TU/e - Energy annual research report 2015 by TU/e - Strategic Area Energy

Energy Rethinking Power

Annual Research Report 2015

/ Strategic Area Energy

Table of content

Preface

Research theme leaders

Research projects

3.1 Chemergy

3.2 Solar PV

117

3.3 Urban Energy

143

3.4 Nuclear Fusion

305

Contact persons

331

Overview research topics

333

Dissertations 2015

343

Energy Research 2016

Back cover

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

1. Preface This booklet gives an overview of the energy-related PhD student and Postdoc research projects at the Eindhoven University of Technology, TU/e. Energy research at TU/e comprises four themes: ■ Chemergy Storage of energy is a key technology in the transition to a low-carbon society. Chemical bonds offer high-energy density and are compatible with current energy carriers. We work on the fundamental challenges in the efficient conversion of CO2 with renewable energy to energy-dense and transportable chemicals. ■ Solar PV The sun offers more than enough energy to power our entire civilization. The Earth’s surface receives 10,000 times the amount that we consume. Photovoltaic systems, along with smart grids and heat storage systems will shape the era of renewable energy. ■ Urban energy Urban energy is not only about new materials, cooling techniques, or heat storage devices. Our goal is to have a sustainable energy-positive built environment in 2050, without the use of fossil fuels, with superior indoor and outdoor environmental quality. Research at TU/e is aimed at integrating energy technologies in buildings and their environment. ■ Nuclear fusion Fusion is an endgame solution. It holds the promise of inexhaustible energy – clean, safe and available to all. With one drawback: it is an exceedingly complex scientific and technical challenge. Yet recent decades have seen rapid progress. Today, 34 countries are building the first power-generating fusion reactor, ITER, in a worldwide collaboration. In ITER, a ‘burning’ plasma is kept at a temperature of hundreds of millions of degrees, suspended in a magnetic field.

Energy research at TU/e is institutionalized at the Strategic Area Energy (SAE) whose mission is ‘to establish an energy ecosystem for science, society and industry’. For this, we cooperate with cities and provinces, on a national level with the Dutch Topsectors where also industry partners participate, and internationally within European University Alliances. However, such an ecosystem can only thrive if within TU/e itself, gaps between individual departments are bridged and (PhD) students and postdocs are actively encouraged to learn about existing energy research at other departments. It is for that reason that this booklet was put together so that from existing knowledge new cooperation and scientific breakthroughs are initiated.

David Smeulders Scientific Director, Strategic Area Energy

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

2. Research theme leaders Chemergy, Emiel Hensen ‘Storage of surplus energy will be a key technology in our transition to a low-carbon economy. Chemical bonds offer high-energy density and are compatible with current energy carriers. We work on the fundamental challenges in the efficient conversion of CO2 with renewable energy to energy-dense and transportable chemicals.’

Solar PV, Erwin Kessels ‘The sun offers us more than enough energy to power our entire civilization. The Earth’s surface receives 10,000 times the amount of energy we consume and hence solar cells have enormous potential for tapping into this energy source. We innovate solar cell materials, solar cell design and solar cell production’

Urban energy, Elphi Nelissen 'Our goal is to have a sustainable energy-positive built environment in 2050, without the use of fossil fuels, with superior indoor and outdoor environmental quality. Urban Energy at TU/e will enhance this!’

Nuclear fusion, Niek Lopes Cardozo ’Clean, safe, zero carbon dioxide, for all and forever: that’s the great promise of fusion power. The entire world is collaborating in the development of fusion, an effort culminating in the ITER project: a 500 MW fusion reactor presently under construction in France.’

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

3.1 Research projects ■ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

CHEMERGY: focuses on energy from chemical bonds

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Rotating Rayleigh Bénard turbulence: numeric

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders F Toschi HJH Clercx

Participants KMJ Alards RPJ Kunnen PR Joshi H Rajaei

PhD student | Postdoc KMJ (Kim) Alards Project aim In this project the dynamics of inertial and buoyant particles in Rayleigh-Bénard convection is investigated numerically. Inertial particles will be implemented in the Rayleigh-Bénard system and the effect of these particle properties on the thermal convection and on the transition between turbulent states explored. In particular, the interest is on the preferential accumulation of particles in plumes and/or vortices, feedback on the flow and the possible modification of the interaction between bulk and boundary layer. Two numerical codes are used, a finite-difference code for exploring a cylindrical setup and a Lattice Boltzmann code for modeling a horizontally unbounded system.

Progress

To investigate rotating RB convection in a Lagranigan framework tracer particles are implemented in the cylindrical finite-difference RB code. In figure examples trajectories of tracer particles are shown both for non-rotating (Ro = ∞) and rotating (Ro= 0.1) RB convection. Rotation clearly changes the structures of these trajectories and by collecting velocity, acceleration and temperature statistics of Cooperations the particles the influence of rotation on flow structure and heat flux is investigated. Statistics Prof. Verzicco (UT en University Roma (Tor Vergata)) measured near the center is compared to statistics measured near the horizontal plates in order to see the role of boundary layers. Moreover the statistics are compared to experimental results and a very good agreement is found. As a next step (thermal) inertial particles with mechanical and Funded by thermal feedback on the flow are included in order to investigate whether the flow and heat flux FOM can be influenced using these ‘active’ particles.

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (October)

Information F Toschi T : +31 (0)40 247 3911 E : f.toschi@tue.nl W: www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/ Figure: Trajectories of tracer particles in cyldinrical Rayeligh-Bénard convection. In the left figure the nonrotating case (Ro=∞) is shown and in the right figure the rotating case (Ro=0.1) is shown.

Scientific publications -

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Department

Pg-Ag pore-filled membranes for hydrogen separation

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders F Gallucci M van Sint Annaland

Participants A Arratibel Plazaola

Cooperations Tecnalia Research and Innovation (Spain)

PhD student | Postdoc A (Alba) Arratibel Plazaola Project aim Palladium membranes have been used in membrane reactors due to their remarkable permeability and exclusive perm-selectivity for hydrogen. The surface of a thin Pd-based membrane is prone to become contaminated and mechanically damaged, specifically when it is used in fluidized bed membrane reactors. Improved mechanical stability and better adhesion of the palladium membrane can be expected by filling nanosized pores of a ceramic support with palladium particles. Novel ‘pore-filled’ (PF) Pd membranes have been developed using an electroless plating technique. Four steps are involved in the preparation of the PF-membranes: (1) Coating of the surface of the αAl2O3 support tube with a nanoporous ceramic layer; (2) Seeding; Pd nanoparticles are deposited inside the porous ceramic layer; (3) Coating with a nanoporous protecting ceramic layer and (4) electroless plating in order to fill the pores with Pd. The amount of Pd used is a fraction of the amount used for more convectional Pd membranes and are much stronger resistant against hydrogen embrittlement.

Progress Funded by EU + Tecnalia

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (April)

Information F Gallucci T : +31 (0)40 247 3675 E : f.gallucci@tue.nl W: http://www.tue.nl/en/university/d epartments/chemical-engineeringand-chemistry/research/researchgroups/multiphase-reactors/

The first generation of pore-filled membranes prepared during the first year was tested in a longterm test for 900 h at 500ºC and 550ºC, showing that the performance of the membrane was improving during the long-term test. However, their H2/N2 permselectivity was too low (~50). Pore-filled membranes with thicker nanoporous layers (2nd generation) were successfully prepared showing a better performance than the 1st generation membranes. The permeselectivity increases up to about 500. Nevertheless, undesired metallic palladium was deposited on top of the protective layer. A 3rd generation of pore-filled membranes is currently under study. The system for their preparation is optimizated using a turbomolecular pump instead of simple rotatory pump. With this system membranes with much better performance can be prepared. A schematic representation of the pore-filled membranes is shown in the figure below (left) and a SEM image showing the nanoporous layer (70%YSZ/30%γ-Al2O3) on top of the α-Al2O3 porous support (right).

Figure: Schematic representation of the four steps involved in pore filled membranes (left) and SEM cross section of nanoporous layer with 70 wt% YSZ on top α-alumina asymmetric support (right).

Scientific publications A.Arratibel, E. Fernandez, J. Melendez, M. Llosa Tanco, F. Gallucci, D.A. Pacheco Tanaka, “Preparation of Pd-Ag pore-filled membranes for hydrogen separation”, EHEC 2014 European Hydrogen Energy Conference (poster) Sevilla, Spain (March 12-14, 2014) Alba Arratibel, D. Alfredo Pacheco Tanaka, Martin van Sint Annaland, Fausto Gallucci, “Membrane reactor for autothermal reforming of methane, metanol and etanol”, Chapter 3 in Membrane reactors for energy applications and basic chemical production Woodhead Publishing (2015) A.Arratibel, U. Astobieta, D.A. Pacheco Tanaka, M. van Sint annaland, F. Gallucci, “N2, He and CO2 diffusion mechanism through nanoporous YSZ-γ-Al2O3 layers and their use in a pore-filled membrane for membrane reactors”, ICCMR12 International Conference on catalysis in Membrane Reactors (poster), Szczecin, Poland (June 22-25, 2015); Award: Best poster presentation

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Department

Particle-particle interaction in biomass co-firing power plants

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Biomass □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc A (Abhijay) Awasthi Project aim

A Awasthi

A computational method will be developed to simulate the combined combustion of biomass and coal in biomass co-fired power plants. Realistic operation conditions of power plants involve particle volume fractions (typically 3×10-4) that require incorporation of two-way interaction between particle and surrounding gas in terms of mass, momentum and energy, and particle-particle interaction by radiative heat transfer. A DNS model is well suited to study the effects of these interactions on the biomass conversion process. The method enables optimization of combustion time by varying particle size and composition. Effects of increased biomass fraction on the co-firing process efficiency will be quantified.

Cooperations

Progress

Shell BJ Geurts

An earlier DNS model with pyrolysis and combustion of biomass particle was extended by including gas phase reaction. These include combustion reactions of gases and water gas shift reaction. Effects of including gas phase reactions on the conversion time of biomass particles were studied. Effect of particle size and particle volume fraction on conversion time was also analyzed. The conversion time of biomass particles is sensitive to their diameter and increases for larger particles. The effect of two-way coupling is higher for smaller particles due to the higher total heat exchange area in case of small particles.

Project leaders JGM Kuerten

Participants

Funded by FOM Shell

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information A Awasthi T : +31 (0)6 87362754 E : a.awasthi@tue.nl

Figure: Stages of the biomass conversion process - pyrolysis and combustion; Tg,b and YO2,b are the bulk gas temperature and bulk gas oxygen concentration respectively; R is the radius of the biomass particle.

Scientific publications A. Awasthi, J.G. M. Kuerten, B. J. Geurts, simulation of biomass combustion in turbulent channel flow, Conference paper: Proceedings of the 8th Turbulence, heat and mass transfer conference, Begell House, 2015, (pp. 833-836)

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Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HJH Clercx

Participants O Baskan

Cooperations MFM Speetjens E Demissie G Metcalfe (CSIRO, Australia)

Funded by STW

100 %

Start of the project 2010 (November)

Information HJH Clercx T : +31 (0)40 247 2680 E : h.j.h.clercx@tue.nl W: www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/

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PhD student | Postdoc O (Özge) Baskan Project aim Principle objective of the project is an in-depth analysis of the Kenics static mixer by Lagrangian mixing analysis of heat transfer. The study is divided into two subprojects: (1) Topological mixing analysis of heat transfer in the Kenics mixer (Esubalew Demissie, Wbt) and (2) Experimental heattransfer and mixing analysis of the Kenics mixer (Ozge Baskan, Applied Physics). This project focuses on the experimental characterization of Lagrangian mixing properties in case studies by measurement of 3D fluid trajectories and the evolution of 3D concentration/temperature fields using advanced optical measurement techniques. Benchmarking of numerical thermal mixing analyses and testing of the prototype thermal-analysis tools for advanced data processing. Experimental performance tests of optimized Kenics mixers in the laboratory set-up and in industrial test facilities.

Progress This project has been finished with the thesis of O. Baskan (2015). Public defense: September 25, 2015

Funding % per money stream STW

Advective-diffusive scalar transport in laminar periodic flows: an experimental investigation

Scientific publications Baskan, O., Speetjens, M.F.M., Metcalfe, G. & Clercx, H.J.H. (2015). Experimental and computational study of scalar modes in a periodic laminar flow. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 96, 102-118. Baskan, O., Speetjens, M.F.M., Metcalfe, G. & Clercx, H.J.H. (2015). Direct experimental visualization of the global Hamiltonian progression of two-dimensional Lagrangian flow topologies from integrable to chaotic state. Chaos, 25:103106.

Dissertation Baskan, O. (2015). Advective-diffusive scalar transport in laminar periodic flows: an experimental investigation. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr. H.J.H. Clercx & dr.ir. M.F.M. Speetjens).

Department

Model-Based Battery Management

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Electrical storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders MCF Donkers

Participants HPGJ Beelen Z Li DL Danilov HJ Bergveld

PhD student | Postdoc HPGJ (Henrik) Beelen Project aim The rapidly growing number of electrified vehicles requires development of the next generation of automotive battery cells. Due to properties such as high energy density, Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are typically used for these automotive applications. In order to guarantee the safe, efficient and reliable operation of Lithium-ion batteries, the BMS (Battery Management System) is of vital importance in the automotive industry. The main objective for this project is to satisfy the aforementioned operating conditions by measuring and determining relevant battery cell parameters and states. Current battery state estimation algorithms have limited performance due to the fact that they do not take into account all battery processes when modelling the non-linear electrochemical behaviour of the battery. In this project, model-based battery management is proposed for estimating battery states and parameters.

Progress Cooperations AVL Software and Functions CEA Fraunhofer Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) TNO University of Pisa

Funded by

Two main research directions for model-based battery management have been identified at this moment. First, development of extensive battery models, incorporating all relevant electrochemical battery processes. Second, given certain applications, derivation of reduced-order battery models and development of model-based state and parameter estimation algorithms. The applications for the project include State-of-Charge (SoC), State-of-Health (SoH) and State-of-Function (SoF) estimation. Here, estimating the (internal) battery temperature is of great importance and can be achieved through impedance-based temperature estimation as shown in the Figure. An analysis, comparison and synthesis of impedance-based temperature estimation has been presented [1] and a significant extension to this work has been submitted to Journal of Power Sources in 2015. Currently, efforts are made to set up test facilities at the CS lab in order to validate research results.

European Union - Horizon 2020 under grant ‘Integrated Components for Complexity Control in affordable electrified cars’ (3CCar-662192) National funding

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (May)

Information HPGJ Beelen T : +31 (0)40 247 2300 E : h.p.g.j.beelen@tue.nl W: https://www.tue.nl/universiteit/ faculteiten/electrical-engineering/ onderzoek/onderzoeksgroepen/ control-systems-cs/research/allp projects/3ccar/

Figure: Block Diagram of Impedance-based temperature estimation of a battery cell [1].

Scientific publications Beelen, H. P. G. J., Raijmakers, L. H. J., Donkers, M. C. F., Notten, P. H. L., & Bergveld, H. J. (2015). An improved impedance-based temperature estimation method for Li-ion batteries. In S. Onori (Ed.), Proceedings of the 4th IFAC Workshop on Engine and Powertrain Control, Simulation and Modelling (E-COSM 2015), 23-26 August 2015, Columbus, Ohio. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven.

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Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders GJ van Rooij MCM van de Sanden

Participants DCM van den Bekerom G Berden A Berthelot WA Bongers MA Damen C Douat RAH Engeln N den Harder T Minea JM Palomares-Linares T Verreycken

Plasma Chemistry at Work: efficient plasma-assisted fuel conversion through control of vibrational excitation PhD student | Postdoc DCM (Dirk) van den Bekerom Project aim CO2 dissociation in microwave plasma’s have a very high proven energy efficiency (up to 90%). The proposed mechanism for this efficient dissociation is by ‘vibrational ladder-climbing’: The free electrons excite CO2 to the first vibrational levels, consequently the CO2 moves to higher and higher vibrational levels by inter-molecular collisions until it dissociates. The aim of this project is to investigate the dynamics of the vibrational ladder climbing in more detail. To this end, the free electron laser FELIX is used to fire high power IR-pulses through the plasma in order to excite additional CO2 molecules to higher vibrational levels. The additional excited CO2 will also propagate through the ladder and by measuring the resulting extra CO production, it is possible to gain a fundamental insight in the ladder climbing mechanism.

Progress In the past year we have used in-situ time-resolved FTIR absorption spectroscopy to monitor the evolution of vibrational levels in time. By pulsing the microwave power we have observed ladderclimbing during ‘OFF’-time and found that energy efficiency goes up with decreasing duty-cycle.

Cooperations FOM Institute DIFFER Eindhoven University of Technology Radboud University Nijmegen University of Antwerp

Funded by FOM NWO Shell

Funding % per money stream FOM NWO Industry

20 % 40 % 40 %

Start of the project 2014 (January)

Information DCM van den Bekerom T : +31 (0)40 3334999 E : d.c.m.vandenbekerom@differ.nl W: www.differ.nl

16 |

Figure: Setup of the CO2 microwave plasma.

Scientific publications G. J. van Rooij, D. C. M. van den Bekerom, N. den Harder, T. Minea, G. Berden, W. A. Bongers, R. Engeln, M. F. Graswinckel, E. Zoethout and M. C. M. van de Sanden. Taming microwave plasma to beat thermodynamics in CO2 dissociation, Faraday Discussions, 183, 2015.

Department

EUROS Work Package 1.4: Wind-Farm-Wake Interactions

Mathematics and Computer Science

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders B Koren ME Hochstenbach MJH Anthonissen

Participants

PhD student | Postdoc R (René) Beltman Project aim The goal of this project is to start the development of a computational tool for the aerodynamic optimization under uncertainty of offshore wind farms. The variables to be optimized are: (i) windfarm layout (plan form and turbine spacing), and (ii) yaw and pitch angles of individual turbines. A patented conjecture is that optimal yaw angles in wind farms are not necessarily such that all rotor planes are always normal to the local flow direction. Last five years, significant progress has been made in computational methods for: (i) offshore windfarm-wake aerodynamics, (ii) shape optimization and (iii) uncertainty quantification. The time is perfectly right now to combine experts and algorithms, to start the development of an optimization algorithm for optimal wind-farm wakes under uncertainty.

R Beltman

Progress Cooperations Research cooperation with: CWI, TU Delft and WUR. Users: Ballast-Nedam, Deltares, DNV-GL, ECN, ENECO, Fugro, Heerema, IHC, KNMI, Van Oord, Sytems Navigator

The first months of the projected were partly devoted to study of the relevant literature and partly to the development of a computational tool for solving the mathematical equations describing the flow through a wind-farm, i.e., the Navier-Stokes equations. In the study of the literature the focus has been on energy-conserving discretization methods and ditto time-integration methods. Moreover, the available literature on immersed boundary methods has been consulted. The immersed boundary methods are anticipated to lead to a more realistic modelling of rotor-blade aerodynamics than the commonly used actuator approaches.

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream STW Users

58 % 42 %

Start of the project 2015

Information T : +31 (0)40 247 2080 E : b.koren@tue.nl W: http://www.stw.nl/nl/content/p1403-euros-%E2%80%93-excellenceuncertainty-reduction-offshorewind-systems

Figure: Horns Rev wind farm, close to the Danish shore.

Scientific publications -

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders J Boon

Participants J Boon M van Sint Annaland YC van Delft (ECN)

Cooperations ECN

Funded by ECN

Funding % per money stream GTI

100 %

Start of the project

Novel processes for high-temperature separation of CO2 and H2 PhD student | Postdoc J (Jurriaan) Boon Project aim For pre-combustion carbon capture, fuels are first converted to synthesis gas (CO and H2). Watergas shift (WGS) is then applied to increase the CO2 and H2 content. CO2 is then separated; H2 is used for power production and CO2 can be stored underground. The high partial pressure is a strong driving force for separation, allowing for relatively low energy use. Conventional processes for reaction and separation can be improved by processes based on CO2 adsorption with a solid sorbent: Sorption-Enhanced Water-Gas Shift (SEWGS) or by H2 selective palladium-based membranes. For both options, the kinetics of CO2 capture and water-gas shift, as well as transport limitations are studied in order to enable the design of efficient full scale reactors.

Progress In SEWGS, a multicomponent adsorption isotherm has been developed for CO2 and H2O, based on integrated experimentally determined breakthrough curves with special attention being given to the high pressure interaction. SEWGS process simulations have indicated that a significant reduction in energy consumption is feasible. For Pd-based membranes, significant resistances against H2 transport in the support have been found experimentally. Modelling has shown that both a pressure drop and a mole fraction gradient in the support layer are responsible, the latter being far more important than the former. The derived membrane module model allows to quantify the intrinsic and external mass transfer resistances for all species. Inhibition measurements have been performed to account for co-adsorption by syngas species as a function of temperature and partial pressure, leading to a constriction resistance model to quantify the inhibition, see the figure below.

2010 (December)

Information J Boon T : +31 (0)224564576 E : j.boon@tue.nl

Figure: Constriction resistance model for the description of inhibition of H2 transport in palladium membranes in contact with syngas.

Scientific publications J. Boon, J.A.Z. Pieterse, F.P.F. van Berkel, Y.C. van Delft, and M. van Sint Annaland. Hydrogen permeation through palladium membranes and inhibition by carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and steam. Journal of Membrane Science, 496:344-358, 2015. J. Boon, P.D. Cobden, H.A.J. van Dijk, and M. van Sint Annaland. High-temperature pressure swing adsorption cycle design for sorption-enhanced water-gas shift. Chemical Engineering Science, 122:219– 231, 2015. J. Boon, P.D. Cobden, H.A.J. van Dijk, C. Hoogland, E.R. van Selow, and M. van Sint Annaland. Isotherm model for high-temperature, high-pressure adsorption of CO2 and H2O on K-promoted hydrotalcite. Chemical Engineering Journal, 248:406–414, 2014. J. Boon, J.A.Z. Pieterse, J.W. Dijkstra, Y.C. Van Delft, P. Veenstra, A. Nijmeijer, and D. Jansen. Benchmarking of hydrogen selective membranes: Experimental and modelling approach to compare membrane performance. Energy Procedia, 37:1020–1029, 2013. J. Boon, J.A.Z. Pieterse, J.W. Dijkstra, and M. van Sint Annaland. Modelling and systematic experimental investigation of mass transfer in supported palladium-based membrane separators. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 11(SUPPL):122–129, 2012. H. Li, J.A.Z. Pieterse, J.W. Dijkstra, J. Boon, R.W. Van Den Brink, and D. Jansen. Benchscale WGS membrane reactor for CO2 capture with co-production of H2. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37(5):4139–4143, 2012. J. Boon, H. Li, J.W. Dijkstra, and J.A.Z. Pieterse. 2-dimensional membrane separator modelling: Mass transfer by convection and diffusion. Energy Procedia, 4:699–706, 2011.

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Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders DMJ Smeulders

Participants ZC Bourgonje HJ Veringa W Loor HPJ Vliegen JM Hullu

Cooperations Klinkenberg BV Biolake

Developing a commercial test system to determine the most optimal torrefaction parameters PhD student | Postdoc ZC (Kees) Bourgonje Project aim This study aims to develop a small scale automatic testing system which determines the optimal torrefaction process parameters to achieve the best possible quality output (specifications set by the end user) while taking into consideration the overall energy balance of the torrefaction system to operate auto thermal. Secondly, the torrefied biomass samples produced by the testing system are used for pelletising and grinding tests to determine the optimal torrefaction settings to produce a durable pellet which requires a low grinding energy when pulverized. It is expected that large scale torrefaction systems are able to torrefy different biomass feedstocks because it is now known how the biomass behaves under different torrefaction conditions (gas mixture, temperature and residence time in the reactor).

Progress The prototype test system is finished, it can monitor the temperature development through the large biomass sample, can determine real-time the calorific value of the ablated gas originating from the biomass. By measuring the flow, the weight loss of the biomass sample is estimated. Below the results are shown of a beech wood sample with a diameter of 30mm and a height of 20mm:

Funded by Biolake TU/e

Funding % per money stream University 90 % Industry 10 %

Start of the project 2012

Information ZC Bourgonje T : +31 (0)40 247 3124 E : z.c.bourgonje@tue.nl

Figure: 7 torrefaction experiments at a reactor temperature of 300° were only the residence time of the biomass sample is varied. The vertical lines in the plot correspond the samples in the picture. In the upper graph the power generated by combusting the ablated gas from the wood is shown together with gas flow. In the lower graph on the left vertical axis is the temperatures displayed while on the right axis the weight loss and the shrinkage of the biomass sample is shown.

Publications -

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Department

Shining light on transient CO2 plasma

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar Fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc FK (Florian) Brehmer Project aim

FK Brehmer S Welzel B Klarenaar

The aim of this project is to perform the dissociation of CO2 to CO and O2 with high energy efficiency. One promising route to do this is to use an atmospheric-pressure dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) plasma. In the initial phase of the project, the parameter window for stable operation of the DBD for the used gas mixtures will be studied. For this an appropriate measurement system for the discharge current, power and gas temperature will be built. Subsequently, the densities of CO2 and CO will be monitored by means of infrared absorption spectroscopy. Moreover the optical emission of the plasma will be recorded. Using this diagnostics the effect of frequency and amplitude of the applied electrical ﬁeld, of the pressure and of the ﬂow speed of the gas on the CO2-to-CO conversion yield will be determined. When renewable energy sources are used to power the DBD, this approach might be a promising alternative route for the production of solar fuels.

Cooperations

Progress

DIFFER (the Netherlands) AFS Entwicklungs- und Vertriebs GmbH (Germany)

The progress in the last year involved the finishing of the experiments: Based on Raman spectroscopy, the gas temperature in the plasma can now be predicted as a function of the injected energy. Absolute number densities of CO, O2 and O3 were determined and found to be dependent on the scaling parameter , which is a function of the transferred charges and the residence time of molecules in the active plasma process. This scaling parameter suggests a mainly electron impact driven dissociation of CO2 into CO, which explains the achieved energy efficiency of the process. These findings were backed up by a simple plug flow reactor model which used the measurements of time-resolved IR absorption of CO together with the above mentioned estimation of gas temperatures. The results and diagnostics from this PhD project are valuable for future studies on plasma assisted CO2 to fuel conversion.

Project leaders MCM van de Sanden RAH Engeln

Participants

Funded by AFS Entwicklungs- und Vertriebs GmbH (Germany)

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project

Public defense: January 20, 2015

2011 (February)

Information RAH Engeln T : +31 (0)40 247 5786 E : r.a.h.engeln@tue.nl W : http://www.phys.tue.nl/pmp/

Figure: Number densities of CO, O2 and O3 plotted versus the scaling parameter found in the study.

Scientific publications Brehmer, F.K., Welzel, S., Sanden, M.C.M. van de & Engeln, R.A.H. (2014). CO and byproduct formation during CO2 reduction in dielectric barrier discharges. Journal of Applied Physics, 116:123303. Plasma-assisted CO2 processing for energy storage, R. Engeln, S. Welzel, F. Brehmer, S. Ponduri, M. Creatore, M.C.M. van de Sanden, proceedings of ESCAMPIG XXI, Portugal, July 10-14, 2012.

Dissertation Brehmer, F.K. (2015). Shining light on transient CO2 plasma. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Richard van de Sanden & Richard Engeln).

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants RJP Broos

Cooperations MCEC

PhD student | Postdoc RJP (Robin) Broos Project aim Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is an attractive route for the valorization of natural gas into synthetic fuels and chemicals. Iron based catalysts are among the most widely used for industrial FTS of hydrocarbon products from synthesis gas. It is commonly accepted that Hägg carbide (Fe5C2) is the catalytically active Fe carbide phase. We would like to get an improved understanding of the FTS mechanism on the Hägg carbide. DFT calculations are performed to obtain activation energies and pre-exponential factors for all elementary reaction steps relevant to the reaction mechanism. Utilizing this dataset, we can make a microkinetic model, which gives us insights into the activity and selectivity of the reaction and the rate-determining pathways constituting the overall reaction.

Progress

Funded by MCEC

Funding % per money stream NWO

Modeling the Fischer-Tropsch reaction (on Hägg Carbide surfaces)

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (January)

DFT calculations have been performed for the empty, low miller index surfaces. There are 14 unique lower miller index surfaces. However, surfaces can be sliced in different distances from the origin, resulting in different carbon loadings on the surface, and therefore, resulting in more different surface terminations. After calculation of the empty surfaces, CO adsorption energies were calculated on all different surfaces. In general, CO tends to bind in a 4 fold fashion to the Fe. CO adsorption which was partially adsorbed on Fe and partially on C, turned out to adsorb weaker as compared to adsorption on Fe. CO dissociation was calculated on surfaces containing a B5 site. Apart from CO dissociation, also oxygen removal reactions were calculated on 1 of the surface terminations. The methanation reaction and the CC coupling reactions are in progress.

Information EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

Figure: Reaction Energy Diagram for CO dissociation on 3 different surfaces, containing images for the initial state, transition state, and final state.

Scientific publications Filot, I.A.W., Broos, R.J.P., Rijn, J.P.M. van, Heugten, G.J.H.A. van, Santen, R.A. van & Hensen, E.J.M. (2015). First-principles-based microkinetics simulations of synthesis gas conversion on a stepped rhodium surface. ACS Catalysis, 5(9), 5453-5467.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Biomass □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders MC Kroon

Participants A van den Bruinhorst

Cooperations -

Funded by

PhD student | Postdoc A (Adriaan) van den Bruinhorst Project aim Wood, grass, straw, cane, bamboo, all common plants that could be the source for a biorefinery, based on lignocellulosic biomass. The stem cell wall of these plants consists of three biopolymers, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. These polymers are consisting mainly of glucoses, a mix of sugars and phenolics respectively. All of them are building blocks that could be refined into products that are nowadays based on fossil resources. However, the three biopolymers are intertwined to provide the cell wall strength, flexibility and biological resistance, hence they are not easily converted to fuels and chemicals. This is reflected in the extreme fractionation conditions of state of the art processes, like paper or bio-ethanol production. The aim of this project is to mitigate the process conditions for separating the biopolymers in lignocellulosic biomass through the use of novel, taskspecific solvents.

Progress

STW

Funding % per money stream STW

Release Nature’s Building Blocks from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Novel Solvents

100 %

Start of the project 2013

Information MC Kroon T : +31 (0)40 247 5289 E : m.c.kroon@tue.nl W: www.chem.tue.nl/sep

Over 20 different solvents have been prepared from natural salts and (amino) acids. They belong to the so called deep eutectic solvents (DESs). DESs are prepared by simply mixing two solid organic components, the intermolecular interactions cause the mixture to melt at much lower temperatures than its starting components. Extraction experiments were performed with the goal to selectively remove lignin from the biomass. This was based on the results of dissolution experiments carried out earlier; a strong selectivity could be observed towards alkali lignin compared to cellulose. Despite these promising developments, the extraction of lignin from biomass at the same mild conditions (60 °C) was negligible. There can still be DESs that show more compatibility with biomass and a higher temperature resistance than the currently tested ones, which can maximize lignin extraction. The search continues!

Figure: The amount of extracted biomass per added biomass for the DES malic acid : choline chloride (MaliA:ChCl) at a 1:1 molar ratio at different extraction temperatures [left] Mixtures of malic acid and choline chloride at different molar ratios at room temperature [right].

Scientific publications A. van den Bruinhorst, M.A.B.J. Beckers, M. C. Kroon, “How do Deep Eutectic Solvents modify Lignocellulosic Biomass?”, 3rd International Symposium on Green Chemistry, May, 2015, La Rochelle, France. A. van den Bruinhorst, M. C. Kroon, “Applying Novel Natural Solvents to the Delignification of Lignocellulosic Biomass”, 27th European Symposium on Applied Thermodynamics, July, 2014, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. A. van den Bruinhorst, M. C. Kroon, “On the application of novel solvents for lignocellulosic biomass delignification”, 7th Green Solvents Conference, October, 2014, Dresden, Germany. A. van den Bruinhorst, D. Schoep, M. Francisco, M. C. Kroon, “Suitability of Natural Low Transition Temperature Mixtures (LTTMs) for lignocellulosic biomass processing”, 9th European Congress of Chemical Engineering, April, 2013, Den Haag, The Netherlands. A. van den Bruinhorst, D. Schoep, M. Francisco, M. C. Kroon, “Natural Low Transition Temperature Mixtures (LTTMs) as novel solvents for lignocellulosic biomass”, 2nd International Symposium on Green Chemistry, May, 2013, La Rochelle, France. 22 |

Department

Solar Light Driven Photocatalysis in Microreactors

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders V Hessel T Noël

Participants D Cambié C Bottecchia XJ Wei

Cooperations -

Funded by EU MSCA-ITN

PhD student | Postdoc D (Dario) Cambié Project aim In the last decade, visible light photoredox catalysis has emerged as a powerful tool in organic chemistry also owing to its promise of environmental benignity. Nevertheless, the use of solar energy as light source to promote reactions has been scarcely investigated due to sunlight diffuse and polychromatic nature and shifting intensity. Microreactor technology has already proven its ability in optimizing the photon efficiency of the photoreactors. The use of microreactors, coupled with technologies derived from solar photovoltaics research, could provide a reliable platform to overcome traditional issues associated with solar radiation and exploit it as ultimate and perennial energy source for photochemical reactions.

Progress In this first year, the focus of the project has been in finding the best strategy, technologies, and model reactions to achieve the described aim. From a literature survey of photoredox chemistry in flow, resulted in the preparation of a review on the topic, the best photocatalysts for this application were selected based on their energy bandgap. Moreover, the use of chemical actinometers has been investigated as model of light-limited reactions to correlate the reaction conversion with the photon flux. Furthermore an existing MonteCarlo ray-tracing algorithm has been adopted and edited to direct the device designing phase. Finally, the first prototypes of reactor device has been built and their efficiency are currently being measured.

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (January)

Information T Noël T : +31 (0)40 247 3623 E : t.noel@tue.nl W : www.chem.tue.nl/scr

Figure: Schematic representation of the solar photomicroreactor for photochemistry and photocatalysis applications.

Scientific publications Cambié, D., Bottecchia, C., Straathof, N.J.W., Hessel, V. & Noël, T. Applications of continuous-flow photochemistry in organic synthesis, material science and water treatment.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Fundamental aspects of Chemical looping Biomass Processing

Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Biomass □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders M van Sint Annaland F Gallucci

PhD student | Postdoc I (Ildefonso) Campos Velarde Project aim In the ECN MILENA Process, biomass is gasified by an indirect route comprising of a system of two coupled reactors. The performance of both interlinked reactors (bubbling fluidized bed reactor and riser reactor) is investigated in detail in relation to their respective operating conditions, especially focusing on the heat and oxygen transport in the system, and the effect of the residence time of gas and particles. Advanced experimental techniques PIV/DIA is used to study the hydrodynamics and to quantify the rate of heat and oxygen transport. An extended phenomenological model is developed and used for process optimization and scale-up effects.

Participants I Campos Velarde

Cooperations -

Funded by ADEM Project

Funding % per money stream ADEM

100 %

Progress Remaining issues concerning the novel high-temperature endoscopic PIV/DIA were solved and the technique was extensively validated. Experiments with different gases were carried out to study the influence of the temperature on the hydrodynamics of dense gas-solids fluidized beds up to 400 °C. Preliminary results have shown an important infleunce of the temperature on the solids circulation patterns (see figure). The next step is to analyze these results in more detail to explain the observed differences and to quantify them. In addition, experiments were done to determine the oxygen transport capability of olivine as well as its toluene steam reforming reactivity. This information is used in the phenomenological models for chemical looping biomass gasification developed previously, to investigate and quantify the impact of the use of olivine in biomass gasification.

Start of the project 2011

Information I Campos Velarde T : +31 (0)40 247 3685 E : i.camposvelarde@tue.nl

Figure: Solids circulation patterns using glass beads of 400-500 µm fluidized with N2 at 2.5 Umf. The circulation patterns are changed at higher temperatures, which could be related to changes in gas properties and/or to the inter-particle forces at elevated temperatures

Scientific publications -

24 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders V Hessel Q Wang

Participants R Chaudhary E Hessen F Toschi A Parastaev

Cooperations BASF, Germany DSM, The Netherlands Evonik Industries AG, Germany Fraunhofer ICT-IMM, Germany VITO, Belgium

Funded by

CO2-neutral Methanol Synthesis from CO2 and H2 by SmartScaled, Reaction-Integrated Plasma Process PhD student | Postdoc R (Rohit) Chaudhary Project aim The conversion of CO2 into methanol using energy that is not produced from fossil fuels has been suggested to be one of the best ways of storing energy as well as CO2 recycling. Plasma assisted catalytic conversion can help us achieving this goal which was not feasible due to high temperature, high pressure, high cost and low yield of the current techniques. The main aim of the project is to synthesize methanol from CO2 and H2 using a plasma assisted catalytic process. In order to achieve this a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) will be used as plasma source to carry out the reaction. Hence a process will be developed to carry out this reaction and study synergistic effect of plasma and catalysis. The synthesis shall be done as two-step (reverse water-gas shift followed by methanol synthesis) or one-step methanol synthesis.

Progress Setup design and construction: As mentioned in the following figure, a new setup was designed and constructed for one-step process. Also, to carry out second step from two-step process, an old setup was redesigned and modified as per the requirements. A sophisticated power supply compatible with process requirements was chosen for plasma generation in the reactor. Copper and zinc oxide catalysts are proven advantageous in this reaction, these catalysts have also shown potential in plasma assisted route, but the yield was very poor. To increase this yield, catalysts doped with metallic platinum or rhodium or containing ceria oxides, gallium oxides etc were synthesized.

STW-Alliander

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

75 % 25 %

Start of the project 2015 (February)

Information Q Wang T : +31 (0)40 247 8290 E : q.wang@tue.nl W : www.chem.tue.nl/scr

Figure: Reaction Scheme for methanol synthesis: 1) Two-step process, 2) One-step process.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 25

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Electrical storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

In-Situ investigation of the mobilization of Li ions in all-solid-state Lithium-ion batteries PhD student | Postdoc C (Chunguang) Chen Project aim

PHL Notten

1. Synthesize all-solid-state Li-ions batteries 2. In situ investigate the Li-ions movement during electrochemical operation 3. Check the Li-ions gradient evolution at high rates

Participants

Progress

Project leaders

C Chen

Cooperations Forschungszentrum Jülich Nuclear Physics Institute Rez Near Prague Czech Republic

Funded by Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC)

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

The electrochemical (dis)charging procedure and Neutron Depth Profiling (NDP) data is shown in Figure, where B0-B5 represent the neutron beam time for collecting the triton signal. Before the NDP measurement, the battery is fully discharged, in this state the cathode is LiCoO2. It is indicated in Figure 1(a) that in this condition in the stage 0-2 h, the battery is fully discharged and the NDP data collected corresponds to the base spectrum. After 1 h charge (current is selected as 0.2 mA, without NDP data collecting), the NDP spectrum, indicated by B1, is collected again. In the similar way, B2-B0, B3-BO, B4-B0 and B5-B0 were obtained, as shown in Fig. 1b. It should be noted that during charging the cutoff voltage is set at 4.2 V to avoid overcharge, which means that the charging process will slow down. After the charging process has been terminated, the battery was in the fully charged state and the cathode was Li0.5CoO2, due to the delithiation of LiCoO2. It is indicated in the NDP spectrum that, when the charging process proceeds, the amount of Li-ions transferred from the cathode to the anode indeed increases. It is clearly visible that the cathode profile is reduced in intensity while an intense narrow peak with an equal area appears at the anode side.

Start of the project 2015 (September)

Information PHL Notten T : +31 (0)40 247 3069 E : P.H.L.Notten@tue.nl

Figure: The charging procedure (0.2mA) and NDP spectra of an all-solid-state battery.

Scientific publications -

26 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders M van Sint Annaland EJH Hensen F Gallucci P Cobden

Participants KT Coenen

Cooperations

Sorbent Development on the Basis of Kinetics, and Mass- and Heat- Transport Phenomena in Sorption-Enhanced Processes at Elevated Temperatures PhD student | Postdoc KT (Kai) Coenen Project aim Hydrotalcite based adsorbents are interesting for carbon capture and storage technologies like Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift reaction (SEWGS) for hydrogen production, where an adsorbent is used to shift the reaction equilibrium and capture CO2. The sorbent can be regenerated with steam, which can be separated by condensation, resulting in a pure CO2 stream. At room temperature hydrotalcite belongs to the group of anionic clays and can be described as Mg6Al2(HO)16CO32- x 4 H2O. At elevated temperatures the layered structure is no longer present and the material can be described as a mixed metal oxide with basic character. The aim of the project is understanding of the fundamental interactions occurring with small gas molecules (H2O, H2S, CO2 and other possible acidic species) on potassium promoted hydrotalcites based adsorbents.

Progress Funded by ADEM

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2014 (April)

Information

Different experimental techniques such as Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) at high pressures (up to 10 bar) have been used together with analyzing techniques like X-ray Diffraction (XRD), BET, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The adsorption behavior of potassium promoted hydrotalcite with a Mg/Al atomic ration of 0.54 (KMG30) for both CO2 and H2O has been studied at different operating conditions. It has been found that slow desorption kinetics determine the cyclic working capacity for both CO2 and H2O. From smart designed TGA cycles a first simple model is proposed to describe the sorption phenomena of CO2 and H2O. This model includes at least two sites for CO2, where one site can only be regenerated if H2O is present during the regeneration step, whereas the other site can also be regenerated using a N2 stream. Figure 1 illustrates the proposed mechanism and the different sites involved for the KMG30.

KT Coenen T : +31 (0)40 247 8751 E : k.t.coenen@tue.nl

Figure 1: Three different sites involved in CO2 and H2O adsorption at different conditions.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 27

Department

Methane activation via integrated membrane reactors

Chemical engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders F Gallucci M van Sint Annaland

Participants A Cruellas Labella V Spallina

PhD student | Postdoc A (Aitor) Cruellas Labella Project aim The aim of the project is to develop a novel membrane reactor prototype for the production of ethylene via oxidative coupling of methane (OCM). During the project, different types of reactors will be tested and evaluated in order to select the most efficient for pilot scale demonstration. The focus of the project will be on air separation through novel MIEC membranes integrated within a reactor operated at high temperature for OCM allowing integration of different process steps in a single multifunctional unit and achieving significantly higher yields in comparison with conventional reactor technologies, combined with improved energy efficiency. The results of the MEMERE project will contribute to the competitiveness of the European process industry in a field (ethylene production) that is an important part of the chemical sector.

Progress Cooperations 11 international partners MEMERE project

Funded by

In the first months of the project a literature review is being carried out to evaluate the different reactor concepts available in the literature and to define the benchmark conversion/yield. Additionally, a phenomenological model is being developed to simulate the process and to facilitate the scale-up of the reactor to prototype scale.

Scientific publications

H2020

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (October)

Information A Cruellas Labella T : +31 (0)40 247 2560 E : A.Cruellas.Labella@tue.nl W: http://spire2030.eu/memere/

28 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JC Schouten MF Neira D’Angelo

Participants MT De Martino J van der Schaaf

Open micro-structured packing in GLS reactors for FT catalysts and reactor development PhD student | Postdoc MT (Teresa) De Martino Project aim Fischer-Tropsch reaction is a common way to produce fuels starting from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The products formed can vary in a highly wide range and the process is strongly affected by diffusional limitations which also determ the product distribution. The project aims to study the diffusional behaviour and to achieve a good selectivity in the desired products (C5+ hydrocarbons). Cobalt catalysts supported on alumina foams are sinthetized and characterized to be used in this process. Alumina foams, as support, can improve the transport proprieties thanks to their porosity and can guarantee a good selectivity in the desired products. A suitable reactor for the foam structures has been designed and developed in order to investigate the improvements in the process.

Cooperations -

Progress

Funded by NWO MCEC Gravity Program

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Commercial aluminium foams are pre-treated by anodization and wash-coated in an alumina slurry before the cobalt precursor impregnation, and at later stage, the catalyst is reducted by calcination. A numerical model has been developed for FT process using cobalt based catalysts supported on alumina foams to design the reactor and study the best working conditions. According to the model, it is possible to understand that the thickness of the washcoated layer (~100-150 µm) is a key parameter to achieve a good selectivity. The figure below shows the cross section of the foam and the measured value of the thickness (in this case 97.83 µm).

Start of the project 2015 (January)

Information MF Neira D‘Angelo T : +31 (0)40 247 8281 E : m.f.neira.dangelo@tue.nl W: www.chem.tue.nl/scr

Figure: SEM images showing foam (left) and cross section of the foam after washcoating (right).

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 29

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders F Gallucci M van Sint Annaland

Participants CHJT Dietz

Cooperations University Maastricht DSM

Funded by InSciTe

Development of novel solvents for efficient reaction/extraction systems for bio-based processing PhD student | Postdoc CHJT (Carin) Dietz Project aim In this project, an integral process layout will be designed and assessed on economic, environmental and technological development aspects for the conversion of cellulosic biomass into HMF via new reaction/extraction techniques. Also process options for converting hemi cellulosic biomass into C5 platform chemicals will be evaluated on the same criteria. The most appropriate solvent system for the extraction of HMF from the reaction mixture will be established and the separation efficiency of HMF and humins will be experimentally investigated. An efficient reactor/extractor configuration will be developed and demonstrated.

Progress The research carried out till now aimed at selecting the most appropriate solvent system for the extraction of HMF and humins from the reaction mixture. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) combine a high polarity often with water immiscibility and are therefore very promising new solvents for the extraction of HMF. First, the available options were investigated and subsequently the solubility of different species were investigated (see Table 1).

Funding % per money stream University 50 % Industry 50 %

Acetic AcidImidazole (1:1) Levulinic acidBetaine (2:1) Urea-Choline Chloride (2:1) Ethylene glycolCholine Chloride (2:1) Glycolic acidNtertra ethyl amm. Chloride (2:1) Decanoic acidterta octyl amm Chloride (2:1)

Start of the project 2015 (September)

Information CHJT Dietz T : +31 (0)40 247 3012 E : c.h.j.t.dietz@tue.nl W: http://www.chemelot-inscite.com/

HMF

Furfural

Dimethyladipate

Furfuryl alcohol

Cyclopentane none

100

38,0

27,5

100

13,0

100

47,5

2,5

100

25,0

100

Figure: Table1. Solubility of some components of interest at 30-50-80°C in w/t%. Most conventional organic solvents are not hydrophobic and polar. Decanoic acid-tetra octylammonium chloride is polar and hydrophobic and has a good solubility for all the components. This is currently the most promising DES for the considered extraction. Other components will be screened in the near future (for example cyclopentaneamine, and natural occurring DES). Additionally, the DES stability at higher temperatures will be evaluated by TGA. A prediction of the DESs suitable for the separation can be done by measuring the Kamlet-taft parameters which will be carried out in the coming year.

Scientific publications -

30 |

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Crystallization, nucleation and droplet growth for the combined gas treatment and liquefaction of natural gas PhD student | Postdoc R (Raluca) Dumitrescu Project aim

R Dumitrescu

Liquefaction of natural gas involves several pre-treatment steps to remove contaminants from raw natural gas, such as: water, carbon dioxide, ethane, butane, nitrogen. These components are being removed to prevent their deposition at cryogenic conditions on equipment during actual liquefaction process, meet the international LNG sales and purchase agreements. In this research project we evaluate the feasibility of liquefaction of natural gas, with very limited gas treatment or heavy carbons removal, by investigating phase transitions (crystallization points, nucleation rates and Wilson points) for multi-component gas mixtures. The goal is to acquire the adequate description of nucleation phenomena, build the corresponding computational model.

Cooperations

Progress

TKI Shell

On one hand molecular dynamics simulations were carried out for single-component systems (Argon, Helium) to gain a close-up look at homogeneous nucleation process. This was studied by tracing and analyzing parameters such as: temperature of the system, maximum cluster size and onset of nucleation. On the other hand experiments were performed in an Expansion Cloud Chamber set-up for detection of liquid and solid formation in carbon dioxide and natural gas mixture. The chamber was filled up with gas mixture at given pressure. By means of a rapid electro magnetic valve, the gas was expanded into the vacuum tank giving rise to condensation and crystallization phenomena.

Project leaders JAM Dam DMJ Smeulders

Participants

Funded by TKI Shell

Funding % per money stream Industry TKI

25 % 75 %

Start of the project 2013

Information DMJ Smeulders T : +31 (0)40 247 3167 E : d.m.j.smeulders@tue.nl

Figure: Snapshot of nucleation simulation in single-component Argon box system.

Scientific publications L.R. Dumitrescu, J.A.M. Dam, S.V. Gaastra-Nedea and D.M.J. Smeulders. Molecular dynamics for homogeneous nucleation of water in Argon.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Mathematics and Computer Science

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders DT Crommelin (CWI, UvA) B Koren

Participants AW Eggels ME Hochstenbach (supervision)

Cooperations Research cooperation with: CWI, TU Delft and WUR. Users: Ballast-Nedam, Deltares, DNVGL, ECN, ENECO, Fugro, Heerema, IHC, KNMI, Van Oord, Sytems Navigator

EUROS Work Package 1.3: Uncertainty Quantification in Wind and Waves PhD student | Postdoc AW (Anne) Eggels Project aim The goal of the project is to develop a fully stochastic approach to include correlation of wind and waves in calculating the loads on wind turbines, by making use of the probability distribution in wind loads and existing wind-wave models. The challenge is to develop efficient and realistic modelling by enabling treatment of different sources of uncertainty in one single computational space. When this is combined with smart sampling techniques, calculation times will be drastically reduced.

Progress During the first months of the project, literature on uncertainty quantification was studied and some of the most widely used methods have been programmed in MATLAB, which include serveral Monte-Carlo methods and stochastic collocation methods on both full and sparse grids. After this, the extension of stochastic collocation to correlated inputs was investigated. At the moment, the research focuses on clustering methods to deal with correlated inputs.

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream STW Users

58 % 42 %

Start of the project 2015

Information B Koren T : +31 (0)40 247 2080 E : b.koren@tue.nl W: http://www.stw.nl/nl/content/p1403-euros-%E2%80%93-excellenceuncertainty-reduction-offshorewind-systems Figure: the load on wind turbines depends on both position and stochastic variables.

Scientific publications -

32 |

Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HW de Vries MCM van de Sanden

Participants FM Elam Y Liu A Meshkova

Cooperations -

Funded by EU ITN

Study of film morphology and gas permeation in thin silica-like films PhD student | Postdoc FM (Fiona) Elam Project aim The objective of this work is to obtain fundamental knowledge of the permeationmechanisms in SiO2-like thin films synthesised using Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier assisted Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition (AP DBD assisted PECVD). The ultimate aim is to find multilayer solutions to control gas permeation of the thin films produced at a high deposition rate.

Progress A series of ~90 nm bilayer silica-like thin films composed of a ~60 nm porous and ~30 nm barrier layer were deposited onto a polymer substrate by means of atmospheric pressure PECVD. The barrier layer were studied as a function of input energy per precursor gas molecule (~6 – 80 keV/TEOS molecule) on the chemical composition and porosity of the barrier layer and hence, the influence of this ~30 nm layer on the moisture barrier performance of the overall film. The Figure shows the water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) trend (at 40oC, 90% relative humidity) with respect to increasing input energy per TEOS molecule during the deposition of the barrier layer for three different film types. By using the bilayer approach, it is possible to produce films that exhibit a WVTR as low as 7.0×10-4 g m-2 day-1.

Funding % per money stream

WVTR PEN substrate

100

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (June)

Information FM Elam E : F.M.Elam@differ.nl W: www.differ.nl/research/solar-fuels

30 nm barrier; 60 nm buffer; reduced O2 30 nm barrier; 60 nm buffer; increased O2

WVTR / g m-2 day-1

100 nm barrier; reduced O2

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-4

Energy per TEOS molecule / keV

Figure: Water Vapour Transmission Rate (WVTR) as a function of the energy per precursor molecule.

Scientific publications F.M. Elam, S.A. Starostin, J. B. Bouwstra, M. C. M. van de Sanden, and H. W. de Vries. “Polarised Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis of Silica-like Thin Films: An Assessment of Film Quality.” presented at the ISPC-22, Antwerp, July 5, 2015.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

A novel marine bio-fuel: proof of concept to market proven

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Biomass □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc J (Jos) Feijen Project aim

MD Boot LPH de Goey

The assignment of this PhD position is to develop and elaborate all technical and commercial issues related to the use of lignin and/or other potential biomass waste streams as marine fuel, resulting in market ready marine biofuel at the end of the project. An important part of this assignment is to extensively elaborate on the relation between research innovations and knowledge valorization in business, giving guidance to future research projects on how to exploit their inventions.

Participants

Progress

J Feijen

 Literature study, getting familiar with matter and playing field.  Stationary tests and engine tests of many fuel samples.  Contribute to ongoing projects related to such biofuels.

Project leaders

Cooperations Progression Industry

Funded by University (TU/e)

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2015 (January)

Information J Feijen T : +31 (0)40 247 3591 E : j.feijen@tue.nl W: www.combustion.tue.nl

Figure: Biofuel spray combustion at marine engine like conditions.

Scientific publications -

34 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Biomass □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HCL Abbenhuis EJM Hensen A Smith

Participants MRC Fernandes

Cooperations SuBiCat (ITN)

Redox active lignin degradation and selective functionalization of lignin-derived monomers PhD student | Postdoc MRC (Mónica Raquel Caseiro) Fernandes Project aim The main objectives of her work are to find new (metal) catalysts capable of lignin degradation and to selective functionalize lignin-derived monomers. Her line of catalyst development is inspired by Hybrid Catalysis BV with emphasis on metallosilsesquioxane (POSS) catalyst development.

Progress Leads were found to achieve lignin degradation through selective oxidation with organic peroxides. This was best affected through titanation of organosolv lignin followed by treatment of the titanated material with tert.-Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP). Titanated lignin was found to be a catalytic material that could be used in catalysing alkene epoxidation. Consequently lignin may find added value application as a catalysts support. New lignins resulting from oxidative pretreatment were characterized by 2D NMR and solid state 13C CP MAS NMR spectroscopy.

Funded by Hybrid Catalysis B.V.

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (October)

Information EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

Figure: Reaction between beech wood lignin and titanium isopropoxyde.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 35

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders F Gallucci A Pacheco Tanaka (Tecnalia) M van Sint Annaland

Participants E Fernandez A Helmi

Cooperations 18 international partners DEMCAMER project

Funded by FP7

Palladium-based supported membranes for membrane reactors for hydrogen production PhD student | Postdoc E (Ekain) Fernandez Project aim The aim of the project is the development of supported thin Pd-based membranes for their use in membrane reactors for ultra-pure hydrogen production. Different Pd-based membrane configurations are being developed and their performance in reforming and water gas shift fluidized bed membrane reactors is being evaluated.

Progress Ceramic and metallic supported thin Pd-Ag membranes (<5 µm thick) have been prepared by electroless plating (ELP) and PVD Magnetron Sputtering (PVD-MS), and tested in fluidized bed membrane reactors for water-gas-shift (WGS), SMR and autothermal reforming (ATR) reactions for high purity H2 production. Pd-Ag membranes prepared by ELP exhibit a very high H2 permeance accompanied with high H2/N2 ideal perm-selectivity (>10000). These membranes showed good attrition resistance in fluidized bed operation, allowing higher efficiencies for WGS, SMR and ATR processes compared with conventional reactors. A sealing method for ceramic supported Pd-Ag membranes was optimized based on graphite ferrules with Swagelok connectors. On the other hand, ultra-thin Pd-Ag membranes prepared by depositing 0.5 µm thick layer by ELP onto a 0.5 µm thick layer of PVD-MS showed extremely high H2 permeance with moderate H2/N2 selectivity.

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2012

Information E Fernandez T : +34 (0)6 67119606 E : E.Fernandez.Gesalaga@tue.nl W: www.tecnalia.com Figure: Ceramic supported palladium based membranes with sealing on the extremes.

Scientific publications E. Fernandez, J.A. Sanchez-Garcia, J. Melendez, V. Spallina, M. van Sint Annaland, F. Gallucci, D.A. Pacheco Tanaka. Development of highly permeable ultra-thin Pd-based supported membranes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.11.060 J.A. Medrano, E. Fernandez, J. Melendez, M. Parco, D.A. Pacheco Tanaka, M. van Sint Annaland, F. Gallucci. Pd-based metallic supported membranes: high-temperature stability and fluidized bed reactor testing, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.10.094 E. Fernandez, J.A. Medrano, J. Melendez, M. Parco, J.L. Viviente, M. van Sint Annaland, F. Gallucci, D.A. Pacheco Tanaka, Preparation and characterization of metallic supported thin Pd-Ag membranes for hydrogen separation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.09.119. E. Fernandez, K. Coenen, A. Helmi, J. Melendez, J. Zuñiga, D.A. Pacheco Tanaka, M. van Sint Annaland, F. Gallucci, Preparation and characterization of thin-film Pd-Ag supported membranes for high-temperature applications. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40:13463-13478, 2015. E. Fernandez, A. Helmi, K. Coenen, J. Melendez, J.L. Viviente, D.A. Pacheco Tanaka, M. van Sint Annaland, F. Gallucci. Development of thin Pd-Ag supported membranes for fluidized bed membrane reactors including WGS related gases. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40:3506-3519, 2015. F. Gallucci, E. Fernandez, P. Corengia, M. van Sint Annaland. Recent advances on membranes and membrane reactors for hydrogen production. Chemical Engineering Science 92:40-66, 2013.

36 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

On the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 and carboxylic acid esters PhD student | Postdoc G (Georgy) Filonenko Project aim

G Filonenko

The project aims at developing reliable techniques for fixation and transformation of carbon dioxide and further use of CO2 as a hydrogen storage agent. We propose to store H2 in the form of formic acid (FA) that can be further decomposed catalytically to yield pure CO-free mixture of H2 and CO2 to be used in fuel cell applications. Important part of the project is the development of the molecular understanding of the hydrogenation reaction targeted eventually at synthesis of better catalysts.

Cooperations

Progress

Initially we established that heterogeneous catalysts cannot provide sufficient activity in CO2 hydrogenation. Afterwards the main focus was shifted towards homogeneous systems, namely, ruthenium cooperative pincer catalysts. Starting from the known RuPNP catalyst we found a likely mechanism of CO2 hydrogenation over this type of catalysts and provided the best example of ruthenium based catalyst, operating under mild conditions. A new catalyst, featuring N-heterocyclic carbenes was designed and proved to be active in hydrogenation of CO2. Interestingly these catalysts are active in hydrogenation of esters – a rather challenging substrate. Our efforts at the moment are focused on in depth catalytic investigation of NHCs activity and publishing our findings in their coordination chemistry.

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants

Funded by ICMS

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2011

Information G Filonenko T : +31 (0)40 247 8153 E : g.filonenko@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

Public defense scheduled: April 28, 2015.

Scientific publications Filonenko, G., Putten, R. van, Schulpen, E.N., Hensen, E.J.M. & Pidko, E.A. (2014). Highly efficient reversible hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to formates using a Ruthenium PNP-pincer catalyst. ChemCatChem, 6(6), 1526-1530. Filonenko, G., Hensen, E.J.M. & Pidko, E.A. (2014). Mechanism of CO2 hydrogenation to formates by homogeneous Ru-PNP pincer catalyst: from a theoretical description to performance optimization. Catalysis Science & Technology, 4, 3474-3485. in Web of Science Cited 2 times Filonenko, G., Cosimi, E., Lefort, L., Conley, M.P., Copéret, C., Lutz, M., Hensen, E.J.M. & Pidko, E.A. (2014). Lutidine-derived Ru-CNC hydrogenation pincer catalysts with versatile coordination properties. ACS Catalysis, 4(8), 2667-2671. in Web of Science Cited 2 times Zhu, X., Rohling, R., Filonenko, G., Mezari, B., Hofmann, J.P., Asahina, S. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). Synthesis of hierarchical zeolites using an inexpensive mono-quaternary ammonium surfactant as mesoporogen. Chemical Communications, 50, 14658-14661. in Web of Science Cited 0 times Almutairi, S.M.T., Mezari, B., Filonenko, G., Magusin, P.C.M.M., Pidko, E.A. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2013). Influence of extraframework aluminium on the Brønsted acidity and catalytic reactivity of faujasite zeolite. ChemCatChem, 5(2), 452-466. Filonenko, G., Conley, M.P., Copéret, C., Lutz, M., Hensen, E.J.M. & Pidko, E.A. (2013). The impact of metal-ligand cooperation in hydrogenation of carbon dioxide catalyzed by ruthenium PNP pincer. ACS Catalysis, 3, 2522-2526.

Dissertation Filonenko, G. (2015). On the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 and carboxylic acid esters. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Emiel Hensen & Evgeny Pidko).

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Quantum chemical and microkinetic modeling of the FischerTropsch reaction PhD student | Postdoc IAW (Ivo) Filot Project aim

IAW Filot

We aim to elucidate the intrinsic mechanism of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) catalysis. A multi-scale approach is used, where we try to assert the relationship between the size and shape of the catalytic nanoparticles and the exposed crystal facets on the one hand, and the elementary reaction steps leading to macroscopic observables such as reaction order, apparent activation energies, selectivity and activity on the other hand. Due to the significantly different nature of Ru and Rhbased FT synthesis (the former produces mainly long hydrocarbons, whereas the latter tends to produce relatively short oxygenates), we focus our research on these two metals.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants

2010

Currently, we have been able to describe FT synthesis on Ru nanoparticles in terms of its constituting elementary reaction paths. We identified the dominant building block for the Rucatalyzed C1-self-assembly as well as several industrially observed specificities which prior to our research were un-explained. Furthermore, we have elucidated the role of water in this process. Below, a schematic overview has been given showing the nodal fluxes in the FT process on Ru. From this graph, we can see that the dominant chain-growth catalytic cycle is the CH insertion, whereas the dominant de-polymerization route is the C-decoupling. This particular catalyst produces mainly α-olefins of which the chain-termination pathway originates from a node lying in the chainpropagation cycle. This research contributes to our understanding of FT processes in general as well as to the development of the next-generation FT catalysts.

Information

Public defense: March 16, 2015.

Funded by NRSC-C

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project

IAW Filot E : i.a.w.filot@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

Scientific publications Filot, I.A.W., Santen, R.A. van & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). Quantum chemistry of the Fischer-Tropsch reaction catalysed by a stepped ruthenium surface. Catalysis Science & Technology, 4(9), 31293140. Filot, I.A.W., Santen, R.A. van & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). The optimally performing Fischer-Tropsch catalyst. Angewandte Chemie, 126(47), 12960-12964. Filot, I.A.W., Santen, R.A. van & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). Inside cover: the optimally performing Fischer-Tropsch catalyst. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 53(47), 12646-12646. Quek, X.Y., Filot, I.A.W., Pestman, R., Santen, R.A. van, Petkov, V. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). Correlating Fischer-Tropsch activity to Ru nanoparticle surface structure as probed by high-energy X-ray diffraction. Chemical Communications, 50(45), 6005-6008. Weemers, J.J.M., Sypaseuth, F.D., Bäuerlein, P.S., Graaff, W.N.P. van der, Filot, I.A.W., Lutz, M. & Müller, C. (2014). Development of a benzimidazole-derived bidentate P,N-ligand for enantioselective iridium-catalyzed hydrogenations. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2014(2), 350-362. Van Santen, R.; Markvoort, A.J.; Filot, I.A.W.; Ghouri, M.M.; Hensen, E.J.M., PCCP, 2013. Zhu, T.W.; van Grootel, P.W.; Filot, I.A.W.; Sun, S.G.; van Santen, R.A.; Hensen, E.J.M., J. Catal., 2013, 297, 227-235.

Dissertation Filot, I.A.W. (2015). Quantum chemical and microkinetic modeling of the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Emiel Hensen & Rutger van Santen). 38 |

Department

Thermochemical Seasonal Heat Storage for Built Environment

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Heat storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HA Zondag CCM Rindt

PhD student | Postdoc M (Mohammadreze) Gaeini Project aim Heat is stored by an endothermic reaction in thermochemical material in summer, and in winter the released energy from an exothermic reaction is used to provide hot tap water and space heating. The goal of the project is to develop and optimize a prototype for thermochemical heat storage system at the scale of 0.25 m3. The problem can be described on three levels; various materials should be examined to find the most suitable one for seasonal heat storage; the reactor as the main part of the setup should be technically optimized; all the other parts of the system, such as humidifier and heat exchangers, should be designed and integrated all together as a system.

Participants M Gaeini

Cooperations ECN

Funded by Province of North-Brabant

Funding % per money stream University 30 % Province 70 %

Progress A setup is developed and improved to perform hydration and dehydration experiments, in order to demonstrate the ability of the thermochemical system in producing hot tap water. The heat produced in the reactor is exchanged through an internal air-to-water heat exchanger to warm up water in a water vessel and the residuum of the heat is used to preheat the reactor inflow in an airto-air heat exchanger. The thermal performance of the system can be investigated by the thermocouples located in all parts of the system; i.e. reactor, water vessel, heat exchanger and piping. Previously, the performance of the system is investigated; and in the recent work, a new reactor based on the segmentation concept is designed and attached to the system to examine its performance and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the segmented reactor. This reactor consists of two segments which can be separately, or together in series or in parallel. Coriolis Flow Meter

Start of the project 2013 Air-air HE

Information M Gaeini T : +31 (0)40 247 2768 E : M.Gaeini@tue.nl

Reactor Heater Bubble Column Water tank

Scientific publications Gaeini, M., Zondag, H.A., Rindt, C.C.M. (2015). Improvement in Performance of a Thermochemical Heat Storage System by Implementing an Internal Heat Recovery System. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Energy Storage, Greenstock, May 19-21, 2015, Beijing, China

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EJM Hensen EPAM Bakkers

Participants L Gao

High-efficiency InP-based photocathode for hydrogen production by interface energetics design and photon management PhD student | Postdoc L (Lu) Gao Project aim Efficient storage of intermittent renewable energy is recognized as the key challenge in the transition to clean, low-carbon energy systems. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen production from water provides a way to directly convert solar energy into a storable clean fuel. However, the efficiency of PEC devices is usually limited by the poor interface energetics between the semiconductor/catalyst assembly and the electrolyte and insufficient light absorption. We present here a three-pronged approach to obtain excellent performance of an InP-based photoelectrode for water reduction.

Cooperations -

Funded by NWO-VICI BioSolarCells

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2014

Information EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc JP Hofmann T : +31 (0)40 247 3466 E : j.p.hofmann@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

Figure: (left) (a) Valence band edge XPS spectra of p-InP (green line) and n+/p-InP (blue line); The binding energies of the (b) In 3d and (c) P 2p core levels in p-InP and n+/p-InP in dark (black solid lines) and under illumination hv = 1.98 eV (red solid lines); (d) the I-V curves of Pt/p-InP (black line) and Pt/n+/p-InP (red line) photocathodes in 1 M HClO4 under chopped AM1.5G illumination; (right) (a) (inset) SEM images of the NP array on n+/p-InP; (b) measured reflection spectra of planar (n+/p-InP, black solid line) and NP-modified samples (n+/p-InPNP, red solid line), and simulated reflection spectrum of n+/p-InPNP (red dash line); (c) Simulated electric field intensity (|E|, color scale) in a cross-section of cylindrical NP on substrate (λ = 580 nm); I-V curve (black solid line) and photocathodic power-saved efficiency (η, blue squares) of Pt/n+/p-InPNP in 1 M HClO4 under chopped AM1.5G illumination.

Progress In the present work, we demonstrate how PEC efficiency can be enhanced by optimizing the interface energetics using XPS under illumination and by minimizing the reflectance of the surface. Together, these improvements resulted in the highest photocathodic power-saved efficiency of 15.8% reported so far for single junction water reduction. Application of a titania protection layer between the InP photocathode and Pt nanoparticles results in stable performance for at least 6 h at nearly similar performance.

Scientific publications Lu Gao, Yingchao Cui, Rene H.J. Vervuurt, Dick van Dam, Rene P.J. van Veldhoven, Jan P. Hofmann, Ageeth A. Bol, Jos E.M. Haverkort, Peter H.L. Notten, Erik P.A.M. Bakkers and Emiel J.M. Hensen, Advanced Functional Materials (2015) cover.

40 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Metal oxide based semiconductor photoelectrodes for solar hydrogen production: mechanism – stability – reactivity

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc A (Andrey) Goryachev Project aim

The research is aimed on design, fabrication and following study of charge carrier dynamics of a Cu2O based model multi-layer photoelectrode for light-driven hydrogen evolution. The research includes three steps: i) controllable synthesis of light absorbing films based on Cu2O by (electro)chemical reduction supported on flat substrates; ii) design and optimization of protective layer/electrocatalyst combinations for improved charge separation, stability against photocorrosion as well as improve catalytic efficiency; iii) study of dynamic charge carrier transfer processes at the multilayer interfaces by dynamic XPS. OLEMS (on-line electrochemical mass-spectrometry) will be used for simultaneous products detection under electrochemical conditions for mechanism study. To derive (electro) catalytic structure-activity relationships, synchrotron based operando studies involving X-ray diffraction techniques will be employed.

Funded by

Progress

NRSC-Catalysis

Hydrothermal synthesis of Cu2O films have been comprehensively studied in order to control morphology, thickness, phase composition, and crystallinity of photoelectrodes prepared on both glass and metal substrates. The possibility of using carbon-based materials as protective layers was also investigated. A dynamic XPS setup has been commissioned and tested on reference samples. In parallel, a transportable OLEMS system was designed and applied in a synchrotron assisted operando study of a model electrocatalyst. Model electrocatalysts – Pt(111) and Pt THH nanoparticles – have been studied during 3 beamtimes at ESRF, Grenoble by combined OLEMS-[XRR/GISAXS/SXRD] (X-ray reflectivity; grazing-incidence small-angle scattering; surface x-ray diffraction) as well as CDI (coherent diffraction imaging).

A Goryachev

Cooperations

Funding % per money stream NRSC-C

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

E1 = 1.6 V

X-rays

E2 = 0.3 V E3 = -0.4 V E4 = 0.3 V

O2 H2

Peak area

Participants

Reflectivity (a.u.)

EJM Hensen JP Hofmann

Ion current, a.u.

Project leaders

Pulse #

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Time, s

Figure: Scheme of the combined OLEMS-[XRR/GISAXS/SXRD] setup and an exemplary dataset of operando XRR-OLEMS curves upon switching between O2 and H2 evolution potentials.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 41

Department

Photo-bioreactors: saving algae from turbulence of project

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Biomass □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc A (Abhineet) Gupta Project aim

A Gupta

This project is aimed at clarifying the influence of turbulence on algae growth to effectively scale-up photobioreactors and to operate them reliably for long periods. Turbulence in photo-bioreactors plays a key role for algae growth by enhancing mixing, allowing a homogeneous distribution of nutrients and an appropriate exposure of algae to sunlight (bioreactors exterior). However too intense turbulence will damage algae and will reduce productivity. We will investigate numerically the effects of turbulence and algae concentration, from dilute to dense suspensions. The knowledge of the multi-scale statistics of turbulent fluctuations, down to the individual alga, is key to develop models necessary to up-scale photo-bioreactor, select algae strain, optimize algae productivity and reduce bioreactors energy consumption.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders F Toschi HJH Clercx

Participants

Shell-NWO FOM

Funded by Shell-NWO FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

1. Implementation particle-fluid interaction modeled by mid-point bounce back scheme with no fluid inside particle. 2. Implementation of short-range repulsion forces and lubrication forces for particle-particle interaction. 3. Validation tests for particle-fluid interaction including Jeffrey orbits, particle settling under gravity and effective viscosity test. 4. Development of numerical setup for bubble column simulations in collaboration with University of Almeria, Spain.

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (August)

Information F Toschi T : +31 (0)40 247 3911 E : f.toschi@tue.nl W: www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/

Figure 1: Density Profile with Shan Chen multicomponent simulations at various time steps .ρ1 = 0.27 , ρ2 = 0.025, τ = 0.55 ,G12 = 0.86. System size is 400 × 50 × 1. g=-0.0001.

Scientific publications -

42 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Biomass □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EJM Hensen EA Pidko E Heeres

Participants B Güvenatam

Cooperations University of Groningen

Funded by CatchBio

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Catalytic pathways for lignin depolymerization PhD student | Postdoc B (Burcu) Güvenatam Project aim The goal of the project is to produce aromatic fuel components from lignin by depolymerization route applying efficient, clean and economically viable method. To produce stable, nonpolar, petroleum soluble liquid products with high energy efficiency, it is aimed to reduce amount of the oxygen present in the original structure and prevent hydrogenation of aromatic rings. Accordingly, catalytic activity for this reaction should be selective towards C-O cleavage over C=C hydrogenation. The study started by focusing on catalyst screening and reaction condition optimization by the use of simple model compounds. Afterwards, lignin conversion tested on selected Lewis acids under optimized conditions. In the coming term, formic acid will be combined as an additive in this reaction system.

Progress Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of lignin model compounds is completed in the presence of hydrogen. We have investigated HDO reaction mechanisms on different noble metals. Secondly, we have completed screening study on depolymerization of lignin model compounds in the presence of Lewis acidic metal salts. This part of the study specifically adopted on Protobind lignin conversion. It was found that Lewis acidic property promotes lignin conversion under supercritical conditions in alcohol. We achieved to produce gasoline fuel content in our system as shown in figure below. Recently, our aim is to extensively understand the reaction mechanisms of the lignin conversion catalyzed by Lewis acids. As a final stage, formic acid studies are started to be combined with investigated processes.

Start of the project 2010

Public defense: May 28, 2015.

Information EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

Figure: 2D gas chromatogram of Protobind lignin conversion under on-water condition.

Scientific publications Guvenatam, B., Kurşun, O., Heeres, E.H.J., Pidko, E.A. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). Hydrodeoxygenation of mono- and dimeric lignin model compounds on noble metal catalysts. Catalysis Today, 233, 8391.

Dissertation Guvenatam, B. (2015). Catalytic pathways for lignin depolymerization. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Emiel Hensen, H.J. Heeres & Evgeny Pidko).

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Micro-structured membrane reactors for water gas shift

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders F Gallucci M van Sint Annaland

Participants A Helmi E Fernandez

PhD student | Postdoc A (Arash) Helmi Project aim Water Gas Shift (WGS) reaction is a widely used reaction for hydrogen production and synthesis gas upgrading. The traditional two-stage WGS process consists of a first reactor operated at high temperatures and a second reactor that works at lower temperatures. Pd-based membrane reactors are able to couple the WGS reaction and hydrogen separation and are currently studied both experimentally and theoretically at low and high temperatures. Recently, more attention is being paid on micro-structured reactors to improve mass & heat transfer and thus intensify the process. The aim of this research is a detailed study of the reactor performance of both fixed bed micro-structured membrane reactors and fluidized bed micro-structured membrane reactors through numerical simulations and a proof-of-principle of the two concepts at lab scale.

Progress Cooperations TU Delft DEMCAMER project consortium

Funded by European commission University

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Both membrane reactor configurations have been successfully demonstrated at lab-scale. The demonstration includes the development and characterization of the membranes and the catalyst and later integration of both inside the membrane reactors (see Figure). In the modelling part, 1D and 2D pseoudo-homogeneous phenomenological models have been developed for packed bed and fluidized bed membrane reactors. Results from the experiments were used to validate the models. The current focus of the project is detailed hydrodynamic and mass transfer studies inside fluidized bed membrane reactors utilizing particle image velocimetry (PIV), digital image analysis (DIA) and 3D X-ray tomography. Results from this part will allow us to derive improved closure equations to accurately predict the perforamance of fluidized bed membrane reactors in the presence of highly permeable membranes immersed inside the catalytic bed at different temperatures (up to 450 °C) and in real 3D configurations.

Start of the project 2012 (March)

Information F Gallucci T : +31 (0)40 247 3675 E : f.gallucci@tue.nl

Figure: Fluidized bed membrane reactor setup developed at SPI group (TU/e).

Scientific publications V. del Villar, L. Barrio, A. Helmi, M. Van Sint Annaland, F. Gallucci, J.L.G. Fierro, R.M. Navarro, Effect of Re addition on the WGS activity and stability of Pt/CeO2-TiO2 catalyst for membrane reactor applications, Catalysis Today. E. Fernandez, K. Coenen, A. Helmi, J. Melendez, J. Zuñiga, D.A. Pacheco Tanaka, M. van Sint Annaland, F. Gallucci, Preparation and characterization of thin-film Pd–Ag supported membranes for high-temperature applications, IJHE, V40, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.08.050 E. Fernandez, A. Helmi, K. Coenen, J. Melendez, J. L. Viviente, D. A. Pacheco Tanaka, M. van Sint Annaland, F. Gallucci, Development of thin Pd–Ag supported membranes for fluidized bed membrane reactors including WGS related gases, IJHE, V40, 8, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.08.074 A. Helmi, F. Gallucci, M. van Sint Annaland, Resource scarcity in palladium membrane applications for carbon capture in integrated gasification combined cycle units, IJHE, V 39, 20, 3 July 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.05.009

44 |

Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders F Toschi HJH Clercx

How gravity, shear and coalescence modify the droplet size distribution PhD student | Postdoc MAT (Michel) van Hinsberg Project aim The goal is to address the basic phenomenology of droplets under realistic situations. The focus being on large scale behavior. In this study the focus will be on the effects of gravity and of shear on droplet transport and collision rates.

Progress

Participants MAT van Hinsberg

Cooperations J ten Thije Boonkkamp

Funded by

Simulations have been finished for both heavy particles in shear turbulence and more neutral buoyant particles in homogeneous isotropic turbulence. Both studies will result in a paper. The paper about heavy particles is finished and ready to be submitted. For the paper about more neutral buoyant particles a first draft version is finished. The finalization of the thesis is in the last stage. Furthermore, two collaborations will result in a paper. One with a group in Rome (Italy) about particles in a rotating flow. The other paper involves neutral and inertial particle acceleration in non isotropic turbulent flows, like shear turbulence.

FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (February)

Information F Toschi T : +31 (0)40 247 3911 E : f.toschi@tue.nl W: www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/ HJH Clercx T : +31 (0)40 247 2680 E : h.j.h.clercx@tue.nl W: www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/ Figure: the advection of tracers in a homogeneous shear flow.

Scientific publications De Pietro, M., Hinsberg, M.A.T. van, Biferale, L., Clercx, H.J.H., Perlekar, P. & Toschi, F. (2015). Clustering of vertically constrained passive particles in homogeneous isotropic turbulence. Physical Review E, 91(5), 05002-1/7.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 45

Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Electrical storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders M Creatore WMM Kessels

Participants N Hornsveld

Cooperations EuroSupport (Uden) Tata steel RGS Roth&Rau

Funded by ADEM Innovation Lab

Funding % per money stream Industry ADEM

10 % 90 %

Start of the project 2015 (January)

Information N Hornsveld T : +31 (0)40 247 4882 E : n.hornsveld@tue.nl

Thin film deposition of battery materials on 3D (nano)structures PhD student | Postdoc N (Norah) Hornsveld Project aim All-solid-state Li-ion batteries offer significant benefits over batteries with liquid electrolytes while they also allow a wider choice in battery configurations and chemistries for the cathode, anode and solid electrolyte. Additionally, the fact that thin films also allow for the use of non-planar devices is of particular high interest as the application of 3D-(nano)structured materials enables higher energy densities, faster (dis)charging, enhanced power performance, better stability, etc. Conventional deposition techniques however do not allow for conformal thin film deposition on 3D structures and therefore novel, conformal deposition techniques need to be introduced in the field of battery research. The objective of this project is to develop conformal deposition processes for both active (cathodes, anodes, electrolytes) layers and passive (current collectors, diffusion barriers, protective films) layers. Specifically, the technique of atomic layer deposition (ALD) will be employed for this purpose. ALD has recently gained significant interest in (emerging) energy technologies and in the last few years also in battery research. With the work several generic challenges will be addressed such as the development of ALD processes for Li-based materials as well as the successful integration of the deposited battery materials in battery stacks based on 3D (nano)structures. An approach will be chosen in which the research starts with the development of deposition processes and characterization of the layers, along with (in situ) growth studies. Subsequently the optimization of conformal deposition on 3D structures and final battery device demonstration will take place. The aim is to serve the full spectrum of battery devices with this research: ranging from large-scale batteries (e.g. nanoparticle-based batteries with protective coatings) to micro-batteries (e.g. relying on Li-containing thin films).

Progress An in depth study was done on the plasma-assisted lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) ALD process (as compared to the process originally developed in the PMP group at the Applied Physics deparment a few years ago). In situ growth studies of Li2CO3 on different (amorphous vs. crystalline) substrates was carried out. This material will serve as building-block for Li-ion battery active materials, such as electrodes and electrolytes.

Figure: 3D-(nano)structured battery stack which enables higher energy densities, faster (dis)charging and enhanced power performance.

Scientific publications -

46 |

Department

Lignin depolymerization and upgrading to Aromatics

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Biomass □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc X (Xiaoming) Huang Project aim

X Huang TI Korányi MD Boot

Lignocellulosic biomass is a low-cost renewable feedstock that is uniquely suited for the production of sustainable liquid fuels. One approach to valorize the carbohydrate fraction is to convert the constituent sugars to ethanol by fermentation. Different from cellulose and hemicellulose, technologies to upgrade lignin into useful products are in early stage of development. Cellulosic ethanol production is approaching commercial practice. A considerable issue associated with largescale ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass is the co-production of large amounts of lignin; these amounts exceed both the internal energy needs of biorefineries and the world market for lignin-derived specialty products by a large margin. Therefore, new processes to add value to lignin beyond its combustion heat are needed. If lignin could be efficiently depolymerized, it could serve as a renewable feedstock for aromatics.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants

InSciTe DSM University of Maastricht

We developed a thermocatalytic process for the depolymerization of lignin in supercritical ethanol over CuMgAlOx catalyst; this process delivers high yields of mainly alkylated mono-aromatics (60–86 wt%) from soda, organosolv and Kraft lignin, with a significant degree of deoxygenation. We revealed new mechanistic insights about lignin depolymerization and highlighted the role of alcohol solvents In addition to its role as a capping agent and hydrogen source, ethanol also acts as Funded by Smart Energy Regions - Brabant project formaldehyde scavenger that reacts with the formaldehyde formed from methoxy group cleavage from the lignin during supercritical ethanol-mediated reactions, which explains why ethanol is a of the Eindhoven Energy Institute better solvent than methanol for lignin depolymerization. We point out that base catalysts with sufficient activity for Guerbet and esterification reactions with alcohols are promising for lignin Funding % per money stream upgrading into useful aromatics. SER-B 100 %

Start of the project 2012 (October)

Information EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc.

Figure: Production of fuels and chemicals from lignin depolymerization process.

Scientific publications X. Huang, T. I. Korányi, M. D. Boot, E. J. M. Hensen, “Catalytic Depolymerization of Lignin in supercritical Ethanol”. ChemSusChem, 2014,7, 2276. X. Huang, T. I. Korányi, M. D. Boot, E. J. M. Hensen, “Ethanol as Capping Agent and Formaldehyde Scavenger for Efficient Depolymerization of Lignin to Aromatics”, Green Chemistry, 2015, 17, 4941. X. Huang, T. I. Korányi, M. D. Boot, E. J. M. Hensen, Role of Cu-Mg-Al mixed oxide catalysts in lignin depolymerization in supercritical ethanol. ACS Catalysis, 2015, 17, 4941.

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Department Electrical Engineering Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders PMJ Van den Hof JD Jansen (TU Delft)

Participants EG Insuasty Moreno S Weiland

Cooperations Department of Geosciences - TU Delft

Funded by Recovery Factory Program - Shell

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project

A workflow for reservoir flow characterization: A tensor-based approach PhD student | Postdoc EG (Edwin) Insuasty Moreno Project aim In the upstream petroleum industry, models for the multiphase flow thorugh porous media are used to design strategies for field development planning, such as well placement and infilling, completion plans and reservoir engineering. These models are highly uncertaint, and thousands of geological realizations are created in order to account the lack of knowledge of the subsurface properties. The practice of reservoir engineering indicates that although the reservoir realizations may be very different from a geological perspective, when it comes to the dynamic behavior, the observed variation is much smaller in terms of their flow characteristics, which indicates that there are a very few number of flow-relevant realizations. The objective of this project is to evaluate the dynamic similarity of different geological realizations using the reservoir flow patterns as a mesure of simmilarity.

Progress We have developed a workflow that exploits the spatial-temporal nature of the reservoir flow patterns, and uses a tensor formulation and decomposition to represent them in low-dimensional spaces. These steps allows the computation of flow-based dissimilarity measures between reservoir models, and the implementation of clustering techniques to cluster the reservoir models with dynamical similarities. The workflow has been used for generating flow-relevant ensembles of a realistic oil field (Brugge field). The flow-based and tensor approach outperforms the most common methodologies used by the industry by reducing the statistical variance of the produced oil while using a reduced size ensemble of reservoir models.

2012 (September)

Information EG Insuasty Moreno T : +31 (0)40 247 2603 E : e.g.insuasty.moreno@tue.nl W: http://www.cs.ele.tue.nl/

Figure: Workflow for the flow characterization.

Scientific publications -

48 |

Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leader HJH Clercx F Toschi

Participants PR Joshi RPJ Kunnen KMJ Alards H Rajaei

Cooperations G Ahlers (UCSB) B Geurts (UT) D Lohse (UT) R Verzicco (Roma)

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

ROTATING RAYLEIGH BÉNARD EXPERIMENTS: Tuning the transition between turbulent states PhD student | Postdoc PR (Pranav) Joshi Project aim Rayleigh-Bénard convection (RBC) is the laboratory realization of buoyancy-driven convection, which is relevant to many natural phenomena and industrial applications. Since these processes are often coupled with system rotation, its effect on RBC is also of interest, and has been shown to increase the heat transfer by inducing a transition to a new regime. In general, depending on the system parameters, the Rayleigh-Bénard system can exist in multiple turbulent states with different heat transfer characteristics. The aim of this project is to explore the possibility of tuning the transitions between various turbulent regimes of RBC (rotating as well as non-rotating) by adding particles to the fluid. The response of the system is expected to depend on the particle properties. Here, we focus on adding neutrally buoyant, thermally conducting particles to the system and plan to measure the system response as a function of various parameters and particle concentration.

Progress 1. After finalizing the density segregation method for extracting particles in a narrow density range, we invested time to produce enough particles (~150 gm) for the planned experiments. 2. Experiments with particle injections were performed, and data recorded at different rotation rates. 3. The injected particles form layers on the horizontal heat transfer surfaces, decreasing the heat transfer. This decrease in the heat flux is due to the inability of the layers to respond quickly enough to the heat flux demanded by the convecting fluid. 4. However, at high rotation rates, the convection becomes ‘slower’, and the particle layer then is able to respond better to the heat flux requirements of the fluid, improving the heat transfer in relation to the non-rotating condition. 5. The above results are being consolidated in the form of a journal publication.

Start of the project 2014 (April)

Information HJH Clercx T : +31 (0)40 247 2680 E : h.j.h.clercx@tue.nl W: www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/

Figure 1: Schematic of the Rayeligh-Bénard cell: (a) side view; (b) top view. CW: cooling water; CP: copper plates; TS: temperature sensors; SW: side walls; SH: secondary heaters; AS: adiabatic shields; RH: Resistance heaters; BT: Bleed tube for deaeration; IT: Tube for particle injection.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Structure-activity relationships in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants T Kimpel

PhD student | Postdoc T (Tobia) Kimpel Project aim The objective of this PhD project is the development of a structure-activity relationship of the Fischer-Tropsch-Synthesis (FTS) in order to gain an extended understanding of the underlying mechanism. The first step to reach this goal is the development of an accurately defined model system of cobalt and ruthenium catalysts. This is followed by the study of the complex reaction network conducted via steay state transient kinetic analysis (SSITKA) providing information about mechanistic aspects as a function of particle size and metal. Further long term activity tests under industrially relevant conditions will contribute to understand the phenomena, underlying deactivation, in more detail. By comparing cobalt with the more active ruthenium we want to elucidate similarities and disparities providing a starting point for further catalyst optimisation.

