TU/e | ENERGY - Annual Research Report 2017 by TU/e - Strategic Area Energy

Energy Rethinking Power

Annual Research Report 2017

/ Strategic Area Energy

Table of content

Preface

Research theme leaders

Research projects

3.1 Chemergy

3.2 Solar PV

3.3 Urban Energy

3.4 Nuclear Fusion

151

Contact persons

161

Overview research topics

163

Dissertations 2017

175

Energy Research 2018

Back cover

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

1. Preface Each year, the Strategic Area Energy brings out an overview of the ongoing energy research within the Eindhoven University of Technology. With over 500 researchers in the field of energy, we have decided to restrict the Annual Research Report 2017 to the energy-related PhD student and Postdoc research started in 2014 and 2016. Also PhD theses defended in 2017 are included. Energy research at TU/e is carried out within four strategic themes: ■ Chemergy With the expected growth of renewable energy production, the storage and conversion of energy are key technologies in the transition to a low-carbon society. Chemical bonds offer high-energy density and are compatible with current energy carriers. We work on the fundamental challenges in the efficient conversion of CO2 with renewable energy to energy-dense and transportable chemicals. ■ Solar PV The sun offers more than enough energy to power the world’s population. The Earth’s surface receives 10,000 times the amount that we consume. Photovoltaic systems, along with smart grids and heat storage systems will shape the era of renewable energy. We work on increasing the efficiency of existing technologies as well as finding new ways of converting sunlight into electricity. ■ Urban energy Urban energy is not only about researching new materials, cooling techniques, or developing heat storage devices. Our goal is to have a sustainable energy-positive built environment in 2050, without the use of fossil fuels, with superior indoor and outdoor environmental quality. Research at TU/e is aimed at integrating energy technologies in buildings and their environment. ■ Nuclear fusion Fusion could be an endgame solution. It holds the promise of inexhaustible energy – clean, safe and available to all. With one drawback: it is an exceedingly complex scientific and technical challenge. Yet recent decades have seen rapid progress. Today, 34 countries are building the first power-generating fusion reactor, ITER, in a worldwide collaboration. In ITER, a ‘burning’ plasma is kept at a temperature of hundreds of millions of degrees, suspended in a magnetic field. With its energy research, the TU/e works towards its mission ‘to help industrialize the energy transition’. Research is institutionalized at the Strategic Area Energy, a platform for collaboration with national and regional governments, the industry and partner organizations. However, such an ecosystem can only thrive if gaps between individual departments are bridged and (PhD) students and postdocs are actively encouraged to learn about existing energy research at other departments. It is for that reason that this report was put together so that from existing knowledge new cooperation and scientific breakthroughs are initiated.

Laetitia Ouillet Director, Strategic Area Energy

David Smeulders Scientific Director, Strategic Area Energy

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

2. Research theme leaders Chemergy, Emiel Hensen ‘Storage of surplus energy will be a key technology in our transition to a low-carbon economy. Chemical bonds offer high-energy density and are compatible with current energy carriers. We work on the fundamental challenges in the efficient conversion of CO2 with renewable energy to energy-dense and transportable chemicals.’

Solar PV, Erwin Kessels ‘The sun offers us more than enough energy to power our entire civilization. The Earth’s surface receives 10,000 times the amount of energy we consume and hence solar cells have enormous potential for tapping into this energy source. We innovate solar cell materials, solar cell design and solar cell production’

Urban energy, Elphi Nelissen 'Our goal is to have a sustainable energy-positive built environment in 2050, without the use of fossil fuels, with superior indoor and outdoor environmental quality. Urban Energy at TU/e will enhance this!’

Nuclear fusion, Niek Lopes Cardozo ’Clean, safe, zero carbon dioxide, for all and forever: that’s the great promise of fusion power. The entire world is collaborating in the development of fusion, an effort culminating in the ITER project: a 500 MW fusion reactor presently under construction in France.’

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

3.1 Research projects ■ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

CHEMERGY: focuses on energy from chemical bonds

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

10 |

Department

HYdraulics modeling for DRilling Automation (HYDRA)

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc MH (Mohammad Hossein) Abbasi

Mathematics and Computer Science

■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders N van de Wouw WHA Schilders

Participants MH Abbasi

Cooperations

Laura Iapichino (Netherlands) Glenn-Ole Kassa (Norway) Florent Di Meglio (France) Sajad Naderi Lordejani (Netherlands) Naveen Velmurugan (France)

Project aim

The scientific objective of HYDRA is to develop a framework for multi-phase hydraulic modeling and model complexity reduction for drilling operations, delivered in software directly usable in industry. The resulting models uniquely combine high predictive capacity and low complexity enabling their usage in both virtual drilling scenario testing and drilling automation.

