taking shortest paths between programs as well as void regions as a guideline, the building footprints are generated in the new cluster.

108

Title

* Each grid is measured as 100m x 100m.

109

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

110

SITE PLAN

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

112

As compared to those constructed on land, which normally appears in packed arrangement, the larger water bodies allows buildings can be arranged in more sparse and porous way.

Title

Existing City Profile Water Body

Sea Contour

New City Profile

Subject to shallow sea contour (bethymetry) of East Coast Park, the buildingsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; profiles are constraint by limited foundation depth and building height. However, as compared to tall buildings, shorter buildings provide a more intimate relationship to the users.

113

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

114

Title

DETAIL DESIGN

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Massing Strategy 1.

Extrusion

116

Porous

Detailed Design

Connection

Circulation

117

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Competition Docking

Path

Connection

Recreation

118

Detailed Design

Potential Moment in New Cluster

Docking

Competition

Recreation

Connection

Path

119

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

LEGEND: Above Water Level

120

Below Water Level

Detailed Design

Above Water

External Connection

Under Water

Internal Connection

121

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Floating Pot

Coral Reef Section

Bulkhead

Fresh Water Tank & Storage Double Bottom Tank

122

100

200m

Elevated Route Title

Pontoon Roof Garden Reinforced Slab

Slit Facade

Apartment Corridor

Glazing

123

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

124

125

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

126

APPENDIX & BIBLIOGRAPHY

Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

Jellyfish Barge

Dubbed for its shape and translucency, the Jellyfish Barge is a floating greenhouse that can produce hydroponic food and fresh drinking water. It is a low-cost and easy-toassemble design that can be implemented in variety of sites. The Jellyfish Barge is designed in small scale to target on the site with limited supply of materials. Also, it is a modular design that can be combined with others of its kind to form a improve its function as a floating garden. The fresh water is come from the solar stills located at the sides of the barge, which emulates earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ecosystem creates rainwater. Likewise, it is equipped with photo voltaic cells that is used to generate electricity to power the fans and pumps. The majority of the barge is covered by greenhouse, which is built with scaffolding whereby the hydroponic garden takes place. 15% seawater is absorbed also cuts down the amounts of freshwater needed for gardening. Figure xx: The exterior view of the Jellyfish Barge

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Appendix

Figure x: The hydroponic system of the Jellyfish Barge.

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Yong Kiat Tee, M.Arch Student - Thesis Project - City of Water

The Floating Piers

The Floating Piers is a floating dock that extends over the water of Italyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Lake Iseo. Designed by Christo & Jean Claude, the total length of the floating walkway is 3 km, which is supported by a floating dock system composed by 220,000 highly density polyethylene cubes. These elements naturally undulate with the movement of the waves at Lake Iseo, which creates an unique walking experience for the users. As compared to previous case studies, this lightweight structure shows high flexibility in terms of assemble way and installation period. This rapid fabrication way to create the floating platform is potentially used as pedestrian walkway as well as temporary activity platform within the cluster on water.

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Meanwhile, by breaking down the modularity of the floating platform, it is potentially can be transformed into green pocket or even floating garden within the archipelago system.

Appendix

Figure xx:

Installation Process: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Manufacturing of Polyethylene cubes Assembly of floating piers Positioning of anchors Connecting pier and anchor with ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) Installation of felt on the deck â&#x20AC;&#x153;Dressingâ&#x20AC;? with fabric

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Thank you for your time