Cooperations Progress

Funded by NWO-TOP

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

During the last year a set of ruthenium catalysts with varying particle sizes has been successfully prepared. The CO dissociation has been found to be highly dependent on the particle size, with an optimum for particles with a diameter of 6 nm. First SSITKA studies revealed the dependence of the surface residence time of methane precursors on the particle size. For particles with a diameter smaller 5 nm the residence time increases, indicating a hampered CH4 formation. This leads us to the conclusion that the CO dissociation takes place on special surface sites whose abundance decreases with decreasing particle size leading to a lower activity. Initial reactivity tests with the subsequent analysis of spent catalysts rule out particle growth as the main deactivation mechanism indicating at the same time the importance of carbon formation.

Information EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

Figure: The graph depicts the residence time of methane precursors (red) and the intrinsix rate constant for methan formation (blue) as a function of particle size.

Scientific publications -

50 |

Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders MCM van de Sanden RAH Engeln

Participants BLM Klarenaar

Cooperations DIFFER École Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France

Funded by NWO

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (March)

A novel approach to renewable energy storage through plasma-assisted CO2-to-CO reduction PhD student | Postdoc BLM (Bart) Klarenaar Project aim The aim of the project is to develop an atmospheric-pressure plasma source that converts CO2 to CO with such high energy efficiency (~60%) that it makes the overall conversion process of CO2 and water to hydrocarbon/green fuel economically viable. The advantage of this novel approach would be the increased control over the CO2-to-CO conversion process through adjustments of the plasma parameters. Furthermore, it separates the dissociation of the process gas CO2 – which remains the bottleneck in conventional approaches – from the association process in which the hydrocarbon fuel is formed and for which efficient catalytic processes on industrial scale (such as FischerTropsch) exist. Using non-equilibrium plasma-sources to efficiently overcome the energy barrier in CO2 dissociation will pave the way for renewables to become a holistic energy solution.

Progress The conversion process is studied using a dielectric-barrier discharge in CO2. A Raman spectroscope will be built as an in situ diagnostic. The key element of the spectroscope is a Bragg grating: a notch filter for removing Rayleigh scattering and stray light. From the measured Raman spectra we will obtain the rotational temperature, the pressure, and the molecular concentration of CO2, CO, and O2. These parameters will help us acquiring a better understanding of the discharge chemistry. Furthermore, during an external project at École Polythechniqe, in situ Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) will be performed on a pulsed CO2 glow discharge. In this way, the vibrational heating of the CO2 can be monitored during a plasma pulse. Since vibrations are believed to be a possible key feature for efficient dissociation, this gives more insight in the dissociation process of CO2, directly and as an input for research groups focused on modeling this kind of plasmas.

Information RAH Engeln T : +31 (0)40 247 5789 E : r.a.h.engeln@tue.nl W: https://www.tue.nl/en/university/ departments/applied-physics/ research/plasma-physics-andradiation-technology/plasma-andmaterials-processing-pmp/ research/research-areas/co2neutral-fuels/

Figure: The closed carbon loop in which energy is stored by converting CO2 to hydrocarbons. The stored energy can be utilized by combustions of the hydrocarbon fuel.

Scientific publications B.L.M. Klarenaar, F. Brehmer, S. Welzel, H.J. van der Meiden, M.C.M. van de Sanden, and R. Engeln, “Note: Rotational Raman scattering on CO2 plasma using a volume Bragg grating as a notch filter,” Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 86, no. 4, p. 046106, Apr. 2015 F. Brehmer, S. Welzel, B.L.M. Klarenaar, H.J. van der Meiden, M.C.M. van de Sanden, and R. Engeln, “Gas temperature in transient CO2 plasma measured by Raman scattering,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. vol. 48, no. 15, p. 155201, Mar. 2015

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders GMW Kroesen J van Dijk

Participants PMJ Koelman S Tadayon WAAD Graef

Cooperations Project is part of STW project 13584 Other participants: WA Bongers - the Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research DC Nijmeijer - University of Twente

Funded by

Fuel feedstock production by a combined approach of controlled plasma conversion and membrane separation PhD student | Postdoc PMJ (Peter) Koelman Project aim Global politics demands the production of CO2 to decrease significantly, illustrated by the international climate agreement of Paris in December 2015. In line with this politics, the energy production by renewable energy sources is a promising alternative for the energy production by fossil fuels. The nature of these renewable energy sources is, however, typically intermittent and does not match with our energy demand. When the energy production does exceed the demand of energy, the surplus is stored in batteries, which is an inefficient and expensive process. One idea is to store this energy by reversing the process of burning fossil fuel. By plasma assisted CO2 dissociation CO is produced, where after fuels are produced. The goal of our project is to improve the efficiency of the plasma assisted CO2 dissociation. This will be done by numerical simulations of CO2 microwave plasmas.

Progress We have developed a global model of CO2 with 72 species and exceeding 3500 reactions. This model gives insight in the chemical processes in the plasma and will enable us to determine the important processes. This is an important milestone in the development of a spatially resolved model. Later in the project, results of the model will be validated using experimental results of the groups of dr. Bongers and prof. dr. Nijmeijer.

STW/Alliander

Funding % per money stream STW/Alliander 100 %

Start of the project 2015 (March)

Information PMJ Koelman T : +31 (0)40 247 5765 E : p.m.j.koelman@tue.nl W: http://plasimo.phys.tue.nl

Figure: An illustrative figure indicating the complexity of the model of 72 species and more than 3500 reactions. The species are connected by red and green lines indicating the presence of a reaction

Scientific publications -

52 |

Department

Biomass fractionation using deep eutectic solvents

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Biomass □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders MC Kroon

Participants

PhD student | Postdoc LJBM (Laura) Kollau Project aim For quality paper making, a cellulose rich pulp containing as little as possible lignin is required. Currently delignification takes place during the pulping process with multiple bleaching steps, often with the usage of chlorine. A ‘greener’ and more efficient method for wood (pre)treatment aimed at the paper industry would be highly beneficial for both environment and business. With its exceptional properties, like lignin solubility and the negligible solubility of cellulose, Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) or Low Transition Temperature Mixtures (LTTMs) could be employed to develop a new environmentally benign manner for pulp making.

LJBM Kollau

Progress Cooperations -

Funded by ISPT

Funding % per money stream ISPT

During the last year extensive research has been performed in order to develop a feasible process for extracting the lignin in an effective manner as well as analyzing and understanding the results. Starting from more then 800 DESs 40 have been selected for optimized solubility experiments which has led to 10 DES, which were found to have a suitable lignin solubility to utilize for extraction. Since biomass is not straightforward for analysis by itself, the addition of DES only makes it more unpredictable and currently an efficient and practicle manner to analyse the results is being developed.

100 %

Start of the project 2014

Information MC Kroon T : +31 (0)40 247 5289 E : m.c.kroon@tue.nl W: www.chem.tue.nl/sep

Figure: In this figure the process is depicted. 1) The biomass is mixed with the DES. 2) After stirring overnight at slightly elevated temperature the lignin is now extracted from the biomass and dissolved in the DES, causing the color change. 3) Upon water addition the lignin precipitates and can be collected on a filter. 4) After washing with an ethanol/water mixture the cellulose-rich biomass is separated from the DES.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Optimal offshore wind farms (OptiWind)

Mathematics and Computer Science

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc N (Nikhil) Kumar Project aim

Project leaders

We aim to develop discretization methods for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, which provide higher accuracy on coarser grids. The higher accuracy of the solver will used to study the formation of the wakes in the offshore wind farms. The computational data is then utilized for the optimization of the layout of the wind farms.

JHM ten Thije Boonkkamp B Koren

Progress

Participants N Kumar

Cooperations -

Funded by Shell-NWO CS PhD program

Funding % per money stream FOM

A more accurate spatial discretization scheme for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations using local boundary value problems (BVPs) has been developed for the approximation of the interface velocities and the fluxes. The use of local BVP for the estimation of the interface velocities exhibited higher accuracy than the commonly used methods like Central differences and upwind method. The method was extended for the approximation of the discrete fluxes. The computed numerical flux is expressed as a sum of a homogeneous part (which depends on the balance of the convective and viscous forces) and an inhomogeneous part (depending on the source terms like the pressure gradient along the flux and the gradient of the transverse flux). Thus we have a developed a second-order finite volume discretization in which the fluxes are approximated using the conservation laws governing the fluid flow. The scheme provides higher accuracy on coarser grids than the commonly used methods.

100 %

Scientific publications Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information N Kumar T : +31 (0)40 247 8190 E : n.kumar@tue.nl W: https://www.tue.nl/en/university/ departments/mathematics-andcomputer-science/thedepartment/staff/detail/ep/e/d/ep -uid/20134132/

54 |

N. Kumar, J.H.M. ten Thije Boonkkamp, B. Koren, A sub-cell discretization method for the convective terms in the incompressible Navier- Stokes equations. Spectral and High Order Methods for Partial Differential Equations ICOSAHOM (2014), Lecture notes in computational science and engineering (106), Springer 2015, pp. 295-303. N. Kumar, J.H.M. ten Thije Boonkkamp, B. Koren, A new discretization method for the convective terms in the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Finite Volumes for Complex Applications VIIMethods and Theoretical Aspects, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics (77), 2014, pp. 363–371.

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Heat storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders CCM Rindt HA Zondag AA van Steenhoven

Participants S Lan

PhD student | Postdoc S (Shuiquan) Lan Project aim For the purpose of the development of solid sorption materials, micro- and meso-scale models will be developed for the hydration and dehydration processes taking place in powdery samples. These processes are a combination of heat and vapor transport in the grains constituting the powdery sample and in the voids between the grains of the powdery sample. A complication in the modeling is that the solid-state kinetics in the hydration and dehydration processes is hard to be described satisfactorily. Besides, the macro- and micro- mechanical and transport properties will change during the reaction. Detailed characterization of interested materials has to been performed.

Progress

Cooperations ECN (Energy research Center of the Netherlands)

Funded by ADEM Innovation Lab Program

Funding % per money stream Industry

Development of micro- and meso-scale models for thermochemical heat storage materials

100 %

A multiple grain model is developed to solve the hydrodynamics in the pores of multiple grains and the dehydration reaction inside the grains. The former developed grain model for the reaction kinetics is used to describe the nucleation and nuclei growth processes of the reaction. The present multiple grain model then has a detailed description of the fluid flow and water vapor distribution between the particles and the nucleation and nuclei growth processes inside the particles. Direct numerical simulations of TGA-experiments under various conditions are performed and the numerical results are compared to the experimental results up to a satisfaction level (see Figure). Such simulations provide direct insight into the physics of mass and heat transport processes coupled with detailed reaction kinetics at grain scale. The developed CFD model can be a promising tool to calculate the overall kinetics for dehydration reactions under realistic heat storage conditions.

Start of the project 2011

Information CCM Rindt T : +31 (0)40 247 2978 E : C.C.M.Rindt@tue.nl W : www.energy.tue.nl

Figure: Typical profile of velocity distribution from TGA simulation (left) and fractional conversion of the dehydration reaction of the Li2SO4.H2O powdery samples: Numerical result in the dashed line and experimental result in the solid line (right).

Scientific publications Lan, Shuiquan, Zondag, Herbert, van Steenhoven, Anton & Rindt, Camilo (2015). An experimentally validated numerical model of interface advance of the lithium sulfate monohydrate dehydration reaction. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. Lan, Shuiquan, Zondag, Herbert, van Steenhoven, Anton & Rindt, Camilo (2015). Kinetic study of the dehydration reaction of lithium sulfate monohydrate crystals using microscopy and modeling.Thermochimica Acta, 621.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Modeling of battery aging

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Electrical storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

PhD student | Postdoc D (Dongjiang) Li Project aim The project is aiming to test and model the aging of Li ion batteries. The developed aging model helps to understand and predict both the calendar ageing and cycle life of the batteries under different operation conditions. Furthermore, the research enables to develop more sophisticated Battery Management Systems (BMS).

PHL Notten

Progress Participants D Li D Danilov

Cooperations University of Xiamen

Funded by

We have experimentally investigated both the calendar and cycle life of Li ion batteries under various temperatures and current conditions. The irreversible capacity losses under various aging conditions have been accurately determined on the basis of the maximum capacities estimated from the EMF curves. The total capacity losses in cycling conditions are considered to be contributed by calendar aging and electrode volume changes which have been determined by extrapolating the capacity loss on the basis of current and time, respectively as shown in Fig. 1a and b. All these capacity losses have been simulated on the basis of the proposed electron tunneling model.

China Scholarship Council (CSC)

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project 2012 (November)

Information PHL Notten T : +31 (0)40 247 3069 E : p.h.l.notten@tue.nl

Figure 1: The development of irreversible capacity loss under various cycling conditions as a function of both cycle number and time. The storage capacity curves are extrapolated to cycle number 0 implying a current of 0 C-rate, representing calendar aging (a). Extrapolating to cycle time 0 then exclusively represents ageing characteristics upon cycling (b).

Scientific contributions D. Li, D. Danilov, Y. Yang, P.H.L. Notten, Degradation mechanisms of Li ion batteries: Experimental analyses of calendar aging, Electrochimica Acta, 2015. D.J. Li, D. Danilov, Z.R. Zhang, H.X. Chen, Y. Yang, P.H.L. Notten, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162 (2015) A858. D. Li, D. Danilov, Z. Zhang, H. Chen, Y. Yang, P.H.L. Notten, ECS Transactions, 62 (2014) 8. D. Li, D. Danilov, Z. Zhang, H. Chen, Y. Yang, P.H.L. Notten, The 17th International Meeting on Li-ion Batteries, Como, Italy, 2014. D. Li, D. Danilov, Y. Yang, P.H.L. Notten, Conference on Electrochemical Energy Science and Technology,Shanghai, China, 2014.

56 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Development of metal-sulfide-based photocatalysts for water reduction under visible light irradiation PhD student | Postdoc A (Anton) Litke Project aim

EJM Hensen JP Hofmann

The aim of the project is to understand how preparation conditions influence the properties and activity of photocatalytic materials. The research is focused on the synthesis and detailed characterization of phototocatalysts based on transition metal sulfides. These materials can be used for the photocatalytic reduction of water or carbon dioxide under visible light illumination.

Participants

Progress

Project leaders

A Litke

Cooperations Funded by NanoNextNL

Hydrothermal synthesis of mixed Cd-Zn sulfides from insoluble hydroxide precursors was studied in detail. Transformation of the precursors into product was found to proceed via dissolutionprecipitation mechanism. The formation of soluble intermediate complexes plays a central role in the formation of an active material. A higher amount of nanotwinned particles was found to lower photocatalytic activity of a material. The optimized synthesis procedure was used to load hjighly active mixed sulfides on photoplatinized TiO2. This strategy is know to improve charge carrier separation efficiency and photocatalytic performance of precipitated sulfides, but it deteriorates activity of the highly active material.

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (December)

Information EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

14 12

# twinned particles

activity

n(H2) / mmol(gh)1

NWO

# fraction / %

Funding % per money stream 20 16

10 8

4 4 2 0

KCl

no add.

en CH3COONa

mixed Cd-Zn sulfides Figure: Influence of the additives presenting during synthesis on the number fraction of nanotwinned particles and photocatalytic activity of mixed Cd-Zn sulfides.

Scientific publications On the Formation of Cd-Zn Sulfide Photocatalysts from Insoluble Hydroxide Precursors; Litke, A., Hofmann, J.P., Weber, T., Hensen, E.J.M., 2015, Inorganic Chemistry.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Biomass □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EJM Hensen EA Pidko

Participants K Liu G Dima G Li

Cooperations Cardiff University Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Instituto de Tecnologia Qulmica Hokkaido University Chiba University Tokyo Institute of Technology

Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Lactic Acid over MoO3-TiO2 catalysts PhD student | Postdoc K (Kaituo) Liu Project aim In this project, the main aim is to explore novel catalyst materials for the dehydrogenation or decarboxylation of lactic acid to commodity chemicals. The starting point is the dehydrogenation of lactic acid or methyl lactate to produce pyruvic acid or methyl pyruvate. In this respect, gold doped hydrotalcite proved to be efficient catalyst for dehydrogenation. Ultimately, the goal is to combine the renewable feedstocks and some commodity chemicals with lactic acid.

Progress The development of new sustainable routes for useful chemicals from renewable resources represents currently one of the key goals of catalysis research. In this work, we have developed an efficient catalytic process for the oxidative dehydrogenation of biomass-derived lactic acid over MoO3-TiO2 mixed oxide catalysts. The activity of the MoO3-TiO2 show a volcano-type behavior and reaches the maximum at 2wt% Mo. In this case pyruvic acid yield up to 60 % could be achieved. A synergetic action between the highly dispersed MoO3 species and TiO2 support is proposed to be the crucial factor for the activity of these systems.

Funded by Novacam

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (July)

Figure: proposed reaction pathways.

Information

Scientific publications

EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

58 |

Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HW de Vries MCM van de Sanden

Participants Y Liu A Meshkova FM Elam

Cooperations -

Funded by FOM DIFFER Fujifilm

Characterisation of non-uniform glow discharge at atmospheric pressure PhD student | Postdoc Y (Yoage) Liu Project aim In this project the aim is to characterize the spatio-temporal discharge behavior at atmospheric pressure by stereoscopic reactive specie density measurements using a.o. fast ICCD camera analysis. The main research question is how the 2 D spatio-temporal discharge behaves in relation to the precursor dissociation mechanism and gas flow dynamics under varying external plasma parameters like improved and novel power supply matching schemes, gas composition and different reactor geometries.

Progress From the infrared spectrum of the atmospheric pressure air-like plasma, both N-related species (NO, NO2, N2O, HNO2) and C-related species (CO, CO2, HCOOH) were identified. The variations of the molecule production rates, X, in N2/Ar/O2 (15/1.0/0.5~2.0 slm) mixture with substrate of PEN are presented in Fig. 6. The production rates of NO, NO2, N2O and HCOOH clearly increase with the O2 content in the gas flow while the CO and CO2 production remains relatively stable at about 10 times higher level than the N-related species. The latter species are all in the order of 1018 s-1 and are characterised by X(NO) > X(NO2) > X(N2O).

Funding % per money stream FOM Industry

50 % 50 %

Start of the project 2014 (April)

Information Y Liu E : y.liu@differ.nl W: www.differ.nl/research/solar-fuels Figure: Molecule production rates in N2/Ar/O2 (15/1.0/0.5~2.0 slm) plasmas in contact with (unprotected) substrate of PEN.

Scientific publications Y. Liu, S.Welzel, S. A. Starostin, M. C. M. van de Sanden, J. B. Bouwstra, R. Engeln, and H. W. de Vries. “Infrared Gas Phase Studies on Plasma-Polymer Interaction in High-Current Dielectric Barrier Discharges.” ISPC-22, Antwerp, 2015.

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Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders WMM Kessels RAH Engeln

Participants PD Machura

PhD student | Postdoc PD (Patrick) Machura Project aim The aim of the project is to unravel the chemistry in different CO2 plasma discharges such as dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) and microwave discharges. Insights in the plasma chemistry will open up new routes to convert greenhouse gases inzo fuels, avoiding the (intermediate) syngas production and storage step. To this end, an optical diagnostic laser setup will be designed and built to perform two-photon absorption laser induced fluorescence (TALIF) on CO molecules. The diagnostic method yields space- and time-resolved measurements of the produced CO in the discharge, which are necessary for fuel production, thus allowing to optimize the process efficiency.

Progress

Funded by European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration (grant agreement no 606889)

Funding % per money stream EU

Unraveling the plasma chemistry in plasma discharges used for gas conversion

The TALIF diagnostic setup has been realized. A frequency doubled dye laser emits photons of 230 nm to excite the CO molecules to the second electronic state (B ← X). These emit fluorescence from the Ångström band (B → A) at 450-620 nm. An ICCD camera is being triggered to detect the fluorescence signal. They diagnostic has been tested for different conditions in a reference cell and has also been applied to the exhaust on a DBD discharge, proving that it is suitable for solar fuel research. In the near future, quenching effects of different species are going to be investigated and the diagnostic will be used on a microwave discharge.

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (February)

Information PD Machura T : +31 (0)40 247 4919 E : p.d.machura@tue.nl W: http://www.phys.tue.nl/pmp/

Figure: Measured fluorescence spectrum of the Ångström band of CO in comparison with results from literature. (Inset taken from Linow et al., Appl. Phys B: Lasers and Optics. 2000).

Scientific publications -

60 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders M van Sint Annaland F Gallucci

Participants M Martini

Cooperations Politecnico di Milano CSIC of Zaragozza

Funded by FP7

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (February)

Information

New CO2 capture process for pure hydrogen production combining Ca and Cu chemical loops PhD student | Postdoc M (Michela) Martini Project aim The increase of greenhouse effects is the main cause of the climate change, being CO2 the major responsible greenhouse gas. Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) is an interesting technology which involves CO2 capture followed by e.g. storage underground. Moreover, H2 is considered a promising energy carrier in future energy systems. The aim of this project is to study a novel process to combine hydrogen production with integrated CO2 capture. In this process, the high temperature CO2 capture during the production of hydrogen fuel is carried out by means of steam-methane reforming using Ca-Cu looping cycle. The heat needed to drive the endothermic steam-methane reforming is matched with in-situ heat production from the calcium carbonate formation. At the same time, the heat required to regenerate a calcium carbonate material is matched with in situ heat production through the reduction of CuO to Cu.

Progress A 1-D pseudo-homogeneous model was used to describe the process at different operating conditions. A simplified model based on the sharp front approach was developed in order to reduce calculation time. Process integration in a power plant for electricity production was studied with the Gas – Steam Cycle Simulation code available at Politecnico di Milano (work carried out during an interniship at Milano). Experimental work was also carried out on different solids used in the process. The pressure effect on the kinetics of the carbonation and calcination reaction was studied using a magnetic suspension balance. Several experiments were performed in order to determine the effect of the CO2 partial pressure on the carbonation reaction of the CaO sorbent, and the effect of total pressure on both the carbonation and calcination reactions. The figure below some of the obtained experimental results.

M Martini T : +31 (0)40 247 8659 E : M.Martini@tue.nl

Figure: Effect of total pressureon carbonation reaction at constant partial pressure or CO 2.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders F Gallucci M van Sint Annaland

Participants JA Medrano Jimenez R Voncken V Spallina

Cooperations -

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

ClingCO2: Chemical Looping Reforming for pure hydrogen production with integrated CO2 capture PhD student | Postdoc JA (Jose Antonio) Medrano Jimenez Project aim A novel chemical looping membrane reactor concept for ultra-pure hydrogen production with integrated CO2 capture is investigated in this project. The technology is based on steam methane reforming in a fluidized bed reactor with immersed Pd-membranes using oxygen carrier particles to supply the required energy and oxygen for the reactions. The study includes detailed experimentation on the hydrodynamics of the reactor using PIV/DIA, oxygen carrier kinetics, detailed CFD-based modelling as well as phenomenological models for scale-up and optimization and an experimental demonstration with a techno-economic analysis.

Progress A thorough investigation has been carried out during the last year in important topics and arrangments have been made for pilot plant demonstration. The performance of different novel Pdbased metallic supported membranes have been studied. Membranes able to withstand high temperatures with outstanding selectivities have been developed, which can be used for the experimental demonstration of the reactor concept. Furthermore, fundamental aspects on the hydrodynamics of a circulating fluid bed (representing the chemical looping system) have been investigated. In addition, an experimental technique based on infra-red digital image analysis has been further extended to enable mass transfer studies in fluidized beds with the aim to develop improved closure correlations. Finally, all the new information has been implemented in a novel phenomenological model to describe the membrane-assisted chemical looping reforming reactor.

Start of the project 2013 (January)

Information JA Medrano Jimenez T : +31 40 247 8055 E : j.a.medrano.jimenez@tue.nl

Figure: Schematic description of the reactor concept developed in this project.

Scientific publications J.A. Medrano, H.P. Hammers, G. Williams, M. van Sint Annaland, F. Gallucci. “NiO/CaAl2O4 as active ocygen carrier for low temperature chemical looping applications”, Applied Energy, 158 (2015), 8696. J.A. Medrano, R.J.W. Voncken, I. Roghair, F. Gallucci, M. van Sint Annaland. “On the effect of gas pockets surrounding membranes in fluidized bed membrane reactors: An experimental and numerical study”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 282 (2015), 45-57. J.A. Medrano, E. Fernandez, J. Melendez, M. Parco, D.A. Pacheco-Tanaka, M. van Sint Annaland, F. Gallucci. “Pd-based metallic supported membranes: High temperature stability and fluidized bed reactor testing”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.10.094. E. Fernandez, J.A. Medrano, J. Melendez, M. Parco, J.L. Viviente, M. van Sint Annaland, F. Gallucci, D.A. Pacheco-Tanaka. “Preparation and characterization of metallic supported thin Pd-Ag membranes for hydrogen separation”, Chemical Engineering Journal (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.09.119. J.A. Medrano, V. Spallina, M. van Sint Annaland, F. Gallucci. “Thermodynamic analysis of a membrane-assisted chemical looping reforming reactor concept for combined H2 production and CO2 capture”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39 (2014), 4725-4738.

62 |

Department

Atomic layer deposition of solid-state Li-ion battery materials

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Heat storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders M Creatore WMM Kessels

Participants

PhD student | Postdoc M (Maarten) Mees Project aim The purpose of this project is to deposit and characterize solid-state Li-ion battery materials on a microstructured substrate (of e.g. micro-sized silicon pillars). In comparison with traditional planar thin-film batteries, the enhanced surface area of the “3D battery” is promising as it potentially results in both high power and energy output, while maintaining a small areal footprint. To achieve an operational 3D battery, the conformal deposition of the Li-ion battery materials is of vital importance. Together with our (international) partners, the project frames in an ongoing project that targets the development of a fully working 3D battery.

M Mees

Progress

Cooperations Imec Belgium

The first films are deposited on the microstructured Si substrate, and the material stoichiometry of these films is characterized. These results show reasonable conformality, as presented in the figure below.

Funded by

(a)

Imec Belgium

(b)

(c)

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information M Creatore T : +31 (0)40 247 4223 E : m.creatore@tue.nl W: http://www.phys.tue.nl/pmp/

Figure: Deposition of Li2CO3 on TiN coated Si pillars.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HW de Vries MCM van de Sanden

Participants A Meshkova Y Liu FM Elam

Ultra smooth film growth in non-uniform atmospheric plasma PhD student | Postdoc A (Anna) Meshkova Project aim The goal of this PhD research project is to understand the plasma surface interactions in a discharge having a non-local species generation with 2D spatial charge distribution and how this affects the film nucleation and growth front evolution (roughening). This research project will provide better understanding of the mechanism of conformal film growth on polymers surfaces relevant for moisture barriers as well as membrane applications. Elucidating the film growth mechanisms may lead to a novel solution to control conformal film growth and improved reactor design.

Progress

Cooperations -

Funded by

The statistical analysis of the AFM data reveals three different trends in the surface roughness development. The initial growth of the film (< 20 nm) is characterized by a roughness decrease in comparison with pristine substrate, followed by the plateau region (20 nm - 300 nm) with no roughness development and rapid increase in roughness for thicker layers (> 300 nm). A detailed second-order statistics study of surface morphology was carried out for these three regimes.

FOM DIFFER Fujifilm

FOM Industry

50 % 50 %

Start of the project 2014 (April)

Information A Meshkova E : a.meshkova@differ.nl W: www.differ.nl/research/solar-fuels

RMS roughness [nm]

Funding % per money stream 3

bare pen rms=1.75

 

100

thickness [nm]

1000

Figure: The rms roughness vs. thickness of SiO2 films for the region from 3.5-741 nm.

Scientific publications A. Meshkova, S.A. Starostin, M. C. M. van de Sanden, and H.W. de Vries. “Surface Morphology Analysis of SiO2 Thin Film Growth on Polymeric Substrate.” poster at the ISPC-22, Antwerp, 2015.

64 |

Department

Boiling Flow Regime Maps for Safe Designing

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Biomass □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders CWM van der Geld JGM Kuerten BJ Geurts

Participants WR Michałek GJM Priems P Cifani (UT)

Cooperations DAF Trucks NV Essent NV Kaisec NEM NRG Re/genT BV Universiteit Gent Shell Storq Thermeq BV STW

PhD student | Postdoc WR (Wiktor) Michałek Project aim Prediction of the flow in tubes of evaporators has to include the production of steam that accelerates the remaining liquid and causes topology changes of vapor-liquid interfaces in axial direction. Inclusion of bubbles coalescing into large plugs and pulsating flows is also often required. The flow regime in boiling defines not only the pressure drop and the heat transfer, but also the socalled two-phase flow regime changes in flow direction. Adiabatic two-phase flows can be predicted with available flow pattern maps. Inclusion of heat transfer may be considered only in small diameter tubes and regimes near so called annular flow. Two main aims of this project are: flow pattern maps for heated two-phase flows and a multi-scale numerical method to determine such maps validated for the measurement conditions for water and HFE7000. For this, a joint experimental and numerical effort will be undertaken.

Progress The boiling model along with the Piecewise Linear Interpolation Calculation (PLIC) for two dimensional problems have been implemented in ANSYS FLUENT. Moreover a second-order interpolation method has been used for determination of the temperature gradient at the interface. Furthermore, in order to deal with instabilities related to the mass and heat transfer through the interface the smearing out procedure of the source terms proposed by Hardt & Wondra (2008) was implemented. The boiling model with all mentioned improvements shows a substantial advantage over the well-known Hertz–Knudsen–Schrage approach. As a result of the comparison between ANSYS FLUENT and OpenFOAM, the latter was chosen for further research. A 3D PLIC has been implemented in OpenFOAM and currently the boiling model is transferred. Moreover, an attention is paid to a nucleation model that will be a supplement to the boiling model.

Scientific publications -

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (November)

Information CWM van der Geld T : +31 (0) 40 247 2923 E : c.w.m.v.d.geld@tue.nl W: www.wtb.tue.nl/woc/ptc

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Non-oxidative coupling of methane via plasma catalysis

DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders GJ van Rooij L Lefferts

PhD student | Postdoc T (Teofil) Minea Project aim Methyl radical production is the rate determining step in coupling of methane to larger hydrocarbons. Non-thermal plasma is used to produce methyl radicals without the presence of oxygen, short-circuiting by-product formation. In the same reactor, catalyst surfaces are used to influence recombination and quenching of the radicals and to change the reaction pathways to selectively produce ethane, ethylene and propylene. Thus, we decouple the formation of (plasma) radicals from consecutive conversion of those radicals to address the selectivity issue. High yield and efficiency of the process are sought for industrial relevant application.

Participants T Minea M Taheraslani

Cooperations CPM Twente University, the Netehrlands Sasol, Group Technology, South Africa

Funded by Sasol, Group Technology, South Africa

Funding % per money stream NWO Industry

Progress A 1kW microwave (MW) reactor has been commissioned on methane plasma discharges. Boltzmann simulations estimated the operating parameter space (Te and ne) in the plasma together with the energy loss channels. The reaction products have been measured with infra-red absorption (FTIR) and mass spectrometry (RGA) in the effluent. Acetylene is the main hydrocarbon formed together with carbon and hydrogen. In-situ, approx. 2500K gas temperature has been estimated with emission spectroscopy (OES) from the C2 Swan band. Test laser scattering measurements (Rayleigh scattering) showed similar high gas temperatures ranging from 1000K to 2000K, respectively for lower and higher input power. For the plasma (methyl)radical detection, resonant enhanced multiphoton ionization (probe-REMPI) has been chosen as diagnostic. Molecular oxygen REMPI signal has been measured with a current probe, first in air and subsequently in CO2 MW discharges.

50 % 50 %

Start of the project 2014 (November)

Information T Minea T : +31 (0)40 3334756 E : t.minea@differ.nl W: www.differ.nl

Figure: Boltzmann modeling of energy loss fractions for the various processes at play in a CH4 microwave discharge.

Scientific publications Gerard van Rooij, Dirk van den Bekerom, Niek den Harder, Teofil Minea, Giel Berden, Waldo Bongers, Richard Engeln, Martijn Graswinckel, Erwin Zoethout and Mauritius C.M. van de Sanden. “FDCDU15 - Carbon Dioxide Utilisation: Exploiting CO2 vibrational excitation to achieve an energy efficient route for CO2 based artificial fuels”. Faraday Discuss., 2015,183, 233-248.

66 |

Department Mathematics and Computer Science

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders B Koren I Sorin Pop (Hasselt)

Participants K Mitra X Cao CJ van Duijn (TU/e, Utrecht)

Cooperations FA Radu (Bergen) SM Hassanizadeh (Utrecht) R Helmig (Stuttgart) C Rohde (Stuttgart) K Kumar (Bergen)

PoroFlow: Non-equilibrium models for flow in heterogeneous porous media PhD student | Postdoc K (Koondanibha) Mitra Project aim This project addresses issues related to the mathematical modelling, numerical simulation and upscaling of flow in the porous media. The main focus is on non-equilibrium models in heterogeneous and fractured systems, where dynamic effects or hysteresis are included in the difference between the two phase pressures, and/or in the relative permeabilities.

Progress In the first five months of the project we have started the analysis for one-phase (unsaturated) flow models with play type hysteresis in the capillary pressure. We consider regularized models and show the existience of travelling waves and connecting given states. Furthermore, we analyse the behavior of such solutions when the regularization parameter is approaching 0. Finally, we have constructed a numerical scheme for the original model (a system of partial differential equations). The numerical experiments confirm the mathematical analysis results.

Funded by Shell FOM NWO

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (September)

Information I Sorin Pop T : +32 (0)11 268581 E : sorin.pop@uhasselt.be Figure: Pressure-saturation relationship in the phase plane. The red curve is the determined numerically by solving the model in the original formulation, as system of differential equations. The inflow values display an unstable spiral-type behavior and the outflow values a sink-type one, as predicted by the travelling wave analysis.

Scientific publications C.J. van Duijn, X. Cao and I.S. Pop, Two-phase flow in porous media: dynamic capillarity and heterogeneous media, Transp. Porous Med.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Interfacial effects in ionized porous media

Mechanical Engineering

PhD student | Postdoc Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Heat storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JM Huyghe SM Hassanizadeh DMJ Smeulders

Participants S Musa C Yu J Ding T Sweijen

Utrecht University

Funded by STW Procter and Gamble Dasseault Systemes

Funding % per money stream 80 % 20 %

Start of the project 2013

Information JM Huyghe E : j.m.r.huyghe@tue.nl W: https://www.tue.nl/en/university/ departments/mechanicalengineering/the-department/ staff/detail/ep/e/d/epuid/19960315/

68 |

Project aim The performance of industrial products depends in many applications on the microstructure of porous materials that compose the product. Present models for prediction of the performance of materials smooth out the microstructure in order to accomodate a continuum approach used in the finite element codes. The present project aims at developing the theoretical, numerical and experimental techniques necessary to include the microstructure into 3D models of swelling porous materials.

Progress A 2D model of swelling and fracture has been developed. Experimental techniques measure the finite swelling.

Scientific publications

Cooperations

STW Industry

S (Sami) Musa

J.M. Huyghe, E. Nikooee, M. Hassanizadeh. Two sides of a coin: A critical review and mathematical and phenomenological study of what we call hydro-mechanical coupling. ECCOMAS Vith International Conference on Coupled Problems in Science and Engineering. San Servolo Island, Venice, Italy, 2015. S. Musa, J.M. Huyghe. A model for colloidal transport driven by long-range interactions at interfaces. Oral presentation, Interpore 2015, Padua, Italy. J.M. Huyghe, E. Nikooee, M. Hassanizadeh. A thermodynamic approach to the coupled phenomena in unsaturated media. Interpore 2015, Padua, Italy. J.M. Huyghe Finite swelling and fracture of biological tissues, Hygrogels and shales. Plenary lecture, ECCOMAS VIth International Conference on Coupled Problems in Science and Engineering. San Servolo Island, Venice, Italy, 2015.

Department

Biogas to hydrogen in a fluidized bed membrane reactor

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders F Gallucci M van Sint Annaland

Participants NCA de Nooijer

Cooperations

PhD student | Postdoc NCA (Niek) de Nooijer Project aim This project aims to develop a fluidized bed membrane reactor (FBMR) for the production of hydrogen from biogas (see Figure). The performance of the FBMR for different biogas compositions will be studied experimentally, including the influence of hydrogen sulfide on the membrane performance. In addition, a phenomenological model for the FBMR will be further developed through a more fundamental experimental study, in particular assessing the validity of often applied assumptions. The hydrodynamics and mass transfer phenomena in fluidized bed membrane reactors will be studied simultaneously, combining Particle Image Velocimetry with Digital Image Analysis using high-speed camera’s in the visual and infra-red wavelengths, which enables measuring the instantaneous particle hold-up and solids mass flux profiles and gas phase concentration profiles in the dilute regios of the pseudo-2D bed. The experimental study is continued for high-temperature and reactive conditions using endoscopic PIV.

11 European partners in the BIONICO project

Funded by H2020 - FCH-JU2

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (September)

Information NCA de Nooijer T : +31 (0)6 45900128 E : n.c.a.d.nooijer@tue.nl W: http://www.bionicoproject.eu/

Figure: Scheme of the membrane reactor for biogas to hydrogen.

Progress The project has just started. Currently a literature study is ongoing for assessing the base case to be used as benchmark for the process. The membrane sealing is a critical part of the setup. The sealing of a supported Pd-based membrane has been extensively tested with longterm tests and imposed thermal cycling to assess the stability of the membrane sealing. In Figure 2 the the permselecitivity after several thermal cycles are shown at different differential pressures. In addition a design of experiments is carried out to investigate the effect of the biogas composition on the reforming performance, considering dry reforming, steam methane reforming and autothermal reforming.

Figure 2: Perm-selectivity of the sealed supported Pd-membrane during thermal cycling at different pressure a0.5]).

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders V Hessel Q Wang

Participants CE Ortega Rojas S Sundaram

Cooperation Fraunhofer ICT-IMM University of Warwick

Funded by European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme. Grant agreement no 604296

Funding % per money stream EU

Kinetic Study of the Methanol-to-Gasoline Conversion over ZSM-5 Catalysts PhD student | Postdoc CE (Carlos) Ortega Rojas Project aim The aim of this PhD project is to perform detailed kinetic investigations of the methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) conversion over designed Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (ZSM-5) catalysts. Reactions will be carried out in a gradientless recycle reactor (RR) in a wide range of reaction conditions (T, p, WHSV and feed composition). Furthermore, the kinetic analysis will consist in two main activities: (1) kinetic model proposal and discrimination, the models will be developed considering possible mechanism and rate determining steps, while the discrimination will be based on statistical analysis; and (2) kinetic parameters estimation, which will be done by multivariable nonlinear regression.

Progress The laboratory set-up to be used for kinetic measurements was tested and its performance checked. Analysis of residence time distribution measurements proved that the RR behaves as a continuous stirred tank reactor (desired behavior). Additionally, preliminary reactions were carried out using both microchannel and fixed-bed reactors. Microchannel reactors showed limited performance, with small olefins as main products. On the other hand, fixed-bed reactor proved to be suitable for the desired application (production of hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling point range). This behavior is caused mainly by the space velocity that can be achieved in each setting. Also, it was observed that reactor material, e.g. stainless steel, may catalyze formation of byproducts thus limiting the material of the reactor that can be used. Finally, analytical equipment was calibrated, which allows quantitative analysis of products.

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (February)

Information Q Wang T : +31 (0)40 247 8290 E : q.wang@tue.nl W : www.chem.tue.nl/scr

Figure: Experimental set-up used to measure kinetic data (left) and exemplary dataset of product distribution vs time on stream of MTG conversion over a ZSM-5 catalyst (right).

Scientific publications -

70 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Development and Testing of Durable and Sulfur tolerant Water Gas Shift (WGS) Catalysts for Syngas adjustment using Microchannel Reactor PhD student | Postdoc LPR (Laxmi) Pala Project aim

Project leaders V Hessel GA Kolb Q Wang

Participants

The aim of this Phd project is to develop durable and sulphur tolerant water-gas shift catalysts which can be coated into plate heat-exchanger reactors to enable single-step water-gas shift by improving active species dispersion, incorporation of additives, improving the oxygen storage capacity and reducibility of supports and operating the WGS reaction in presence of small amounts of oxygen. Long-term tests in presence of H2S will be performed to prove the enhanced durability of the catalysts developed.

LPR Pala

Progress The design of the experimental set-up required to perform the Water Gas Shift (WGS) reaction is Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento completed (see schematic diagram in the Figure) and setup construction is in progress. Typically, Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil experiments will be conducted by feeding the reactant gases, H2, CO, CO2, H2S/Ar, Ar and O2 through mass flow controllers (MFCs) and then mixing with steam. This feed mixture passes through the microchannel reactor where WGS reaction takes place at atmospheric pressure in the temperature Funded by Netherlands Organisation for Scientific range of 250 - 400°C. Then the stream exiting from the reactor will be sent to the mass spectrometer for the online measurement of the product compositions. Three catalysts chosen Research (NWO) from literature were prepared and preliminary experiments were conducted at a setup available elsewhere to determine their activity by evaluating CO conversion. Apart from this, a model has Funding % per money stream been developed for the Biomass gasification and WGS process in Aspen plus to predict the syngas NWO 100 % compositions.

Cooperations

Start of the project 2014 (August)

GA Kolb T : +31 (0)40 247 2106 E : g.a.kolb@tue.nl W : www.chem.tue.nl/scr

H2/CO ratio in Bio-Gasif outlet composition

Information

Coffee bean husks Foodwastes

Green wastes

Municipal solid waste Pinesaw dust

woodchip

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 750

800

850

900

950

Bio-Gasif Temp, C

Figure: Results of ASPEN simulations; H2/CO ratio of a gasifier product stream vs. gasifier operating temperature for different feedstocks.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Applied Physiscs

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders M Creatore

Participants V Di Palma

Cooperations -

Funded by TU/e – Applied Physics

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2015 (June)

Nanoparticles made by atomic layer deposition as catalysts for photocatalytic splitting of water PhD student | Postdoc V (Valerio) Di Palma Project aim Photocatalytic splitting of water in H2 and O2 is an interesting process to store solar energy into hydrogen wich can be implied as clean fuel. Still today, photocatalytic splitting of water has some drawbacks (slow kinetics, photocorrosion of implied materials) that make the use of this process not affordable for large-scale hydrogen production. Nanoparticles can be used to increase the activity of photocatalyst, by lowering the overpotential and enhancing photostability. With this project we want to develop a process to make active nanoparticles by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and test them as catalyst for photocatalytic splitting of water.

Progress Since a porous structure can improve absorption of photocatalyst, in the last year we studied ALD of platinum nanoparticles into a mesoporous structure. Mesoporous alumina (mp-Al2O3) made by spin coating was chosen as model system (because of high reproducibility, very easy deposition and low cost of the material) for platinum nanoparticles deposition. The samples were carachterized by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry, Ellipsometric Porosimetry, TEM and XPS. These techniques helped us to check the distribution and the homogeneity of platinum nanoparticles inside the mp-Al2O3. Thanks to this initial study, now we are able to transfer the process on a more complex substrate, as can be an absorber.

Information V Di Palma T : +31 (0)40 247 4882 E : v.d.palma@tue.nl

Figure: a) HR-TEM image of Pt nanoparticles on mp-Al2O3 and b) Pt nanoparticles distribution, for 50 cycles of Pt ALD on mp-Al2O3.

Scientific publications -

72 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Biomass □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

High Pressure, Temperature, and Concentration Intensified Biobased Conversion Processes PhD student | Postdoc M (Myrto) Papaioannou V (Vladan) Krzelj Project aim

M Papaioannou V Krzelj

The project aims to investigate chemical routes that convert biomass compounds into added value chemicals. Biomass is chemically converted to platform chemicals which can be converted to valuable chemical substances in consecutive steps. The final selection of reaction conditions and catalysts are based on their performance and on the process equipment that will be used. In this project, spinning disc equipment is investigated to have high reaction rates at high pressure, temperature, and concentration, since heat and mass transfer limitations of conventional technologies are eliminated with this equipment.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders JC Schouten J van der Schaaf

Participants

Funded by InSciTe

Funding % per money stream Industry 50 % Impuls PhD 50 %

Start of the project 2015 (October)

The initial literature research is focused on the reaction nature, conditions and catalyst selection in combination with the spinning disc technology. A preliminary design of chemical routes is performed. Several aspects such as temperature, pressure, solvent and process possibilities are taken into account. Finally, an early-stage feasilbity study is performed for the suggested routes. Experimental set-ups are built to observe the reaction behavior and the consecutive reaction to solid by-products. Finally, the combined process of reactive extraction is investigated and the influence of various process parameters. At the same time, models of the described experiments are developed in order to predict the system’s behavior and for process optimization.

Scientific publications -

Information J van der Schaaf T : +31 (0)40 247 4712 E : j.vanderschaaf@tue.nl W: www.chem.tue.nl/scr

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Nanomaterials synthesis via plasmonic heating

DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders A Baldi J Gómez Rivas

Participants M Parente

PhD student | Postdoc M (Matteo) Parente Project aim Noble-metal nanoparticles have attracted lot of attention in the recent years because of their strong absorption and scattering of light at visible frequencies. Such optical resonances can be used to locally generate large temperature, pressure, and electric-field gradients. The goal of this PhD project is to exploit such light-induced effects to drive the synthesis of nanomaterials interesting for energy conversion applications, such as core@shell nanoparticles and bimetallic catalysts.

Progress This PhD project started on 1 September 2015. The first efforts have been focused on modeling the optical and thermal response of metal nanoparticles in solution, in the building up of the chemical laboratory facility, and in the synthesis of monodispersed noble-metal nanoparticles.

Cooperations -

Funded by -

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (September)

Information M Parente T : +31 (0)40 3334999 E : m.parente@differ.nl W: www.differ.nl

200 nm Figure: SEM image of 35 nm diameter silver nanoparticles, obtained via reduction of silver nitrate in the presence of tri-sodium citrate and tannic acid.

Scientific publications -

74 |

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Heat storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders SV Gaastra-Nedea HA Zondag CCM Rindt DMJ Smeulders

Participants AD Pathak

Cooperations ECN FOM

Multiscale simulations for thermo chemical heat storage using new composite materials PhD student | Postdoc A (Amar Deep) Pathak Project aim The promising concept for seasonal solar heat storage in the built environment is based on the reversible sorption process of water vapor into the crystalline structure of salt hydrates (MgSO4, MgCl2, LiSO4, etc). Their main advantages are a high energy density, a reaction temperature in the proper range for domestic applications and their low price. A detailed study on molecular level (Molecular dynamics simulations) of the salt hydrates is necessary in order to gain insight into the dynamics of the hydration/dehydration processes and their limiting factors in these systems.

Progress One of the key aspects in designing the solar based heat storage system is selection of TCM materials. The major challenge in selection of these salt hydrates is their storage capacity and kinetics. MgCl2.6H2O is one of the most promising materials for thermal heat storage. It has very high energy storage density (2-3 GJ/m3) and is readily available. MgCl2.nH2O can thermally decompose either as dehydration reaction, MgCl2.nH2O(s/g) MgCl2.(n-2)H2O(s/g) + 2H2O(g) (n=6,4) MgCl2.nH2O (s/g) MgCl2.(n-1)H2O(s/g) + H2O(g) (n=2,1) or hydrolysis reaction MgCl2.H2O(s/g) ➙ MgOHCl(g) + HCl(g)

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (June)

Information AD Pathak T : +31 (0)40 247 3172 E : a.d.pathak@tue.nl

Mass transport of water through the salt hydrate is an important process for storage cycle. The cracks, defects, over and under hydration in salt hydrates affects their storage capacity. We have performed MD simulation in MgCl2.nH2O to understand the effect of these factors on water diffusion though the salt hydrates. We have also obtained the HCl formation temperature from MD simulations.

Scientific publications Pathak, A.; Nedea, S.; Rindt, C.; Smeulders, D.; Zondag, H. Diffusive transport of water in Magnesium chloride hydrates. Proceedings NEGF 2015 conference, Eindhoven. 2015.

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Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders RAH Engeln MCM van de Sanden

Participants S Ponduri

Cooperations DIFFER (S Welzel) INP Griefswald, Germany

Funded by European Graduate School for Sustainability

Plasma assisted clean energy PhD student | Postdoc S (Srinath) Ponduri Project aim To develop a plasma process to dissociate CO2 into CO with very high energy efficiency using numerical simulations and experiments. CO production is useful, because it can be converted to syngas (CO + H2), starting point of producing hydrocarbon fuels with Fischer-Tropsch process. Hydrocarbon fuels possess high energy density and can be used as chemical storage of energy generated using renewable sources.

Progress Using numerical simulations, we showed that vibrational up-pumping process, hypothesized as the essential ingredient for energy efficient CO2 dissociation, is active in dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) – popular sources of non-equilibrium plasma at atmospheric pressure. Using a pin-pin configuration of DBD, we showed that conversion efficiency is independent of pressure, experimentally. Other important characteristics of CO2 DBDs like gap voltage and total charge transferred is shown to be only weakly dependent on pressure. Public defense scheduled for 2016.

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2011

Information RAH Engeln E : r.engeln@tue.nl

Figure: Spatio-temporal evolution of second quantum of CO2 asymmetric stretch: CO2 (002). The pink line shows the time of voltage switched off. The intensification of CO2 (002) density at d1 and d2, after voltage being switched off, can be attributed to vibrational up-pumping.

Scientific publications -

76 |

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EH van Brummelen

Participants F de Prenter C Verhoosel

Cooperations -

Funded by NWO

Isogeometric Finite Cell Methods for Fluid-Structure Interactions of Thin Embedded Structures PhD student | Postdoc F (Frits) de Prenter Project aim We aim to develop an immersed/fictitious domain method to compute the fully coupled evolution of Fluid-Structure Interaction systems. A challenging aspect in this project will be the derivation of convective terms on time-dependent domains. Matrix conditioning, stability and accuracy of the method will be assessed. We aim to develop the method such that it enables the use of compatible (divergence-free) function spaces.

Progress The conditioning problems in immersed/fictitious domain methods have been analyzed and the main cause of ill-conditioning has been located. With this knowledge, an effective preconditioner, which we named SIPIC, has been created that results in a condition number that does not depend on the way elements are cut in the fictitious domain approach. We have derived and shown that with B-spline based function spaces, diagonal scaling improves the condition number significantly in most cases, but several exceptions exist. The SIPIC preconditioner deals with these exceptions as well and works for all cases.

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (February)

Information F de Prenter T : +31 (0)6 15162599 E : f.d.prenter@tue.nl

Figure: Condition numbers plotted against the volume fraction. The volume fraction is the smallest cut cell volume, divided by the volume of a full cell. It is visible that the original condition number depends on this volume fraction. Furthermore the figure shows that diagonal scaling is effective in most cases and that the SIPIC preconditioner is effective in all cases.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Boiling Flow Regime Maps for Safe Designing

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Biomass □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders CWM van der Geld JGM Kuerten BJ Geurts

Participants GJM Priems WR Michalek P Cifani (UT)

Cooperations DAF Trucks NV Essent NV Kaisec NEM NRG Re/genT BV Universiteit Gent Shell Storq Thermeq BV STW

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (November)

Information CWM van der Geld T : +31 (0)40 247 2923 E : c.w.m.v.d.geld@tue.nl W: www.wtb.tue.nl/woc/ptc

78 |

PhD student | Postdoc GJM (Giel) Priems Project aim Prediction of the flow in tubes of evaporators has to include the production of steam that accelerates the remaining liquid and causes topology changes of vapor-liquid interfaces in axial direction. Inclusion of bubbles coalescing into large plugs and pulsating flows is also often required. The flow regime in boiling defines not only the pressure drop and the heat transfer, but also the socalled two-phase flow regime changes in flow direction. Adiabatic two-phase flows can be predicted with available flow pattern maps. Inclusion of heat transfer may be considered only in small diameter tubes and regimes near so called annular flow. Two main aims of this project are: flow pattern maps for heated two-phase flows and a multi-scale numerical method to determine such maps validated for the measurement conditions for water and HFE7000. For this, a joint experimental and numerical effort will be undertaken.

Progress Experimental part Scaling laws, amongst those of Chester, have been studied and used to select process conditions and liquids of interest for the present study. Since scaling will be the way to extend experimental results to conditions where no measurement results will become available, including some that will be simulated, the scaling is seen as a firm basis for both the replacement of 2D flow pattern maps for boiling flow conditions and the synthesis of experimental and numerical results to be obtained in the present project. Detailed design of test rigs was completed, as well as the determination of the measurement techniques to be used to maintain a strong connection with the numerical part.

Scientific publications -

Department

Rotating RB turbulence: experiments

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HJH Clercx F Toschi

Participants H Rajaei RPJ Kunnen KMJ Alards PR Joshi

Cooperations G Ahlers (UCSB) B Geurts (UT) D Lohse (UT) R Verzicco (Roma)

PhD student | Postdoc H (Hadi) Rajaei Project aim This project focusses on exploring with 3D Particle Tracking Velocimetry (3D-PTV) how the Lagrangian dynamics of (fluid) particles can be utilized for turbulent state characterization, how the flow transition from one state to the other in rotating convection will affect the Lagrangian statistics of (fluid) particles, and how particle and thermal inertia affect particle dynamics in (rotating) convection. Progress We mainly focus on the analysis of the 3D-PTV and simulations data for different rotation rates at the cell center and close to the top plate. Using the first measurements of Lagrangian acceleration and accompanying direct numerical simulations in turbulent rotating convection, we show that the transition between turbulent states in rotating turbulent convection is a boundary-layer transition between Prandtl-Blasius type (typical of non-rotating convection) and Ekman type (paper in 2nd review). Currently, we are working on the effects of rotation on large and small scales isotropy for rotating turbulent convection. It is found that background rotation enhances large-scale anisotropy at the cell center and close to the top plate, while decreases it at intermediate height. The largescale anisotropy, induced by rotation, has negligible effect on the small scales at the cell center, whereas the small scales remain anisotropic close to the top plate (paper submitted).

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information HJH Clercx T : +31 (0)40 247 2680 E : h.j.h.clercx@tue.nl W: www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Numerical modelling of hydraulic fracturing

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc EW (Ernst) Remij Project aim The aim of this project is to develop a numerical model to predict the propagating fracture patterns that grow during hydraulic fracturing. Such a numerical model may be useful to identify key parameters in the hydraulic fracturing process and may be helpful to optimize the fracture process.

Project leaders JJC Remmers JM Huyghe DMJ Smeulders

Participants EW Remij

Cooperations

Progress We developed the Enhanced Local Pressure (ELP) model in order to accurately predict the pressure gradient due to fluid leakage near a propagating hydraulic fracture surface. In this model, which can be considered as an extension of the partition of unity based representations, the pressure in the fracture is described by an additional set of degrees of freedom. The pressure gradient is reconstructed analytically, based on Terzaghi’s consolidation solution. With this numerical formulation we also ensure that all externally applied fluid flow goes exclusively in the fracture and avoid the necessity to use a fine mesh near the fracture to capture the pressure gradient.

Baker Hughes EBN GDF Suez TKI Gas Total Tu Delft University Utrecht Wintershall

Funded by Baker Hughes EBN GDF Suez TKI Gas Total Wintershall

Funding % per money stream TKI Industry

75 % 25 %

Start of the project 2013 (February)

Figure: Hydrauilc fracture growing in the direction of the highest confining stress.

Information

Scientific publications

EW Remij T : +31 (0)40 247 3124 E : e.w.remij@tue.nl W: www.2f2s.org

80 |

Remij, E.W., Remmers, J.J.C., Huyghe, J.M.R.J. & Smeulders, D.M.J. (2015). The enhanced local pressure model for the accurate analysis of fluid pressure driven fracture in porous materials. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. Remij, E.W., Remmers, J.J.C., Pizzocolo, F., Smeulders, D.M.J. & Huyghe, J.M.R.J. (2014). A partition of unity-based model for crack nucleation and propagation in porous media, including orthotropic materials. Transport in Porous Media, 1-18. Remij, E.W., Remmers, J.J.C., Huyghe, J.M.R.J. & Smeulders, D.M.J. (2014). Numerical modelling of hydraulic fracturing. In F. Oka, A. Murakami, R. Uzuoka & S. Kimoto (Eds.), Conference Paper : Proceedings of the 14th international conference of international association for computer methods and recent advances in geomechanics, Kyoto, Japan, 22-25 September 2014, CRC Press.

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders I Roghair F Gallucci M van Sint Annaland

Participants MA San Pio Bordeje

Cooperations -

Funded by NWO

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (August)

Information MA San Pio Bordeje T : +31 (0)40 247 8184 E : m.a.san.pio.bordeje@tue.nl

Unravelling the origin of the redox kinetics behaviour of oxygen carriers in chemical looping combustion PhD student | Postdoc MA (Maria Angel) San Pio Bordeje Project aim The project has the following objectives: a) Detailed characterization of oxygen carriers and development of improved particle models that link redox kinetics/mass transfer processes to morphological and structural changes during the reduction and oxidation cycles; b) Extension of existing particle models with thermodynamics and their verification and validation; c) Experimental investigation in packed bed chemical looping combustion (CLC) setups (testing different oxygen carriers) and comparison with simulations where the new particle models have been embedded in available reactor models for packed bed CLC.

Progress An extensive experimental study of Cu-based oxygen carriers has been carried out and a paper has been written. Solid oxygen diffusion was found as the most prominent mechanism responsible for the sudden drop in reaction rate in the redox kinetics, leading to a new strategy in the development of numerical models, now including effective transport terms (i.e. diffusion) for oxygen vacancies and oxygen solid diffusion. The model foundation has been succesfully verified with conventional Shrinking Core Models from the literature. The new strategy has lead to a model that is able to describe the redox kinetics of a copper oxide oxygen carrier. The model is currently used to come to a simplified expression incorporating all necessary details, allowing computationally inexpensive computations to accurately predict the redox kinetics for copper-based oxygen carriers. The influence of high operating pressures on the redox kinetics is also being investigated and the model will be extended with these pressure effects.

Figure: Numerical Model vs Analytical Solution.

Scientific publications San Pio Bordeje, M.A., Roghair, I., Gallucci, F. & Sint Annaland, M. van (2015). Unravelling the redox kinetics behaviour of Cu-based oxygen carriers in chemical looping combustion. Oral: 6th High Temperature Solid Looping Cycles Network Meeting, 1-2 September 2015, Milan, Italy. San Pio Bordeje, M.A., Roghair, I., Gallucci, F. & Sint Annaland, M. van (2015). Study of the behaviour of Cu-based oxygen carriers for understanding the behaviour of the redox kinetics in CLC. Oral: Proceedings of the 10th European Congress of Chemical Engineering (ECCE10), 27 September - 1 October 2015, Nice, France.

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Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Heat storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Heat storage for smart grids - Development of design methods for optimal integration and control of short-and long-term heat storage in intelligent energy networks PhD student | Postdoc L (Luca) Scapino Project aim

Project leaders HA Zondag CCM Rindt J van Bael (VITO) J Diriken (VITO)

The aim of the project is to investigate and to develop guidelines for the optimal combination of short- and long-term thermal storage techniques, with strong emphasis on thermochemical storage, and their dimensioning to stabilize the energy grid for a given combination of thermal and electrical energy demand and supply techniques. Moreover, the requirements, boundary conditions, and scientific challenges for the integration of thermochemical heat storage in smart grids are also investigated.

Participants Progress

L Scapino

In the first part of the project, a state-of-the-art review about thermochemical materials and existing thermochemical heat storage prototypes has been carried out in the form of a scientific VITO (Flemish Institute of Technological report. Then, size and materials cost of different thermochemical heat storage systems based on solid sorption using different thermochemical materials has been estimated for a common Research) reference scenario. The results have been compared with systems based on liquid sorption to confront their performance in terms of energy and materials costs. The next step is to develop a Funded by VITO (Flemish Institute of Technological techno-economic model to assess the benefit of thermochemical heat storage systems in an energy grid with distributed energy sources. Research)

Cooperations

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2015

Information L Scapino T : +31 (0)40 247 3172 E : l.scapino@tue.nl

82 |

Scientific publications -

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders V Hessel GA Kolb M van Sint Annaland F Gallucci

Participants V Shanmugam

Cooperations Fraunhofer ICT-IMM, Germany

Funded by Netherlands Center for Multiscale Catalytic Energy Conversion (MCEC)

Polyalcohol Reforming to Synthesis Gas as Logistic Fuel for Mobile Fuel Cell Applications PhD student | Postdoc V (Vetrival) Shanmugam Project aim The current project aims at in depth understanding of coke formation mechanisms at the surface of heterogeneous catalysts under conditions of oxidative steam reforming of polyalcohols on microscopic and molecular level.

Progress Hexagonally well-ordered mesoporous SBA-15 silica was synthesized, which is used as support material for catalyst preparation. Catalysts such as Ni/SBA-15, Ni/Cu-SBA-15, Ni/Cu,CeO2-SBA-15, Ni/CeO2-SBA-15, Ni/ZrO2-SBA-15 and Ni/CeO2,ZrO2-SBA-15 have been prepared by ultrasonic irradiation method. The developed catalysts were characterized by physico-chemical characterization studies such as XRD, N2-isotherm, H2-TPR, O2-TPO, TGA, SEM and TEM. The catalytic activity of all aforementioned catalysts have been tested by steam reforming of propylene glycol at Fraunhofer ICT-IMM, Mainz. A novel route to control the size of metal particles in mesoporous silica has been developed. Nickel immobilized into mesoporous silica has been prepared by using this method. The characterization results show that Ni nanoparticles uniformly dispersed throughout the surface of silica.

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (May)

Information GA Kolb T : +31 (0)40 247 2106 E : g.a.kolb@tue.nl W : www.chem.tue.nl/scr

Figure: Immobilizing Ni particles in SBA-15.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders RJM Bastiaans

Participants Y Shoshin H Gupta V Kurdyumov

Cooperations CIEMAT, Spain

Funded by STW (Netherlands) Bosch Thermotechniek (Netherlands) POLIDORO SPA, Italy MTT, Netherlands

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

Combustion strategies for next generation fuel-flexible burners PhD student | Postdoc Y (Yuriy) Shoshin Project aim The main goal of the proposed project is to generate fundamental knowledge and understanding of preferential diffusion effects on the flame stabilization/combustion behavior of hydrogen-enriched natural gas, and to translate this knowledge into new design rules for fuel-flexible burners that can handle natural gas with a broad range of compositions.

Progress 1. Micro-PIV measurements of velocity fields in flames stabilized on thin rods have been perfomed. Evidences of the key role of the heat transfer betveen the flame base and flame holder have been established. 2. A new burner have been designed and built to study mechanisms of the blow-off a laminar premixed flame stabilized on a bluff body. Blow-off limits of bluff-body flames of mixtures with different Lewis numbers have been determined. Two qualitatively different mechanisms of the flame blow off, amf thansition between them, have been identified. 3. A prototype 3-D structured “corrugated plate” burner deck for stabilizing alternating oppositeflow premixed flames have been manufactured. An experimental setup for testing different burner deck structures have been designed and built. The setup provides measurements of flame stabilization limits, flame heights, burner deck and inflowing mixture temperatures measurements, level of noice measurements. First tests with new concept burner deck have been performed.

69 % 31 %

Start of the project 2014 (October)

Information RJM Bastiaans T : +31 (0)40 247 4836 E : r.j.m.bastiaans@tue.nl W: http://www.tue.nl/en/employee/ ep/e/d/ep-uid/19960027/

Figure: Flame shapes for concept burner deck at different powers.

Scientific publications Y.L. Shoshin, L.P.H. de Goey. On the correlation of inverted flame blow-off limits with the boundary velocity gradient at the flame holder surface. Combustion Explosion and Shock Waves, Volume 51, Issue 5, 1 September 2015, Pages 520-527. A. Manteghi, Y.L. Shoshin, N.J. Dam, L.P.H. de Goey, Two-line atomic fluorescence thermometry in the saturation regime. Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics, Volume 118, Issue 2, 30 December 2015, Pages 281-293. F.E. Hernandez Perez, B.H. Oostenrijk, Y.L. Shoshin, J.A. Oijen, L.P.H. de Goey, Formation, prediction and analysis of stationary and stable ball-like flames at ultra-lean and normal-gravity conditions. Combustion and Flame, Volume 162, Issue 4, April 01, 2015, Pages 932-943. V.N. Kurdyumov, Y.L. Shoshin, L.P.H. de Goey, Structure and stability of premixed flames stabilized behind the trailing edge of a cylindrical rod at low Lewis numbers, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 35(1), 981-988 (2015).

84 |

Department

Phase-field modeling of hydraulic fracturing

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc N (Nitish) Singh

■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project aim

Project leaders

Progress

EH van Brummelen

Participants N Singh C Verhoosel

Cooperations Shell

The objective of our project is to develop a reliable and versatile numerical tool for hydraulic fracturing based on a phase-field formulation of fracture in a poromechanical continuum.

So far, we have developed numerical algorithms and efficient load-control techniques for brittle fracture propagation in an elastic solid. We are working towards extending the developed numerical algorithms for a solid with a pre-existing fluid-filled crack and developing efficient control techniques.

Scientific publications N. Singh, C.V. Verhoosel, R. de Borst and E.H. van Brummelen. A fracture-controlled path-following technique for phase-field modeling of brittle fracture, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design (to appear).

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (June)

Information N Singh T : +31 (0)6 84915920 E : n.singh@tue.nl

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

A robust hierarchical approach to life-cycle optimization

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders PMJ van den Hof JD Jansen (TU-Delft)

Participants MM Siraj EA Insuasty

PhD student | Postdoc MM (Muhammad Mohsin) Siraj Project aim Model-based dynamic optimization of oil production has a significant potential to improve the economic life-cycle performance. But due to the limited knowledge of geological model and varying economical parameters such model-based optimization suffers from high level of uncertainties. Because of this uncertainty, the long term predictions of these models are also highly uncertain. Therefore, in order to steer the solution in the attractive direction of optimal economical profit with respect to both short-term and long-term, including model uncertainty in the economic optimization problem is desirable. The objective of this project is how to reduce the effect of uncertainty on economic performance, quantify uncertainty and bring it into optimization framework. This project aim will in general not change.

Progress Cooperations TU-Delft

Funded by Shell Global SolutionsInternational

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

The theory of risk provides a systematic way to handle uncertainty in an optimization framework. A mean-variance optimization reduces the effect of uncertainty but as variance is a symmetric risk measure, it also minimies the best cases. But for a maximization problem, the investor is mainly interested in the worst-cases. We have studied/implemented various asymteric risk, e.g., worstcase, CVaR and semi variance optimization. These measures aim to maximize the worst case(s) but don’t largely minimize the best cases. The risk measures are implemented for both economic and geological uncertainty. The uncertainty is quantified using an ensemble based approach. These economic (varying-oil prices) and the geological model ensemble is shown in Figure 1.

Start of the project 2012 (September)

Information MM Siraj T : +31 (0)40 247 3679 E : m.m.siraj@tue.nl

Figure 1: Economci and geolgoical uncertainty ensembles.

Scientific publications M.M. Siraj, P.M.J. Van den Hof and J.D. Jansen (2015). Model and economic uncertainties in balancing short-term and long-term objectives in water-flooding optimization. In the Proc. of 2015 SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium, 23-25 February 2015, Houston, TX, USA. SPE 173285MS. M.M. Siraj, P.M.J. Van den Hof and J.D. Jansen (2015). Handling risk of uncertainty in model-based production optimization: a robust hierarchical approach. In the Proc. of the 2nd IFAC Workshop on Automatic Control in Offshore Oil and Gas Production, (Oilfield 2015), May 27-29, 2015, Florianopolis, Brazil. M.M. Siraj, P.M.J. Van den Hof and J.D. Jansen. Risk management in oil reservoir water-flooding under economic uncertainty. To appear in Proc. 54th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 15-18 December, Osaka, Japan.

86 |

Department

Stabilisation of inorganic crystal hydrates

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Heat storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

PhD student | Postdoc LC (Leyla-Cann) Sögütoglu Project aim The aim of this project is to understand the hydration and dehydration behavior of inorganic crystal hydrates with and without stabilization. Stabilization is in this sense defined as ‘guaranteeing the cyclic (re)hydration reproducibility’, such that the salt hydrate can be used reliably for thermochemical heat storage.

HP Huinink

Progress Participants LC Sögütoglu OCG Adan

Cooperations TNO DOW Chemicals Tessenderlo MERITS COMTES

(i): Several compounds have been characterized using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and ThermoGravimetric Analysis (TGA), focusing on dehydration behavior and melting point (i.e. heating samples in an open system and closed system respectively) so far. (ii): The TGA has been coupled to an RH-generator, such that hydration (RH~50%) and dehydration (RH~0) can be studied isothermally as well; the figure below shows TGA-curves of the isothermal dehydration of KAl(SO4)2*12H2O uncoated single crystals of 0.5-1mm size (blue) and coated single crystals of the same batch (red): a slower dehydration is observed for coated crystals. Note that 12.5 water molecules/ salt molecule remain after dehydration is completed in these isothermal 0% RH conditions in TGA. Further compounds of interest until now include: Na2S, KAl(SO4)2, NH4Al(SO4)2, MgCl2, MgSO4.

Funded by EU H2020 CREATE

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (November)

Information HP Huinink T : +31 (0)40 247 5375 E : h.p.huinink@tue.nl W: www.https://www.tue.nl/ universiteit/faculteiten/ technische-natuurkunde/ onderzoek/transportfysica/ transport-in-permeabele media/transport-in-permeable -media/

Figure: Isothermal dehydration curves of KAl(SO4)2*12H2O at 25, 40 and 60C furnace temperature in TGA. This temperature dependency is used to calculate activation energies for dehydration applying the Arrhenius relation: k=A*exp(-Ea/RT)

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders F Gallucci M van Sint Annaland

Participants V Spallina E Fernandez (Tecnalia)

Cooperations Tecnalia (ES) Commissariat a l Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives(F) Politecnico di Milano (IT) University of Salerno (IT) Porto University (P) ICI caldaie (IT) Hygear B.V. (NL) Quantis SARL (CH)

Advanced m-CHP fuel CELL system based on a novel bioethanol Fluidized bed membrane reformer PhD student | Postdoc V (Vincenzo) Spallina Project aim FLUIDCELL aims a Proof of Concept of an advanced high performance, cost effective bio-ethanol mCHP FC system for decentralized off-grid, by improving technology developments from previous EU projects. The improvements will be achieved by development of a) better system integration using a fluidized bed catalytic membrane reactor working at low temperature (around 550°C), b) innovative materials;Pd pore filled (PdPF) membrane, low temperature autothermal ethanol steam reforming (AESR) catalysits and c) most advance FC technologies. Low temperature allows lower thermal duty, higher compactness, use of less expensive materials and long term stability.

Progress     

Testing of the catalyst for ethanol reforming and derivation of a kinetic model Membrane stability tests under fludization regime H2 permeability comparison using different reactor designs Phenomenological model description and preliminary reactor design Preliminary testing of a single tube membrane integrated with catalyst under reactive conditions

retentate CO2+H2O (+H2,CO, CH4) H2

Funded by EU H2020

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project

Pd/Ag membrane

2015 (April)

Information V Spallina T : +31 (0)40 247 8030 E : v.spallina@tue.nl W: www.fluidcell.eu

Support

Catalyst

feed (i.e. C2H5OH + H2O + Air) Figure: Schematic of the Fluidized Bed Membrane Reactor for Ethanol Auto-Thermal Reforming.

Scientific publications Ekain Fernandez, Jose Angel Sanchez-Garcia, Jon Melendez, Vincenzo Spallina, Martin van Sint Annaland, Fausto Gallucci, D.A. Pacheco Tanaka, Development of highly permeable ultra-thin Pdbased supported membranes, Chemical Engineering Journal, Available online 23 November 2015, ISSN 1385-8947, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.11.060.

88 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants G Spezzati Y Su

Cooperations -

Funded by NWO VICI

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (June)

Engineering the nanoparticle-support interface for sustainable catalysis PhD student | Postdoc G (Giulia) Spezzati Project aim The project focuses on the interaction between a cerium oxide support and palladium nanoparticles, and the definition of the active phase in the low temperature oxidation reaction of methane for environmental pollution control. Working at low temperature is necessary to reduce or avoid the formation of dangerous combustion by-products. We aim to study the composition and shape of the supported active metal phase as a function of reaction conditions. We intend to synthesize, characterize and evaluate the activity of model catalysts made of nanostructured cerium oxide (nanorods, nanocubes, nano-octahedra) onto which palladium nanoparticles are deposited. Structure-performance relationships will finally be formulated.

Progress The synthesis procedures of precisely defined cerium oxide nanostructures were defined and developed. We are currently able to produce CeO2 nanocubes and nanorods of various aspect ratios. We also employed the Flame Spray Pyrolysis technique in order to prepare CeO2 nanooctahedra, as well as buying them. Palladium nanoparticles were deposited using a simple wet impregnation procedure. Characterization was done by means of TEM, XRD, N2 adsorption, SEM and FTIR. Catalyst activity was evaluated in our 10 parallel channels reactor, and we were able to determine that the CeO2 nanostructure onto which Pd nanoparticles are deposited has an influence on the performance in CH4 complete oxidation. Furthermore, we were able to perform in-situ XAS experiments to gain a better insight on the interactions between Pd nanoparticles and the support.

Information EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

Figure: TEM images of CeO2 nanorods (left), nanocubes (center), and nano-octahedra (right).

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 89

Department

Nanowire solar energy conversion

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JEM Haverkort EPAM Bakkers PHL Notten

Participants A Standing

Cooperations TU/e, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Energy Materials and Devices (EMD) group

Funded by FOM

PhD student | Postdoc A (Anthony) Standing Project aim We investigate III/V semiconductor nanowire photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells. Nanowires promise to combine a very high solar harvesting efficiency (41.6% photovoltaic conversion efficiency reported1) with a large active surface for attaching the multi-electron catalyst. We propose to synthesize nanowires with multiple junctions to effectively harvest the entire solar spectrum and to attach a catalyts to the nanowire surface for efficient hydrogen production or CO2 conversion. Although III/V multi-junction cells are expensive, we will present in Section 11 a simple and economic approach for large scale direct hydrogen production or direct CO2 conversion, which also strongly limits the required amount of scarce materials.

Progress In the last year a large amount of work has been performed on the passivation of the nanowires used, to increase the stability thereof. Layers of electrochemically produced gallium oxide and ALD deposited aluminum oxide were studied. Using these oxides improved the stability from less than two hours to (in the case of aluminum oxide) up to 72 hours. The most interesting effect of these oxide layers was the surface passivation witnessed in the case of gallium oxide. By producing this oxide layer on the nanowire surface, and combining this layer with the platinum catalyst we double our efficiency, from the previously reported 1.5% to the now achievable 2.9%. The figure shows linear sweep voltammograms of the initial wires, the result with catalyst only, the result with oxide layer and catalyst, and also a planar sample.

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

2 0

Start of the project

Information JEM Haverkort T : +31 (0)40 47 4205 E : J.E.M.Haverkort@tue.nl EPAM Bakkers E : e.p.a.m.bakkers@tue.nl W : www.phys.tue.nl/psn

-2

I (mA/cm2)

2011

-4 -6 -8

Nanowires Catalyst Oxide and Catalyst Planar

-10 -12 -0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

V (vs NHE)

Scientific publications Standing, S. Assali, L. Gao, M.A. Verheijen, D. van Dam, Y. Cui, P.H.L. Notten, J.E.M. Haverkort and E.P.A.M. Bakkers, Efficient water reduction with Gallium Phosphide Nanowires, Efficient water reduction with gallium phosphide nanowires, Nature Comm. 6, 7824 (2015). L. Gao, Y. Cui, J. Wang, A. Cavalli, A. Standing, T. Vu, M. Verheijen, J. Haverkort, E. Bakkers, P. Notten, Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production on InP Nanowire Arrays with Molybdenum Sulfide Electrocatalysts, Nano Lett. 14, 3715 (2014). High yield transfer of ordered nanowire arrays into transparent flexible polymer films. A J Standing, S Assali, J EM Haverkort and E P AM Bakkers, Nanotechnology, 2012, vol. 23, page 495305.

90 |

Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Development of photoanodes for gas phase photoelectrochemistry PhD student | Postdoc T (Thibaut) Stoll Project aim

M Tsampas

The aim of this project is to develop some photoanodes for gas phase photoelectrochemistry and therefore use them to perform chemical reactions of interest like water splitting or alcohol reforming.

Participants

Progress

Project leaders

T Stoll G Zafeiropoulos

Cooperations -

Funded by NWO

A novel PEM-PEC cell design based on proton conducting membrane with TiO2 nanotubes arrays fabricated from a Ti-web of microfibers was successfully evaluated for water splitting and alcohol reforming. Bias free photocurrent were obtained under UV light irradiation using gaseous reactants for the alcohol reforming reaction (Figure 1). Additionally to those UV light driven experiments we aim to use only solar light. To achieve that our objective is to modify microfibers electrode substrates with semiconductors that are actives under visible light (Figure 2). We choose WO3 and BiVO4 thanks to their photoelectrochemical properties and the synergic effect that they can have if used together.

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (April)

Information M Tsampas T : +31 (0)40 3334 735 E : M.Tsampas@differ.nl

Figure 1: Short circuit operation (UWC=0) of polymeric electrolyte cell at two different gas feeds (and He carrier) respectively.

Figure 2: SEM image of a microfiber loaded with WO3/BiVO4 assembly.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 91

Department

DFT study about CO oxidation over Pd@CeO2(111) surface

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants

PhD student | Postdoc YQ (Ya-Qiong) Su Project aim Concerning the reaction mechanism for CO oxidation over palladium supported ceria, it is generally believed that the reaction takes place at the metal-support interface. However, the nature of the active sites/phase is still under debate. It is need to examine that the active sites/phase is the PdO pahase, Pd particle phase, dopped Pd atom, or dispersed Pd atom. The systemic theoretical analysis is necessary for CO oxidation mechanism over Pd@CeO2 surface. In this project, a systemic exploration about CO oxidation over palladium supported ceria is carried out to examine the catalytic active sites for CO adsorption and oxidation.

YQ Su

Progress Cooperations -

Funded by Sino-Dutch Scholarship

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project

CO oxidation was investigated on single Pd atom, PdO supported CeO2(111) surface, two CO coadsorption on Pd/CeO2(111) surface and CO adsorption on stepped site over Pd-stepped CeO2(111) surface. The barrier for CO oxidation over Pd1/CeO2(111) is 106.13 kJ/mol, and lower to 82.01 kJ/mol over PdO/CeO2(111) and 70.43 kJ/mol at the assistance of second CO adsorption over Pd/CeO2(111). For O2 dissociation in the vacancy, it’s very easy over Pd1/CeO2(111), and PdO/CeO2(111) surfaces (Ea around 9.64 kJ/mol). However, the stepped site doesn’t give a good catalytic activity. The barrier for CO oxidation and O2 dissociation are 89.73 kJ/mol and 96.48 kJ/mol over Pd-stepped CeO2(111) surface, respectively. As a conclusion, for single palladium supported ceria, the PdO formation and two CO co-adsorption can promote the CO oxidation significantly, and the lattice oxygen also is involved into the whole catalytic oxidation process.

2014 (September)

Information EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

Figure: The potential energy diagrams for CO oxidation over (a). Pd1/CeO2(111), (b). PdO/CeO2(111), (c). Pd(CO)2/CeO2(111) and (d). Pd-stepped CeO2(111) surfaces.

Scientific publications -

92 |

Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders GMW Kroesen J van Dijk

Participants S Tadayon Mousavi PMJ Koelman WAAD Graef

Cooperations This project is part of STW project 13581. The other participants are: WA Bongers - the Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research L Lefferts - University of Twente

Efficient Electrical to Chemical Energy Conversion via Synergy Effects in Plasma- and Catalytic Technology PhD student | Postdoc S (Samaneh) Tadayon Mousavi Project aim Global warming is one of the critical contemporary problems for mankind. Transformation of CO2 into fuels that are transportable with current infrastructure seems a promising idea to solve one part of this threatening issue. In this project, a multi-disciplinary approach is pursued to cover the entire process chain from CO2 and H2O to CH4 by advanced microwave plasma source design, diagnostics, modeling, and catalytic follow up chemistry. Dissociation of CO2 in a non-equilibrium electrical gas discharge is the first section of this triple part project, and maximization of the whole process efficiency through admixture of water in the first part is the final aim of the project. Our project is to investigate numerically the effect of adding water to CO2 dissociation in microwave plasma.

Progress We have developed a global model of water with 19 species and 44 reactions. This model is a basic model for more complex chemistry and gives insight in the importance of the various chemical processes that occur in the plasma. With the help of this model and the extended version we are able to develop a spatially resolved model. In later steps, we can validate our model with experimental results of the groups of dr. Bongers and prof. dr. ir. Lefferts.

Funded by STW/Alliander

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (March)

Information S Tadayon Mousavi T : +31 (0)40 247 5765 E : s.tadayon.mousavi@tue.nl W: http://plasimo.phys.tue.nl

Figure: The global model is able to give the average value of desired parameters like density of species and electron temperature at each iteration of simulation. The figure shows the evolution of the electron temperature in a typical model run.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 93

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders M van Sint Annaland

Participants L Tan F Gallucci N Dang

Cooperations -

Funded by STW

100 %

Start of the project 2009 (January)

Information M van Sint Annaland T : +31 (0)40 247 2241 E : M.v.SintAnnaland@tue.nl W : www.chem.tue.nl/smr

94 |

PhD student | Postdoc L (Lianghui) Tan Project aim The objective of this research is to design a micro-fluidized bed membrane reactor for ultra-pure H2 production based on the studies in concerted action by detailed simulations using advanced fundamental models and advance experimental techniques.

Progress Bubble-to-emulsion phase mass transfer has been investigated by performing DPM simulations with gas component conservation calculation. The main characteristics of bubble-to-emulsion phase mass transfer are in line with previous experimental studies, especially for the fluidized beds using Geldart B-type particles. The bubble-to-emulsion phase mass transfer coefficients calculated from simulation results are in a good agreement with the predictions from Davidson and Harrison (1963) model. 90% of the draft thesis is finished. Public defense: December 1, 2015.

Scientific publications

Funding % per money stream STW

Discrete particle simulations of micro-structured membraneassisted fluidized beds

Lianghui Tan, Ivo Roghair, and Martin van Sint Annaland. "Simulation study on the effect of gas permeation on the hydrodynamic characteristics of membrane-assisted micro fluidized beds." Applied Mathematical Modelling (2014).

Dissertation Tan, L. (2015). Discrete particle simulations of micro-structured membrane-assisted fluidized beds. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Martin van Sint Annaland & Ivo Roghair).

Department

Hierarchical zeolites for catalytic hydrocarbon conversion

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants CHL Tempelman

Cooperations Various European Partners Bayer Technology services

Funded by EU FP7 integrated project NEXT-GTL

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2010

Information EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

PhD student | Postdoc CHL (Christiaan) Tempelman Project aim The aim of the project is to improve catalysts for the valorization of cheap natural gas into high value aromatics which can act as fuel and chemical feedstock. This is very much desired to monetize on the vast reserves of natural gas in remote areas. The construction of logistic facilities like pipelines to transport methane to the civilized world is usually not economically feasible unless very large gas fields are exploited. Altenatively, the non-oxidative methane dehydroaromatization reaction (MDA) converting low-value methane towards high-value liquid benzene (figure b) could be an interesting alternative. The specific catalyst studied in this process is a Molybdenum-modified ZSM-5 zeolite which is unfortunately prone to fast deactivation. In this project the reason for deactivation is investigated using a broad range of characterization techniques. Furthermore, alternative zeolites and catalyst preparation methods are proposed to improve the stability and selectivity.

Progress The main challenge in the MDA reaction is to reduce the deactivation of the catalyst. Therefore progress was made in the understanding of the deactivation mechanism and improvement of the catalytic performance. The formation of polyaromatic carbon deposits (hard coke) blocking the micropores were found to be the main reason for catalyst deactivation. The Brønsted Acid Sites (BAS) located at the external surface were identified as the cause for the polyaromatic carbon formation. Hence, to improve catalytic performance, the reduction of hard coke formation was identified to be the most obvious solution. The external surface BAS were deactivated by silylation, depositing a small amount of SiO2 at these BAS. It was found that the benzene selectivity was increased substantially for both microporous and hierarchical catalysts (figure a) after deactivation of the externally located BAS. Public defense: October 28, 2015.

(a)

(b)

Figure: Graphical abstract containing (a) the benzene selectivity and the (b) MDA reaction scheme.

Scientific publications Koekkoek, A.J.J., Tempelman, C.H.L., Degirmenci, V., Guo, M., Feng, Z., Li, C. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2011). Hierarchical zeolites prepared by organosilane templating: a study of the synthesis mechanism and catalytic activity. Catalysis Today, 168(1), 96-111.

Dissertation Tempelman, C.H.L. (2015). Hierarchical zeolites for catalytic hydrocarbon conversion. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Emiel Hensen).

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 95

Department

Lignin derived fuels as octant booster

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Biomass □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc M (Miao) Tian Project aim

LPH de Goey MD Boot

In this PhD project we reverse engineer, from the engine’s perspective, which compounds should ideally be added to conventional fossil fuels to arrive at a more favorable overall engine performance (i.e. in terms of fuel economy and emissions). Second, a production route from biomass should be developed to produce these desired compounds from biomass. This project builds further on existing knowledge that so-called cyclic oxygenates should be targeted, specifically from lignin, a renewable waste-stream available in large volumes in the paper industry.

Participants

Progress

M Tian

 More lignin model fuels have been tested on the VolvoT5 SI engine.  A detailed chemical kinetic of 4-Methyl anisole oxidation has been made in the collaboration with University of Lorraine, and the results show a relatively good agreement with the IQT results.

Project leaders

Cooperations -

Funded by China Scholarship Council (CSC)

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project 2012 (September)

Information M Tian T : +31 (0)40 247 2877 E : m.tian@tue.nl W: www.combustion.tue.nl Figure: The ignition delay time of toluene, anisole and 4-methyl anisole.

Scientific publications Tian, M., Van Haaren, R., Reijnders, J., and Boot, M., "Lignin Derivatives as Potential Octane Boosters," SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 8(2):2015, doi: 10.4271/2015-01-0963. Robert L. McCormick, Matthew A. Ratcliff, Earl Christensen, Lisa Fouts, Jon Luecke, Gina M. Chupka, Janet Yanowitz, Miao Tian, and Michael Boot, ‘Properties of Oxygenates Found in Upgraded Biomass Pyrolysis Oil as Components of Spark and Compression Ignition Engine Fuels’, Energy Fuels, 2015, 29(4), pp 2453–2461, DOI: 10.1021/ef502893g.

96 |

Department

Biomass conversion by porous oxides

Chemical Engeineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Biomass □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc EA (Evgeny) Uslamin Project aim

EA Uslamin

The project aims at studying the processes of biomass conversion on zeolites. Valorization of biomass to chemicals and fuels is an important and challenging target. Biomass derived platform chemicals with a high oxygen content such as furanic compounds need to be transformed into useful and industrially relevant products. The main challenge of this project is to design active and selective catalytic systems for biomass aromatization by synthesizing novel catalysts and thoroughly characterizing them. Diels-Alder [4+2] cycloaddition (DAC) of furanics with olefins followed by dehydration is a promising way to convert furanics to aromatics in a selective manner. Another approach is to convert furanics in the gas phase at catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) conditions. Currently we are working on both of these approaches.