Progress

Different finite volume techniques have been tested on single- and multi-phase flow as a stepping stone to simulate drilling procedure for oil and gas. The single- and multi-phase flow solvers are upgraded for the case of area discontinuities in the drilling pipes and these upgraded solvers are connected to build a drilling simulator amenable for realistic drilling test cases. The platform has been validated against field data as well. As the first step toward the final goal of the project, the Reduced Basis (RB) method has been applied on the system with considering only single-phase flow inside the drilling pipes which reduces the CPU time by the approximate factor of 20.

Scientific publications -

Funded by

European Union

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2016 (October)

Information

MH Abbasi T : + 31 (0)6 87992220 E : m.h.abbasi@tue.nl W: https://www.tue.nl/en/university/ departments/mathematics-andcomputer-science/thedepartment/staff/detail/ep/e/d/epuid/20166745/

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 11

Department

Rotating Rayleigh Bénard turbulence

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc A (Andrés) Aguirre Guzmán

Applied Physics

■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders RPJ Kunnen HJH Clercx

Participants

AJ Aguirre Guzmán M Madonia JS Cheng

Cooperations

R Ostilla Monico (Houston)

Funded by

Eindhoven University of Technology

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Project aim

Numerous geophysical and astrophysical flows are driven by convection and influenced by rotation. These large-scale flows are inaccessible for direct measurements of the physical quantities, therefore laboratory experiments and numerical simulations of rotating Rayleigh-Benárd (RRB) convection are the tools for their investigation. In recent years the identification and characterization of different flow regimes has given the opportunity for extrapolations of our results to larger scales. In this project we aim to perform Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of the RRB flow by using a new parallel code capable to cover an unprecedented range of the governing parameters. The outcome is crucial for the understanding of rotating convection in geo/astrophysics.

Progress

Different flow regimes are expected to transfer heat throughout the fluid layer with different efficiency. A way to observe this efficiency changes is through the Nusselt number that measures the convective heat transfer. Based on our DNS data we have observed a transition between two distinct regimes (the rotation-affected regime and the rotation-dominated regime) for different flow properties. We have also evidenced this transitional behavior in the mid-height temperature gradient values for different rotation rates. Accordingly, the thermal and viscous boundary layers show comparable thickness when this transition occurs. This research was presented at the 2017 APS-DFD meeting (Denver, USA). For the future, we plan to study fluids with kinematic viscosity much higher than thermal diffusivity (Pr=100) and to compare selected cases with no-slip and stress-free boundary conditions at top/bottom plate of the RRB setting.

Start of the project 2016 (November)

Information

HJH Clercx T : +31 (0)40 247 2680 E : h.j.h.clercx@tue.nl RPJ Kunnen T : +31 (0)40 247 3194 E : r.p.j.kunnen @tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/wdy/

Figure: Mid-height horizontal cross-section of vertical vorticity at Ra=1010 (strong buoyancy forcing) Ek=8x10-7 (strong rotationg) and Pr=0.1 (relevant to liquid metals as the Earth’s outer core).

Scientific publications -

12 |

Department

Fate of Forgotten Fuel

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc HY (Yigit) Akargün

Mechanical Engineering

■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders LMT Somers NJ Dam BH Johansson NG Deen

Participants HY Akargün

Cooperations

DAF Trucks TNO Delphi Shell Global Solutions

Project aim

Investigation of the burn-out phase: the late combustion of “forgotten fuel”, left-overs from the main heat release in the conventional diesel combustion regime. Numerical part of the project will focus on testing and extending the chemistry reduction method Flamelet-Generated Manifold (FGM), towards the burn-out phase. For that purpose; FGM will be applied in a Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) approach and validation studies will be performed for a series of well-documented benchmark cases from the engine combustion network (ECN, https://ecn.sandia.gov/ , i.e. spray A) and optical engine (D5-optical set-up at TU/e) cases.

Progress

 Soot model implementation in 1D detailed flame solver CHEM1D.  FGM database generation including soot and NOx information (for non-premixed diesel-like conditions).  RANS-FGM simulation of the Spray-A case and comparison with the ECN experiments.  Multi-step phenomenological soot model implementation to 1D detailed flame solver as PAHs being soot precursor.