Cooperations

Progress

GC and MS based methods were developed and successfully applied for analysis of reaction products. A model reaction of 2,5-dimethylfuran with ethylene was tested in both CFP and DA mode. For CFP on zeolite HZSM-5 and GaZSM-5 we have shown that Diels-Alder step plays a significant role in overall process. Using temperature-programmed techniques we found that composition of products dramatically changes with temperature – at increasing temperature reaction is shifted towards formation of benzene and the highest xylenes yield is achieved at 400 450 °C. In parallel, a number of different materials was tested in the DAC liquid phase reaction. We demonstrated that the reaction can be catalyzed not only by strong Brønsted acids but also by other catalytic materials, such as Sn-BEA and cationic forms of zeolite Y. At the moment we are focused on more detailed investigations of mechanisms underlying processes mentioned above.

Project leaders EJM Hensen EA Pidko

Participants

Funded by MCEC

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (January)

Information EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

Figure: Temperature – programmed reaction of 2,5-dimethylfuran with ethylene in the gas phase.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 97

Department

GEOCHAOS-geoscience meets chaos

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc S (Stephen) Varghese Project aim

S Varghese RR Trieling

Traditional approaches for underground gas and heat recovery suffer from incomplete throughflow of the production fluid due to “short-circuiting” via large fractures and relatively low diffusion towards fractures. The project adopts a radically different approach based on chaos theory which can significantly boost performance by (i) distributing production fluids throughout the entire reservoir and (ii) promoting diffusion of gas or heat towards fractures by inducing large gradients. Chaotic throughflow of reservoirs can in principle be induced by sophisticated exploration schemes. However, their design is far from trivial due to the multi-scale nature of the transport and a lacking computational approach that makes chaos theory accessible to reservoir simulation and analysis. Principal aim is development of a computational strategy that enables this new way of reservoir analysis. Key to this is definition of closure models by lattice Boltzmann simulations.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders MFM Speetjens F Toschi

Participants

Collaborative project of TU/e-ET and TU/e-WDY

Funded by FOM (CSER programme)

Activities to date concentrated on familiarization with methods and concepts from chaos theory and the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). The figure below gives a first computational result: developing flow in a network of 5 parallel channels versus a porous medium (randomly generated porous network) using LBM.

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (May)

Information MFM Speetjens T : +31 (0)40 247 5428 E : m.f.m.speetjens@tue.nl W: www.energy .tue.nl F Toschi T : +31 (0)40 247 3911 E : f.toschi@tue.nl W: www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/

Figure: Developing flow in a network of 5 parallel channels (top) versus a randomly generated porous network (bottom) using LBM for a fixed pressure drop. Shown are volutions of isocontours of the velocity magnitude in time (from left to right).

Scientific publications -

98 |

Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders J van Dijk WA Bongers DC Nijmeijer

Participants T Verreycken PMJ Koelman OH Demirel

Cooperations Eindhoven University of Technology, University of Twente

Funded by STW Alliander

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Fuel feedstock production by a combined approach of controlled plasma conversion and membrane separation PhD student | Postdoc T (Tiny) Verreycken Project aim The purpose of this project is the development of an integrated route to energy efficient and CO2neutral production of solar fuels through a combination of plasma and separation technology. The influence of the electric field in a microwave plasma on conversion of CO2 is investigated experimentally by varying the electric field in space and time. The experiments will be combined with modelling of the plasma chemistry. The goal is to control the efficient process of dissociation of CO2 by vibrational excitation. The subsequent separation of the reaction products will be done using new membrane technology, based on Molecular Organic Framework (MOF) materials. The separated reaction products can be transformed into fuels using a combination of Water Gas Shift (WGS) and methanation.

Progress Measurements have been performed modulating the power by varying the duty cycle and frequency. Current results show that short, high power pulses lead to the highest energy and conversion efficiencies. An exchange between modelling and experimental results has started. The measured time resolved optical emission at the start of the plasma pulse for different pressures is correlated to the variation of the electron temperature. Beating is applied successfully as a tool to modulate the plasma power (see figure). Beating is the combination of two or more high-frequency sources to create an interference pattern of the power. In this way the available peak power is significantly higher compared to power modulation by varying the duty cycle. Fast imaging has shown that the plasma light is following the generated power waveform.

Start of the project 2015 (May)

Information T Verreycken T : +31 (0)40 3334 923 E : t.verreycken@differ.nl W: www.differ.nl

Figure: Power applied to the plasma by beating. The inset graph shows the signal at a shorter time scale.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 99

Department Chemical Engineering & Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders F Gallucci I Roghair M van Sint Annaland

Participants RJW Voncken JA Medrano Jimenez

Cooperations STW Sintef Tecnalia Shell ECN Air Products Hygear

PhD student | Postdoc RJW (Ramon) Voncken Project aim The project aims to develop a novel reactor concept for the production of ultra-pure hydrogen with integrated CO2 capture. The reactor concept is based on overall autothermal reforming of methane in a fluidized bed reactor where immersed hydrogen perm-selective membranes are used to extract and simultaneously purify the hydrogen whilst driving the equilibria towards the desired hydrogen product and where the energy and oxygen necessary for the reforming is provided via chemical looping. The following subgoals were set:  Quantifying the hydrodynamics and mass transfer phenomena in fluidized bed reactors containing hydrogen perm-selective membranes in various configurations (i.e. quantification of possible concentration polarization).  Quantifying the effect of net gas production via steam methane reforming on the performance of fluidized bed membrane reactor systems.  Understanding and describing the effects of solids circulation in systems with an interconnected fluidized bed and riser.  Performing a scale-up and parameteric study of fluidized bed membrane reactor systems.

Progress

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream STW

Chemical Looping Reforming for pure hydrogen production with integrated CO2 capture (ClingCO2)

100 %

Start of the project 2013

Hydrogen concentration profiles in gas-solid fluidized bed membrane reactors have been quantified by performing Two Fluid Model (TFM) simulations. Both vertically and horizontally immersed hydrogen perm-selective membranes have been investigated. The vertical membranes clearly suffer from concentration polarization, which reduces the hydrogen flux and thus the effectiveness of the system. Horizontally immersed membranes affect both the hydrodynamics and the mass transfer phenomena of the system (see the figure below). Particularly the membranes near the walls suffer from reduced hydrogen concentrations, because the down flow of solids near the walls causes densified zones on top of the membranes. Below the membranes, gas pockets (non-rising gas bubbles devoid of particles) prevail, which may affect the mass transfer towards the membranes. These results will subsequently be used to improve phenomenological models for fluidized bed membrane reactors.

Information RJW Voncken T : +31 (0)40 247 8180 E : r.j.w.voncken@tue.nl

Figure: Hydrogen molar fractions (left) and solids hold-up (right) in a fluidized bed membrane reactor with horizontally immersed membranes in an in-line configuration.

Scientific publications J.A. Medrano, R.J.W. Voncken, I. Roghair, F. Gallucci and M. van Sint Annaland. On the effect of gas pockets surrounding membranes in fluidized bed membrane reactors: An experimental and numerical study. Chem. Eng. J. 282:45-57, 2015.

100 |

Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HJH Clercx GJF van Heijst

Participants DD van der Voort W van de Water

Cooperations NJ Dam N Maes AM Yavuz

Funded by FOM

Experimental study of the dynamics of droplets in turbulent sprays and clouds PhD student | Postdoc DD (Dennis) van der Voort Project aim The main aims are 1) to study the dispersion of turbulent sprays by means of phosphorescence, 2) to determine the influence of turbulence on dispersion by investigating droplet dispersion in zeromean homogeneous isotropic turbulence, and 3) to explore the effects of turbulence, pressure fluctuations, and entrainment on the dispersion in sprays, laying a foundation for a fundamental spray model.

Progress The evaporation of sprays has been investigated using laser-induced phosphorescence (LIP), interferometric particle imaging. To further study the effects on individual droplets an acoustic levitator was build, and evaporating single droplets have been investigated through phosphorescence measurements and diffuse-background illumination imaging. The influence of cavitation, gas bubbles, on the dispersion of sprays was investigated through use of a glass nozzle to investigate the phenomenon, and to correlate it with measured pressure pulses through the system. These pressure pulses were then used to correlate the cavitation event to measurements of sheetexcited LIP measurements to obtain their dispersion. To investigate the influence of spray-induced turbulence on the droplets dispersion, and IR-PIV experiment was set up and tested with the use of anti-stokes particles as tracers, to avoid visualizing the liquid spray.

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (March)

Information HJH Clercx T : +31 (0)40 247 2680 E : h.j.h.clercx@tue.nl W: www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/

Figure: The influence of cavitation (gas bubbles) on spray breakup shown through diffuse-backlight illumination through a glass nozzle. The 200 micrometer bubble is deformed, forming a gas layer between the wall and the fluid, increasing the velocity, asymmetry, and dispersion of the spray. This event is accompanied by a pressure pulse as the bubble collapses against the wall.

Scientific publications D.D. van der Voort, W. van de Water, N. Dam, H.J.H. Clercx, G.J.F. van Heijst, “Breakup and dispersion of glowing sprays”, Proceedings of the 13th Triennial International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, 2015. Bertens, G., Voort, D.D. van der, Bocanegra Evans, H. & Water, W. van de (2015). Large-eddy estimate of the turbulent dissipation rate using PIV. Experiments in Fluids, 56, 89-1/9.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 101

Department

Surface reactivity of activated CO2

DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders MA Gleeson L Juurlink

PhD student | Postdoc A (Anton) Walsh Project aim Using CO2 for the production of artificial fuels requires an efficient means of breaking the strong OC=O bond. The fundamentals of this are being investigated under ultra-high vacuum conditions in order to quantify the importance of vibrationally excitation in enhancing dissociation/reaction at tailored catalytic surfaces. Population of higher vibrational states is achieved either by means of plasma (population of a distribution of states) or by mid-IR optical excitation (selective population of a single state). Implementation of curved single crystal surfaces allows for rapid scanning for the most catalytically active sites, such as terrace and step type and step density.

Participants A Walsh R van Lent

Progress

Cooperations Leiden Institute of Chemistry (LIC) Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands

Funded by

For optical activation; A set-up, capable of locking a recently purchased single-frequency CW mid-IR optical parametric oscillator source to a single rovibrational transition (FWHM ca. 2 MHz) of CO 2, has been constructed. A novel diagnostic instrument, utilizing reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy, has been developed and tested to enable the measurement of CO in-situ on different positions on a curved crystal. For plasma activation; a UHV set-up, previously developed for a cascaded arc plasma source and including a time of flight mass spectrometer, has been adapted to include additional plasma and optical access.

FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (February)

Information MA Gleeson T : +31 (0)40 3334761 E : M.A.Gleeson@differ.nl Figure: Measurements of bound CO as a function of coverage and local surface atom arrangement on a cylindrical Pt(111) single crystal using reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy. The crystal was saturated with CO at 90 K. Subsequently, it was cycled to successively increasing temperatures, 300, 405 and 460 K, then returned to 90 K. The presence of CO was analyzed after each cycle at three positions on the crystal, containing either small [111] terraces separated by [001] steps (top row), solely the [111] terrace (middle row), and small [111] terraces separated by [110] steps (bottom row).

Scientific publications -

102 |

Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders WA Bongers

Participants S Wang

Cooperations -

Funded by FOM

Gas separation of CO2 plasmas PhD student | Postdoc S (Shaoying) Wang Project aim The plasma dissociation of CO2 comprises the chemical equilibrium , wherein the recombination of CO and O2 can lead to low conversion efficiency. This project aims to remove the generated O2, promoting a shift in the chemical equilibrium towards CO production, which could lead to a high energy and conversion efficiency simultaneously.

Progress Low cost oxygen-permeable membranes (OPM) have attracted much attention because of their potential to remove oxygen from the hot reaction zone. It is proposed to combine the plasma process with the membrane separation. To achieve this, effective membrane configurations are required to be developed in cooperation with the membrane groups of the university of Twente and Eindhoven. Depending on the position of the membranes with respect to the plasma reactor, there are considered two separate configurations, see Figure 1. As an initial step, first experiments have been performed to determine the influence of near plasma O2 removal, via binding to pre-deposited carbon, on the efficiency.

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (May)

Information S Wang T : +31 (0)6 83424134 E : S.Y.Wang@differ.nl

Figure: Conceptual membrane configurations (a and b) just after the microwave cavity of the reactor in which the plasma is formed and (c and d) integrated inside the microwave cavity around the plasma in reactor configurations with 2 different types of microwave cavities.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

Demonstration of a novel Chemical Switching Reforming (CSR) reactor for pure hydrogen production with integrated CO2 capture PhD student | Postdoc SA (Solomon Assefa) Wassie Project aim

SA Wassie

A novel membrane assisted fluidized bed reactor concept has been proposed for ultra-pure hydrogen production with integrated CO2 capture from steam methane reforming in a single process unit. The so-called Chemical Switching Reactor (CSR) concept combines the use of an oxygen carrier for supplying heat and catalysing the steam methane reforming reaction and hydrogen perm-selective membranes (thin Pd-based membranes) for hydrogen recovery. The main aim of this project is to experimentally demonstrate the technical feasibility of this novel CSR concept and to investigate its behavior and potential.

Cooperations

Progress

F Gallucci M van Sint Annaland S Amini

Participants

For the successful development of the proposed reactor concept, an extensive optimization of the process unit (particularly gas-solid contact, oxygen carrier, membranes, etc.) is of high importance; This PhD project is divided into two main parts: cold flow hydrodynamic studies and hot flow studies. For the cold flow study, a pseudo 2D membrane assisted experimental setup was built in order to Funded by simulate vertical membrane insertion in a fluidized bed, with which the effects on the hydrodynamics Research Council of Norway under the of the fluidized bed reactor has been extensively studied. The results were presented at two different FRINATEK (Acronym: CSR, project international conferences (ICCMR12, ECCE10) and some of the results have been accepted for number: 221902) publication in the Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy. The hot-flow (concept demonstration) setup (figure) has been constructed and preliminary tests are in progress. NTNU SINTEF

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project 2014 (January)

Information SA Wassie T : +47 (0) 98065143 E : s.a.wassie@tue.nl E : solomon.a.wassie@ntnu.no W : www.ntnu.no/ansatte/solomon.a.wassie

Figure: Schematic drawing of the CSR system.

Scientific publications Wassie, S.A., Gallucci, F., Zaabout, A., Cloete, S., Sint Annaland, M. van & Amini, S. (2015). Chemical switching reforming for pure hydrogen production with integrated CO2 capture: evaluation of vertical membrane insertion. Oral: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Catalysis in Membrane Reactors (ICCMR12), 22 June 2015 to 25 June 2015, Szczecin, Poland, Wassie, S.A., Gallucci, F., Zaabout, A., Cloete, S., Sint Annaland, M. van & Amini, S. (2015). Experimental investigation of the effect of gas permeation through vertical membrane on the onset of transition velocity from bubbling to turbulent regime in fluidized bed. Oral: Proceedings of the 10th European Congress of Chemical Engineering (ECCE10), 27 September - 1 October 2015, Nice, France. Wassie, S.A., Gallucci, F., Zaabout, A., Cloete, S., Sint Annaland, M. van & Amini, S. (2014). Kinetic characterization of the fuel stage of the chemical switching reforming proces through TGA-MS studies. Poster: 3rd International Conference on Chemical Looping, 9-11 September 2014, Gothenborg, Sweden, And Gothenborg: Chalmers University of Technology.

104 |

Department

In-situ studies porous materials synthesis

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EJM Hensen NAJM Sommerdijk

Participants JJ Wiesfeld

PhD student | Postdoc JJ (Jan) Wiesfeld Project aim In nature, highly evolved bio-organic molecules govern the formation of functional inorganic materials with complex structures and morphologies. It is still a challenge to synthesize similarly complex structures in a controlled manner. The aim of this project is to study in detail how novel porous oxides can be synthesized with an optimal mix of pore sizes. Large pores will ensure rapid diffusion and smaller pores provide shape selectivity, in order to catalytically convert large biomass molecules into useful products. The idea of the project is to aggregate small building blocks to form large regular porous superstructures with tunable catalytic properties. By using sophisticated analytical techniques like (cryo) electron microscopy and tomography, and in-situ SAXS/WAXS, we will be able to investigate evolution of structure and morphology in the reaction mixture. Insight in these processes will give better control over final structures.

Cooperations Progress

Funded by Multiscale Catalytic Energy Conversion

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project

Mixed oxides of tungsten and niobium were tested for their activity on glucose isomerization and dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural which is an interesting platform molecule for industry. It was discovered that increasing the Nb to W ratio from 0 to unity significantly increased the activity of the material, which is caused by the increased Brønsted acidity of the mixed oxide compared to that WO3. Furthermore, successful attempts were made to synthesize a mesoporous tungsten oxide. Catalytic conversion of glucose shows similar increase in activities as compared to bulk WO3, now caused by the increase of external surface area by an order of magnitude, and thus vastly increased availability of active sites.

2014 (October)

Information EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

Meso-WO3 SBET = 110 m²/g Figure: TEM image of mesoporous WO3, forming aggregates of tiny crystal. Insert: comparing activity and selectivity of bulk WO3 to that of mesoporous WO3.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

PlasmaPower2Gas (PP2G): Efficient Electrical to Chemical Energy Conversion via Synergy Effects in Plasma- and Catalytic Technology PhD student | Postdoc AJ (Bram) Wolf Project aim

AJ Wolf S Tadayon-Mousavi TR Sakpal

The PlasmaPower2Gas (PP2G) project aims at the efficient conversion of renewable electrical energy into hydrocarbons for efficient and scalable storage and transport. Synergistic effects in a combined plasma-catalytic approach are explored via the water-gas shift + methanation as well as the Sabatier catalytic route. The entire process chain from CO2 and H2O to CH4 is covered by microwave plasma source design, plasma diagnostics, modelling, and catalytic follow up chemistry. The output of the experimental work will serve as a benchmark for numerical modelling of the plasma in PLASIMO, a collaboration with the applied physics department of TU/e. Collaboration with the catalytic processes and materials group of University of Twente is planned for integration and live performance tests of several catalyst prototypes in the plasma reactor.

Cooperations

Progress

Eindhoven University of Technology University of Twente

Modifications of the InitSF plasma reactor to accommodate water plasmas are in preparation. Current experimental work focuses on pure CO2 plasmas. The reaction products are analyzed using mass spectrometry and gas chromatography to characterize global reactor performance. Optical emission spectroscopy measurements are providing insight in global gas temperature and composition.

WA Bongers J van Dijk L Lefferts

Participants

Funded by STW Alliander

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (April)

Information AJ Wolf T : +31 (0)40 3334 921 E : B.Wolf@differ.nl W: www.differ.nl

Figure: Conversion of (clean) CO2 to CH4. The project pursues an integral approach for the entire process chain. Particularly, the plasma-assisted CO2 dissociation in presence of water will be studied in combination with plasmacatalytic conversion of the intermediate products such as CO or H2.

Scientific publications -

106 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EJM Hensen JP Hofmann

Participants L Wu

Cooperations University of Utrecht University College London

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information

Computer-aided design of iron-sulfide nanocatalysts for the solar-driven conversion of CO2 to fuels PhD student | Postdoc L (Longfei) Wu Project aim The vision of this project is to employ a robust combination of state of the art computation and experiment in a multi-disciplinary approach to design, synthesise, test, characterise, and implement novel hetero-structured iron sulfide nano-(photo)catalysts for the activation and chemical conversion of CO2 and water into fuel at low voltages obtainable from solar energy. The unique properties of iron pyrite (FeS2), which include an exceptionally large optical absorption coefficient in the visible region (α>105 cm-1 at hν >1.5 eV), suitable band gap (~0.95 eV), large element abundance, nontoxicity, as well as low material refinement costs, make it a promising candidate material to address the Solar Fuel challenge. Specifically, we will focus on the development of integrated photoelectrodes with separated light harvesting (FeS2) and catalytic (MoS2, WS2 or other transition metal nitrides or carbides) for enhanced CO2 or H2O conversion efficiency.

Progress Pyrite films have been synthesized via sulfurization of sputtered Fe on highly doped Si wafer; however, the material suffers from thermodynamically unstable particle surfaces which are terminated with sulfur dimers caused sulfur vacancies and phase impurities that leads to a high dark current. We will choose MoS2, with a bulk band gap of 1.2 eV, as the protection layer. MoS2 has previously been shown to be a stable and active hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst. This material is therefore a suitable candidate for combining catalyst and protection layer functionality in only one material. MoS2 was grown on top of iron pyrite by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). By tuning parameters such as gas flow rate, carrier gas composition, and the amount of Mo precursor, we can control the morphology and coverage of MoS2. The as-prepared MoS2/FeS2 films have much higher activity towards HER compared to bare FeS2 under both dark and illumination conditions.

EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc JP Hofmann T : +31 (0)40 247 3466 E : j.p.hofmann@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

Figure: a) Schematic illustration of MoS2/FeS2 sulfide films for water splitting; b) Chopping photocurrent-voltage curves of films in 0.5 M H2SO4 aqueous solution versus Hg/Hg2Cl2 under visible light irradiation. Light intensity: 100 mW/cm2.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

SoS-Lion Project

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Electrical storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

PhD student | Postdoc J (Jie) Xie Project aim The main aim of the SoS-Lion project is to build a functional all solid state 3D thin film microbattery. To this end, both conformal coating processes and solid electrolyte materials need to be developed.  Planar thin film battery with focus on conductivity of solid electrolyte.  3D thin film battery with focus on conformality and mechanical compliance of solid electrolyte.

PHL Notten

Progress Participants J Xie

Cooperations P Vereecken (IMEC) C Detavernier (Gent University) A Hardy (Hasselt University) M Van Bael (Hasselt University) J Fransaer (Leuven University)

1. Lithium phosphate solid electrolyte was successfully deposited by MOCVD, and characterized physically and electrochemically. 2. Li4Ti5O12 film anode was successfully deposited by MOCVD and characterized. The 3D deposition of Li4Ti5O12 film anode was also investigated. 3. 3D TiO2 film anode was successfully deposited by MOCVD. Compared with planar film electrode, the 3D TiO2 film electrode shows 6 times higher storage capacity and excellent power performance. 4. A Monte Carlo simulation model was built to predict thickness profiles of the deposited layers in narrower 3D structures.

Funded by IWT

Funding % per money stream IWT

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (December)

Information PHL Notten T : +31 (0)40 247 3069 E : P.H.L.Notten@tue.nl Figure: Schematic diagram of 3D microbattery and its advantages over planar microbattery.

Scientific publications Xie J, Peter-Paul R. M. L. Harks, Dongjiang Li, Peter H. L. Notten; High Quality Li4Ti5O12 Thin Film Electrodes Prepared by Metal-Organic CVD, submitted to Solid State Ionics. Xie J, Jos F. M. Oudenhoven, Peter-Paul R. M. L. Harks, Dongjiang Li, Peter H. L. Notten; Chemical Vapor Deposition of Lithium Phosphate Thin-Films for 3D All-Solid-State Li-Ion Batteries, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 162 (3) A249-A254 (2015). J. Xie, L. Baggetto, D. Danilov, P.H.L. Notten; Silicon Anode Materials for All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Microbatteries, TMS2013 Proceedings, DOI: 10.1002/9781118663547.ch95

108 |

Department

Dynamics, collisions and coalescence of droplets in turbulence

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc AM (Altug) Yavuz Project aim

HJH Clercx GJF van Heijst

In this experimental project the motions of droplets with diameter of 10 to 50 micrometer in an airfilled turbulence chamber are tracked with 3D particle tracking velocimetry (PTV). The focus is on interactions between droplets (collision or coalescence) and the effect of gravity. We also study the droplet size distribution with interferometric particle imaging (IPI). Turbulence-induced droplet coalescence is the process responsible for rapid precipitation formation; it is, however, not well understood.

Participants

Progress

AM Yavuz RPJ Kunnen F Toschi

The flow in the turbulence chamber has been fully characterized with PIV. The size distribution of the generated droplets is measured with IPI (Interferometric Particle Imaging). 3D-PTV measurements have been performed to investigate the influence of turbulence on the droplet motions. The spatial distribution of the droplets in turbulence using the so-called Radial Distribution Function (RDF) is carried out, which quantifies the clustering of the droplets under turbulence conditions. Indeed, we observe different levels of clustering depending on the turbulence intensity and the mean droplet size. Additionally, 3D-PTV allows us to measure velocity statistics of the droplets and thereby the influence of the turbulence on droplet trajectories, both individually and collectively.

Project leaders

Cooperations BJ Geurts (UT) W van de Water DD van der Voort MAT van Hinsberg

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (March)

Information HJH Clercx T : +31 (0)40 247 2680 E : h.j.h.clercx@tue.nl W: www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/ RPJ Kunnen T : +31 (0)40 247 3194 E : r.p.j.kunnen@tue.nl W: www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/

Figure: RDF measurement for two different image filtering schemes for 3 Figure: Normalized PDFs of the velocity fluctuations v for three different droplet sizes, Blue:14um, red: 20um and black =:42um and the markers turbulence intensity levels. Stokes numbers indicate the different mean indicates 3 different turbulence levels. droplet sizes and dashed purple line is a normal distribution for reference.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 109

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants C Yue

Towards novel solid acids PhD student | Postdoc C (Chaochao) Yue Project aim Solid acids find widespread use in refining, gas conversion and chemical processes. Some inorganic materials with the structure of octahedral-tetrahedral display strong Brønsted acidity and exhibit more favorable properties than zeolites towards transport of reactant and product molecules. In this project, zirconium silicate based on tetrahedral SiO4 and octahedral ZrO6 will be firstly synthesized by using template. Mixed oxides NbWx will be prepared and their acid activities will be tested by the hydroismerization of n-heptane.

Progress

Cooperations Shell

Funded by Shell

Zirconium silicate with the structure of tetrahedral SiO4 and octahedral ZrO6 was synthesized in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide. The obtained zirconosilicate has good activities on the isomerization of glucose to fructose. Mixed oxides NbWx with different ratio of W to Nb were prepared at different temperature. By addition of novel metal Pd, the obtained NbWx prepared at 450oC show high activities on the hydroismerization of n-heptane which is linked to the presence of amounts of Brønsted acid sites. The mechanism of the acidic active sites formation is shown as in the figure.

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Public defense: March 17, 2015

Start of the project 2009

Information EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W : www.catalysis.nl/imc

Figure: Mechanism for the formation of Brønsted acid sites.

Scientific publications Yue, C., Rigutto, M.S. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). Glucose dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural by a combination of a basic zirconosilicate and a solid acid. Catalysis Letters, 144(12), 2121-2128. Yue, C., Magusin, P.C.M.M., Mezari, B., Rigutto, M.S. & Hensen, E.J.M., 'Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of a layered zirconium silicate', Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2013, 180, 48-55.

Dissertation Yue, C. (2015). Towards novel solid acids. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Emiel Hensen & M.S. Rigutto).

110 |

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Heat storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders DMJ Smeulders SV Nedea CCM Rindt

Participants H Zhang

Cooperations Funded by EU-FP7

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project

Molecular Modeling of Sugar Alcohols as Seasonal Heat Storage Materials PhD student | Postdoc H (Huaichen) Zhang Project aim Sugar alcohols (SA) and their eutectic mixtures are promising seasonal heat storage medium. These materials are environmentally friendly, low cost, and high in storage capacity. Because of the large subcooling effect, SA can remain in liquid state thus enabling low loss storage. Nevertheless, the low nucleation and crystallization kinetics and the low heat conduction rate results in poorly controlled discharge power and introduces difficulties in large scale industrial applications. Using molecular modeling methods, we can tackle the details during the nucleation process and nanoscale heat transfer mechanism, depict the free energy landscape, and propose possible solutions to increase the nucleation and heat transfer kinetics.

Progress During this research period, SA heat conductivity enhancement is studied using molecular dynamics simulations. Graphene and carbon nanotubes are proposed to function as the enhancement additive. The effective heat conductivity can be obtained using effective medium approaches, given the conductivity of the carbon structures and the matrix SAs, and a contact resistance term of SAcarbon interface. During the calculation of the contact resistance, the heat transfer across single layered carbon structures is found to be dependent on the simulation setup. The heat transfer is much faster when the carbon layer is used as a transfer medium compared to when the carbon layer is used as the heat source. The heat transfer rate is also dependent on the nanotube’s size. In general, the heat transfer is more sluggish for smaller sized tubes. However this trend is not monotonic.

2012

Information H Zhang T : +31 (0)40 247 3172 E : h.zhang@tue.nl

Figure: Heat transfer coefficient across the carbon nanotubes and axial diffusion coefficient of confined water versus reciprocal diameter. The results of graphene is marked on 1/d=0.

Scientific publications Zhang, H., Nedea, S.V., Rindt, C.C.M., Smeulders, D.M.J. (2015). Thermal Contact Resistance in Carbon Nanotube Enhanced Heat Storage Materials. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Non-equilibrium Gas Flow (NEGF2015), December 9-11, 2015, Eindhoven, the Netherlands. Zhang, H., Nedea, S.V., Rindt, C.C.M. (2015). Review and in Silico Characterization of Sugar Alcohols as Season Heat Storage Materials. Conference Paper: The 13th International Conference on Energy Storage- Greenstock 2015, At Beijing, China.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders RJM Bastiaans

Participants Z Zhou Y Shoshin

Cooperations -

Effects of pressure on combustion characteristics of cellular hydrogen flames PhD student | Postdoc Z (Zhen) Zhou Project aim Hydrogen is expected to play an important role in future energy production, especially for the fuel of gas turbine engines. However, there are gaps in the fundamental understanding of hydrogen combustion characteristics at normal and elevated pressures due to the high diffusivity, high reactivity of hydrogen. The aim of the project is to investigate the combustion characteristics of cellular hydrogen flames at elevated pressures.

Progress  2D lamianr freely-propagating flames of hydrogen/air mixture were simulated at elevated pressure and temperature.  The flames near the lean limit at elevated pressures were experimentally and numerically investigated.

Funded by China Scholarship Council (CSC)

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information Z Zhou T : +31 (0)40 247 5995 E : Z.Zhou1@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/combustion

Figure: Flame ball at the condition of 2 bar.

Scientific publications -

112 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Synthetic fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Hierarchical zeolites as catalysts for methanol conversion reactions PhD student | Postdoc X (Xiaochun) Zhu Project aim

Utrecht University TU Delft

Amongst the current developments in the field of hierarchical pore structures, the introduction of mesopores in zeolite crystals is the most frequently employed way to combine micropores with mesopores in one material and promote the properties of catalysts. Mesopores can be created via several routes from which acid leaching and base leaching are the most frequently applied. However, the selective removal of framework Al or Si by acid or alkali will change the structure properties and lead to a decrease in crystallinity. Novel approach using templates that create mesopores during synthesis have recently been launched. This strategy enables one to tune the mesoporosity, size, shape, and connectivity of the mesopore system in the zeolite by choosing the proper templates. The application of this technology is sought in improvement of catalyst stability for the conversion of methanol to olefins, in essence a flexible process to convert feedstock including coal, gas, oil and biomass to building blocks for the polymer industry.

Funded by

Progress

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants X Zhu

Cooperations

Government of China (CSC)

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project

A set of highly crystallized mesoporous SSZ-13 was successfully synthesized in the presence of a diquarternary ammonium template C22-4-4·Br2 and fluoride anion. All catalysts have similar Si/Al ratio, Brønsted acid sites density and same acid strength. With the adding of fluoride in the synthesis, the obtained SSZ-13 showed lower intensity of internal silanols and higher resistance to the deactivation than the Reference SSZ-13. Mesoporous SSZ-13 zeolites have more shortened diffusion length which gives rise to the maximum lifetime (14 hours) in the MTO reaction.

2011 Public defense: December 2, 2015

Information EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

Figure: Catalytic performance in the MTO reaction (WHSV = 0.8 g g-1 h-1; T = 350 ℃) of zeolites.

Scientific publications Zhu, X., Rohling, R., Filonenko, G., Mezari, B., Hofmann, J.P., Asahina, S. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). Synthesis of hierarchical zeolites using an inexpensive mono-quaternary ammonium surfactant as mesoporogen. Chemical Communications, 50, 14658-14661.

Dissertation Zhu, X. (2015). Hierarchical zeolites as catalysts for methanol conversion reactions. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Emiel Hensen, J. Ruiz-Martinez & Jan Philipp Hofmann).

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants B Zijlstra

Cooperations -

Funded by Shell

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (January)

Towards understanding of adsorbate induced Co nanoparticle reconstruction during the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis reaction PhD student | Postdoc B (Bart) Zijlstra Project aim Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) provides an economically feasible alternative to crude oil refining. Many details about this process are known. However, there is an on-going debate in the literature about the influence of industrial FTS conditions during the reaction. Particularly of interest is the influence on the shape and size of the catalytic nanoparticles during the reaction. Through the use of quantum chemical modeling we aim to explain this influence. The understanding of adsorbate induced nanoparticle reconstruction will encourage rational design of new catalysts. These new catalysts should be more active, more selective, and more stable.

Progress At temperatures in the 200-300°C range, simulated CO conversion rates are lower than observed in experiments. The low rates are caused by the high CO surface coverage predicted in microkinetics simulations. The high coverage is mainly the consequence of the absence of lateral interactions in our model. Our next step has been to determine these lateral adsorption effects for surface intermediates such as CO, C, O, and H. We also developed a protocol to account for these topological effects in mean-field microkinetics simulations. In this way, we found that the temperature maximum for the CO consumption rate strongly shifts to lower temperatures. These simulations will be expanded by including reactions relevant to the FTS process such as carboncarbon coupling reactions.

Information EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 47 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

Figure: Predicted differential heat of adsorption of CO on Co(0001) as a function of coverage.

Scientific publications A quantum-chemical DFT study of CO dissociation on Fe-promoted stepped Rh surfaces Ivo A.W. Filot, Farid Fariduddin, Robin J.P. Broos, Bart Zijlstra, and Emiel J.M. Hensen DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.10.009

114 |

Department

Carbon capture with novel low-volatile solvents

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc L (Lawien) Zubeir Project aim

As the attention to climate debate is growing, reduction of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions produced from combustion of fossil fuels in an efficient and cost-effective way has become an urgent topic. Carbon capture and storage technologies are a promising route to reduce these emissions. The current requirements of the CO2 capture technology are: a) reducing the parasitic energy load, b) effectively addressing corrosion, c) faster absorption/stripping rates, d) lower viscosity and less use of water, e) confronting the problem of solvent degradation and volatility. These problems pose stimulating challenges for the synthesis of new solvents, aided by detailed molecular modeling of solute/sorbent interactions, and for new integrative module designs that enable their effective implementation in a process environment. In this context, the project objectives are to develop and evaluate novel Task Specific Ionic Liquids (TSILs) and Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) that could replace conventional solvents.

Funded by

Progress

Project leaders MC Kroon

Participants L Zubeir

Cooperations

Funding % per money stream EU

100%

Start of the project 2012

Information MC Kroon T : +31 (0)40 247 5289 E : m.c.kroon@tue.nl W: www.chem.tue.nl/sep

To design IL-, and DES-based absorption processes, knowledge of the solubilities and diffusivities is needed. Besides, the thermophysical properties of the novel solvents have to be characterized, since limited information is available in literature. Moreover, experimental measurements of gas solubilities are time-consuming and expensive. Preferably, the thermodynamic phase behavior is described using a well-defined model that rigorously relates thermodynamic properties to physical intermolecular forces between the solute and the solvent. The thermophysical properties of the ILs and the DESs are measured and their dependence on temperature, water content and chemical structure are evaluated. The CO2 capacities and absorption/stripping rates are determined by measuring the bubble-point curves and modeled using physically based and cubic equations of state. Furthermore, a mathematical model derived from Fick’s second law is applied to determine the diffusion coefficients.

Figure: Px isothermal diagram for the CO2 + DES system using a magnetic suspension balance with isothermal data at (♦; 298.15, ●; 308.15 and ▲318.15 K). The symbols represent experimental values and the solid lines represent the PC-SAFT modeling results using temperature-independent binary interaction parameters (kij).

Scientific publications Zubeir, L. F., Held, C., Sadowski, G. & Kroon, M.C. PC-SAFT modeling of CO2 solubilities in low transition temperature mixtures (LTTMs). Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2015. Zubeir, L.F., Romanos, G.E., Weggemans, W.M.A., Iliev, B., Schubert, T.J.S. & Kroon, M.C.. Solubility and diffusivity of CO2 in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide within a large pressure range (0.01 MPa to 10 MPa). Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 2015, 60(6), 1544-1562. Osch van, D.J.G.P1, Zubeir, L.F1, Bruinhorst van den, A., Rocha, M. A. A. & Kroon, M.C. Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents: A New Generation of Water-Immiscible Extractants, Green Chemistry, 2015, 17 (9), 4518-4521. (1 equal contribution). Althuluth, M.A.M., Overbeek, J.P., Wees, H.J., Zubeir, L.F., Haije, W.G., Berrouk, A.S., Peters, C.J. & Kroon, M.C. Natural gas purification using supported ionic liquid membrane. Journal of Membrane Science, 2015, 484, 80-86. Zubeir, L.F., Lacroix, M.H.M & Kroon, M.C. Low transition temperature mixtures as innovative and sustainable CO2 capture solvents. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2014, 118(49), 14429-14441.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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116 |

3.2 Research projects □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

SOLAR PV: addresses electricity from the sun

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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118 |

Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders J Gómez Rivas

Participants A Bhattacharya

Cooperations Protemics GmbH

Funded by European Research Council

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (September)

Micromapping of ultrafast photo-conductivity of optoelectronic materials (MICROMAP) PhD student | Postdoc A (Arkabrata) Bhattacharya Project aim There is a rapid development in the field of novel photo-active materials such as perovskites, 2D semiconductor and nanowires. These materials are enabling new technological opportunities in several fields, such as photovoltaics, solid state lighting, lasing and photodetection. Efforts on material research and progress on synthesis or growth are often not accompanied by similar efforts on the development on novel techniques that anable an accurate characterization of these materials. In this project, we aim to build a microspectrometer which has the ability to probe the THz far- and near-field of waves interacting with materials after photo-excitation with an optical beam. This microspectrometer will enable to probe the local conductivity of materials at different length scales and the carrier dynamics at ultrafast time scales. The characterization of these parameters is crucial to describe processes that may limit the efficiency of materials in opto-electronic applications.

Progress We have already made a stand-alone near-field detection system and studied various subwavelength structures with it. One of these studies has been already published. We are currently integrating the optical pump beam into the system to be able to realize optical pump THz near-field microscopy on new materials (graphene, semiconductor nanowires and perosvkites). The software for this device is on its last stage of development. The schematic of the setup is shown in the figure.

Information A Bhattacharya T : +31 (0) 685260559 E : a.bhattacharya@differ.nl W: www.differ.nl

Figure: A schematic representation of the main configuration of the MICROMAP setup, showing an optical pump laser, a THz time-domain spectrometer in reflection configuration and the THz near-field microscope. The far-field detection arm can be rotated, hence it is possible to measure far-fields at different angles.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders WMM Kessels

Participants RHEC Bosch

Cooperations ASM FEI Company Oxford Instruments Q-Cells SERIS

Funded by STW-Vici scheme

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Atomic level understanding of interfaces and surfaces by (non)linear optical spectroscopy PhD student | Postdoc RHEC (Roger) Bosch Project aim The project focusses on the fundamental investigation of industry relevant interfaces between semiconductors and dielectrics. A well-studied example is the c-Si/Al2O3 interface, which is relevant for surface passivation layers in silicon-based solar cells. The aim is to get an atomic level understanding of defect passivation and fixed charge generation at the interface, to address the dependence of chemical and field-effect passivation on processing conditions and film properties, and to investigate the interplay between materials when combined in novel advanced passivation schemes (as used for example in hetero-junction silicon solar cells). These interface studies are carried out by nonlinear spectroscopy (in particular second-harmonic generation) and are complemented by infrared spectroscopy (in situ FT-IR) and thermal programmed desorption spectroscopy.

Progress Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is an optical technique which can be used as a contactless probe to study the species present in a thin film and at surfaces. Within the past year a newly developed in situ FT-IR setup has been used to study the surface chemistry of during the growth of platinum nanoparticles. This work has recently been published in a peer-reviewed journal and Figure shows the graphical abstract of the article. In addition, the surface chemistry of a silicon nitride atomic layer deposition process has been subject of investigation. We gained insights into the reaction mechanisn involved. The results can used to further optimise the deposition process and fully exploit the possibility of silicon nitride atomic layer deposition.

Start of the project 2012 (March)

Information WMM Kessels E : w.m.m.kessels@tue.nl T : +31 (0)40 247 3477 RHEC Bosch E : r.h.e.c.bosch@tue.nl T : +31 (0)40 247 4882 W: http://www.phys.tue.nl/pmp/

Figure: Graphical abstract of the article: Surface infrared spectroscopy during low temperature growth of supported Pt Nanoparticles by atomic layer deposition.

Scientific publications Andersen, S.V., Vandalon, V., Bosch, R.H.E.C., van de Loo, B.W.H., Pedersen, K., & Kessels, W.M.M. (2014). Interaction between O2 and ZnO films probed by time-dependent second-harmonic generation. Applied Physics Letters, 104(5), 051602. doi:10.1063/1.4863942. Terlinden, N.M., Dingemans, G., Vandalon, V., Bosch, R.H.E.C., & Kessels, W.M.M. (2014). Influence of the SiO2 interlayer thickness on the density and polarity of charges in Si/SiO2/Al2O3 stacks as studied by optical second-harmonic generation. Journal of Applied Physics, 115(3), 033708. doi:10.1063/1.4857075. Terlinden, N.M., Vandalon, V., Bosch, R.H.E.C., & Kessels, W.M.M. (Erwin). (2014). Second-harmonic intensity and phase spectroscopy as a sensitive method to probe the space-charge field in Si(100) covered with charged dielectrics. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 32(2), 021103. doi:10.1116/1.4862145.

120 |

Department

Flexible very high efficiency solar cells

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc A (Alessandro) Cavalli Project aim We will develop high efficiency solar cells in which the actual harvesting of the solar energy is performed in III/V semiconductor nanowires. We will investigate the light management in these nanowire solar cells using a time-reversed Fourier microscope.

Project leaders JEM Haverkort EPAM Bakkers J Gómez-Rivas

Participants A Cavalli D van Dam

Cooperations Philips (in-kind contributor)

Progress We studied different methods for growing InP nanowires: Au-catalyzed growth and Catalyst free growth. We developed large diameter catalyzed nanowires, demonstrating the effect of growth temperature and HCl molar flow, with a solar cell efficiency up to 7.1%. Furthermore, we showed that catalyst-free growth, at very high temperature, has defect-free crystalline structure and superior optoelectronic properties, compared to catalyzed growth. We have also investigated the absorption and emission properties of these InP nanowires. We have found that both optical properties are dominated by the coupling of light to waveguide modes supported by the geometry of the nanowires. Furthermore, we have measured an improved photocurrent and voltage in nanostructured InP with respect to planar material.

Funded by

100

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2012

Information JEM Haverkort T : +31 (0)40 247 4205 E : j.e.m.haverkort@tue.nl

1-Reflectance

STW

80 60

Etched NWs (measured) 94% Planar InP (measured) 71%

40 20 0 500

600

700

800

900

Wavelength (nm)

Figure: (left) I-V measurement of single InP nanowires, with corresponding optical image. (right) Measured 1-reflectance (in this case equal to absorptance) of an array of etched InP nanowires (NWs, red), with respect to a planar layer (black). Scientific publications D. van Dam, D.R. Abujetas, R. Paniagua-Domínguez, J.A. Sánchez-Gil, E.P.A.M. Bakkers, J.E.M. Haverkort, and J. Gómez Rivas, Directional and polarized emission from nanowire arrays, Nano Lett. 15 (7), 4557-4563 (2015).

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Nanowire photonics for photovoltaics

DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders J Gómez Rivas JEM Haverkort EPAM Bakkers

PhD student | Postdoc AD (Dick) van Dam Project aim Semiconductor nanowires are excellent building blocks of solar cells and light-emitting devices. Since their size is of the wavelength of light, they can be very efficient absorbers and emitters. Additionally, the bottom-up nanowire fabrication offers a wide range of possibilities in terms of composition, positioning, shape and size. The aim of the project is to study the direction-, wavelength- and polarization-dependent interaction of light with nanowires. This will lead to new fundamental insights and better devices.

Progress Participants AD van Dam

Cooperations EPAM Bakkers JEM Haverkort

Funded by STW

We have studied directional photoluminescence emission from vertical free-standing indium phosphide nanowires. We used a technique called Fourier microscopy, which records the back focal plane of a microscope objective, thus obtaining the complete directional distribution of the emission from the nanowire. We have found a strong diameter dependence of the direction, which is caused by coupling of the emission to different waveguide modes supported by the elongated nanowire geometry. Using this knowledge, we are able to tune the far field directional distribution of the emission. This is an important asset for application in solar cells, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and single photon sources. Additionally, we are studying absorption mechanisms in complete nanowire solar cell devices.

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (September)

Information AD van Dam T : +31 (0)40 247 5172 E : a.d.vandam@differ.nl

Figure: Directional emission of nanowires. (a) Scanning electron microscope image of a nanowire, with schematic illustration of the far field emission collection. The scale bar is 1 micron. (b) Directional emission pattern of a 180 nm thick nanowire, the color indicates the emission intensity. The center of the image corresponds to vertical emission, the cuts at the top and side of the color plot are cuts through the center of the image. (c) Same as (b), but now for a 295 nm thick nanowire.

Scientific publications D. van Dam, D.R. Abujetas, R. Paniagua-Domínguez, J.A. Sánchez-Gil, E.P.A.M. Bakkers, J.E.M. Haverkort, and J. Gómez Rivas, Directional and polarized emission from nanowire arrays, Nano Lett. 15 (7), 4557-4563 (2015).

122 |

Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JEM Haverkort EPAM Bakkers

Participants L Gagliano

Cooperations Prof. Miglio, Milano-Bicocca, Italy Prof. Bechstedt, Jena, Germany

Funded by STW Philips

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

Exploring the band structure of direct band gap Wurtzite III-V semiconductors PhD student | Postdoc L (Luca) Gagliano Project aim Exploration of the electronic properties and band structure of novel III-V Wurtzite (WZ) semiconductors for efficient solid state lighting and solar applications. Conventional materials have reached their intrinsic limits and can hardly be improved further, reaching a saturation in technological innovation (e.g. Moore’s law no more valid). New materials offer the chance to surpass these limits and design new improved devices. These new materials can be grown in the form of nanowires, high aspect ratio three-dimensional nanostructures which show great promise for highly efficient solid state lighting and solar applications.

Progress Realization of WZ GaP/InxGa1-xP core/shell nanowires with Indium composition between 0% and 75%, with tunable emission between 590nm and 750nm (amber to near infrared). The nanowires were grown with Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) on GaP wafers, which are transparent to the emitted light (contrary to mainstream technology). The Photoluminescence (PL) study shows that the nanowires emit 85% polarized light and their Internal Quantum Efficiency (IQE) reaches up to 18%. The PL study also allowed to clarify the electronic properties of WZ InxGa1xP, allowing us to describe its band structure in function of the Indium fraction.

50 % 50 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information L Gagliano T : +31 (0)6 43289942 E : l.gagliano@tue.nl

Figure: a) Concept of WZ GaP (left) and WZ InxGa1-xP core/shell nanowires. b) SEM image of an array of WZ GaP/InxGa1-xP core/shell nanowires. c) Cross-sectional TEM image of a WZ GaP/InxGa1-xP core/shell nanowire, showing Gallium in red and Indium in green. d) PL spectra of various GaP/InxGa1-xP core/shell nanowire samples (compositional determination still in progress) e) Nanowires integrated PL intensity vs inverse of temperature, to assess IQE.

Scientific publications S. Assali, L. Gagliano, D.S. Oliveira, M.A. Verheijen, S.R. Plissard, L.F. Feiner and E.P.A.M. Bakkers “Exploring Crystal Phase Switching in GaP Nanowires”, Nano Lett., 2015, 15(12), pp 8062-8069.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders REI Schropp WMM Kessels

Participants HA Gatz Y Kuang

Cooperations Utrecht University

Funded by Technology Foundation STW

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Novel multifunctional antireflecting, transparent, and conductive emitters for heterojunction cells PhD student | Postdoc HA (Henriette) Gatz Project aim Silicon heterojunction solar cells (SHJ) with thin intrinsic layer are among the record efficiency cells based on crystalline silicon. A promising way of further increasing their efficiency is to allow more light to enter the absorber material of the cell and thereby enhance the short circuit current density Jsc. We aim to realize this by replacing the conventional amorphous silicon emitter layer by a more transparent nanocrystalline silicon oxide (nc-SiOx:H(p)) layer. The figure below depicts the different functional layers of conventional SHJ cells. In addition to its own enhanced transparency the crystalline properties of the doped nc-SiOx layer will allow to implement a novel TCO layer: boron doped zinc oxide (ZnO:B) made by atomic layer deposition (ALD) with a novel triisopropylborate (TIB) precursor. This should further improve the transparency of the front side of the cell.

Progress During 2015, passivation studies of semicells including the novel nc-SiOx:H(p) layer have been made to determine the neccesary buffer layer thickness. The thermal stability of the nc-SiOx:H(p) material has been investigated. The necessety of nc-Si:H(p) nucleation and contact layer has been found. First solar cells including the novel emitter layer have been made in combination with standart sputtered ITO as well as with ALD deposited ZnO:B. The expected impressive increase in Jsc has been observed.

Start of the project 2011 (October)

Information HA Gatz T : +31 (0)40 247 5569 E : h.a.gatz@tue.nl W: http://www.phys.tue.nl/pmp//

Figure: Illustration of the structure of the different layers of a conventional SHJ with intrinsic thin layer (left) and the novel SHJ cell structure we are working on (rigth). The novel layers are indicated in red.

Scientific publications H.A. Gatz, Y. Kuang, M.A. Verheijen, J.K. Rath, W.M.M. Kessels, R.E.I. Schropp, "p-type nc-SiOx:H emitter layer for silicon heterojunction solar cells grown by RF-PECVD". In R. Collins & B. Hekmatshoar (Eds.), Material Research Society (MRS) Proceedings 2015 (pp. 2136198). (Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, No. 1770). Materials Research Society.

124 |

Enhancing transport through strong light-matter coupling

Department DIFFER

PhD student | Postdoc A (Alexei) Halpin

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project aim Organic polymers provide an inexpensive and versatile platform for implementing light harvesting and emitting systems, for photovoltaic and solid-state lighting applications respectively. One major drawback, however, remains the low carrier mobilities in such materials (orders of magnitude lower than Si or GaAs). Combining organic polymers with nanostructures we hope to modify the internal states of the polymer through strong light-matter coupling, such that effects of structural and energetic disorder at the origin of these reduced mobilities might be reduced, thereby improving performance. Using terahertz spectroscopy to probe conductivity in thin films in a contact-free ultrafast manner, we will elucidate the advantages and mechanisms by which nanophotonic structures can be designed to passively improve organic materials for energy transport, with important implications for light-harvesting applications.

Project leaders J Gómez-Rivas

Participants A Halpin M Ramezani

Cooperations FJ Garcia Vidal, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain Th Ebbesen, University of Strasbourg, France

Progress We have improved our THz spectroscopy instruments dynamic range by nearly two orders of magnitude, allowing to probe the response of low-mobility carriers in thin organic films. Further to this, we have designed plasmonic systems which support resonances in the visible range for coupling to the internal states of donor-acceptor complexes, and are currently investigating various molecular systems.

Funded by STW LEDMAP FOM IPP I33

Funding % per money stream FOM STW Industry

25 % 50 % 25 %

Start of the project 2014 (October)

Information A Halpin T : +31 (0)40 3334927 E : a.halpin@differ.nl Figure: Ultrafast generation, and subsequent relaxation of photoinduced carriers in polymer-fullerene blend, measured using transient optical-pump THz-probe spectroscopy.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 125

Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders A Creatore

Participants S Karwal BL Williams MWW Kessels

Cooperations TNO (Solliance) Delft University

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

75 % 25 %

Light management and interface engineering for highly efficient and ultra thin CIGS solar cells PhD student | Postdoc S (Saurabh) Karwal Project aim Synthesis of highly reflective back contact electrode for CIGS thin film solar cells to enhance light trapping in the absorber layer, replacing conventionally used Molybdenum. This could allow to reduce the CIGS absorber thickness sub-micron without encountering a drop in efficiency, thereby making solar cell more efficient and cheaper to manufacture. Additionally, back contact of the cell would be engineered and nanopattering would enable further enhancement of the optical path length of solar cell. In order to facilitate deposition on high aspect structures, atomic layer deposition was chosen as the deposition technique which offers precise control over thickness besides being conformal.

Progress The development of process for deposition of conductive phase of Hafnium Nitride (HfN) by atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been addressed. An extensive range of diagnostic tools has been adopted: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) to quantify elemental relative content and chemical bonds, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to identify the crystalline phase and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) to study microstructure, Four Point Probe (FPP) for determining resistivity, Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (SE) to obtain optical properties and Hall Measurements to determine charge carrier density and mobility. Surface morphology is investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Hitherto, highly conductive HfN has been successfully deposited and in the future the material properties will be fine-tuned further to serve the purpose of back contact of solar cell.

Start of the project

100

4pp SE Drude

Information

(cm)

S Karwal T : +31 (0)6 87160329 E : s.karwal@tue.nl

0.08

10-1

0.06

10-2

0.04

10-3

0.02

10-4

50 100 150 Bias voltage (V)

GPC (nm/cycle)

2014 (April)

0.00 200

Figure: Decrease in HfN film resistivity as a function of applied substrate RF bias. After a critical bias voltage, resistivity increases further. Growth-per-cycle (GPC) shows a linear trend with increase in RF bias.

Scientific publications -

126 |

Department

High Eficiency Hybrid Tandem Solar Cells

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders REI Schropp

Participants D Koushik Y Kuang

PhD student | Postdoc D (Dibyashree) Koushik Project aim The record laboratory efficiency of crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells, the technology that rules the global photovoltaic market till date, has been stagnant at around 25% for more than a decade now. In order to upgrade its performance for a greater efficiency and also with a low fabrication and installation cost per Watt-peak, a suitable approach needs to be taken. Tandem solar cells present a propitious outlook. These are dual junction solar cells consisting of c-Si as the bottom cell combined with a relatively wide band gap (WBG) solar cell above it. The top junction absorbs the higher energy photons and by using transparent conducting films as contacts the WBG cell can be made transparent for the lower energy photons, which are then absorbed by the c-Si junction present below it. In this way a broader range of the solar spectrum is covered by merely splitting the spectrum thereby boosting the power conversion efficiency (PCE).

Cooperations FOM Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam University of Valencia, Spain ECN-Solliance, Eindhoven

Funded by FOM LMPV focus programme

Funding % per money stream FOM

100%

Start of the project

Progress In order to enable perovskite thin film solar cells with highly selective photo-absorption for hybrid perovskite/c-Si four-terminal tandem cells, we have studied their chemical stability during Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) of the highly transparent In2O3:H electrode layers for solar cells that were newly developed at TU/e. We compared pure lead iodide and lead bromide perovskites. We used XRD to identify the presence of products of chemical decomposition and found that the bromide perovskites are significantly more stable under ALD processing conditions. The iodide perovskite decomposes during In2O3:H deposition due to the water vapor used as an oxidant in the ALD process. A protection layer of 10 nm thermally evaporated MoOx was found to significantly improve the stability of iodide perovskite whereas for the bromide perovskites, stability could be maintained even without a protection layer.

2015 (June)

Information D Koushik T : +31 (0)6 33435110 E : d.koushik@tue.nl W : https://www.tue.nl/universiteit/ faculteiten/technischenatuurkunde/onderzoek/onderzoe kscluster-plasmas-enstraling/plasma-and-materialsprocessing-pmp/

Figure: Schematic of a hybrid tandem solar cell.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 127

Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders REI Schropp

Participants Y Kuang WMM Kessels JK Rath (UU) M Zeman (TUD) RACMM van Swaaij (TUD) AW Weeber (ECN) JAM van Roosmalen (ECN) LJ Geerligs (ECN) F Derks (Tempress)

Cooperations Energy research Center of the Netherlands (ECN) Utrecht University Delft University of Technology Tempress

Development of industrial technologies for new silicon back-contacted heterojunction cells PhD student | Postdoc Y (Yinghuan) Kuang Project aim In this project we focus on high efficiency silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells. The aim is to reduce the lack of shading and absorption losses at the front, increase the ease of module integration, and improve the possibilities to apply advanced light and photon management schemes to further increase the efficiency obtained so far. Our goal is to achieve efficiencies above 21% at industrial scale, using atomic layer deposited (ALD) hydrogen-doped indium oxide (In2O3:H) as the window electrode, and processes based on fundamental knowledge and developed within the consortium. At the end of the project, all ingredients should be identified to reach 25% efficiency using thin wafers (~50 μm) in a next phase.

Progress It is particularly challenging to integrate In2O3:H, deposited by ALD, into SHJ solar cells due to low reactivity of the metalorganic precursor cyclopentadienyl indium (InCp) with H-terminated surface of a-Si:H. This challenge has been overcome by a simple and highly effective plasma-based surface pretreatment developed in this work (Figure 1). A remote inductively coupled O2 or Ar plasma modifies the H-termination surface of a-Si:H, thereby prmoting the adsorption of InCp on the surface. A short-circuit current density of 40.1 mA/cm2, determined from external quantum efficiency, is demonstrated for the textured SHJ solar cell with In2O3:H window electrode, compared to 38.5 mA/cm2 for a reference cell that has the conventional Sn-doped indium oxide (ITO) window electrode (Figure 2). The enhanced photocurrent stems from a reduced parasitic absorption of In2O3:H in the entire wavelength range of 400-1200 nm.

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

78 % 22 %

Start of the project 2014 (July)

Information REI Schropp T : +31 (0)40 247 4880 E : r.e.i.schropp@tue.nl W: http://www.phys.tue.nl/pmp/

Figure 1: Effect of plasma pretreatment on nucleation of In2O3:H prepared by atomic layer deposition on aSi:H. Inductively coupled O2 or Ar plasma is used for surface pretreatment of the a-Si:H prior to the deposition of In2O3:H. The legend shows the plasma parameters, i.e. exposure time (s), RF power (W), and gas pressure (mTorr) for each type of plasma.

Figure 2: External quantum efficiency curves of silicon heterojunction solar cells with sputtered ITO and atomic layer deposited In2O3:H window electrodes.

Scientific publications Y. Kuang, B. Macco, C.K. Ande, P.C.P. Bronsveld, M.A. Verheijen, Y. Wu, W.M.M. Kessels, and R.E.I. Schropp, Towards the implementation of atomic layer deposited In2O3:H in silicon heterojunction solar cells.

128 |

Department

Photoresponsive coatings for cleaning solar cells

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc D (Danqing) Liu Project aim

Project leaders

The goal of this project is to design and synthesize switchable surface topologies using responsive polymers resulting in demonstrator devices that feature enhanced self-cleaning properties both under wet and dry conditions. An application is the coating of solar cells that are mounted in remote and contaminating area such as deserts.

DJ Broer P Onck

Progress

Participants D Liu JMJ den Toonder

Cooperations University of Groningen

Funded by Dutch Polymer Institute

In the last year we fabricated (sub-)micron patterned responsive polymers with switchable surface topologies. We developed chiral-nematic polymer network coatings form a fingerprint texture in a self-assembling principle. For this purpose the molecular helix is oriented parallel to the substrate. The coating has a flat surface but when actuated by light in the presence of a copolymerized azobenzene compound, 3D fingerprints structures appeared in the coating. The helix form protrusions at the positions where the molecules are aligned parallel to the surface and withdraws at the position where the orientation is perpendicular. This process proceeds fast and is reversible, i.e. the fingerprint-shaped protrusions disappear when the light is switched off. The corresponding contact angle increases from 80 when the surface is flat to 100 when fingerprints structures are activated, see figure.

Funding % per money stream University 50 % Industry 50 %

Start of the project 2013 (January)

Information DJ Broer T : +31 (0)40 247 5875 E : d.broer@tue.nl W: https://www.tue.nl/universiteit/ faculteiten/scheikundigetechnologie/onderzoek/onderzoeks groepen/functional-organicmaterials-and-device

Figure: Confocal microscopic images of fingerprint and their corresponding CA. (a) 3D image of the initial flat state and (c) its CA. (b) 3D image of surface topographies under the UV exposure and (d) the CA.

Scientific publications Danqing Liu and Dirk J. Broer, Self-assembled Dynamic 3D Fingerprints in Liquid Crystal Coatings Towards Controllable Friction and Adhesion, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 4542 –454. Danqing Liu and Dirk J. Broer, Liquid crystal polymer networks: Preparation, properties and applications of films with patterned molecular alignment, Langmuir, 2014. Danqing Liu and Dirk J. Broer, Light controlled friction at a liquid crystal polymer coating with switchable patterning. Soft Matter, 2014,10, 7952-7958.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders WMM Kessels

Participants BWH van de Loo

Cooperations ECN ASM Levitech Tempress Meyer Burger Besi TU Delft SERIS (NUS)

Advanced Surface Passivation Schemes Prepared by Atomic Layer Deposition for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells PhD student | Postdoc BWH (Bas) van de Loo Project aim The majority of solar cells produced today (>90%), are based on crystalline silicon. This work focusses on the further development of c-Si solar cells using atomic layer deposition (ALD). Several functional materials that can be made by ALD increase the efficiencies of such cells. Current investigations in this project focus on ultra-thin layers which “passivate” defects at the Si surface and which can be employed in novel passivating contacts, which have been shown to reach high conversion efficiencies (>25%) in combination with simple processing.

Progress An interesting concept for c-Si solar cells is the ‘black Si’ surface texturing (see figure below). Due to the extreme surface roughness of black Si, the absorption of light in the solar cell approaches the fundamental Tiedje-Yablonovitch limit. Nevertheless, the large surface area of black Si pillar renders surface passivation challenging. A conformal coverage of the nanolayer over the surface of black Si is crucial for adequate passivation. One of the acomplishments of this project in the last year is a significant enhancement in implied-open circuit voltage of solar cell precursors using the removal of defects in the black Si pillars using an alkaline etch (c, d), and the use of SiO2/Al2O3 passivation stacks prepared by ALD (d, inset) instead of an Al2O3 single layer, which is the current standard.

Funded by TKI projects: ‘Nchanted’ and ‘IBChampion’

Funding % per money stream Industry 40 % Ministry of economic affairs 60 %

Start of the project 2012

Information BWH van de Loo T : +31 (0)40 247 4095 E : b.w.h.v.d.loo@tue.nl W : www.phys.tue.nl/pmp

Scientific publications B.W.H. van de Loo, H. C. M. Knoops, G. Dingemans, G.J.M. Janssen, M.W.P.E. Lamers, I.G. Romijn, A.W. Weeber, and W.M.M. Kessels, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, vol. 143, pp. 450–456, (2015). K.R.C. Mok & B.W.H. van de Loo, A.H.G. Vlooswijk, W.M.M. Kessels and L. K. Nanver, IEEE J. Photovoltaics, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1310–1318, (2015). J. Melskens, B. W. H. van de Loo, B. Macco, M. F. J. Vos, J. Palmans, S. Smit, W. M. M. Kessels, Proc. 42th IEEE PVSC, New Orleans, (2015). A.A. Mewe, P. Spinelli, A.R. Burgers, G.J.M. Janssen, N. Guillevin, B.W.H. van de Loo, W.M.M. Kessels, A.H.G. Vlooswijk, L.J. Geerligs, I. Cesar, Proc. 42th IEEE PVSC, New Orleans (2015). N. Guillevin, A.A. Mewe, P. Spinelli, A.R. Burgers, G.J.M. Janssen, B.W.H. van de Loo W.M.M. Kessels, A.H.G. Vlooswijk, L.J. Geerligs, and I. Cesar, Proc. 31st EU-PVSEC, Hamburg, (2015), pp. 976 – 982 K.R.C. Mok, A.H.G. Vlooswijk, B.W.H. van de Loo, H.C.M. Knoops, W.M.M. Kessels, J. Derakhshandeh, L.K. Nanver, proc. 29th EU-PVSEC, Amsterdam, (2014), pp. 863 – 866. G.J.M. Janssen, M. Koppes, Y. Komatsu, J. Anker, J. Liu, A. Gutjahr, A.A. Mewe, C.J.J. Tool, I.G. Romijn, O. Siarheyeva, M. Ernst, B.W.H. van de Loo, W.M.M. Kessels, proc. 29th EU-PVSEC, Amsterdam, (2014), pp. 812 – 815. D.S. Saynova, I.G. Romijn, I. Cesar, M.W.P.E. Lamers, A. Gutjahr, G. Dingemans, H.C.M. Knoops, B.W.H. van de Loo, W.M.M. Kessels, O. Siarheyeva, E. Granneman, L. Gautero, D.M. Borsa, P.R. Venema, A.H.G. Vlooswijk, proc. 28th EU-PVSEC, Paris, (2013), pp. 1188 – 1193.

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Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders WMM Kessels

Participants B Macco

Cooperations Roth & Rau Tempress TU Delft ECN Hanwha Q Cells

Funded by STW (with contributions from cooperation partners)

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Amorphous silicon growth kinetics and interface engineering for Si heterojunction solar cells PhD student | Postdoc B (Bart) Macco Project aim This project focuses on the development and optimization of functional contacts for solar cells, consisting of heterojunctions of (stacks of) atomically thin films with crystalline silicon (c-Si). There are a few key requirements for these films. Firstly, these thin films should serve as “membranes” to let either only electrons or holes pass through, which is achieved by a proper electronic band alignment. Secondly, the layers should have a good atomic contact to the atomic lattice of the c-Si wafer to avoid losses of charge carriers at defects located at the interface. Finally, a simultaneous high optical transparency and electrical conductivity is often desired, especially for layers that are to be used on the “sunny side” of the solar cell. The aim of this project is therefore to develop stacks of functional thin films that fullfil all these requirements, through detailed understanding of the material properties, interfaces, and employed deposition techniques.

Progress In this project, a process to deposit highly transparent and conductive thin films of hydrogen-doped indium oxide (In2O3:H) using atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been developed. (4) In fact, the combination of transparency and conductivity is near or at its fundamental physical limit, i.e. these films are “as good as it gets”. The excellent quality is attributed to a large crystal size and a nearperfect atomic lattice within these crystals, as can be found in publication (1). In the last year, new insights have been gained in the crystallization process, required to achieve such excellent properties, which have been summarized in the figure below. The key step is to embed small crystals during deposition, and to post-crystallize the film at 150-200 oC. Additionally, a lowtemperature ALD process for making high-quality MoOx has been developed (3), which is now being explored as a hole-selective membrane for Si solar cells.(2)

Start of the project 2012 (September)

Information B Macco T : +31 (0)40 247 4882 E : b.macco@tue.nl W : http://www.tue.nl/universiteit/ faculteiten/faculteit-tn/ de-faculteit/medewerkers/detail/ ep/e/d/ep-uid/20071578

Figure: Model of the crystal growth in In2O3:H. SEM images of corresponding samples are shown.

Scientific publications J. Melskens, B.W.H. van de Loo, B. Macco, M.F.J. Vos, J. Palmans, S. Smit, and W.M.M. Kessels, “Concepts and Prospects of Passivating Contacts for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells”, 42nd IEEE PVSC, New Orleans, (2015). B. Macco, H.C.M. Knoops and W.M.M. Kessels, “Electron Scattering and Doping Mechanisms in Solid-Phase-Crystallized In2O3:H Prepared by ALD“, ACS AMI, 7(30), 16723–16729 (2015). B. Macco, M.F.J. Vos, N.F.W. Thissen, A.A. Bol and W.M.M. Kessels, “Low temperature ALD of MoOx for silicon heterojunction solar cells“,Phys. Status Solidi - RRL., 9, 393-396 (2015). B. Macco, Y. Wu, D. Vanhemel, and W.M.M. Kessels, “High mobility In2O3:H TCOs prepared by ALD and solid phase crystallization“, Phys. Status Solidi - RRL. 8, 987 (2014). B. Macco, D. Deligiannis, S. Smit, R.A.C.M.M. van Swaaij, M. Zeman, and W.M.M. Kessels, “Influence of TCOs on passivation of a-Si:H/c-Si heterojunctions as studied by atomic layer deposited Al-doped ZnO”, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 29, 122001 (2014). B. Demaurex, J.P. Seif, S. Smit, B. Macco, W.M.M. Kessels, J. Geissbuhler, S. De Wolf, and C. Ballif, “Atomic-Layer-Deposited Transparent Electrodes for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells“, IEEE J. Photovoltaics 4, 1387 (2014). P. Spinelli, B. Macco, M. A. Verschuuren, W.M.M. Kessels, and A. Polman, “Al2O3/TiO2 nanopattern antireflection coating with ultralow surface recombination“, Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 233902 (2013). B. Macco, K. Sharma, W.M.M. Kessels, and M. Creatore, “Deposition of polycrystalline silicon for thin-film photovoltaics”, Nevac, 51(1), 6-11 (2013).

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Applied Physics Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion Project leaders F Roozeboom WMM Kessels Participants A Mameli Cooperations TNO/Holst Centre

Advanced atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes for energy applications PhD student | Postdoc A (Alfredo) Mameli Project aim The aim is to find solutions with impact on Energy and Environment, focussing on a better understanding of energy-enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) (e.g. plasma or light enhanced) and on identifying the unique advantages of advanced ALD processing such as area-selective ALD and the combination of ALD with templated substrates. The research focus is on the creation of plasmonic and/or metasurfaces structures for enhanced solar cell efficiency and optoelectronics. Typically, noble metals are used for plasmonics structures, whereas oxides can also function as metasurfaces. Structured materials are the key aspect for such applications. These can be fabricated starting from pre-etched template substrates, or by combining ALD with nano-imprint lithography (NIL), or they can be selectively grown using advanced ALD processes.

Progress Funded by TNO Funding % per money stream TNO 100 % Start of the project 2014 (May) Information A Mameli T : +31 (0)6 87505029 E : a.mameli@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/pmp

Dielectric/metal/dielectric (DMD) structures are currently being explored as transparent conductors for solar cells applications. Within this application area, a structure composed of MoO3/Ag/MoO3 was identified as transparent conductor for organic-based solar cells. We studied the wetting behavior of Ag deposited by spatial-ALD on Mo/MoO3 and found that an H2/N2 plasma pretreatment leads to an earlier closure of the Ag film, promising for this application. A novel directwrite ALD process was developed for depositing in an area-selective fashion In2O3:H, a transparent conductive oxide (TCO). This was obtained by combining a micro-plasma pre-treatment of the substrates with a standard ALD process for the growth of In2O3:H (Figure). This method allows us to grow in a bottom-up approach patterned TCO with lateral dimensions in the range of millimeters to hundreds of micrometers. Solutions for nanoscale patterning using e-beams and the like are currently being investigated.

Figure 1. Top: a) Silver grown by spatial ALD on bare Si, b) on Mo with native oxide, c) using an H2/N2 plasma pre-treatment. Bottom: Sketch of the direct-write ALD of In2O3:H 1) micro-plasma patterning step; 2) subsequent ALD half-reactions cycles and 3) overall direct-write process of TU/e logo onto a wafer (within dotted line).

Scientific publications -

132 |

Department Applied Physics Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders WMM Kessels

Participants J Melskens B Macco BWH van de Loo S Smit J Palmans MFJ Vos

Cooperations ECN Tempress Levitech Roth&Rau (MeyerBurger) TU Delft AMOLF Solmates

Funded by

Passivating Contacts for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: from Concepts and Materials to Prospects PhD student | Postdoc J (Jimmy) Melskens Project aim To further increase the conversion efficiency of crystalline silicon solar cells it is vital to reduce the recombination losses between the absorber and the metal electrodes. This is ideally achieved by fabricating a contact structure which passivates defects at the silicon surface while simultaneously being selective to extracting only one type of charge carrier, i.e. either electrons or holes, from the silicon. Among the recent extensive research efforts aimed at realizing such contacts, there is a clear and promising potential for metal oxides fabricated by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Therefore, an overview of various candidate materials for passivating contacts is investigated, including a classification of materials and solar cell structures in which they can be used. Design guidelines and future prospects will be investigated to enable the transition from materials research to an industrial application of passivating contacts in commercially produced solar cells.

Progress A theoretical framework for passivating contacts for crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells was first developed. The working mechanism of different possible contact configurations was reviewed, as summarized in the figure below. Although industrially standardized, making a contact carrierselective through doping, as shown in (a), the attainable solar cell efficiency is limited by the recombination losses introduced by the dopants. Alternatively, ALD metal oxides can be used to make passivating contacts based on band bending and/or band alignment (shown in (b) and (c)) while they can also be used in tunnel contacts (shown in (d) and (e)). The first results in the development of titanium oxide as electron-selective contact have already been obtained, which together with molybdenum oxide as hole-selective contact and hydrogenated indium oxide as transparent conductive oxide show a novel route towards higher solar cell conversion efficiencies.

RVO: TKI projects NChanted IBChampion Advanced Nanolayers Advanced n-Pasha (Antilope) COMPASS

Funding % per money stream RVO Industry

60 % 40 %

Start of the project 2014 (December)

Information J Melskens T : +31 (0)40 247 4882 E : j.melskens@tue.nl W: https://www.tue.nl/en/ university/departments/ applied-physics/research/ plasma-physics-and-radiationtechnology/plasma-andmaterials-processing-pmp/

Figure: Schematic idealized band diagrams for examples of contacts on an n-type c-Si wafer. These contacts can be made electron-selective (a) by introducing an n+ doping in the c-Si wafer, (b) by introducing an external source of band bending or (c) by introducing a band offset through a high bandgap material. The interface defect density at the c-Si surface (Dit) is indicated. ALD metal oxides can be used to create passivating contacts based on configurations (b) and/or (c). Furthermore, a tunneling contact can be created (d) by inserting an ultrathin, high bandgap dielectric between n-Si and another semiconductor with a proper work function, like ZnO:Al, to create a selectivity for holes or (e) by inserting such a tunnel oxide between n-Si and an amorphous/polycrystalline Si layer to create an electron-selective contact.

Scientific publications J. Melskens, B.W.H. van de Loo, B. Macco, M.F.J. Vos, J. Palmans, S. Smit, and W.M.M. Kessels, “Concepts and prospects of passivating contacts for crystalline silicon solar cells,” in Proceedings of the 42nd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA, 2015.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Nanocrystalline silicon at high-rate for multi-junction solar cells PhD student | Postdoc J (Jurgen) Palmans Project aim

J Palmans LW Veldhuizen T Faraz

The overall objective is to develop high quality/uniformity plasma-deposited nc-Si:H layers, exhibiting high absorption and low band-gap, necessary for the implementation of nc-Si:H in thin film tandem solar cells. This objective is supported by an extensive in situ (real time) diagnostic approach, including plasma and plasma-surface interaction studies. The results achieved within these studies will be discussed and coupled to material characteristics of Si thin films. Here the focus is on the development of high rate a- and nc-Si:H for high efficiency tandem solar cells. The role of substrate nature and topography, as induced by novel concepts, e.g. nano-imprint lithography, will be covered. Furthermore, the project will provide a platform for the implementation of these wellcontrolled Si thin-films in crystalline silicon solar cells where interface aspects like surface passivation as defined by the material choice and topography, become prevailing.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders WMM Kessels M Creatore

Participants

University of Utrecht OM&T

Funded by NanoNextNL

Funding % per money stream University 53.5 % STW 46.5 %

Initial growth studies of nc-Si:H layers in relation with substrate nature and topography have been conducted. Crystalline volume fraction (Xc) and microstructure parameter (R*) have been derived, revealing strong correlations. Not only has enhanced nucleation on AZO surfaces been identified, but also the strong impact of random and periodic topographies, as induced by nano-imprint lithography, has been explored. With topography, a reduced Xc up to ~20% was found while R* revealed limited impact. The main origin hereof has been identified as a reduced plasma-surface interaction thereby suppressing the crystallization process. This refers to ion-to-growth flux ratios and ion energies requiring thresholds to be exceeded for crystallization to occur. Last, the atomic hydrogen flux, the driving force for nc-Si:H growth, was reduced from 3.1x1019 part/cm2s to 3.3x1018 part/cm2s upon increasing topography also suggesting a suppressed crystallization process.

Start of the project 2011

Public defense scheduled for 2016.

Information M Creatore T : +31 (0)40 247 4223 E : m.creatore@tue.nl W : http://www.phys.tue.nl/pmp/

Crystalline volume fraction (%)

100

Glass/AZO Cups/AZO Random/AZO Pyramids/AZO

0 1

SiH4 flow rate (sccm)

Figures: Left) Overview of applied structures for Si growth studies using the following NIL substrate topography: random texture with feature height of 350-1400 nm, pyramids with period of 800 nm and feature height of 130-170 nm. Right) Topography dependent evolution of Xc.

Scientific publications J. Palmans, W.M.M. Kessels and M. Creatore “Plasma-surface interaction during low pressure microcrystalline silicon thin film growth”, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 47, 224003, 2014. A.C. Bronneberg, X. Kang, J. Palmans, P.H.J. Janssen, T. Lorne, M. Creatore and M.C.M. van de Sanden “Direct ion flux measurements under high-pressure-depletion conditions employed for microcrystalline silicon deposition”, Journal of Applied Physics, 114, 063305, 2013. G. Aresta, J. Palmans, M. C. M. van de Sanden and M. Creatore “Initiated-chemical vapor deposition of organosilicon layers: Monomer adsorption, bulk growth, and process window definition”, Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A, 30 (4) 2012. G. Aresta, J. Palmans, M. C. M. van de Sanden and M. Creatore “Evidence of the filling of nanoporosity in SiO2-like layers by an initiated-CVD monomer”, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 151, 434-439, 2012.

134 |

Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders M Creatore

Participants A Perrotta

Cooperations Prof. Gleason (MIT) Prof. Graham (GATech)

Looking down the rabbit hole: impact of porosity in the (in)organic layers on the performance of moisture permeation multi-layer barriers PhD student | Postdoc A (Alberto) Perrotta Project aim This research project aims to investigate the relation between the microstructure (i.e., meso/microporosity) of the layers composing a moisture permeation barrier system, the intrinsic barrier properties of the system and the control on the pinhole density in (flexible) OLED and OPV devices. The project pursues: 1 – The identification of the (open) porosity defining the microstructure of the inorganic layer in terms of size (micro/mesoporosity), size distribution and chemical affinity with the permeant molecule for single/multi barrier solutions; 2 – The identification of the permeant diffusion modes through single/multi barrier layers, as opposite to the ideal solubility/diffusion mode generally adopted; 3 – The influence of the organic and inorganic layer growth (mechanism) on the multilayer barrier properties in terms of conformality and pinhole encapsulation.

Funded by Progress

DPI/NWO

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (November)

Information A Perrotta T : +31 (0)40 247 4095 E : a.perrotta@tue.nl W: http://phys.tue.nl/pmp/

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and ellipsometric porosimetry (EP) analysis are carried out on thin SiO2 barrier layers deposited by plasma enhanced-CVD. The layer nanoporosity is characterized with EP using water as probe molecule. The layer capacitance has been determined by EIS, modelling the impedance data with the proper equivalent circuit. A strong linear correlation between the nano-porosity and the values of the electrical components used in the fitting procedure of the EIS data has been obtained, suggesting the direct calculation of open nano-porosity from an EIS fit. Moreover, differently from ellipsometry-based techniques, EIS data are shown to be sensitive to the presence of local macro-defects, inferring its possible use for the prediction of the barrier performance with the calcium test.

Figure: Ellipsometric porosimetry (a) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (b) characterization of single PE-CVD SiO2 barrier layers, showing the sensitivity of EIS towards the detection of macroscale defects.

Scientific publications A. Perrotta, S. J. Garcia, M. Creatore, Plasma Processes and Polymers, 2015, 12, 968. A. Perrotta, S. J. Garcia, J. J. Michels, M. Creatore, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2015, 7, 15968. M. Creatore, A. Perrotta, Plasma Enhanced-Chemical Vapor Deposited Polymers: Plasma Phase Reactions, Plasma–Surface Interactions, and Film Properties, in CVD Polymers, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015. A. Perrotta, E.R.J. van Beekum, G. Aresta, P. van de Weijer, M.C.M. van de Sanden, W.M.M. Kessels, M. Creatore, Thin Solid Films, 2015, 595, 251. A. Perrotta, E.R.J. van Beekum, G. Aresta, A. Jagia, W. Keuning, M.C.M. van de Sanden, W.M.M. Kessels, M. Creatore, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2014, 188, 163.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders J Gomez Rivas

Participants M Ramezani A Halpin

Cooperations FJ Garcia Vidal, University of Autonoma, Madrid MA Verschuuren, Philips

PhD student | Postdoc M (Mohammad) Ramezani Project aim Strong coupling of light and matter has been the topic of vast scientific investigations in the past decades due to the fascinating properties of the resulting hybridized system. One of the interesting properties of such a system is the possibility of stimulated boson scattering due to the matter characteristic of the hybrid quasi-particles. Stimulated scattering leads to the observation of phenomena such as lasing without inversion along with the emission of coherent light. In general, the observation of such behavior requires the complicated fabrication of semiconductor microcavities that induce strong coupling. Furthermore, most of these effects are reported at cryogentic temperatures. The goal of this project is to investigate stimulated boson scattering and exciton-polariton lasing at room temperature by combining plasmonic lattices with organic fluorescent molecules. This research will lead to efficient and low etendue light sources that could be used in solid state lighting applications, such as in projection, or as coherent light sources to enhance light absorption in materials for photolysis.

Progress

Funded by FOM-Philips IPP Nanophotonics for Solid State Lighting

Funding % per money stream FOM STW Industry

Nonlinear interaction of Plasmon-Exciton-Polaritons at room temperature

25 % 50 % 25 %

This project started at 15 January 2015. The first steps were to find proper organic molecules along with the suitable plasmonic lattice. Different optical characterization techniques including timecorrelated single photon counting, optical extinction and angle resolved photoluminescence have been employed to study and optimize the samples in the linear and nonlinear regime. The first measurements showing plasmon-exciton-polariton lasing have been also done.

Start of the project 2015 (January)

Information M Ramezani T : +31 (0)6 28192820 E : m.ramezani@differ.nl W: www.differ.nl

Figure: Extinction measurements of the array of metallic antenna (Left) in the absence of molecular excitons and (Right) in the presence of the molecular excitons. The appearance strong coupling can be seen in the splitting due to the hybridization of molecular excitons and the plamonic resonance at k = 7.

Scientific publications -

136 |

Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

A plasma-enhanced CVD reactor for the production of thin film solar cells PhD student | Postdoc T (Tafizur) Rehman Project aim

A proper understanding of the plasma processes that are used for the production of thin-film solar cells is paramount for more cost-effective, durable and efficient device manufacturing. In a previous project that was carried out in cooperation with Energie Centrum Nederland (ECN) and the Stichting Technische Wetenschappen (STW), researchers at Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e) have investigated the hydrogen/silane microwave plasma that is used to deposit so-called passivation layers. The bewildering number of species that are produced in such plasma complicated the analysis of the experimental results and rendered a full three-dimensional simulation of this plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition reactor impossible. The present project aims at solving this problem by introducing chemical reduction techniques that have been developed in the context of combustion engineering into the realm of plasma physics. Such techniques preserve all the important chemical features of the system, while drastically reducing the number of species that need to be dealt with explicitly. This will allow detailed multi-physics simulations of the reactor.

Funded by

Progress

Project leaders GMW Kroesen J van Dijk

Participants T Rehman DB Mihailova WAAD Graef

Cooperations

Shell CSER Programme

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information

The adoption of chemical reduction techniques and their incorporation in the existing Plasimo plasma simulation platform requires the development of large amounts of support code. In the past 2 years we have investigated and implemented one of the chemical reduction technique, namely the Intrinsic Low Dimensional Manifold (ILDM). It has been verified by benchmarking it against a number of well-established test cases, such as Zel'dovich models for air. The application of the ILDM technique to systems involving charged species was initiated at the begining of the year. ILDM technique is used to simplify an argon plasma containig 78 species (levels). The technique will be further used to simplify the hydrogen system, and the complex hydrogen-silane chemistry relevant for the growth of thin film silicon solar cell.

T Rehman T : +31 40-247 5765 E : t.rehman@tue.nl W: http://plasimo.phys.tue.nl

Figure: Photograph of a single "plasmaline" in a peCVD reactor (PhD thesis Hubner, TU/e 2014)

Scientific publications Rehman T., Peerenboom K.S.C., Graef W.A.A.D, Kemaneci E.H., & Dijk J. van (2015), Application of Intrinsic Low Dimensional Manifold method for simplifying plasma chemistry, Proceedings of the 22nd International Symposium on Plasma Chemistry(ISPC), July 5-10, 2015, Antwerp, Belgium. Rehman T., Peerenboom K.S.C., Graef W.A.A.D, Kemaneci E.H., & Dijk J. van (2015), Application of ILDM for simplifying complex plasma chemistry, Proceedings of the 68th Annual Gasseous Electronics Conference (GEC), 12-16 October, Honolulu, USA. Rehman T., Graef W.A.A.D, Kemaneci E.H., & Dijk J. van (2015), Simplifying Plasma Chemistry via ILDM, Proceedings of the INERA Conference Light in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (LNN), 1922 October, Hissar, Bulgaria.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders WMM Kessels

Participants S Smit C van Helvoirt

Cooperations ECN Tempress Hanwha QCells Oxford Instruments TU Delft

Advanced Interface Engineering for Si Heterojunction Solar Cells PhD student | Postdoc S (Sjoerd) Smit Project aim This project aims at increasing the functionality and improving the performance of Si heterojunction solar cells by exploring approaches which are novel to the field. This is done by introducing new material systems; extending the available thin film preparation methods and using advanced interface analysis techniques.

Progress A new theoretical method for the optimization of solar cells has been developed, called Variational Entropy Generation Minimization (VEGM). In traditional solar cell modeling, the researcher has to design the solar cell; the model will then predict the efficiency of that particular design. This means that optimizing the design is a matter of trial-and-error. These models are therefore efficiencypredictive. VEGM differs from efficieny-predictive models, because it can predict the most efficient cell design immediately from the physical constraints that have been imposed by the physics and the choice of materials for the solar cell. VEGM is therefore a design-predictive method. Public defense scheduled for June 14, 2016.

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2011

Information S Smit T : +31 (0)40 247 4919 E : s.smit@tue.nl

Figure: A band diagram calculation of a typical silicon solar cell. The color map shows the entropy production rate, which gives detailed local information on where the solar cell is losing most of its output power.

Scientific publications B. Demaurex, J.P. Seif, S. Smit, B. Macco, W.M.M.E. Kessels, J. Geissbuhler, et al., Atomic-LayerDeposited Transparent Electrodes for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells, IEEE J. Photovoltaics. 4 (2014) 1387–1396. B. Williams, S. Smit, B.J. Kniknie, K.J. Bakker, W. Keuning, W.M.M. Kessels, et al., Identifying parasitic current pathways in CIGS solar cells by modelling dark JV response, Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl. (2014), accepted for publication. D. Garcia-Alonso, S. Smit, S. Bordihn, W.M.M. Kessels, Silicon passivation and tunneling contact formation by atomic layer deposited Al2O3/ZnO stacks, Semiconductor Science and Technology 28 (2013) 082002. S. Smit, D. Garcia-Alonso, S. Bordihn, M.S. Hanssen, W.M.M. Kessels, Metal-oxide-based holeselective tunneling contacts for crystalline silicon solar cells, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, in press (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2013.06.016).

138 |

Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders REI Schropp WMM Kessels

Hot wire chemical vapor deposition for silicon and silicongermanium thin films and solar cells PhD student LW (Pim) Veldhuizen Project aim This project focuses on the fabrication and characterization of silicon and silicon-germanium thin films and solar cells that use hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) as deposition method. The research is performed with industrial application in mind, focusing on a high deposition throughput by minimizing film thicknesses and using high deposition rates.

Progress Participants

The deposition process of hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium (a-SiGe:H) is optimized by fabricating films under various conditions and studying their composition, bonding configurations as well as optical and electronic properties. The optimized films with a particularly low band gap are used in single and multijunction solar cells. Due to the possibility to deposit conformally, solutionprocessed grown zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods can be used as substrate (figure). The solar cells show increased absorption and carrier extraction compared to solar cells on a reference texture. Cooperations Energy Center of the Netherlands (ECN) Additionally, highly stable multibandgap triple junction solar cells were fabricated with all absorber layers deposited by HWCVD within 15 minutes. These results help to demonstrate that HWCVD is a Electronics and Telecommunications viable deposition method for the fabrication of low-cost solar cells. Research Institute (ETRI, Republic of Korea) LW Veldhuizen Y Kuang CHM van der Werf (ECN)

Funded by NanonextNL

Funding % per money stream University 25 % NWO 50 % Industry 25 %

Start of the project 2011 (November)

Information LW Veldhuizen T : +31 (0)6 10971400 E : l.w.veldhuizen@tue.nl

Figure: Top-view (a, b) and cross-sectional (c) SEM images of an a-Si:H/a-SiGe:H tandem device on a ZnO nanorod substrate. A schematic band diagram (d) displays the position of the valence band EV, conduction band EC and Fermi level EF, in the solar cell under short circuit conditions. The p/n tunnel recombination junction (TRJ) between the a-Si:H cell and the a-SiGe:H cell allows the electrons (e-) and holes (h+) to recombine effectively.

Scientific publications L.W. Veldhuizen, Y. Kuang, N.J. Bakker, C.H.M. van der Werf, S.J. Yun and R.E.I. Schropp, Hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium by Hot Wire CVD as an alternative for microcrystalline silicon in tandem and triple junction solar cells, MRS Proceedings 1666. L.W. Veldhuizen, C.H.M. van der Werf, Y. Kuang, N.J. Bakker, S.J. Yun and R.E.I. Schropp, Optimization of hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium thin films and solar cells deposited by hot wire chemical vapor deposition, Thin Solid Films 595, 226-230. Y. Kuang, M.C. van Lare, L.W. Veldhuizen, A. Polman, J.K. Rath and R.E.I. Schropp, Efficient nanorodbased amorphous silicon solar cells with advanced light trapping, Journal of Applied Physics 118 (18), 185307. L.W. Veldhuizen, Y. Kuang, R.E.I. Schropp, Ultrathin tandem solar cells on nanorod morphology with 35-nm thick hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium bottom cell absorber layer, accepted for publication in Solar Energy Materials and Solar cells.

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Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders M Tsampas

Participants G Zafeiropoulos T Stoll

Cooperations -

Novel photoelectrochemical cells with polymeric membrane electrolytes PhD student | Postdoc G (Georgios) Zafeiropoulos Project aim My research focuses on the development of porous photoanodes made by anodization of Ti substrates (composed of a web of microfibers) for the development of TiO2 photoelectrodes that can be used in novel cells with polymeric membrane electrolyte and gas phase reactants. Studies are concentrated on the optimization of two fabrication process (i) electrochemical anodization (as a function of anodization time, composition of the electrolyte) and (ii) annealing (as a function of temperature and time). The anodization of these electrodes, aims to TiO2 nanotubes synthesis which are excellent for the separation of the photoinduced electron-holes pairs (figure). The annealing process of unmodified samples was initially selected for comparison reasons but resulted in interesting results.

Progress -

Funded by NWO

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (September)

Information G Zafeiropoulos E : g.zafeiropoulos@differ.nl

Figure: Titanium oxide nanotubes arrays.

Scientific publications -

140 |

Department

NANOMATCELL

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders M Creatore

Participants V Zardetto MWW Kessels

PhD student | Postdoc V (Valerio) Zardetto Project aim The objective of the project consists of investigating ultra-thin metal oxide films synthetized by means of atomic layer deposition (ALD). The aim is the passivation of the surface of the nanostructured novel electron acceptor for hybrid solid state solar cells devices. The investigation included electron acceptors based on chalcogenide (Bi2S3) nanocrystals and nanowires, or TiO2 nanoparticles. The complex 3D geometries of the electron acceptors requires novel designs of ALD processes of the selected metal oxides. In addition, low temperature ALD (T ≤ 150 C) of selected metal oxides is included in the investigation with the purpose of developing processes compatibles with thermally sensitive layers of the device.

Progress Cooperations Imperial College London Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne Institut De Ciences and Fotonique G24i Power

Funded by ENERGY.2012.10.2.1 (grant agreement no. 308997)

The investigations carried out in the last year led to the optimization of low temperature ALD process parameters in order to obtain a sub-nanometer control of the growth of Al2O3 film on TiO2 nanoparticles for perovskite solar cells. The results exclude the contribution of CVD during the ALD growth. We accomplished to deposit a homogeneous ALD Al2O3 passivation layer over a complex 3D mesoscopic anatase TiO2 structure. The interfacial charge transfer dynamics were deeply investigated via electrochemical impedance and transient absorption spectroscopy analysis. We found that 1 ALD cycle (0.1 nm) improved the overall performance of the solar cell (+30%) compared to devices without the passivation layer. Increasing the number of ALD cycles (and thus the thickness of the passivation layer), a drastic reduction of the performance was observed.

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2013

Information V Zardetto T : +31 (0)40 247 5617 E : v.zardetto@tue.nl W: http://nanomatcell.icfo.eu/ http://www.phys.tue.nl/pmp/ Figure: EDX maps on 180 nm TiO2 mesoporous layer (typically used for perovskite solar cells) with 10 cycles of ALD Al2O3 passivation layer. In a) distribution of titanium content; in b) distribution of aluminium content, and in c) the combination of the two elements.

Scientific publications V. Zardetto, F. Di Giacomo, M.A. Mohammed, G. Lucarelli, S. Razza, A. D’Epifanio, S. Licoccia, W.M.M. Kessels, A. Di Carlo, T.M. Brown, M. Creatore, “Opportunities of Atomic Layer Deposition for Perovskite Solar Cells”, ECS Transactions, 2015, 69, 15-22 Y. Cao, M. Bernechea, A. Maclachlan, V. Zardetto, M. Creatore, S.A. Haque, G. Konstantatos, “Solution Processed Bismuth Sulfide Nanowire Array Core/Silver Sulfide Shell Solar Cells”, Chemistry of Materials, 2015, 10, 3700

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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142 |

3.3 Research projects □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

URBAN ENERGY: advances energy innovation in the built environment

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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144 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders W Zeiler

Participants KO Aduda G Boxem Y Zhao

Cooperations Kropman Installatietechniek Almende BV CVI

Smart Grid - BEMS: the art of optimizing The connection between comfort demand and energy supply PhD student | Postdoc KO (Kennedy) Aduda Project aim The project aims at developing a new generation Building Energy Management System with improved capacity for comfort and smart electrical energy management. This is crucial taken that buildings in the changing electricity supply chain management at low voltage levels must be able to act as generators in addition to the traditional role as loads (see figure). The project aim will be achieved by: (1) identifying and quantifying electrical energy flexibility in building processes and operations, and (2) integrating the identified flexibility in building management for smart scenarios during interactions with electrical power grid using. The second objective will be achieved using multi-agent systems (MAS) approach; this approach allows for easy integration of user activity level and behaviour apart from ensuring near real-time/dynamic intelligence that is essential in flexible operations.

Progress The study has been able to quantify the full range of load flexibility from all the comfort systems in the test building.

Funded by RVO (Rijksdienst Voor Ondernemend Nederland) within the TKI Switch2SmartGrid program

Funding % per money stream TKI

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (March)

Information W Zeiler T : +31 (0)40 247 3714 E : w.zeiler@tue.nl W: http://www.tue.nl/en/university/ departments/built-environment/ staff/detail/ep/e/d/ep-uid/ 20012047/

Figure: The place of Building Energy Management Systems in harnessing electrical energy flexibility, focus on the changing electricity supply chain management at Low Voltage Levels, adapted from IEADSM 2008.

Scientific publications Labeodan, T., Aduda, K., Boxem, G., & Zeiler, W. (2015). On the application of multi-agent systems in buildings for improved building operations, performance and smart grid interaction–A survey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50, 1405-1414. Aduda, K. O., Vink, W., Boxem, G., Zhao, Y., & Zeiler, W. (2015, June). Evaluating cooling zonal set point temperature operation strategies for peak load reduction potential: Case based analysis of an office building. InPowerTech, 2015 IEEE Eindhoven (pp. 1-5). IEEE. Aduda, K.O., Boxem, G., Thomassen, Thomas, Thomassen, T.P.W. & Zeiler, W. (2015). Adaptability of office buildings for improved energy intelligence: a case analysis for operations in electrical power grid. Proceedings 7th SuDBE (pp. 1-8).

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Fate of Forgotten Fuel

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc HY (Yigit) Akargün Project aim

LMT Somers NJ Dam

The investigation of the burn-out phase: the late combustion of “forgotten fuel”, left-overs from the main heat release in the classical diesel combustion (CDC) regime. The numerical part of the project will focus on testing and extending the Flamelet-Generated Manifold (FGM) approach towards the burn-out phase. For that purpose the FGM method will be applied in a Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) framework and validation studies will be performed for spray-A case of the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) and measurements on the D5 optical engine available at our section.

Participants

Progress

HY Akargün PC Bakker BH Johansson

FGM solutions are validated against detailed chemistry ones for 1D igniting flames at spray-A like conditions. While FGM table generated at a particular strain rate predicts ignition delay accurately at that strain rate, its accuracy decreases as the strain rate changes. So, multiple FGM tables are generated at various strain rates and by interpolating between these reduced chemistry tables, good accuracy obtained for a complete range of conditions (Figure, left). A LES of spray-A is performed by using FGM chemistry. Numerical results agree qualitatively with the experimental data, but more simulations need to be performed in order to obtain better averaged fields. Also, initial results suggest that the effect of the local strain rate needs to be incorporated as well.

Project leaders

Cooperations Shell DAF TNO Lund University Imperial College Sandia National Laboratories IFP-EN

Funded by STW Shell

Funding % per money stream STW Shell

51 % 49 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information HY Akargün T : +31 (0)6 30368917 E : h.y.akargun@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/combustion

Figure: Ignition delay changing with strain rate in 1D counter-flow diffusion flame (left) and contour slice of OH mass fraction in 3D LES computation using FGM (right).

Scientific publications -

146 |

Department

Heat2Control

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc B (Berşan) Akkurt Project aim

LPH de Goey M Steinbuch

This research project focusses on the development of new modelling approaches for high Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) diesel combustion concepts with multiple injection fueling systems, which is seen as an essential step towards future Reactivity Controlled Combustion Ignition (RCCI) concepts. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) – Flamelet Generated Manifold (FGM) model, which will be extended for these injection strategies, will be validated with experimental data for Spray A case from Engine Combustion Network (ECN).

Participants

Progress

B Akkurt X Luo LMT Somers FPT Willems

The primary interest of combustion modelling in this project is to validate the FGM method for combustion modeling with double injection Spray-A case from ECN. The non-reacting case is a necessary validation step for the spray model before modeling the combustion. The figure shows how accurate the fuel vapor penetration is modeled numerically. The next step is adding the combustion model. Currently, CFD code is being modified for the FGM implementation of the combustion chemistry.

Project leaders

Cooperations DAF Trucks Sensata TNO Delphi

Funded by STW TNO Sensata DAF Delphi

Funding % per money stream STW TNO Sensata DAF Delphi

63.5 % 19.5 % 8.1 % 5.1 % 3.8 %

Start of the project 2014 (November)

Information B Akkurt T : +31 (0)6 41401833 E : b.akkurt@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl

Figure: Comparison of the penetration of the fuel (C12H26) vapor between the experiment (blue) and CFD model (orange) in 2D for Spray-A non-reacting case to validate the spray model

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HJH Brouwers

Participants Q Alam V Caprai K Schollbach

Funded by Heros Sluiskil ASCEM ENCI Hess Group Eerland Bouwstoffen Management Kijlstra Betonmortel

Environmental concretes based on treated MSWI bottom ashes PhD student | Postdoc Q (Qadeer) Alam Project aim Anually 1 million tons of Municipal Solid Waste Inceineration (MSWI) bottom ash is produced in the Netherlands. Due to the increasing cost and stringent regulations imposed on the landfilling of these incineration residues, alertnative utilization options are being investigated. Currently, these ashes are employed as a filler in low grade applications such as road bases and noise barriers. The main objective of this project is to achieve a deeper understanding of these residues in order to develop treatments, which can facilitate upgradating of this material in the normal concrete and aerated autoclaved concerete.

Progress Currently, high concentrations of the chlorides and trace metals hinder the application of these residues. So, in order to bring these contaminants under the limit established by the Dutch legislation, a washing treatment is being investigated. Different modes of washing are under investigation with respect to different parameters such as washing time, liquid to soild ratio, etc. Due to the high solubility of the chlorides present in the bottom ash, washing time does not have a large influence on the leaching of chlorides. The amounts of metals and chlorides removed by this washing procedure are determind by employing Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and argentometry, respectively.

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

70 % 30 %

Start of the project 2015 (July)

Information Q Alam T : +31 (0)40 247 5795 E : q.alam@tue.nl

Figure: Chloride content removed from the large (1-4 mm) and medium (0.125-1 mm) fraction of the BA by varying washing durations, from 3 min to 60 min and 72 hours at L/S 10 (expressed in mg/kg of dry BA).

Scientific publications -

148 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders V Hessel Q Wang

Participants A Anastasopoulou BS Patil

Cooperations Evonik Indutries, Germany DIFFER, Netherlands C-TECH Innovation Limited, UK Fraunhofer ICT-IMM, Germany University of Hull Royal Charter, UK

Funded by EU MAPSYN - FP-7 CP-IP 309376

Funding % per money stream EU

Process Design for Nitrogen Fixation Reactions via Energy, Cost and Life-Cycle Analysis PhD student | Postdoc A (Aikaterini) Anastasopoulou Project aim The project aims at developing a sustainable industrial process design for a new way of processing the nitrogen fixation reactions enabled by plasma technology. The reactions of nitrogen (from air) to ammonia (NH3) and nitric oxide (NO) are considered and respective end-to-end process design is proposed differing fundamentally from the large-scale industrial processes. Considering the burdened CO2 emission and energy profile of the conventional ammonia and nitric acid (HNO3) manufacture, the need to embrace a holistic approach towards the advancement of “green” chemical processes is imperative. Upon these facts, process simulations of plasma-assisted ammonia and nitric oxide are conducted in ASPEN Plus tool and detailed Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and economic evaluation studies are provided. The results of this research will generate critical insights into the commercialization of plasma technology in the field of fertilizer production.

Progress The project is in its fourth year. Industrial scale process design and simulations for both plasmaassisted NH3 and HNO3-the synthesis of NO comprises an intermediate step of this chemical process- syntheses have been completed in ASPEN Plus software. Heat integration has been implemented. An ex-ante LCA analysis of the plasma-assisted nitric acid synthesis has been conducted in Umberto NXT LCA software for different design options and the environmental profile has been compared with the corresponding of the conventional production route. The economic performance of the plasma-assisted nitric acid has also been evaluated against different process design scenarios.

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (December)

Information Q Wang T : +31 (0)40 247 8290 E : q.wang@tue.nl W : www.chem.tue.nl/scr

Figure: Process flow-sheet of plasma-assisted HNO3 synthesis.

Scientific publications Anastasopoulou, A., Butala, S., Lang, J., Hessel, V., & Wang, Q. (2015) Life Cycle Assessment of Nitrogen Fixation Process Assisted by Plasma Technology and Incorporating Renewable Energy. Anastasopoulou, A., Wang, Q., Hessel, V., & Lang, J. (2014). Energy Considerations for PlasmaAssisted N-Fixation Reactions. Processes, 2(4), 694–710. doi:10.3390/pr2040694. Hessel, V., Anastasopoulou, a., Wang, Q., Kolb, G., & Lang, J. (2013). Energy, catalyst and reactor considerations for (near)-industrial plasma processing and learning for nitrogen-fixation reactions. Catalysis Today, 211, 9–28. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2013.04.005.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Urban Thermo Fluid Dynamics and Sustainable Urban Design

Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc N (Nestoras) Antoniou Project aim

N Antoniou H Montazeri (KU Leuven)

This research project aims at investigating the impact of urban morphology on the air flow pattern and air exchanged in dense urban areas using full-scale measuremntes, wind-tunnel experiments and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. This research project will be excuted in three parts: In the first part of the research, on-site and wind-tunnel measurements are performed for the urban historical core center of Nicosia old town. The second part of the research is to develop and validate a CFD model to investigate the wind flow pattern and air temperature distributions in the same urban area. The measurement data, obtained in the first part, will be used for CFD validation. Finally, a parametric analysis will be performed to investigate the impact of different computational parameters on the accuracy of CFD simulaitions for such applications. Based on the obtained results, guidelines and recommendations will be developed and standardized.

Cooperations

Progress

University of Cyprus

A high-resolution computational grid was made for the area of interest. The procedure was executed with the aid of the pre-processor Gambit 2.4.6, resulting in a grid with about 13.4 million hexahedral cells (Fig. 1b). A CFD validation study was performed based on wind-tunnel measurements of wind speed at 1261 points for a reduced-scale model of the same area. 3D steady RANS equations were solved in combination with the realizable k-ε turbulence model. The results show that steady RANS can accurately reproduce the mean wind speed distributions. The average deviations from the wind-tunnel measurements is within 10%.

Project leaders BJE Blocken M Neophytou (University of Cyprus)

Participants

Funded by TU/e University of Cyprus

Funding % per money stream Industry University

50 % 50 %

Start of the project 2013 (January)

Information N Antoniou T : +357 2289 4574 E : n.antoniou@tue.nl antoniou.nestoras@ucy.ac.cy

Figure: (a) Aerial view of the computational geometry. (b) Computational grid. (c) Aerial view of selected area in Nicosia center and (d) CFD analysis of velocity contours at 2 m elevation from ground.

Scientific publications -

150 |

Department

High-Power DC-DC Converter

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc NH (Nico) Baars Project aim

EA Lomonova

This project is related to energy conversion by means of power electronics. The research is focussed on high-power dc-dc converters for a wide range of applications such as an auxiliary power unit in rail vehicles or a fast battery charger for electric vehicles. The goal of this project is to optimize the energy conversion efficiency and the power density by investigating different transformer winding configurations and utilizing multi-level topologies.

Participants

Progress

NH Baars J Everts CGE Wijnands

The impact of different transformer winding configurations is theorectical investigated and supported by experimental measurements, see figure 1. Furthermore, a high-power prototype with a multi-level topology is designed and currently being built, see figure 2, to verify the theorectical analysis and demonstrate the efficiency and power density.

Project leaders

Cooperations Punch Powertrain LMS Imagine Siemens Industry Software Prodrive Tekshift Technical University of Cluj-Napoca Eindhoven University of Technology

Funded by ARMEVA project

Funding % per money stream EU

60 %

Start of the project 2013 (October)

Information NH Baars T : +31 (0)40 247 3566 E : n.h.baars@tue.nl W: http://www.armeva-project.eu

Figure 1: Experimantal setup for investigating the impact of different transformer winding configurations.

Figure 2: Progress of the high-power dc-dc converter prototype.

Scientific publications N.H. Baars, J. Everts, C.G.E. Wijnands, and E.A. Lomonova, "Impact of different transformer-winding configurations on the performance of a three-phase dual active bridge DC-DC converter," in Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2015 IEEE , 20-24 Sept. 2015., pp.637-644. N.H. Baars, J. Everts, C.G.E. Wijnands, and E.A. Lomonova, "Performance Evaluation of a ThreePhase Dual Active Bridge DC-DC Converter with Different Transformer Winding Configurations," in Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol.PP, no.99, pp.1-1.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

SMART Project

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders S Weiland M Diehl (KU Leuven) B Pluymers (IPCOS)

Participants AA Bachnas R Tóth

Cooperations IPCOS KU Leuven

Funded by

PhD student | Postdoc AA (Ahmad Alrianes) Bachnas Project aim Over the past decades, Advanced Process Control (APC) has become the technique of choice for online stabilization and optimization of, among others, chemical production processes. The installation of an APC system typically results in a 1-10% improvement in the main optimization goal, such as increased throughput, improved quality control or reduced total or unit energy consumption, without requiring any investment in additional process hardware. Hence, an APC system can be seen as a favorable and durable investment. This project aims at developing a set of breakthrough Advanced Process Control (APC) technologies aimed at drastically reduced total cost of ownership, by means of more streamlined implementation and automatic maintenance.

Progress We investigate a possible solution to this problem by integrating a flexible predictor model that utilizes orthonormal basis functions (OBFs). The OBFs model structure offers a tradeoff of either adaptation of the expansion coefficient or the basis functions of the model. From our recent investigation, we have shown that this adaptation can mitigate plant-model mismatch and can help to prolong the lifetime of the APC. Moreover, since OBFs model structures can be seen as a generalization of FIR model structures, the wide application of FIR model in APC is another appealing reason for the proposed model.

Eurostars Eureka

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (February)

Information AA Bachnas T : +31 (0)40 247 8133 E : a.a.bachnas@tue.nl W: http://www.cs.ele.tue.nl

Figure: Scheme of data-driven predictive model based on Orthonormal Basis Functions.

Scientific publications Bacnas, A. A., Weiland, S. Toth, R. Data Driven Predictive Control Based on Orthonormal Basis Functions. Proceedings of the 54th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 15-18 December 2015, Osaka, Japan, (pp 3026-3031). Bachnas, A.A., Toth, R., Mesbah, A. & Ludlage, J.H.A. (2014). A review on data-driven linear parameter-varying modeling approaches: A high-purity distillation column case study. Journal of Process Control, 24(4), 272-285. in Web of Science Cited 0 times Bachnas, A.A., Toth, R., Mesbah, A. & Ludlage, J.H.A. (2013). Perspectives of data-driven LPV modeling of high-purity distillation columns. Conference Paper : Proceedings of the European Control Conference, 17-19 July 2013, Zurich, Switzerland, (pp. 3776-3783). Zurich.

152 |

Department

Fate of Forgotten Fuel

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders LMT Somers NJ Dam

PhD student | Postdoc PC (Peter-Christian) Bakker Project aim Diesel engines loose valuable efficiency points because of the relatively long burn-out phase. To study this in more detail, sophisticated laser diagnostic techniques will be developed and applied. The goal is to provide an improved fundamental understanding of the fate of this late-burning fuel, to improve engine efficiency by more economic use of the injected fuel, and to complete the last steps towards a full numerical engine combustion model (PhD H.Y. Akargün).

Progress Participants PC Bakker HY Akargün

Cooperations DAF Trucks TNO Delphi Shell Global Solutions

Throughout the last year considerable efforts have been put into the development and application of laser-based diagnostics. The aim was to study soot and CO, both in the late phase. Currently, the development of two-photon CO laser-induced fluorescence (2 x 230.1 nm) is still ongoing, whereas the laser-induced incandescence technique (using a high-speed Nd:YAG at 1064 nm) was applied successfully in an engine environment. Two contemporary fuels have been compared, being European diesel and Gas-to-liquid diesel. The observed differences between these fuels will be used to create a new blend that speeds-up the late phase in a chemical way.

Funded by STW Shell

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

50 % 50 %

Start of the project 2013 (July)

Information PC Bakker T : +31 (0)40 247 5995 E : p.c.bakker@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/combustion

Figure: Still image from high-speed LII sequence side view (top) and laser sheet orientation with luminosity image from below (bottom)

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Creating Healthy Environments in Offices Occupancy patterns PhD student | Postdoc C (Christel) de Bakker Project aim

C de Bakker EJ van Loenen HSM Kort MBC Aries

Today we work in an increasingly smart office environment. Information technologies generate substantial amounts of data on the use of buildings. Occupancy and light sensors for example reveal when exactly the building is occupied and how much energy is used on lighting. Employees are given more flexibility in their working hours as well as the freedom to work on a location that is outside the physical office. Consequently, the occupancy patterns at the office are subject to change. Within the office the location of the occupants is no longer fixed. Lighting is not yet tailored to these altered occupancy patterns, especially not in the multi-occupancy office space. The aim of this research is to develop lighting control strategies and spatial clustering methods tailored to these patterns. These will save energy on lighting use while users’ visual comfort, feeling of control over and satisfaction with the work environment is maintained.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders ALP Rosemann

Participants

Funded by Philips Research, SPARK IMPULS II

Funding % per money stream Impuls PhD 100 %

Start of the project 2015 (September)

Currently, a literature review is conducted to reveal the extent to which occupancy patterns are considered by current lighting control strategies in the offices. The focus of this review lies with the design of these strategies. It will provide an overview of the studies’ objectives and type as well as the characteristics of the office where the study is conducted. The lighting design will be described on characteristics such as the intelligence level and spatial level at which the lighting is controlled. In addition, it is evaluated whether and how exactly occupancy patterns are considered by the lighting control strategy. Moreover, occupancy patterns are being analysed of an open-plan space with 12 occupants of an office building in the Netherlands to reveal inter- and intra-individual differences. In the Edge, the smart office building of Deloitte, occupancy patterns are currently collected automatically by a connected lighting system. This data will be analysed similarly.

Information C de Bakker T : +31 (0)40 247 1800 E : c.d.bakker@tue.nl W: https://www.tue.nl/en/university/ departments/built-environment/ the-department-of-the-builtenvironment/staff/detail/ep/e/d/ ep-uid/20087297/

Figure: Project process Scientific publications de Bakker, C. (2015). Rethinking occupancy-based office lighting. LEDtalks, Eindhoven, Netherlands. de Bakker, C. (2015). Creating Healthy Environments in Offices - Occupancy patterns. Poster session presented at ILIAD 2015, Eindhoven, Netherlands

154 |

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EA Lomonova

Participants J Bao JHH Paulides K Boynov K Wijnands

Cooperations Prodrive Technologies Punchpowertrain

Funded by TU/e Prodrive Technologies Punchpowertrain

Next generation of rare-earth motor for automotive applications PhD student | Postdoc J (Jing) Bao Project aim Future vehicle electrification will need more electric power: electro-mechanical valves, direct electrically driven engine water pump, direct electrically driven power steering, direct electrically driven AC, electric brakes, 4-wheel steering, heated windshield, catalytic converter heater, active suspension, communication/navigation, entertainment, etc. Furthermore medium power electrical motors are needed to assist the main traction drive train (e.g. mild hybrid) with traction, regenerative braking or reversing. The battery voltage eventually elevates to 48 V DC considering the safety regulation. The main project goal is to investigate a 48V rare-earth free motor with integrated power electronics.

Progress The project starts with the switched reluctance motor (SRM) which has simple and robust structure. A pair of field winding is added on the basis of a conventional 8/6 SRM, which can improve the operational envelope and lower the demands on the power electronics. To broaden the selection of the motor drive, a thorough investigation is now undertaking on the fast-developing variable reluctance motor, synchronous reluctance motor and ferrite magnet assisted synchronous motor. Research is ongoing about the efficiency, power factor, torque-speed characteristic, etc. Control algorithm and power electronic module are also considered as another determinant for the final selection.

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (January)

Information J Bao T : +31 (0)40 247 3566 E : j.bao@tue.nl Figure 1: Assited electrical motor.

Figure 2: Motor in the Punch car.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EF Steennis PAAF Wouters

Participants F Barakou

Cooperations TenneT

Funded by TenneT

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project

Investigation of the impact of EHV underground power cables on the resonant and transient grid behavior PhD student | Postdoc F (Fani) Barakou Project aim The electricity transmission operator in the Netherlands and a large part of Germany (TenneT) has realized a 10 km long 400 kV underground cable transmission system in The Netherlands which is the first long underground power cable in a transmission network. Future cable installations, both in the Netherlands and Germany will lead to new situations concerning the impact on low frequency and high frequency phenomena from switching activities, lightning strikes or network faults for which the modelling work needs to further be developed. A number of measuring systems, already installed on a line-cable-line system, is producing data that needs to be analyzed for voltage transients, current transients and partial discharges.

Progress Conducted a literature review, concerning transient phenomena in power systems with long EHV underground power cables. Learned how to operate the Condition Monitoring System installed at the line-cable-line connection, defined the trigger levels and processed the measurements. Developed a new model of the whole Dutch 380 kV grid in the PSCAD/EMTDC software. Performed a first comparison between measurement and simulation results for energization transirnts taking into account the state of the system before the switching action. Performed a study to find the necessary modeling depth of the 380 kV grid in order to obtain accurate simulation results.

2014 (November) 400

VA (kV)

F Barakou T : +31 (0)40 247 3560 E : f.barakou@tue.nl

Measurements Simulation

Substation Bleiswijk

Information

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0.08

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Figure: Voltage waveform comparison between measurements and simulations when the OHL-Cable-OHL connection is energized from substation Bleiswijk.

Scientific publications F. Barakou, D. Koukoula, A. Dimeas, N. Hatziargytiou: “Fractal Geometry for Distribution Grid Topologies”, IEEE PowerTech, Eindhoven, June-July 2015, 6p.

156 |

Department

Smart Planning

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc R (Raoul) Bernards Project aim

R Bernards

In sight of the progressing energy transition towards a sustainable society we are at the dawn of a fundamental change in the way we generate and consume our electricity and utilize our grids. To facilitate and stimulate the transition and cope with its effects, innovative smart grid technologies are being developed. To sensibly and optimally integrate these new innovations, subject to the sometimes conflicting goals of different stakeholders, the classical approach to network planning will no longer suffice. The goal of the Smart Planning project is to provide insight into the overall costs and benefits of the smart grid and its related technologies and integrate these into the network planning process such that the future electricity network can be designed in an efficient and effective way and its capacity and flexibility can be optimally exploited by all stakeholders.

Cooperations

Progress

Enexis Stedin Alliander Rendo TU Dortmund ETH Zürich ABB ewz

The current practices in distribution network planning were analyzed by field research at several Dutch distribution grid operators. Based on this analysis, necessary additions to the planning methods were determined that allow incorporating smart grid technologies and the impact of smart market activities. A general methodology has been developed that enables a probabilistic scenario assessment of low voltage grids, and is able to take into account the diverse spread of adoption of new technologies such as PV, electric vehicles and heat pumps on a local level by means of an extensive data analysis.

Project leaders JG Slootweg J Morren

Participants

Funded by TKI Switch2Smartgrids

Funding % per money stream University 30 % RVO 60 % Industry 10 %

Start of the project 2014 (March)

Information R Bernards T : +31 (0)40 247 8705 E : r.bernards@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/ees Figure: Example of several smart grid expansion options.

Scientific publications Bernards, Raoul, Morren, Johan & Slootweg, Han (2015). A basis for smart planning: requirements for expansion planning of future distribution networks. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CIRED), 15-18 June 2015, Lyon, France Bernards, Raoul, Morren, Johan & Slootweg, Han (2015). Impact of arc impedance on earth fault currents in medium voltage cable networks. Proceedings of the IEEE PES Powertech, June 29-July 2 2015, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Bernards, Raoul, Morren, Johan & Slootweg, Han (2015). Incorporating the smart grid concept in network planning practices. Proceedings of the 50th Universities' Power Engineering Conference IEEE. Bernards, Raoul, Morren, Johan & Slootweg, Han (2014). Maximum PV-penetration in low-voltage cable networks. Proceedings of the 7th IEEE Young Researchers Symposium, 24-25 April 2014, Ghent, Belgium (pp. 1-5). Technische Universiteit Eindhoven.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders H Slootweg M Gibescu

Participants I van Beuzekom

Cooperations TBD

Funded by ITS-ECO

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information I van Beuzekom T : +31 (0)40 247 3993 E : i.v.beuzekom@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/ees

Optimized design and operation of integrated (multi-)energy systems at city level to enable sustainable development PhD student | Postdoc I (Iris) van Beuzekom Project aim The scope of this research is to optimize the design and operation of electricity, heat and gas networks (or ‘hybrid energy networks’) simultaneously to determine the value of an integrated energy system versus individually optimized networks for meeting a certain energy demand. To that end, it is proposed to model the planning and operation of a hybrid network of electricity, gas and heat flows using residential, commercial and industrial gas and electricity demand profiles, supply profiles of intermittent renewable sources and other non-intermittent supply technologies. It is a two-stage, iterative model: first, optimal design (planning) of the integrated energy infrastructures -including network topology, conversion and storage locations- is determined using future demand scenarios, and accounting for capital costs and greenhouse gas emission targets of the modeled city (i.e. constraining supply to include a certain amount of intermittent renewables). Then conversion and storage of these different energy carriers, as well as the operation of controllable energy supply are optimized at an annual, operational scale, while minimizing operational and maintenance costs and again accounting for greenhouse gas emission targets.

Progress Accurate modeling of integrated energy systems is a complex task, due on the one hand to the different characteristics and time scales of the phenomena involved, and on the other hand the abovementioned increase in the solu-tion space due to the extra degrees of freedom awarded by the multi-network layout and the energy conversion and storage possibilities. Our previous research [1] has shown that existing multi-energy models are not capable of optimizing the relevant geographical and temporal aspects of all carriers. Hence, we consequently proposed a simplified model to simultaneously optimize the design and operation of a hybrid energy network consisting of electricity, heat and gas [2].

Figure: Visualisation of an integrated (multi-)energy system combining gas, electricity and heat infrastructure

Scientific publications A review of multi-energy system planning and optimization tools for sustainable urban development, van Beuzekom, I.; Gibescu, M.; Slootweg, J.G., IEEE PowerTech Eindhoven, 2015.

158 |

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders L Verheijen (Enexis B.V.) S Weiland (TU/e)

Participants C Bikcora

Cooperations -

PhD student | Postdoc C (Can) Bikcora Project aim The large charging power used by the electric vehicles is a potential risk for overloading low voltage cables and transformers. This risk can be mitigated by smart charging, a concept where the charging is controlled based on the available charge capacity, as opposed to uncontrolled charging where electric vehicles are charged whenever they are plugged in. In determining the available capacity, the most crucial element is the forecast of the electricity (load) use. By improving the accuracy of such predictions, controlled (smart) charging can be better realized. Therefore, this project aims to realize an accurate, robust, and practical prediction mechanism for the forecast of the electricity demand. In particular, the algorithm should be fast to provide the predictions at hundreds of thousands of locations in the grid and remain reliable under varying operating conditions (e.g., weather conditions, the level of distributed generation, etc.)

Progress

Funded by Enexis B.V.

Funding % per money stream Industry

Electricity demand forecasting for smart charging of electric vehicles

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information

In addressing the needs above, a fully probabilistic approach (to produce density forecasts) has been adopted in modeling the load demand. The mean behavior is captured by an ARMA model and the variance (volatility) is modeled by means of a GARCH model, both with exogenous inputs. Apart from this model, quantile regression models (QRMs) are also tested in forecasting where a wide range of quantiles are separately modeled to approximate a density. Phase currents of several low voltage transformer cables from the Netherlands are forecasted to compare the performances, and as the probabilistic evaluation criterion, the continuous ranked probability score is used. As an outline of the results, the ARMA-GARCH model outperformed QRMs and regarding its estimation techniques, an iterative least-squares algorithm has been developed to ensure fast estimates that are comparable to ones from the maximum likelihood estimation.

C Bikcora T : +31 (0)6 21966989 E : c.bikcora@tue.nl W: www.smartcharging.nl

Figure: Fanplot showing the realized load (red) and several of the percentiles from the forecasted density, illustrated for the duration of 1 day.

Scientific publications C. Bikcora, L. Verheijen, and S. Weiland, “Semiparametric density forecasting of electricity load for smart charging of electric vehicles,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Control Applications (CCA), Sep. 2015.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Personal Control over Indoor Climate in Office Buildings

Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc A (Atze) Boerstra Project aim

JLM Hensen

The primary aim of this PhD study is to investigate the mechanism behind availability and (objective and perceived) quality of indoor climate control devices and comfort, health and productivity of office building users. The second aim is to allow for better informed design decisions to better position personal control over indoor climate in the design process of office buildings.

Participants

Progress

Project leaders

A Boerstra MGLC Loomans

Cooperations Danish Technical University: International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy

Funded by

Main activity was related to finalizing the thesis. Further analysis of field study data was performed focusing on the perceived control over the indoor climate and it’s impact on Dutch office workers. The analysis learned that access to controls in office environments has a positive effect on overall satisfaction with the indoor climate, thermal and olfactory comfort, and (to a lesser extent) the incidence of building related symptoms. One general conclusion of the work is that personal control over the indoor climate is a complex phenomenon that involves many aspects. It requires to look beyond the traditional borders of building science and indoor climate research. The outcomes add new information to the existing body of knowledge and shows the importance of personal control of the indoor climate on comfort&satisfaction, building related symptoms and productivity.

BBA Binnenmilieu

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2011

Information A Boerstra T : +31 (0)10 244 7025 E : ab-bba@binnenmilieu.nl

Figure: Visualization of the conceptual model and its main variables and relations that have been studied as part of the research.

Scientific publications Boerstra, A.C., Kulve, M. te, Toftum, J., Loomans, M.G.L.C., Olesen, B.W. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2015). Comfort and performance impact of personal control over thermal environment in summer: results from a laboratory study. Building and Environment, 2015(87), 315-326. Boerstra, A.C., Loomans, M.G.L.C. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2015). Percieved control over indoor climate and its impact on Dutch office workers. In M.G.L.C. Loomans & M. te Kulve (Eds.), Conference Paper: Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2015 Europe, 18-20 May 2015, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, (pp. 1-8). Eindhoven: ISIAQ. Boerstra, A.C., Loomans, M.G.L.C. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2014). Personal control over indoor climate and productivity. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate (Indoor Air 2014), 7-12 July 2014, Hongkong, China, (pp. 1-8). Hongkong. Boerstra, A.C., Beuker, T., Loomans, M.G.L.C. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2013). Impact of available and perceived control on comfort and health in European offices. Architectural Science Review, 56(1), 30-41. Boerstra, A.C., Loomans, M.G.L.C. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2013). Personal control over temperature in winter in Dutch office buildings. HVAC&R Research, 19(8), 1033-1050. Boerstra A.C., Beuker T.C., Loomans M.G.L.C. & Hensen J.L.M. (2013). Impact of available and perceived control on comfort and health in European offices. Architectural Science Review, Vol. 56, Issue 1, 2013.

160 |

Department

Flow Reactor Networks – for integrated API synthesis

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc S (Svetlana) Borukhova Project aim

S Borukhova

The goal of the project is based on one-flow (‘pot’) multi-step route instead of multiple step-wise operations. The aim is to yield complex molecules in an integrated manner different from the conventional step-by-step synthesis. One flow operation in analogy to ‘one-pot syntheses’ allows several consecutive steps to take place on the way to the final product. Such a telescopic flow synthesis requires careful selection of starting materials and solvents to yield maximum atom economy, and minimum number of pre- and post-processing steps. We have demonstrated multistep one-flow synthesis of cinnarizine, cyclizine and a buclizine derivative, and now are underway to change rufinamide chemical process design correspondingly, hand in hand with our industrial partner OmniChem producing that drug.

Funded by

Progress

ERC

Both the cinnarizine and rufinamide were realized as multi-step micro-flow syntheses. In the following, details are given for the first type of flow reaction network. 4-step multistep continuous process was developed to generate the final antihistamines, such as cinnarizine, cyclizine, buclizine and meclizine, using bulk alcohols as starting compounds. Hydrochloric acid was used as a greener alternative to toxic and wasteful chlorinating agents to synthesize the intermediate chlorides in short reaction time and excellent yields. The methodology developed offers a valuable way to synthesize intermediates to be used in drug synthesis. Inline separation allows collection of pure products and their immediate consumption in the following steps. Overall isolated yields for cinnarizine, cyclizine and a buclizine derivative are 82, 94 and 87%, respectively. The total residence time for four steps is 90 min with productivity of 2 mmol/hr.

Project leaders V Hessel T Noël

Participants

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (September)

Information T Noël T : +31 (0)40 247 3623 E : t.noel@tue.nl W : www.chem.tue.nl/scr

Figure: Schematic representation of four-step synthesis with tabulated conditions. Synthesis and separation of chlorides are connected to subsequent reactions. 2 steps of buclizine derivative and cinnarizine are the same. To differentiate the rest of the sequence cinnarizine reagents are highlighted in dashed rectangles.

Scientific publications Ott, D., Borukhova, S., Hessel, V., Life Cycle Assessment of Multi-Step Rufinamide Synthesis – from Isolated Reactions in Batch to a Continuous Reaction Cascade. Green Chem 2015 DOI: 10.1039/C5GC01932J. Borukhova, S., Seeger, A. D., Noël, T, Wang, Q., Busch, M., Hessel, V. Pressure accelerated azidealkyne cycloaddition: micro capillary vs. autoclave reactor performance in yielding Rufinamide precursor. ChemSusChem 2015, 8, 504. Borukhova, S., Noël, T, Metten, B, de Vos, E., Hessel, V. Solvent- and catalyst-free Huisgen cycloaddition towards Rufinamide in flow with decision on a greener and less expensive dipolarophile. ChemSusChem 2013, 6, 2220.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders V Hessel T Noël

Participants C Bottecchia D Cambié XJ Wei

Cooperations -

Funded by EU MSCA-ITN

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project

Photocatalytic strategies for the selective modification of bioactive molecules PhD student | Postdoc C (Cecilia) Bottecchia Project aim Visible light photoredox catalysis recently arose as a new environmentally friendly approach to activate small molecules. Thanks to the mild reaction conditions applicable for this strategy, together with the possible use of visible light as a green and unlimited energy source, visible light photoredox catalysis it’s an ideal candidate to develop new strategies for the selective chemical modification of biologically relevant molecules. In particular, the aim of this project is the development of new methodologies for the selective modification of amino acids in small peptides and proteins. Post-translational modifications, including the introduction of fluorinated moieties and relevant tags, will be pursued. Furthermore, the implementation of microreactor technology will be applied to overcome the limiting aspect of photochemistry.

Progress The project is now in its first year, with two strategies successfully developed so far: on one hand a photo-redox mediated strategy for the introduction of fluorine rich moieties on amino acid residues. On the other hand, another photo-redox strategy was optimized for the selective arylation of amino acid side chains. Tolerance and selectivity in presence of other amino acids of interest was proved, setting the ground for further implementing these strategies to more complex molecules. Finally, the applicability of the developed methods to a broader range of bio-active molecules will be explored. Other strategies involving photoredox catalysis will be screened and their feasibility in a microfluidic reactor will be tested.

2015 (January)

Information T Noël T : +31 (0)40 247 3623 E : t.noel@tue.nl W : www.chem.tue.nl/scr

Figure: General representation of site-selective chemical modifications of single amino acids or peptides via photoredox catalysis in a continuous flow microreactor.

Scientific publications -

162 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders W Zeiler

Participants B Bozkaya R Li

Cooperations BAM Techniek VITO

Funded by -

Funding % per money stream BAM Techniek 50 % PIT 25 % WOI 25 %

Start of the project

Interaction between building services control and microGrid/ SmartGrid Reduction of uncertainty by adding flexibility to the balance between energy demand and energy supply around and between buildings; Energy efficient operation and integration of aquifer thermal energy storage into future smartgrid PhD student | Postdoc B (Basar) Bozkaya Project aim Controllling the aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) system in an energy optimal way and developing possible scenarious for optimal integration into future smart energy systems as a source of flexibility. The main aims throughout the project are: 1) Developing a transient ATES model that can handle the time dynamics of building energy use; 2) Developing control strategies for controlling the ATES in energy efficient and sustainable manner using supplemantery units (air handling unit, cooling tower etc.); 3) Integrating ATES into various thermal energy needs of buildings by exchanging thermal energy between buildings. 4) Investigating the flexibility potential of ATES for smart grid integration; seasonal thermal storage integrated into diurnal thermal storage systems.

Progress Extensive literature review was completed. Development of ATES model for both cold and warm was completed and validated with experimental data. Building and HVAC models were developed and energy flow diagram between components was established. The next step is to integrate conventional and complex control strategies and getting improvement for overall COP, operational cost and reliability of the whole system.

2014 (March)

Information B Bozkaya T : +31 (0)6 19890123 E : b.bozkaya@tue.nl

Figure: Schematic diagram of the system ATES with cooling tower during discharge of cold well.

Scientific publications BauSIM Conference - Integration of aquifer thermal energy systems (ates) into virtual power plant as a source of flexibility. BauSIM Conference – Thermal storage capacity control of aquifer systems.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart applications □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders F Langerak KS Podoynitsyna T Brown

Participants M Brehmer

Cooperations KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

Funded by Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctoral Scholarship (SELECT+ program)

Development of New Successful Business Models and Products in New Ventures: The Case of the Energy Sector PhD student | Postdoc M (Meike) Brehmer Project aim One of the reasons why the commercialization efforts for sustainable energy technologies have had limited success is that they tend to involve traditional business models. Emerging yet scattered evidence from particular firms suggest that business model innovation rather than pure technology and R&D innovation tend to drive success of firms within the sustainable energy setting. However, how exactly the business model innovations should be conducted still remains unclear. This project aims to analyse the development of innovative business models within green new ventures. This will result in a framework for representing business models and a method for systematic business model design that is based on energy and sustainable business model innovations that have occurred in Northern Europe in the past years.

Progress In the past year most of the time was spent on building a business model database. The case companies were selected based on the product/service they provided and either had a strong environmental and/or social orientation because of our interest in sustainable entrepreneurship and energy ventures in particulair. The database ranges from urban mobility solutions, sustainable lighting and refurbishment, community funding, alternative energy and heating applications to BOP solutions. An example of one of these business models is given in the figure below.

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project Money

2012 (September)

Customer

Information M Brehmer T : +31 (0)6 42805240 E : m.brehmer@tue.nl meike.brehmer@indek.kth.se W: http://www.itemeindhoven.org/msc-mbrehmer.html?view=tabs

Site4U

Money Car Website maintenance

Data

MyWheels

(Local) Community

Money

Insurance Money

Car owner

Money Money Car Insurance Centraal Beheer Achmea Data

Car renter

Figure: Business Model MyWheels.

Scientific publications -

164 |

Department

Environmental concrete based on treated bottom ash

Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HJH Brouwers

Participants V Caprai Q Alam K Schollbach

Cooperations Heros Sluiskil ASCEM ENCI Hess Group Eerland Bouwstoffen Management Kijlstra Betonmortel

PhD student | Postdoc V (Veronica) Caprai Project aim Municipal solid waste is used to generate energy via incineration. The residues are usually landfilled or used in low grade applications such as road bases. Dutch legislation strictly regulates which materials can be landfilled due to increasing environmental concerns. The bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) frequently does not pass the required leeching tests due to a high chloride content and other elements present. The goal of this project is to characterize the residues (e.g. chemical and mineralogical composition, particle size) and to perform leaching tests. Based on the results treatments are investigated that allow the application in concrete as well as aerated autoclaved concrete (AAC).

Progress The investigation starts from the characterization of the bottom ash. Four streams are divided in three main fractions and analyzed chemically by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Thermgavimetric analysis (TGA). Physical properties such as density, specific gravity and total surface area are also investigated. In order to apply the bottom ash in concrete, the reactivity of the main phases is evaluated by determination of pozzolanic activity and calcium availability. Finally the application in concrete (25%) as inert replacement is tested at 7, 14, 28 days, resulting in a strength activity index higher than 0.75. According to the standard EN 450, this result would allow the application of the by-product as building material.

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

70 % 30 %

Start of the project 2015 (September)

Information V Caprai T : +31 (0)40 247 5469 E : v.caprai@tue.nl

Figure: Initial appereance of bottom ash, collected in the Heros plant.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

PowerDAC: A new approach in power amplification

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EA Lomonova

Participants MLA Caris JL Duarte H Huisman

PhD student | Postdoc MLA (Mark) Caris Project aim A steady demand exists for the development of ever more powerful precision amplifiers. The tendency in various application areas, such as MRI and lithography, is that the requirements set on power rating, and at the same time the requirements of the relative accuracy of the generated signals, are increasing. A related issue is that the bandwidth of the controlled amplifier needs to increase, which implies that ever higher switching frequencies are demanded. Without a breakthrough in technology, this would lead to ever higher switching losses, which translates into a major cooling effort and large, heavy systems. As such, there exists a dilemma in finding the optimal balance between power, efficiency and accuracy for a specific design of a power converter.

Progress

Cooperations -

Funded by THOR project (CATRENE/EURIPIDES)

In the “PowerDAC” project, a new approach for power amplifier systems is investigated. A topology, including a control/modulation scheme, has been synthesized by which a multilevel waveform can be created. This topology consists of a number of subsequent power stages, in which each stage has half the voltage and twice the switching frequency of the preceding stage. Compared to the conventional two-level approach, the power stage has been extended in such a way that the output filter can be reduced or even eliminated. A proof-of-concept prototype has been designed and realized, which will be used to demonstrate the capabilities.

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (January)

Information MLA Caris E : m.l.a.caris@tue.nl W : www.tue.nl/epe

Figure: Picture of prototype, a fully digital multilevel power amplifier.

Scientific publications Caris, Mark, Huisman, Henk & Duarte, J.L. (2015). Implementation of Various Balancing Control Methods for Flying-capacitor Power Amplifiers. Predictive Control of Electrical Drives and Power Electronics (PRECEDE), Valparaiso, Chile New York: IEEE. Caris, M.L.A., Huisman, H. & Duarte, J.L. (2014). Theoretical analysis of the duality principle applied to interleaved topologies. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 2014 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Hiroshima 2014 - ECCE-ASIA), 18-21 May 2014, Hiroshima, Japan, (pp. 2954-2959). IEEE. Caris, M.L.A., Huisman, H. & Duarte, J.L. (2013). Harmonic elimination by adaptive phase-shift optimization in interleaved converters. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 15-19 September 2013, Denver Colorado, (pp. 763768). Denver, Colorado: IEEE. Schellekens, J.M., Caris, M.L.A., Duarte, J.L., Huisman, H., Hendrix, M.A.M. & Lomonova, E.A. (2013). High precision switched mode ampliﬁer with an auxiliary bias circuit. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE ECCE Europe 2013), 3-5 September 2013, IEEE. Caris, M.L.A., Huisman, H., Schellekens, J.M. & Duarte, J.L. (2012). Generalized\ harmonic elimination method for interleaved power amplifiers. Conference Paper : Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2012), 25-28 October 2012, Montreal, Canada, (pp. 4979-4984). Piscataway: IEEE Service Center.

166 |

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JTBA Kessels

Participants H Chen S Weiland MCF Donkers WHA Hendrix TCJ Romijn

Cooperations DAF IKA TNO

Funded by EU FP7

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project

Complete Vehicle Energy-saving Technologies for HeavyTrucks PhD student | Postdoc H (Handian) Chen Project aim Fuel economy and emission legislation play a dominant role in the development process of new commercial heavy duty vehicles. To satisfy future requirements on fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions, new technologies emerge in these vehicles. Clear examples are energy efficient auxiliaries, hybrid electric powertrains and waste-heat recovery from the exhaust gas. To facilitate integration of all these subsystems, a suitable energy management system is needed. This project aims at the development, implementation and verification of innovative energy management concepts for commercial vehicles. A holistic system approach is developed that considers all energy sources, sinks and buffers present in the vehicle. The associated research concentrates on the theoretical development and practical verification of optimally distributed control concepts and underlying optimization algorithms.

Progress Due to the fact that modern trucks entail various auxiliaries in their powertrains for different applications, the control strategies that aim at complete vehicle energy management are required to be flexible in structure (plug & play feature foreseen to reduce development time). Besides, the operations of the auxiliaries should also respect global efficiency. An algorithm that combines the above mentioned two properties are missing in the current literature. Therefore, a game-theoretic solution concept for complete vehicle energy management is developed. Moreover, an adaptive approach is proposed to enhance the robustness of the energy management strategy against different driving behavior. Besides, an adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) is developed and dedicated to the control of the high-voltage battery. This adaptive method significantly reduces the calibration effort and shows promising results on different drive-cycles. Furthermore, a new energy management deisgn approach for on/off controlled auxiliaries that trades off fuel economy and switching frequency is also developed.

2012 (November)

Information JTBA Kessels T : +31 (0)40 247 2656 E : J.T.B.A.Kessels@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/cs

Figure: The prototype truck for the CONVENIENT project

Scientific publications H. Chen, J.T.B.A. Kessels, M.C.F. Donkers, and S. Weiland. Game-theoretic approach for complete vehicle energy management. In Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Coimbra, Portugal, October 2014. H. Chen, J.T.B.A. Kessels, and S. Weiland. Online adaptive approach for a game-theoretic strategy for complete vehicle energy management. In European Control Conference (ECC), Linz, Austria, July 2015. H. Chen, J.T.B.A. Kessels, and S. Weiland. Vehicle energy management for on/off controlled auxiliaries: Fuel economy vs. switching frequency. In IFAC Workshop on Engine and Powertrain Control, Simulation and Modeling (E-COSM) '15, 2015. H. Chen, J.T.B.A. Kessels, and S. Weiland. Adaptive ECMS: a Causal Set-theoretic Method for Equivalence Factor Estimation. In IFAC Workshop on Engine and Powertrain Control, Simulation and Modeling (E-COSM) '15, 2015. L. Eckstein, B. Mohrmann, R. Hummel, S. Weiland, M.C.F. Donkers, H. Chen and T.C.J. Romijn. Fuel consumption reduction measures for longhaul-trucks in the COnVENienT project. International Conference Commercial Vehicles 2015.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders B de Vries Q Han

Participants HC (Hung-Chu) Chen

Cooperations CH Philipp (University of South Australia)

Funded by Scholarship for studying abroad, Ministry of Education, Taiwan (ROC) Delta/ NTIO (the Netherlands Trade and Investment Office) Joint Environmental Scholarship

Interaction between Land Use, Energy Consumption and Temperature on the City Scale PhD student | Postdoc HC (Hung-Chu) Chen Project aim A report from Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI, 2013), showed that the temperature will rise globally by 1,0 -2,3°C. The aim of this research is to adapt this climate change in an active way, which will accomplish through the urban land use remodify. The target is developing an urban interaction model for the local government to simulate various scenarios. Policy makers could adjust it to access their sustainable urban plans and policies that deal with the climate change, by reducing the temperature fluctuation while also reducing the energy usage. The dependency between land use (L), energy consumption (E) and temperature (T) change is the main focus of this research.

Progress During the project, following progress has been achieved:  Collected the data in Eindhoven: land use types from DANs, energy demand from local energy provider, and land surface temperature (LST) from USGS.  Discussed with policy maker to clarify the future urban development of Eindhoven city for the land use forecasting.  Clarified the future forecasting for the temperature change based on KMNI report (KNMI, 2013)  Investigated the five categories land use types influence to LST from 2006 to 2009.  Started to model the dependency between land use and energy consumption.

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information HC Chen T : +31 (0)40 247 8341 E : h.c.chen@tue.nl

Figure: Research framework of L-E-T model.

Scientific publications Chen, H.C., Vries, de, B. & Han, Q. (2014). A comprehensive review of spatiotemporal land use model. 12th International Conference on Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning (Session WE2.1: Energy). Eindhoven, The Netherlands: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. Chen, H.C., Vries, de, B. & Han, Q. (2014). Spatial interaction between land use, energy consumption and temperature on the city scale. Proceedings of Geodesign Summit Europe 2014, Delft, The Netherlands, 11-12 September 2014 (Parallel Session A – Changing Environmental Systems). Delft, The Netherlands: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. Chen, H.C., Vries, de, B. & Han, Q. (2015). The new modelling method in urban development between land use and energy consumption: case study in Rotterdam. In G.T. Papanikos (Ed.), Fifth Annual International Conference on Urban Studies & Planning 8-11 June 2015, Athens, Greece (pp. 1-17). (Atiner conference paper series, No. PLA2015-1730). Athens, Greece: The Athens Institute for Eudcation and Research. Chen, H.C., Vries, de, B. & Han, Q. (2015). An urban model for nalyzing thermal effects dependent on spatial parameters. 9th International Conference on Urban Climate (CCMA5: UHI mitigation strategies II: urban planning). Toulouse, France, The International Association for Urban Climate.

168 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders ALP Rosemann

Participants S Chraibi EJ van Loenen

Cooperations Philips Research

PhD student | Postdoc S (Sanae) Chraibi Project aim Capturing anonymous data on the interaction of building occupants with the lighting system and on their usage of the office environment enables research on estimating the energy consumption for lighting in a building. Such estimations are often based on expert opinion rather than a collection of data in a field study. The data collected from a connected lighting system will allow to study the times during which certain space types are occupied. The perception of the building occupants with the system and their indoor environment can be observed and evaluated to conclude how well the system is accepted and whether interaction with the building services is sustained over a longer period of time and enables benefits for either energy efficiency or user satisfaction. Dedicated alterations of the indoor environment, will give further insight whether and how the system is used to correct unwanted states.

Progress

Funded by Philips Research, SPARK IMPULS II

Funding % per money stream Industry

Creating Healthy Environments – Offices User Perception of Smart Lighting Systems

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (April)

Exploration is done by reviewing available literature regarding the perception of compfortable light in open office environments, as well as exploration of the studies performed regarding the benefits of individual satisfying lighting. A journal paper is drafted on the preferred workplace lighting by consensus control that describes the results of a field study performed in an office space in Eindhoven. 2 experimental studies are done in a laboratory environment regarding the effect of dimming speed of lighting in the visual field on the acceptance of the users. The influence of the wall illuminance on the preference of the user is explored by an experiment in a laboratory environment. Next steps are to present the results of these studies in journal papers.

Information ALP Rosemann T : +31 (0)40 247 3350 E : a.l.p.rosemann@tue.nl W: https://www.tue.nl/en/university/ departments/built-environment/ the-department-of-the-builtenvironment/organization/units/ building-physics-and-services/ research/chairs/building-lighting/

Figure: floorplan of the office space used for evaluation of consensus control in the field

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Mobilising heavy hydrocarbons

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders M Golombok MD Boot LPH de Goey

PhD student | Postdoc M (Michel) Cuijpers Project aim The average recovery of an oil well has been estimated at approximately 70%, partially due to the high viscosity of the remaining heavy hydrocarbons. Subcritical water (SCW) has been shown to effectively reduce the viscosity of these heavy hydrocarbons in two ways. Firstly, the dielectric constant of water is decreased, enabling the solution of heavy oil components. Simultaneously, the dissociation constant of the medium enhanced the cracking of heavy hydrocarbons into lighter components. Reductions up to 80% have been observed and could be achieved within a few hours. A better understanding of the chemical source of the viscosity reduction could be achieved by looking more closely into SCW.

Participants Progress

M Cuijpers

Cooperations Shell

Funded by Shell

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Therefore, this project is focused on the chemical source of the permanent viscosity reduction, by comparing the chemical structure of pre- and post-processed heavy hydrocarbons. SCW experiments and GCxGC SCD - FID analysis of both the feed and the product have demonstrated that the average carbon chain length was reduced. Moreover, GPC data indicated a decrease in the molecular weight, whereas elemental analysis showed a 26% decrease in sulphur. Experimental apparatus Experiments are carried out in a 200 ml Hasteloy C Premex high pressure and high temperature autoclave. A schematic overview of the set-up is given in figure.

Start of the project 2014 (June)

Information M Cuijpers T : +31 (0)40 247 3591 E : m.c.m.cuijpers@tue.nl W: www.combustion.tue.nl Figure: Show a schematic and realistic overview of the subcritical water setup for analyzing different operating conditions on varying heavy oil and water samples. Consisting of: An Isco high pressure syringe pump; B electric heating mantle, C Premex autoclave; D magnetic stirrer; E pressure control; F data-acquisitie.

Scientific publications -

170 |

Department

Measurement tools for Smart Grid stability and quality

Electrical Energy Systems

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders V Ćuk

Participants V Ćuk F Ni

Cooperations NPL (UK) BRML (Romania) CMI (Czech Republic) IMBiH (Bosnia and Herzegovina) LNE (France) METAS (Switzerland) MIKES (Finland) SIQ (Slovenia) SMU (Slovakia) SP (Sweden) Trescal (Denmark) VSL (the Netherlands) EIM (Greece) SUN (Italy)

PhD student | Postdocs V (Vladimir) Ćuk F (Fei) Ni Project aim The aim of TU/e in this project is analyzing the propagation of Power Quality (PQ) phenomena through distribution network, i.e. distortion of the voltage waveform and rapid voltage variations, and the impact of measurement uncertainty on propagation analysis, based on wide area measurements. The project makes use of measurements from Live Lab, a test network of Alliander, and a sub-transmission network of Delta. Both locations are equipped with a higher than usual measurement infrastructure, aimed at research which could improved the network operation. Other partners in the project are focusing on: 1. A Metrology Framework for Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) 2. Network impedance measurements using PMUs 3. A Transducer Measurement Framework in Support of PMUs/PQ

Progress Started in September 2014. In this period the Live Lab network has been modelled, and measurement data gathering is ongoing. Preliminary studies are performed with sample data to test the theoretical concept. In the coming period, the chosen analysis methods will be applied to the field measured data to: 1. Estimate the aggregated harmonic impedances of the MV (medium voltage) and LV (low voltage) networks, including the users, connected to the monitored locations; the connection between the loading levels and aggregated harmonic impedances 2. Estimate the contributions of higher voltage levels and local MV network users to the rapid voltage variations, based on individual variations of measured voltages and currents

Funded by EURAMET European Union

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information V Ćuk T : +31 (0)40 247 561 E : v.cuk@tue.nl

Figure: Layout of the Live.

Scientific publications V. Ćuk, H. van den Brom, J.F.G. Cobben and G. Rietveld, “Analysis of the propagation of Power Quality phenomena using wide-area measurements”, in Proc. CIRED 2015, Lyon, June 2015.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Advanced Electric Powertrain Technology (ADEPT)

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EA Lomonova JJH Paulides

Participants M Curti G Sfakianakis A Stefanskyi A Dziechciarz F Chauvicourt K Ramakrishnan K Niyomsatian N Djukic P Romanazzi S Ayat S Wiedemann S Stipetic

PhD student | Postdoc M (Mitrofan) Curti Project aim The goal of the ADEPT program is to produce a virtual development environment for E-propulsion systems and to train and establish a multi-disciplinary research network. The ADEPT program will raise the profile and improve career perspectives for 12 ESRs, and 2 ERs, offering a high-quality structured consortium providing personalized training opportunities in E-propulsion systems. An intimate involvement in all aspects of the collaboration, along with an extensive training program in a wide range of engineering fields will allow early-stage and experienced researchers to develop the technical proficiency and complementary skills required to make significant contributions to their professional careers. Through industry-academia partnerships, ADEPT will facilitate the uptake of scientific results in Epropulsion and industrial products and solutions.

Progress As a participant in this project, I am involved in a subproject named “Advanced PM-less Machines”. During the 2015 year, the main focus was on investigating the existing analytical methods for modelling electrical machines. Two primary candidate methods where selected for modelling the high saturated magnet – less machines, namely Harmonic Modelling technique (HM) and Magnetic Equivalent Circuit (MEC) and an eventual hybrid coupling between two is also considered. As a testbench for testing the analytical methods was selected: modelling of a Synchronous Reluctance Machine (SynRM) saturation in loaded conditions. The geometry of the machine was converted in an equivalent polar geometry to be able to describe it analytically, in such a way an analytical field solution is obtained.

Cooperations AE BV Lodz University of Technology MACCON GmbH MDL Motor Engineering Polytechnic University of Milan Siemens Technical University of Cluj-Napoca Triphase NV Université libre de Bruxelles University of Oxford

Funded by European Union

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (June)

Information M Curti T : +31 (0)40 247 3504 E : m.curti@tue.nl W: adept-itn.eu

172 |

Figure: a) The model of a) (SynRM), b) Modelled saturation of SynRM cross section

Scientific publications M. Curti, J.J.H. Paulides, and E.A. Lomonova, "An Overview of analytical methods for magnetic flux computation," in Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER 2015), Monaco, March 2015, accepted for publication.

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EA Lomonova

Participants RB Dai V Spinu JL Duarte M Lazar PMJ Van den Hof NJH Slaats R Hartong

Basic Crossover Correction Cells (B3C) for high-precision electric power processing amplifiers PhD student | Postdoc RB (Baris) Dai Project aim Improvement in overall system efficiency in high-precision energy converters by implementing a series-connection of an arbitrary number of correction switching cells with a low-precision main power amplifier. The correction cells consists of flexible converters with an innovative topology that ensures low current stress for the semiconductor switches, leading to very low power consumption and low cost. The method reduces the dependence to passive filtering, ensuring a good dynamic behaviour.

Progress The concept is studied and verified by analyses and simulations. Patent pending.

Scientific publications -

Cooperations Prodrive Technologies FEI

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

70 % 30 %

Start of the project 2015 (July)

Information RB Dai T : +31 (0)40 247 3566 E : r.b.dai@tue.nl

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

3Ccar: Self–Powered Adaptive Damper

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EA Lomonova

Participants JRM van Dam JJH Paulides

Cooperations Tenneco Automotive Europe BVBA

Funded by European Union

Funding % per money stream EU

PhD student | Postdoc JRM (Jeroen) van Dam Project aim 3Ccar is a project focused on the design of integrated components for complexity control in affordable electrified cars. Hence, the aim of the project is to reduce the complexity of a car by means of integrating more intelligence in separate components. In cooperation with Tenneco, the transition from the situation in Figure 4 to the situation in Figure 5 will be performed. In ordinary passive dampers, any combination of spring and damper characteristics is necessarily a compromise between ride comfort and road handling. A semi-active suspension system can significantly reduce this compromise. Semi-active suspensions are industrially attractive because of their low implementation cost, low power consumption, and their ease of control and installation. Moreover, semi-active suspensions provide satisfying performance and can be adopted in massproduced vehicles. Current semi-active suspension systems require at least two sensors, an ECU with access to the CAN of the car, and energy from the car battery. The 3Ccar smart semi-active suspension system (Figure 5) should be self-powered, self-sensing, self-controlled (wireless), easy to implement, and consume a low amount of energy. In short, in 3Ccar, the suspension system will be transformed from the situation in Figure 4 to Figure 5. Within this project, this PhD student will focus on the design, realization, and experimental validation of a semi-active, or adaptive, damper system, and he will cooperate on the energy harvesting research as well.

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (June)

Information JRM van Dam T : +31 (0)40 247 5552 E : j.r.m.v.dam@tue.nl W: www.3Ccar.eu

Figure 2: Passenger vehicle before 3Ccar

Figure 3: Passenger vehicle after 3Ccar

Progress Currently, the smart damper requirement definition and design specifications have been agreed upon. All project partners received the vehicle parameters for their relevant vehicle simulations and the method of evaluating the results were discussed and agreed upon as well. In relation to electromagnetic damping arrangements and electromagnetic energy harvesting, extensions to the analytical permanent-magnet surface charge model have been used to show the versitality of the model. Additionally, the model results have been compared to other methods, and shown superior, both in accuracy and in calculation time. An experimental setup was designed and 3-D printed. The corresponding measurement results validated the model extensions.

Scientific publications van Dam, J.R.M., Paulides, J.J.H., Lomonova, E.A. & Dhaens, M. (2015), 'Machine and Actuator Design: Modeling 3-D Fields and Forces using the Analytical Surface Charge Expressions'. in 2015 International Conference On Sustainable Mobility Applications, Renewables and Technology (SMART2015). Kuwait City, Kuwait, Kuwait, 23-25 November 2015.

174 |

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders R John (Infineon Technologies AG)

Participants DL Danilov HJ Bergveld MCF Donkers Z Li HPGJ Beelen

Cooperations 50 partners from 13 EU countries

Funded by

3Ccar (Integrated Components for Complexity Control in affordable electric cars) PhD student | Postdoc DL (Dmitri) Danilov Project aim 3CCar will provide breakthroughs in the fields of integrated circuits, sensors and actuators, power and control electronics, assembly and packaging technologies. By integration into modules, subsystems and vehicle demonstrators, 3CCar will enable enhanced customer acceptance of electrified vehicles by providing maximum comfort under all climatic conditions at the lowest cost. Further, by linking both independent projects “CyberCity” and “3CCar”, the synergies resulting in the proposed cooperation between both projects would provide additional common results: the curtail stakeholders for the success of electrical vehicles can be linked directly at development stage.

Progress Considerable progress was made in direction of impedance-based temperature indication method. Modification of available Zero-Intercept Frequency method towards Non-Zero-Intercept Frequency increase accuracy of temperature indication 10 time and lead to practically acceptable error ±1°C. The model reduction of available electrochemical models of Li-ion batteries is in progress. The reduced models will be suitable for integration of hardware controllers of automotive oriented Battery Management Systems.

ECSEL (former ENIAC)

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (June)

Information HJ Bergveld T : +31 (0)40 247 2300 E : h.j.bergveld@tue.nl

Figure: Battery pack current (a) and temperature (b) as a function of the measurement time during test drive. In the part (b) the blue line indicates Impedance-based temperature estimation while red and black lines are temperatures measured by thermistors on the negative terminal and container bottom accordingly.

Scientific contributions A. Salvadori, D. Grazioli, M. Magri, M.G.D. Geers, D. Danilov and P.H.L. Notten, (2015), On the role of saturation in modeling ionic transport in the electrolyte of (Li-ion) batteries, Journal of Power Sources (IF 6.217), 294 (2015) 696. A. Salvadori, D. Grazioli, M.G.D. Geers, D. Danilov and P.H.L. Notten, A multiscale-compatible approach in modeling ionic transport in the electrolyte of (Lithium ion) batteries, Journal of Power Sources (IF 6.217), 293 (2015) 892-911. D. Li, D. Danilov, Z. Zhang, H. Chen, Y. Yang and P.H.L. Notten, Modeling the SEI-Formation on Graphite Electrodes LiFePO4 batteries, Journal of Electrochemical Society (IF 3.266), 162 (2015) A858.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

The role of aromatics in soot formation

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc R (Robin) Doddema Project aim

LPH de Goey NJ Dam

The aim of the project is to study the breakdown and reappearance of aromatics in vaporized liquid fuel diffusion flames, using aliphatic fuels doped with aromatics. The focus lies on the development and application of (laser) optical detection techniques for intermediate species, found in the flame between the fuel pyrolysis zone and PAH formation zone, in order to gain a more detailed understanding of the found relation between aromatic fuel content and soot emission of combustion engines.

Participants

Progress

R Doddema

The research started with a literature study; publications of previous users of the “inherited” coflow burner setup have been studied, as well as papers from other institutes, related to the project’s problem description. The available database of fundamental combustion research publications is virtually boundless, and some steps in the direction of this preject’s aim have already been set by numerous researchers, but not all observations and explations were found satisfactory. The acquired burner setup has been moved, partly rebuilt and improved by installing new components. First measurements of laser induced emission have been performed, using various excitation wavelengths of a Nd:YAG laser, in combination with an intensified CCD camera, and later with a spectrograph.

Project leaders

Funding % per money stream Impuls PhD 100 %

Start of the project 2015 (January)

Information R Doddema T : +31 (0)40 247 5995 E : r.doddema@tue.nl W: www.combustion.tue.nl

Combined LII and small PAH LIF signal. “Dark zone” inbetween two regions of laser induced emission. Laser induced fluorescence of fuel added toluene.

Figure: Laser induced emission image of the toluene-doped heptane diffusion flame, excited with a 266 nm laser sheet entering the flame from right to left through the center of the flame.

Scientific publications -

176 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HJH Brouwers

Participants GCH Doudart de la Grée QL Yu

Cooperations Wageningen University (WUR)

Funded by Knauf ENCI Eltomation STW Van Gansewinkel

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

Development of sustainable and functionalized inorganic binder-biofiber composites PhD student | Postdoc GCH (Guillaume) Doudart de la Grée Project aim To develop wood/plant board with lower environmental impact, but with the same or improved properties as the wood-wool cement boards produced by Knauf. The properties of the Knauf board are for example: low density (450 kg/m3), low thermal conductivity (λ ± 0.085 W/(m·K)), sound absorption, fire resistance (B2) and fungi resistance. The improvement of the board can be achieved by: firstly, replacing cement by more environmentally friendly binders and using minerals classified as waste; secondly, replacing the spruce wood originating from PEFC certificated logs with waste wood and plant fibers that otherwise would go to landfill or incineration plants. Furthermore increasing the functionality of the material as air purifier. To summarize: lower the environmental impact and make a product that is market competitive.

Progress    

Physical-chemical analyses of wood-wool cement boards. Particle packing of ingredients. Production of wood-wool cement boards at TU/e. Performing relevant tests (equipment purchasing/set-up installations) to investigate the board properties (mechanical property, density, thermal conductivity).  Implementation of waste/more environmentally friendly cement/binder replacements.  Creating functionalized wood-wool cement boards for NOx abatement.  Improvement of thermal and sound absorbing properties.

68 % 32 %

Start of the project 2012 (October)

Information HJH Brouwers E : jos.brouwers@tue.nl E : g.c.h.doudart.de.la.gree@tue.nl

Scientific publications G.C.H. Doudart de la Grée, Q.L. Yu, H.J.H. Brouwers, The effect of glucose on the hydration kinetics of ordinary portland cement, First International Conference on Bio-based Building Materials, 2224 June 2015, Clermont-Ferrand, France, PRO 99, 126-132, Eds. S. Amziane, M. Sonebi, K. Charlet, RILEM Publications S.A.R.L., Bagneux, France. Doudart de la Gree, G.C.H., Yu, Q. & Brouwers, H.J.H. (2014). Wood-wool cement board: optimized inorganic coating. In H.V.T. Huong & H.M. Thygesen (Eds.), Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 14th International Inorganic-Bonded Fiber Composites Conference (IIBCC), 15-19 September 2014, Da Nang, Vietnam, (pp. 154-164). IIBCC. Doudart de la Gree, G.C.H., Yu, Q. & Brouwers, H.J.H. (2014). Wood-wool cement board: potential and challenges. In V. Bilek & Z. Kersner (Eds.), Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference Non-Traditional Cement and Concrete (NTCC2014), June 16-19 2014, Brno, (pp. 279-282). Brno, Czech Republic: NOVPRESS. Doudart de la Gree, G.C.H., Yu, Q. & Brouwers, H.J.H. (2014). Wood-wool cement board: utilization of a porous binder. In H.V.T. Huong & H.M. Thygesen (Eds.), Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 14th International Inorganic-Bonded Fiber Composites Conference (IIBCC), 15-19 September 2014, Da Nang, Vietnam, (pp. 177-188). IIBCC. Doudart de la Gree, G.C.H., Florea, M.V.A. & Brouwers, H.J.H. (2013). Physical-chemical upgrading and use of bio-energy fly ashes as building material. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on the Chemistry of Construction Materials, 7-9 October 2013, Berlin, Germany, (pp. 23-26). Berlin: GDCh Division of Chemistry of Construction Chemicals.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Towards optimization of emulsified consumer products:

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Modeling and optimization of sensory and physicochemical aspects

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc A (Arend) Dubbelboer

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders J Meuldijk A Krijgsman (Unilever) JJM Janssen (Unilever)

Participants A Dubbelboer E Zondervan H Hoogland (Unilever)

Cooperations

Project aim For many performance products, e.g. food and materials there is a lack between the detailed recipe, physicochemical properties of the product as well as operational details in the production on the one hand and the performance of the products on the other hand. For food, sensory attributes like taste, mouthfeel, appearance and odor are key performance issues. Sensory assessment is performed by panels with screened members. As an example a structured product with a high degree of complexity has been chosen in this project: full fat mayonnaise, an oil-in-water emulsion. The approach should be generic for complex products, saving raw materials as well as energy during design and production of novel products as well as during grade changes within one product family. Coupling of models predicting physical and chemical product properties with statistical modeling of sensory scores is the connecting thread in the project.

Progress

Experiments have been done as well as models have been developed for preparing oil-in-water University of Massachusetts at Amherst emulsions in a high shear homogenizer as well as in a colloid mill. Droplet size distribution has been University of Liverpool modeled using a population balance approach combined with CFD. Rheology and droplet size distribution have been studied for real mayonnaises. Penetrometry has been used for simple Funded by characterization of the rheology of complex structured liquids. The results of experiments and Unilever model calculations (CFD) were compared for Newtonian emulsions as well as for emulsions obeying Herschel-Bulkley rheology. Model results agree satisfactory with experiments. An Artificial Neural Funding % per money stream Network was used to couple sensory scores with physical (e.g. viscosity, elasticity, yield stress) and Industry 100 % chemical (e.g. fat level, pH, acetic acid mass) properties. A case study demonstrates that production rate for mayonnaise can be increased without affecting sensory attributes at opimal costs.

Start of the project 2010 (December)

Information J Meuldijk T : +31 (0)40 247 4695 E : J.Meuldijk@tue.nl

Figure: From recipe, operation and physicochemical properties towards sensory attributes.

Scientific publications Dubbelboer, A., Janssen, J.J. , Hoogland, H., Zondervan, E. and Meuldijk, J. (2015). Modeling of a Pilot-Scale Production Process for High Internal Phase Emulsions: A Two-way Coupling Approach. Submitted to Chemical Engineering Science. Dubbelboer, A., Janssen, J.J.M, Zondervan, E. and Meuldijk, J. (2015). Penetrometry Analysis of Structured Liquids. Submitted to Rheologica Acta. Dubbelboer, A., Janssen, J., Hoogland, H., Mudaliar, A., Maindarkar, S.N., Zondervan, E. and Meuldijk, J. (2014). Population balances combined with computational fluid dynamics: a modeling approach for dispersive mixing in a high pressure homogenizer. Chemical Engineering Science, 117, 376-388. Maindarkar, S.N., Dubbelboer, A., Meuldijk, J., Hoogland, H. and Henson, M.A. (2014). Prediction of emulsion drop size distributions in colloid mills. Chemical Engineering Science, 118, 114-125. Dubbelboer, A., Zondervan, E., Meuldijk, J., Hoogland, H. and Bongers, P.M.M. (2012). A neural network application in the design of emulsion-based products. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 22nd European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering (ESCAPE 22), 17-20 June 2012, London, UK, (pp. 692-696). London: Elsevier.

178 |

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Development of Reliable Emission and Atomization Models for Combustor Design PhD student | Postdoc DV (Denis) Efimov Project aim

D Efimov

Aim of this project is to develop an accurate and reliable computational tool for prediction of emissions in a lean burn combustion systems for civil aerospace applications. Within this project, the research carried out by TU/e will concentrate on the chemistry reduction method FlameletGenerated Manifold (FGM), which is intended to reduce the computational cost of the complex chemistry models for application in CFD codes. Improved flamelet tabulation techniques are to be developed focusing on accurate prediction of CO, UHC, NOx and soot emissions from gas turbine combustors.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders JA van Oijen

Participants

Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine

Funded by EU University

We have performed detailed chemistry 1D flame calculations including mimicked isentropic expansion in the post flame zone (process encountered in gas turbine stator). Preliminary validation of FGM tabulated chemistry model, utilizing enthalpy and pressure as additional controlling variables (to account for stator conditions), against aforementioned 1D detailed chemistry cases has been done. To improve the accuracy of CO and NOx prediction, an addititional dimension has been added to the manifold. This was done by including the second chemical time scale in order to account for a fast cooling time scale in the system. Also, the FGM model has been shown to give accurate predictions for soot precursors, allowing for correct prediction of soot source terms.

Funding % per money stream EU 75 % University 25 %

Start of the project 2013 (October)

Information JA van Oijen T : +31 (0)40 247 3133 E : j.a.v.oijen@tue.nl W : www.tue.nl/combustion

Figure: Visualization of the 2D.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders V Kornilov JA van Oijen LPH de Goey

Participants A Elkholy

DBD-Plasma assisted combustion PhD student | Postdoc A (Ahmed) Elkholy

Project aim The aim of the project is to investigate experimentally low temperature plasma-flame interaction for CH4 premixed flame in a flat flame burner with a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) Plasma technique. We desire to investigate the effect of RF (radio frequency) plasma on flame stabilization, emissions, CH4 oxidation rate, radical and ion formation and their effect on flame propagation speed.

Progress  Design and construction of CH4 flat flame burner.  Design and construction of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma generator which consisting of disk electrodes, pulse generator, signal amplifier and oscilloscope.  Studying different holes patterns to get the suitable plasma discharge inside/around the holes.

Cooperation CWI (U Ebert) EPG TU/e (S Nijdam)

Funded by Egyptian government

Funding % per money stream Scholarships 100 %

0.5mm

Start of the project 2014 (March)

Information A Elkholy T : +31 (0)40 247 3621 E : A.Elkholy@tue.nl W : www.combustion.tue.nl

300Hz - 4 kV

1kHz - 4 kV

Figure: Plasma generation in the reactor at defferent operating conditions.

Scientific publications -

180 |

3.5kHz - 4 kV

Department

Photo-High-T intensification for the production of Vitamin D3

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders V Hessel

Participants M Escribà Gelonch

Cooperations Graz University of Technology (TUG) Dutch Institute For Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER)

Funded by EU - H2020 MSCA

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (September)

PhD student | Postdoc M (Marc) Escribà Gelonch Project aim Vitamin D deficiency is recognized in the developed world. Very scarce in food, its lack has negative effects on the skeleton and teeth with the subsequent osteoporosis. Also contributes to the development of various malignancies (large bowel, prostate and breasts), autoimmune and allergic diseases, diabetes mellitus type II, arterial hypertension and others. Its market is projected to reach about $2.5 Billion by 2020 (CAGR 11%). Continuous micro-flow photo reactors offer excellent control over residence time, irradiation, and energy transfer, giving higher conversion and selectivity of photoreactions. The aim of this project is a holistic intensification of the Vitamin D production through a compact process setup by combining thermal and UV-light energy sources, at best in a synergistic way avoiding by-products in such atom-economic photo reaction. This approach includes a continuous crystallization to get in one run the purified product.

Progress Interms of energy, this flexible, fully scalable and easy to use setup includes: (I) Reaction control: Batch to continuous flow (micro-flow and energy optimization). (II) UV pulses shorter than the transition states, which avoids by-products (any other separation step needed – less energy). (III) Coupled photoactivation – high T (in safety – relevant window, NPW). (IV) Holistic intensification: Coupled flow reaction–flow crystallization, which means less energy expenses in both modules. (V) By using an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) laser as light source, it is possible to select the corresponding UV-wavelength avoiding energy looses due to the wide range of conventional mercure lamps. The whole setup is already designed and almost constructed. In addition, in collaboration with TUG, the crystallization conditions are defined. This project is starting the training phase towards its optimization and the final two modules coupling.

Information V Hessel T : +31 (0)40 247 2973 E : v.hessel@tue.nl W : www.chem.tue.nl/scr

Figure: Antisolvent switch in-flow crystallization scheme.

Scientific publications Green Process Synth 2015; 4: 509–510.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart applications □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders GPJ Verbong S Arora

Participants YA Fatimah HA Romijn

Cooperations -

Transition in Action: Non-linearity, Multiplicity, Materiality in Indonesian Biofuel Villages PhD student | Postdoc YA (Yuti Ariani) Fatimah Project aim This dissertation examines the relation between agency and power in transition. In articulating the relation between agency and power, this dissertation focuses on a biofuel self-sufficient village program. The program aimed to sufficiently fulfill the energy demand within the village and to increase the local energy production capacity. As part of the program, the central government mobilized financial grant, technical support and training to more than 500 villages in Indonesia. Two main research questions are raised in this dissertation: ‘Why did most small-scale biofuel projects in Indonesia stall despite much political and financial support?’ and ‘How can concepts of nonlinearity, multiplicity and materiality improve understanding of transition in action, and in particular the role of agency and power in them?’.

Progress PhD defense scheduled for 1 June 2016.

Funded by Republic of Indonesia

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project 2010

Information GPJ Verbong T : +31 (0)40 247 2698 E : g.verbong@tue.nl

Scientific publications Fatimah, Y. A. (2015). Fantasy, values, and identity in biofuel innovation: Examining the promise of Jatropha for Indonesia. Energy Research & Social Science, 7, 108-116. Fatimah, YA, Rob P.J.M Raven and Saurabh Arora. Scripts in Transition: Protective Spaces of Indonesian Biofuel Villages. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 99, October 2015, Pages 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2015.06.021 Fatimah, YA & Yuliar, S (2009). ‘Opening Indonesian Bio Fuel Box: How Scientist Modulate the Social’, International Journal of Actor-Network Theory and Technological Innovation, Vol.I, Issue 2.

182 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

Interaction between building service control and nanogrid – reduction of uncertainty within the process control for offices by flexible decentralized energy storage PhD student | Postdoc CJ (Christian) Finck Project aim

CJ Finck R Li

We investigate the flexibility of different thermal energy storages (TESs) in buildings energy systems. The main objective of this study is to develop and validate control & optimization strategies to enable the usage of those TES technologies. The key points are the determination of the physical TES flexibility, the system flexibility including TES and the flexibility of TESs towards the power grid. Determining the flexibility of TESs requires the application of model-based control for a whole building and the validation on at least one office building test case.

Cooperations

Progress

EBC Annex 67 Energy Flexible Buildings

It was found out that the building thermal mass (BTM), water buffers, ice buffers, phase change materials (PCM) wallboards & tanks and thermochemical materials (TCM) tanks are the most promising thermal energy storage technologies for buildings. White & grey-box TES models are developed that can represent the typical heat and mass transfer dynamics of those TESs. The models can be used to predict the scheduling of charging and discharing within a model-based control. The models can also be used to indicate the energy flexibility of the TESs. In order to optimize the scheduling of TESs and to evaluate the system flexibility a generic optimization methodology is developed that make use of dynamic programming. We currently conduct a field test study using this methodology to validate the flexibility of TESs.

W Zeiler

Participants

Funded by -

Funding % per money stream Industry (BAM Techniek) 50 % Impuls PhD 50 %

Start of the project 2014 (April)

Information CJ Finck T : +31 (0)6 83380546 E : c.j.finck@tue.nl

Figure: Future building energy management systems (BEMS) will include model-based control offering flexibility to the power grid.

Scientific publications TVVL contribution “Thermische opslag technieken in gebouwen”. Conference paper IBPC 2015 “An optimization strategy for scheduling various thermal energy storage technologies in office buildings connected to smart grid”.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JLM Hensen

Participants II Gaetani PJ Hoes

Cooperations IEA-EBC ANNEX 66 TRECO Office

Funded by PIT/VABI SPARK consortium TKI EnerGO TU/e

A strategy for fit-for-purpose occupant behavior modeling in building performance predictions PhD student | Postdoc II (Isabella) Gaetani Project aim The aim of this study is to include the influence of occupants behavior on building energy consumption in a realistic and relevant way in various energy consumption predictions (from simplified to detailed simulation methods). Incorrect assumptions about building users influence can lead to a large discrepancy between actual and predicted building energy performance. This can result in wrong design decisions (e.g., over- or under-dimensioning of building installations). This study provides insight into 1) the relationship between building performance and building users and 2) modeling of building users. These insights can then be used to support decision making concerning occupant modeling and to develop a design method in which performance indicators are investigated under different user scenarios. The design method provides insight into the uncertainty and robustness of the design/performance indicators to the user behavior.

Progress By means of a case study, the impact of different aspects of user behavior (from simple occupancy to adaptive actions) on a building’s performance was investigated. A framework of a preliminary strategy for fit-for-purpose user behavior modeling has been set up, including potential influential factors, user behavior scenarios and methodology for sensitivity analysis. Higher complexity (stochastic) user behavior models are currently being implemented as a next step of the preliminary strategy.

Funding % per money stream University 16 % Industry 84 %

Start of the project 2014 (December)

Information II Gaetani T : +31 (0)40 247 2577 E : i.i.gaetani@tue.nl

Figure: Distribution of heating consumption for 290 identical dwellings in Copenhagen [Andersen, 2012]. The distribution is imputable to differences in user behavior.