Funded by

STW Shell Global Solutions

Funding % per money stream STW SHELL

51 % 49 %

Start of the project 2014

Information

HY Akargün T : +31 (0)40 247 3621 E : h.y.akargun@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/mrf

Figure: Soot volume fraction field data of RANS-FGM and soot optical thickness data of the ECN experiment compared at 1.5 and 2.5 ms.

Scientific publications

Akkurt, B., Akargun, H.Y., Somers, L.M.T., Deen, G., Novella, R., Perez-Sanchez, E.J., "An insight on the spray-A combustion characteristics by means of RANS and LES simulations using flameletbased combustion models," SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-0577. Akargun, H.Y., Akkurt, B., Deen, N.G., Somers, L.M.T., "Extending the flamelet generated manifold for soot and NOx modeling in diesel spray combustion," COMODIA 2017, July 25-28 2017, Okayama, Japan.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 13

Department

Heat2Control

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc B (Berşan) Akkurt

Mechanical Engineering

■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

M Steinbuch LMT Somers

Participants B Akkurt NG Deen X Luo FPT Willems

Project aim

This research project focuses on the development of new modeling technique for high EGR diesel combustion concepts with multiple injection fueling systems, which is seen as an essential step towards future RCCI concepts. The CFD-FGM model, which will be extended for multi-pulse injection strategies, will be validated with experimental data.

Progress

The numerical model is validated further for different operating points of oxidizer composition and temperature with constant volume application. Furthermore, the performance of the FGM-CFD model is assessed for double injection strategy with various dwell time. The results show that one chemical reaction mechanism is capable of capturing the global parameters, ignition delay and lift off length, accurately in addition to fairly accurate rate of heat release curves, as shown in Figure 1, which is one case of dwell time variations. For the other cases, similar results are obtained.

Cooperations

DAF Trucks Sensata TNO Delphi

Funded by

STW TNO Sensata DAF Delphi

Funding % per money stream

STW TNO Sensata DAF Delphi

63.5 % 19.5 % 8.1 % 5.1 % 3.8 %

Start of the project

2014 (November)

Information

B Akkurt T : +31 (0)40 247 2877 E : b.akkurt@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/mrf

14 |

Figure: Comparisons of the normalized apparent heat release rate and pressure rise between the experiment (black) and the models with Yao (blue), Cai (yellow), and Wang (red) mechanisms. Moreover, the numerical model is extended for soot and NOx modeling. In this respect, solid-phase soot reactions are coupled with gas-phase reactions and additional NOx reaction are added to the gas-phase reactions. Besides, progress variable definition is altered for the emissions. The results show fairly accurate qualitative results; however, quantitative comparisons show that the current application of the emission models are not accurate enough to capture the experimental results. Additionally, FGM-CFD model is utilized for DAF heavy duty diesel engine. Initial results show a good agreement for the motorized cycle. Furthermore, reacting cases are being simulated. Preliminary results are promising for accurate cylinder pressure and temperature traces.

Scientific publications

Akargun, H.Y., Akkurt, B., Deen, N.G., Somers, L.M.T. (2017). Extending the flamelet generated manifold for soot and NOx modeling in diesel spray combustion. The 9th International Conference on Modeling and Diagnastics for Advanced Engine Systems, July 25-28, 2017, Okayama, Japan. B. Akkurt, H.Y. Akargun, R. Novella et.al., (2017), An insight on the spray-A combustion characteristics by means of RANS and LES using flamelet-based combustion models, SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-0577, SAE World Congress, USA, April 4-6, 2017.

Department

Rotating Rayleigh BĂŠnard turbulence: numeric

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc KMJ (Kim) Alards

Applied Physics â&#x2013; Chemergy / Clean fossils â&#x2013;Ą Solar PV â&#x2013;Ą Urban energy â&#x2013;Ą Nuclear fusion

Project leaders F Toschi HJH Clercx

Participants KMJ Alards RPJ Kunnen PR Joshi H Rajaei

In this project the dynamics of inertial and buoyant particles in Rayleigh-BĂŠnard convection is investigated numerically. Inertial particles will be implemented in the Rayleigh-BĂŠnard system and the effect of these particle properties on the thermal convection and on the transition between turbulent states explored. In particular, the interest is on the preferential accumulation of particles in plumes and/or vortices, feedback on the flow and the possible modification of the interaction between bulk and boundary layer. Two numerical codes are used, a finite-difference code for exploring a cylindrical setup and a Lattice Boltzmann code for modeling a horizontally unbounded system.