Scientific publications -

184 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HJH Brouwers QL Yu

Participants X Gao

Funded by China Scholarship Council (CSC)

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project 2013 (October)

Information X Gao T : +31 (0)40 247 8225 E : x.gao@tue.nl

Development of eco-friendly alkali activated slag-fly ash composites PhD student | Postdoc X (Xu) Gao Project aim The production of Portland cement is usually accompanied with several environmental issues such as carbon emissions, consumption of natural renewable materials and high energy costs. In order to reduce those negative impacts, alkali activated materials are applied as an alternative binder. It is usually produced by mixing alkaline activator solutions with industrial by-products or natural amorphous materials such as: as fly ash, slag, metakaolin, red mud and pozzolans. Alkali activated materials also exhibit excellent performances such as mechanical properties, durability, and thermal stability when compared to Portland cement. This project aims at developingambient temperature cured alkali activated slag-fly ash blends, underdstanding the relationships between key synthesising factors and reaction kinetics, microstructure, mechanical properties, and furthermore proposing a reaction model for this blended alkali system.

Progress Several fundamental characteristics of the starting materials are identified by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX) and particle size analyzer. The effect of key manufacturing factors on reaction process and microstructure is analyzed by isothermal calorimeter, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimeter (TG/DSC). Small scale applications are carried out later on and properties such as fresh behaviors, mechanical strength, porosity, shrinkage are identified. Finally, the reaction kinetics is investigated by using the above testing methods together with 29Si and 27Al NMR analysis.

Scientific publications X. Gao, Q.L. Yu, H.J.H. Brouwers. Reaction kinetics, gel character and strength of ambienet temperature cured alkali activated slag-fly ash blends. Constr Build Mater 2015;80:105-15. X. Gao, Q.L. Yu, H.J.H. Brouwers. Properties of alkali activated slag-fly ash blends with limestone addition. Cem Concr Compos 2015;59:119-28. X. Gao, Q.L. Yu, H.J.H. Brouwers. Characterization of alkali activated slag-fly ash blends containing nano-silica. Constr Build Mater 2015;98:397-406.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Uncertainty Quantification in Hydraulic-fracturing Processes

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc H (Hasini) Garikapati Project aim To develop a simulation framework for uncertainty quantification in hydraulic-fracturing processes based on a combination of state-of-the-art uncertainty quantification techniques and computational-simulation methods for Hydraulic-fracturing based on Phase-field fracture models.

Project leaders EH van Brummelen

Progress

Participants

The existing models of Hydraulic-fracture are studied and implemented using X-FEM. Sesivity analysis of the process is conducted. Presently, different techniques are beinng explored such as phase field. The following figure is outlines the Hydraulic-fracture model that is considered.

H Garikapati C Verhoosel

Scientific publications Cooperations -

Funded by Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate SEED

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (May)

Information H Garikapati T : +31 (0)40 247 5459 E : H.Garikapati@tue.nl

186 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders V Hessel T Noël

Participants HPL Gemoets

Cooperations -

PhD student | Postdoc HPL (Hannes) Gemoets Project aim C-H activation has emerged as a new strategy to establish couplings between carbon fragments. The formation of new carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds are of great importance for the development of pharmaceutical, other biological active molecules and functional materials. In contrast to traditional cross-coupling chemistry, C-H activation allows chemists to employ cheap and readily available hydrocarbon feedstock, thereby generating hydrogen as the sole by-product. However, because of its inert nature, C-H bond activation often necessitates harsh reaction conditions. Therefore, improvements in both selectivity and applicability remain the two focussing areas in this field of research. The overall aim of this research project is to employ microreactor technology, utilizing harsh reaction conditions in a controlled environment (Novel Process Windows), in order to explore the field of C-H activated coupling reactions.

Progress

Funded by NWO – Echo

Funding % per money stream NWO

Breaking the Unbreakable: C-H Carbonylation in Micro Flow and Vision to Process

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (October)

After these first two years of resreach, several new C-H functionalization methods have been developed. More specific, the research was focused on the C-H functionalization of indole, a corestructure in pharmaceutical chemistry. Two selective functionalization strategies (C-3 olefination and C-2 arylation) were developed in a continuous-flow or batch manner, resulting in one published reseach paper (Organic Letters) and another about to be submitted (Journal of the American Chemical Society). In the mean time, a book chapter and a review (ChemSocRev) have been published about liquid phase oxidation chemistry in continuous flow.

Information T Noël T : +31 (0)40 247 3623 E : t.noel@tue.nl W : www.chem.tue.nl/scr

Scientific publications Gemoets, H.P.L., Hessel, V. & Noël, T. (2014). Aerobic C-H olefination of indoles via a crossdehydrogenative coupling in continuous flow. Organic Letters, 16(21), 5800-5803.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders ASJ Suiker BJE Blocken

Participants F Geng IM Kalkman

Cooperations -

Funded by China Scholarship Council (CSC)

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Improvement of efficiency and fatigue life of vertical-axis wind turbines PhD student | Postdoc F (Feiyu) Geng Project aim The general purpose of the project is to optimize the output power of vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) and to minimize fatigue loads on turbine blades and loading transferred from the turbine to the supporting structure by optimization of turbine blade geometry. This requires accurate simulation of fluid-structure interaction in wind turbine systems. In addition, a fatigue model needs to be developed that describes the accumulation of cracks and small-scale plasticity in VAWT under a large number of load cycles. The two models will be interactively coupled in order to carry out parameter variation studies on advanced VAWT structures subjected to complex wind loading conditions. This should lead to an improved design with larger efficiency and durability and lower life cycle costs.

Progress Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of the aerodynamic behavior of a single airfoil has been conducted in both steady state and in a pitching motion. First the prediction of aerodynamic force coefficients of a NACA 4412 airfoil as a function of angle of attack has been analyzed using RANS and URANS modelling approaches. Of special concern was the estimation of the drag coefficient at high angles of attack. Furthermore the flow behavior and dynamic stall characteristics of an oscillating NACA 0012 airfoil were investigated using time-dependent calculations using the Transition SST turbulence model. Current simulation results show good agreement with experimental data and improved results compared with previously published data, as shown in the figure below.

Information F Geng T : +31 (0)40 247 2610 E : F.Geng@tue.nl

Figure: Dynamic load loop (lift coefficient) for a pitching NACA 0012 airfoil.

Scientific publications -

188 |

Department

Water transport through coatings on wood

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders SJF Erich HP Huinink OCG Adan

PhD student | Postdoc Ö (Özlem) Gezici-Koç Project aim An important reason to apply coatings on wood is to protect wood against water. In order to use waterborne coatings for woodcare the main factors determining transport through these coatings have to be understood. Waterborne coatings are intrinsically more sensitive to water. Further, the influences of wood on the coating structure and permeability have to be understood. In this project the migration of water through waterborne coatings on wood will be studied with NMR imaging tools. NMR imaging is very suitable tool for visualizing water distributions in the wood and the coating. Further, NMR also gives information about the state of water (bound or free) and plasticization effects (polymer-water interactions).

Participants Ö Gezici-Koç

Cooperations TNO

Funded by AkzoNobel Decorative Paints, Sassenheim, the Netherlands

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Progress To investigate water transport through coatings on wood, we started to analyse transport through the wood itself. Oak, teak and pine sapwood were selected as the wood types covering a whole range of low to high density wood. The first experimental part on uncoated wood was to do the calibration of moisture content for each type with the low resolution NMR. The calibration results allow us to directly quantify the amount of water from the NMR signal during wetting and drying of wood samples. Relaxation analyses were performed to understand the state of water within the wood, e.g. bound or free water in lumen or voids. Coating were formulated, using well known composition; 3 type of coatings, WB alkyd, SB alkyd and WB acrylic, specifically for this project. Next to separate investigation on coatings, e.g. by dynamic vapour sorption, wet cup and high resolution MRI, we have investigated the wetting and drying of coated wood.

Start of the project 2012 (September)

Information SJF Erich T : +31 (0)40 247 3830 E : s.j.f.erich@tue.nl

Figure: Schematic representation of each component covering research questions: wood type, interface effect, coating type, wetting, drying (Microscope images by Paul van de Keer, AkzoNobel).

Scientific publications Ö. Gezici-Koç, S.J.F. Erich, H.P. Huinink, L.G.J. van der Ven, O.C.G. Adan. ‘Quantification and visualization water sorption in softwood and hardwood by means of Magnetic Resonance Imaging’. To be submitted to Wood Science and Technology.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Clean combustion of future fuels

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc MU (Ugur) Göktolga Project aim

Participants

The focus of this project is on MILD combustion, which is characterized by a high degree of preheating and dilution of the reactants and offers the possibility of a sustainable, emission-free energy production. The project encompasses a multi-scale approach that starts with an exploration of the small-scale fundamental processes causing the outstanding properties of MILD combustion. This fundamental knowledge is then translated via numerical studies of lab-scale burners into design tools for large-scale industrial combustion devices. To investigate the reaction structures that arise in MILD combustion, high-fidelity numerical models will be employed.

MU Göktolga A Vasavan

Progress

Project leaders JA van Oijen

Cooperations -

Funded by NWO (VIDI)

Funding % per money stream NWO/STW 100 %

Reliable computational models need to be developed in order to extend the application areas of MILD combustion. FGM is one of the candidates for chemistry modeling. In order to assess the applicability of FGM to MILD combustion, a priori analysis using 1D flames was conducted. It was observed that standard FGM fails because the combustion in MILD regime occurs in different stages like preignition, autoignition and oxidation; and therefore cannot be represented with a single progress variable. To overcome this problem, a novel multistage-FGM method was developed, where each combustion stage is represented using a different progress variable. 2D DNS computations using detailed chemistry, standard FGM and multistage FGM were conducted. It was noted that multistage FGM results are reasonably accurate compared to the detailed chemistry ones, and definitely superior than the standard FGM results.

Start of the project 2010

Information JA van Oijen T : +31 (0)40 247 3133 E : j.a.v.oijen@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/combustion

Figure: Evolution of maximum temperature in 2D DNS using different chemistry models.

Scientific publications M.U. Göktolga, J. van Oijen, P. de Goey, 3D DNS of MILD combustion: A detailed analysis of heat loss effects, preferential diffusion, and ﬂame formation mechanisms, Fuel 159 (2015), 784-795. M.U. Göktolga, J. van Oijen, P. de Goey, Direct numerical simulation of MILD combustion, ICNC 2015, Avignon, France.

190 |

Department

SPINCHAL project

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JC Schouten J van der Schaaf

Participants P Granados Mendoza S Moshtari Khah S Jovic MM de Beer MT de Groot (AkzoNobel)

Cooperations Industry

Funded by ISPT

Funding % per money stream ISPT 50.0 % Industry 12.5 % University 37.5 %

Start of the project 2010 (January)

PhD student | Postdoc P (Paola) Granados Mendoza S (Shoreh) Moshtari Khah S (Slavisa) Jovic MM (Michiel) de Beer Project aim The SPINCHAL project at the Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering at TU/e aims to develop the science and technology that is needed for the design of a small-scale, compact and transportable “Plug & Produce” production unit of less than 0.5 m3 in total volume that is capable of producing 10,000 tons of chlorine per year using brine electrolysis.

Progress The individual process steps in the chloralkali process have been intensified significantly. A spinning disc electrochemical cell has been developed and tested which allows for a current density increase of a factor 15. In addition, the volume of the electrode compartment is reduced by an order of magnitude, leading to a more compact electrochemical cell. The chlorine drying step has been intensified by increasing the operation pressure of the electrochemical cell to pressures above 9 bar. Above this pressure, cooling of the wet chlorine gas will lead to liquefaction and phase separation of water and liquid chlorine with a low concentration of water (~300 ppm). This small amount of water can be removed by 1) extraction with concentrated sulfuric acid, 2) phase-swing adsorption-desorption with a packed bed of zeolite, and 3) crystallization of chlorine hydrates. The latter gives the best performance in terms of energy consumption and has the benefit of not requiring additional chemicals that need to be supplied or regenerated. The volume of the dryer for all of the three processes is in the order of 0.1-0.5 m3. The concentration of alkali to 50 wt% has been intensified in a stator rotor stator spinning disc evaporator. This device allows the recuperation of evaporation heat by condensation of the produced steam at higher pressures. Heat transfer coefficients up to 20 kW/m2/s were demonstrated. Engineering correlations were developed for single phase heat transfer, condensing heat transfer, and evaporative heat transfer. Summarizing, the project has demonstrated that the target production could be achieved in a small container size unit with individual unit operation equipment smaller than 0.5 m3.

Information J van der Schaaf T : +31 (0)40 247 4712 E : J.vanderschaaf@tue.nl W: www.chem.tue.nl/scr

Scientific publications Beer, M.M. de, Keurentjes, J.T.F., Schouten, J.C. & Schaaf, J. van der (2015). Intensification of convective heat transfer in a stator-rotor-stator spinning disc reactor. AIChE Journal; Chemical Engineering Research and Development, 61(7), 2307-2318. Beer, M.M. de, Keurentjes, J.T.F., Schouten, J.C. & Schaaf, J. van der (2014). Engineering model for single-phase flow in a multi-stage rotor-stator spinning disc reactor. Chemical Engineering Journal, 242, 53-61. Beer, M.M. de, Pezzi Martins Loane, L., Keurentjes, J.T.F., Schouten, J.C. & Schaaf, J. van der (2014). Single phase fluid-stator heat transfer in a rotor-stator spinning disc reactor. Chemical Engineering Science, 119, 88-98.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders AG Tijhuis R Serra

Participants M Grau Novellas LJ Duipmans R Bojanic

Cooperations NXP Semiconductors

Funded by NXP Semiconductors STW-HTSM

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

70 % 30 %

Electromagnetic Compatibility of Integrated Circuits: Implications of technology choices on the EMC performance PhD student | Postdoc M (Mercè) Grau Novellas Project aim This project is part of a larger project called “EMC-robust Design of Automotive IC Products and Applications”. The objective is to develop a methodology for the EME/EMI-robust design of automotive integrated circuit products that can be embedded in a regular design flow. In order to avoid expensive and time-consuming redesigns, it is desirable to be able to predict the EMC performance of an IC at early stages of the design process. However, this task is extremely complicated, as there are non-clear merit figures or methodologies for a designer to evaluate the overall performance from an EMC point of view, and each case is treated singularly. The aim of this project is to develop a methodology for the evaluation of the impact of semiconductor technology choices on the EMC performance of integrated circuits.

Progress The work carried out so far has consisted of the assessment of how different substrate technology options impact interference propagation and coupling mechanisms. Different types of substrates have been characterized as structures able to propagate surface waves. We also have studied the effect of passive isolation structures on interference propagation. As a result, we have proposed an analytical modeling methodology based on modal analysis. We focused on passive isolation structures based on interference blocking and treated them as discontinuities transverse to the direction of interference propagation. This methodology allows a fast and accurate electromagnetic characterization, including the impact of mode conversion phenomena. As an example, we have studied the isolation effectiveness of silicon dioxide trenches in different substrates.

Start of the project 2014 (March)

Information M Grau Novellas T : +31 (0)40 247 8669 E : m.grau@tue.nl

Figure: Real part of vertical and radial electrical field components on vertical and horizontal planes respectively, induced due to an injected current of 1A in a scaled lightly-doped substrate.

Scientific publications Grau Novellas, M., Serra, R., Rose, M., ‘Development of Electromagnetic Analytical Models for Substrate Noise Propagation in Integrated Circuits’, IEEE Int. Symp. on EMC, 582-587, Dresden, 2015. Grau Novellas, M., Serra, R., Rose, M., ‘Characterization and Modeling of Interference Propagation Mechanisms in Inhomogeneous Multilayered Substrates’, Int. Conf. on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, 915-918, Turin, 2015.

192 |

Department

Computational Capacity Planning in Electricity Networks

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc MOW (Marinus) Grond Project aim

H Slootweg

The project focuses on computational optimization in power distribution network capacity planning and develops novel ICT tools for scenario simulation and decision making in network planning. The goal of this project is to develop an adequate power system modeling approach for future distribution network planning and to investigate how to embed this in an optimization environment for scenario simulation and decision making.

Participants

Progress

MOW Grond H Luong J Morren P Bosman H La Poutré

A distribution network planning approach is developed which meets requirements originating from network planning practice in order to guarantee realistic outcomes. This approach uses a state-ofthe-art evolutionary algorithm: Gene-pool Optimal Mixing Evolutionary Algorithm. The performance of this optimization algorithm, as well as the proposed model, has been illustrated using real-world case studies. Furthermore, a novel planning approach is developed which consideres electricity storage systems and Demand Side Management (DSM) as new planning options from the point of view of distribution network operators.

Project leaders

Cooperations Centrum Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI)

Distribution Network Expansion Planning Tool Real w orld Geogra phical data topology and Loa d ass ets X,Y coordinate s mea surem ents

Funded by NWO – SES program STW ICT regie

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

MV-distribution network

New transformer configurations

CAPEX + OPEX

over time

MV-distribution network

Expansion options, Design criteria

Expansion plan

CASE

Fut ure loads and ge ne rators

t0  thorizon Planning horizon

Start of the project

MV/LV transformer expansion routine

Future Scenario

2011 (August)

CASE

MV-D network optimization process

Optimal MV-D network topology including NOPs

thorizon

CAPEX + OPEX

over time

Objective: Expansion options, NPV minimization Optimizat ion Engineering rule s CAPEX + OPEX algorit hm GO ME A vs. GA

Information

Figure: Distribution network expansion planning tool.

MOW Grond T : +31 (0)6 31905816 E : m.o.w.grond@tue.nl

Scientific publications Grond, M.O.W., Luong, N.H., Morren, J., Bosman, P.A.N., Slootweg, J.G. & Poutré, J.A. La (2014). Practice-oriented optimization of distribution network planning using metaheuristic algorithms. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC 2014),1822 August 2014, Wroclaw, Poland, (pp. 1-8). Luong, N.H., Grond, M.O.W., Poutré, J.A. La & Bosman, P.A.N. (2014). Efficiency Enhancements for Evolutionary Capacity Planning in Distribution Grids. Conference Paper : Proceedings of the Green and Efficient Energy Applications of Genetic and Evolutionary Computation (GreenGEC) Workshop at the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO 2014), July 12–16 2014, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada., (pp. 1189-1196). Luong, N.H., Grond, M.O.W., Bosman, P.A.N. & La Poutré, H. (2013). Medium-Voltage Distribution Network Expansion Planning with Gene-pool Optimal Mixing Evolutionary Algorithms. The Biennial International Conference on Artificial Evolution (EA-2013), 21 -23 October 2013, Bordeaux, France. Verrzijlbergh, R.A., Grond, M.O.W., Verwater - Lukszo, Z., Slootweg, J.G. & Ilic, M (2012). Network Impacts and Cost Savings of Controlled EV Charging. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grids, 3(3), 12031212.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Integrated micro-fluidic cooling in laminated flexible microsystems PhD student | Postdoc G (Gökalp) Gürsel Project aim

AJH Frijns AA van Steenhoven

Electronic devices will in the future be made more and more also as flexible system-in-foil (SIF) which can contain ultra-thin (15 – 50 micron) flexible embedded silicon chips. A challenge is given by the low thermal conductivity of the very thin polymeric package aggravating the heat management problem. The aim of this project to develop an integrated micro-fluidic cooling system in a laminated flexible micro-system.

Participants

Progress

Project leaders

G Gürsel D Florea E Homburg JMJ den Toonder

Cooperations Philips, Holst Centre

Funded by STW

A new modelling approach was followed: the system is modelled by a non-linear mass-springdamper system and was implemented in SIMULINK. Main advantages of such approach that the results are easier to interpret than in a CFD model, since it can be related to the non-linear springs and dampers. Therefore, the effects of asymmetry in filling and in material properties and the stability issues can be better addressed. Evaporation and condensation are included in de model. The model is compared with both numerical and experimental results from literature. Simulations show that including asymmetry into the system results in a good agreement with experimental results. Also, four different modes of motion are observed: Oscillatory motion, translation, combined oscillatory-translation motion and no motion. Motion composition of a PHP as a function of heat input is analyzed.

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2011

Information AJH Frijns T : +31 (0)40 247 4825 E : a.j.h.frijns@tue.nl W : www.energy.tue.nl

Scientific publications Gürsel, Gökalp, Frijns, Arjan, Homburg, Erik & van Steenhoven, Anton (2015). A mass-spring-damper model of a pulsating heat pipe with a non-uniform and asymmetric filling. Applied Thermal Engineering, 91(1), 80-90.

194 |

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

Cross-border Balancing in Europe Ensuring frequency quality within the constrains of the interconnected transmission system PhD student | Postdoc JES (Jerom) de Haan Project aim

Project leaders AJM Pemen M Gibescu

Participants JES de Haan

Cooperations Funded by TenneT TSO BV

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project

Current developments in European power systems such as large-scale integration of renewable energy sources (RES) are one of the key drivers for the current search for efficiency in power system balancing. One of the options is cross-border cooperation between countries. When an area, e.g. the Netherlands experiences an infeed loss, as indicated in Figure 1, automatically all areas support the Netherlands. Nevertheless, the Dutch system needs to restore locally the balance and therefore restore the inter-area flows. However, to efficiently operate the system, reserves mide be activated cross-border, to reduce the costs. The project aim is to investigate if these flows will jeopardize the system because overloading of lines might lead to blackouts.

Progress The project ends in February 2015. Last year research has been finalized and draft versions of three articles have been written. The work is subdivided into three categories. First, research has been performed concerning the reduction of reserves because of the cooperation. It should not lead to reserve under-dimensioning, because this will jeopardize frequency quality. Secondly, the earlier mentioned flows have been investigated. Therefore, last year a process of transmission capacity allocation for balancing has been developed. At last, work has been finilazed concerning intrasynchronous area cooperation, cooperation between Continental Europe, Great Britain, and Northern Europe. In the upcoming months, the thesis will be written.

2011 (February)

Information JES de Haan T : +31 (0)40 247 3707 E : j.e.s.d.haan@tue.nl

Figure: Power flows experienced within Continental Europe when the Netherlands will be exposed to an infeed loss. Public defense scheduled: March 29, 2016.

Scientific publications C.E. Concha, J.E.S. de Haan, A. Virag, M. Gibescu, W.L. Kling †, “Towards a pan-European Energy Balancing Exercise on Coupling the United Kingdom and Continental Europe”. 11th International Conference on the European Energy Market. Krakow, Poland, 2014. A. Strassheim, J.E.S. de Haan, M. Gibescu. “Provision of Frequency Restoration Reserves by Possible Energy Storage Systems in Germany and the Netherlands”. 11th International Conference on the European Energy Market. Krakow, Poland, 2014.

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Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HP Nguyen

Participants ANMM Haque

Cooperations

Congestion management with the introduction of Graceful Degradation PhD student | Postdoc ANMM (Niyam) Haque Project aim The main objective of the research is to develop the ‘graceful degradation’ system that enhances flexibilities of the power system to deal with network congestions. The focus of the work will be on developing a decision making system to support network operators to handle the congestions problem. Appropriate mechanisms will be investigated and integrated to optimally exploit distributed local resources. Distributed and computational intelligence would be used to resolve the possible conflicting interests in between network operators and involved market entities.

Progress

The proposed mechanism will allow the Distribution System Operators (DSOs) to curtail the power USEF Foundation consumption at the individual households to tackle the congestion in the low-voltage (LV) distribution network. The PhD project is divided into five work packages. Currently the work is being Funded by done in work package 3 and 4. The need of the congestion management in the future distribution SEC USEF- Universal Smart Grids Energy network has been identified. An integrated solution has been developed comprising of a marketFramework based DR mechanism and an active power curtailment based graceful degradation mechanism. Simulation results indicate the feasibility of the proposed method.

Funding % per money stream RVO

100 % Transformer Agent

Start of the project 2013 (August)

Information

Feeder Agents

ANMM Haque T : +31 (0)40 247 8515 E : a.n.m.m.haque@tue.nl W: http://www.usef.info/Home.aspx House Agents

Base load

Heat Pump

Solar PV

Device Agents

Figure: The mechanism of the congestion management in the distribution network. The DSO detects the congestion in the network (e.g. in transformer) and sends appropriate signals to the corresponding households to limit their consumption or power injection to resolve the network congestion. The figure depicts the agent-based scalable decentralized implementation strategy of the investigated mechanism.

Scientific publications A.N.M.M. Haque, P.H. Nguyen, W.L. Kling †, F.W. Bliek. Congestion Management with the Introduction of Graceful Degradation, in: PowerTech, 2015 IEEE Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 2015: pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/PTC.2015.7232806. A.N.M.M. Haque, P.H. Nguyen, W.L. Kling †, Capacity Management in a Generalized Smart Grid Framework, in: Proc. IEEE Young Res. Symp. (YRS 2014), 2014: pp. 1–5. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4555.2727. A.N.M.M. Haque, P.H. Nguyen, W.L. Kling †, F.W. Bliek. Congestion Management in Smart Distribution Network, in: Power Eng. Conf. (UPEC), 2014 49th Int. Univ., 2014: pp. 1 – 6. doi:10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934751.

196 |

Department

Tailoring new nano-silica, and its application in smart concrete

Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HJH Brouwers

Participants Y Hendrix A Lazaro

Funded by Kijlstra Betonmortel Joma international Kronos international Graniet Import Benelux ENCI BAM

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

70 % 30 %

PhD student | Postdoc Y (Yuri) Hendrix Project aim By adding sulfuric acid to the mineral olivine silica nanoparticles can be formed. Traditionally nanosilica is being manufactured with two main methods from which both require temperatures above 1000°C. The dissolution of olivine to produce the nano-silica is “greener” because it requires much less energy input since temperatures of only around 50°C to 90°C are required and because olivine can come from dunite which is now seen as only a waste product of quarrying. Nano-Silica is an important material that have a wide and diverse range of applications. One such application is as a substrate for photocatalytic titanium dioxide. When photocatalytic titanium dioxide is incorporated into building materials like concrete, the building materials gain air purification and self-cleaning properties. By using the nano-silica as a substrate for the titanium dioxide, the cost-efficiency is increased, making the material more attractive.

Progress A literature review on the titanium dioxide-silica composites nanoparticles was made. From the literature it became clear that methods close to the precipitation and sol-gel methods were the most promising in coating the nano-silica with titanium dioxide in a cost-effective way. Several different experiments were composed and performed in which the titanium dioxide was formed around the nano-silica using different methods which were based on the sol-gel and precipitation methods. These experiments showed that it is indeed possible to use the nano-silica as a substrate for titanium dioxide and make more cost-effective photocatalytic material than pure titanium dioxide.

Start of the project 2015 (April)

Information Y Hendrix T : +31 (0)40 247 8613 E : y.hendrix@tue.nl

Figure: TEM image of crystal lattices of titanium dioxide coated on nano-silica agglomerates

Scientific publications Hendrix, Y., Lazaro, A., Yu, Q. and Brouwers, H.J.H. (2015) Titania-Silica Composites: A Review on the Photocatalytic Activity and Synthesis Methods. World Journal of Nano Science and Engineering, 5, 161-177. doi: 10.4236/wjnse.2015.54018.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Built environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JLM Hensen

Participants P Hoes

Cooperations IEA Annex 66 IEA Annex 67

Computational design optimization of building energy and thermal performance PhD student | Postdoc P (PieterJan) Hoes Project aim My research focuses on computational design optimization of high performance buildings (energy, comfort). I am interested in design support methodologies that make use of computational models in an efficient and effective way. These methodologies are based on multi-objective design optimization, uncertainty and scenario analysis and risk analysis. Two main topics of interest related to high performance buildings are energy flexible buildings and occupant behavior in buildings. - Energy flexible buildings: More and more electricity is generated using renewable sources (both onsite and decentralized). This poses challenges in matching the electricity production to the electricity demand. How can buildings match their demand to the production? What building/system concepts show the most potential? Can buildings sell their ‘energy flexibility’ to the grid? This research is related to the IEA Annex 67 ‘Energy flexible buildings’.

Funding % per money stream

- Occupant behavior: Occupants are one of the main sources of uncertainties in building performance modeling. How to deal with this during the design process and during the operation of buildings? How to model the influence of occupants in an efficient and effective manner? This research is related to the IEA Annex 66 ‘Definition and simulation of occupant behavior in buildings’.

Industry Other

Progress

Funded by -

75 % 25 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information P Hoes T +31 (0)40 247 2273 E : P.Hoes@tue.nl W: https://www.tue.nl/universiteit/ faculteiten/faculteit-bouwkunde/ de-faculteit/medewerkers/detail/ ep/e/d/ep-uid/20001237/t

198 |

Several articles related to the research are published, see publications list.

Scientific publications Kotireddy, R., Hoes, P. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2015). Finding a right balance between energy demand and on-site generation in net zero energy buildings considering future scenarios. Proceedings Building Simulation '15, 7-9 December 2015, Hyderabad, India (pp. 8). IBPSA. Hoes, P. (2014). Computational performance prediction of the potential of hybrid adaptable thermal storage concepts for lightweight low-energy houses. PhD thesis Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. Arteconi, A., Cóstola, D., Hoes, P. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2014). Analysis of control strategies for thermally activated building systems under demand side management mechanisms. Energy and Buildings, 80(September), 384-393. Loonen, R.C.G.M., Hoes, P. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2014). Performance prediction of buildings with responsive building elements challenges and solutions. In L Malki-Epshtein, C Spataru, L Marjanovic Halburd & D Mumovic (Eds.), Conference Paper : Proceedings of the 2014 Building Simulation and Optimization Conference (BSO14), 23-24 June 2014, London, United Kingdom, (pp. 1-8). London.

Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart applications □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders S Arora HA Romijn GPJ Verbong

Participants E de Hoop

Cooperations V Vakhulabharanam (University of Hyderabad, India)

Biofuels in India: flowing through time and space in tiny conduits PhD student | Postdoc E (Evelien) de Hoop Project aim This research project observes biofuel controversies in India by zooming in on the more unusual aspects that come into view when studying those controversies, following what Latour (2005) calls ‘tiny conduits’ . This project therefore aims to study ‘wastelands’ in various times and places, the formation of India’s biofuel policies, farmers’ practices, their ploughs, land, ideas etc, and across the laboratory fields of scientists. By focusing on day-to-day practice and how that relates to policy and the ideational world of the ‘wasteland’, this study hopes to contribute to biofuels literatures that so far remained rather hypothetical based on experiences in laboratories, test fields or models.

Progress All fieldwork (archival work, 3 months of interviews and more than 6 months of ethnographic research) has been carried out. Three papers, one on the history of the term ‘wasteland’ in relation to India’s current biofuel policy, one on the making of India’s biofuel policy and one on limits to responsible innovation, have been submitted.

Funded by NWO-MVI

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (October)

Information E de Hoop T : +31 (0)40 247 4895 E : e.d.hoop@tue.nl W: http://www.tue.nl/en/university/ departments/industrialengineering-innovation-sciences/ the-department/staff/detail/ep/ e/d/ep-uid/20113549/

Figure: This is a colourfully decorated building which serves to demonstrate the usefulness of a Pongamia pinnata oil expelling machine to people in living in a village: oilseeds can be inserted into the machine, and oil plus seedcake come out.The colourfull decoration marks and re-emphasizes the political importance of the biofuel project “Hassan Bio-Fuel Park” (which provided the decoration for the building and the oil expelling machine) studied, because this village – and almost all villages in the area along with it – actually barely produces oilseeds. In fact, the machine inside this building is almost always under repair, unless guests come to see the village.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders LPH de Goey

Participants N Hosseini V Kornilov J Teerling I Lopez Arteaga

Cooperations Bekaert Combustion Technology BV Technische Universität München Keele University

Funded by STW EC Bekaert Combustion Technology

Numerical and Experimental Study of Thermoacoustics of Domestic Burner with Heat Exchanger PhD student | Postdoc N (Naseh) Hosseini Project aim The goal of the project is to investigate the interaction between a burner and a heat exchanger looking from a thermo-acoustic and hydrodynamic point of view. This goal is thought to be achieved by both laboratory and numerical experiments. A laboratory with basic test setups is available to measure the relation between acoustic velocity and heat release. On the numerical front, simple premixed flames are going to be modelled to study this relation. This will be taken as a starting point to research the interaction with a heat exchanger. Finally, design rules need to be defined in order to create this combination in a shorter time span and with minimum thermoacoustic instabilities.

Progress In the numerical front, the 2D CFD model is developed for inclusion of heat exchanger. Extensive combustion verifications have been performed to ensure correct thermoacoustic properties for a vast variety of conditions, with and without heat exchanger. With the CFD model, it is possible to predict the thermoacoustic behavior of a simplified boiler using the properties of its components for varying distances between them. The results of his investigation have been submitted to the 36th Combustion Symposium (August 2016). A separate publication will also be prepared about the 3D effects in simulating the flame transfer function. Two joint studies with Technische Universität München in Germany and Keele University in England have been performed to investigate this approach using other numerical and analytical tools. The results of these investigations will be published in ICSV23 conference (July 2016). The existing experimental setup has been improved to a great extent in order to measure the flame transfer function inclusing the heat exchanger tubes.

Funding % per money stream STW Industry EC

7% 18 % 75 %

Start of the project 2013 (November)

Information (a) Figure (1): Experimental setup (a) and simulation results (b). 2.0

0.0

1.5

-1.0

Phase/π (rad)

Gain

N Hosseini T : +31 (0)6 44266732 E : n.hosseini@tue.nl W: www.combustion.tue.nl

1.0 0.5 0.0

200

400 600 800 Frequency (Hz)

1000

(b)

-2.0 -3.0 -4.0 -5.0

200

400 600 800 Frequency (Hz)

1000

(a) (b) Figure (2). Gain (a) and phase (b) of the transfer function for the flame, hex, and complete system.

Scientific publications Hosseini, N., Kornilov, V., Teerling, O.J., Arteaga, I.L., de Goey, L.P.H., "Transfer Function Calculations of Segregated Elements in a Simplified Slit Burner with Heat Exchanger”, The 22nd International Congress on Sound and Vibration, 12-16 July 2015, Florence, Italy. Hosseini, N., Kornilov, V., Teerling, O.J., Arteaga, I.L., de Goey, L.P.H., "Investigating the Effects of Heat Exchanger on Flame Transfer Function in a Simplified Boiler”, Combura’15 Combustion Research and Application, 7-8 October 2015, Soesterberg, The Netherlands

200 |

Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart applications □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JEM Haverkort

Mainstreaming Solar: PV Business Model Design under Shifting Regulatory Regimes PhD student | Postdoc JCCM (Boukje) Huijben Project aim This project is part of a larger project on High Efficiency Nanowire Solar Cells. Its aim is to better understand PV market development. Two countries are analyzed: the Netherlands and the Flemish region of Belgium. The project focuses on the development of business models for PV in both countries and how business model design is influenced by the regulatory regime in place.

Progress

Participants

Over the last year one scientific article was published and two presentations were held at conferences. Two other articles have been submitted to scientific journals. A workshop on transition studies was given in Budapest.

JCCM Huijben EPAM Bakkers TTT Vu Y Cui GPJ Verbong

Public defense: December 1, 2015.

Cooperations -

Funded by EOS-LT

Funding % per money stream Government

100 %

Start of the project 2010

Information JCCM Huijben T : +31 (0)40 247 5579 E : b.huijben@tue.nl Source: Peter Segaar, 2012. Presentation held at the Solar Future conference. PV market growth in the Netherlands, we took the exponential growth since 2008 as a starting point for our research.

Scientific publications Mainstreaming Solar: The effect of shifting regulatory regimes on PV business models and market growth in the Netherlands and Flanders. Abstract for the 5th International Sustainability Transitions Conference, Utrecht, the Netherlands, August 27-29, 2014. Hurtado Munoz, L.A., Huijben, J.C.C.M., Verhees, B. & Verbong, G.P.J. (2014). The power of grid parity: a discursive approach. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 87, 179-190. Shaping Solar: PV business models under shifting regulatory regimes. Presentation held at Solar Plus conference, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands, April 17, 2014.

Dissertation Huijben, J.C.C.M. (December 1, 2015). Mainstreaming solar: PV business model design under shifting regulatory regimes. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Geert Verbong & Ksenia Podoynitsyna).

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy / Clustername □ Solar PV / Clustername ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion / Clustername

Project leaders HL Schellen

Participants Z Huijbregts

Cooperations Cultural Heritage Agency, The Netherlands Department of Material Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands National Trust, United Kingdom Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics, Germany

Funded by EU Climate for Culture project 226973 within FP7-ENV-2008-1

Experimental and numerical analysis of climate change induced risks to historic buildings and collections PhD student | Postdoc Z (Zara) Huijbregts Project aim This thesis aims to develop methods to assess climate change induced risks to European historic buildings and their collections. These methods are of importance in the development of conservation strategies and indoor climate guidelines for built cultural heritage. Historical environmental data are used to reconstruct the historic indoor climate in a selection of generic historic building types. Hygrothermal whole-building simulation models are coupled with future outdoor climate scenarios to assess the impact of future climate change on the indoor climate conditions in these buildings. The results include an assessment of climate-induced risks to objects of arts, based on the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of materials as well as an evaluation of the required energy consumption for climate control systems under changing conditions.

Progress The research during the last year focused on the application of building simulation models to find relations between observed damage and local climate conditions. A finite element model coupling heat and moisture transfer, stress, and strain was created to assess the impact of climate variations on mechanical degradation of wooden objects of art. In addition, measurements of local climate conditions in the historic Hofkeshuis (The Netherlands) were conducted and a numerical model was developed that predicts these local climate conditions based on building properties, outdoor temperature and solar irradiance. The purpose of both the experimental and the numerical study is to assess whether the local climate conditions can be related to observed lead white degradation of valuable oil paintings on canvas that cover three walls in the room.

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2010 (August)

Information Z Huijbregts T : +31 (0)40 247 3523 E : z.huijbregts@tue.nl W: www.climateforculture.eu

Figure: Predicted surface temperatures in the historic Hofkeshuis on 7 July at 8 a.m. (upper left), 10 a.m. (upper right), 12 p.m. (lower left) and 2 p.m. (lower right).

Scientific publications Huijbregts, Z., Schellen, H.L., Schijndel, A.W.M. van & Ankersmit, B (2015). Modelling of heat and moisture induced strain to assess the impact of present and historical indoor climate conditions on mechanical degradation of a wooden cabinet. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 16(4) (419-427). Huijbregts, Z., Schellen, H.L., Schijndel, A.W.M. van & Blades, N (2014). Hygrothermal modelling of flooding events within historic buildings. Journal of Building Physics, 38(2) (138-155). Huijbregts, Z., Kramer, R.P., Martens, M.H.J., Schijndel, A.W.M. van & Schellen, H.L. (2012). A proposed method to assess the damage risk of future climate change to museum objects in historic buildings. Building and Environment, 55 (43-56).

202 |

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

SG-BEMS: The Art of Optimizing the connection between comfort and energy demand supply PhD student | Postdoc LA (Luis) Hurtado Munoz Project aim

LA Hurtado Munoz

The project aims to the development and realization of a platform for the integration of Smart Buildings through the use of Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS), with the Smart Grid to ensure and optimize the bulding’s energy efficiency while maintaining the minimum comfort levels. Such a system should be: automous, proactive, flexible, open, distributed, user friendly and embedded. And it should be able to cope with the functional and structural requirements and changes of different buildings.

Cooperations

Progress

Kropman Almende CWI TU/e UT at Austin

The general framework for the project, SG-BEMS, was stablished and its capabilities for grid support, e.g. voltage support, were tested. A general methodology for definining and quantifiying the demand flexibility of commercial building has been proposed. Furthermore, A Multi-Agent Systtem architecture was developed to monitor and control the Smart Building and the Smart Grid (see figure). Different strategies to enable flexible behavior from the building were tested, and the benefits of this flexible behavior was analyzed in the context of distribution network management. Finally, the coordinated operation of multiple buildings was compared under different coordination frameworks.

Funded by Smart Energy Regions - Brabant

Funding % per money stream

Charging agent

Room agent

Zone agent

BEMS agent

σ-

comfmax

time

comfnom

MASBEMS

Comfort agent

επ-

σ⁺

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Information LA Hurtado Munoz T : +31 (0)40 247 3297 E : l.a.hurtado.munoz@tue.nl

time -

Flexmin

2013

Flex0

ρdow

Start of the project

π⁺ ε⁺

Flexmax

Sensor and actuator network

100 %

MASBEMS

n ρdow ⁺

Government

MASBEMS

ρup -

Participants

ρup ⁺

IG Kamphuis PH Nguyen

comfmin

Feeder agent

Flexibility up regulation

Flexibility down regulation

Distribution agent

Figure: Schematic diagram of the SG-BEMS.

Scientific publications Hurtado Munoz, Luis, Nguyen, Phuong & Kling †, W.L. (2015). Smart grid and smart building interoperation using agent-based particle swarm optimization. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks, 2(June), 32-40. Hurtado Munoz, Luis, Syed, A., Nguyen, Phuong & Kling †, W.L. (2015). Multi-agent based electric vehicle charging method for smart grid-smart building energy management. Proceedings of the IEEE PowerTech 2015 Conference, 29 June - 2 July 2015, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Hurtado Munoz, Luis, Mocanu, Elena, Nguyen, Phuong, Gibescu, Madeleine & Kling †, W.L. (2015). Comfort-constrained demand flexibility management for building aggregations using a decentralized approach. SmartGreens 2015 - 4th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems, 20-22 May 2015, Lisbon, Portugal (pp. 157-166). Hurtado Munoz, L.A., Huijben, J.C.C.M., Verhees, B. & Verbong, G.P.J. (2014). The power of grid parity: a discursive approach. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 87, 179-190. Hurtado Munoz, L.A., Nguyen, P.H. & Kling †, W.L. (2014). Multiple objective particle swarm optimization approach to enable smart buildings-smart grids. Proceedings of the 18th Power Systems Computation Conference, PSCC, 18-22 August 2014, Wroclaw, Poland, Hurtado Munoz, L.A., Nguyen, P.H. & Kling †, W.L. (2014). Agent-based control for building energy management in the smart grid framework. Proceedings of the 5th IEEE PES ISGT (Innovative Smart Grid Technologies ) Europe 2014 Conference, 15-18 October 2014, Istanbul, Turkey, Tolboom, S., Hurtado Munoz, L.A., Nguyen, P.H., Vonk, B.M.J. & Kling †, W.L. (2014). Resource allocation of on-site PV production within the built environment. Proceedings of the 2014 49th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 2-5 September 2014, ClujNapoca, Romania, (pp. 1-6). Hurtado Munoz, L.A., Nguyen, P.H., Kling †, W.L. & Zeiler, W. (2013). Building energy management systems: optimization of comfort and energy use. Proceedings of the 48th International Universities' Power Engineering Conference (UPEC 2013), 2-5 September 2013, Dublin, Ireland, (pp. 1-6). Dublin-Ireland.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Computational modeling of convective heat transfer for the integration of renewable energy systems in the urban environment PhD student | Postdoc S (Samy) Iousef Project aim

Project leaders PJV van Wesemael BJE Blocken

Participants S Iousef R Vasaturo H Montazeri (KU Leuven) IM Kalkman D Timmermans (Heijmans) A Papadopoulos

Cooperations Heijmans BV City of Den Bosch Avans Hogeschool Province of North-Brabant

The project is driven by the need for a healthier environment with energy neutral buildings and cities and less greenhouse gas emissions. It focuses on the combination of urban redevelopment and urban physics for a multi-scale analysis of the urban environment (building, district and urban scale) where different technologies are applied either in isolation or in combination. The project aims to develop, validate and apply Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models for the analysis of the distribution of convective heat transfer coefficients (CHTC) on building surfaces, in order to integrate renewable energy systems. In the present research, the technologies to be analyzed are Building Integrated Photovoltaics/Thermal systems (BIPV/T) and Asphalt Solar Collectors (ASC).

Progress The study includes LES simulations of CHTC using a non-conformal grid around a 10 m high cubic building (Figs. 1a and b). The non-conformal grid consists of 103,632,383 cubic cells. In case a conformal grid was constructed, the total number of cells would reach 1,205,337,489 cells (11.63 times higher), requiring thus extremely high computational power and time. The simulations consider different wind speeds (U10). LES and RANS CFD simulations are performed to compare their performance. Figs. 1c, d and e show the distribution of CHTC on the windward façade, obtained by the steady RANS simulations for different reference wind speed values. The increase of the wind speed results in a highly varying distribution of CHTC on the windward façade.

Funded by The project is funded by TU/e PhD Impulse Programme, for PhD research projects in combination with industrial partner (Heijmans BV).

Funding % per money stream Industry 50 % Impuls PhD 50 %

Start of the project 2013 (November)

Information S Iousef T : +31 (0)6 43243403 E : S.Iousef@tue.nl

Figure 1: (a) Perspective view of the computational grid at cube and part of the ground surface; (b) Top view of the computational domain and grid at the bottom surface (c,d,e) Distribution of CHTC across windward façade for three different wind speeds (U10 = 0.05. 0.10, 0.15 m/s). Results obtained by steady RANS.

Scientific publications -

204 |

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders LMT Somers N Dam B Johansson

Participants M Izadi Najafabadi

Cooperations Lund University Imperial College London

Funded by ECCO-MATE Marie Curie Actions

Funding % per money stream EU

Fuel and Combustion Stratification Study of Partially Premixed Combustion Using Advanced Laser Diagnostic Techniques PhD student | Postdoc M (Mohammad) Izadi Najafabadi Project aim  Better understanding of the concept of Partially Premixed Combustion by investigation of fuel and thermal stratification while it progresses.  Application of different laser diagnostic techniques in a light duty optical engine.  Accurate quantification of laser diagnostic imaging  Sharing of experimental results with sister institutes and provide data for numerical studies.

Progress  Literature review on the implementaion of laser diagnostic techniques and partially premixed combustion.  Preparation and calibration of the engine test cell instruments and the Volvo D5 optical engine setup.  Investigation of the injection process and spray penetration by using high-speed Shadowgraphy imaging in an optical engine.  Detailed investigation of the combustion stratification based on the high-speed OH* chemiluminescence imaging (Figure 1).  Study the effect of EGR and SOI on the flow characteristics and turbulence features of PPC combustion in the combustion chamber and inside the piston bowl based on the high-speed PIV method.

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (May)

Information M Izadi Najafabadi T : +31 (0)40 247 5995 E : m.izadi.najafabadi@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/combustion

Figure 1: Time resolved Fourier-based stratification for different injection timings.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders BJE Blocken HJ van Wijhe (Port of Rotterdam)

Participants WD Janssen

Cooperations Port of Rotterdam

Funded by Port of Rotterdam

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2010 (September)

Port of Rotterdam: from macro-climate to micro-climate in the harbor basins PhD student | Postdoc WD (Wendy) Janssen Project aim In general, the macroscale wind conditions at weather stations will show considerable differences with the local microscale wind conditions in harbor basins. This is caused by the influence of terrain roughness and obstacles on the local wind flow. However, knowledge of microscale port wind conditions is important for maneuvering and mooring of ships and also for optimizing the harbor design. Especially with the trend of increasing ship dimensions and cargo, navigating through the harbor becomes more difficult for the tugboat pilots. This motivates the establishment of an accurate transformation tool to convert the macroscale wind conditions at the weather station to the local wind conditions in the harbor basins.

Progress A software tool is created based on CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations of wind flow in the port of Rotterdam. Given the wind direction and wind velocity at the KNMI weather station Noorderhoofd (position ‘Ref’ in the figure below) the software tool provides wind velocities, wind directions and turbulence intensity throughout the whole port at different heights. A validation study is performed for conducting wind forces on a container ship. The results showed a good agreement between wind tunnel measurements and CFD simulations. Additionally this container ship is placed in the large calculation domain of the Port of Rotterdam. It is found that by knowing the wind conditions at 20 m height in the empty habor domain (= without ships) the wind load on the container ship at that position can be calculated rather accurately using a simplified method. The calculation of the wind load on container ships is added to the software tool.

Information WD Janssen T : +31 (0)40 247 8444 E : w.d.janssen@tue.nl

Figure: Wind amplification factors at 20 m above Mean Sea Level for west-southwest wind (240°). The reference velocity is taken at the KNMI weather station Noorderhoofd.

Scientific publications Janssen, W.D., Blocken, B.J.E. & Wijhe, H.J. van (2014). Numerical study of wind loads on large passenger ships in the Rotterdam Cruise Terminal. In T. Lipecki (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Environmental Effects on Buildings and People: Actions, Influences, Interactions, Discomfort, 20-22 October 2014, Krakau, Poland, (pp. 1-5).

206 |

Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart applications □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders RPJM Raven

Participants S Jolly

Cooperations

Sustainable energy transitions and the role of collective institutional entrepreneurship: Studies on PV solar and wind energy in India PhD student | Postdoc S (Suyash) Jolly Project aim The aim of the project is to develop a novel perspective on sustainable energy transitions in the context of developing countries by emphasizing the role of institutional innovation in the process. This research particularly looks at development of wind and PV solar energy in India through the lens of 'collective institutional entrepreneurship’ i.e. actions and activities of actors in transforming institutional contexts. Relevant case studies include development of wind and solar energy at the national and sub-national level i.e. Indian states. The project aims to provide insights into governance of sustainable energy innovations by harnessing conflicts and contestations emerging in the process.

Jadavpur University Chiang Mai University VU University

Progress

Funded by

Public defense scheduled for: February 18, 2016.

In 2015 the thesis has been finished and submitted for admission to the defense.

NWO - WOTRO

Scientific publications Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (March)

Information S Jolly T : +31 (0)40 247 5579 E : s.jolly@tue.nl W : http://www.tue.nl/en/employee/ ep/ed/ep-uid/20087327

Jolly, S., Raven, R.P.J.M., 2015. Collective institutional entrepreneurship and contestations in wind energy in India. Renewable Energy and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 999-1011. Jolly, S., 2015. Role of institutional entrepreneurship in creation of regional solar PVenergy markets: Contrasting developments in Gujarat and West Bengal. Submitted to Energy for Sustainable Development Jolly, S., Spodniak, P., Raven, R.P.J.M. (2014). Institutional work in sustainable energy transitions: A comparative analysis of wind energy development in Finland and India. Submitted to Organization and Environment (under review) Jolly, S. (2014). Creation of regional PV solar energy markets in India: Distinct transformation pathways in Gujarat and West Bengal. Presented at 30th EGOS Colloquium 2014 in Rotterdam. Sub-theme 56: Markets and (Re-)Valuations inside Sustainability Transformations. Jolly, S. (2014). Role of field configuring events in sustainability transitions: Case of PV solar energy in India. ETH Phd Academy on Sustainability and Technology. Toward a Renewable Future? Technological, Organizational and Institutional Change in the Energy Sector, 8 th -13 th June, 2014, Appenzell, Switzerland Jolly, S., Raven, R.P.J.M. (2013). Empowering niche innovations: Case of PV solar energy in India. Presented at the 4th International Conference on Sustainability Transitions, 19-21 June, 2013, Zurich. Jolly, S., Raven, R.P.J.M. & Verbong, G.P.J. (2012). Upscaling of wind energy niches in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh and the role for collective institutional entrepreneurship. Abstract presented at Proceedings of the STRN Conference Sustainable Transitions: Navigating Theories and Challenging Realities, August 29-31 2012, Copenhagen, Denmark. Jolly, S., Raven, R.P.J.M. & Romijn, H.A. (2012). Upscaling of business model experiments in off-grid PV solar energy in India. Sustainability Science, 7(2), 199-212.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Design of a high-speed electrical drive for a respiration system

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc S (Sultan) Jumayev Project aim

S Jumayev JJH Paulides K Boynov

Due to increase number of patients with pulmonology diseases, there is a large demand of mobile respirators for the artificial breath support of a human. The idea of mobile respirator assumes compact and efficient devices with long autonomous operation time, where the heart of the system is miniature turbo-compressor (see Figure below). To be efficient the turbo-compressor requires high rotational speeds. Moreover, to imitate the breath of a human, the device should continuously operate in high-dynamics. The main goal of the project is the design of highly-dynamic high-speed electrical drives system for the respiratory applications. The most challenging part of the research is a high-speed permanent magnet motor design which is capable to operate within wide speed and wide torque ranges. This remains a niche for the research and demand for this research from the industry is very high.

Cooperations

Progress

For the design of a miniature high-speed permanent magnet (PM) machines for highly-dynamic applications a fast fully-analytical models has been developed. These models facilitate analysis and design of high-speed PM machines with different slotless winding topologies. The most important phenomena in electromagnetic circuit of the machine, including thermal and mechanical analysis, are taken into account in the developed models. Using these tools an optimal design of a high-speed machine for the required specifications have been found. A prototype have been constructed and being tested for the conformance of the requirements.

Project leaders EA Lomonova

Participants

Funded by RVO

Funding % per money stream RVO

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (November)

Information S Jumayev T : +31 (0)40 247 3553/2310 E : s.jumayev@tue.nl

Figure: Turbocompressor together with a high-speed permanent magnet machine used in the respirator.

Scientific publications Jumayev, S., Merdzan, M., Boynov, K., Paulides, J.J.H., Pyrhönen, J. & Lomonova, E.A. (2015). The effect of PWM on rotor Eddy-Current losses in high-speed permanent magnet machines. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. Jumayev, S., Borisavljevic, A., Boynov, K., Pyrhönen, J. & Lomonova, E.A. (2015). Calculation and comparison of inductances of slotless machines. COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering. Jumayev, S., Borisavljevic, A., Boynov, K., Pyrhönen, J. & Lomonova, E.A. (2014). 3D modeling of armature field of helical (Faulhaber) winding including rotor Eddy currents. In IEEE Young Researchers Symposium, 24-25 April 2014, Ghent, Belgium. Jumayev, S., Borisavljevic, A., Boynov, K., Pyrhönen, J. & Lomonova, E.A. (2014). Analysis of rotor eddy current losses in slotless high-speed permanent magnet machines. In Proceedings of the 2014 16th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'14-ECCE Europe), 2628 August 2014, Lappeenranta (pp. 1-10). Piscataway: IEEE Service Center. Jumayev, S., Borisavljevic, A., Boynov, K., Pyrhönen, J. & Lomonova, E.A. (2013). Comparative analysis of inductances of air-gap windings. In XVI International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics (ISEF 2013), Ohrid, Macedona, September 12-14, 2013. Jumayev, S., Borisavljevic, A., Boynov, K., Pyrhönen, J. & Lomonova, E. (2013). Force and torque calculation methods for airgap windings in permanent magnet machines. In 2013 8th International Conference and Exibition on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER), 2730 March 2013, Monte Carlo (pp. 1-4). Monte Carlo: IEEE.

208 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Model development for LES analysis applied to wind engineering problems PhD student | Postdoc IM (Ivo) Kalkman Project aim

Large Eddy Simulations (LES) are gaining increasing attention in the field of computational wind engineering as a potentially very accurate modeling method. However, due to the high Reynolds numbers of urban wind flows and generally complex geometries, resolving all relevant near-wall dynamics is not computationally tractable. LES calculations in the field of computational wind engineering are therefore invariably underresolved, which can lead to serious modelling inaccuracies. In order to resolve these problems many different solutions have been suggested, such as the omission of a subgrid scale model (Implicit LES), blending of RANS and LES modelling approaches (e.g. Detached Eddy Simulation) and the development of specialized rough wall functions. This project focusses on the question how such solutions can be optimally combined to create an LES approach which performs as well as possible on coarse resolution grids specifically.

Funded by

Progress

Project leaders BJE Blocken

Participants IM Kalkman

Cooperations

University

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2014 (July)

Information

The impact of the LES subgrid scale (SGS) model on solution accuracy at low resolutions has been tested for channel flow at a Reynolds number of 395. This choice was made since extensive validation data are available for this case and computational cost is very low. Several new SGS models were implemented and tested in the open source CFD package OpenFOAM at resolutions which were deliberately chosen to be too coarse to resolve essential small-scale dynamics. Under these conditions turbulent structures tend to be much larger than they should be (left figure). It was found that this effect could be mitigated by a proper choice of SGS model (right figure). Quantitative analysis of these results is currently underway. The intention is to expand this research to atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) flow in 2016.

IM Kalkman T : +31 (0)40 247 2070 E : I.M.Kalkman@tue.nl

Figure: Vortical structures in coarse grid Large Eddy Simulations of channel flow, flow from left to right (contours of Q-criterion equal to ±0.01 coloured by vorticity magnitude). Left picture: commonly used SGS model. Right picture: new SGS model. Note the much larger amount of small-scale structure in the latter.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Light assisted assembly of nanomaterials

DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders A Baldi J Gómez Rivas

Participants R Kamarudheen

PhD student | Postdoc R (Rifat) Kamarudheen Project aim The controlled assembly of nanomaterials holds a great relevance in the fields of heterogeneous catalysis, molecular electronics and Raman spectroscopy. Self-assembly is an approach that is often employed for the thermodynamically driven assembly of matter at the nanoscale. However, the yields obtained from such techniques are often low due to kinetic reasons. We explore the assembly of plasmonic dimers, using light. Our strategy involves taking advantage of the difference in surface plasmon resonance frequencies of single and dimer nanoparticles. Upon irradiating metallic colloids at their dimer frequencies, only the particles that transiently form dimers absorb light and generate heat. Our aim is to use the local temperature increase to catalyze covalent click reactions in the nanoparticle dimer gap, hence binding the particles together. This strategy has the potential to produce dimers in very high yields.

Cooperations -

Progress

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (September)

We have been exploring the synthesis of plasmonic nanomaterials especially gold and silver, using a bottom-up colloidal approach. We are also investigating different click reactions and conditions that can be utilized to synthesize dimers. We have also been assembling a set-up up that can irradiate plasmonic colloids at selective wavelengths, using a Spectra-Physics Inspire OPO laser. Upon completion, this set-up will also be capable of performing in-situ spectroscopic studies of the colloids. We have also been investigating the optical properties of plasmonic materials such as extinction, scattering and absorption cross-sections, using theoretical methods so as to compliment the experimental observations.

Information R Kamarudheen T : +31 (0)40 3334999 E : r.kamarudheen@differ.nl W: www.differ.nl

Figure: Illustrative diagram of the set-up we are currently assembling.

Scientific publications -

210 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders W Zeiler

Participants K Katic R Li B Kingma

Cooperations EuroTech PIT WOI

PhD student | Postdoc K (Katarina) Katic Project aim Predicting human thermal responses and understand human thermoregulation reactions in different office building environmental conditions is the research subject. The main aims are: 1. Develop simplified thermoregulation model for human extremities (hand) exposed to the office environment to evaluate the skin temperature for human hand; 2. Model for specific groups; from Average Person → Different subgroups (Obese - Normal weight); 3. Is it possible to integrate human physiological behavior into process control strategies? With predicting occupants thermal state and local skin temperatures, models can provide useful information for personalized conditioning systems and HVAC systems: 4. Contribute to the development and improvement of the methods for the prediction of the local and overall thermal comfort; make a step towards bring the models closer to the everyday comfort application.

Progress

Funded by EuroTech PIT WOI

Funding % per money stream EuroTech PIT WOI

Integrated Energy-Efficient Building Services Control Design: The human-in-the-loop connection between perceived comfort and energy use

The literature review that was done was the first step towards developing the hand model. The first part, the hand thermophysiological model is developed and validation for three cases of office exposure (cold, neutral and hot) was done. The next step was developing model of the hand for two groups with different body composition, obese and lean. The model for obese and normal weight people is in progress of being validated. This will give insight in different local temperatures of extremities for different subgroups of people (different body composition) that can furthermore be beneficial for local thermal comfort.

80 % 10 % 10 %

Start of the project 2014 (March)

Information K Katic T : +31 (0)40 247 2039 E : k.katic@tue.nl

Figure: Hand model.

Scientific publications BauSim conference 2014: Thermophysiological models-A first comparison.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Synergies in Sustainable Space and Energy PhD student | Postdoc NMJM (Nathalie) Kerstens

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart applications □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders SAM Dolmans

Participants NMJM Kerstens IMMJ Reymen AGL Romme

Project aim The research project aims to generate important insights in existing and potential synergies in space and energy, by exploring the commercialization of space technology (satellite data) through applications within the energy sector. After the identification of these applications, the aim is to uncover the forms and methods that are best suited for exploring and exploiting these applications of satellite data. In addition, the project will explore ways to facilitate and organize long-term crosssector partnerships in space and energy that will serve to identify and leverage synergies on a more structural basis. Therefore, the aim of this project is to link downstream needs (market pull) with upstream availability (technology push) such that satellite data can be commercialized to address existing and future market needs in the energy sector. Such general insights can then be applied in other (top) sectors to create synergies with the space sector or synergies between multiple sectors.

Progress Cooperations NSO (Netherlands Space Office) ESA (CG Giannopapa)

This research is divided in three sub-projects. The literature study and data collection for the first study is started. A conference paper on the management of innovation across boundaries is currently being written.

Funded by NSO TUe

Funding % per money stream NSO TU/e

75 % 25 % Figure: Cooperations.

Start of the project 2015 (October)

Information NMJM Kerstens T : +31 (0)40 247 7339 E : n.m.j.m.kerstens@tue.nl W: www.item-eindhoven.org/

212 |

Scientific publications -

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Integration of Nanoreactor and multisite CAtalysis for a Sustainable chemical production INCAS PhD student | Postdoc E (Emila) Kertalli Project aim

JC Schouten EJM Hensen

The aim is to combine nanoreactor technology with multisite solid catalyst design to achieve a safer, cleaner and intensified chemical production. The objective of this project is to develop a membrane reactor for direct synthesis of H2O2 as component of a dynamic nanoreactor in which multistep reactions using this reagent take place.

Participants

Progress

Project leaders

E Kertalli RA van Santen TA Nijhuis

Cooperations Idecat

Funded by EU

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project

A membrane reactor model was developed that describes the reactor concept. The reactor model deals with a high pressure gas/liquid system. The purpose of the model is the optimization of the reactor concept by knowing the concentration-diffusion profiles of the different reactants and products along the membrane layers. The reactor concept consists of two different layers, where the two reaction steps take place. Briefly recalling, from one side of the reactor excess of oxygen and hydrogen are fed at high pressure. From the opposite side, propene and methanol are fed. The membrane pore size is such that allows the filling of the pores with methanol favoring the desorption of H2O2 and PO. In the first layer (Pd catalyst over a silica support) the in situ synthesis of H2O2 takes place. Hydrogen and oxygen from the gas phase dissolve in methanol. Then the diffusion of the components over the metal catalyst ensures the synthesis of H2O2. In the model the two main reactions considered are the direct synthesis of H2O2 and the hydrogenation of H2O2 to water. The hydrogen peroxide synthesized in the first layer is further consumed over titanium silicalite-1 (second layer of the membrane reactor concept) where propene and methanol are fed.

2010 (October)

Information EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : E.J.M.Hensen@tue.nl

Pd particles

H2 + O2

Porous membrane

H2O2

Titanium silicalite-1

Membrane Micro channels

Boundary conditions

C3H6 + CH3OH

Figure: Schematic representation of a compact membrane nanoreactor device for PO production.

Scientific publications Kertalli, E., Neira d'Angelo, M.F., Schouten, J.C. & Nijhuis, T.A. (2015). Design and optimization of a catalytic membrane reactor for the direct synthesis of propylene oxide. Chemical Engineering Science, 138, 465-472. Kertalli, E., Perez Ferrandez, D.M., Schouten, J.C. & Nijhuis, T.A. (2014). Direct synthesis of propene oxide from propene, hydrogen and oxygen in a catalytic membrane reactor. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 53(42), 16275-16284.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Responsive Infrared Reflector based on Liquid Crystal Polymer

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders APHJ Schenning M Debije CWM Bastiaansen DJ Broer

Participants H Khandelwal

Cooperations Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI)

Funded by

PhD student | Postdoc H (Hitesh) Khandelwal Project aim In this project we are aiming on responsive oligomeric liquid crystals which will change the reflection properties when subjected to heat, electricity or light. Light responsive reflectors will be fabricated by using photochromic chiral dopants that are sensitive to wavelengths of the incident light. To have the thermal responsive IR reflector the phase behavior of liquid crystals will be used as a key tool. As the temperature increases these materials will undergo a blue shift of the reflection band resulting in steep IR reflection. In this research we are also aiming for the electrically switchable IR reflector which can change its properties depending on applied electricity.

Progress In year 2014, an infrared (IR) polymer reflector based on chiral nematic (cholesteric) liquid crystals has been fabricated which can reflect more than 60% of solar IR energy without interfering with the visible solar radiation. Simulations show that when these polymer bilayers are coated over the windows of buildings or cars, a considerable amount of incident, unwanted heat could be reflected and therefore a significant amount of energy could be saved on cooling. Simulation predicts a temperature difference of up to 4.5 °C and 6 °C in London and Chicago respectively, by having the superimposed right- and left-handed bilayer film on the window.

Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI

Funding % per money stream DPI

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (June)

Information APHJ Schenning T : +31 (0)40 247 3264 E : a.p.h.j.schenning@tue.nl W: http://www.tue.nl/en/employee/ ep/e/d/ep-uid/19982163/ Figure: Transmission spectra of the IR reflector that reflect a huge amount of IR light with having high transparency in the visible region.

Scientific publications H. Khandelwal, R. C. G. M. Loonen, J. L. M. Hensen, A. P. H. J. Schenning, M. G. Debije, J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 14622. H. Khandelwal, F. Roberz, R. C. G. M. . Loonen, J. L. M. Hensen, C. W. M. Bastiaansen, D. J. Broer, M. Debije, and A. P. H. J. Schenning, “Infrared reflector based on liquid crystal polymers and its impact on thermal comfort conditions in buildings,” SPIE conference, San Diego, 2014.

214 |

Department Built Environment Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders BJE Blocken GJF van Heijst TAJ van Hooff (KU Leuven / TU/e)

Participants A Khayrullina

Cooperations -

Funded by Industry

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (October)

Dynamics of plane impinging jets at high Reynolds numbers – with applications to air curtains PhD student | Postdoc A (Adelya) Khayrullina Project aim 1. To provide insight in and knowledge of the relationship between jet separation efficiency and the wide range of jet and environmental parameters, to support air curtain applications that have a lower energy demand. The investigated jet parameters include jet nozzle configuration, velocity, turbulence intensity, height and width of the jet, jet temperature and spatial/temporal forcing of the jet. The investigated environmental parameters are temperature and pressure differences across the jet. 2. The research is performed by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements in a water channel. The results will provide an evaluation of different turbulence models for the numerical modeling of impinging jets/air curtains. 3. Provide guidelines for air curtain applications in a range of different applications.

Progress PIV experiments have been performed for a range of Reynolds numbers (Re ≈ 7,000 – 13,500) and 2 nozzle configurations: 1) jet width wjet = 8 mm and 2) wjet = 16 mm. The measurement results are being analyzed and prepared for a journal paper. CFD validation studies for impinging jets based on the obtained experimental data are in progress. At first, results of steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations with different turbulence models are evaluated, which are followed by unsteady RANS simulations and Large Eddy Simulation. Initial results of CFD validation studies were presented at the Healthy Buildings Europe Conference (Eindhoven) in May 2015. A parametric study by means of CFD to optimize air curtain sealing efficiency was presented at the ISHVAC/COBEE Conference (Tianjin, China) in July 2015.

Information A Khayrullina T : +31 (0)40 247 4834 E : a.khayrullina@tue.nl W: https://www.linkedin.com/in/ khayrullina

Figure: (a) Aerodynamic sealing provided by air curtain; (b) impinging jet at Re ≈ 7,500 visualized by fluorescent dye; (c) contour plot of instantaneous velocities at Re ≈ 7,500 by PIV measurements.

Scientific publications Khayrullina, A., van Hooff, T., Blocken, B., van Heijst, G.J.F. (2015). Optimization of air curtain performance by Particle Image Velocimetry measurements and computational fluid dynamics simulations: turbulence model validation. Conference Paper: Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2015 Europe, 18-20 May 2015, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, (pp. 1-8). Khayrullina, A., van Hooff, T., Blocken, B., van Heijst, G.J.F. (2015). Optimization of air-curtain sealing efficiency with respect to heat transfer in naturally ventilated buildings. In Y. Sun, J. Pei & X Zhao (Eds.), Conference Paper: The 9th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (ISHVAC) and the 3rd International Conference on Building Energy and Environment (COBEE), 12-15 July 2015 Tianjin, China, (pp. 1-8).

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart applications □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders AF Kirkels

Participants AF Kirkels GPJ Verbong

Cooperations -

Funded by University

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2008

Information AF Kirkels T : +31 (0)40 247 5761 E : a.f.kirkels@tue.nl

The green struggle; Developments and trajectories of biomass gasification PhD student | Postdoc AF (Arjan) Kirkels Project aim Biomass gasification has been seen as promising for large scale, advanced applications (like high efficiency power, chemicals and biofuels) for many years. As such, it received funding and there has been continuous RD&D over the past three decades. Nevertheless, application remained limited to a few RD&D niches. Feedstock and pretreatment  Wood  Crop residues  Peat  Black liquor  Waste

Gasifiers  fixed bed - downdraft - updraft  fluid bed  entrained flow

Gas cleaning

Applications  Heat  Electricity  Chemicals  Transport fuels

This research explores the underlying causes. It does so from multiple innovation perspectives (technological progress, role promise of technology, competing technologies). It explicitly addresses issues of system boundaries, actors involved, and cross-over between technologies. It might help understand this empirical case, as well draw more general lessons relevant to long term technological innovation paths.

Progress In 2014 I published ‘Punctuated continuity: The technological trajectory of advanced biomass gasifiers’. By an extensive literature study and an overview of demo plants it reveals the focus in development of advanced biomass gasifiers. This focus shows shifts in time: from methanol fuel in the early 1980s, to advanced cycles for power generation over the 1990s, to biofuels after 2000. These shifts were largely caused by changes in the socio-economic context. It resulted in discontinuities in technologies considered and actors and countries involved. Current work involves finalizing my thesis. Public defense scheduled for: June 2016

Scientific publications Arjan F. Kirkels, ‘Punctuated continuity: the technological trajectory of advanced biomass gasifiers.’ Energy Policy 68 (2014) 170-182. Arjan F. Kirkels, Geert P.J. Verbong; ‘Biomass gasification: Still promising? A 30-year global overview’; Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 471-481. Arjan F. Kirkels; ‘Discursive shifts in energy from biomass: A 30 year European overview’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012), 4105-4115. Wouter Drinkwaard, Arjan Kirkels, Henny Romijn; ‘A learning-based approach to understanding success in rural electrification: Insights from Micro Hydro projects in Bolivia’; Energy for Sustainable Development 14 (2010) 232-237.

216 |

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JG Slootweg J Frunt

Participants EAM Klaassen

Cooperations Enexis B.V. (Dutch Distribution System Operator)

Demand response benefits from a power system perspective: methods and evaluation of two Dutch field test PhD student | Postdoc EAM (Elke) Klaassen Project aim The energy transition, including the implementation of a smart grid, is a complex and long term process. To support decision-making for the implementation of smart grid technologies, insight into the perspectives and value creation is essential. This research assesses the potential (future) benefits of DR based on the evaluation of the results of two Dutch smart grid pilots: ‘Jouw Energie Moment’ and ‘PowerMatching City’. To study household flexibility, data-driven statistical analyses are used to evaluate the results of the pilots. Consequently, to assess the potential (future) value of DR, based on the practically measured flexibility, a power system perspective is used. In a liberalized power system, as is the case in the Netherlands, DR benefits can generally be assigned to two main stakeholders, the energy supplier and (local) network operator. Therefore, both the energy market and grid value are considered when studying the long-term DR benefits.

Progress This research is in the final stage, end of 2016 the thesis is scheduled to be finished.

Funded by Enexis B.V. (Dutch Distribution System Operator)

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (October)

Information EAM Klaassen T : +31 (0)6 46432786 E : e.a.m.klaassen@tue.nl

Figure: Architecture of the smart homes in one of the smart grid pilots (Jouw Energie Moment) used as a case study in this research.

Scientific publications EC. B. A. Kobus, E. A. M. Klaassen, R. Mugge, and J. P. L. Schoormans, “A real-life assessment on the effect of smart appliances on shifting households’ electricity demand,” Applied Energy, vol. 147, 2015. E. A. M. Klaassen, J. Frunt, and J. G. Slootweg, “Load Modelling of Smart Appliances within the Smart Grid,” in Proc. 50th International Universities’ Power Engineering Conf. (UPEC), 1-4 Sep., Stokeon-Trent, England, 2015. E. A. M. Klaassen, B. Asare-bediako, C. P. de Koning, J. Frunt, and J. G. Slootweg, “Assessment of an Algorithm to Utilize Heat Pump Flexibility- Theory and Practice,” in Proc. IEEE PowerTech, 29 June - 2 July, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 2015. E. A. M. Klaassen, J. Frunt, and J. G. Slootweg, “Assessing the impact of distributed energy resources on LV grids using practical measurements,” in Proc. 23rd International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution, 15-18 June, Lyon, France, 2015. J. P. Wijbenga, P. A. MacDougall, I. G. Kamphuis, T. Sanberg, and E. A. M. Klaassen, “Multi-Goal Optimization in PowerMatching City: A Smart Living Lab,” in Proc. IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conf. Europe, 12-15 Oct., Istanbul, Turkey, 2014. C. B. A. Kobus and E. A. M. Klaassen, “Electricity on sale now!,” in Proc. Behave Energy Conference, 3-4 Sep., Oxford, England, 2014. E. A. M. Klaassen, M. H. B. Reulink, A. Haytema, J. Frunt, and J. G. Slootweg, “Integration of In-Home Electricity Storage Systems in a Multi-Agent Active Distribution Network,” in Proc. IEEE PES General Meeting, 27-31 July, Washington, USA, 2014. E. A. M. Klaassen, J. Frunt, and J. G. Slootweg, “Method for Evaluating Smart Grid Concepts and Pilots,” in Proc. IEEE Young Researchers Symposium, 24-25 April, Gent, Belgium, 2014.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HJH Brouwers

Participants K Kochova GCH de la Grée

Development of sustainable and functionalized inorganic binderbiofiber composites PhD student | Postdoc K (Katerina) Kochova Project aim Wood wool cement boards (WWCB) were developed more than 100 years ago and have been used since then as building materials. Today the development of green mtaterials is very important because CO2 emissions and waste production are worldwide problems and new ways to improve sustainability and recycling are needed. The key issues with WWCB are the use of different natural fibres and cement replacement to create eco-boards. WWCB offer a good opportunity to replace wood and cement with waste products. But organic fibres have problems with sugars that get leached from the fibres because it slows cement hydration.

Progress

Funded by Knauf Eltomation Celenit ENCI Architectenbureau Paul de Ruiter Cugla

Several organic materials were investigated and the cement hydration with fibres and mineralogical composition of cement with fibres determined. This was done by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and calorimetry. Calorimentry measurements showed that the hydration of cement with fibres was slowed down. Each fibre type (nine types of fibres were investigated) had different reaction times. Pre-treatment (soaking for two hours at 80 °C in water) was used to determine differences between nonpre-treted and pre-treated fibres. The mineralogical composition of cement pastes with treated fibres were also measured.

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

70 % 30 %

Start of the project 2015 (October)

Information K Kochova T : +31 (0)40 247 5469 E : k.kochova@tue.nl

Figure: Organic fibres – a) spruce wood, b) oil palm (empty fruit bunch), c) bagasse, d) flax, e) coconut, f) juta, g) hemp, h) rice straw and i) water hyacinth.

Scientific publications Kochova K., Schollbach K., Brouwers H.J.H. (2015). Use of alternative fibres in Wood wool cement boards and their influence on cement hydration, Conference paper: 19th International Conference on Building Materials "ibausil".

218 |

Department

Seafront

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders CWM Bastiaansen

Participants AS Kommeren T Sullivan

Cooperations Dutch Polymer Institute Akzo Nobel Fraunhofer IFAM Newcastle University TU Delft Solvay Minesto Biotrend Biolog University of Bristol University of Gothenbrug Bio-on Bluewater Smartcom Software Solintel Hapag Lloyd Val FoU

PhD students | Postdoc AS (Sander) Kommeren T (Timothy) Sullivan Project aim Marine biofouling, the unwanted colonization of marine organisms on surfaces immersed in seawater has a huge economic and environmental impact in terms of maintenance requirements for marine structures, increased vessel fuel consumption, operating costs, greenhouse gas emissions and spread of non-indigenous species. The SEAFRONT project will aim to significantly advance the control of biofouling and reduce hydrodynamic drag by integrating multiple technology concepts such as surface structure, surface chemistry and bio-active/bio-based fouling control methodologies into one environmentally benign and drag-reducing solution for mobile and stationary maritime applications. In parallel, a combination of laboratory-based performance benchmarking and enduser field trials will be undertaken in order to develop an enhanced fundamental/mechanistic understanding of the coating-biofouling interaction, the impact of this on hydrodynamic drag and to inform technology development and down-selection of promising fouling control solutions. This project aims to facilitate a leap forward in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from marine transport and the conservation of the marine ecosystem by adopting a multidisciplinary and synergistic approach to fouling control.

Scientific publications -

Funded by EU

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (January)

Information CWM Bastiaansen E : c.w.m.bastiaansen@tue.nl W: www.seafront-project.eu

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

Microclimate control for culture: Improved HVAC configuration and control for energy savings in museums and storage facilities PhD student | Postdoc K (Karin) Kompatscher Project aim

SPARK Campus

Clever climate control with respect to object preservation, thermal comfort, and HVAC control can reduce the amount of energy consumed by museums. One of the most radical solutions for energy reduction would be to lower strict standards during closing hours. However, in case of a museum this might bring an increased risk to object conservation, for collection as well as buildings. The aim of this project is to find out what the effect of clever climate control would be considering microclimates in exhibition rooms. Might there be a possibility for increased risk on artefacts and building, and will thermal comfort be influenced during operation hours? Several museums throughout the Netherlands serve as case studies to investigate the effect of clever control on different building types, collections, and HVAC systems.

Funded by

Progress

Anne Frank Stichting Amsterdam Museum Erfgoed Leiden en Omstreken Hermitage Amsterdam Kröller Müller Museum Noordbrabants Historisch Museum Van Abbemuseum

Monitoring the indoor climate and HVAC systems in two case studies in the Netherlands have started in the past year. With these first experimental data, building simulation and installation models can be validated to serve as an environment for higher risk studies. These can be translated to real life situations if no increase in risk is present.

BJE Blocken HL Schellen

Participants K Kompatscher

Cooperations

Funding % per money stream Industry 50 % Impuls PhD 50 %

Start of the project 2015

Information K Kompatscher T : +31 (0)40 247 3523 E : k.kompatscher@tue.nl W: www.monumenten.bwk.tue.nl

Figure: Measured surface temperature and relative humidity, illustrating the effect of added interior walls in front of low to none insulated windows.

Scientific publications -

220 |

Department

MTT micro CHP

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders LPH de Goey

Participants VN Kornilov

Cooperations MTT TNO EDF/Eifer IREC

PhD student | Postdoc VN (Viktor) Kornilov Project aim The ultimate goal of the project is to develop a micro-turbine based Combined Heat and Power (CHP) system for the range of 3kW electic power. The aim of Combustion group is to development of a low-cost, low-emission combustion chamber for the micro turbine. A clean and stable combustor design is challenged by the wide variation of operating conditions in the MTT micro turbine, ranging from nearly atmospheric cold-startup to the base load at 3 bar and inlet air temperature of > 700°C, as well as part-load operating points.

Progress The work was conducted in two directions: i) optimization of current combustor with aerodynamically (swirl) stabilized flame; ii) research of alternative combustion concepts. Due to optimization of current combustor NOx emission was reduced more then 2 times. Various candidate concepts for low emission combustion in a recuperated micro-turbine were investigated theoretically and experimentally, including: lean premixed ceramic burners; recuperative burners based on the concept of super-adiabatic combustion; catalytic combustion; ultra-lean flameless combustion; plasma assisted combustion.

Funded by KIC InnoEnergy

Funding % per money stream EIT (EU)

100 %

Start of the project -

Information VN Kornilov T : +31 (0)40 247 3819 E : v.kornilov@tue.nl W: www.combustion.tue.nl Figure: Operating recuperative burner.

Scientific publications Kornilov V.N., Shakariyants, S. A. and de Goey L.P.H., “Novel burner concept for premixed surface stabilized combustion”, In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Copenhagen, ASME Paper GT2012-69036. Patent application NL2007646C: MTT – TU/e join application: “Braided burner for premixed gasphase combustion”.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders BJE Blocken JLM Hensen TAJ van Hooff (KU Leuven, TU/e)

Participants K Kosutova

Cooperations

Multi-scale computational assessment of ventilative cooling as an energy-efficient measure to avoid indoor overheating PhD student | Postdoc K (Katarina) Kosutova Project aim In this PhD project, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to assess ventilative cooling, which can be a sustainable and energy-efficient solution to reduce energy consumption of the building for cooling, prevent indoor overheating and help maintaining a healthy indoor environment. The aim of the PhD project is to improve the modeling of coupled outdoor-indoor airflow and convective heat transfer during ventilative cooling by providing new internal convective heat transfer coefficient correlations based on the numerical simulations and experiments. In addition, the aim is to investigate the energy-saving potential of ventilative cooling in buildings in different types of urban environments.

Progress

An analysis of non-isothermal mixing ventilation in an enclosure was carried out by means of CFD simulations. The results from the CFD simulations were compared with experimental results from literature. In this validation study, the performance of four different Reynolds-averaged NavierFunded by Stokes (RANS) turbulence models and two Large Eddy Simulation (LES) subgrid-scale models was EuroTech Energy-efficient buildings and evaluated and the quantitative agreement was assessed using commonly used validation metrics. communities A detailed sensitivity study investigating the influence of several computational settings and parameters on the predicted velocities and temperatures for a non-isothermal mixing ventilation Funding % per money stream flow is in progress. University 66 % Industry 34 % EuroTech universities

Start of the project 2013 (August)

Information K Kosutova T : +31 (0)40 247 3523 E : k.kosutova@tue.nl W: http://www.urbanphysics.net/

Figure: Geometry of the enclosure used in the validation study: (a) dimensions of the enclosure, (b) contour plot of dimensionless velocities (|V|/Uin) obtained with 3D steady RANS in combination with the low Re k-ε turbulence model by Abid (1993).

Scientific publications Kosutova, K., van Hooff, T., Blocken, B., Hensen, J.L.M. (2015). CFD analysis of ventilative cooling in a generic isolated building equipped with ventilation louvers. Conference Paper: Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2015 Europe, 18-20 May 2015, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, (pp. 1-8). Eindhoven: ISIAQ.

222 |

Department Built Environment Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JLM Hensen P Hoes

Participants RR Kotireddy

Cooperations Eurotech Universities DTU, Denmark EPFL, Switzerland TUe, Netherlands TUM, Germany

Funded by

Modeling and Simulation of Robust Net Zero Energy Buildings PhD student | Postdoc RR (Rajesh) Kotireddy Project aim The aim of the project is to develop a methodology to assess the performance robustness of net zero energy buildings for future scenarios. The objectives of the project are to  Formulate future scenarios based on building use, operation and external conditions like climate change and occupant behavior etc.  Develop multi-objective optimization methodology to optimize the building performance robustness of various zero energy buildings for future scenarios  Develop a performance assessment methodology to assess the building performance robustness using multiple performance indicators  Identify robust designs for different decision makers  Assess the suitability and usability of developed methodology with the users group

Progress Design optimization and performance assessment methodology (Figure) is developed to assess the building performance robustness for future scenarios. Relative performance variation and mini-max regret methods are implemented to identify robust designs. The developed methodology is demonstrated using few case studies. Robust designs are illustrated for different decision makers like homeowners, policy makers, grid operators etc.

Eurotech EEBC

Funding % per money stream University 66 % STW 34 %

Start of the project 2013 (December)

Information RR Kotireddy T : +31 (0)40 247 2302 E : r.r.kotireddy@tue.nl W: http://www.tue.nl/en/employee/ ep/e/d/ep-uid/20136689/ Figure: Design optimization and performance assessment methodology.

Scientific Publications Kotireddy, R.R., Hoes, P. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2015) “Optimal Balance between Energy Demand and On-site Generation for Robust Net Zero Energy Buildings Considering Future Scenarios”, Proceedings of Building Simulation’15 (pp. 8). Hyderabad: IBPSA.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Chemical Engineering and chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders APHJ Schenning DJ Broer

Participants AJJ Kragt

Cooperations South China Normal University Peking University

Funded by Dutch Polymer Institute

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Device integrated smart infrared reflective polymer materials for energy management PhD student | Postdoc AJJ (Stijn) Kragt Project aim In this project temperature-responsive polymer coatings will be developed and studied that allow for adaptable broad band IR reflection of incident sunlight and are transparent in the visible wavelength region. Such intelligent broad band IR coatings, for example, reflect a large amount of infrared solar energy in summer and transmit it in winter. We will explore autonomous adaptable systems that respond to temperature, for which liquid crystalline coatings will be developed that have a smectic-cholesteric liquid crystalline (CLC) phase transition around room temperature. The degree of transmission and the threshold value of the temperature will be adjusted by changing the chemical composition of the reactive liquid crystalline mixture. Devices and prototypes will be fabricated and the long term stability of these intelligent coatings will be investigated in outdoor conditions.

Progress Polysiloxanes with mesogenic groups attached are explored as potential useful compounds for IR reflective coatings. The compounds that are under investigation at the moment are shown in the figure below. The mesogenic group is the same for all compounds, but the siloxane backbone is different, which results into different liquid crystalline phase behavior. These materials or mixtures thereof with a chiral dopant incorporated will possibly be used as the liquid crystalline building block of the final coating application.

Start of the project 2015 (November)

Information APHJ Schenning T : +31 (0) 40 247 3264 E : a.p.h.j.schenning@tue.nl W: www.chem.tue.nl/sfd

m=n=6 And m = 17; n = 9

Figure: Liquid crystal polysiloxanes that are currently under investigation as potential building blocks for an IR reflective coating.

Scientific publications -

224 |

Research theme / Cluster

Clever Climate Control For Culture: Energy conservation in museums by optimizing climate control while preserving collection, building and thermal comfort

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc RP (Rick) Kramer

Project leaders

Project aim

Department Built Environment

HL Schellen

Participants RP Kramer

Cooperations EU Climate for Culture

Funded by Stichting PIT Kuijpers Building Services Zeeuws Museum Strukton Worksphere EU Climate for Culture

Developing an optimal control strategy for heating, cooling and (de)humidification of museums’ indoor climates that: minimizes energy consumption; provides an indoor climate that is suitable for the preservation of typical museum objects; provides the required thermal comfort for visitors and staff.

Progress The Hermitage Amsterdam is the central case study in this project. The two main exposition rooms are comprehensively monitored: temperature and relative humidity in the rooms, but also many variables of the air handling units are measured and logged. The case study is now serving three subprojects: (i) testing the energy impact of various setpoint strategies; (ii) developing a validated dynamic simulation model; (iii) studying thermal comfort in museums via surveys and measurements.

Funding % per money stream Industry EU

82 % 18 %

Start of the project 2012 (October)

Information RP Kramer T : +31 (0)40 247 5613 E : r.p.kramer@tue.nl W: www.monumenten.bwk.tue.nl

Figure: The project aims to reduce energy cost and environmental impacts, while maintaining, or even improving collection preservation and thermal comfort.

Scientific publications Kramer, R.P., Maas, M., Martens, M., Schijndel, A.W.M. van, Schellen, H.L. Energy conservation in museums using different setpoint strategies: a case study for a state-of-the-art museum using building simulations. Applied Energy 2015; 158: 446-458. Kramer R, van Schijndel J, Schellen H. Inverse modeling of simplified hygrothermal building models to predict and characterize indoor climates. Build Environ 2013;68:87–99. Kramer R, van Schijndel J, Schellen H. Simplified thermal and hygric building models: A literature review. Front Archit Res 2012;1:318–25. Kramer, R.P., Schijndel, A.W.M. van & Schellen, H.L. (2014). Energy conservation in museums via setpoint strategies: a case study for a state-of-the-art museum using building simulations. In J. Arfvidsson, L.-E. Harderup, A. Kumlin & B. Rosencrantz (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics (NSB 2014), 15-19 June 2014, Lund, Sweden (pp. 624-631). Kramer, R.P., Schijndel, A.W.M. van & Schellen, H.L. (2013). Inverse modeling for the prediction and characterization of indoor climates. In 2nd Central European Symposium on Building Physics (CESB), September 9-11, 2013 Vienna, Austria (pp. 101-108). International Association of Building Physics.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders B Kruizinga

Participants B Kruizinga EF Steennis PAAF Wouters

Cooperations Enexis TNO Locamation

Funded by

Technology for distribution area situational awareness in electrical networks(tDASA) PhD student | Postdoc B (Bart) Kruizinga Project aim This project aims towards a better grip on Low-Voltage (LV) cable system condition and reliability. As currently over 200.000 Km of LV cable is installed, this grid section contains a high asset value. These systems are known to have lifespans of many decades and faults have a low impact on customer-minutes-lost. However, little is known about degradation and fault development. This project aims to build an understanding of these aspects, and to investigate the possibilities to develop a system to assess cable system condition on-line.

Progress Investigations in common materials used in LV grids and interviews with several grid operators have led to identification of the main fault causes. The mechanisms behind this have been investigated in the laboratory and from experience in the field. The development of such fault shows to be a slow process from initial damage towards a disturbance. Degradation machanisms have been characterized upon surrounding conditions. This shows the possibilities to build towards diagnostic tools. A measurement pilot in the Enexis grid has been started to detect condition related signals. In the final months of the project, full focus will be placed into investigating possible diagnostic tools.

Locamation Enexis TKI Switch2Smartgrids

Funding % per money stream NWO Industry

50 % 50 %

Start of the project 2013 (March)

Information B Kruizinga T : +31 (0)40 247 3381 E : b.kruizinga@tue.nl

Figure: L: simulated degradation after damage, M: measurement of discharges, R: initial discharges.

Scientific publications Kruizinga, B., Wouters, P.A.A.F. & Steennis, E.F. (2015). High frequency modeling of a shielded fourcore low voltage underground power cable. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. Helmholt, K.A., Groote Schaarsberg, M., Kruizinga, B., Wouters, P.A.A.F., Steennis, E.F., Broersma, T., Morren, J. & Baldinger, F.L. (2015). A structured approach to increase situational awareness in low voltage distribution grids. Proceedings of 2015 IEEE PowerTech Eindhoven, 2015. Kruizinga, B., Wouters, P.A.A.F. & Steennis, E.F. (2015). Fault development on water ingress in damaged underground low voltage cables with plastic insulation. 2015 Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC), 2015. Kruizinga, B., Wouters, P.A.A.F. & Steennis, E.F. (2015). Accelerated aluminum corrosion upon water ingress in damaged low voltage underground power cables. 9th International Conference on Insulated Power Cables(Jicable'15), 2015. Kruizinga, B., Wouters, P.A.A.F., Steennis, E.F. & Broersma, T. (2015). Characterisation of intermittent faults in low-voltage underground cable systems. 23rd International Conference on Electricity Distribution, 2015. Kruizinga, B., Wouters, P.A.A.F. & Steennis, F. (2014). PVC degradation and discharges due to water ingress in LV underground power cables. International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis, 2014. Kruizinga, B., Wouters, P.A.A.F. & Steennis, F. (2014). The effects of branches on condition related signals in low voltage underground power systems. Proceedings of the 2014 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP 2014), 2014.

226 |

Department

A Micro-Grid Strategy for process control on the room-level

Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc T (Timilehin) Labeodan

□ Chemergy / Clustername □ Solar PV / Clustername ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion / Clustername

Project aim

Project leaders

Progress

W Zeiler

Participants

Development of a Multi-agent framework for process control in building’ that incorporates user information and behavior as well as renewable energy sources.

Implementation of an Agent coordinated occupancy-based lighting control in the open-plan space of an office building

T Labeodan G Boxem ALP Rosemann

Start

Get Occupancy State

Database

Cooperations Kropman Installations BV Almende Systems BV

Turn ON

Funded by

Light off?

Yes

NO NO

Province of North-Brabant Do nothing

Funding % per money stream STW

Motion ≥ 2 or Chair true?

100 %

Motion ≥ 2 & Chair false?

YES

TURN OFF

Light On?

Start of the project 2013 (January) End

Information W Zeiler T : +31 (0)40 2438595 E : w.zeiler@tue.nl

Figure: Agent control algorithm and test-bed experimental set-up.

Scientific publications T. Labeodan, K. Aduda, G. Boxem, W. Zeiler “On the application of multi-agent systems in buildings for improved building operations, performance and smart grid interaction-A survey” Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50 (2015), pp. 1405–1414. T. Labeodan, W. Zeiler, G. Boxem, Y. Zhao, “Occupancy measurement in commercial office buildings for demand-driven control applications—A survey and detection system evaluation,” Energy Build., vol. 93, pp. 303–314, Apr. 2015.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders ALP Rosemann

Participants T Lashina EJ van Loenen

Cooperations Philips Research

Funded by Philips Research, SPARK IMPULS II

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (April)

Creating Healthy Environments – Offices Personal Control in Smart Lighting Systems PhD student | Postdoc T (Tatiana) Lashina Project aim Personal control of office lighting was shown to improve user satisfaction with lighting, environemental appraisal, mood and even indirectly influence productivity related aspects. However, most research so far was done for workstation specific lighting. Currently, many office spaces are converted into open office where lighting design results in a shared lighting condition and is not workstation specific. The core question of this project is whether the known benefits of workstation specific personal control are achievable in the context of the open office shared lighting environment. In case the answer to the first question is positive, the secondary objective is how to combine individual user preferences to deliver lighting conditions satisfactory to multiple users of the same control zone.

Progress A literature research was completed to explore the following aspects: what are the associated benefits of having controls; what kind of prefence distribution patterns were shown in prior art, how are these patterns influenced by tasks, lighting design, daylight; what is the frequency of using controls, what are the switching patterns and how do they relate to indoor desk illuminance changes. Several experiments are finalized exploring the use of personal control in an open office and the social dynamics influence on user choices and the use of controls. 4 classes of behaviour within the control groups were identified, including rival active users, active satisfied users, passive satisfied users and submissive dissatisfied behavior.

Record Indoor parameters

User / System Interaction / Overrides

Identify individual preference  Personal profile

Recommender: Recommend workplace that fits user preference

Voting: Strategy how to handle multiple and conflicting profiles

Figure: Schematic overview of planned research into personal lighting controls.

Scientific publications -

228 |

Reliability Through Redundancy and Reconfigurable Topologies

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EA Lomonova

Participants

PhD student | Postdoc E (Erik) Lemmen Project aim Research and prototyping of an energy conversion concept enabling higher reliability, enery efficiency and flexibility. Instead of basic parallel redundancy, an increased reliability should be obtained by advanced reconfigurability of the power converter topology. By means of real-time optimization of the power converter and optimal energy energy utilization can be obtained.

Progress

E Lemmen

A proof-of-concept of 4.4kW is operational and the concept of flexibility, efficiency and reliability can be demonstrated.

Cooperations EU ENIAC program

Funded by EPPL

Funding % per money stream University EU National Funding

50 % 15 % 35 %

Start of the project 2013 (October)

Information E Lemmen T : +31 (0) 247 3566 E : e.lemmen@tue.nl

Figure: 4.4kW Multi-level inverter proof-of-concept.

Scientific publications Lemmen, Erik, van Duivenbode, Jeroen, Duarte, J.L. & Lomonova, Elena (2015). Flexible multilevel converters using four-switch extended commutation cells. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 3(3), 794-804. Lemmen, Erik, van Duivenbode, Jeroen & Duarte, J.L. (2015). Load current corrected capacitor voltage control in eight-level DC-AC converter using extended commutation cells. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. Lemmen, Erik, Schellekens, Jan, Wijnands, Korneel & Duarte, J.L. (2015). Advances in high precision amplifiers: the extra L opposed current converter. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 30(10), 5691-5700. Lemmen, Erik, van Duivenbode, Jeroen & Duarte, J.L. (2015). Eight-level dc-ac converter using fourswitch extended commutation cells. Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'15-ECCE Europe), 8-10 September 2015, Geneva, Switzerland (pp. 1-8). IEEE.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EF Steennis PAAF Wouters

Participants Y Li

Cooperations DNV GL

Funded by

Extended functionality of on-line partial discharge monitoring equipment for medium-voltage power cables PhD student | Postdoc Y (Yan) Li Project aim  What is the working principle to perform calibration, accessory location, monitoring for water ingress and temperature changes?  What are the possibilities and limitations of the various options aiming to achieve the above?  Can this information be gathered with measuring from one side or is a two sided approach needed?  Is it possible to locate also partial discharges with only one side measuring system based on the above found cable and reflection characteristics; what are the limits and constraints for singlesided measurement to be used and under what circumstances is a double-sided technique absolutely required?  What are the compromises in the sense that how much accuracy and sensitivity is gained or lost by each option?

DNV GL Enexis Alliander Locamation

Progress

Funding % per money stream

Public defense: March 31, 2015.

Industry

Cable and joint modeling, frequency limit study, single-sided partial discharge location, temperature effect on partial discharge propagation along cable, water effect on power cable, frequency domain diagnostics.

100 %

Start of the project 2010 (December)

Information Y Li T : +31 (0)6 81501122 E : y.li.4@tue.nl W: http://www.tue.nl/universiteit/ faculteiten/faculteit-electricalengineering/de-faculteit/ medewerkers/detail/ep/e/d/ ep-uid/20087526/ep-tab/4/

Figure: Illustration of the single-sided on-line partial discharge monitoring and location system.

Scientific publications Yan Li, Peter A. A. F. Wouters, Paul Wagenaars, Peter C. J. M. van der Wielen, E. Fred Steennis. Single-Sided Partial Discharge Location Method Based on Impedance Discontinuities along Power Cable. 18th Power Systems Computation Conference, Wroclaw, Poland, August 2014. Yan Li, Peter A. A. F. Wouters, Paul Wagenaars, Peter C. J. M. van der Wielen, E. Fred Steennis. Temperature Dependency of Wave Propagation Velocity in MV Power Cable. 18th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Seoul, August 2013. Yan Li, Peter A. A. F. Wouters, Paul Wagenaars, Peter C. J. M. van der Wielen, E. Fred Steennis. Using Ferrite to Improve Directional Sensing for Pulse Travelling in MV Power Cables With Two Inductive Sensors. 18th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Seoul, August 2013. Yan Li, Peter A.A.F. Wouters, Paul Wagenaars, Peter C.J.M. van der Wielen, E. Fred Steennis. Detection Limitation of High Frequency Signal Travelling along Underground Power Cable. 2013 IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics, Bologna, June 2013. Yan Li, Peter A.A.F. Wouters, Paul Wagenaars, Peter C.J.M. van der Wielen, E. Fred Steennis. Estimating Transmission Line Parameters of Three-core Power Cables with Common Earth Screen. Nordic Insulation Symposium, Trondheim, June 2013. Yan Li, Peter A.A.F. Wouters, Paul Wagenaars, Peter C.J.M. van der Wielen, E. Fred Steennis. Estimating Power Cable Joint Model: based on Lumped Components and Cascaded Transmission Line Approach. International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Vol. 4 No. 4, December 2012.

Dissertation Li, Y. (March 31, 2015). Extended functionality of on-line partial discharge monitoring equipment for medium-voltage power cables. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Fred Steennis & Peter Wouters).

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Department

Inverse modeling of climate adaptive building shells

Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JLM Hensen

Participants RCGM Loonen D Cóstola M Trčka

PhD student | Postdoc RCGM (Roel) Loonen Project aim This project investigates the potential of climate adaptive building shells (CABS) in terms of (i) improving indoor environmental quality, and (ii) reducing energy consumption. The aims of this project are:  To develop a simulation strategy for integrated performance prediction of buildings with adaptable building shell properties.  To develop and test a computational approach, based on simulation and optimization techniques, that is capable of quantifying the (full) performance potential of CABS.  To demonstrate, on a case study basis, how this approach can be used to identify high-potential, i.e. high-performance, low-complexity, directions for future CABS concepts.  To better understand the relationships between adaptability of building shell parameters and performance in a number of demonstration examples.

Cooperations EOS-lt FACET (TNO, TU Delft, ECN, Cauberg-Huygen Raadgevende Ingenieurs)

Funded by RVO EOS-LT FACET

Funding % per money stream RVO

100 %

Progress  Finished implementation of a software toolchain for integrated performance optimization of CABS.  Quantification of the full performance potential of CABS on a case study basis.  Investigation of approaches to reduce CABS complexity (number of adaptable elements, number and range of adaptable element, switching frequency) on the basis of the same case study.  Simulation support for research and development of a window with switchable near-infrared reflection, in collaboration with Chemical Engineering department.  Development and demonstration of a framework of for quantifying the potential of buildings with seasonal facade adaptation.  Update and extension of a database with (>400) examples of CABS concepts.

Start of the project 2010

Information RCGM Loonen T : +31 (0)40 247 2571 E : r.c.g.m.loonen@tue.nl W : www.eosfacet.nl www.pinterest.com/cabsoverview

Scientific publications Kasinalis, C., Loonen, R.C.G.M., Cóstola, D. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2014). Framework for assessing the performance potential of seasonally adaptable facades using multi-objective optimization. Energy and Buildings, 79, 106-113. Khandelwal, H., Loonen, R.C.G.M., Hensen, J.L.M., Debije, M.G. & Schenning, A.P.H.J. (2015). Electrically switchable polymer stabilised broadband infrared reflectors and their potential as smart windows for energy saving in buildings. Scientific Reports, 5, 11773. Loonen, R.C.G.M., Singaravel, S., Trcka, M., Cóstola, D. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2014). Simulation-based support for product development of innovative building envelope components. Automation in construction, 45, 86-95. Loonen, R.C.G.M., Trcka, M., Cóstola, D. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2013). Climate adaptive building shells: state-of-the-art and future challenges. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 483-493.

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Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders LPH de Goey NJ Dam LMT Somers

Participants NCJ Maes

Cooperations Fiat Powertrain Technologies

Funded by University Fiat Powertrain Technologies

Funding % per money stream

Tracking Joules: Flame-wall interaction in Diesel spray combustion PhD student | Postdoc NCJ (Noud) Maes Project aim In a collaboration with Fiat Powertrain Technologies, the effect of flame-wall interaction is studied in detail using optical diagnostic techniques and temperature measurements in a constant volume vessel. The higher goal is to design a completely new, heavy-duty engine based on optimization through modelling. In order to achieve reliable and predictive models, it is essential to perform fundamental and reproducible experiments at relevant conditions to validate such numerical efforts.

Progress The combustion vessel has been updated to reach heavy-duty conditions relevant to the project. A number of optical diagnostic techniques have been used to characterize free jets at different operating conditions. The study of these free jets is a necessary pre-requisite to understand the impact of wall interaction. The optical diagnostic techniques performed up untill now include:  High-speed Diffused Back-Illumination (DBI) – images liquid fuel penetration (for a non-reacting spray);  High-speed Schlieren – images gas-phase fuel penetration (for a non-reacting spray);  High-speed OH* - Images the flame front of the reacting spray;  CH2O Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) – Images a first stage ignition product;

University 66.6 % Industry 33.3 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information NCJ Maes T : +31 (0)40 247 2877 E : n.c.j.maes@tue.nl W: www.combustion.tue.nl

Figure: Combination of the performed optical diagnostic techniques. Green and red represent a simultaneous, single-shot recording of CH2O and OH*, respectively. Yellow consequently shows the regions where they overlap. Blue and white contours illustrate the average liquid and vapor penetration from corresponding non-reacting experiments, shown here at the same time after Start Of Injection (aSOI). Due to combustion, the flame expands beyond the vapor contour of a nonreacting fuel spray.

Scientific publications -

232 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

City Energy Networks Integrated modeling and optimization of electricity, heat and natural gas networks underlying a sustainable city infrastructure PhD student | Postdoc LAJ (Wiet) Mazairac Project aim

Project leaders B de Vries WF Schaefer J Desmedt (VITO)

Participants LAJ Mazairac

Cooperations -

Funded by VITO

Funding % per money stream VITO

100 %

Start of the project 2013

Information LAJ Mazairac T : +31 (0)6 81220502 E : l.a.j.mazairac@tue.nl

The energy sector faces numerous challenges, e.g. the depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the impact of fossil fuels on our environment. A transition towards a renewable energy system will resolve these issues. However the current energy distribution system, which was designed to distribute energy from few producers among many consumers, is not able to cope with mass integration of renewable energy systems. Multi-carrier hybrid energy distribution networks will be able to cope with mass integration of renewable energy systems. Instead of a network connecting few producers to many consumers, future networks will interconnect energy units, which are simultaneously producer and consumer. Hybrid energy networks also provide flexibility in the case of network malfunctions, energy shortages or price fluctuations. The strong interconnection between the different energy carriers make it possible to convert energy from one form to another, which enables consumers to change from carrier or to bypass a broken connection. An approach is under development to determine the optimal topology of a hybrid energy distribution network. This approach determines the location of energy distribution lines, conversion and storage units, given the location of energy producers and consumers in order to find the optimal balance between capital, operational and maintenance costs on the one hand and revenue on the other hand.

Progress The development of the deterministic optimization model is nearing completion. The model searches for the best location to install distribution lines, conversion units and storage units. A wide variety of conversion and storage units are available. The model selects the most suitable system for a given situation. This selection is based on i.a. required capacity, required power and economic circumstances. Besides a topology the optimization model also returns a control strategy. E.g. in case of an energy excess, it decides between storing the energy locally, i.e. within the system boundary, and selling beyond the system boundary.

Figure: The figure shows a (1) classic solution, (2) a solution in which energy is converted locally and (3) a solution in which one conversion unit provides energy to multiple households.

Scientific publications Mazairac, Ludovicus, Salenbien, R., Vanhoudt, D., Desmedt, J. & de Vries, Bauke (2015). Integrated modeling and simulation of electricity, gas and heat networks underlying a sustainable city infrastructure. International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and 4th Generation District Heating, Copenhagen, Denmark, 25 August 2015. Mazairac, L.A.J. & Beetz, J. (2013). BIMQL: an open query language for building information models. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 27(4), 444-456. Mazairac, L.A.J. & Beetz, J. (2012). Towards a Framework for a Domain Specific Open Query Language for Building Information Models. In P. Geyer, A. Borrmann, Y. Rafiq & P. de Wilde (Eds.), Conference Paper: International Workshop: Intelligent Computing in Engineering, München: Technische Universität München.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Studies on user control in ambient intelligent systems

Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc BW (Bernt) Meerbeek

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project aim

Project leaders

Progress

EJ van Loenen

Participants BW Meerbeek EHL Aarts ALP Rosemann

Cooperations Philips Research

Investigate how 'expressive interfaces' can increase users' acceptance and perception of control while interacting with intelligent systems such as domestic robots and automated blinds in offices.

With the increase of building automation in the work environment, there is a risk that occupants lose their sense of control when decisions on environmental are made by technology. In 2014, two experiments were conducted in which we investigated the effect of the level automation and the level of system expressiveness on users’ satisfaction with and usage of an automated blinds system. An expressive interface was designed to communicate the status and intentions of the blinds system to the building occupants. The results show that the addition of the expressive interface increased user satisfaction compared to the original system. Moreover, users made less corrections after automatic blind adjustments and adherence to the system suggestions increased. These results indicate the prospective of expressive interfaces to increase user’s acceptance of automated blinds and thereby realizing the energy saving potential.

Funded by Philips Research, SPARK IMPULS II

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2009

Information EJ van Loenen T : +31 (0)6 55874721 E : e.j.v.loenen@tue.nl W: https://www.tue.nl/en/university/ departments/built-environment/ the-department-of-the-built environment/organization/units/ building-physics-and-services/ research/chairs/building-lighting/

Figure: Automated blinds system with expressive interface was tested in an experimental user study with mimicked daylight conditions.

Scientific publications Meerbeek, B. Te Kulve, M., Gritti, T., Aarts, M., Van Loenen, E., Aarts, E., Building automation and perceived control: A field study on motorized exterior blinds in Dutch offices, Building and Environment, Volume 79, Pages 66-77. Mangkuto, R., Wang, S., Meerbeek, B. Aries, M., Van Loenen, E., Lighting performance and electrical energy consumption of a virtual window prototype, Applied Energy, 135, 261-273. Aliakseyeu, D., Meerbeek, B., Mason, J., Lucero, A., Ozcelebi, T., & Pihlajaniemi, H., Beyond the switch: explicit and implicit interaction with light., Proceedings of the 8th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Fun, Fast, Foundational (pp. 785-788). Meerbeek, B., Van Loenen, E., Understanding User Experience of Smart Workplaces: mixed methods, NordiChi 2014 Workshop Proceedings. Meerbeek, B.W., Druenen, T. van, Aarts, M.P.J., Loenen, E.J. van & Aarts, E.H.L. Impact of Blinds Usage on Energy Consumption: Automatic Versus Manual Control., Ambient Intelligence, European Conference AmI 2014 Vol. 8850. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 158-173). Meerbeek, B., Seuntiens, P., Evaluating the experience of daylight through a virtual skylight. Proceedings of Experiencing Light 2014: International Conference on the Effects of Light on Wellbeing. B W Meerbeek, E J Van Loenen, M Te Kulve, M Aarts: User Experience of Automated Blinds in Offices. Experiencing Light; 01/2012. Bernt Meerbeek, MSc. PDEng.; Marije Te Kulve; Tommaso Gritti; Mariëlle Aarts; Evert Van Loenen; Emile Aarts (in review). Building automation and user control: A field study into the usage of automatic blinds in Dutch offices. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 234 |

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EA Lomonova

Participants M Merdzan JJH PAulides

Cooperations MTT (Micro Turbine Technology BV)

Funded by KIC InnoEnergy

Funding % per money stream University Industry TNO

KIC MTT micro CHP: Electromechanical aspects of a micro – CHP system PhD student | Postdoc M (Marko) Merdzan Project aim The aim of the project is to develop a micro-CHP (Combined Heat and Power) system capable of producing both heating and electric power for use in homes and small enterprises. Particularly, the project is focused on a development of the electromechanical subsystem, especially electrical components (high-speed generator and high-frequency converter). In order to make CHP system cost-effective at the desired power level (3 kW of electric power), efficiency of the electromechanical conversion has to be at a very high level and efficiency improvement represents the main project aim.

Progress Development of analytical models for magnetic field in slots of high-speed PM machines has been performed. Based on these results initial analytical calculation of most dominant loss components (copper losses) has been done and verified numerically. Furthermore, experimental verification of analytical models for rotor losses has been performed on the existing prototype (shown in the figure) in EPE laboratory. Using two proptotype machines, efficiency map was experimentally determined for a range of different speeds and torques.

37 % 58 % 5%

Start of the project 2012 (August)

Information M Merdzan T : +31 (0)40 247 3554 E : m.merdzan@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/epe

Figure: High-speed PM machine propotype tested in EPE laboratory.

Scientific publications Merdzan, Marko, Jumayev, Sultan, Borisavljevic, Aleksandar, Boynov, K., Paulides, Johan &Lomonova, Elena (2015). Electrical and magnetic model coupling of permanent magnet machines based on the harmonic analysis. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 51(11):8108904 Merdzan, Marko, Paulides, Johan & Lomonova, Elena (2015). Comparative analysis of rotor losses in high-speed permanent magnet machines with different winding configurations considering the influence of the inverter PWM. Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER 2015), March 31 - April 2, 2015, Monaco (pp. 1-8). Merdzan, Marko, Paulides, Johan, Borisavljevic, Aleksandar & Lomonova, Elena (2015). The influence of the inverter switching frequency on rotor losses in high-speed permanent magnet machines: an experimental study. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference (IEMDC), May 10-13, 2015, Coeur d'Alène, Idaho, USA (pp. 1628-1633). Merdzan, Marko, Borisavljevic, Aleksandar & Lomonova, Elena (2014). Modeling the influence of commutation in voltage source inverters on rotor losses of permanent magnet machines.Proceedings of the 16th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'14-ECCE Europe), 26-28 August 2014, Lappeenranta, Finland (pp. 1-10).

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders GJM Smit (University of Twente)

Participants AK Mishra MGLC Loomans

Cooperations University of Twente

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project

i-Care: Personalised climate and ambience control for zeroenergy buildings PhD student | Postdoc AK (Asit) Mishra Project aim Main aim of the i-Care project is optimization of energy production with the energy demand in buidlings by considering aspects of flexibitlity of the building itself and the occupants. The idea is to aid smart grids in achieving their targets by exploiting avenues that comfort requriements can possibly provide. These include utilizing thermal mass of the building as a storage opportunity, exploring aspects of user behavior, exploting the full breadth of thermal comfort zones etc. The hypothesis is that such aspects could provide that little bit of extra edge for the smart grid to be able to balance supply and demand.

Progress On their part, University of Twente have been working on the mathematical aspects of developing algorithms to balance supply and demand response of buildings. The TU Eindhoven group aims at providing the input in terms of building and occupant flexibility possibilities that can help reduce load or shift load profiles. The stand that thermal comfort can be achieved in a more dynamic, flexible environment, and not just tightly controlled monotonous surroundings is gradually gaining support. An extensive literature review was undertaken to examine aspects of thermal comfort in transient conditions and non-uniform environments. The future activities would include use of a multi-node thermophysiological model and field studies to ascertain and draw boundaries of thermal comfort limits of typical occupants. These examinations would hopefully help establish broad enough comfort limits to ease the task of the smart-grid algorithms.

2015 (October)

Information AK Mishra T : +31 (0)40 247 2131 E : a.k.mishra@tue.nl

Figure: Aspects of building flexibitlity that would likely contribute to lowering building enrgy consumption and peak energy demand.

Scientific publications -

236 |

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HP Nguyen M Gibescu

SG (B2B & B2C) BEMS - The art of optimizing the connection between comfort and energy demand supply PhD student | Postdoc E (Elena) Mocanu Project aim Within the SG-BEMS project the goal is to increase the overall performance of the continuous bidirectional flow of energy and information between SG and BEMS, while keeping a good level of comfort for people in the built environment, through the introduction of multi-agent solutions.

Progress

Participants E Mocanu

Cooperations Kropman Installatietechniek Almende CWI TU/e - Built Environment

Quantification of uncertainty introduced with the advent of new renewable energy sources only strengthens the role of accurate predictions methods. Our approach extends the state-of-the-art energy prediction methods by proposing different Deep Learning methods in a supervised [3], [4], [10] and unsupervised context [1], e.g. see Figure 1. Moreover, in [11] one of these methods is extended to do user tracking. A new stochastic optimization formalism for the building resources allocation problem is developed in [7] and further benchmarked in [5]. Then, the building energy flexibility detection [2] and the aggregated flexibility advantages in a dynamic and adaptable Smart Grid context [6], as well as other optimizations approaches are investigated in [8] and [9].

Funded by RVO - TKI Switch2SmartGrids of Top Sector Energy

Funding % per money stream RVO

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (October)

Information W Zeiler T : +31 (0)40 247 3714 E : w.zeiler@bwk.tue.nl

Figure 1: The Unsupervised Learning explore and extends Reinforcement and Transfer Learning setup, by including a Deep Belief Network for continuous states estimation.

Scientific publications [4]Mocanu, E., Machine learning to estimate energy demands and user behavior related to buildings in the smart grid context, IEEE PES General Meeting 2015, Panel session, 26-30 July, Denver,USA. [5]Markidis, S., Mocanu, E., Gibescu, M., Nguyen, P.H. & Kling †, W.L. Benchmarking algorithms for resource allocation in smart buildings. IEEE PowerTech 2015, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. [6]Hurtado Munoz, L.A., Mocanu, E., Nguyen, P.H., Gibescu, M. & Kling †, W.L. Comfort-constrained demand flexibility management for building aggregations using a decentralized approach. SmartGreens 2015, 20-22 May 2015, Lisbon, Portugal. [7]Mocanu, E., Aduda, K.O., Nguyen, P.H., Boxem, G., Zeiler, W., Gibescu, M. & Kling †, W.L. Optimizing the energy exchange between the smart grid and building systems, UPEC 2014, 2-5 September 2014, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. [8]Aduda, K.O., Mocanu, E., Boxem, G., Nguyen, P.H., Kling †, W.L. & Zeiler, W. The potential and possible effects of power grid support activities on buildings: an analysis of experimental results for ventilation system, UPEC 2014, 2-5 September 2014, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. [9]Mocanu, E., Nguyen, P.H., Gibescu, M. & Kling †, W.L. Optimized parameter selection for assessing building energy efficiency. IEEE YRS 2014, 24-25 April 2014, Ghent, Belgium. [10]Mocanu, E., Nguyen, P.H., Gibescu, M. & Kling †, W.L. Comparison of machine learning methods for estimating energy consumption in buildings. IEEE PMAPS 2014, 7-10 July, Durham, U.K. [11]Mocanu, E., Mocanu, D.C., Bou Ammar, H., Zivkovic, Z., Liotta, A. & Smirnov, E. Inexpensive user tracking using Boltzmann machines. IEEE SMC 2014, 5-8 October, San Diego, California.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders B de Vries WF Schaefer

Participants S Mohammadi

Cooperations Funded by MSRT

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

GREEN CITIES, Modelling the Spatial Transformation of the Urban Environment using Renewable Energy Technologies PhD student | Postdoc S (Saleh) Mohammadi Project aim This research attempts to unify two distinct domains of urban planning practice, including energy modelling and spatial transition modelling. As a result an integrated urban energy model is designed and implemented that considers both the energy and spatial effects of renewable energy policies that promote renewable energy technologies (RET's) in urban areas supporting planners and policy makers to make more effective, economical and sustainable policy choices on the future urban energy developments. For the realization of this model, three modules are developed and applied to generate an optimized fully renewable-based urban environment, including:  Demand module: this module determines the annual electricity usage and the usage profile of the buildings by considering the most important electricity usage explanatory variables.  Supply module: this module examines the spatial and technical conditions of the urban areas to allocate RET's and then evaluates their energy potentials to generate an optimal configuration of these technologies with minimal exploitation cost.  Storage module: In this module a heuristic optimization model is developed to examine the feasibility of storage technologies on the urban level that can absorb the variability of the RET's and generate an optimal storage solution for the study area. These modules are integrated in the proposed model that can support policy recommendation development concerning urban energy transition planning.

Progress Start of the project

Public defense scheduled for January 18, 2016.

2011 (June)

Information S Mohammadi T : +31 (0)6 24969861 E : s.mohammadi@tue.nl W: www.greencities.nl

Figure: Generated optimal plans for the combined application of PV panels and Wind turbines.

Scientific publications Mohammadi, S., de Vries, B., & Schaefer, W.F. (2014). Modeling the allocation and economic evaluation of PV panels and wind turbines in urban areas. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 22, 333–351. Mohammadi, S., de Vries, B., & Schaefer, W.F. (2013). Analyzing the decision making process of property owners in the built environment under different renewable energy policies. Oral: CUPUM2013, 2-5 July, 2013, Utrecht, Utrecht: Utrecht University. Mohammadi, S., de Vries, B., & Schaefer, W. (2013). A comprehensive review of existing urban energy models in the built environment. In S. Geertman, F. Toppen, & J. Stillwell (Eds.), Planning Support Systems for Sustainable Urban Development SE - 14 (Vol. 195, pp. 249–265). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Mohammadi, S., de Vries, B., & Schaefer, W.F. (2012). Urban Energy Simulation, a new modeling approach to achieve energy neutral cities. Oral: DDSS2012, 27-29 August 2012, Eindhoven.

238 |

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JFG Cobben

Participants RMDG Morales González M Bongaerts M Gibescu M de Nes-Koedam S Shariat Torbaghan W Vermeiden

Cooperations Alliander

Funded by Alliander

Smart (Micro)Grid Applications for Concentrated Industrial and Commercial Areas PhD student | Postdoc RMDG (Rose) Morales González Project aim The aim of this research is to investigate the technical and economic benefits of smart grid applications for commercial and industrial (C&I) customers in business parks with a high penetration of distributed energy resources (DER) by proposing demand response (DR) programs that can provide value for consumers, producers, the regional distribution system operator (DSO), and other parties (e.g. energy service providers) involved in the energy system value chain.

Progress The second year of the PhD corresponded to the ideation and prototyping phase of the research. We created a generic framework for modeling the flexibility of thermostatic loads in commercial and industrial consumers, and assessing the potential benefits for customers, the network operator, and other market players brought about by the deployment of demand response (DR) programs and locally available distributed renewable energy generators (e.g. solar PV). Towards the end of the second year of the PhD, we began with the testing and analysis phase of the research. In this phase, the different models were integrated and evaluated in MATLAB/Simulink. A journal article based on the first results of the testing and analysis phase is currently in preparation. If possible, results will be validated with data from relevant pilot projects. Future work includes adding network constraints and storage to the microgrid simulation environment.

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (February)

Information RMDG Morales González T : +31 (0)40 247 8704 E : r.m.d.g.morales.gonzalez@tue.nl

Figure: Conceptual diagram of the smart microgrid concept.

Scientific publications Morales González, R.M.D.G., Wattjes, F.D., Gibescu, M., Vermeiden, W., Slootweg, J.G.. & Kling †, W.L. (2015). Applied Internet of Things Architecture to Unlock the Value of Smart Microgrids. Submitted to IEEE Internet of Things Journal. Morales González, R.M.D.G., Goch, T.A.J. van, Aslam, M.F., Blanch, A. & Ribeiro, P.F. (2014). Microgrid design considerations for a Smart-Energy University Campus. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 2014 5th IEEE PES International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT Europe), 12-15 October, 2014, Istanbul, Turkey.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders MC Kroon

Participants M Mota Martinez

Cooperations -

CO2 capture from natural gas using ionic liquids: a thermodynamic study PhD student | Postdoc M (Mayte) Mota Martinez Project aim The presence of the acid gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in gas reserves is a major concern for oil and gas industry. The removal of these gases from the natural gas, the so called gas sweetening process, is usually done by absorption using either chemical or physical sorbents. Physical absorption is more convenient when concentration of acid gas is high and heavy hydrocarbons are scarcely present. Organic solvents like Selexol® are commonly used. Ionic liquids (ILs) are a new category of solvents whose main properties are their negligible vapor pressure, chemical and thermal stability and versatility. ILs have been proposed as an alternative to organic solvents for several processes, including gas separation. In this project the feasibility of using ILs for gas sweetening is investigated to produce a high quality gas and to minimize the operational costs.

Progress

Funded by

2010

The solubilities of CO2, methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8) in the low viscosity 1hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate ([hmim][TCB]) IL were determined at temperatures between 280 and 400 K and pressures up to 12 MPa. It was found that the selectivity can be up to 20 moles of CO2 per mole of CH4, making the gas sweetening with this IL viable. The experimentally obtained equilibria data were modeled using two equations of state (EoS): Peng Robinson (PR) and a Group Contribution (GC). It was found that both models fit experimental data with the same degree of accuracy, although GC EoS was found to be more powerful tool to predict the solubilities at high pressures.

Information

Public defense: June 25, 2015

Petroleum Institute

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project

MC Kroon T : +31 (0)40 247 5289 E : m.c.kroon@tue.nl W: www.chem.tue.nl/sep

Figure: Modeling of (a) CO2 + [hmim][TCB], (b) CH4 + [hmim][TCB], (c) C2H6 + [hmim][TCB] and (d) C3H8 + [hmim][TCB] using the PR EoS (dashed line) and the GC EoS (solid line)

Scientific publications Mota Martinez, M., Kroon, M.C. & Peters, C.J. (2015). Modeling CO2 solubility in an ionic liquid: A comparison between a cubic and a group contribution EoS. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 101, 5462. Mota Martinez, M., Kroon, M.C. & Peters, C.J. (2015). Modeling the complex phase behavior of methane, ethane and propane in an ionic liquid up to 11 MPa - A comparison between the PR EoS and the GC EoS. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 101, 63-71. Mota Martinez, M., Samdani, S., Berrouk, A.S., Alves da Rocha, M.A., Elhseinat, E.Y., Banat, F., Kroon, M.C. & Peters, C.J. (2015). Design and test of a new high pressure phase equlibrium apparatus for highly corrosive mixtures of importance for natural gas. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, accepted or in press.

Dissertation Mota Martinez, M. (2015). CO2 capture from natural gas using ionic liquids: a thermodynamic study. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Cor Peters & Maaike Kroon).

240 |

Department

Influence of new technologies on the distribution grid

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JFG Cobben

Participants M Nijhuis

Cooperations Liander N.V.

Funded by Liander N.V.

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project

PhD student | Postdoc M (Michiel) Nijhuis Project aim The distribution grid is subjected to many uncertainties, with the introduction of PV for instance, ordinary households become producers of electricity instead of just consumers. This has a large effect on the optimal distribution network topology. As the current approach to the planning of the distribution grid consist of a fit and forget approach which should be capable of dealing with load changes for the coming 40 years. The increased uncertainty and pace of technological change require another approach to the planning and reinforcement of distribution grids. The distribution grid needs to become more flexible to be able to deal with the uncertainties in the loading of the distribution network. The aim of this project is to define the how the distribution grid topology can be changed in order to account for the influences of new technologies on the distribution grid, while becoming more flexible to meet future uncertainties.

Progress Based on the induced risks in the network due to the energy transition, a new design strategy for the low voltage network has been defined. The new deisng strategy involves the bounding of the uncertainty of the future loading by the use of scenario analyses. Decision theory is applied to be able to generate the most optial network under severe uncertainty. To be able to analyse the network for smart grid based reinforcements, a simplified probabilistic load flow has been defined. In the coming year this load flow procudre will be used to assess the possibilities of adding demand response and OLTC’s in the network planning process.

2013 (November)

Information M Nijhuis T : +31 (0)40 247 8551 E : m.nijhuis@tue.nl

Figure: Overview of an optimized LV-network structure under the severe uncertainty the energy transition brings.

Scientific publications Nijhuis, M., Gibescu, M. & Cobben, J.F.G. (2015). Assessment of the impacts of the renewable energy and ICT driven energy transition on distribution networks. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1003-1014. Nijhuis, M., Vonk, B.M.J., Gibescu, M., Cobben, J.F.G. & Slootweg, J.G. (2015). Assessment of probabilistic methods for simulating household load patterns in distribution grids. Proceedings of the 23nd International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED), June 15-18 2015, Lyon, France (pp. 1279-1/5). Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. Nijhuis, M., Babar, M., Gibescu, M. & Cobben, J.F.G. (2015). Demand response : social welfare maximisation in an unbundled energy market : case study for the low-voltage networks of a distribution network operator in the Netherlands. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC 2015), 9-13 June 2015, Rome, Italy (pp. 944-949). Piscataway: IEEE Service Center. Nijhuis, M., Gibescu, M. & Cobben, J.F.G. (2015). Scenario analysis of generic feeders to assess the adequacy of the LV-grid in the coming decades. Proceedings of 2015 IEEE PowerTech Eindhoven. 29 June - 2 July, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (pp. 1-6). IEEE. Nijhuis, M., Gibescu, M. & Cobben, J.F.G. (2015). Clustering of low voltage feeders from a network planning perspective. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CIRED), 15-18 June 2015, Lyon, France (pp. 0680-1/5). Technische Universiteit Eindhoven.

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders MC Kroon

Participants DJGP van Osch

Cooperations -

Funded by ISPT

Funding % per money stream ISPT

100 %

Start of the project

The use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for the recycling of paper PhD student | Postdoc DJGP (Dannie) van Osch Project aim Integral use of lignocellulosic biomass, whereby the cellulose fibers and lignin are valorized separately, is needed in a biobased economy to obtain most value from wood. The overall aim of this project is to investigate if we can decrease the energy consumption for the recycling of cellulose fibers (e.g. pulp and paper) with deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Two methods will be investigated. One method will focus on the removal of contaminants, e.g. stickies and ink, from recycled paper with DESs. The other method will focus on the extraction of cellulose from recycled paper. Both methods will aim for a decrease of energy consumption of at least 50%.

Progress A problem that had to be addressed for the removal of the contaminants is the tremendous amount of water present in the process for the recycling of paper, and thus in the removal of contaminants, in combination with the high water solubility of the current DESs. This problem was overcome by the production of the first ever hydrophobic DESs consisting of decanoic acid and several quaternary ammonium salts. Currently, these in house developed DESs are tested for the dissolution of ink and subsequently their removal from dry or wet pulp/paper. In the future this investigation will be extended with testing the dissolution and removal of stickies from pulp. Regarding the dissolution of cellulose, DESs are still developed and tested but there are no new developments.

2014

Information MC Kroon T : +31 (0)40 247 5289 E : m.c.kroon@tue.nl W: www.chem.tue.nl/sep

Figure: Example of a developed hydrophobic DES where the upper phase is hydrophobic DES and the bottom phase is water.

Scientific publications -

242 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders BJE Blocken C Cecere

Participants O Palusci H Montazeri (KU Leuven)

Cooperations Sapienza University of Rome, Italy

Funded by Eindhoven University of Technology

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (October)

Wind environment and the compact Mediterranean city: Density, morphology, urban microclimate, outdoor comfort PhD student | Postdoc O (Olga) Palusci Project aim The complex dynamic interactions between density, morphology, urban microclimate and their impacts on the outdoor comfort are investigated for a dense urban area in the Southeast of Rome, an example of a compact city in the Mediterranean climate. This research project will be excuted in three steps: first, morphological and typological analysis are carried out for the area of interest. Second, high-quality and high-resolution computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed to investigate the urban microclimate in this area. A validation study is performed using experimental data of surface temperatures from high-resolution thermal infrared satellite imagery. The outdoor thermal comfort in is assessed using the universal thermal climate index (UTCI). Finally, the effectiveness of different strategies to reduce heat stress and thermal discomfort in such a compact urban area is assessed.

Progress Morphological and typological analysis were carried out to measure the compactness of the urban tissue of the area of interest. The main indices used in this study are floor space index (FSI), ground space index (GSI), open space ratio (OSR) and the aspect ratio of the urban canyon. The results show that for this area, FSI varies from 5 to 7, while the range of GSI is between 0.6 and 0.9. On the other hand, the value of OSR is below 0.1. It can be concluded that the built environment exerts a high pressure on the open space. To investigate the urban microclimate, a high-quality and high-resolution computational grid is generated. The groundplane of the computational domain is a dodecagon inscribed in a circle of 4.4 km radius. The computational grid consists of about 70 million hexahedral cells.

Information O Palusci E : o.palusci@tue.nl E : olga.palusci@uniroma1.it

Figure: Area of interest Tuscolano – Don Bosco region _ zoom in the Tuscolano area; a) Aerial view (google map); b) Corresponding computational grid

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders MC Kroon

Participants D Parmentier

Cooperations -

Funded by Wetsus

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Selective recovery of metal salts from aqueous streams using ionic liquids PhD student | Postdoc D (Dries) Parmentier Project aim During desalination, i.e. separating of water and salts, many techniques remove the water. This costs a lot of energy because the solution is about 96% water, and a few percent salt. Our main focus is to separate the minority compound, so we’re looking for materials to selectively remove the salts. This should result in a more energy efficient desalination technique. Ionic liquids (ILs) are a relatively new type of material that can selectively extract salts from aqueous streams.

Progress In the past years we selected an IL, tetraoctylammonium oleate, that can extract heavy metals from water with very high efficiencies. For zinc and iron chloride salts, the extraction efficiencies exceed 99% and 98%, respectively. We also already investigated how this process works and how we can strip the metals again from our IL. Nowadays, we developed a continuous metal extraction process. Test with lab solutions contain heavy (Co) and light (Na) metals showed again selective cobalt removal removal and high back extraction of metals. The final step now in my PhD research is to apply this continuous setup on real metal polluted waste water. Public defense: November 9, 2015.

Start of the project 2011

Information MC Kroon T : +31 (0)40 247 5289 E : m.c.kroon@tue.nl W: www.chem.tue.nl/sep

Figure: Continuous metal extraction setup that consist out of 2 mixer-setlers. On the left: mixer-setler for metal extraction with the ionic liquid from a metal polluted waste stream. On the right: mixer-setler for the stripping of metals from the ionic liquids.

Scientific publications D. Parmentier, T. Vander Hoogerstraete, S. J. Metz, K. Binnemans and M. C. Kroon, Selective extraction of metals from chloride solutions by a low-viscous oleate ionic liquid, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 54(18), 5149-5158. D. Parmentier, M. Lavenas, E. Güler, S. J. Metz, and M. C. Kroon, Selective removal of sodium with tetraoctylammonium monensin, Chem. Commun., under review. Parmentier, D., Valia, Y.A., Metz, S.J., Burheim, O.S. & Kroon, M.C. (2015). Regeneration of the ionic liquid tetraoctylammonium oleate after metal extraction. Hydrometallurgy, 158, 56-60. D. Parmentier, S. J. Metz and M. C. Kroon, Tetraalkylammonium oleate and linoleate based ionic liquids: promising solvents for salt extraction from aqueous phases, Green Chem., 2013, 15, 205209.

Dissertation Parmentier, D. (2015). Selective recovery of metal salts from aqueous streams using ionic liquids. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Maaike Kroon & Jan Meuldijk).

244 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders V Hessel Q Wang

Participants BS Patil A Anastasopoulou

Cooperations Evonik Indutries, Germany DIFFER, Netherlands C-TECH Innovation Limited, UK Fraunhofer ICT-IMM, Germany University of Hull Royal Charter, UK

Funded by EU MAPSYN- FP-7 CP-IP 309376

Reactor and Process Development for Plasma Assisted Nitrogen Fixation Reactions PhD student | Postdoc BS (Bhaskar) Patil Project aim The main aim of this project is to achieve high energy efficiency and yield in the chemical nitrogen fixation process assisted by an alternative energy form which is plasma. The final aim is to take the developed process on industrial scale. This can be achieved by process intensification via plasma catalysis, understanding the reactions and catalyst interaction inside the plasma reactor, and following holistic process design approach.

Progress The project is planned to go through 3 phases (figure 1). Project is now in its third year and is in the phase 2 and 3 of testing the lab scale modified prototype reactor unit and building the demonstration unit. Thorough literature search on plasma N-fixation reactions has been conducted and published. Furthermore, complete process of plasma nitrogen fixation has been developed and built on labscale, it includes plasma reactors as shown in figure 2. In the first phase of testing, gliding arc reactor and catalytic dielectric barrier discharge reactors were tested for electrical parameters and catalytic materials for nitric oxide production. Now, performance of second generations of these reactors and optimized catalysts would be tested for NOx and ammonia synthesis for range of operating condtions, aiming at achieving high energy efficiency and reaction yield in plasma chemical reactions. The best performing catalyst and plasma reactor will be scaled up to the demonstration unit, which will be built at industrial partner’s (Evonik) site in phase-3.

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (December)

Figure 1: Different phases of plasma reactor development.

Information Q Wang T : +31 (0)40 247 8290 E : q.wang@tue.nl W : www.chem.tue.nl/scr

1-Sided DBD Reactor

2-Sided DBD Reactor

Gliding Arc Reactor

Figure 2: Lab scale plasma reactors from MAPSYN project.

Scientific publications B. S. Patil, J. Rovira Palau, V. Hessel, J. Lang, Q. Wang, (2015) Plasma Nitrogen Oxides Synthesis in a Milli-Scale Gliding Arc Reactor: Investigating the Electrical and Process Prameters. Plasma Chem. Plasma Proc. doi: 10.1007/s11090-015-9671-4. B. S. Patil, Q. Wang, V. Hessel, J. Lang, 2015, Plasma Nitrogen Fixation: 1900-2014, Catalysis Today. 256(1), 49-66. B. S. Patil, Q. Wang, V. Hessel, and J. Lang (2014). Catalyst and process development for plasma assisted nitrogen fixation reactions. Oral: 21st International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering CHISA 2014, 23-27 August 2014. Pragua, Czech Republic, Prague: CSCHI. B. S. Patil, A. Anastasopoulou, Q. Wang, V. Hessel, and J. Lang (2014). Chances in modern plasma scale-up: seen holistically. ENMIX Workshop, Bled, Slovenia (september 2014). V. Hessel, G. Cravotto, P. Fitzpatrick, B.S. Patil, J. Lang, W. Bonrath, Industrial applications of plasma, microwave and ultrasound techniques : Nitrogen-fixation and hydrogenation reactions, Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif. 71 (2013) 19–30.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders BJE Blocken BCC Leite (USP, Brazil) TAJ van Hooff (KU Leuven, TU/e)

Participants JI Perén Montero

Cooperations Double degree agreement between: The University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil and the TU/e Technological Research Institute of São Paulo (IPT), Brazil The Engineering School of the University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil PhD defended on 11 June 2015

Geometry and ventilation: Evaluation of the leeward sawtooth roof potential in the natural ventilation of buildings PhD student | Postdoc JI (Jorge Isaac) Perén Montero Project aim Natural ventilation in buildings is important to ensure a healthy and comfortable indoor environment and to reduce the energy consumption of Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems and the associated CO2 emissions. Wind-induced cross-ventilation is driven by the pressure difference across the building, as a result of local wind conditions, building envelope shape and mutual position of the window openings. The roof is a component of the building envelope with the potential to amplify and direct the airflow from the inlet opening to the outlet opening located near the top of the leeward facade of the building. In order to quantify the potential of natural upward cross-ventilation, the performance of different leeward sawtooth roof geometries is analyzed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).

Progress PhD thesis was successfully defended both at TU/e and at USP (Brazil) on 11 June 2015 and 26 June 2015, respectively. Four papers were published in ISI journals: three of them in Building and Environment (IF: 3.341) and one in the Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics (IF: 1.414). Public defense: June 11, 2015.

Funded by TU/e National Secretariat of Science Technology and Innovation (SENACYT), Panama The Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (CAPES), Brazil

Funding % per money stream University Industry Scholarships

25 % 15 % 60 %

Start of the project

Figure: Impact of roof geometry and opening ratio on the volume flow rate under normal wind incidence angle for convex single-span (E2_OR1) and convex double-span leeward sawtooth roof (E2x2_OR1 and E2x2_OR0.5).

2011 (March)

Scientific publications Information JI Perén Montero T : +31 (0) 3351 2096 +507 832 7457 E : J.I.Peren.Montero@tue.nl

Perén, J.I., van Hooff, T., Ramponi, R., Blocken, B., Leite, B.C.C.; “Impact of roof geometry of an isolated leeward sawtooth roof building on cross-ventilation: straight, concave, hybrid or convex?”. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 2015;145:102-114. Perén, J.I., van Hooff, T., Leite, B.C.C., Blocken, B.; “Impact of eaves on cross-ventilation of a generic isolated leeward sawtooth roof building: windward eaves, leeward eaves and eaves inclination angle”. Building and Environment 2015;92:578-590. Perén, J.I., van Hooff, T., Leite, B.C.C., Blocken, B.; “CFD analysis of cross-ventilation of a generic isolated building with asymmetric opening positions: impact of roof angle and opening location”. Building and Environment 2015;85:263-276. Perén, J.I., van Hooff, T., Leite, B.C.C., Blocken, B.; “Wind-driven upward cross-ventilation in a 12 m long building: single-span versus double-span leeward sawtooth roof”. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (ISHVAC 2015) and The 3rd International Conference on Building Energy and Environment (COBEE 2015), Tianjin, China, July 12-15, 2015. Perén, J.I., Ramponi, R., van Hooff, T., Blocken, B., Leite, B.C.C.; “Natural upward cross-ventilation potential of a leeward sawtooth roof for a single zone building model”. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Computational Wind Engineering (CWE 2014), Hamburg, Germany, June 8-12, 2014, P.1-8.

Dissertation Peren Montero, J.I. (2015). Geometry and ventilation: evaluation of the leeward sawtooth roof potential in the natural ventilation of buildings. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Bert Blocken, Twan van Hooff & B.C.C. Leite). 246 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JC Schouten J van der Schaaf

Participants L Pezzi Martins-Loane JAM Kuipers NG Deen S Das

Cooperations Industry

Funded by Industry

PhD student | Postdoc L (Leticia) Pezzi Martins-Loane Project aim This project studies the applicability of an open structure random packing (OSRP) in a fixed bed reactor. These OSRP may consist of foams, knitted wires or Sulzer type of packings. The large voids between the OSRP allows for a high throughput of the gas and liquid phase at relatively low pressure drop. Typically of 2-5 vol% of solid with a high internal surface area and high permeability can be realized. The latter allows for a hydrodynamic throughflow of the particles, which results in an effective use of the catalyst inside the OSRP and proper heat management of exothermic reactions. This project investigates the heat and mass transfer as a function of operating conditions and OSRP properties.

Progress Two different experimental setups have been realized for investigation of pressure drop, liquid volume fraction, residence time distribution, mass transfer and heat transfer. Residence time distribution, liquid volume fraction and mass transfer has been measured for foam OSRPs with different structural properties for countercurrent gas-liquid contacting. For countercurrent flow, a model for prediction of liquid volume fraction and flooding the flooding point has been developed.

Scientific publications

Funding % per money stream Industry

Transport Phenomena and Chemical Reaction in Slender Bubble Columns with Open-Structure Random Packings

100 %

Start of the project

Pezzi Martins Loane, L., Schaaf, J. van der & Schouten, J.C. (2015). Liquid volume fraction and residence time distribution in an open-structure random packed column with counter current flow. Oral presentation: Proceedings of the 10th European Congress of Chemical Engineering (ECCE 2015), 27 September - 01 October 2015, Nice, France.

2013 (December)

Information J van der Schaaf T : +31 (0)40 247 4712 E : J.vanderschaaf@tue.nl W: www.chem.tue.nl/scr

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JTBA Kessels T Hofman A Serebrenik

Participants TH Pham V van Reeven Y Dajsuren E Silvas

Cooperations DAF Trucks NV TU/e SKF Heliox

Integrated Energy and battery Life Management for Hybrid Vehicles PhD student | Postdoc TH (Thinh) Pham Project aim This project is aiming to deliver a significant contribution in realizing up to 7% CO2 emission reduction and up to 7% fuel saving for long haul vehicles by research and development of a number of technologies:  Hybridization of power train including energy management and hybrid control functions.  Efficient power conversion and electrification of auxiliaries.  Efficient shift strategy and efficient power take-off.  Simulation tool to analyze efficiency losses.

Progress  An integrated energy management was developed to show more than 7% fuel saving via simulation.  A prototype for a hybrid electric heavy-duty truck has been developed and tested at a test track from DAF trucks N.V. Public defense: April 28, 2015.

Funded by HTAS

Funding % per money stream NWO Industry

50 % 50 %

Start of the project 2011 (May)

Information JTBA Kessels T : +31 (0)40 247 2656 E : j.t.b.a.kessels@tue.nl W: http://tue.nl/cs

Figure: Integrated energy management for hybrid electric heavy-duty truck.

Scientific publications T.H. Pham, S.K. Ramachandran, J.T.B.A. Kessels, R.G.M. Huisman, and P.P.J.van den Bosch. Integrating battery management into energy management for hybrid heavy-duty trucks. In Proc. of the FISITA 2014, Maastricht, the Netherlands, 2-6 June 2014. T.H. Pham, P.P.J. van den Bosch, J.T.B.A. Kessels, and R.G.M. Huisman. Integrated online energy and battery life management for hybrid long haulage truck. In Proc. of the IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Coimbra, Portugal, 27-30 October 2014. T.H. Pham, J.T.B.A. Kessels, P.P.J. van den Bosch, R.G.M. Huisman, and R.M.P.A. Nevels. On-line energy and battery thermal management for hybrid electric heavy-duty truck. In Proc. of the American Control Conf., Washington, DC, June 2013. T.H. Pham, J.T.B.A. Kessels, P.P.J. van den Bosch, and R.G.M. Huisman. Cost-effective energy management for hybrid electric heavy-duty truck including battery aging. In Proc. of the 2013 ASME Dynamic Systems and Control Conference, Pablo Alto, CA, October 21-23 2013. H.T. Pham, P.P.J. van den Bosch, J.T.B.A. Kessels, and R.G.M. Huisman. Integrated energy and thermal management for hybrid electric heavy duty trucks. In Proc. of the IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Seoul, Korea, 9-12 October 2012.

Dissertation Pham, H.T. (2015). Integrated energy and battery life management for hybrid vehicles. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Paul van den Bosch & John Kessels).

248 |

Department

Salt wick action in building materials, an NMR study

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders L Pel OCG Adan

Participants

PhD student | Postdoc R (Raheleh) Pishkari Project aim Maintenance of concrete structures costs every year few billion euro’s in just western Europe alone. Chloride-induced corrosion is one of the main degradation mechanisms in civil structures based on reinforced concrete. Dissolved chloride in sea water or chloride coming from deicing salts can penetrate into the structure. When the chloride concentration on surface of the steel reinforcement bars reaches a critical value, chloride ions destroy the oxide film and the corrosion of steel will start. Gaining insight into these transport phenomena can not only improve the assessment of durability aspects of existing structures, but might lead to improved design for new reinforced concrete structures that are to be used in aggressive environments.

R Pishkari

Progress Cooperations TU Delft TU Twente

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (March)

In order to study the transport of chloride we have focused on Wick action. This is the situation where there is a permanent supply of moisture and ions on one side of materials, e.g. as in seawater, where as the other side is exposed to continuous drying in the open air. To study wick action, a numerical model based on advection-diffusion equation with non-Fickian’s diffusion term has been developed. At the moment there is lack of experimental data on this topic that can be used to validate or discard the model. In this study use is made of a specially designed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to non-destructively measure the 1H, 23Na and 35Cl transport. Initially the NMR method was compared with the standard Ag/AgCl sensor and NMR chloride during hydration of CEMI and CEM III.

Scientific publications -

Information R Pishkari T : +31 (0)40 247 4462 E : r.pishkari@tue.nl W: https://www.tue.nl/universiteit/ faculteiten/technischenatuurkunde/de-faculteit/ medewerkers/detail/ep/e/d/ ep-uid/20124622

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Physics of illumination diffusors

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc B (Bart) Platier Project aim Optical diffusors are used in the lighting industry to redistribute the incoming light such that the desired light distribution is obtained. The aim of this project is to elucidate the working of these diffusive optical elements and to develop new diffusers with new scattering properties.

Project leaders WL IJzerman J Beckers

Participants B Platier GMW Kroesen

Cooperations Philips Lighting

Funded by TU/e

Funding % per money stream Impuls PhD 100 %

Start of the project 2014 (June)

Information B Platier E : b.platier@tue.nl

250 |

Progress In the first months of this PhD project, preparations are made for a complete overhaul of an existing setup. During this overhaul several improvements will be made, which will allow better control over the chemistry and extra diagnostics will be added. Moreover the first experiments are performed to create holographic optical elements.

Scientific publications Platier, B., Beckers, J. & IJzerman, W.L. (2015). Light scattering by plasma produced illumination diffusers characterized by an imaging sphere. Proceedings of the 18th Euregional Workshop on the Exploration of Low Temperature Plasma Physics (WELTPP-18 2015), 3-4 December 2015, Kerkrade, The Netherlands. Zondag, Y., Platier, B. & Beckers, J. (2015). Characterisation of optical diffusers produced with a lowpressure acetylene plasma. Proceedings of the 18th Euregional Workshop on the Exploration of Low Temperature Plasma Physics (WELTPP-18 2015), 3-4 December 2015, Kerkrade, The Netherlands. Platier, B., Beckers, J. & IJzerman, W.L. (2015). Far-field characterization of plasma produced illumination diffusers. Light in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 2015, 19-22 October 2015, Hissar, Bulgaria.

Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Developing and implementing smart grids in India PhD student | Postdoc AJK (Auke) Pols

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders GPJ Verbong

Participants AJK Pols JI Höffken A Spahn

Project aim India faces two major challenges in the field of electricity generation and use. Its electricity demand is growing while its central grid suffers from severe performance deficits. Meanwhile, a significant part of India’s population does not even have access to the central grid. The Indian government aims to address these challenges in part by using smart grids, energy networks that use ICT to match supply and demand from multiple sources. However, successful smart grid development is not simply a matter of getting the technology right: social embedding, ethical acceptability and institutional support are at least as important. This project therefore sets out to answer the question: How can smart grids be successfully developed and implemented in rural India? Goal of the project is to answer the research question by the actual technically, socially and ethically responsible development and implementation of a smart grid prototype.

Progress Cooperations S Garud, TERI University, India M van Heist, Rural Spark, India M Kardolus, PRE, Netherlands E Mertens, Rural Spark, India

Funded by NWO MVI Power Research Electronics Rural Spark Pvt Ltd India

The project was started in June 2015 by the ethics postdoc Dr AJK Pols. Topics investigated so far are values and ethical choices by engineers in smart grid design (e.g. what success indicators are chosen; what value trade-offs occur); rationality of relevant Indian policy documents and their coherence and consistency with more general values committed to (e.g. inclusion, equality and sustainable development) and stakeholder involvement. As Rural Spark's method of stakeholder involvement differs in various aspects from more classical deliberative approaches, the ethics postdoc has investigated what this means for ethical acceptability of the used method.

Scientific publications -

Funding % per money stream NOW Industry

72 % 28 %

Start of the project 2015 (June)

Information AJK Pols T : +31 (0)40 247 3253 E : A.J.K.Pols@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/staff/a.j.k.pols

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JLM Hensen

Participants SS Puranik P Hoes

Modelling and simulation of smart energy demand response in buildings PhD student | Postdoc SS (Sanket) Puranik Project aim The purpose of this project is to define the demand response (DR) potential of the built environment with the two main constraints being the request from the electricity market and the thermal comfort inside the building. The approach to the problem is bottom-up, meaning that the focus will be on the final user of the building. Objective will be achieved by investigating the performance of technologies and strategies that are able to reduce and modify thermal/electrical loads when required in order to formulate practical design guidelines.

Progress

Cooperations IEA-EBC Annex 67

Funded by PIT/VABI SPARK consortium TU/e

A literature review was conducted to identify technologies and methods which can be used to shift building’s loads so as to enable demand response in them. A review of existing indicators to quantify demand response potential in buildings was made which will be later used to select appropriate indicators for the study. State of the art simulation tools have been investigated which could tackle the challenges of simulating smart buildings. Modelica language for systems modelling with FMI as co-simulation for building model forms a strong platform for investigating various energy interactions within a building and with smart grids. Thus the future modelling and simulation work will be done on Modelica language.

Funding % per money stream PIT/VABI SPARK

50 % 50 %

Start of the project 2015 (March)

Information SS Puranik T : +31 (0)40 247 2131 E : s.s.puranik@tue.nl

Figure: Project concept.

Scientific publications -

252 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders BJE Blocken IM Kalkman

Participants A Rezaeiha

Cooperations European ITN project consortium

Funded by AEOLUS4FUTURE (H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014)

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project

Aerodynamic optimization of vertical axis wind turbines for urban environments PhD student | Postdoc A (Abdolrahim) Rezaeiha Project aim This project intends to investigate ways to optimize the aerodynamic performance of vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) with respect to the wind characteristics in urban environments. The following objectives will be pursued using CFD simulations and wind tunnel measurements:  Investigation of the influence of time step, domain size and turbulence modeling on the accuracy of CFD simulation of VAWTs and providing guidelines  Understanding the effect of circulation control (either constant, e.g. fixed pitch angle/Gurney flap or variable, e.g. trailing-edge flap/plasma actuator) on the performance of a VAWT  Understanding the influence of urban environment wind characteristics on VAWT performance

Progress The effect of adding a fixed pitch angle to VAWT blades was studied using URANS and hybrid URANS/LES simulations for two different tip speed ratios. The study showed that inceasing the pitch angle from 0o to +3o increased the power coefficient (CP) by 6% while decreasing it from 0o to -3o reduced the CP by more than 20%. The change in thrust coefficient (CT) was about 1%. The results also showed that changing the pitch angle shifts the instantaneous loads between the upwind and downwind halves of the turbine. Two other studies on the effect of azimuthal increment on the accuracy of the CFD simulations and the effect of central shaft on the performance of the VAWT are in progress and the results will be ready in early 2016.

2015 (July)

Information A Rezaeiha T : +31 (0)40 247 2039 E : a.rezaeiha@tue.nl

Figure: Moment coefficient of a 3-bladed H-type VAWT versus azimuth for three different fixed pitch angles.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Wind flow modeling in urban areas through experimental and numerical techniques

Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders BJE Blocken MP Repetto M Burlando

Participants A Ricci IM Kalkman

Cooperations Double degree program University of Genoa Eindhoven University of Technology

Funded by -

Funding % per money stream TU/e University of Genoa

20 % 80 %

PhD student | Postdoc A (Alessio) Ricci Project aim Wind flow in urban areas governs a large number of very important issues such as pedestrian wind comfort, building energy performance and urban wind energy. Wind flow modeling in the urban environment is very complex and much research has therefore been carried out covering different aspects of urban flow. These phenomena have been assessed using full scale experiments, computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and/or wind tunnel tests. Despite the progress which was made in these studies, at present our understanding and the assessment of urban wind flow are still not completely satisfactory. Especially in heterogeneous urban environments there is a clear need to further investigate the relation between city layout and local wind patterns. In the present study, both CFD simulations and wind tunnel tests are used to investigate wind flow in a complex urban area, aimed at providing a further understanding of the urban canopy layer at the micro scale.

Progress The CFD simulations were performed of wind flow in Quartiere La Venezia – Livorno city (Italy), for three wind directions which were also investigated in the wind tunnel tests. To facilitate the comparison between experimental and numerical results a portion of the wind tunnel test section has been reproduced by the computational domain. In order to understand to which extent model detailing can affect the numerical and experimental results, two models with different degrees of precision have been constructed, simplified and approximated models. The mean wind velocity profiles in the two models were compared at 25 different locations in the city for 15 different heights each. In order to quantify the agreement between experimental and numerical results the statistical performance in terms of FB, NMSE, R and FAC1.3 were evaluated. The final results showed better performance of the approximated model than the simplified one.

Start of the project 2013 (June)

Information A Ricci T : +31 (0)6 38467814 E : a.ricci@tue.nl

Figure: (a) Reality photo, (b) wind tunnel model, (c) simplified CFD model, (d) approximated CFD model of Quartiere La Venezia for the incoming wind direction α = 240˚.

Scientific publications Ricci, A., Kalkman, I.M., Blocken, B., Repetto, M.P., Burlando, M., Freda, A., 2015. Local-scale forcing effects on wind flows in an urban environment. Proceedings of PHYSMOD 2015 – International Workshop on Physical Modeling of Flow and Dispersion Phenomena, Zurich, Switzerland. Burlando, M., Ricci, A., Freda, A., Repetto, M.P., 2015. Numerical and experimental methods to investigate the behaviour of vertical-axis wind turbines with stators. Journal of Wind Eingineering and Industrial Aerodynamic, 144, 125-133. Ricci A., Burlando M., Repetto M.P., Freda A., 2015. Experimental and numerical investigation of the urban boundary layer in Livorno city. Proceedings of 14th International Conference of Wind Engineering (ICWE), June 21-26 2015, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Repetto M.P., Freda A., Fia M., Rebuffo E., Burlando M., Ricci A., 2014. Wind tunnel study on urban wind flow. Proceedings of XIII Conference of the Italian Association for Wind Engineering, Genova, Italy. Burlando, M., Repetto, M.P., Freda, A., Ricci, A., 2014. Wind tunnel and CFD models of a vertical axis wind turbine with power augmentation guide vanes. Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Computational Wind Engineering (CWE), Hamburg, Germany. 254 |

Department

MES meets DES

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders MC Kroon

Participants MAA Rocha

Cooperations -

Project aim The project objectives are the design and development of a new cost-effective method for production and recovery of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from industrial waste waters. The method to be developed integrates microbial electrosynthesis (MES) with in-situ recovery cell. MES is a promising and sustainable bioelectrochemical technology, which uses renewable energy. However, the main disadvantage is the low concentration of the compounds, which makes their separation challenging. To overcome this problem, novel natural ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are evaluated in this project as extractants for the recovery of the produced VFAs from diluted aqueous phases. Compared to the conventional separation methods (e.g., distillation, precipitation) it is expected that ILs and DESs can be used to recover VFAs from the diluted aqueous media using much less energy and generating less wastes.

Progress

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream STW

PhD student | Postdoc MAA (Marisa) Rocha

100 %

Start of the project 2013

Information

Six hydrophobic ILs have been synthesized and fully characterized to be used as extractants for VFAs from aqueous media. The solubility of the different VFAs (acetic, propionic and butyric acid) and water in these ionic liquids was evaluated. From the previous results (hydrophobicity, viscosity, thermal stability and melting temperature), the ILs [N8881][C18:1] and [N8888][C18:1] were selected for a detailed liquid-liquid extraction studies. The extraction of acetic acid from diluted aqueous solutions was explored using the [N8881][C18:1], presenting high extraction efficiencies. DESs are hydrophilic systems and the effect of high quantities of water on DESs is still unknown. Preliminary tests using DESs as solvents are in progress. End of project June 2015.

MC Kroon T : +31 (0)40 247 5289 E : m.c.kroon@tue.nl W: www.chem.tue.nl/sep

ClO HO

O O-

a) Tetraoctylammonium oleate

N+

b) From left to right, lactic acid, DES lactic acid:choline chloride at molar ratio 2:1 and choline chloride. Picture taken at room temperature.

Figure: Nature-based IL (a) and DES (b).

Scientific publications Alves da Rocha, M.A. & Santos, L.M.N.B.F. (2013). First volatility study of the 1-alkylpyridinium based ionic liquids by Knudsen effusion. Chemical Physics Letters, 585, 59-62. Alves da Rocha, M.A., Coutinho, J.A.P. & Santos, L.M.N.B.F. (2013). Evidence of nanostructuration from the heat capacities of the 1,3-dialkylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquid. Journal of Chemical Physics, 139, 104502-1/6. Alves da Rocha, M.A., Neves, C.M.S.S., Freire, M.G., Russina, O., Triolo, A., Coutinho, J.A.P. & Santos, L.M.N.B.F. (2013). Alkylimidazolium based ionic liquids : impact of cation symmetry on their nanoscale structural organization. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 117, 10889-10897. Alves da Rocha, M.A., Ribeiro, F.M.S., Lobo Ferreira, A.I.M.C., Coutinho, J.A.P. & Santos, L.M.N.B.F. (2013). Thermophysical properties of [CN − 1C1im][PF6] ionic liquids. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 188, 196-202.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders MC Kroon

Participants N Rodriguez Rodriguez

Cooperations -

Azeotrope-breaking using novel nature-based deep eutectic solvent PhD student | Postdoc N (Nerea) Rodriguez Rodriguez Project aim The aim of this project is to find an energy-efficient alternative for the separation of azeotropic mixtures. A new generation of solvents, called deep eutectic solvents (DESs), is applied as extracting agents for azeotrope-breaking. DESs, which are ionic liquids analogues, are mixtures of two or more solid compounds that together become a liquid at room temperature. DESs present negligible volatility, low toxicity and easy and cheap preparation with no purification required. These characteristics make them a suitable alternative to volatile organic compounds and to ionic liquids that are conventionally used entrainers for this type of separations.

Progress

2012

In the last year, we studied the application of DESs as extracting agents for several azeotropic mixtures via liquid-liquid extraction.The systems aliphatic-alcohol, aliphatic-aromatic and alcoholketone were studied. We found that in all the studied systems, the selected DESs behave equal or better than the industrially used solvents, with the advantage of the easy solvent recovery related to the negligible vapor pressure of the DESs. The best results were obtained for the separation of the aromatic components from aromatic-aliphatic mixtures. In which DESs behave better than previously reported ILs, but can be prepared at much lower price. Compared to sulfolane, the industrially used solvent, the obtained results are similar in terms of solute distribution coefficient; however, DESs can be easily recovered compared to sulfolane. Nevertheless, further economic analyses are needed in order to do a final evaluation.

Information

Scientific publications

MC Kroon T : +31 (0)40 247 5289 E : m.c.kroon@tue.nl W: www.chem.tue.nl/sep

Nerea R. Rodriguez, Agustín SB González, Patricia M. A. Tijssen, Maaike C. Kroon, Low Transition Temperature Mixtures (LTTMs) as Novel Entrainers in Extractive Distillation, Fluid phase Equilib. 385 (2015) 72-78. Nerea R. Rodriguez, M. C. Kroon, Isopropanol dehydration via extractive distillation using low transition temperature mixtures as entrainers, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics. 85 (2014) 216-221. M. Althuluth, N. R. Rodriguez, C.J. Peters, M.C. Kroon, Solubility and Separation of Heavy Hydrocarbons from Natural Gas using the Ionic Liquid 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Tris(pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate, Fluid Phase Equilibria. 405 (2014)17-24. Nerea R. Rodriguez, B. Santacruz Molina, M.C. Kroon, Aliphatic + ethanol separation via liquid-liquid extraction using low transition temperature mixtures as extracting agents. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 394 (2015).71-82. Nerea R. Rodriguez, P.F. Requejo, M.C. Kroon, Aliphatic-Aromatic Separation Using Deep Eutectic Solvents as Extracting Agents, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 54 (2015) 1140411412.

Funded by NWO

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project

256 |

Department Electrical Engineeering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JTBA Kessels

Participants TCJ Romijn S Weiland MCF Donkers WHA Hendrix H Chen

Cooperations DAF IKA TNO

Funded by EU FP7

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Complete Vehicle Energy-saving Technologies for HeavyTrucks (CONVENIENT) PhD student | Postdoc TCJ (Constantijn) Romijn Project aim Fuel economy and emission legislation play a dominant role in the development process of new commercial heavy duty vehicles. To satisfy future requirements on fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions, new technologies emerge in these vehicles. Clear examples are energy efficient auxiliaries, hybrid electric powertrains and waste-heat recovery from the exhaust gas. To facilitate integration of all these subsystems, a suitable energy management system is needed. This project aims at the development, implementation and verification of innovative energy management concepts for commercial vehicles. A holistic system approach is developed that considers all energy sources, sinks and buffers present in the vehicle. The associated research concentrates on the theoretical development and practical verification of optimally distributed control concepts and underlying optimization algorithms.

Progress Solution methods for solving the energy management problem considering the powersplit between the internal combustion engine and the electric machine is very well covered in today’s available literature. However, expanding these solution methods with integrated control of auxiliary systems is neither straightforward and nor does it lead to a systematic approach for designing a holistic energy management system. In this research, a distributed optimization approach is taken to optimally control the auxiliary systems in the truck. Last year, we are able to split the complex energy management problem into smaller less complex energy management problems via the dual decomposition approach. This year, the algorithm is extended with a receding horizon control algorithm such that the solution can be implemented in the vehicle. Another extension allows the optimal solution to be calculated offline for very large horizons that can be used for benchmarking.

Start of the project 2012 (November)

Information JTBA Kessels T : +31 (0)40 247 2656 E : J.T.B.A.Kessels@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/cs

Figure: A distributed optimization approach to Smart Vehicle Powernet.

Scientific publications T.C.J. Romijn, M.C.F. Donkers, J.T.B.A. Kessels and S. Weiland, “Receding Horizon Control for Distributed Energy Management of a Hybrid Truck with Auxiliaries,” in Proceedings of IFAC ECOSM Workshop on Engine and Powertrain Control, Simulation and Modeling, 2015. T.C.J. Romijn, M.C.F. Donkers, J.T.B.A. Kessels and S. Weiland, “Complete Vehicle Energy Management with Large Horizon Optimization,” in Accepted for publication in Proceedings of the 54rd Conference on the Decision and Control, 2015. T.C.J. Romijn, M.C.F. Donkers, J.T.B.A. Kessels and S. Weiland, “A Dual Decomposition Approach to Complete Energy Management for a Heavy-Duty Vehicle,” in Proceedings of the 53rd Conference on the Decision and Control, 2014.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Profiling of optical surfaces using a plasma jet

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc M (Marc) van der Schans Project aim

M van der Schans

The optical system of modern LED lamps consists of several components, such as lenses, reflectors, diffusors and absorbers. The optics determine the emitted light distribution and are therefore an important factor in the efficiency of the lamp. As the shapes of the optical surfaces become increasingly more complex, with typical feature sizes ranging from several tens of microns to a millimeter, new measurement techniques to profile these surfaces have to be developed. The proposed method is based on so-called plasma bullets, which are fast moving ionization fronts generated by a plasma jet. Furthermore, the physics of plasma bullets, of which more detailed understanding is important in the development of novel application, are experimentally investigated by (nonlinear) laser spectroscopic diagnostics.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders WL IJzerman S Nijdam

Participants

Philips Lighting

New insights in the spatial and temporal development of plasma bullets have been obtained by imaging the plasma bullets when the setup is first turned on using sub-nanosecond exposures. Another experimental setup for electric field measurements by means of four-wave mixing has been built and preliminary results have recently been obtained.

Funding % per money stream

Scientific publications

Philips Lighting

Funded by

Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (December)

Information M van der Schans T : +31 (0)40 247 5762 E : m.van.der.schans@tue.nl W: tue.nl/staff/m.van.der.schans

258 |

Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders J Beckers WL IJzerman

Participants LPT Schepers

Cooperations Philips

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Exploring Light Scattering on Dusty Plasmas to improve Energy Efficacy of White LEDs PhD student | Postdoc LPT (Leroy) Schepers Project aim Due to the interaction between a plasma and immersed macroscopic particles, a cloud of these dust particles can be easily confined and controlled. Therefore the dusty plasma will be used as a sample to study scattering of light. In White LEDs, a slab of scattering material including phosphor particles converts blue light in a spectrum of different colors which together compose white light. By using the dusty plasma a model for a scattering material, fundamental knowledge about the scatter processes in white LEDs is gathered and can be used in order to increase the efficacy of white LEDs even further.

Progress In the first year of the project, a complete new setup is designed and build. In the second year, the setup is thoroughly tested and first experiments are done. Light scatter measurements have been done on single particles as well as on clouds of dust particles. By performing high accuracy measurements on one single particle, the importance of plasma-particle interaction has become clear. This can be seen from the figure below, where the scattered signal of subsequent measurements on the same particle are shown as function of scatter angle. The profiles of the scattered light evolve over time, which shows that the particle size is becoming smaller of time, indicating that the particle is getting etched by the plasma.

Start of the project 2013 (December)

Information LPT Schepers E : l.p.t.schepers@tue.nl

Figure: Scattered light intensity of subsequent measurements as function of scatter angle and time.

Scientific publications Schepers, L. P. T., Beckers, J., Tukker, T. W. & IJzerman, W. L. Light scattering on dusty plasmas: how to improve the quality of white LEDs? 2015 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Sciences (ICOPS, Antalya, Turkey, May 24-28, 2015).

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HJH Brouwers

Participants K Schollbach Q Alam V Caprai

Environmental concretes based on treated MSWI bottom ashes PhD student | Postdoc K (Katrin) Schollbach Project aim Municipal solid waste is used to generate energy via incineration. The residues are usually landfilled or used in low grade applications such as road bases. Dutch legislation strictly regulates which materials can be landfilled due to increasing environmental concerns. The bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) frequently does not pass the required leeching tests due to a high chloride content and other elements present. The goal of this project is to characterize the residues (e.g. chemical and mineralogical composition, particle size) and to perform leaching tests. Based on the results treatments are investigated that allow the application in concrete as well as aerated autoclaved concrete (AAC).

Progress

Funded by Heros Sluiskil ASCEM ENCI Hess Group Eerland Bouwstoffen Management Kijlstra Betonmortel

After a thorough literature review several streams of MSWI bottom ash (BA) were investigated and their chemical and mineralogical composition determined. This was done by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX). Mapping of the elemental distribution was created and used to determine where and how contaminants are bound in the bottom ash. The most common minerals present were determined to be quartz and calcite, but a wide variety of other minerals can be present. In addition, leaching tests were performed and the influence of the leaching on the mineralogy of the BA investigated.

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

70 % 30 %

Start of the project 2015 (July)

Information K Schollbach T : +31 (0)40 247 8958 E : k.schollbach@tue.nl Figure: Scanning Electron Microscopy picture of MSWI Bottom ash.

Scientific publications -

260 |

Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart applications □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HA Romijn GPJ Verbong

Participants A Setiawan R Singh

A Hidayatno (Universitas Indonesia)

Funded by Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) Ministry of Finance of Republic of Indonesia

Funding % per money stream Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information A Setiawan T : +31 (0)40 247 8556 E : A.D.Setiawan@tue.nl

PhD student | Postdoc A (Andri) Setiawan Project aim The study aims to extend understanding and use of knowledge or practice of responsible innovation framework and approach through the case of energy technology adoption in Indonesia. This will cover the use of different methods for the analysis of five responsible innovation dimensions (anticipation, reflexivity, deliberation, responsiveness, and participation), and the development and testing of conceptual responsible innovation framework with cultural dimensions for improving the practice of responsible innovation in certain/different cultural settings. Four case studies of the adoption of energy technology are selected for the application and testing of responsible innovation approach, namely: solar PV adoption in telecom towers, biodiesel development, LPG adoption, and CO2 utilization.

Progress

Cooperations

LPDP Scholarship

Responsible innovation in practice: The case of energy technology adoption in Indonesia

100 %

We have done the last case study, CO2 utilization for industrial and marine sector. The case study was aimed to test and deploy the conceptual framework of responsible innovation with which the links between cultural dimensions and five dimensions of responsible innovation can be clarified and investigated. Stakeholder workshop (forum group discussion) and interviews were held as the medium for the application of the framework. The outcomes and results of the case study will be further presented and published in a scholarly journal.

Scientific publications Setiawan, A.D., and Singh, R., 2015. Responsible Innovation in Practice: The Adoption of Solar PV in Telecom Towers in Indonesia. In Responsible Innovation, Volume 2: Concepts, Approaches, and Applications, edited by J. Van den Hoven, E. J. Koops, H. A. Romijn, T. E. Swierstra and I. Oosterlaken: Springer. Syaifudin, N., Sutrisno, A., and Setiawan, A.D., 2015. The Impact of Fiscal Transfer on Energy Efficiency in Indonesia. Energy Procedia 65 (0):239-247. Setiawan, A.D., Romijn, H., Singh, R., 2014. Responsible innovation as the concept for analyzing leapfrogging. In European Business Ethics Network Annual Conference 2014, 12-14 June, Berlin, Germany. Setiawan, A.D., Singh, R., Romijn, H., 2014. Embedding accountability throughout innovation process in the green economy: The need for an innovative approach. In T. Taufik, xx et al., I.A. Rineksane & I. Prabasari (Eds.), ICoSI 2014: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Innovation (pp. t.b.a.). Singapore: Springer. Setiawan, A.D., Singh, R., Romijn, H., 2014, The influence of national culture on the dimensions of responsible innovation: an agenda for research. In the 3rd International Conference on Responsible Innovation 2014, 21-22 May, The Hague, The Netherlands. Setiawan, A.D., and Cuppen, E., 2013. Stakeholder perspectives on carbon capture and storage in Indonesia. Energy Policy 61 (0): 1188-1199. Singh, R., and Setiawan, A.D., 2013. Biomass energy policies and strategies: Harvesting potential in India and Indonesia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 22 (0): 332-345.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Advanced Electric Powertrain Technology (ADEPT)

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EA Lomonova

Participants GE Sfakianakis M Curti A Stefanskyi A Dziechciarz F Chauvicourt K Ramakrishnan K Niyomsatian N Djukic P Romanazzi Sa Ayat S Wiedemann S Stipetic

PhD student | Postdoc GE (Georgios) Sfakianakis Project aim The ADEPT Project, which started in 2014, aims to produce a virtual development environment for electric propulsion (E-propulsion) systems. Power electronic converters are key components of these systems and can significantly affect the overall performance in terms of power density, reliability, weight, and system cost. The goal of the project is to investigate how the performance of power electronic converters can be improved by applying novel circuit topologies and modulation strategies. The impact of newly introduced wide bandgap semiconductor devices will also be studied. In order to validate the proposed concepts, near-industrial prototype systems will be designed, constructed, and tested.

Progress  Literature overview for Power Electronic topologies for automotive applications.  Analysis of the operational principles of 3-5L Dual Active Bridge DC-DC converter for High Voltage to Low Voltage (HV2LV) interface.  Development of control strategy for the 3-5 DAB.  Preliminary design of a custom prototype converter.

Funded by European Union

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (June)

Information GE Sfakianakis T : +31 (0)40 247 3504 E : g.e.sfakianakis@tue.nl W: adept-itn.eu

262 |

Scientific publications G.E. Sfakianakis, J. Everts, and E.A. Lomonova, "Overview of the Requirements and Implementations of Bidirectional Isolated AC-DC Converters for Automotive Battery Charging Applications," in Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER 2015), Monaco, March 2015, accepted for publication. Everts, J., Sfakianakis, G. & Lomonova, E.A. (2015). Using fourier series to derive optimal softswitching modulation schemes for dual active bridge converters. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE 2015), 20-24 September, Montreal, Canada (pp. 4648-4655). Piscataway: IEEE Service Center.

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders V Hessel T Noël

Participants E Shahbazali

Cooperations -

Funded by

PhD student | Postdoc E (Elnaz) Shahbazali Project aim The project aims at mechanistic investigation of the Claisen rearrangement under microflow in Novel Process Windows (NPW) which can lead to different isomers, both thermally and photo-chemically. NPW provide access to entirely new parameter sets. There are some reports on isomer formation under microflow conditions. In no case, to our best knowledge, an explanationhas been provided for the effects found. The photo pathway of the Claisen rearrangement of aromatic substrates gives the para isomer which is not yielded by the thermal pathway (NPW: new chemical transformation). This opportunity in chemical diversity is maximized by connecting the isomerisation towards the synthesis of its reactant precursor by nucleophilic substitution (process-design intensification). As second photoprocess, the cis to trans-cyclooctene (TCO) isomerization is investigated. The thermodynamic equilibrium makes needed to insert an in-flow separation in a recycling flow mode. This gives the opportunity to make better use of the given energy (transport intensification).

Progress

Funding % per money stream EU

Novel Process Windows for Rearrangement and Isomerization Reactions with Integrated Flow Adsorption under Microflow

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (October)

Information V Hessel T : +31 (0)40 247 2973 E : v.hessel@tue.nl W : www.chem.tue.nl/scr

The project is in its forth year. The results of the initial literature review have been published in four review papers. Therafter, the thermal Claisen rearrangement connected by the nucleophilic substitution in microreactor has been investigated. Focus was here to achieve orthogonality through use of in-flow ion exchange packed bed adsorption columns. Kilo-lab process solutions have been analysed, resulting in one published research paper. Apart from the thermal way, a mechanistic study of the photo-Claisen rearrangement in a microreactor has been done. By using two-phase flow (Taylor flow) in microreactor, there is big promise to go for even higher concentrations compared to one-phase flow microfluidics. This concept is currently in progress. Moreover, a photo micro-flow process with an in-flow separation process (to isolate trans-derivative) has been designed for the cis to trans-cyclooctene (TCO) isomerization. The optimization of the process (theoretically and experimentally) is in progress.

Scientific publications Hessel, V., Shahbazali, E., Noël, T. & Zelentsov, S. (2015). The Claisen rearrangement - part 2: impact factor analysis of the Claisen rearrangement, in batch and in flow. ChemBioEng Reviews, 1(6), 244-261. Shahbazali, E., Spapens, M.R.P., Kobayashi, H., Ookawara, S., Noël, T. & Hessel, V. (2015). Connected nucleophilic substitution-Claisen rearrangement in flow: analysis for kilo-lab process solutions with orthogonality. Chemical Engineering Journal, 281, 144-154. Hessel, V., Shahbazali, E., Noël, T. & Zelentsov, S. (2014). Claisen-Umlagerung im Ruehr- und Durchflussbetrieb: Verstaendnis des Mechanismus und Steuerung der Einflussgroessen: the Claisen rearrangement in flow and batch processing: mechanism exploration and control over influencing factors. Chemie, Ingenieur, Technik, 86(12), 2160-2179. Shahbazali, E., Hessel, V., Noël, T. & Wang, Q. (2014). Metallic nanoparticles made in flow and their catalytic applications in organic synthesis. Nanotechnology Reviews, 3(1), 65-86. Zelentsov, S., Hessel, V., Shahbazali, E. & Noël, T. (2014). The Claisen rearrangement – Part 1: mechanisms and transition states, revisited with quantum mechanical calculations and ultrashort pulse spectroscopy. ChemBioEng Reviews, 1(5), 230-240.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders V Hessel T Noël

Participants M Shang

Cooperations -

PhD student | Postdoc M (Minjing) Shang Project aim As a part of an innovation project “Novel Process Windows”, in the ERC Advanced Grant of the same name, this project focuses on the direct synthesis of adipic acid from cyclohexene and H2O2, in which epoxidation is only the first step followed by other slower oxidation steps. Thus, the goal to reach is to have a compact reactor design which in principle can be scaled-out in a continuous-flow process, can be operated at high-T (>100 ˚C), and reaches full conversion with (over-)stoichiometric H2O2 (1.0-1.3) in a reasonably short time (10-30 min), while with minimizing the compromising effect of H2O2 decomposition.

Progress

Funded by ERC

Funding % per money stream EU

The Direct Synthesis of Adipic acid from cyclohexene and hydrogen peroxide in microreactors with continuous-flow process

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (September)

In the past year, the reaction kinetics of the H2O2 decomposition catalyzed by Na2WO4 was studied with 50 wt. % initial concentration at high temperature (up to 105 °C). And then harsh reaction conditions (high temperatures, high pressures and high concentrations of H2O2) was applied for this direct synthesis process with the advantages of microreactors in order to increase the process efficiency. Next, we explored the process intensification for the synthesis of adipic acid via capillary microreactors. Harsh reaction condition (high H2O2 concentrations, high temperatures and high pressures) and 2-temperature ramping were successfully applied to this reaction process in order to obtain optimized reaction conditions. Furthermore, several operationally simple methods were proposed to prevent the channel clogging for the oxidation process.

Information T Noël T : +31 (0)40 247 3623 E : t.noel@tue.nl W: www.chem.tue.nl/scr

Figure:

Scientific publications Shang M., Noël T., Su Y. and Hessel V., Process intensification on the direct synthesis of adipic acid from cyclohexene and hydrogen peroxide via capillary microreactors. 2015, Submitted to Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. Shang M., Noël T., Su Y. and Hessel V., Kinetic study of H2O2 decomposition in microreactor at high temperature and concentration. 2015, Submitted to AIChE Journal. Shang M., Noël T., Wang Q., Su Y., Miyabayashi K.M., Hessel V. and Hasebe S., 2- and 3-stage temperature ramping for the direct synthesis of adipic acid in a micro packed bed reactors. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015, 260, 454-462.

264 |

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JA van Oijen

Participants N Speelman

Cooperations Funded by Bosch Thermotechnology B.V.

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project

Model development for ionization phenomena in premixed laminar flames PhD student | Postdoc N (Nico) Speelman Project aim The purpose of this research is to develop a combustion control and diagnostics sensor based on flame ionization for condensing boiler applications. The flame ionization sensor measures the electrical conduction of the charged species generated during the combustion process to detect flashback and combustion instabilities, and to monitor equivalence ratio. In particular, the focus is on developing models to integrate the electric field emanating from the electrode with the lean premixed combustion process and ion reaction/transport submodels to simulate the electrode test results and optimize its position and shape.

Progress During the previous year the numerical model was finalized and it was validated against experimental observations. It was found that the model performed well qualitatively and that all features of the voltage-current characteristic were represented by the model. To improve the quantitative agreement, the chemical mechanism was optimized. Using the optimized mechanism excellent agreement was found for a wide range of conditions (see Figure). The model was furthermore used to simulate time-dependent flames in AC electric fields, which were studied experimentally. The observed unsteady effects were reproduced by the model. Public defense: September 24, 2015.

2010

Information JA van Oijen T : +31 (0)40 247 3133 E : j.a.v.oijen@tue.nl W: http://combustion.tue.nl

Figure: Voltage-current characteristic for a flat premixed methane-air flame.

Scientific publications Speelman, N., Kiefer, M., Markus, D., Maas, U., Goey, L.P.H. de & Oijen, J.A. van (2015). Validation of a novel numerical model for the electric currents in burner-stabilized methane–air flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 35(1), 847-854. Speelman, N., Goey, L.P.H. de & Oijen, J.A. van (2015). Development of a numerical model for the electric current in burner-stabilised methane–air flames. Combustion Theory and Modelling, 19(2), 159-187.

Dissertation Speelman, N. (2015). Model development for ionization phenomena in premixed laminar flames. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr. L.P.H. de Goey & dr.ir. J.A. van Oijen).

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders V Hessel T Noël

Participants NJW Straathof

Funded by University / Europe

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2013 (November)

Accelerated Trifluoromethylations by Means of Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis in Microreactors PhD student | Postdoc NJW (Natan) Straathof Project aim The incorporation of fluorine or fluorinated moieties are of high interest in pharmaceutical industry, agro chemistry and material science, because of its unique properties and limited known methodologies. The presence of fluorine has a diminishing effect on the metabolic oxidation by cytochrome P450 oxidase and numerous other advantages for biological active molecules. This stimulated us to investigate new methodologies regarding the incorporation of fluorine or fluorinecontaining functionalities. One of the main pillars of this work is to exploit visible light photoredox catalysis as a mild strategy to overcome chemical transformations. However, by nature, photochemistry has known to have limitations. To overcome these limitations, we utilize microflow technology.

Progress The project is now in its final year, and a number of projects regarding the trifluoromethylation of hetero-arenes and hetero-atoms in batch and continuous flow has been developed and reported. As anticipated, the application of continuous flow clearly intensifies the reaction (efficient irradiation & mass-transfer) and demonstrated great potential towards scalability and more efficient use of photoredox catalysis. In summary the following issues were resolved, (i) fast kinetics, (ii) minute scale reaction times, (iii) low catalyst loading and (iv) continuous production.

Information T Noël T : +31 (0)40 247 3623 E : t.noel@tue.nl W : www.chem.tue.nl/scr

Figure: Schematic representation of the accelerated trifluoromethylation of hetero arenes in a continuous microflow reactor.

Scientific publications Talla, A., Driessen, B., Straathof, N.J.W., Milroy, L.G., Brunsveld, L., Hessel, V. & Noël, T. (2015). Metal-free photocatalytic aerobic oxidation of thiols to disulfides in batch and continuous-flow. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, 357 (10), 2180-2186. Straathof, N.J.W., Osch, D.J.G.P. van, Schouten, A., Wang, X., Schouten, J.C., Hessel, V. & Noël, T. (2014). Visible light photocatalytic metal-free perfluoroalkylation of heteroarenes in continuous flow. Journal of Flow Chemistry, 4(1), 12-17. Straathof, N.J.W., Gemoets, H.P.L., Wang, X., Schouten, J.C., Hessel, V. & Noël, T. (2014). Rapid trifluoromethylation and perfluoroalkylation of five-membered heterocycles by means of photoredox catalysis in continuous flow. ChemSusChem, 7(6), 1612-1617. Straathof, N.J.W., Tegelbeckers, B.J.P., Hessel, V., Wang, X. & Noël, T. (2014). A mild and fast photocatalytic trifluoromethylation of thiols in batch and continuous flow. Chemical Science, 5(12), 4768-4773. Su, Y., Straathof, N.J.W., Hessel, V. & Noël, T. (2014). Photochemical transformations accelerated in continuous-flow reactors: basic concepts and applications. Chemistry - A European Journal, 20(34), 10562-10589. Straathof, N.J.W., Hessel, V., Schouten, J.C. & Noël, T. (2014). Accelerated trifluoromethylations by means of visible light photoredox catalysis in microflow. International Conferences on MicroReaction Technology (IMRET13), 23-25 June 2014, Budapest, Hungary, Budapest, Hungary: Wolters Kluwer. Straathof, N.J.W., Hessel, V., Schouten, J.C. & Noël, T. (2014). Accelerated trifluoromethylations by means of visible light photoredox catalysis in microflow. Chemistry As Innovating Science 2014 (CHAINS 2014), 17 – 18 November 2014, Veldhoven, Netherlands.

266 |

Department

Development of Eco Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

PhD student | Postdoc C (Chris) Straub Project aim The aim of this research is divided into two parts. Part one is a better understanding of the production process of AAC and involved reactions. This will be applied in part two, the substitution or replacement of raw materials by materials with a lower ecological impact, like industrial byproducts, landfill materials, other natural resources.

HJH Brouwers

Participants C Straub MVA Florea

Progress Most of the samples for the project were prepared and analyzed in 2015. National and international conference contributions were derived from these findings. Results from the pre-studies and previous findings could successfully be implemented in the new synthesis. The equipment involved is now running to satisfaction.

Cooperations HESS AAC systems B.V.

Funded by M2i

Funding % per money stream M2i

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (January)

Information C Straub T : +31 (0)40 247 8225 E : c.straub@tue.nl W: https://www.tue.nl/universiteit/ faculteiten/bouwkunde/defaculteit/medewerkers/detail/ ep/e/d/ep-uid/20125564/?L=2

Figure: Scanning Electron Microscopy picture of Tobermorite, the main binding mineral in AAC, in a sample with 40 % of the initial quartz powder replaced by a natural waste product.

Scientific publications Straub, C., Florea, M.V.A. & Brouwers, H.J.H. (2015). Autoclaved Aerated Concrete – Mix Parameters and Their Influence on Final Properties. In H.-B. Fischer & H.-M. Ludwig (Eds.), 19. Internationale Baustofftagung ibausil (pp. 2822-2829). (19). Weimar, Germany: F.A. Finger-Institut für Baustoffkunde. Straub, C., Florea, M.V.A. & Brouwers, H.J.H. (2015). The Application of recycling glass byproducts in AAC. Jahrestagung 2015 "Aufbereitung und Recycling" Freiberg, Germany: Gesellschaft für Verfahrenstechnik UVR-FIA e.V.

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion Project leaders T Noël V Hessel Participants Y Su Funded by Marie Curie-Intra-European Fellowship European Union

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (March)

Information Y Su E : y.su@tue.nl T Noël E : t.noel@tue.nl

Kinetic studies and controlled production of gas-liquid photocatalytic transformations via photomicroreactors PhD student | Postdoc Y (Yuanhai) Su Project aim This project aims to establish a strategy to sufficiently utilize the visible light to active the gas-liquid biphasic reactions with photocatalysts via microreactor technology. The compatibility between microreactors, light sources and solvents are carefully considered. In order to obtain the key factors influencing photochemical transformations, the intrinsic kinetics that is closely associated to light illumination and photon transport distance is investigated for a model gas-liquid photocatalytic system, under the elimination of mass transfer effect. Small-scale light sources (e.g. LEDs) are selected and matched with the capillary microreactors. The effects of some important parameters such as photocatalyst loading, light sources, capillary diameter, energy emission flux, etc. on the photochemical performance are studied to prove the new concept ‘controlled photochemical transformations via microreactors’. The numbering-up principle is applied in order to increase the throughput of capillary microreactors. Furthermore, the exact photon flux in microreactors is studied with both experimental and numerical methods in order to improve the utilization efficiency of luminous energy. Progress The Marie Curie project (IEF, No 622415) is now in the first year. The advantages and challenges of microreactor technology for photochemical transformations have been thoroughly discussed, and thus an up-to-date overview of both technological and chemical aspects associated with photochemical processes in microreactors has been provided. A strategy for studying the intrinsic kinetics of gas-liquid photocatalytic processes via photomicroreactors has been proposed based on some dimensionless parameters (e.g. Hatta number). The effects of photocatalyst loading and photon flux on the photochemical performance in the capillary microreactors have been investigated. Furthermore, the controlling factors on the photochemical performance, such as electrical energy supply for LEDs, light reflector and reaction environment have been studied. In particular, both photonic efficiency and effective electricity-light transformation efficiency in photomicroreactors have been explored. Currently, the numbering-up of microreactors for gasliquid photocatalytic processes is being conducted experimentally. The photon flux effectively absorbed by the reaction medium in microreactors is being investigated by both experimental and numerical methods.

Scientific publications Su, Y.H., Straathof, N J. W., Hessel, V, Noël. T, Photochemical Transformations Accelerated in Continuous-Flow Reactors: Basic Concepts and Applications. Chemistry - A European Journal, 2014, 20, 10562 -10589.

268 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders V Hessel Q Wang

Participants S Sundaram CE Ortega

Cooperations Fraunhofer ICT-IMM, Germany TOTAL S.A., France Microinnova Eng. GMBH, Austria Spike renewables SRL, Italy and others

Funded by EU BIOGO FP-7 No. 604296

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

System Integration, Cost Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment of BIOGO's Biogas and Pyrolysis Oil Processes PhD student | Postdoc S (Smitha) Sundaram Project aim The primary objective of the BIOGO-FOR-PRODUCTION EU project is the design, development and preparation of highly advanced nano-scale catalysts at an industrially relevant scale for the conversion of waste biomass to liquid fuels, while making use of innovative micro-reactor technology. It calls for an integrated, unified approach which involves investigating not only the kinetics and engineering principles behind such reactions, but also the economic and sustainability aspects. The holistic view of energy efficiency, economy and ecology effects will inform and guide further process development. The production route to be followed is as follows: starting with a mixture of biogas and pyrolysis oil as feed, and successively producing syngas, methanol and gasoline. Within the BIOGO project, the PhD. project aims to provide an evaluation of energy consumption, overall costs, and sustainability to determine critical factors, assess performance achievement against predefined process performance criteria, and to give recommendations on process design and options selection.

Progress A base-case ASPEN simulation of an industrial production of 30ktons/year of gasoline from natural gas (which serves as a benchmark to compare the BIOGO route) has been carried out. Also, the proposed BIOGO production route (coupled reforming of biogas and pyrolysis oil) has also been simulated (Figure). Futhermore, heat integration has been achieved, by carrying out a pinch analysis for this process. The energy and mass balances obtained from the ASPEN simulations are now being fed into the life cycle analysis studies for both scenarios. This study will determine the sustainability of the proposed scheme, by comparing and benchmarking it against the base case.

Start of the project 2013 (December)

Information Q Wang T : +31 (0)40 247 8290 E : q.wang@tue.nl W : www.chem.tue.nl/scr

Figure: ASPEN simulation for BIOGO- coupled reforming of biogas and pyrolysis oil.

Scientific publications Sundaram, S., Wang, Q., Karlisch, D. & Hessel, V. (2015). Sustainability lessons from practice: how flow intensification can trigger sustainability and modular plant technology in EU projects. AsiaPacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 10(4), 483-500. Sundaram, S., Wang, Q., Hessel, V., Veen, A.C. van & Kolb, G.A. (2015). BIO-GO: Umsetzung von Biogas und Pyrolyseolen in synthetische Treibstoffe. ProApAn, Bruchsal, November 2015.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Nanophononics

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EPAM Bakkers R van der Heijden

Participants MY Swinkels R Chavez D Vakulov

PhD student | Postdoc MY (Milo) Swinkels Project aim The aim of the project is to study experimentally how nano engineering can improve the thermoelectric efficiency of semiconductor materials. This will be done by studying the thermoelectric properties of several types of nanowires.

Progress The main contributing mean free paths for the phonons in InAs have been measured for the first time. On top of that we’ve developed a new method for determining the thermal contact resistance, the main limiting factor in measurements like this. The measurements have now been extended to different material systems such as wurtzite GaP and isotopically purified Si.

Cooperations -

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (January)

Information EPAM Bakkers T : +31 (0)40 247 5170 E : ebakkers@tue.nl

Figure: False Colour Scanning Electron Microscopy image of the devices used to measure the thermal properties of nanowires. The red beams extend 0.5mm to ensure thermal isolation. The yellow lines are platinum that is used both as heater and thermometer while the green line is the nanowire transporting the heat produced from one membrane to the other.

Scientific publications M.Y. Swinkels, M.R. van Delft, D.S. Oliveira, A. Cavalli, I. Zardo, R.W. van der Heijden, and E.P.A.M. Bakkers, Diameter dependence of the thermal conductivity of InAs nanowires, Nanotechnology, 26, 385401 (2015)

270 |

Department

AD-BEMS: Adaptive Diagnostic Building Energy Management

Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders AC Taal

Participants AC Taal

PhD student | Postdoc AC (Arie) Taal Project aim The proposed project gives a contribution to energy reduction in buildings by: 1. Development of generic dynamic energy performance indicators that are depending on the instantaneous conditions and are adapted to the building and HVAC characteristics and the use of the building by occupants. 2. Extension of Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) with an energy diagnosis function which takes into account the instantaneous energy use and dynamic usage of the building by occupants. 3. Extension of BEMS and diagnose module with a smart recovery module, using adaptive set points.

Cooperations Kropman Wolter & Dros DWA Priva TVVL ISSO TUD

Funded by Stichting Innovatie Alliantie from the Dutch government

Progress Experiments with the use of measurements which are delivered by a Building Management System (BMS) it appears that these measurement can by highly unreliable. So a framework for Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) for energy monitoring has been developed after an extensive literature review of FDD methods. This framework is based on system theory, and energy and mass conservation laws. Diagnosis takes place by Bayesian Probability Theory. A journal paper which describes the framework was developed. In addition the framework was tested on the HVAC system of a building of the Hague University of pplied sciences: the heat generation in combination with an Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) system. A begin has made to demonstrate the usefullness of the framework for HVAC systems at room level, especially for demand controlled air supply based on CO2 concentration and room occupancy.

Funding % per money stream University (The Hague) 100 %

Start of the project 2012 (September)

Information AC Taal T : +31 (0)15 260 62 65 E : a.c.taal@hhs.nl

Figure: Adaptive Diagnostic Building Energy Management.

Scientific publications Taal A., Y. Zhao, W.Zeiler, Paper ‘Automatic commissioning of CO2 sensors in air conditioning systems’, proceedings CIBSE Technical Symposium, London, UK 16-17 April 2015. Taal A., L. Itard, W.Zeiler, Y.Zhao, ‘Automatische detectie, diagnose en foutencorrectie van energiemonitoringssystemen’, TVVL Magazine, Vol. 44(2015), No. 11, p. 16-17.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Innovation in sustainable energy ecosystems PhD student | Postdoc M (Madis) Talmar

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart applications □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders AGL Romme B Walrave

Participants M Talmar GPJ Verbong KS Podoynitsyna J Holmström (Aalto)

Cooperations Aalto University

Funded by Select+ Erasmus Mundus

Project aim Innovativing towards a more sustainable energy system inherently happens within business ecosystems, where the individual offerings of various organizations combine together to create novel customer facing value propositions. Think for example of the smart grid or the passive energy house concepts, which can be realized primarily as an output of a whole system of actors (rather than any single actor). The current research aims to study the interactions of actors in innovation ecosystems in order to investigate four specific aspects of building innovation ecosystems: 1) how to develop a major innovation ecosystem to feature both internal alignment and external viability 2) how can an incumbent firm design a system of major innovation with the involvement of its ecosystem, 3) what challenges do energy incumbents meet with regard to ecosystem management, 4) the tools that can be used for designing and mapping sustainable energy ecosystems.

Progress This research is divided into four sub-projects. Of these, two are currently in review. The other two projects are in progress at various stages. In the first (theoretical) paper, we have underlined the main actors and their relationships when it comes to building innovation ecosystems for path-breaking innovations (such as sustainable energy innovations). The central graph of this framework is presented below, depicting the theoretical propositions that would inform a technology venture about the course of action necessary for developing an innovation ecosystem that is internally aligned and externally viable.

Funding % per money stream EU 75 % Scholarship 25 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information M Talmar T : +31 (0)40 247 3285 E : m.talmar@tue.nl W: http://www.item-eindhoven.org/ ma-m-talmar.html?view=tabs

Figure: Multilevel framework of path-breaking innovation ecosystem development.

Scientific publications Walrave et al. (2015) Internal alignment and external viability of ecosystems for path-breaking innovation: a multi-level perspective (Academy of Management Annual Meeting 2015, Vancouver, August 7-11, 2015). Walrave et al. (2014) Technology ventures and their business ecosystem: a systemic framework (EGOS annual conference 2014 proceedings, Erasmus Rotterdam University, July 3-5, 2014). Walrave et al. (2013) Technology ventures and their ecosystem within the sociotechnical settings: A systemic framework (First International Entrepreneurship Exemplars Conference Proceedings, University of Catania, May 23-25 2013).

272 |

Department

High Power Converters Auxiliary Power Supply

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc G (Gabriel) Tibola Project aim The project aims for research, study and development of a high step-down voltage ratio auxiliary power supply. It is intended to be applied as a floating supply in a modular multilevel converter (MMC) for flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) or high voltage dc (HVDC) applications.

Project leaders EA Lomonova

Participants G Tibola JL Duarte

Cooperations ABB KTH

Progress During the project the follow items were attended:  Literature review and solution (topology) suggestion;  Theoretical and mathematical analysis;  Design methodology;  Design example based in a desired specification;  Simulations tests;  Prototype design and development;  Experimental tests with a 200 W proof-of-concept.

Funded by KIC InnoEnergy

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information G Tibola T : +31 (0)40 247 3574 E : g.tibola@tue.nl

Figure: (a) MMC topology with full-bridge integrated gate-commutate thyristor (IGCT) submodule showing the power supply unit (PSU) and gate drive units (GU). (b) Proposed PSU topology. (c) 200 W proofof-concept.

Scientific publications Tibola, Gabriel, Duarte, J.L. & Blinov, A. (2015). Floating high step-down stacked dc-dc converter based on buck-boost cells. Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'15-ECCE Europe), 8-10 September 2015, Geneva, Switzerland (pp. 1-10). IEEE. Blinov, A., Norrga, S. & Tibola, Gabriel (2015). Operation of single-chip MOSFET and IGBT devices after failure due to repetitive avalanche: University in collaboration with industry. Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'15-ECCE Europe), 8-10 September 2015, Geneva, Switzerland (pp. 1-1). IEEE.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Built Environment Applied Physics

A multi-scale analysis of the urban heat island effect: From city averaged temperatures to the energy demand of individual buildings

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders BJE Blocken GJF van Heijst B Maiheu

Participants Y Toparlar

Cooperations TU/e Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO)

Funded by TU/e VITO

Funding % per money stream University 50 % VITO 50 %

Start of the project

PhD student | Postdoc Y (Yasin) Toparlar Project aim According to the United Nations, by the year 2050, 70% of the World population is expected to be living in urban areas. As the urban areas exhibit higher temperatures than their rural surroundings, this rapid urbanization will have consequences on the way urban designers, architects and engineers design and plan built environments. In this project, computational tools such as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Building Energy Simulations (BES) are used to understand the relationship between urban microclimate, building energy demand and human thermal comfort. A complete numerical approach will allow for scenario analysis, where several adaptation measures can be tested for their effectiveness. Within this perspective, the project aims to develop a validated approach, where the climate of an urban region can be designed according to the demands of the community.

Progress The project was initiated in January 2013 and is scheduled for 48 months. The project started with an investigation of the scientific literature and existing practices, which can numerically analyze urban microclimates. The CFD approach on the analysis of urban microclimate is validated with a case study and the work is published in a journal paper. Later on, focusing on the same case study, the effect of different surface albedo values on the urban microclimate is investigated. During the year 2015, a review paper focusing on the studies about the CFD analysis of urban microclimate is prepared. The focus of the project from now on will shift towards two topics: 1) Investigation of the effect of an urban park on microclimate; 2) Coupling of CFD microclimate analysis approach with BES. The latter topic is one of the fundamental aspects of this research where conclusions regarding the effect of urban microclimate on building energy demand can be drawn.

2013 (January)

Information BJE Blocken T : +31 (0)40 247 2138 E : b.j.e.blocken@tue.nl W : www.urbanphysics.net Y Toparlar T : +31 (0)40 247 8444 E : y.toparlar@tue.nl

Figure: The range of scales in climate modeling and the position of the current project.

Scientific publications Toparlar, Y., Blocken, B.J.E., Maiheu, B., Heijst, G.J.F van. (2015) Numerical study of the influence of albedo on the microclimate of Bergpolder Zuid, Rotterdam. In A. Lemonsu and V. Masson (Ed.), Conference Paper: 9th International Conference on Urban Climate (ICUC9), 20-24 July 2015, (pp. 16). Toulouse. Toparlar, Y., Blocken, B.J.E., Vos, P.E.J., Heijst, G.J.F. van, Janssen, W.D., Hooff, T.A.J. van, Montazeri, H. & Timmermans, H.J.P. (2015).CFD simulation and validation of urban microclimate : a case study for Bergpolder Zuid, Rotterdam. Building and Environment, 83, 79-90. Toparlar, Y., Blocken, B.J.E., Heijst, G.J.F. van & Vos, P.E.J. (2014). Computational analysis of wind flow in a generic urban configuration: Comparison between Fluent and OpenFOAM. In K.H. Schlünzen (Ed.), Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Computational Wind Engineering (CWE2014) 8-12 June 2014, (pp. 1-8). Hamburg.

274 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JC Schouten

Participants LA Truter TA Nijhuis V Paunovic

Cooperations Tsinghua University

Funded by NRSC-C

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2010 (November)

Information JC Schouten T : +31 (0)40 247 2850 E : J.C.Schouten@tue.nl W : www.chem.tue.nl/scr

Advanced capillary microreactors for continuous synthesis of fine chemicals (AMRACS) PhD student | Postdoc LA (Lara) Truter Project aim This NRSCC project proposal aims at scientific and technological breakthroughs in the understanding, design and operation of smart catalytic capillary microreactors for application in the synthesis and production of high-added value chemical products. The combination of microcapillaries with advanced mesoporous materials as structured catalyst support represents an extremely innovative and exciting research area in the chemical reaction engineering sciences.

Progress In this project we developed catalyst coatings for microreactors. The aim was to produce stable and active catalyst coatings in/on a metal plate and capillary reactors for two different reactions, oxidative hydrogenation of alkanes and reforming of light alkanes and ethanol to produce hydrogen. In collaboration with the Chen group at Tsinghua university we developed novel catalysts in an optimized reactor system. We prepared powdered catalysts (as reference) for steam reforming and oxidative dehydrogenation. In addition, we prepared catalysts supported on metal plates as well as in stainless steel capillaries, which were subsequently characterized in both Eindhoven and Beijing and finally extensively tested in the (micro)reactor equipment for these reactions in Beijing. For stable catalyst layers it was necessary to develop pre-coating approaches. The catalyst-coated capillaries were succesfully tested and showed highly improved mass and heat transfer characteristics as compared to traditional catalysts.

Scientific publications Paunovic, V., Schouten, J.C. & Nijhuis, T.A. (2015). Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide in a wallcoated microchannel over Au-PD catalyst: a performance study. Catalysis Today, 248, 160-168. Paunovic, V., Ordomskiy, V., Sushkevich, V.L., Schouten, J.C. & Nijhuis, T.A. (2015). Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide over Au-Pd catalyst: the effect of co-solvent addition. ChemCatChem, 7(7), 1161-1176. Paunovic, V., Ordomskiy, V., Neira d'Angelo, M.F., Schouten, J.C. & Nijhuis, T.A. (2015). Catalyst coating on prefabricated capillary microchannels for the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 54(11), 2919-2929. Paunovic, V., Schouten, J.C. & Nijhuis, T.A. (2015). Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide using concentrated H2 and O2 mixtures in a wall-coated microchannel - Kinetic study. Applied Catalysis. A, General, 505:15479 Paunovic, V., Ordomskiy, V., Neira d'Angelo, M.F., Schouten, J.C. & Nijhuis, T.A. (2014). Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide over Au-Pd catalyst in a wall-coated microchannel. Journal of Catalysis, 309, 325-332. Chu, B., Truter, L.A., Nijhuis, T.A. & Cheng, Y. (2015). Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene over phase-pure M1 MoVNbTeOx catalyst in a micro-channel reactor. Catalysis Science & Technology, 5, 2807-2813. Chu, B., Truter, L.A., Nijhuis, T.A. & Cheng, Y. (2015). Performance of phase-pure M1 MoVNbTeOx catalysts by hydrothermal synthesis with different post-treatments for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane. Applied Catalysis. A, General, 498, 99-106. Truter, L.A., Perez Ferrandez, D.M., Nijhuis, T.A. & Schouten, J.C. (2015). TS-1 coated microreactor for selective oxidations. Applied Catalysis. A, General, 490, 139-145. Truter, L.A., Ordomskiy, V., Nijhuis, T.A. & Schouten, J.C. (2012). Preparation of MFI zeolite coatings within capillary microchannels. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22(31), 15976-15980.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Hybrid capacitive/inductive power converters for LED Drivers

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders E Cantatore

Participants M Turhan JC Rodriguez JL Duarte MAM Hendrix EA Lomonova AHM Roermund

Funded by STW Philips

Funding % per money stream Start of the project 2014 (August)

Information M Turhan T : +31 (0)40 247 2310 E : m.turhan@tue.nl

276 |

Project aim An interesting opportunity of research for Mega-LED is to explore the cascading of switched capacitor (SC) solutions for maximum energy density with power converters using small inductors to provide efficienct output current control over a relatively broad voltage range. The size of the inductor can be reduced thanks to the small difference between the efficiency-optimal voltage level provided by the SC converter and the needed LED driving voltage. We investigate solutions offering multiple outputs that can be individually current controlled and connected to LEDs of different color. We envision for Mega-LED is a hybrid cascade of an SC converter and a small inductive dc-dc converter to provide further adaptation to the desired output voltage, current controlled output, sufficienctly small output ripple and EMI suppression. Innonative power conversion architectures and control algorithms are investigated for impored efficiency, excellent power density and reduced EMI generation, exploiting the hybrid approach.

Progress

Cooperations

National Funding

PhD student | Postdoc M (Mert) Turhan

100 %

A step-down and step-up switched-capacitor quasiresonant pulse width modulation (PWM) converter were proposed. Besides the theoretical analysis, experimental results for a step-up SCC are presented (the efficiency of the converter varies between 87% and 96% at 100W power across, 30V-40V input voltage, 80V-160V output voltage range). A multiple output dc-dc converter was proposed. Pulse frequency modulation (PFM), pulse width modulation (PWM) and phase delay (PD) methods are used to regulate output voltages. Two of the output voltages are regulated by PWM, 2 of them by PFM, and the other one by PD. Five regulated outputs are obtained by using only two active switches. The switches can be operated at different switching frequencies.

Scientific publications Turhan, M., Hendrix, M.A.M. & Duarte, J.L. (2015). Step-down switched-capacitor quasi-resonant PWM converter with continuous conversion ratio. Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'15-ECCE Europe), 8-10 September 2015, Geneva, Switzerland Technische Universiteit Eindhoven.

Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders BJE Blocken PJV van Wesemael

Participants R Vasaturo S Iousef IM Kalkman H Montazeri (KU Leuven) A Papadopoulos D Timmermans (Heijmans BV)

Cooperations Heijmans BV City of Den Bosch Avans Hogeschool Province of North Brabant

Funded by

Multi-scale analysis of the impact of vegetative technologies and cool roofs on the urban environment PhD student | Postdoc R (Raffaele) Vasaturo Project aim The aim of the project is the investigation of the mutual interaction between the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and the urban environment, and how this interaction influences the performance of building technologies at different urban scales. The goal is to evaluate and optimize the performance of vegetative technologies and cool roofs at different urban scales (building/neighborhood scale) by considering the influence of different parameters such as building type, neighborhood type, and atmospheric conditions. In order to do that, the surrounding urban environment, the building technologies considered and the atmospheric boundary layer must all be adequately modeled and investigated by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).

Progress Different inflow methods for the large eddy simulation (LES) of the atmospheric boundary layer on rough terrain (Precursor Method, Spectral Synthesizer and Vortex Method) have been tested and compared. For these simulations a rough wall boundary condition, described in literature, which computes the instantaneous wall shear stresses based on the assumption that they are proportional both to the mean and, through a damping coefficient, fluctuating part of the velocity, has been successfully implemented and tested against experimental data available in literature. The use of a rough wall function can considerably decrease the number of cells needed for the LES of the ABL on rough surfaces compared with the explicit resolution of roughness elements. Along with an appropriate method to generate the inlet turbulence, this enables researchers to perform CFD simulations using significantly less computational time without compromising accuracy.

TU/e PhD Impulse Programme Heijmans BV

Funding % per money stream Industry 50 % Impuls PhD 50 %

Start of the project 2013 (October)

Information R Vasaturo T : +31 (0)6 34413091 E : r.vasaturo@tue.nl

Figure: Computational domain used to test the different inflow methods.

Scientific publications Vasaturo R., Kalkman I., Blocken B., van Wesemael P. Comparison of CFD inflow methods for large eddy simulation of the ABL with ANSYS Fluent. Proceedings of PHYSMOD2015 - International Workshop on Physical Modelling of Flow and Dispersion Phenomena. Zurich, Switzerland, 7-9 September 2015.

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Department

Clean combustion of future fuels

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JA van Oijen

Participants A Vasavan MU Göktolga JA van Oijen

Cooperations -

Funded by

PhD student | Postdoc A (Aromal) Vasavan Project aim The focus of this project is on MILD combustion, which is characterized by a high degree of preheating and dilution of the reactants and offers the possibility of a sustainable, emission-free energy production. The sub-project involves the investigation of MILD combustion of Biogas, using advanced combustion models. The focus is on the development of an LES-FGM modeling approach for MILD combustion in real furnaces and reactors with internal recirculation. The effects of fuel composition and turbulent mixing on MILD combustion will be studied using this method.

Progress The 1D analysis of combustion in MILD regime for different levels of CO2 addition to natural gas was performed. FGM chemistry tables for these cases were constructed and validated in 1D flames. The influence of automated progress varible on the prediction of 1D flames was investigated. Used these FGM tables in LES of jet-in-hot-coflow (JHC) flames with CO2 dilution of the DNG by employing an existing research code. The effect of oxidiser heatloss on ignition is studied in 1D and heatloss is added as a controlling variable in the FGM table for LES simulations, the ignition delay is seen to have higher dependence on the heatlosses than the variances.

NWO (VIDI)

Funding % per money stream STW/NWO 100 %

Start of the project 2010

Information JA van Oijen T : +31 (0)40 247 3133 E : j.a.v.oijen@tue.nl W : www.tue.nl/combustion

Figure : The reaction progress variable plot for JHC flame (time = 0.012 s), from LES simulation using FGM.

Scientific publications -

278 |

Department

Electromigration of Li ions in cementitious materials

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc S (Sofiia) Venglovska Project aim

S Venglovska

Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is a chemical reaction that occurs in a cement paste between the hydroxyl ions present in the pore solution and reactive silica. ASR is one of the seriousr deterioration mechanisms of concrete structures worldwide. Lithium is known as an effective method to prevent ASR expansion. LiOH is the most effective lithium salt to inhibit long-term ASR expansion effectively. Therefore, this salt has been selected for our study. The most effective way to drive Li into a sample is by electromigration. However, previous investigations did not provide specific information that can reveal and describe the lithium transport mechanism. The aim of this study is to understand the kinetic transport mechanism of the lithium ions in cementitious materials.

Funded by

Progress

STW

The Li concentration profiles have been measured non-destructively by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The NMR method gives us the possibility for real-time monitoring of transport processes during migration experiments. Based on obtained experimental data we propose a physical model for the lithium transport process during electromigration in mortar. The Li concentration profiles as measured by NMR under the influence of an applied electrical potential of 20V between the electrodes are shown in Figure bellow. The mortar sample is located between the vertical dotted lines indicating the end of sample.The lithium ions distribution was measured over the sample at different time intervals.

Project leaders L Pel

Participants

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (November)

Information S Venglovska T : +31 (40) 2473465 E : s.venglovska@tue.nl W: http://www.phys.tue.nl/nfcmr/ cmrmain.html

Figure: Li concentration profiles in mortar during application of electrical potential difference 20V obtained by NMR.The anode and cathode reservoir cells were filled with the saturated LiOH and Ca(OH)2. solutions, respectively.The measurement time for each profile is 40 minutes.The profiles were obtained with scanning resolution of 1.3 mm. The mortar mixture had a water to cement (w/c) ratio of 0.6 and sand to cement proportion of 3:1.

Scientific publications S. Venglovska and L. Pel, “Electrokinetic transport mechanism of Li ions in cementitious materials by using NMR” 12th International Symposium on Electrokinetic Remediation, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA (2013).

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Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Trusting a virtual driver: similarity as a trust cue PhD student | Postdocs FMF (Frank) Verberne

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / smart applications □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders AWM Meijers

Participants FMF Verberne J Smids CJH Midden M Steinbuch T Hofman J Ham A Spahn

Cooperations DAF Trucks NV TNO Rathenau Instituut

Funded by NWO

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2009 (November)

Information A Spahn T : +31 (0)40 247 2746 E : a.spahn@tue.nl

Project aim This research program investigates the psychological mechanisms and the ethical dilemmas of persuasive technology in two ways. First, we develop an in-depth empirical study of a concrete case where persuasive technology is under development: the energy management and safety of vehicles (cars, trucks). Vehicle simulators will be used to observe human agents using various forms of persuasive technology, where the most important variable will be the amount of control transferred from the user to the technological system. Second, we analyze the general psychological mechanisms and ethical dilemmas at stake, which will result in design recommendations for developers of persuasive technology. Since persuasive technology is a perfectly generic technology our results will be important for many other areas as well.

Progress Mechanical engineering The results from two new studies suggest that truck drivers are willing to improve their anticipation behavior, and that this improvement can lead to substantial fuel consumption reduction (10%). Furthermore, it was found that the potential fuel savings are often limited by visibility. Psychology Four experimental studies have been completed. In the first study, we investigated whether trust in a virtual agent could be increased by morphing the face of the virtual agent with that of the participant. The other three studies investigate the impact of other similarity cues. Ethics First, building on the Rathenau workshop held previous year about policy aspects of persuasive technology in cars, we made a moral analysis of two types of Intelligent Speed Adaptation. Second, we investigated the ethical aspects of “moralizing mobility” in the trend to add more and more elements of persuasive technologies into modern cars and placed this development in the context of the connected car and the road to self-driving cars. Public defense: April 21, 2015

Scientific publications Ham, J., & Midden C., (2013). A Persuasive Robot to Stimulate Energy Conservation: The Influence of Positive and Negative Social Feedback and Task Similarity on Energy Consumption Behavior. International Journal of Social Robotics. Liu, C., Ham, J., Postma, E., Midden, C., Joosten, B., & Goudbeek, M. (2013). Representing Affective Facial Expressions for Robots and Embodied Conversational Agents by Facial Landmarks. International Journal of Social Robotics. Spahn, A. (2013). Moralizing Mobility? Persuasive Technology and the Ethics of Mobility. Transfers 3 (2), 108 – 115. Spahn, A (2013). Freie Fahrt für freie Maschinen - Zur Ethik des vernetzten Autos. ATZ Agenda 2 (1), 34-37. Thijssen, R., Hofman, T., Ham, J. “Ecodriving acceptance: An experimental study on anticipation behavior of truck drivers”, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 22, PP. 249 – 260, (2014). doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2013.12.015. Verberne, F., Ham, J., & Midden, C. (2013) The car that looks like me: Similarity cues can increase trust in the self-driving cars of the future. ERCIM News, 94, 23-24. Spahn, A. (2012). And lead us (not) into persuasion…?: persuasive technology and the ethics of communication. Science and Engineering Ethics, 18(4), 633-650. Verberne, F.M.F., Ham, J., & Midden, C.J.H. (2012) Trust in smart systems: Sharing driving goals and giving information to increase trustworthiness and acceptability of smart systems in cars. Human Facors, 54, 799-810, doi: 10.1177/0018720812443825. Ham, J., Esch, M. van, Limpens, Y., Pee, J. de, Cabibihan, J.-J., & Ge, S. S. (2012). The automaticity of social behavior towards robots: The influence of cognitive load on interpersonal distance to approachable versus less approachable robots. In S.S. Ge et al. (Eds.): ICSR 2012, LNAI 7621, pp. 15–25, 2012.

Dissertation Verberne, F.M.F. (2015). Trusting a virtual driver: similarity as a trust cue. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Cees Midden, Anthonie Meijers & Jaap Ham).

280 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders W Zeiler W van Marken Lichtenbelt

Participants J Verhaart R Li

Cooperations Maastricht University Delft University of Technology TNO Bouw Kropman Priva Vabi NXP

Funded by RVO

Process Control on Workplace Level – User Centered Energy Reduction PhD student | Postdoc J (Jacob) Verhaart Project aim The objective of this study is to integrate an individual comfort system in an office building environment. This will most likely lead to a higher level of thermal comfort, because individual workers have the opportunity and the means to adjust their local climate to their needs. In addition to that, creating a more optimal comfort level on an individual level means that on a building level, the climate does not need to be maintained in the narrow band that is common in office buildings today. A wider band of temperatures allowed in the office opens the opportunity to reduce the energy load of office buildings dramatically. This objective was split into three parts: Development of the local cooling system, development of the local control system and development of the learning strategy and translation of the local thermal needs towards the global climate system

Progress In the past year, three methods for local cooling were tested: cooling using the desk surface, using fans installed in the chair and conditioned air supplied to the face. The desk surface had limited success. The conditioned air in the face was more comfortable. This system was controlled by the user and tested in a climate chamber study. The temperature of the supply air was varied and the effect on thermal comfort and preferred airspeed was investigated. A lower temperature was slightly more comfortable than the higher, but having the option to cool in the first place made the biggest difference. A lot of information can be extracted from the pattern of use of the test subjects, such as, what they think of the system, whether it is working correctly and what their personal preference is w.r.t. cooling. This will be the starting point of upcoming experiments.

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (May)

Information J Verhaart T : +31 (0)40 247 2323 E : j.c.g.verhaart@tue.nl

Figure: Test set-up for the local cooling in the Climate chamber (left) and a systems lay-out of a personal conditioning system

Scientific publications Verhaart, J., Zeiler, W.; Vesely, M.; Li, Rongling (2015) Climate Chamber Tests for measuring Performance Characteristics of a Personal Cooling System, In ASHRAE annual conference. Verhaart, J.; Snoeren, R.; Li, R.; Zeiler, W. (2015) A Measurement Setup to Test Instruments for Detecting Sweat. In Healthy Buildings Conference. Verhaart, J.; Keune, R.; Veselý, M.; Li, R.; Zeiler, W. (2015) Personal cooling using thermal conduction on the desk. In CISBAT conference. Verhaart, J. C. G., Veselý, M., & Zeiler, W. (2014). Design of a Neck Heating System. In Indoor Air. Verhaart, J., Veselý, M., Kik, S., & Zeiler, W. (2014). Personal heating ; energy use and effectiveness. In 8th Windsor Conference: Counting the Cost of Comfort in a changing world. Verhaart, J., Veselý, M. & Zeiler, W. (2015). Personal heating: effectiveness and energy use. Building Research & Information, DOI:10.1080/09613218.2015.1001606. Verhaart, J., Zeiler, W. & Boxem, G. (2013) Process Control on Workplace Level – User Centered Energy Reduction. In ICEBO.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Emerging Energy Practices in the Smart Grid PhD student | Postdoc N (Nick) Verkade

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders GPJ Verbong G Spaargaren (WUR)

Participants N Verkade J Höffken R Smale (WUR) S Kloppenburg (WUR) B van Vliet (WUR)

Cooperations M van Heukelom (Enexis) P van Meegeren (MilieuCentraal)

Project aim The aim of the project NWO-URSES is to gain a better understanding of the developing energy practices of households in a smart energy system. We take on a practice theory perspective, which focuses our attention on the actual doings of householders. Technological development and expectations are guided by concepts of smart homes and smart citizens: increasingly interconnected devices, houses and infrastructures in which anything can be managed. We observe that new epractices of electric mobility, cooperative energy management and storage of electricity are emerging at the household level. The questions we ask are how some of these new e-practices emerge and develop, whether or not these technological advancements actually take hold in the form of practices, and how daily routines obstruct or accommodate smart energy technologies.

Progress Since March 2015 we have been studying the first fieldwork case, a pilot project on energy management practices in households in an energy cooperative. In this period the theoretical concept of e-practices has been further developed as a particular form of social practices. Together these activities will emerge in the first paper, scheduled for completion early 2016. Further exploration of the circulating visions of householders’ roles and “energy citizenship” will be part of the second article in 2016. In this article we zoom out from the household level to focus on the network through which e-practices are developed and introduced.

Funded by NWO

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information N Verkade T : +31 (0)40 247 8398 E : n.verkade@tue.nl

Figure: Conceptualization of e-practices as a bundle of activities in which energy (focused on electricity) is foregrounded, made visible, or the object to be managed; where it is more than just the invisible material ingredient for the practices through which it is consumed. Smart grid related innovations like energy management platforms, introduce new e-practices which householders are envisioned to carry out. In this case, the question is how and why envisioned e-practices of monitoring, timeshifting and community learning are (not) performed in households with a community based online energy platform.

Scientific publications Verbong, G. P. J., Verkade, N., Verhees, B., Huijben, J. C. C. M., Höffken, J. I. (Forthcoming) Smart business for smart users: a social agenda for developing smart grids.

282 |

Department

Energy flows of the future: Three power crossover (3PX)

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc BFW (Nard) Vermeltfoort Project aim In this project an innovative concept is studied to combine domestic heating, decentralized electricity generation and mobility.

Project leaders

Progress

BFW Vermeltfoort

The research started with literature research about energy use in developed countries. This gave insight in the past and future of energy carriers, including their strengths and weaknesses. Simulations show that by utilizing a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle as a micro-CHP, there is a big potential to decrease greenhouse gas emissions and energy costs with relatively low initial investment. Calculations and simulations have shown that this combination is energetically, economically and environmentally positive. In this concept the hybrid car will use natural gas as a fuel to provide the household with heat, electricity and mobility. It is therefore a “bridge” between the three biggest household energy needs. The extra flexibility that this concept delivers can potentially increase the availability of intermittent renewable energy sources. Research will continue to experimentally prove the concept both in laboratory as well as in realistic circumstances. This will give insight in the feasibility of the concept and the effects on the energy grids.

Participants BFW Vermeltfoort NJ Dam LPH de Goey

Cooperations Liander B.V.

Funded by Liander B.V.

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information BFW Vermeltfoort T : +31 (0)6 31032026 E : B.F.W.Vermeltfoort@tue.nl

Figure: CAD render of the experimental setup; on the left the natural gas engine, on the right the generator.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Scalable Multi-Port Active-Bridge Converters

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EA Lomonova

Participants BJD Vermulst

Cooperations

PhD student | Postdoc BJD (Bas) Vermulst Project aim The research aims to provide a generic framework for multi-port active-bridge (AB) converters which can be used for dc-dc and ac-dc conversion. To improve the flexibility of AB-based converters, this research focuses at allowing the number of ABs to be scalable to provide a flexible number of ports, and making those converters suitable for ac-dc conversion as well. Optimizations are carried out to significantly improve the converter performance. In such way, a framework is provided that is capable of both ac-dc and dc-dc conversion, while providing soft-switching properties, bi-directional power flow, and galvanic isolation. Additionally, the number of ports is scalable and structured in a modular fashion. As a result, the aimed solutions can be used in almost any common power conversion application, while being cost-effective and efficient.

Progress

EU ENIAC program

A 20kW proof-of-concept is fully operational and the concept can be demonstrated.

Funded by EPT300

Funding % per money stream University EU National Funding

50 % 15 % 35 %

Start of the project 2012 (March)

Information BJD Vermulst T : +31 (0)40 247 3566 E : b.j.d.vermulst@tue.nl Figure: 20kW Quad active-bridge ac-dc converter prototype.

Scientific publications B. J. D. Vermulst, “Power converter for photovoltaic modules, photovoltaic modules and method,” NL Patent NL2008098 (C), Jul 15 2013. B. J. D. Vermulst, “Ac/dc converter with neutral voltage lift capacitor,” NL Patent WO2015075019 (A1), May 28 2015. B. J. D. Vermulst, J. L. Duarte, C. G. E. Wijnands, and E. A. Lomonova, “Single-stage three-phase ac to dc conversion with isolation and bi-directional power flow,” in Proc. of Annu. Conf. on IEEE Industrial Electronics Soc., Dallas, Oct 2014, pp. 4378–4383. B. J. D. Vermulst and J. L. Duarte, “Losses evaluation of two-level and three-level pfc topologies based on semiconductor measurements,” in Proc. of IEEE ECCE Asia Downunder, Melbourne, Jun 2013, pp. 1263–1267. B. J. D. Vermulst and E. A. Lomonova, “Design, simulation and evaluation of glimtype self-oscillating audio amplifier,” in Proc. of European Conf. on Power Electronics and Applications, Lille, Sept 2013, pp. 1–9. B. J. D. Vermulst, C. M. M. van Lierop, and J. L. Duarte, “Control of a hysteretic electromagnetic electron lens system,” in Proc. of Annu. Conf. on IEEE Industrial Electronics Soc., Montreal, Oct 2012, pp. 2198–2203. B. J. D. Vermulst, C. G. E.Wijnands, and J. L. Duarte, “Isolated high-efficiency dc/dc converter for photovoltaic applications,” in Proc. of Annu. Conf. on IEEE Industrial Electronics Soc., Montreal, Oct 2012, pp. 506–511. B. J. D. Vermulst, “Isolated high-efficiency grid-connected de-central inverter for photovoltaic modules,” in Proceedings of the 6th IEEE Young Researchers Symposium in Electrical Power Engineering, Delft, Apr 2012.

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Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Projectleader AJH Frijns

Participants S Veselá BRM Kingma H Pallubinsky M te Culve L Schellen L Schlangen WD van Marken Lichtenbelt AA van Steenhoven DMJ Smeulders

Beyond the thermal comfort limits: Heat transfer in the human body and thermal comfort PhD student | Postdoc S (Stephanie) Veselá Project aim The goal of this project is to develop dynamic and human specific thermo-physiological model to predict the heat transfer and temperature distribution in the human body. The model will be used for the prediction of thermal comfort in the built environment.

Progress Recent research on local heating and cooling design show improvements in thermal comfort and energy consumption of office buildings. The impact of these measures on the occupants’ local thermal sensation (LTS) the most important factors in the thermal modelling concept are studied and analysed using our thermophysiological model ThermoSEM: 1) the effects of the accuracy of the input data for local clothing properties and local muscular metabolic heat distribution, 2) the deviations between computed and measured local skin temperatures, and 3) neurophysiological and dynamic aspects that are missing in present LTS models. To fill this gaps, measurements are done on determining local clothing resistances and local metabolic rates, a re-evaluation of local heat balances in the thermophysiological models is done and the influences of blood pressure effects and neurophysiology will be incorporated in the ThermoSEM model.

Cooperations UM MUMC+ Philips

Funded by RVO STW TU/e

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 1999

Information AJH Frijns T : +31 (0)40 247 4825 E : a.j.h.frijns@tue.nl W : www.energy.tue.nl

Scientific publications Kulve, te, M., Schellen, Lisje, Frijns, Arjan, Schlangen, L.J.M. & van Marken Lichtenbelt, W. (2015). The influence of LED lighting on thermal comfort, health and energy. In M. te Kulve& M. Loomans (Eds.), Healthy Buildings Europe 2015, 18-20 May 2015, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Veselá, Stephanie, Kingma, Boris & Frijns, Arjan (2015). Taking thermal regulation models from the lab to the world: are current views ready for the challenge?. In M. te Kulve & M. Loomans (Eds.), Healthy Buildings Europe 2015, 18-20 May 2015, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Smart Energy for Building Comfort

Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc M (Michal) Veselý Project aim

M Veselý Y Zhao H Smulders

The non-industrial buildings represent about one third of the primary energy consumption in the developed countries, but despite the high energy consumption an indoor environment is still often unsatisfactory. These problems lead to the development of personalized conditioning systems. Personalized conditioning represents a way how to overcome both of these problems. The individual approach to the buildings’ occupants with respect to their different needs makes it possible to satisfy everybody in the building. The fact that the energy is deployed in an effective way only on the place of its actual need allows to relax the indoor environmental conditions in the room and thus to save energy. However, the personalized conditioning systems are still controlled in a rather traditional way. Incorporating physiological parameters as critical indicators of peoples’ comfort can thus significantly improve the performance of personalized conditioning.

Cooperations

Progress

Kropman BS

The first tests of a personalized heating resulted in a conference paper presented at ASHRAE 2015 annual conference. The results needed extension in order to form a basis for a journal paper. Therefore, a new prototype of personalized heating system was developed and tested. This system comprises a heated chair, a heated desk mat, and a heated floor mat. Preliminary results are to be presented at Indoor Air 2016 and Windsor conference 2016. Low cost infrared arrays coupled with optical tracking have been tested in uniform mild cool conditions. The results are promising towards the intended application for remote measurements of skin tempereature in office environment. A generic framework of energy performance evaluation of personalized heating was published in Building Research and Information journal.

Project leaders W Zeiler

Participants

Funded by NWO - STW

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (January)

Information M Veselý T : +31 (0)40 247 2323 E : m.vesely@tue.nl W: http://www.tue.nl/en/employee/ ep/e/d/ep-uid/20122295/

Figure: Tested personalized heating system.

Scientific publications Verhaart, J., Veselý, M., & Zeiler, W. (2015). Personal heating - effectiveness and energy use. Building Research & Information, 43(3), 1–10. doi:10.1080/09613218.2015.1001606 Veselý, M., Li, R., & Zeiler, W. (2015). Comparison of thermal comfort scales – a case study. In Proceedings of Healthy Buildings. Eindhoven, the Netherlands. Veselý, M., Verhaart, J., & Zeiler, W. (2015). Performance of Personalized Heating. In Proceedings of ASHRAE annual conference. Atlanta. GA. Veselý, M., Cieszczyk, A., Zhao, Y., & Zeiler, W. (2015). Low Cost Infrared Array as a Thermal Comfort Sensor. In Proceedings of CISBAT (pp. 393–398). Lausanne, Switzerland.

286 |

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders PPJ van den Bosch

Participants A Virag PMJ van den Hof A Jokic

Cooperations -

Funded by -

Funding % per money stream -

Balancing the electrical power systems: identification and control PhD student | Postdoc A (Ana) Virag Project aim There is a constant increase in the power system's complexity and uncertainty. Changes and uncertainty have been introduced by a different generation mix with a higher ratio of renewable energy sources (RES), e.g., wind farms or solar panels. Parameters critical for the stability, such as lumped inertia or damping of the system, are dependent on the ratio of RES in the power generation mix. Moreover, higher penetration of RES implies the increase in disturbances amplitude and frequency. The research is based on the following observations: (i) the rate of change of power system dynamics is larger than it was, (ii) the disturbances are increased in amplitude and frequency, which causes (iii) the necessity for changes in the balancing strategy.

Progress We formalized the balancing requirements as system properties under mild assumptions. Moreover, we defined a measure to compute the balancing cost as a system property. It is shown that the requirement on minimizing the costs is opposite to all the other requirements. We showed that in the future power system with high RES penetration, all the performance metrics increase in size compare to the low RES penetration case. In particular, a critical requirement will be the one on the standard deviation of the frequency deviation signal. The performance can be improved by the coordinated tuning of all the SC and PC parameters within the interconnected power system, changing the market design, or by adding synthetic inertial response from the RES.

Start of the project 2010 (March)

Information A Virag T : +31 (0)40 247 2654 E : a.virag@tue.nl

Figure: Operations in power systems.

Scientific publications A. Virag, A. Jokić, P.P.J. van den Bosch, P.M.J. Van den Hof: Using market schedules to improve secondary control design, 10th International Conference on the European Energy Markets, May, 27 – 31, 2013, Stockholm, Sweden. J.E.S. de Haan, A. Virag, I. Lampropoulos, J. Frunt, W.L. Kling †: ACE-netting of Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands and Switzerland, 11th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems. L. Puglia, A. Jokić, A. Virag, A. Bemporad: A Stochastic Optimization Approach to Optimal Bidding on Dutch Ancillary Services Markets, 10th International Conference on the European Energy Markets, May, 27 – 31, 2013, Stockholm, Sweden. A. Jokić, P.P.J. van den Bosch, A. Virag, W.H.A. Hendrix, L. Puglia, W. de Boer, R. Vujanic, F.A. Nobel: Reliability and Efficiency at Global Level in Power Systems, 10th International Conference on the European Energy Markets, May, 27 – 31, 2013, Stockholm, Sweden . J.E.S. de Haan, A. Virag, W.L. Kling †, Analysis of Predictability and Variability Challenges of Wind and Solar Power, Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power Transmission Networks Offshore Wind Farms, London, United Kingdom, October 2013. Concha, C.E., de Haan, J.E.S. ; Virag, A. ; Gibescu, M. ; Kling †, W.L. Towards a pan-European energy balancing market: Exercise on coupling the United Kingdom and Continental Europe.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders L Vandevelde, Ghent University, Belgium

Participants MM Viyathukattuva Mohamed Ali JFG Cobben HP Nguyen

Cooperations Ghent University, Belgium ELIA – TSO, Belgium EANDIS – DSO, Belgium Elektro Gorenjska – DSO, Slovenia Liander – DSO, The Netehrlands Stromnetz Steiermark GmbH – DSO, Austria Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft MBH, Austria University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Korona d.d., Slovenia Mastervolt International BV, The Netherlands ILPRA, Greece

INCREASE - Increasing the penetration of renewable energy sources in the distribution grid by Developing control strategis and using ancillary services PhD student | Postdoc MM (Mohamed Mansoor) Viyathukattuva Mohamed Ali Project aim INCREASE will focus on how to manage renewable energy sources in LV and MV networks, to provide ancillary services (towards DSO, but also TSOs), in particular voltage control and the provision of reserve. INCREASE will investigate the regulatory framework, grid code structure and ancillary market mechanisms, and propose adjustments to facilitate successful provisioning of ancillary services that are necessary for the operation of the electricity grid, including flexible market products.

Progress A multi-agent system is developed to deploy an ICT architecture in low voltage network. The developed ICT architecture is prorammed using Java thus it can be deployed in any software platform. As shown in the figure, the link between the physical layer and the middleware layer is established using a protocol called MQTT that is a protocol of a communication paradigm called internet-of-things (IoT). The protocol ensures the scalability and interoperability with the existing ICT infrastructure. The developed ICT architecture is tested in a laboratory environment. This preliminary ICT architecture will be tested by the distribution system operator in 2016.

Funded by FP7-ENERGY-2013

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information MM Viyathukattuva Mohamed Ali T : +31 (0)40 247 8459 E : m.m.viyathukattuva.mohamed.ali@tue.nl W: http://www.project-increase.eu/

Figure: Implementation of Multi-Agent Systemfor increasing penetration of renewable energy sources.

Scientific publications Viyathukattuva Mohamed Ali, M. M., Nguyen, P. H., Kling †, W. L., Chrysochos, A. I., Papadopoulos, T. A., & Papagiannis, G. K. (2015, June). Fair power curtailment of distributed renewable energy sources to mitigate overvoltages in low-voltage networks. In PowerTech, 2015 IEEE Eindhoven(pp. 1-5). IEEE. Mawarni, D. E., Ali, M. M., Nguyen, P. H., Kling †, W. L., & Jerele, M. (2015, September). A case study of using OLTC to mitigate overvoltage in a rural european low voltage network. In Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 2015 50th International Universities (pp. 1-5). IEEE. Viyathukattuva Mohamed Ali, M. M., Nguyen, P. H., & Kling †, W. L. (2014). Applying agent-based control to mitigate overvoltage in distribution network. Proceedings of the IEEE Young Researchers Symposium (YRS 2014), 24-25 April 2014, Ghent, Belgium (pp. 1-5). EESA. Mansoor, Viyathukattuva MAM, Phuong H. Nguyen, and W. L. Kling †. "An integrated control for overvoltage mitigation in the distribution network."Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe), 2014 IEEE PES. IEEE, 2014.

288 |

Department

World most perfect adiabatic flame

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leader LPH de Goey

Participants EN Volkov VN Kornilov

Funded by

Project aim A heat flux method is a unique way to stabilize adiabatic flames, which originated from Combustion Technology group of Eindhoven University of Technology about 20 years ago. The method is now known as one of the most accurate ways to measure adiabatic burning velocity of laminar flames and is used by an increasing number of institutes over the world. The main goal of this project is to improve accuracy of the heat flux method even more. A further step in accuracy can be made by improving the system by: a) increasing the sensitivity of the heat flux burner to changes in velocity, e.g. by using a thinner burner plate b) using more accurate ways to determine temperature profiles of the burner plate, c) using more accurate ways to set gas velocity and mixture equivalence ratio, and d) extending the method to a wider range of conditions (pressures, temperatures and alternative fuels).

Progress

STW

Funding % per money stream STW

PhD student | Postdoc EN (Evgeniy) Volkov

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (November)

Information EN Volkov T : +31 (0)40 247 3819 E : e.volkov@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/combustion

An alternative design of a heat flux burner has been developed. The new burner has a larger diameter and employs a thinner burner plate, which allowed us to increase the sensitivity of the method. Heat transfer between heating jacket and the burner plate, which plays a key role in a stabilization of adiabatic flames, has been improved in the new design. One of the most important features of the new burner is a use of a different approach to measure temperature profile along the burner plate. In order to increase the accuracy of temperature profile determination, a set of very thin film thermocouples has been sputtered on the burner plate. Test experiments with sputtered thin film thermocouples showed applicability of this approach. In addition, a number of thermocouples has increased significantly, which improved the accuracy of temperature profile determination.

Figure: A burner head of the new heat flux burner with sputtered thermocouples.

Scientific publications J. Beeckmann, H. Pitsch, N. Chaumeix, P. Dagaut, G. Dayma, F. Egolfopoulos, F. Foucher, F. Halter, C. Mounaïm-Rousselle, B. Renou, E. Varea, L.P.H. de Goey, E. Volkov, “Collaborative Study for Accurate Measurements of Laminar Burning Velocity”, Proceedings of the European Combustion Meeting – 2013, Paper P3-76, 2013.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders V Hessel

Participants I Vural Gürsel Q Wang

Cooperations -

PhD student | Postdoc I (Iris) Vural Gürsel Project aim Process intensification through micro-process technology allows to reach processing far from state of the art. In the past, it was based mainly on transport intensification – mass and heat transfer. Recently, chemical intensification is increasingly explored using harsh process conditions to boost micro-processing. So the approach has been largely to focus on one equipment and its processing. However, consideration of the chemical process as a whole is also very important. Therefore, as third momentum, process-design intensification is developed and it heads for integrated and simplified smart-scaled (micro/meso) flow process design. It has two parts: process simplification and process integration. Process simplification is aimed to be achieved with direct instead of multistep synthesis considering the cost, energy and environmental impact. Process integration is aimed by coupling of micro unit operations with flow separation in focus.

Progress

Funded by EU - Grant agreement no.: 26744

Funding % per money stream ERC

The chemical plant of tomorrow and the future: processdesign intensification at different production scales

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (August)

Information I Vural Gursel T : +31 (0)40 247 8299 E : i.vural@tue.nl

For large scale adipic acid synthesis a new direct flow route was studied. To compare it with the two-step commercial route process simulations were done using Aspen. It revealed profound simplification of the process due to requirement of much less process units. Cost analysis showed this resulted in total purchase cost of equipment to be halved although more advanced microreactor is used. To design an energy efficient process for this novel route in particular considering its heat integration, pinch analysis is employed. With the use of the Aspen Energy Analyzer a heat exchanger network is designed (figure). Compared with the basic heat exchanger network where energy requirements are supplied with utility streams, the improved heat exchanger network designed enables 70% reduction in operating cost which enables to pay back the extra capital cost requirement in less than one year. Then, focus of the project was given towards flow separation. Metal catalyst scavenging was achieved in flow with a separation unit based on liquid extraction. It was coupled to the copper-catalyzed azidealkyne cycloaddition click reaction. Triazole product was attained at high yield and purity in a single stage. Currently, scale up of the separation unit is in focus using coiled flow inverter to give the required mixing efficiency at the higher flow rates. For the model extraction systems studied partition coefficient close to thermodynamic equilibrium is reached at flow rate up to 6 L/h. Public defense: November 23, 2015

Scientific publications Kurt, S.K., Vural - Gürsel, Iris, Hessel, V., Nigam, K.D.P. & Kockmann, N. (2015). Liquid-liquid extraction system with microstructured coiled flow inverter and other capillary setups for singlestage extraction applications. Chemical Engineering Journal, 284, 764-777. Vural - Gürsel, I. Aldiansyah, F., Wang, Q., Noël, T. & Hessel, V. (2015). Continuous metal scavenging and coupling to one-pot copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition click reaction in flow. Chemical Engineering Journal, 270, 468-475. Vural - Gursel, I., Wang, Q., Noël, T., Hessel, V., Kolb, G.A. & van Veen, A. (2014). Heat-integrated novel process of liquid fuel production from bio resources - process simulation and costing study. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 39, 931-936. Wang, Q., Vural - Gursel, I., Shang, M. & Hessel, V. (2013). Life cycle assessment for the direct synthesis of adipic acid in microreactors and benchmarking to commercial process. Chemical Engineering Journal, 234, 300-311. Vural - Gursel, I., Wang, Q., Noël, T. & Hessel, V. (2013). Implementation of heat integration for efficient process design of direct adipic synthesis in flow. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 35, 775-780.

Dissertation Vural - Gursel, I. (2015). The chemical plant of tomorrow and the future: process-design intensification at different production scales. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Volker Hessel, Qi Wang & Timothy Noël).

290 |

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders LPH de Goey LMT Somers

Participants S Wang

Cooperations -

Funded by China Scholarship Council (CSC)

Funding % per money stream

Ultra-efficient clean combustion concepts and their fuel appetite PhD student | Postdoc S (Shuli) Wang Project aim A mandatory target has been set for the European transport sector to use 10% renewable energy by the year 2020. This can be implemented through blending renewable fuels with traditional fuels or through using renewable fuels alone. Our goal is to conduct an intensive study on Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) using gasoline-like fuels, to achieve low particle emissions and keep regular emissions low. Moreover, we also try to extend the PPC operating range.

Progress Fuels with higher research octane number (RON), like primary reference fuel with a RON 70 (PRF70), do provide longer ignition delays compared with EN590 diesel, thus resulting in better mixing between fuel and oxidizer prior to combustion. However, as observed in Fig.1, ignition properties at PPC conditions are not well described with the RON. The three fuels having a RON of 70 provide different ignition delay times under PPC conditions. In the future it will be studied whether the Cetane number of the fuels yields a better correlation with ignition delay under PPC conditions. Meanwhile we’ve succeeded to achieve partially premixed combustion with fuels of RON70 from low (3 bar IMEP) to medium loads (16 bar IMEP), now we are focusing on extending PPC operating range to higher load.

Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information S Wang T : +31 (0)6 40147811 E : s.wang@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/combustion

Figure: Ignition delay versus IMEPg

Scientific publications Wang, S., Bakker, P. C., Somers, L. M. T., & de Goey, L. P. H. (2015). Effect of Air-excess on Blends of RON70 Partially Premixed Combustion. Flow, Turbulence and Combustion. doi:10.1007/s10494015-9685-2. Wang, S., Bakker, P.C., De Visser, A.J.M. & Somers, L.M.T. (2014). Effect of air-excess on blends of RON70 partially premixed combustion. Proceedings SPEIC14 – Towards Sustainable Combustion, November 19-21, 2014, Lisboa, Portugal, (pp. 1-8).

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

Large-Eddy Simulation of wind flow around a square cylinder: Validation with experiments and impacts of computational parameters PhD student | Postdoc X (Xinrong) Wang Project aim

Visiting scholars program Tongji University

Nowadays, wind tunnel tests are the main method to obtain wind loads on engineering structures. However, it has been widely recognized that Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has a number of clear advantages compared with experiments such as lower cost and the availability of detailed information in the whole domain. Therefore, wind load prediction for engineering structures using CFD is a topic of great practical interest. In order to ensure the accuracy and reliability of wind loads from CFD simulations, accurate simulation of flow around buildings is required. However, CFD simulation results are sensitive to many computational parameters such as mesh topology and subgrid scale model. It is therefore essential to analyze the influence of these parameters on simulation results. The aim of the project is to systematically evaluate the influence of these parameters by a series of Large-Eddy simulations of flow around a square cylinder.

Funded by

Progress

China Scholarship Council (CSC)

A series of Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) was performed to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of a square cylinder in uniform flow. In seven case studies various mesh topologies and SGS models were investigated. Simulation results were validated against wind tunnel test results and the agreement was quantified using several validation metrics (hit-rate q, FAC2, FB and NMSE). A systematic sensitivity analysis was then conducted to investigate the influence of three computational parameters (yp, mesh topology and subgrid-scale model) on simulation results. Statistical performance shows that the best agreement with experiments was found for the rectangular cell topology with yp = 1.56 × 10-4 m within the computational limitations. Based on the sensitivity study, the influence of three parameters was quantified, which can contribute to the improvement of accuracy and reliability of LES of flow around bluff bodies.

BJE Blocken M Gu (Tongji University)

Participants X Wang IM Kalkman

Cooperations

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project 2015 (January)

Information X Wang T : +31 (0)6 87463417 E : x.wang3@tue.nl

(a) (b) Figure: (a) Computational domain. (b) Time-averaged streamlines and pressure coefficient contours around the model.

Scientific publications -

292 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders ASJ Suiker BJE Blocken

Participants Z Wang H Hofmeyer IM Kalkman

Cooperations -

Funded by China Scholarship Council (CSC)

Advanced Optimization of Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Rotor Blades PhD student | Postdoc Z (Zhijun) Wang Project aim The aim of this project is to develop a multi-objective, multi-disciplinary optimization strategy of horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) blades in a dynamic wind environment, which would be based on a fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model in order to accurately calculate the structural and aerodynamic loads on the rotor blades. With this innovative optimization method, the outer geometry and inner topology of rotor blades could be optimized by shape optimization and topology optimization, respectively. This should lead to improved HAWTs, with higher efficiency, lighter weight and lower noise.

Progress The project started with a literature survey on the behavior of HAWTs and the optimization techniques used for wind turbine blades, such as shape optimization and topology optimization. Meanwhile, computational fluid dynamics, non-linear finite element analysis and continuum mechanics were studied by following courses. A case study on topology optimization has been conducted using 2D Matlab code and 3D C++ code. A case study on shape optimization by Abaqus is currently in progress.

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project 2015 (September)

Information Z Wang T : +31 (0)6 87304645 E : Z.Wang@tue.nl Figure: Airfoil of HAWT blades

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 293

Mercury Removal from Natural Gas Streams using Deep Eutectic Solvents

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc SEE (Samah) Warrag Project aim 

Project leaders MC Kroon

Participants SEE Warrag

Cooperations -

Funded by Petroleum Institute

NaNatural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel that will remain one of the most dominant sources of energy worldwide in the next decades. However, the presence of vapor phase elemental mercury in natural gas is quite unwelcome. Upon contact it will damage aluminum metal components by amalgamation. Also it bears a serious health risk to those exposed to mercury or compounds thereof. Consequently, it needs to be removed effectively, reliably and safely. Once the mercury is captured from the gas phase the problem is not yet solved as it was only concentrated in a different medium. The final step should be one where it is disposed of in a safe way. The aim of this project is to investigate the use of deep eutectic solvents as candidate materials for mercury removal. On basis of their similarity in structure with ionic liquids, which show excellent mercury removal properties, it is expected that their capture potential is high.

Progress 

2014

Experiments regarding the extraction of elemental mercury from a saturated solution in dodecane using 20 different deep eutectic solvents are starting up. The deep eutectic solvents were prepared by combining selected hydrogen bond donor and hydrogen bond acceptor compounds. Thereafter, the properties of the prepared deep eutectic solvents were characterized. This includes the measurement of the density, viscosity, surface tension, melting point and decomposition temperature. A new analysis equipment that is able to analyze the mercury content has been purchased. The first mercury removal data are expected to become available in the coming months.

Information

End of project December 2015. Continues PhD in Abu Dhabi.

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project

MC Kroon T : +31 (0)40 247 5289 E : m.c.kroon@tue.nl W: www.chem.tue.nl/sep

Figure: A promising deep eutectic solvent (middle) was prepared by mixing glycolic acid (hydrogen bond donor) with choline choride (hydrogen bond acceptor) in the molar ratio 3:1.

Scientific publications -

294 |

Department

Visible-Light Photocatalyzed β-Cyanolation of Heterocycles

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc XJ (Xiaojing) Wei Project aim

V Hessel T Noël

The project aims to develop a novel and less toxic way to synthesize the β-cyano substituted indole. This will be achieved by the bromoacetonitrile and indole with the visible light photocatalysis. Further more, some pharmaceutical active indole molecules can be prepared with this system. We also will do late-stage synthesis of some bioactive natural molecures with the effective direct βcyanolation method. And also try the reaction system in flow to accelerate the reaction and obtain the product on a large scale.

Participants

Progress

XJ Wei C Bottecchia D Cambié

The initial literature research was focused on dehalogenation reactions under visible light photoreactions. Next, a survey of the reaction conditions, including the solvent, temperature, photocatlyst and different base was made. We found that the aimed 2- substituted β-cyanolated indole was achieved with a good yield. And several other substrates could be explored with this method. We also will evaluate the mechanism of this reaction, a tentative proposal is given in the figure.

Project leaders

Cooperations -

Funded by EU MSCA-ITN

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (January)

Information T Noël T : +31 (0)40 247 3623 E : t.noel@tue.nl W : www.chem.tue.nl/scr Figure: the synthesis of β-cyanolated indole with visible light photocatalysis.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 295

Department

Power Quality Regulation within European framework

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JFG Cobben

Participants L Weldemariam V Ćuk

Cooperations NMA Alliander

Funded by NMA Alliander

PhD student | Postdoc L (Leake) Weldemariam Project aim The objective of the research is to perform calculations of voltage dips (based on computer simulation and feield measurements) and estimate the expected number voltage dips/year; to study the severity of voltage dips and make classifications; to find an optimal placement of monitoring voltage dips and propose better ways measuring and reporting voltage dips in the MV-network; to study the immunity of sensitive industrial equipment to voltage dips and study possible mitigation soultions; to study the economic loss of voltage dips and cost-benefit analysis with different mitigation techniques; and propose voltage dip regulation (set a limit) to the grid code at the distribution network level.

Progress Calculation and estimation of voltage dips (simulation+field), finding optimal placement of monitoring, a better way measuring and reporting dips, immunity test of various industrial equipment and their performance to filed mesuerd dips, proposing a new technique of correlating the severity of voltage dips with their impact on customers, a method of estimating costs asscociated with voltage dips are performed. The figure below illustrates measuring dip related information (a) and the impact of dips on aggregated customers of a feeder (b). The costs of voltage dips, mitigation solutions and costs related voltage dips and their mitigations wiil be studied in this academic year.

Funding % per money stream Industry

Aggregated customers

100 %

PQ monitor MV

Ua, Ub, Uc Pf1, Pf2, .., Pfn

Start of the project 2013 (June)

Information LE Weldemariam E : l.e.weldemariam@tue.nl

End-users

. . .

External Grid

Pfn

HV/MV transformer F1

POC

CB2 DG

Pf1

CB1

PCC

(a)

(b)

Figure: The above figure shows that a monitor at the primary substation measures waveforms of phasevoltages sampled at 4kHz and half-cycle powers of each feeders. From the waveforms of voltage, the RMS voltages and the voltage di p parameters (magnitude and duration) are obtained in the MV-network, and the transfer of the dips to the customer terminals are analyzed. The severity of the dips (at the customer terminals) are correlated with the actual loss of customers (loads and DGs) based on the active-power calculations. Based on the research results, it is found that the impact of voltage dips to customers depends on the magnitude, duration and type voltage dips at the customer terminals. Weighting factors of various types of voltage dips are proposed such that the economic loss of voltage of dips will be expressed as a percentage of the cost of process interruptions. The approach will be useful for network operators and industrial customers to estimate the annual cost of voltage dip events monitored in the MV-networks; and it will pave a way for applying the most appropriate and optimal mitigation technique.

Scientific publications L.E. Weldemariam, V. Cuk, J.F.G. Cobben, W.L. Kling †, “The Performance of Sensitive Equipment to Voltage Dips from Field Measurements”, in the Proc. of the 12th IEEE Africon International Conference (AFRICON 2015), 14-17th September 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. L.E. Weldemariam, V. Cuk, J.F.G. Cobben, W.L. Kling †, “Experimental Investigation on the Sensitivity of an Industrial Process to Voltage Dips”, in the Proc. of the 11th IEEE/PES PowerTech International Conference (PowerTech 2015), 29th June-2nd July 2015, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. L.E. Weldemariam, V. Cuk, J.F.G. Cobben, W.L. Kling †, “Measurement Approach for Monitoring Voltage Dips in HV and MV Networks”, in the Proc. of the 23rd International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2015), 15-18th June 2015, Lyon, France. L.E. Weldemariam, V. Cuk, J.F.G. Cobben, W.L. Kling †, “Assessment of Voltage Dips based on Field Measurements in MV Networks”, in the Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal (RE&PQJ), ISSN 2172-038 X, No.13, April 2015, La Coruna, Spain. L.E. Weldemariam, V. Cuk, J.F.G. Cobben, W.L. Kling †, “The Influence of Critical Distance on Monitoring Dips in the MV Network”, 49th IEEE Proc. of International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC2014 ), 2-5 Sep 2014, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. L.E. Weldemariam, V. Cuk, J.F.G. Cobben, W.L. Kling †, “Monitoring Dips in the MV Network for Regulation- A Case Study”, 16th IEEE Proc. of International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), 25-28th May 2014, Bucharest, Romania. 296 |

Department

Development of eco-concretes by using industrial by-products

Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc PMF (Perry) van de Wouw Project aim

HJH Brouwers

At present a wide range of industrial by-products are used in low-grade applications (such as road base) or landfilled. Examples of such materials include incinerator wastes (Municipal Solid Waste Incineration bottom ash, bio-energy fly ashes, paper sludge fly ash), mining wastes, or by-products of other industries. The objective of this project will be to prepare eco-earth moist concrete products incorporating these materials.

Participants

Progress

PMF van de Wouw MVA Florea E Loginova

After a thorough literature review several streams of larger MSWI bottom ash (BA) particles were investigated and their composition and physical characteristics determined. By manually sorting the various fractions, applying magnetic separation, and determining their specific density, material distribution and density correlations have been determined. Additionally, the fracturing behavior of the BA and redistribution of materials through the various particle sizes is investigated.

Project leaders

Funded by Attero Van Gansewinkel Milieutechniek Van de Bosch Beton Struyk Verwo Infra ENCI

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

61.5 % 38.5 %

Start of the project 2015 (March) Figure: Municipal Solid Waste Incineration bottom ash as concrete aggregates

Information PMF van de Wouw T : +31 (0)40 247 8225 E : p.m.f.v.d.wouw@tue.nl

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 297

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

Operation of Future Medium Voltage Distribution Grids Application of Statistical Methods for State Estimation and Fault Location PhD student | Postdoc Y (Yu) Xiang Project aim

Project leaders

Alliander NV

The aim of the project is to investigate the minimum measurements needed in distribution grid for autonomous operation, and to develop an innovative operation framework with the proposed measurement scheme. The following research questions are proposed: 1. How many measurements in distribution grid are necessary for the future smart operation, including where to measure, what to measure and the timescale? 2. How can we make use of the measurement data to improve the operation of distribution grid? 3. How can we make the proposed operation framework so reliable and robust that a certain amount of false data cannot disturb the whole operation?

Funded by

Progress

JFG Cobben

Participants Y Xiang

Cooperations

Alliander NV

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (October)

Information Y Xiang T: +31 (0)40 247 5978

One journal paper and one conference paper were publisched for the second topic of the research: a statistical approach is proposed for the section-based fault location in medium voltage grid with under ground cables, based on Bayesian inference. Public defense: December 10, 2015.

Scientific publications Yu Xiang, J.F.G. Cobben, "A Bayesian Approach for Fault Location in Medium Voltage Grids with Underground Cables," IEEE Power and Energy Technology Systems Journal, 2015. Yu Xiang, J.F.G. Cobben, “Fault Location for Medium Voltage Underground Cables using Bayesian Inference,” in PowerTech Eindhoven 2015, 27 June-2 July 2015, Eindhoven. Yu Xiang, J.F.G. Cobben, “Improving Operation of Medium Voltage Grid with State Estimator and Advanced Metering System,” in PowerTech Eindhoven 2015, 27 June-2 July 2015, Eindhoven.

Dissertation Xiang, Y. (2015). Operation of future medium voltage distribution grids: application of statistical methods for state estimation and fault location. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Sjef Cobben & Han Slootweg).

298 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JLM Hensen

Participants L Xu JI Torrens

Cooperations Cofely Tsinghua University

Funded by NWO JSTP

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Modeling and Simulation of District Heating with Seasonal Storage PhD student | Postdoc L (Luyi) Xu Project aim Low grade heat such as thermal energy from solar, industrial processes, etc. in a community does not match the heating demand, including space heating and domestic hot water (DHW). Therefore, it is beneficial to use seasonal thermal storage for the low grade heat so that the excessive heat in summer season could be used in winter season. This project focuses on the energy-efficient and cost-effective utilization of RES as well as industrial waste-heat for district heating (DH) through the use of large-scale, seasonal thermal storage solutions. The aims of this project are (1) to develop a virtual testbed, through computational simulation, to analyze the performance of the different design options as well as operation strategies; and (2) validate the virtual testbed with measured data from the pilot DH system.

Progress This project firstly conducted a literature review to get a general idea about district heating (DH) system, including definition of phases in a district heating system project, essential components in a generic DH system, etc. In advance, prelimenary interview to industrial partner was taken on the purpose of identifying current problems and challenges in district heating system projects. The interview framework is ready for spreading out with the help of initial feedback. Results from interviews to more professionals will help to clarify the key point and precision level for computational models.

Start of the project 2015 (August)

Information L Xu T : +31 (0)40 247 2131 E : l.xu2@tue.nl

Figure: Multipule supply sources in district heating system for different types of end-users.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HJH Brouwers

Participants B Yuan

Funded by China Scholarship Coucil (CSC)

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project 2013 (October)

Information B Yuan T : +31 (0)40 247 8613 E : b.yuan@tue.nl

Development of green sodium carbonate activated based building materials PhD student | Postdoc B (Bo) Yuan Project aim Though Portland cement has been confirmed to be a reliable building material, the production of cement, however, involves high energy-consumption and gas-emission. During the last decades alkali activated materials (AAM) have attracted worldwide concerns due to their good material properties and environmental benefits. Nevertheless, depending on the used different raw materials and alkaline solutions, the performance of the resulted materials can be varied. At this study, the alkaline solution sodium carbonate is selected as the main activator to activate the reactivity of an inductrial by-product slag. The effect of other supplementary materials such as limestone and fly ash on the reaction kinetics, reaction products, mechanical properties and durability will also be investigated.

Progress The reaction of sodium carbonate activated slag was investigated in terms of reaction kinetics and reaction products. The results show that the reaction is relatively slow and the strength-giving phases are generally precipitated after 3-4 days of curing. Considering the fact that waterglass activated slag has the potential problem of fast setting, mixtures of sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and waterglass designed by Taguchi method were applied as activators. Samples with different reaction kinetics are achieved as shown in the following figure. The reaction products of the designed specimens are also characterized at different curing ages applying different methodologies like XRF, PSD, XRD, TG-DSC and FT-IR, etc. Afterwards, the optimized hybrid activator is proposed.

Normalized heat flow (mW/g)

10 1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 0

120

144

168

Reaction time (Hour)

Figure: Heat release of slag activated by the ternary activators.

Scientific publications Yuan, B., Yu, Q.L. & Brouwers, H.J.H. (2015). Reaction kinetics, reaction products and compressive strength of ternary activators activated slag designed by Taguchi method. Materials & Design, 86, 878-886. Yuan, B., Yu, Q.L. & Brouwers, H.J.H. (2015). Mechanical properties of slag activated by ternary activators design by Taguchi method. 19. Internationale Baustofftagung, 16–18. September 2015, Weimar, Germany (pp. 1-8). Technische Universiteit Eindhoven.

300 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart buildings □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JLM Hensen

Participants V Zavrel JI Torrens

Cooperations IBM ATOS Acciona UTRC UCC CIT

Funded by European union

GENiC: Energy Optimization of Data Centers Using Building Modeling Method PhD student | Postdoc V (Vojtech) Zavrel Project aim The PhD project is part of of a larger project focusing on the operational efficiency optimization of a data center (DC): GENiC (Globally Optimised Energy Efficient Data Centers). The main goal of the overall project is to develop and validate a novel model-based control strategy which should fill crucial research gaps such as a lack of coordination between IT workload, thermal and power management. It will also seek to develop a cost-effective tool chain for the integration of RES and heat recovery in DCs. Since the possibilities to execute any tests in a real DC are extremely limited in practice, one of the main goals of the PhD project is to develop a method for testing and commissioning the novel control strategy for DC.

Progress The Computational Building Performance Simulation group at TU/e is responsible for the development of a Virtual Data Center Infrastructure (VDCI). The VDCI allows virtual testing of novel operational strategies, which is extremely limited in practice. The VDCI simulates the behaviour of all DC devices such as IT Equipment, DC space, HVAC devices and Power supply including renewable energy sources. Virtual testing requires a tool which represents a multi-domain complex system. Moreover, computational time is limited by requirements for interactive communication between the VDCI and novel control algoritms. The comminucation interface also has to consider remote access to the VDCI from multiple algorithm developers. Recently, a second version of the VDCI has been validated and used for evaluation of a novel supervisory control platform.

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (November)

Information V Zavrel T : +31 (0)40 247 2571 E : v.zavrel@tue.nl

Figure: Schema of individual models of the Virtual Data Center Infrastructure

Scientific publications Zavrel, V., Torrens Galdiz, J.I., Bynum, J.D. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2015). Model development for simulation based global optimization of energy efficient data centres. Conference Paper: Proceedings Building Simulation '15, 7-9 December 2015, Hyderabad, India, IBPSA. Schie, F.T. van, Zavrel, V., Torrens Galdiz, J.I., Hundertmark, T.F.W. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2015). Optimizing the total energy consumption and CO2 emissions by distributing IT workload among worldwide dispersed data centers. Conference Paper: Proceedings Building Simulation '15, 7-9 December 2015, Hyderabad, India, IBPSA. Zavrel, V., Bartak, M. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2014). Simulation of a data center cooling system in an emergency situation. Conference Paper : Proceedings of the 8th IBPSA-CZ conference Simulace Budov a Techniky Prostředí, 6-7 November 2014, Prague, Czech Republic, (pp. 57-64). Prague: Česká technika - nakladatelství ČVUT. Zelensky, P., Hensen, J.L.M., Bynum, J.D., Zavrel, V. & Bartak, M. (2014). Air-flow modeling in design and operation of data centers. Conference Paper : Proceedings of the 8th IBPSA-CZ conference Simulace Budov a Techniky Prostředí, 6-7 November 2014, Prague, Czech Republic, (pp. 71-75). Česká technika - nakladatelství ČVUT.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Selective Opening and Fractionation of Natural Raw Materials

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders J Meuldijk O Trifunovic N Hooshyar

Participants A Zderic E Zondervan

PhD student | Postdoc A (Aleksandra) Zderic Project aim The objective of this project is to provide basic knowledge and to subsequently elaborate a conceptual process design for isolation of key components from fresh tea leaves and soybeans in a mild way. Process costs should be acceptable and product quality/purity should be suitable. Mild conditions are defined as follows: only use food grade solvents, avoid strong acidic or alkaline conditions, and apply only mild thermal conditions (< 40 oC). The Product Driven Process Synthesis (PDPS) methodology is applied as a structural approach to deliver the appropriate processing routes for polyphenols extraction from tea leaves and isolation of oil bodies from soy. The PDPS methodology includes nine hierarchical levels that connect product design and process synthesis, taking into account the laws of thermodynamics, food-, organic-, and physical chemistry as well as chemical engineering principles e.g. transport phenomena and separation technology.

Progress Cooperations Wageningen University: Food Process Technology Food Chemistry Unilever Cosun

Funded by ISPT

Polyphenols have been successfully isolated from tea leaves by the Pulsed Electric Field method. For a well chosen electric field strength, PEF opens the cell walls with a very limited temperature increase. This opening of the cell wall allows easy transport of polyphenols to the cell surroundings and as a consequence simple extraction. Optimization of operating factors like the pulse duration, field strength and the treatment time has been performed by using the Box-Behnken approach for experimental design. A process concept for polyphenol isolation has been developed based on the PDPS methodology. A combination of enzymatic hydrolysis and ultrasound treatment of soy flour allows a high yield of oil bodies. An operating window in terms of e.g. temperature, pH, particle size, enzyme concentration and ultrasound frequency for extraction of oil bodies has been defined. Co-extraction of proteins from soy flour has also been demonstrated to be promising.

Funding % per money stream ISPT

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (April)

Information J Meuldijk T : +31 (0)40 247 4695 E : J.Meuldijk@tue.nl

Figure: Pulsed Electric Field technique: principle and operation for extraction of polyphenols from tea leaves.

Scientific publications Zderic, A., Meuldijk, J. and Zondervan, E. (2015). Product-driven process synthesis for the extraction of polyphenols from fresh tea leaves. Conference Paper: 12th International Conference on Chemical and Process Engineering (ICheaP 12), 19-22 May, 2015, Milan, Italy, Milan: Associazione Italiana Di Ingegneria Chimica. Zderic, A., Taraksci, T., Hooshyar, N., Zondervan, E. and Meuldijk, J. (2014). Process design for isolation of soybean oil bodies by applying the product-driven process synthesis methodology. European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering (ESCAPE24), 15-18 June 2014, Budapest, Hungary. Zderic, A., Zondervan, E. and Meuldijk, J. (2013). Breakage of cellular tissue by pulsed electric field: Extraction of polyphenols from fresh tea leaves. In S. Pierucci & J.J. Klemes (Eds.), Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Chemical and Process Engineering (ICheaP-11), Milan 2-5 June 2013, (Chemical Engineering Transactions, 32). The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering.

302 |

Department

Supercritical fluids for high power switching

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart grids □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc J (Jin) Zhang Project aim Study the high power switching phenomena in supercritical fluids, as well as the recovery velocity of the supercritical medium after the breakdown. Feasibility of circuit breakers with supercritical fluid insulating will be studied on the bases of knowledge gained via experiments and modelling.

Project leaders EJM van Heesch

Progress

J Zhang J Teunissen

Jin Zhang has intensively worked on the experimental and theoretical analysis of switching in supercritical fluids. Experiments of arc interruption testing on SC switches are proceeded. A theoretical model for the switching in SCFs has been developed and published. Jin Zhang has worked on the writing of her PhD thesis and preparing for her defense which will be held in May 2015.

Cooperations

Public defense: May 19, 2015.

CWI TU/e

Scientific publications

Participants

Funded by Oranjewoud KEMA ABB Siemens

J. Zhang, E.J.M. van Heesch, F.J.C.M. Beckers, T. Huiskamp, A.J.M. Pemen, “Breakdown Voltage and Recovery Rate Estimation of a Supercritical Nitrogen Plasma Switch”, IEEE transactions on Plasma Science, vol.42, no.2, pp.376-383, 2014 .

Dissertation Zhang, J. (2015). Supercritical fluids for high power switching. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: W.L. Kling †, Ute Ebert & Bert van Heesch).

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

75 % 25 %

Start of the project 2010 (August)

Information EJM van Heesch T +31 (0)6 21268881 E E.J.M.v.Heesch@tue.nl J Zhang T : +31 (0)40 247 4494 E : jin.zhang@tue.nl

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 303

Innovative Power Electronics Interfaces to End Applications

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Smart processes □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EA Lomonova

Participants Y Zhang J Duarte M Hendrix

PhD student | Postdoc Y (Ya) Zhang Project aim Smart Energy System (SES) applications can provide higher flexibility by allowing the injection of locally generated electrical energy and by including local energy storage, leading to a more-efficient use of resources. The main goal of this project is to increase the efficiency of the electrical infrastructure in houses and buildings through an intelligent and more flexible participation of decentralized generation, storage and controllable loads, as well as through the optimization of the power conversion steps (AC to DC, DC to AC, etc.). Additionally, it aims at optimizing the cost/power efficiency/user-convenience balance of the interfaces between this infrastructure and informationcentric end applications, such as laptops, monitors, phones, wearables, etc.

Progress The project is in the progress of system-level research and literature survery. The proposed system is shown in Figure. It consists of three parts: solar panel arrays (or other renewable energy sources) as power source, battery-powered loads and DC/DC power converter as the interface. The key feature components are indicated. The PhD project will focus on the design and optimization of the DC/DC power converter.

Cooperations NXP

Funded by

Start of the project 2015 (September)

Information Y Zhang T : +31 (0)40 247 3566 E : ya.zhang@tue.nl

Solar panel DC sources

LOAD2

59 % 41 %

LOADm

National Funding Industry

Overall load scheduling/control & energy deployment center

DC bus

Funding % per money stream

LOAD1

STW Industry

Battery-powered DC Loads DC/DC power converter

Fuel cell Wind turbine (AC) Renewable energy

Local AC grid

Local storage battery

Energy transmitter (wireless)

Energy receiver (wireless, near-field) Load carrying battery

Figure: DC/DC power conversion system configuration.

Scientific publications Zhang, Y., Hendrix, M.A.M., Duarte, J.L. & Lomonova, E.A. (2015). Flyback converter using an observer-based digital controller. Proceesings of the 17th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'15 ECCE-Europe), 8-10 Sept. 2015, Geneva, Switzerland (pp.110,). IEEE.

304 |

3.4 Research projects □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion

NUCLEAR FUSION: aims for the fusion energy endgame solution

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 305

306 |

Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders MR de Baar NJ Lopes Cardozo

Participants D Aussems

Cooperations -

Exploiting the extreme: carbon nanostructre synthesisunder highly-non equilibrium plasma conditions PhD student | Postdoc D (Damien) Aussems Project aim To investigate the self-organization of carbon under highly non-equilibrium deposition conditions and its feasibility to obtain materials with extreme properties.

Progress This work investigates the feasibility of using high-flux plasma exposure on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite to synthesize carbon microstructures for possible energy applications. BET measurements have shown that these microparticles show a very high effective surface area of ~4000 m^2/g. To build a solid foundation for this work, experiments were performed to investigate the occurence and growth mechanisms of the microparticles as function of the ion energy and surface temperature. The samples are post-mortem analyzed by SEM, XPS and Raman spectroscopy. Preliminary results show an optimal surface temperature range for growth.

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2014

Information D Aussems E : d.aussems@differ.nl

Figure: SEM image of a cross section of a microparticle showing two step growth: 1) the spherical core shows nucleation in the plasma and b) the surrounding elonagted layers indicate further volumetric growth by surface accretion.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Estimation of heat transport coefficients in fusion plasmas

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders MR de Baar

PhD student | Postdoc M (Matthijs) van Berkel Project aim New methodologies need to be developed to get improved estimates of the heat transport coefficients based on perturbative experiments. The project focuses on estimating the electron heat transport in fusion plasmas using frequency domain system identification techniques. Special attention needs to be paid to the inclusion of (measurement) uncertainty and model validation techniques. In addition, the design of novel perturbation signals for improved estimation of the transport coefficients needs to be developed.

Participants M van Berkel GMD Hogeweij HJ Zwart G Vandersteen

Progress New estimation methodologies have been developed and tested on simulation data and some measurement data (RTP, ASDEX-U, LHD). The results have been summarized in a number of articles and in the thesis entitled “Estimation of heat transport coefficients in fusion plasmas” by M. van Berkel, which has been defended on the 2nd of June 2015.

Cooperations FOM DIFFER NIFS - LHD (JPN) Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BEL) ASDEX Upgrade (GER)

Funded by FOM programme 120

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (February)

Information M van Berkel T : +31 (0)40 247 2058 E : m.v.berkel@tue.nl (@live.com)

 Figure: Estimates of the diffusivity (Da) and convectivity (Va) at different radii ρ with confidence bounds calculated using the infinite domain maximum likelihood estimator (RTP-tokamak 19960403.006). The diffusivity estimates are of the correct order, but the convectivity estimates have a too high uncertainty. (Figure taken from M. van Berkel et al. 2013 IEEE-MSC) Public defense: June 2, 2015.

Scientific publications  M. van Berkel, H.J. Zwart, N. Tamura, G.M.D. Hogeweij, S. Inagaki, M.R. de Baar, and K. Ida. Explicit approximations to estimate the perturbative diffusivity in the presence of convectivity and damping I Semi-infinite slab approximations. Phys. Plasmas 21, 112507, 2014  M. van Berkel, G.M.D. Hogeweij, N. Tamura, H.J. Zwart, S. Inagaki, M.R. de Baar, and K. Ida. Explicit approximations to estimate the perturbative diffusivity in the presence of convectivity and damping II Semi-infinite cylindrical approximations. Phys. Plasmas 21, 112508, 2014  M. van Berkel, N. Tamura, H.J. Zwart, G.M.D. Hogeweij, S. Inagaki, M.R. de Baar, and K. Ida. Explicit approximations to estimate the perturbative diffusivity in the presence of convectivity and damping III Cylindrical approximations for heat waves traveling inwards. Phys. Plasmas 21, 112509, 2014  M. van Berkel, H.J. Zwart, G.M.D. Hogeweij, G. Vandersteen, H. van den Brand, M.R. de Baar, and the ASDEX Upgrade Team. Estimation of the thermal diffusion coefficient in fusion plasmas taking frequency measurement uncertainties into account. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 56(10), 105004, 2014  M. van Berkel, G. Vandersteen, E. Geerardyn, R. Pintelon, H.J. Zwart, and M.R. de Baar. Frequency domain sample maximum likelihood estimation for spatially dependent parameter estimation in PDEs. Automatica, 50(8), 2113-2119, 2014

Dissertation Berkel, van, M. (2015). Estimation of heat transport coefficients in fusion plasmas. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Marco de Baar, G. Vandersteen & Hans Zwart).

308 |

Department

Real-time control of tokamaks for disruption avoidance

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders F Felici MR de Baar

Participants TC Blanken

Cooperations Swiss Plasma Center

PhD student | Postdoc TC (Thomas) Blanken Project aim In future fusion reactors, plasma disruptions pose a threat to machine availability and operational costs. Real-time information of plasma profiles and events such as sawteeth and ELMs is envisaged as crucial to assess a plasma’s proximity to a disruption. This information can then be used to actively avoid exceeding disruptive limits by closed-loop control. My work focuses on the application and development of control solutions and tools to avoid disruptions in real time.

Progress Currently, model-based plasma profile evolution algorithms (RAPTOR and a newly developed density model) are implemented at TCV for real-time estimation and control of plasma temperature, density and safety factor profile. Also, an early disruption alarm based on unexpected sawteeth behavior is being tested at ASDEX Upgrade. In the future, we aim to extend this to a more complete early warning system based on multiple criteria for disruption proximity, evaluated using real-time information of the plasma profiles.

Funded by EUROfusion

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (April)

Information TC Blanken E : t.c.blanken@tue.nl

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 309

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders M Steinbuch

Participants H Boessenkool MR de Baar D Abbink

Cooperations FOM Institute DIFFER Delft University of Technology

Funded by EFDA GOT RH program

Analysis and optimization of tele-operated task performance of ITER Remote Handling PhD student | Postdoc H (Henri) Boessenkool Project aim Tele-operated maintenance is crucial for future fusion plants like ITER, however it is expected to be very difficult and time consuming. The aim of this research is to optimize tele-operated task performance during ITER maintenance. Special attention is paid to the interaction between the human operator and the tele-manipulator and the applicability of the principles of haptic shared control to optimize task performance. Can we combine manual control and automation (and take benefits of both), by introducing intelligent guiding forces?

Progress To get quantitive insight in the exact problems operators encounter during tele-operated task execution, a task analysis approach was proposed and performed. Video recordings and logbooks of real world complex maintenance tasks at JET (Joint European Torus) were analysed to identify key areas for performance improvement. This analysis was complemented with a human factor experiment with a simulated task environment, which provided more detailed data about how tasks were executed. The gained insight in underlying causes for degraded task performance will be used in further research on operator assistance with augmented visual or haptic guidance.

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (July)

Information H Boessenkool E : h.boessenkool@tudelft.nl W: https://www.tue.nl/universiteit/ faculteiten/werktuigbouwkunde/ onderzoek/onderzoeksgroepen/ control-systems-technology/ research/research-areas/robotics -for-care-and-cure/ongoingphd-research-projects/analysisand-optimization-of-tele-operated -task-performance-of-iter-remote handling/ http://www.delfthapticslab.nl/cpt_ people/henri-boessenkool/

Figure: Schematic picture of tele-manipulation with proposed Haptic shared control. [modified from: H. Boessenkool, “A Task-Specific Analysis of the Benefit of Haptic Shared Control During Telemanipulation,” IEEE Trans. Haptics, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 2–12, 2013]

Scientific publications A. de Jonge, J. Wildenbeest, H. Boessenkool, and D. A. Abbink, “The Effect of Trial-by-trial Adaptation on Conflicts in Haptic Shared Control for Free-Air Teleoperation Tasks,” IEEE Trans. Haptics, vol. 1412, no. August, pp. 1–1, 2015. J. van Oosterhout, J. G. W. Wildenbeest, H. Boessenkool, C. J. M. Heemskerk, M. R. de Baar, F. C. T. van der Helm, and D. A. Abbink, “Haptic Shared Control in Tele-Manipulation : Effects of Inaccuracies in Guidance on Task Execution,” IEEE Trans. Haptics, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 164–175, 2015. H. Boessenkool, J. Thomas, C. J. M. Heemskerk, M. R. de Baar, M. Steinbuch, and D. a. Abbink, “Task analysis of human-in-the-loop tele-operated maintenance: What can be learned from JET?,” Fusion Eng. Des., vol. 89, no. 9–10, pp. 2283–2288, Oct. 2014. H. Boessenkool, D. A. Abbink, C. J. M. Heemskerk, F. C. T. van Der Helm, and J. G. W. Wildenbeest, “A Task-Specific Analysis of the Benefit of Haptic Shared Control During Telemanipulation,” IEEE Trans. Haptics, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 2–12, 2013. H. Boessenkool, D. A. Abbink, C. J. M. Heemskerk, M. Steinbuch, M. R. de Baar, J. G. W. Wildenbeest, D. M. S. Ronden, and J. F. Koning, “Analysis of human-in-the-loop tele-operated maintenance inspection tasks using VR,” Fusion Eng. Des., vol. 88, pp. 2164–2167, 2013. J. G. W. Wildenbeest, D. A. Abbink, C. J. M. Heemskerk, F. C. T. van Der Helm, and H. Boessenkool, “The Impact of Haptic Feedback Quality on the Performance of Teleoperated Assembly Tasks,” IEEE Trans. Haptics, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 242–252, Apr. 2013.

310 |

Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders AJH Donné MR de Baar IGJ Classen

Participants A Bogomolov

Cooperations Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Garching, Germany

Visualisation of instabilities at the edge of ASDEX-Upgrade plasmas PhD student | Postdoc A (Anton) Bogomolov Project aim Utilize ECE Imaging diagnostic, in combination with other diagnostics, to study the development of ELM mode, providing a detailed description of the main charachteristics, and the plasma parameters on which these depend. Look into the inpact of ELM control coils. Make a comparison between the experimentally observed characteristics and those predicted by ELM theory and models.

Progress The work includes ELM studies in cases, when ELMs are mitigated with Resonant Magnetic Perturbations (RMP), when nitrogen seeding is applied and also concentrates on the processes which happen in between of two consecutive ELMs. Latest research has shown that ELMs without nitrogen seeding have an additional phase where relatively hot elongated structures (‘filaments’) are extruded by plasma which is never the case for nitrogen seeded ELMs.

Funded by FOM DIFFER (NWO)

Funding % per money stream FOM EU

85 % 15 %

Start of the project 2011 (10)

Information A Bogomolov T : +49 (0)17627553866 E : abogomolov86@gmail.com

Figures: Three snapshots of a filament produced after a type-I ELM as seen by ECEI. The filament propagates poloidally in the electron diamagnetic drift direction slightly outside of the separatrix.

Scientific publications Study of the ELM fluctuation characteristics during the mitigation of type-I ELMs; A.V. Bogomolov, I.G.J. Classen, J.E. Boom, A.J.H. Donné, E. Wolfrum, R. Fischer, E. Viezzer, P. Schneider, P. Manz, W. Suttrop, N.C. Luhmann Jr. and the ASDEX Upgrade Team. Nucl. Fusion 55 (2015) 083018 doi:10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083018 The effect of nitrogen seeding on ELM filaments; A.V. Bogomolov, I.G.J. Classen, A.J.H. Donné, M. Dunne, P.A. Schneider, E. Wolfrum, B. Vanovac, R. Fischer, L. Frassinetti, N.C. Luhmann Jr. and the ASDEX Upgrade Team, EUROfusion, MST1 Team. Submitted to Nucl. Fusion (2015)

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 311

Department

Detection of MHD instabilitities in tokamak plasmas

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders MR de Baar

Participants

PhD student | Postdoc H (Hugo) van den Brand Project aim The tokamak, the most promising reactor type for energy production using nuclear fusion, suffers from instabilities, such as magnetic islands. When left unchecked, such islands could result in a sudden uncontrolled stop of the fusion process. Therefore, these islands either need to be prevented or detected and suppressed. Magnetic islands are mainly triggered by different instabilities, most notably the sawtooth instability. The goal of this project is to provide detection techniques for magnetic islands and the sawtooth instability, such that the derived signals could be used for control.

H van den Brand

Cooperations IPP Garching, Germany IGVP Stuttgart, Germany TNO Delft

Progress Firstly, several measurements of magnetic islands have been done using a movable measurement location. Based on a correlation with magnetic signals, the detection of magnetic islands is possible. Secondly, a real-time capable detector for sawtooth has been developed and a paper is in preparation.

Funded by FOM programme 120

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2011

Information H van den Brand T : +31 (0)40 247 2058 E : h.v.d.brand@tue.nl

Figure The picture above shows a temperature measurement in light grey and shows that the sawtooth detector estimates a similar temperature in dark grey. Expected crashes that should be detected are shown as dark grey vertical boxes. The detector detects all the crashes as is indicated by the dashed vertical lines topped by crosses.

Scientific publications H. van den Brand et al., Combined electron cyclotron emission and heating for the suppression of magnetic islands in fusion plasmas, Proceedings of Science vol 240, http://pos.sissa.it/archive/conferences/240/002/ECPD2015_002.pdf (refereed proceedings) Brand, H. van den, Baar, M.R. de, Lopes Cardozo, N.J. & Westerhof, E. (2013). Evaluating neoclassical tearing mode detection with ECE for control on ITER. Nuclear Fusion, 53(1):013005. Brand, H. van den, Baar, M.R. de, Lopes Cardozo, N.J. & Westerhof, E. (2012). Integrated modelling of island growth, stabilization and mode locking consequences for NTM control on ITER. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 54(9):094003.

312 |

Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

The investigation of the physics of vapour shielding and its application as a power exhaust mechanism for nuclear fusion devices PhD student | Postdoc GG (Stein) van Eden Project aim

Th Morgan

The investigation of the physics of vapour shielding and its application as a power exhaust mechanism for nuclear fusion devices.

Participants

Progress

GG van Eden

Cooperations -

Funded by FOM

The PhD project entails the investigation of the potential of vapour shielding in protecting a liquid metal PFC from the intense plasma heat flux impinging on the surface. The aim is to fully map the power balance and understanding the various underlying physical processes. A key parameter in this study is the amount of radiation produced by the evaporated particles. An Infrared Imaging Bolometer System for NSTX-U is currently being developed at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory in an international collaboration. Experiments of liquid Sn has previously led to interesting new phenomena such as a self-regulated heat flux mitigation process.

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (February)

Information GG van Eden E : G.G.vanEden@differ.nl

Figure: The tin surface receives a plasma heat flux (q_ref) which leads to evaporation and subsequent vapor formation in front of the target. The received power is dissipated via evaporation (q_evap) and direct mass transport (q_mass), radiation by the tin vapor cloud (q_rad) and plasma mass transport resulting from CX and recombination processes (q_mass). The remaining heat is conducted to the cooling water. The contributions of these processes in the overall power balance is assessed.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 313

Department

Numerical methods for anisotropic diffusion

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc B (Bram) van Es Project aim

Project leaders

Edge Localized Modes (ELMs) are disruptive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities observed in torus-shaped fusion devices in which an extremely hot plasma is confined magnetically (tokamaks) for the eventual goal of energy production. The project aim is to find ways to control and mitigate ELMs in an early stage of their development.

B Koren HJ de Blank

Progress

B van Es

Investigation of numerical techniques for the simulation of edge localized modes. My research focused on numerical schemes to approximate the extremely anisotropic diffusion which occurs on nuclear fusion plasmas.

Cooperations

Public defense: April 22, 2015.

Participants

FOM-DIFFER CWI

Funded by FOM (FOM Program 120, ‘Active Control of Magnetic Hydrodynamic Modes in Burning Plasmas’)

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (June)

Information B van Es T +31 (0)20 5924166 E b.van.es@cwi.nl

Figure: Discretisation error for extremely anistropic diffusion problem with elliptic field lines.

Scientific publications Es, B. van, Koren, B. & Blank, H.J. de (2014). Finite-difference schemes for anisotropic diffusion. Journal of Computational Physics, volume 272, pages 526-549.

Dissertation Es, van, B. (2015). Numerical methods for anisotropic diffusion. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Barry Koren & Hugo de Blank).

314 |

Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders AJH Donné MR de Baar R Scannell

Measurement of electron kinetic profiles in the divertor region and during magnetic perturbations using Thomson Scattering PhD student | Postdoc JN (Joshua Nathaniel) Hawke Project aim Contribute to Thomson scattering diagnostics development / understanding on the MAST, JET, and ITER tokamaks with a focus on studies of electron kinetics during plasma edge instabilities.

Progress

Participants JN Hawke

Cooperations R Scannell J Harrison R Huxford P Bohm A Kirk IT Chapman

The scope of my PhD work is focused around three areas; the development, calibration and application of Thomson scattering diagnostic systems for nuclear fusion plasmas. Performing development work on the design of a divertor Thomson scattering diagnostic for the MAST Upgrade device. Work performed on the JET tokamak formulating a calibration correction to the core LIDAR through optical analysis helped resolve a long standing discrepancy between electron temperature measurements on JET. Applying my diagnostic knowledge allowed for the use of the 130 point core Thomson scattering diagnostic on MAST to analyze profiles during resonant magnetic perturbation experiments. Public defense: September 23, 2015. Collection Cell

Funded by FOM/ITER-NL Laser I nput

TS View Region

Funding % per money stream FOM ITER-NL EU

65 % 20 % 15 %

Laser Line

Start of the project

TS Port Window Beam Dump

2011

Information JN Hawke T : +44 (0)7876777117 E : J.N.Hawke@differ.nl

Figure: The resulting optical design for the MAST-Upgrade Thomson scattering diagnostic system to view within the new Super-X divertor that is to be installed as part of the upgrade to the tokamak. Designed with the capability to measure right up to the divertor tiles at an ~1cm spatial resolution down to 1eV electron temperature.

Scientific publications R.Scannell, A. Kirk, M. Carr, J. Hawke, et al., Impact of Resonant Magnetic Perturbations on the L-H Transition on MAST, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion [accepted]. PPCF-100533.R2 (2015). I.T. Chapman et al. Nucl. Fusion 54 123003 (2014); doi:10.1088/0029-5515/54/12/123003. J. Hawke et al. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 103507 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4824074. J. Hawke et al. JINST 8 C11010 (2013); doi:10.1088/1748-0221/8/11/C11010.

Dissertation Hawke, J.N. (2015). Measurement of electron kinetic profiles in the divertor region and during magnetic perturbations using Thomson scattering. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Tony Donné & R. Scannell).

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Burn equilibria in fusion reactors

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders NJ Lopes Cardozo RJE Jaspers

Participants MA Jakobs

Cooperations WDY - Applied Physics - TU/e Systems and Control - Mechanical Engineering - TU/e

PhD student | Postdoc MA (Merlijn) Jakobs Project aim Determine the (stability) properties of burn equilibria in fusion reactors.

Progress Future fusion reactors will rely to a large extend on the alpha particles generated by the fusion reaction to heat the plasma. This creates a whole new dynamic that has received little attention so far. We have investigated the properties of burn equilibria in future fusion reactors and their sensitivity to changes in plasma parameters, using a model based on the well established scaling laws for energy and particle confinement. The results show that, regardless of design parameters, all fusion reactors share the same (dimensionless) operating contours. The phase space is divided into regions of different stability, the boundaries of which are determined by the choice of scaling law and energy/particle transport ratio. Public defense scheduled for 2016.

Funded by TU/e high potential program

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2010

Information MA Jakobs T : +31 (0)40 247 4047 E : m.a.jakobs@tue.nl

Figure: The stability of the four eigenvectors for a burning plasma in DEMO A using the IPB98(y,2) scaling for τ_E. Red indicates unstable behaviour, blue oscillatory unstable behaviour, magenta oscillatory stable behaviour and green stable behaviour. The first eigenvector (top left) is the one that causes the system to be unstable at the low temperature equilibrium and can be associated with the temperature perturbation. All eigenvectors are stable (or oscillatory stable) at high the high temperature equilibrium. The irregularities in the boundaries between the different colours, for instance on the green-purple boundary in the two plots on the right is an artefact of the way the eigenvectors were determined. Please note that the density and β limits are not taken into account in this plot.

Scientific publications Jakobs, M.A., Lopes Cardozo, N.J. & Jaspers, R.J.E. (2014). Fusion burn equilibria sensitive to the ratio between energy and helium transport. Nuclear Fusion, 54:122005. Kappatou, A., Jaspers, R.J.E., Delabie, E.G., Marchuk, O., Biel, W. & Jakobs, M.A. (2012). Method to obtain absolute impurity density profiles combining charge exchange and beam emission spectroscopy without absolute intensity calibration. Review of Scientific Instruments, 83(10):10D519.

316 |

Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Interaction of a controlled sawtooth cycle with the distribution of helium in a fusion reactor and study of related MHD activity PhD student | Postdoc F (Fabien) Jaulmes Project aim

Project leaders AJH Donné E Westerhof

Participants F Jaulmes

Cooperations External: EFDA Manuel Garcia-Munoz

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM EU

85 % 15 %

The aim of the project is to investigate the transport of ions (thermal and energetic) in a tokamak plasma undergoing a perturbed Magneto Hydro-Dynamic (MHD) activity during a sawtooth crash. The consequences of such redistribution in a fusion reactor are also investigated. The impact of a population of fast ions on the plasma stability is also studied.

Progress A numerical code, EBdyna_go, has been developed to model the evolution of fast ions during the magnetic field line reconnection event related to the sawtooth collapse. This computational tool has been applied to the modelling of Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) ions in the ASDEX Upgrade experiment, as well as the reconstruction of soft X-ray emission from tungsten impurity. The experimental data allowed to validate the modelling and will help to improve its precision and parametrization. The comparison with the newly developed FIDA tomography is encouraging (see figure): the trend of the redistribution with pitch and energy is recovered by the simulation. Regarding the impact of a large population of fast particles on the MHD, calculations were done to provide an analytical estimate of the TAE (Toroidal Alfvén Eigenmode) activity that would deteriorate confinement. An undergoing effort is dedicated to contribute to the International Tokamak Physics Activity (ITPA) benchmark for a numerical estimate of the TAE growth rate and saturation amplitude.

Start of the project 2011

Information F Jaulmes T : +31 (0)30 6096948 E : f.jaulmes@differ.nl

Figure: Comparison of experimental FIDA (Fast Ion D Alpha) data (tomo, full line curves) for several D ion kinetic energy. The plot shows the fraction of ions inside the core that are redistributed as a function of the pitch of the particle. The data are compared with realistic simulations of the sawtooth inside the experiment (dashed curves).

Scientific publications F. Jaulmes, E. Westerhof and H. J. De Blank, "Redistribution of fast ions during sawtooth reconnection", Nucl. Fusion 54 (2014) 104013. F. Jaulmes, B. Geriger, T. Ostrcil, M. Weiland, M. Salewski, A.S. Jacobsen, J. Rasmussen, M Stejner, S.K. Nielsen, E. Westerhof and the ASDEX Upgrade team, "Numerical and experimental study of the redistribution of energetic and impurity ions by sawteeth in ASDEX Upgrade", Nucl. Fusion. F. Jaulmes, S. D. Pinches, E. Westerhof and JET-EFDA contributors, "Consequences of sawteeth on TAE activity in fusion plasmas" 41st EPS Conference on Plasma Physics, P1.020 , Berlin, Germany (2014).

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders MCM van den Sanden

Understanding plasma detachment through advanced diagnosis PhD student | Postdoc K (Karol) Jesko Project aim Contribute to the understanding of the phenomena that govern plasma detachment in tokamak divertors via dedicated experiments at Pilot-PSI and modeling.

Remark

K Jesko

This thesis is carried out in the frame of the Erasmus Mundus Fusion-DC scheme jointly between two institutes, CEA/IRFM in Cadarache, France and the FOM Institute DIFFER, Eindhoven, Netherlands.

Cooperations

Progress

Participants

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (October)

The fusion reactor ITER will produce 500 MW of fusion power. During operation, power and particles are exhausted into the scrape-off layer, a two centimetre thick plasma layer at the edge of the confined plasma which is in contact with solid divertor targets. In order to prevent melting of these plasma facing components, ITER will operate in a partially detached regime. Pilot-PSI provides a relevant, high density, low temperature plasma that is similar as expected in the ITER divertor. In order to accurately measure the target ion flux density, an embedded single Langmuir probe and a tunnel probe were constructed and exploited during the first year of the thesis. The tunnel probe was actively cooled and could sustain peak power loading of ~ 20 MW/m2. The Thomson scattering diagnostic was used to determine parallel pressure gradients in the plasma in order to provide valuable input for modelling.

Information K Jesko E : Karoljesko@yahoo.com

Figure: Exploded view of the actively cooled tunnel probe.

Scientific publications I. Ďuran, K. Ješko, V. Fuchs, M. Groth, C. Guillemaut, J. P. Gunn, J. Horacek, R. A. Pitts, and D. Tskhakaya, “Assessment of the effect of parallel temperature gradients in the JET SOL on Te measured by divertor target Langmuir probes,” J. Nucl. Mater., vol. 463, pp. 432–435, Aug. 2015.

318 |

Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders M de Baar E Westerhof

Participants TPC Klaver TW Morgan

PhD student | Postdoc TPC (Peter) Klaver Project aim The aim of the project is to see if ballistic penetration of low-energy He ions is a more realistic mechanism for He ions to move through W ‘fuzz’ than the accepted idea of He diffusion through the nanorods that make up the fuzz. The formation of a fuzz layer on W under intense He bombardment requires a supply of He to the bulk W under the fuzz layer, which the He then transforms into yet more fuzz. Classical Molecular Dynamics simulations are used to obtain a very detailed, atom-by-atom picture of He ions bouncing through a ready-built fuzz structure, to see how deep they penetrate.

Progress

Cooperations Materials Science and Engineering dept. of Delft University of Technology

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

Studying ballistic He penetration into W fuzz through Molecular Dynamics simulations

Atomistic models of large-scale fuzz structures, consisting of tens of millions of atoms, have been constructed in different ways and bombared with thousands of 60 eV He ions. Automatic analysis of He trajectories has been set up and applied to a total of 50000 He ions. Results show that He penetration falls off exponentially with penetration depth. For fuzz structures with 15vol% W, the ‘half depth’ is 180 nm. For much sparser fuzz structures (as fuzz was shown to be in recent experiments) the half depth would be on the order of a micrometer. This means that ballistic penetration may provide a sufficient explanation for how He ions would penetrate through even the thickest fuzz layers grown to date.

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information TPC Klaver T : +31 (0)40 3334737 E : klaver2@gmail.com

Figure: Large-scale (0.43 x 0.13 x 0.13 micrometer), 15 vol% simulated W fuzz structure, built out of 90 ellipsoids, consisting of 35 million atoms. Colors serve only to distinguish ellipsoids in the structure and do not relate to any physical property.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders Th Morgan P Tabares JM Noterdaeme P Fernandez Sanchez

Participants V Kvon

Cooperations DIFFER CIEMAT TU/e Ghent University

Funded by FUSION-DC

Alternative target concepts for power and particle exhaust in fusion application PhD student | Postdoc V (Vladimir) Kvon Project aim At the moment ITER is under construction in Cadarache, France. After ITER successful launch, DEMO (Demonstration Fusion Power Plant) should be designed. One of the most essential problem for ITER, consequently DEMO, is the choice of plasma facing components (PFC). At present, the choice was done in favor of tungsten. However, this metal has some disadvantages such as cracking after thermal cycling, melting due to off-normal events and embrittlement under neutron irradiation. All these issues can be treated and maintained on acceptable level in ITER, but will become critical in DEMO. Therefore, a specific liquid metals concept was proposed as an alternative and possible solution for next generation of PFC.

Progress One of the key points for DEMO is to have a high power efficiency (Q). Sputtering of the PFC will lead to a drop of power output due to increased core radiation and the creation of instabilities. Thus, impurities and their subsequent dilution of or radiation in the plasma should be minimized. Our previous measurements indicated anomalous erosion yields of liquid tin which could not be explained by existing data of evaporation curves, plasma sputtering yields or adatom model. A Cavity-Ring-Down-Spectroscopy (CRDS) system was implemented to study erosion of tin from a liquid target under a plasma beam. This laser diagnostic was installed in the Pilot-PSI a plasma linear device, a high flux low temperature linear plasma device which produces conditions which well replicate those expected in the ITER and DEMO divertors.

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information V Kvon T : +31 (0)6 28499559 E : v.kvon@differ.nl

Figure: Optical setup implemented on PILOT-PSI.

Scientific publications -

320 |

Department

Tokamak divertor modelling with EUNOMIA

DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc W (Wei) Lu Project aim

W Lu

The nonlinear Monte-Carlo code Eunomia has been developed for kinetic modelling of neutral particles in plasmas. Its design ensures high flexibility to treat different geometries, in particular linear plasma devices such as Magnum-PSI and Pilot-PSI, and tokamak divertors. Eunomia, coupled to the plasma multi-fluid code B2.5 following the SOLPS standards , has successfully modelled Magnum-PSI and Pilot-PSI plasma beams interacting with conducting targets , revealing the global consequences of e.g. local electric currents and populations of vibrationally excited molecules. The goal of this project is to use B2.5-Eunomia as a predictive modelling tool for tokamak divertor plasmas. A role of Magnum-PSI and Pilot-PSI modelling is to provide validation of reaction rates and collision cross sections at the relatively low temperatures of 2–5 eV expected in front of ITER divertor target plates in the detached regime.

Cooperations

Progress

A series of tests with simple physical models have been completed using the Pilot-PSI (linear device at DIFFER) geometry and common boundary conditions. These results are according with physical understanding. Now the application of ASDEX-Upgrade geometry on B2.5-Eunomia is in progress. Rough grids have been made for Eunomia based on the magnetic field configuration on ASDEXUpgrade. A reduced resolution of the grids and physical boundaries conditions are required to be implemented for simulation.

Project leaders HJ de Blank WJ Goedheer AJH Donné

Participants

Funded by Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC)

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information W Lu T : +31 (0)30 6096835 E : w.lu@differ.nl

Figure: (Top) Grids for Pilot-PSI. (Left) Simulation of the fluxes, densities, potential and current profile on target in a pure hydrogen plasma beam on Pilot-PSI (B=0.8T, Te=3.3eV, ne=4.8e20m-3). (Right) Rough grids of ASDEX-Upgrade for Eunomia.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders MR de Baar

Participants E Maljaars

Cooperations -

Funded by TU/e Eurofusion

Funding % per money stream University 80 % Eurofusion 20 %

Model predictive control of the safety factor profile in tokamaks PhD student | Postdoc E (Bert) Maljaars Project aim Successful high performance tokamak operation simultaneously requires plasma stability at high values of the normalized pressure as well as long energy confinement times. Both confinement and stability are associated with the distribution of the current density in the plasma, equivalent to the safety factor profile q (ρ). Achieving and maintaining a reference q-profile during a tokamak discharge in the presence of disturbances and uncertainties is the focus of this work. The controller real-time-varying operational and physics limits into account. A well established control methodology called model predictive control will be exploited to tackle this control problem in tokamaks. The aim is to demonstrate the performance in existing tokamaks after extensive analysis in simulations.

Progress A model predictive controller is designed for the tokamak safety factor profile that takes real-timevarying operational and physics limits into account. First simulation results are published in Nuclear Fusion. Currently this work is being improved and tested in a closed-loop simulation environment prior to implementation in experiments on the TCV tokamak beginning 2016. In addition, management of conflicting controller requests to actuator systems in tokamaks is being investigated.

Start of the project 2012 (November)

Information E Maljaars T : +31 (0)40 247 3578 E : e.maljaars@tue.nl

Figure: Envisioned implementation of the model predictive controller in a tokamak.

Scientific publications Maljaars, E et al (2015), Control of the tokamak safety factor profile with time-varying constraints using MPC. Nuclear Fusion 55 023001.

322 |

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders MGD Geers

Participants A Mannheim

Cooperations -

Modelling and analysis of extreme materials for energy applications PhD student | Postdoc A (Awital) Mannheim Project aim In order to realize a viable fusion reactor it is necessary to have a divertor (heat extractor) of a sufficient lifetime. Given the extreme heat loads that have to be endured by the component under operation, combined with severe particle loads, this is a difficult task. In this project multiscale modelling is used to study the combined effects of the neutron and heat loads on the evolution of the mechanical properties of the divertor. Modelling is an indispensable tool, since it is not possible to experimentally test the divertor component under fusion conditions.

Progress The multiscale model is under development.

Funded by -

Funding % per money stream Impuls PhD 100 %

Start of the project 2014 (November)

Information A Mannheim T : +31 (0)40 247 2644 E : A.Mannheim@tue.nl

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 323

Department

Turbulence and zonal flows in tokamak plasmas

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc VH (Vitor) Marques Fernandes Rosas Project aim

VH Marques Fernandes Rosas LPJ Kamp

Large scale coherent flows play an important role both in geophysical fluids and in fusion since they interact with the turbulence and can give rise to transport barriers. It turns out that these phenomena in fluids and plasmas can be described by the same equation. Therefore a relatively simple fluid dynamics experiment is proposed with the aim to study how zonal flows affect turbulence and turbulent transport and how these flows are sustained in the improved confinement mode. Comparisons fluid–plasmas by experiments and numerical simulations are an integral part of this research. In this project visualisation of the effect of flow on turbulence is a key element, whereas the fluid dynamics experiment will also serve as a test bed for control methods (link with project "Control of plasma transport by plasma flow" which is being conducted at Dept. Mech. Engineering, TU/e).

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders HJH Clercx GJF van Heijst

Participants

N Lopes Cardozo R Jaspers M Steinbuch M de Baar

We are in the process of finalizing the PhD-thesis and writing several papers related to the results of this project.

Funded by TU/e

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2010 (March)

Information HJH Clercx T : +31 (0) 40 247 2680 E : h.j.h.clercx@tue.nl W: www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/ LPJ Kamp T : +31 (0)40 247 4292 E : l.p.j.kamp@tue.nl W: www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/

Scientific publications -

324 |

Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders RJE Jaspers

Participants M Messmer

Cooperations National Fusion Research Institute (NFRI) Daejeon, S. Korea

Funded by University

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

q-profile control for steady state, high performance discharges at KSTAR PhD student | Postdoc M (Maximiliam) Messmer Project aim The goal of this PhD project is to achieve long pulse, steady state, high performance discharges in the KSTAR tokamak by controlling the q-profile evolution during the discharge. For this, a Motional Stark Effect diagnostic (MSE) was developed in collaboration between TU/e and NFRI and successfully commissioned in 2015. The MSE diagnostic provides direct, specially localized access to the current density profile, an important quantity that is otherwise unaccessible.

Progress In 2015 the MSE system has been commissioned during the 2015 KSTAR plasma campaign. The first MSE measurements at the KSTAR tokamak were a big success, demonstrating the diagnostics advanced capabilities. It has been shown that the MSE system can accurately resolve the magnetic pitch angle profile on a millisecond timescale and thus provide important information about the otherwise unaccessible magnetic field configuration within the reactor. To qualitatively analyse the data, plasma equilibrium solvers are a commonly used tool in tokamak physics. These software suits are able to numerically reconstruct the plasma equilibrium using the data of various diagnostics as boundary conditions. For this and to make the acquired data available to the research community at KSTAR, the used plasma equilibrium solver EFIT has been adapted to incorporated the data of the MSE diagnostic providing good initial results.

Start of the project 2015 (February)

Information M Messmer T : +31 (0)40 247 4047 E : m.c.c.messmer@tue.nl W: www.phys.tue.nl/fusion

Figure: Graphic modified from: https://www.euro-fusion.org/fusion/spot-on-jet-operations/measuring-the-plasma/magnetic-field/

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department

Real-time tokamak discharge simulator

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders F Felici

Participants A Palha B Koren

PhD student | Postdoc A (Artur) Palha Project aim This project proposes to build, for the first time, a real-time capable full tokamak simulator that evolves both the plasma 2D equilibrium and the 1D profiles self-consistently. At the core of this solver will be a novel numerical algorithm that is capable of solving the set of coupled non-linear equilibrium and transport equations in real-time in an integrated and self-consistent way, and, at the same time, be naturally capable of assimilating diagnostic data. The final goal of this project is to use this simulator to: (i) prepare fusion plasma discharge scenarios, (ii) test control algorithms for plasma fusion, and (iii) embed into control system for state estimation.

Progress Cooperations DIFFER EPFL University Nice

Funded by -

The simulator is comprised of two fundamental components: the equilibrium computation and the transport -diffusion computation. Currently the equilibrium routines responsible for evaluating the shape of the plasma have been developed and tested (a journal paper has been submitted in November to the Journal of Computational Physics). On what regards the transport-diffusion component of the simulator the derivation of a new and more efficient formulation of the problem has been developed. The next stages will be to (i) numerically implement and test this new formulation and (ii) develop and implement the coupling strategy between the two components.

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2014 (May)

Information A Palha T : +31 (0) 6 391 251 30 E : a.palha@tue.nl W: www.palha.org

Figure: Numerical solution of the shape of a plasma with an X-point obtained with the simulator in equilibrium mode.

Scientific publications -

326 |

Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders MR de Baar

Participants A Perillo I Classen TW Morgan

Cooperations EPG group (TU/e - Applied Physics)

Simulating edge localized modes in linear plasma device Magnum-PSI PhD student | Postdoc R (Renato) Perillo Project aim Plasma facing components is one of the most serious issue concerning future fusion reactors. Edge localized modes (ELMs) are plasma instabilities that occur in highly confined mode (so called Hmode regime). ELMs are rapid expulsions of energy and particles from the plasma edge into the scrape-off-layer (SOL) leading transient heat and particle fluxes to the divertor components. These phenomena are reflected in harmful events such as melting, sublimation, fuel retention, erosion and sputtering of the divertor material. The aim of my project is to realistically simulate this scenario by means of the linear plasma device Magnum-PSI. The experimental parameters that are going to be adopted are based on the ASDEX Upgrade Tokamak observations. Impurity sputtering will be monitored with high resolution optical emission spectroscopy. In addition, computer simulations of impurity transport are also going to be performed.

Progress This research started in November, hence no progress yet (the reactor’s campaign will start in April, so only computer simulations are going to be carried out until that period).

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (November)

Information R Perillo E : R.Perillo@differ.nl

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders NJ Lopes Cardozo

Participants P Rindt

Cooperations DIFFER (NL) Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (USA)

Funded by TU/e Impuls programme, in collaboration with DIFFER

Assessment of the Feasibility of a Flowing Liquid Lithium Divertor for DEMO PhD student | Postdoc P (Peter) Rindt Project aim Assessment of the Feasibility of a Flowing Liquid Lithium Divertor for DEMO

Progress The research will in practice address the four subgoals below. The first subgoal will aim to identify any gaps in the knowledge required for the design of a flowing liquid lithium divertor (FLLD). This will give direction to the experiments in subgoal 2 and 3. The outcome will be used in subgoal 4, along with knowledge from literature, to model and assess the performance of a FLLD for DEMO. The project has just started in October 2015. Subgoal 1: Assessment of the Completeness and Relevance of the Available Litterature for the Design of a Flowing Liquid Lithium Divertor for DEMO. Subgoal 2: Testing of the NSTX-U LLD: Measurement of the Lifetime of Lithium in a Realistic Divertor Component. Subgoal 3: Quantitative Measurement of Fuel Retention in Lithium under Fusion Relevant Conditions and its Effect on Net Erosion. Subgoal 4: Assessment of the Feasibilty of a Flowing Liquid Lithium Divertor Design For DEMO.

Funding % per money stream Impuls PhD 100 %

Start of the project 2015 (September)

Information P Rindt T : +31 (0)40 247 4047 E : p.rindt@tue.nl

Figure: Technical drawing of the LLD prototype for NSTX-U, and indication of the different subsystems. The main subsystems (bold) are the reservoir (in which lithium will be stored), the wicking channels (through which lithium will be transported to the surface), and the porous textured surface (which will be exposed to the plasma and across which the lithium will be distributed). Note that the component is designed to operate without active cooling, and requires glow discharge cleaning to provide a clean lithium surface. This component will be very different than the flowing liquid lithium divertor concepts considered in this project, but it still very useful for investigation of for example the lifetime of lithium in a realistic divertor component.

Scientific publications Proceedings of the ISLA-4, 2015 conference (submitted, authors in alphabetical order): Upgrades toward high-heat flux, liquid lithium plasma-facing components in the NSTX-U. M.A. Jaworski, A. Brooks, R. Kaita, N. Lopes-Cardozo, J. Menard, M. Ono, P. Rindt, K. Tresemer.

328 |

Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders MR de Baar I Classen

Participants B Vanovac R Perillo

Cooperations -

Funded by NWO VIDI grant

Funding % per money stream NWO Other 100 %

Electron temperature fluctuations studies with the ECEI diagnostic on ASDEX Upgrade PhD student | Postdoc B (Branka) Vanovac Project aim The main goal of this project is to exploit the 3D possibilities of Electron Cyclotron Imaging diagnostic on the ASDEX Upgrade Tokamak, since it has been recently upgraded and equipped with a second array of detectors. This geometry enables quasi 3D studies of electron temperature fluctuations and this project is mainly focused on the MHD instabilities at the plasma edge, Edge Localized Modes (ELMs). ELMs are known as one of the major drowbacks of H-mode, forseen as the operation mode of future fusion reactors, therefore knowledge on the nature and structure of those events is valuable input for better understanding and ELM control.

Progress Major part of the last year work has been devoted to a diagnostic upgrade. With the upgrade plasma is monitored with two arrays with about 40 cm of toroidal separation. At this stage ECEI diagnostic on ASDEX Upgrade is fully set, commissioned and in operation as a standard AUG diagnostic. It can be set for the plasma edge and plasma core measurements independently and simultaneously. First data have been taken (Figure). At the same time, the geometry of the ECEI system is implemented in a 3D beamtracing code TORBEAM in order to study the radial resolution of the diagnostic at the plasma edge under oblique propagation. This study had shown that warm resonance positions can differ significantly from the cold resonances due to enhanced Doppler shit under oblique angles of propagation.

Start of the project 2015 (January)

Information B Vanovac T : +49 (0)89 3299 1947 E : B.Vanovac@differ.nl

Figure: Onset mode of an ELM as seen by both arrays of the ECEI system on ASDEX Upgrade. Discharge # 32403; Bt = -2.5 T; Ip = 1 MA. Color scale corresponds to Te (eV).

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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Department Applied Physics - Fusion

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders GTA Huijsmans NC Lopes Cardozo

Participants DC van Vugt LPJ Kamp

Hybrid MHD-Particle Simulations of ELMs in ITER Divertor Conditions PhD student | Postdoc DC (Daan) van Vugt Project aim An existing non-linear MHD code (JOREK) is being expanded to include the physics essential for description of the ITER high recycling divertor (ionisation, recombination, radiation and sputtering, neutrals and impurities). The resulting hybrid MHD-particle simulation code will be used to study the influence of the divertor physics on the Edge-Localized Mode (ELM) energy losses and possible consequences for ELM control methods. The physics of the redistribution of impurities (Tungsten) due to ELMs is a second important application.

Progress

Cooperations ITER

A Particle-In-Cell (PIC) method has been implemented in the framework of the JOREK code and some validation of this code has been carried out. A more extensive validation and comparison with experiments is underway.

Funded by ITER

Funding % per money stream FOM Industry

50 % 50 %

Start of the project 2015 (May)

Information DC van Vugt T : +31 (0) 652028891 E : d.c.v.vugt@tue.nl W: daanvanvugt.nl

Figure: Density plot in a cross-section of a JET-like tokamak simulation. The right cutouts are at intervals of 21 microseconds and show the development of an ELM instability.

Scientific publications -

330 |

4. Contact persons Department  Applied Physics

Name

prof.dr.ir. O.C.G. (Olaf) Adan

o.c.g.adan@tue.nl

prof.dr. H.J.H. (Herman) Clercx

h.j.h.clercx@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. (GertJan) G.J.F. van Heijst

g.j.f.v.heijst@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. W.M.M. (Erwin) Kessels

w.m.m.kessels@tue.nl

prof.dr. P.M. (Paul) Koenraad

p.m.koenraad@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. G.M.W. (Gerrit) Kroesen

g.m.w.kroesen@tue.nl

prof.dr. N.J. (Niek) Lopes Cardozo

n.j.lopes.cardozo@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. M.C.M. (Richard) van de Sanden m.c.m.v.d.sanden@tue.nl  Built Environment

 Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

prof.dr.ir. B.J.E. (Bert) Blocken

b.j.e.blocken@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. H.J.H. (Jos) Brouwers

h.j.h.brouwers@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. J.L.M. (Jan) Hensen

j.l.m.hensen@tue.nl

prof.ir. E.S.M. (Elphi) Nelissen

e.s.m.nelissen@tue.nl

Prof.Dr.-Ing. A.L.P. (Alex) Rosemann

a.l.p.rosemann@tue.nl

Prof.Dr.-Ing. P.M. (Patrick) Teuffel

p.m.teuffel@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. B. (Bauke) de Vries

b.d.vries@tue.nl

prof.ir. W. (Wim) Zeiler

w.zeiler@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. E.J.M. (Emiel) Hensen

e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl

prof.dr. V. (Volker) Hessel

v.hessel@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. R.A.J. (René) Janssen

r.a.j.janssen@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. J.A.M. (Hans) Kuipers

j.a.m.kuipers@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. M.C. (Maaike) Kroon

m.c.kroon@tue.nl

prof.dr. P.H.L. (Peter) Notten

p.h.l.notten@tue.nl

prof.dr. A.P.H.J. (Albert) Schenning

a.p.h.j.schenning@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. J.C. (Jaap) Schouten

j.c.schouten@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. M. (Martin) van Sint Annaland

m.v.sintannaland@tue.nl

 DIFFER

prof.dr.ir. M.C.M. (Richard) van de Sanden m.c.m.vandesanden@differ.nl

 Electrical Engineering

dr. M. (Madeleine) Gibescu

m.gibescu@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. P.M.J. (Paul) van den Hof

p.m.j.vandenhof@tue.nl

prof.dr. E.A. (Elena) Lomonova

e.lomonova@tue.nl

prof.dr. P.H.L. (Peter) Notten

p.h.l.notten@tue.nl

dr.ing. A.J.M. (Guus) Pemen

a.j.m.pemen@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. A.B. (Bart) Smolders

a.b.smolders@tue.nl

prof.dr. K.A. (Kevin) Wiliams

k.a.williams@tue.nl

prof.dr. F. (Fred) Langerak

f.langerak@tue.nl

prof.dr. E.J. (Ed) Nijssen

e.j.nijssen@tue.nl

dr. K.S. (Ksenia) Podoynitsyna

k.s.podoynitsyna@tue.nl

dr.ir. I.M.M.J. (Isabelle) Reymen

i.m.m.j.reymen@tue.nl

prof.dr. A.G.L. (Sjoerd) Romme

a.g.l.romme@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. G.P.J. (Geert) Verbong

g.verbong@tue.nl

 Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

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332 |

ď&#x201A;§ Mathematics and Computer Science

prof.dr.ir. B. (Barry) Koren

b.koren@tue.nl

ď&#x201A;§ Mechanical Engineering

prof.dr. M.R. (Marco) de Baar

m.r.d.baar @tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. E.H. (Harald) van Brummelen

e.h.v.brummelen@tue.nl

prof.dr. L.P.H. (Philip) de Goey

l.p.h.d.goey@tue.nl

prof.dr. J.G.M. (Hans) Kuerten

j.g.m.kuerten@tue.nl

prof.dr. H. (Henk) Nijmeijer

h.nijmeijer@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. D.M.J. (David) Smeulders

d.m.j.smeulders@tue.nl

dr.ir. L.M.T. (Bart) Somers

l.m.t.somers@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. M. (Maarten) Steinbuch

m.steinbuch@tue.nl

prof.dr. H.A. (Herbert) Zondag

h.a.zondag@tue.nl

5. Overview research topics Postdocs indicated in with * Chemergy

 Alards

 Rotating Rayleigh Bénard turbulence: numeric

 Arratibel Plazaola

 Pg-Ag pore-filled membranes for hydrogen separation

 Awasthi

 Particle-particle interaction in biomass co-firing power plants

 Baskan

 Advective-diffusive scalar transport in laminar periodic flows: an experimental investigation

 Beelen

 Model-Based Battery Management

 Bekerom, van den

 Beltman

 Plasma Chemistry at Work: efficient plasma-assisted fuel conversion through control of vibrational excitation  EUROS Work Package 1.4: Wind-Farm-Wake Interactions

 Boon

 Novel processes for high-temperature separation of CO2 and H2

 Bourgonje

 Developing a commercial test system to determine the most optimal torrefaction parameters

 Brehmer, Florian

 Shining light on transient CO2 plasma

 Broos

 Modeling the Fischer-Tropsch reaction (on Hägg Carbide surfaces)

 Bruinhorst, van den  Release Nature’s Building Blocks from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Novel Solvents

 Cambié

 Solar Light Driven Photocatalysis in Microreactors

 Campos Velarde

 Fundamental aspects of Chemical looping Biomass Processing

 Chaudhary

 CO2-neutral Methanol Synthesis from CO2 and H2 by Smart-Scaled, Reaction-Integrated Plasma Process  In-Situ investigation of the mobilization of Li ions in all-solid-state Lithium-ion batteries

 Cruellas Labella

 Sorbent Development on the Basis of Kinetics, and Mass- and Heat- Transport Phenomena in Sorption-Enhanced Processes at Elevated Temperatures  Methane activation via integrated membrane reactors

 De Martino

 Open micro-structured packing in GLS reactors for FT catalysts and reactor development

 Dietz

 Development of novel solvents for efficient reaction/extraction systems for bio-based processing

 Ding

 Mesh-free fracture simulation in swelling media

 Dumitrescu  Eggels

 Crystallization, nucleation and droplet growth for the combined gas treatment and liquefaction of natural gas  EUROS Work Package 1.3: Uncertainty Quantification in Wind and Waves

 Eichhorn

 WETREN (WEDACS True Environment)

 Elam

 Study of film morphology and gas permeation in thin silica-like films

 Feijen

 A novel marine bio-fuel: proof of concept to market proven

 Ferchaud

 Experimental study of salt hydrates for thermochemical seasonal heat storage

 Fernandes

 Redox active lignin degradation and selective functionalization of lignin-derived monomers

 Fernandez

 Palladium-based supported membranes for membrane reactors for hydrogen production

 Filonenko

 On the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 and carboxylic acid esters

 Filot

 Quantum chemical and microkinetic modeling of the Fischer-Tropsch reaction

 Gaeini

 Thermochemical Seasonal Heat Storage for Built Environment

 Gao, Lu*

 High-efficiency InP-based photocathode for hydrogen production by interface energetics design and photon management  Metal oxide based semiconductor photoelectrodes for solar hydrogen production: mechanism – stability – reactivity  Photo-bioreactors: saving algae from turbulence of project

 Chen, Chunguang  Coenen

 Goryachev  Gupta

31 32 -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

41 42

| 333

 Güvenatam

 Catalytic pathways for lignin depolymerization

 Helmi

 Micro-structured membrane reactors for water gas shift

 Hinsberg, van

 How gravity, shear and coalescence modify the droplet size distribution

 Hornsveld

 Thin film deposition of battery materials on 3D (nano)structures

 Huang, Xiaoming

 Lignin depolymerization and upgrading to Aromatics

 Insuasty Moreno

 A workflow for reservoir flow characterization: A tensor-based approach

 Joshi *

 ROTATING RAYLEIGH BÉNARD EXPERIMENTS: Tuning the transition between turbulent states

 Kimpel

 Structure-activity relationships in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

 Klarenaar

 A novel approach to renewable energy storage through plasma-assisted CO2-to-CO reduction

 Koelman

 Kollau

 Fuel feedstock production by a combined approach of controlled plasma conversion and membrane separation  Biomass fractionation using deep eutectic solvents

 Kumar

 Optimal offshore wind farms (OptiWind)

 Lan, Shuiquan

 Development of micro- and meso-scale models for thermo-chemical heat storage materials

 Li, Dongjiang

 Modeling of battery aging

 Litke

 Liu (Kaituo)

 Development of metal-sulfide-based photocatalysts for water reduction under visible light irradiation  Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Lactic Acid over MoO3-TiO2 catalysts

 Liu (Yoage)

 Characterisation of non-uniform glow discharge at atmospheric pressure

 Machura

 Unraveling the plasma chemistry in plasma discharges used for gas conversion

 Martini

 New CO2 capture process for pure hydrogen production combining Ca and Cu chemical loops

 Medrano Jimenez

 Mees *

 ClingCO2: Chemical Looping Reforming for pure hydrogen production with integrated CO2 capture  Atomic layer deposition of solid-state Li-ion battery materials

 Meshkova

 Ultra smooth film growth in non-uniform atmospheric plasma

 Michałek *

 Boiling Flow Regime Maps for Safe Designing

 Minea

 Non-oxidative coupling of methane via plasma catalysis

 Mitra

 PoroFlow: Non-equilibrium models for flow in heterogeneous porous media

 Musa *

 Interfacial effects in ionized porous media

 Nooijer, de

 Biogas to hydrogen in a fluidized bed membrane reactor

 Ortega Rojas

 Kinetic Study of the Methanol-to-Gasoline Conversion over ZSM-5 Catalysts

 Pala

 Development and Testing of Durable and Sulfur tolerant Water Gas Shift (WGS) Catalysts for Syngas adjustment using Microchannel Reactor  Nanoparticles made by atomic layer deposition as catalysts for photocatalytic splitting of water  High Pressure, Temperature, and Concentration Intensified Biobased Conversion Processes

 Nanomaterials synthesis via plasmonic heating

 Pathak

 Multiscale simulations for thermo chemical heat storage using new composite materials

 Ponduri

 Plasma assisted clean energy

 Prenter, de

 Isogeometric Finite Cell Methods for Fluid-Structure Interactions of Thin Embedded Structures

 Priems

 Boiling Flow Regime Maps for Safe Designing

 Rajaei

 Rotating RB turbulence: experiments

 Remij

 Numerical modelling of hydraulic fracturing

 San Pio Bordeje

 Unravelling the origin of the redox kinetics behaviour of oxygen carriers in chemical looping combustion  Heat storage for smart grids - Development of design methods for optimal integration and control of short-and long-term heat storage in intelligent energy networks  Polyalcohol Reforming to Synthesis Gas as Logistic Fuel for Mobile Fuel Cell Applications

 Palma, Di  Papaioannou  Krzelj  Parente

 Scapino  Shanmugam *

334 |

72 73

82 83

 Shoshin *

 Combustion strategies for next generation fuel-flexible burners

 Singh

 Phase-field modeling of hydraulic fracturing

 Siraj

 A robust hierarchical approach to life-cycle optimization

 Sögütoglu

 Stabilisation of inorganic crystal hydrates

 Spallina *

 Spezzati

 Advanced m-CHP fuel CELL system based on a novel bio-ethanol Fluidized bed membrane reformer  Engineering the nanoparticle-support interface for sustainable catalysis

 Standing

 Nanowire solar energy conversion

 Stoll *

 Development of photoanodes for gas phase photoelectrochemistry

 Su

 DFT study about CO oxidation over Pd@CeO2(111) surface

 Tadayon Mousavi

 Tan, Lianghui

 Efficient Electrical to Chemical Energy Conversion via Synergy Effects in Plasma- and Catalytic Technology  Discrete particle simulations of micro-structured membrane-assisted fluidized beds

 Tanyeli

 Nanostructuring of metal surfaces by high fluxes of low energy He ion irradiation

 Tempelman

 Hierarchical zeolites for catalytic hydrocarbon conversion

 Tian

 Lignin derived fuels as octant booster

 Uslamin

 Biomass conversion by porous oxides

 Valliappan

 Numerical modelling and validation of hydraulic fractures in anisotropic media

 Varghese

 GEOCHAOS-geoscience meets chaos

 Verreycken *

99 100

 Voort, van der

 Fuel feedstock production by a combined approach of controlled plasma conversion and membrane separation  Chemical Looping Reforming for pure hydrogen production with integrated CO2 capture (ClingCO2)  Experimental study of the dynamics of droplets in turbulent sprays and clouds

 Walsh *

 Surface reactivity of activated CO2

102

 Wang, Shaoying *

 Gas separation of CO2 plasmas

103

 Wassie

 Demonstration of a novel Chemical Switching Reforming (CSR) reactor for pure hydrogen production with integrated CO2 capture  In-situ studies porous materials synthesis

104

106

 Xie

 PlasmaPower2Gas (PP2G): Efficient Electrical to Chemical Energy Conversion via Synergy Effects in Plasma- and Catalytic Technology  Computer-aided design of iron-sulfide nanocatalysts for the solar-driven conversion of CO2 to fuels  SoS-Lion Project

 Yavuz

 Dynamics, collisions and coalescence of droplets in turbulence

109

 Yu, Cong

 Long-range interactions in the interface

 Yue, Chaochao

 Towards novel solid acids

110

 Zhang, Huiachen

 Molecular Modeling of Sugar Alcohols as Seasonal Heat Storage Materials

111

 Zhou, Zhen

 Effects of pressure on combustion characteristics of cellular hydrogen flames

112

 Zhu, Xiaochun

 Hierarchical zeolites as catalysts for methanol conversion reactions

113

 Zijlstra

 Towards understanding of adsorbate induced Co nanoparticle reconstruction during the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis reaction  Carbon capture with novel low-volatile solvents

114

 Voncken

 Wiesfeld  Wolf  Wu

 Zubeir

94 -

101

105

107 108

Solar PV

115 117 -

 Assali

 Pure crystal phase nanowires: growth and optical properties

 Bhattacharya

 Micromapping of ultrafast photo-conductivity of optoelectronic materials (MICROMAP)

119

 Bosch

 Atomic level understanding of interfaces and surfaces by (non)linear optical spectroscopy

120

 Cavalli

 Flexible very high efficiency solar cells

121

 Cui

 High-efficiency Nanowire Solar Cells

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 335

 Dam, Dick van

 Nanowire photonics for photovoltaics

 Di Carlo Rasi

 Multi-junction polymer solar cells

 Esiner

 Organic Artificial Leaves for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting

 Franeker

 Droplets, fibers & crystals: controlling the nanostructure of polymer and perovskite solar cells

 Furlan

 Multi-junction polymer and hybrid photovoltaic devices

 Gagliano

 Exploring the band structure of direct band gap Wurtzite III-V semiconductors

123

 Gatz

124

 Halpin *

 Novel multifunctional antireflecting, transparent, and conductive emitters for heterojunction cells  Enhancing transport through strong light-matter coupling

 Karwal

 Light management and interface engineering for highly efficient and ultra thin CIGS solar cells

126

 Koushik

 High Eficiency Hybrid Tandem Solar Cells

127

 Kuang

 Development of industrial technologies for new silicon back-contacted heterojunction cells

128

 Liu, Danqing *

 Photoresponsive coatings for cleaning solar cells

129

 Loo, van der

130

 Macco

 Advanced Surface Passivation Schemes Prepared by Atomic Layer Deposition for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells  Amorphous silicon growth kinetics and interface engineering for Si heterojunction solar cells

 Mameli

 Advanced atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes for energy applications

132

 Melskens *

 Passivating Contacts for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: from Concepts and Materials to Prospects  Nanocrystalline silicon at high-rate for multi-junction solar cells

133

135

 Pruissen

 Looking down the rabbit hole: impact of porosity in the (in)organic layers on the performance of moisture permeation multi-layer barriers  Lactam-based pi-conjugated semiconducting polymers

 Ramezani

 Nonlinear interaction of Plasmon-Exciton-Polaritons at room temperature

136

 Rehman

 A plasma-enhanced CVD reactor for the production of thin film solar cells

137

 Smit

 Advanced Interface Engineering for Si Heterojunction Solar Cells

138

 Veldhuizen

 Hot wire chemical vapor deposition for silicon and silicon-germanium thin films and solar cells

139

 Vu

 Nanowire Photoluminescence for Photovoltaics

 Zafeiropoulos

 Novel photoelectrochemical cells with polymeric membrane electrolytes

140

 Zardetto *

 NANOMATCELL

141

 Palmans  Perrotta

Urban energy  Aduda

125

131

134

143 145

 Akargün

 Smart Grid – BEMS: the art of optimizing. The connection between comfort demand and energy supply  Fate of Forgotten Fuel

 Akkurt

 Heat2Control

147

 Alam

 Environmental concretes based on treated MSWI bottom ashes

148

 Anastasopoulou

 Process Design for Nitrogen Fixation Reactions via Energy, Cost and Life-Cycle Analysis

149

 Antoniou

 Urban Thermo Fluid Dynamics and Sustainable Urban Design

150

 Baars

 High-Power DC-DC Converter

151

 Bachnas

 SMART Project

152

 Bakker

 Fate of Forgotten Fuel

153

 Bakker, de

 Creating Healthy Environments in Offices Occupancy patterns  Next generation of rare-earth motor for automotive applications

154

 Barakou

 Investigation of the impact of EHV underground power cables on the resonant and transient grid behavior

156

 Beckers

 Pulsed Power Driven Industrial Plasma Processing

 Beek, van

 High Voltage Actuation System for Future Generation Lithography Machines

 Bao

336 |

122

146

155

 Bergmair

 Design of a system for humidity harvesting using water vapor selective membranes

 Bernards

 Smart Planning

157

 Beuzekom, van

158

 Bikcora *

 Optimized design and operation of integrated (multi-)energy systems at city level to enable sustainable development  Electricity demand forecasting for smart charging of electric vehicles

 Blaauwbroek

 Real-time grid control and operation with market interaction

 Boerstra

 Personal Control over Indoor Climate in Office Buildings

160

 Borukhova

 Flow Reactor Networks – for integrated API synthesis

161

 Bottecchia

 Photocatalytic strategies for the selective modification of bioactive molecules

162

 Bozkaya

163

 Caprai

 Interaction between building services control and microGrid/ SmartGrid Reduction of uncertainty by adding flexibility to the balance between energy demand and energy supply around and between buildings; Energy efficient operation and integration of aquifer thermal energy storage into future smartgrid  Development of New Successful Business Models and Products in New Ventures: The Case of the Energy Sector  Environmental concrete based on treated bottom ash

 Caris

 PowerDAC: A new approach in power amplification

166

 Casteren, van

 GAUSSMOUNT 2 PM based variable force vibration isolation

 Chen, Handian

 Complete Vehicle Energy-saving Technologies for Heavy-Trucks

167

 Chen, Hung-Chu

 Interaction between Land Use, Energy Consumption and Temperature on the City Scale

168

 Chirumamilla

 Plasma-catalysis for air purification

 Chraibi

 Creating Healthy Environments – Offices; User Perception of Smart Lighting Systems

 Chvyreva

 Creeping Sparks: a study on surface discharge develoment

 Cuijpers

 Mobilising heavy hydrocarbons

170

 Ćuk *  Ni *  Curti

 Measurement tools for Smart Grid stability and quality

171

 Advanced Electric Powertrain Technology (ADEPT)

172

 Dai

 Basic Crossover Correction Cells (B3C) for high-precision electric power processing amplifiers

173

 Dam, van Jeroen

 3Ccar: Self–Powered Adaptive Damper

174

 Danilov *

 3Ccar (Integrated Components for Complexity Control in affordable electric cars)

175

 Doddema

 The role of aromatics in soot formation

176

 Doudart de la Grée

 Development of sustainable and functionalized inorganic binder-biofiber composites

177

 Dubbelboer

178

 Efimov

 Towards optimization of emulsified consumer products: Modeling and optimization of sensory and physicochemical aspects  Development of Reliable Emission and Atomization Models for Combustor Design

 Elkholy

 DBD-Plasma assisted combustion

180

 Escribà Gelonch *

 Photo-High-T intensification for the production of Vitamin D3

181

 Fatimah

 Transition in Action: Non-linearity, Multiplicity, Materiality in Indonesian Biofuel Villages

182

 Finck

 Interaction between building service control and nanogrid – reduction of uncertainty within the process control for offices by flexible decentralized energy storage

183

 Fransen

 Experimental Study of Homogeneous Water Nucleation in a Pulse-Expansion Wave Tube

 Gaetani

 A strategy for fit-for-purpose occupant behavior modeling in building performance predictions

184

 Gao, Xu

 Development of eco-friendly alkali activated slag-fly ash composites

185

 Garikapati

 Uncertainty Quantification in Hydraulic-fracturing Processes

186

 Gemoets

 Breaking the Unbreakable: C-H Carbonylation in Micro Flow and Vision to Process

187

 Geng, Feiyu

 Improvement of efficiency and fatigue life of vertical-axis wind turbines

188

 Gerrits

 Dynamic drive concept using speed dependent power electronics reconfiguration Applied to electrical machines for automotive traction  Water transport through coatings on wood

189

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 337

 Brehmer, Meike

 Gezici-Koç

159 -

164 165

169 -

179

 Göktolga

 Clean combustion of future fuels

190

    

 SPINCHAL project

191

192

 Grond

 Electromagnetic Compatibility of Integrated Circuits: Implications of technology choices on the EMC performance  Computational Capacity Planning in Electricity Networks

 Groot, de

 Optimal placement and operation of novel grid technologies in distribution grids

 Gürsel

 Integrated micro-fluidic cooling in laminated flexible micro-systems

194

 Haan, de

195

 Haque

 Cross-border Balancing in Europe Ensuring frequency quality within the constrains of the interconnected transmission system  Congestion management with the introduction of Graceful Degradation

 Hendrix

 Tailoring new nano-silica, and its application in smart concrete

197

 Hoes *

 Computational design optimization of building energy and thermal performance

198

 Hoop, de

 Biofuels in India: flowing through time and space in tiny conduits

199

 Hosseini

 Numerical and Experimental Study of Thermoacoustics of Domestic Burner with Heat Exchanger  Mainstreaming Solar: PV Business Model Design under Shifting Regulatory Regimes

200

 Experimental and numerical analysis of climate change induced risks to historic buildings and collections  SG-BEMS: The Art of Optimizing the connection between comfort and energy demand supply

202

 Computational modeling of convective heat transfer for the integration of renewable energy systems in the urban environment  Fuel and Combustion Stratification Study of Partially Premixed Combustion Using Advanced Laser Diagnostic Techniques  Port of Rotterdam: from macro-climate to micro-climate in the harbor basins

204

207

 Jumayev

 Sustainable energy transitions and the role of collective institutional entrepreneurship: Studies on PV solar and wind energy in India  Design of a high-speed electrical drive for a respiration system

 Kalkman *

 Model development for LES analysis applied to wind engineering problems

209

 Kamarudheen

 Light assisted assembly of nanomaterials

210

 Katic

 Integrated Energy-Efficient Building Services Control Design: The human-in-the-loop connection between perceived comfort and energy use  Synergies in Sustainable Space and Energy

211

213

 Khandelwal

 Integration of Nanoreactor and multisite CAtalysis for a Sustainable chemical production INCAS  Responsive Infrared Reflector based on Liquid Crystal Polymer

 Khayrullina

 Dynamics of plane impinging jets at high Reynolds numbers – with applications to air curtains

215

 Kirkels

 The green struggle; Developments and trajectories of biomass gasification

216

 Klaassen

 Demand response benefits from a power system perspective: methods and evaluation of two Dutch field test  Development of sustainable and functionalized inorganic binderbiofiber composites

217

 Seafront

219

 Microclimate control for culture: Improved HVAC configuration and control for energy savings in museums and storage facilities  MTT micro CHP

220

222

 Kotireddy

 Multi-scale computational assessment of ventilative cooling as an energy-efficient measure to avoid indoor overheating  Modeling and Simulation of Robust Net Zero Energy Buildings

 Kragt

 Device integrated smart infrared reflective polymer materials for energy management

224

 Kramer

 Clever Climate Control For Culture: Energy conservation in museums by optimizing climate control while preserving collection, building and thermal comfort

225

Granados Mendoza Moshtari Khah Jovic Beer, de Grau Novellas

 Huijben  Huijbregts  Hurtado Munoz  Iousef  Izadi Najafabadi  Janssen  Jolly

 Kerstens  Kertalli

 Kochova  Kommeren  Sullivan  Kompatscher  Kornilov *  Kosutova

338 |

193 -

196

201

203

205 206

208

212

214

218

221

223

 Kruizinga

 Technology for distribution area situational awareness in electrical networks(tDASA)

226

 Labeodan

 A Micro-Grid Strategy for process control on the room-level

227

 Lashina

 Creating Healthy Environments – Offices Personal Control in Smart Lighting Systems  Reliability Through Redundancy and Reconfigurable Topologies

228

230

 Loonen

 Extended functionality of on-line partial discharge monitoring equipment for medium-voltage power cables  Inverse modeling of climate adaptive building shells

 Maes

 Tracking Joules: Flame-wall interaction in Diesel spray combustion

232

 Mazairac

233

 Meerbeek

 City Energy Networks: Integrated modeling and optimization of electricity, heat and natural gas networks underlying a sustainable city infrastructure  Studies on user control in ambient intelligent systems

 Merdzan

 KIC MTT micro CHP: Electromechanical aspects of a micro – CHP system

235

 Meulman

 KIC InnoEnergy SE: Energy Technology Commercialization

 Mishra *

 i-Care: Personalised climate and ambience control for zero-energy buildings

236

 Mocanu

237

 Morales González

 SG (B2B & B2C) BEMS - The art of optimizing the connection between comfort and energy demand supply  GREEN CITIES, Modelling the Spatial Transformation of the Urban Environment using Renewable Energy Technologies  Computational modelling of evaporative cooling as a climate change adaptation measure at the spatial scale of buildings and streets  Smart (Micro)Grid Applications for Concentrated Industrial and Commercial Areas

 Mota Martinez

 CO2 capture from natural gas using ionic liquids: a thermodynamic study

240

 Nijhuis

 Influence of new technologies on the distribution grid

241

 Ninhuis, van

 Integration of Magnetic Gravity Compensation and Spherical Actuation for Robotic Applications; a novel actuator concept towards a smart arm-support system  The use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for the recycling of paper

 Lemmen  Li, Yan

 Mohammadi  Montazeri

 Osch, van  Overboom

229

231

234

238 239

242

243

 Parmentier

 Electromagnetic Levitation and Propulsion Force and torque decoupling in a planar motor with magnetic suspension and fail-safety  Wind environment and the compact Mediterranean city: Density, morphology, urban microclimate, outdoor comfort  Selective recovery of metal salts from aqueous streams using ionic liquids

 Patil

 Reactor and Process Development for Plasma Assisted Nitrogen Fixation Reactions

245

 Perén Montero

246

 Pham

 Geometry and ventilation: Evaluation of the leeward sawtooth roof potential in the natural ventilation of buildings  Transport Phenomena and Chemical Reaction in Slender Bubble Columns with Open-Structure Random Packings  Integrated Energy and battery Life Management for Hybrid Vehicles

 Pishkari

 Salt wick action in building materials, an NMR study

249

 Platier

 Physics of illumination diffusors

250

 Pols *

 Developing and implementing smart grids in India

251

 Pluk  Puranik

 Hybrid 3-D Electromagnetic Modeling The Challenge of Magnetic Shielding of a Planar Actuator  Modelling and simulation of smart energy demand response in buildings

252

 Rezaeiha

 Aerodynamic optimization of vertical axis wind turbines for urban environments

253

 Ricci

 Wind flow modeling in urban areas through experimental and numerical techniques

254

 Rocha *

 MES meets DES

255

 Rodriguez Rodriguez

 Azeotrope-breaking using novel nature-based deep eutectic solvent

256

 Roes

 Exploring the potential of acoustic energy transfer

 Romijn

 Complete Vehicle Energy-saving Technologies for Heavy-Trucks (CONVENIENT)

257

 Schans, van der

 Profiling of optical surfaces using a plasma jet

258

 Schepers

 Exploring Light Scattering on Dusty Plasmas to improve Energy Efficacy of White LEDs

259

 Palusci

 Pezzi Martins-Loane

244

247 248

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

| 339

 Schollbach *

 Environmental concretes based on treated MSWI bottom ashes

260

 Setiawan

 Responsible innovation in practice: The case of energy technology adoption in Indonesia

261

 Sfakianakis

 Advanced Electric Powertrain Technology (ADEPT)

262

 Shahbazali

 Novel Process Windows for Rearrangement and Isomerization Reactions with Integrated Flow Adsorption under Microflow  The Direct Synthesis of Adipic acid from cyclohexene and hydrogen peroxide in microreactors with continuous-flow process  Contactless Transfer of Energy; 3D Modeling and Design of a Position-Independent Inductive Coupling Integrated in a Planar Motor  Model development for ionization phenomena in premixed laminar flames

263

 Shang  Smeets  Speelman  Sprangers

 Straathof  Straub  Su *

265 -

266 267 268

 Swinkels

 Kinetic studies and controlled production of gas-liquid photocatalytic transformations via photomicroreactors  System Integration, Cost Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment of BIOGO's Biogas and Pyrolysis Oil Processes  Nanophononics

 Taal

 AD-BEMS: Adaptive Diagnostic Building Energy Management

271

 Talmar

 Innovation in sustainable energy ecosystems

272

 Tibola *

 High Power Converters Auxiliary Power Supply

273

 Toparlar

274

 Truter

 A multi-scale analysis of the urban heat island effect: From city averaged temperatures to the energy demand of individual buildings  Advanced capillary microreactors for continuous synthesis of fine chemicals (AMRACS)

 Turhan

 Hybrid capacitive/inductive power converters for LED Drivers

276

 Vasaturo

277

 Vasavan

 Multi-scale analysis of the impact of vegetative technologies and cool roofs on the urban environment  Clean combustion of future fuels

 Venglovska

 Electromigration of Li ions in cementitious materials

279

 Verberne

 Trusting a virtual driver: similarity as a trust cue

280

 Verhaart

 Process Control on Workplace Level – User Centered Energy Reduction

281

 Verkade

 Emerging Energy Practices in the Smart Grid

282

 Vermeltfoort

 Energy flows of the future: Three power crossover (3PX)

283

 Vermulst

 Scalable Multi-Port Active-Bridge Converters

284

 Veselá

 Beyond the thermal comfort limits: Heat transfer in the human body and thermal comfort

285

 Veselý

 Smart Energy for Building Comfort

286

 Virag

 Balancing the electrical power systems: identification and control

287

 Viyathukattuva Mohamed Ali  Volkov *

 INCREASE - Increasing the penetration of renewable energy sources in the distribution grid by Developing control strategis and using ancillary services  World most perfect adiabatic flame

288

 Vural Gürsel

 The chemical plant of tomorrow and the future: process-design intensification at different production scales  Ultra-efficient clean combustion concepts and their fuel appetite

290

292

 Wang, Zhijun

 Large-Eddy Simulation of wind flow around a square cylinder: Validation with experiments and impacts of computational parameters  Advanced Optimization of Horizontal-Axis, Wind Turbine Rotor Blades

 Warrag

 Mercury Removal from Natural Gas Streams using Deep Eutectic Solvents

294

 Wei

 Visible-Light Photocatalyzed β-Cyanolation of Heterocycles

295

 Weldemariam

 Power Quality Regulation within European framework

296

 Sundaram

 Wang, Shuli  Wang, Xinrong

340 |

 Towards Increased Understanding of Low-Power Induction and Synchronous Reluctance Machines Harmonic Modeling of Complex Electromagnetic Phenomena  Accelerated Trifluoromethylations by Means of Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis in Microreactors  Development of Eco Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

264

269 270

275

278

289

291

293

 Wouw, van de

 Development of eco-concretes by using industrial by-products

297

 Xiang, Yu

 Operation of Future Medium Voltage Distribution Grids Application of Statistical Methods for State Estimation and Fault Location  Modeling and Simulation of District Heating with Seasonal Storage

298

 Xu, Luyi

299

 Yuan, Bo

 Effects of Energy Price Increases on Individual Activity-Travel Repertoires and Energy Consumption  Development of green sodium carbonate activated based building materials

300

 Zavrel

 GENiC: Energy Optimization of Data Centers Using Building Modeling Method

301

 Zderic

 Selective Opening and Fractionation of Natural Raw Materials

302

 Zhang, Jin

 Supercritical fluids for high power switching

303

 Zhang, Ya

 Innovative Power Electronics Interfaces to End Applications

304

 Yang

Nuclear fusion  Aussems

305 307

 Berkel, van

 Exploiting the extreme: carbon nanostructre synthesisunder highly-non equilibrium plasma conditions  Estimation of heat transport coefficients in fusion plasmas

 Blanken

 Real-time control of tokamaks for disruption avoidance

309

 Boessenkool

 Analysis and optimization of tele-operated task performance of ITER Remote Handling

310

 Bogomolov

 Visualisation of instabilities at the edge of ASDEX-Upgrade plasmas

311

 Brand, van den

 Detection of MHD instabilitities in tokamak plasmas

312

 Eden, van

 The investigation of the physics of vapour shielding and its application as a power exhaust mechanism for nuclear fusion devices  Numerical methods for anisotropic diffusion

313

 Measurement of electron kinetic profiles in the divertor region and during magnetic perturbations using Thomson Scattering  Burn equilibria in fusion reactors

315

317

 Jesko

 Interaction of a controlled sawtooth cycle with the distribution of helium in a fusion reactor and study of related MHD activity  Understanding plasma detachment through advanced diagnosis

 Klaver *

 Studying ballistic He penetration into W fuzz through Molecular Dynamics simulations

319

 Kvon

 Alternative target concepts for power and particle exhaust in fusion application

320

 Lu, Wei

 Tokamak divertor modelling with EUNOMIA

321

 Maljaars

 Model predictive control of the safety factor profile in tokamaks

322

 Mannheim

 Modelling and analysis of extreme materials for energy applications

323

 Marques Fernandes Rosas  Messmer

 Turbulence and zonal flows in tokamak plasmas

324

 q-profile control for steady state, high performance discharges at KSTAR

325

 Palha

 Real-time tokamak discharge simulator

326

 Perillo

 Simulating edge localized modes in linear plasma device Magnum-PSI

327

 Rindt

 Assessment of the Feasibility of a Flowing Liquid Lithium Divertor for DEMO

328

 Vanovac

 Electron temperature fluctuations studies with the ECEI diagnostic on ASDEX Upgrade

329

 Vugt, van

 Hybrid MHD-Particle Simulations of ELMs in ITER Divertor Conditions

330

 Es, van  Hawke  Jakobs  Jaulmes

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

308

314

316

318

| 341

342 |

6. Dissertations 2015 Name

Topic

Page -

 Assali

Pure crystal phase nanowires: growth and optical properties

 Baskan

Advective-Diffusive Scalar Transport in Laminar Periodic Flows An Experimental Investigation

 Beckers

Pulsed Power Driven Industrial Plasma Processing

 Bergmair

Design of a system for humidity harvesting using water vapor selective membranes

 Berkel, van

Estimation of heat transport coefficients in fusion plasmas

 Brehmer, Florian

Shining light on transient CO2 plasma

 Cui

High-efficiency Nanowire Solar Cells

 Es, van

Numerical Methods for Anisotropic Diffusion

 Esiner

Organic Artificial Leaves for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting

 Filonenko

On the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 and carboxylic acid esters

 Filot

Quantum Chemical and Microkinetic Modeling of the Fischer-Tropsch Reaction

 Fransen

Experimental Study of Homogeneous Water Nucleation in a Pulse-Expansion Wave Tube

 Gerrits

Dynamic drive concept using speed dependent power electronics reconfiguration Applied to electrical machines for automotive traction

 Güvenatam

Catalytic pathways for lignin depolymerization

 Hawke

Measurement of electron kinetic profiles in the divertor region and during magnetic perturbations using Thomson scattering

315

 Huijben

Mainstreaming Solar; PV Business Model Design under Shifting Regulatory Regimes

201

 Li, Yan

Extended Functionality of On-line Partial Discharge Monitoring Equipment for MediumVoltage Power Cables Computational modelling of evaporative cooling as a climate change adaptation measure at the spatial scale of buildings and streets

230

 Mota Martínez

CO2 capture from natural gas using ionic liquids: A thermodynamic study

240

 Overboom

Electromagnetic Levitation and Propulsion Force and torque decoupling in a planar motor with magnetic suspension and fail-safety

 Parmentier

Selective recovery of metal salts from aqueous streams using ionic liquids

244

 Perén Montero

Geometry and ventilation: Evaluation of the leeward sawtooth roof potential in the natural ventilation of buildings

246

 Pham

Integrated Energy and Battery Life Management for Hybrid Vehicles

248

 Pluk

Hybrid 3-D Electromagnetic Modeling The Challenge of Magnetic Shielding of a Planar Actuator

 Pruissen

Lactam-based pi-conjugated semiconducting polymers

 Roes

Exploring the potential of acoustic energy transfer

 Smeets

Contactless Transfer of Energy; 3D Modeling and Design of a Position-Independent Inductive Coupling Integrated in a Planar Motor

 Speelman

Model development for ionization phenomena in premixed laminar flames

 Sprangers

Towards Increased Understanding of Low-Power Induction and Synchronous Reluctance Machines; Harmonic Modeling of Complex Electromagnetic Phenomena

 Tan, Lianghui

Discrete particle simulations of micro-structured membrane-assisted fluidized beds

 Tempelman

Hierarchical Zeolites for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Conversion

 Verberne

Trusting a virtual driver; Similarity as a trust cue

280

 Vu

Nanowire Photoluminescence for Photovoltaics

 Vural Gürsel

The Chemical Plant of Tomorrow and the Future; Process-Design Intensification at Different Production Scales Operation of Future Medium Voltage Distribution Grids Application of Statistical Methods for State Estimation and Fault Location

 Montazeri

 Xiang, Yu

308

314 -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2015

265 -

290 298

| 343

344 |

 Yang

Effects of Energy Price Increases on Individual Activity-Travel Repertoires and Energy Consumption

 Yue, Chaochao

Towards Novel Solid Acids

110

 Zhang, Jin

Supercritical fluids for High Power Switching

303

 Zhu, Xiaochun

Hierarchical Zeolites as Catalysts for Methanol Conversion Reactions

113