Progress

Cooperations

Prof. Verzicco (UT + University Roma (Tor Vergata)) Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

Project aim

We study the dynamics of inertial particles in Rayleigh-BĂŠnard convection numerically, where both particles and fluid exhibit thermal expansion. Particles have a larger thermal expansion coefficient than the fluid such that they become lighter (heavier) than the fluid at the hot bottom (cold top) plate. Particles with a small thermal response time, đ?&#x153;?đ?&#x153;?T, have a temperature close to that of the fluid and at the hot bottom plate only colder particles clustered in colder plumes remain (figure 1a). For lager đ?&#x153;?đ?&#x153;?T, the number of particles at the plate is increased and particle and fluid temperature become de-correlated (figure 1b). In particular, we find that both the number of particles at the plate and the time particles spend inside the thermal boundary layers is increasing with increasing đ?&#x153;?đ?&#x153;?T and increasing thermal expansion coefficient of the particles.

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (October)

Information

F Toschi T : +31 (0)40 247 3911 E : f.toschi@tue.nl W: www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/

Figure 1: A snapshot of the temperature field in Rayleigh-BĂŠnard convection close to the hot bottom plate, together with thermally inertial particles with a thermal response time of (a) đ?&#x153;?đ?&#x153;?T =0.1 and (b) đ?&#x153;?đ?&#x153;?T =4. The color of particles represents their temperature. Particles have a thermal expansion coefficient that is ten per cent larger than that of the fluid.

Scientific publications

Alards K.M.J., Rajaei H., Del Catello, L., Kunnen R.P.J., Clercx, H.J.H. & Toschi F. (2017) Geometry of tracer trajectories in rotating turbulent flows. Physical Review Fluids, 2(4):044601.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 15

Deformation of oak panel paintings due to relative humidity fluctuations

Department

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Heat storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders L Pel DMJ Smeulders HL Schellen

Participants T Arends -

Funded by

Darcy Center

Funding % per money stream Start of the project 2016 (September)

Information

Project aim

Fluctuations in relative humidity result in the exchange of moisture between air and wood. This results in a change in the internal moisture distribution of an object, which leads to deformation. Accordingly, 16th century panel paintings, often consisting of several finishing layers on an oak board, deform continuously upon changes in the ambient relative humidity. This can lead to damage in the pictorial layer, which is to be prevented to conserve works of art for future generations. Climatic guidelines in museums are therefore strict, resulting in high energy demands and high costs. A better understanding of the dynamics of moisture penetration in oak and consequential deformation can be the basis of more scientific climatic guidelines for museums.

Progress

Cooperations

Darcy Center

PhD student | Postdoc T (Thomas) Arends

100 %

The penetration of moisture into oak during sinusoidal relative humidity fluctuations has been assessed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Since wood is an orthotropic material, the penetration of moisture is not only dependent on the frequency of the fluctuation, but also on the principal direction in which moisture transport occurs. The moisture-induced bending of an oak board with an impermeable layer on one surface following changes in the relative humidity has been studied, revealing the thickness-dependence of the involved dynamics and extent of bending. Latter results in a scalable generic bending behavior, which, in combination with critical strain values for the materials making up the pictorial layer, can be used to predict damage occurrence in the panel painting. Next steps include the simultaneous assessment of the internal moisture distribution using NMR and the optical measurement of the macroscopic deformation. Furthermore, actual damage occurrence in mock-up panel paintings in relation to humidity variations will be studied using acoustic emission.

L Pel T : +31 (0)40 247 3406 E : l.pel@tue.nl

Figure: Miniature mock-up panel paintings which will be used to study the occurrence of moisture-induced damage.

Scientific publications

Arends, T., Pel, L., Huinink, H.P. (2017). Hygromorphic response dynamics of oak: towards accelerated material characterization. Materials and Stuctures 50: 181. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-1043-5.

16 |

Department

Pd-Ag pore-filled membranes for hydrogen separation

Research theme

PhD student | Postdoc A (Alba) Arratibel Plazaola

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry ■ Chemergy / Proces intensification □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

F Gallucci M van Sint Annaland

Participants

A Arratibel Plazaola

Cooperations

Tecnalia Research and Innovation (Spain)

Funded by EU Tecnalia

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Project aim

Palladium membranes have been used in membrane reactors due to their remarkable permeability and exclusive perm-selectivity of hydrogen. The surface of thin Pd based membrane is prone to become contaminated and mechanically damaged, specially when it is used as part of fluidized bed membrane reactors. Improved mechanical stability and better adhesion of the palladium membrane can be expected by filling nanosized pores of a ceramic support with palladium particles. Novel “Pore-filled” (PF) Pd membranes have been developed by the electroless plating technique. Four steps are involved in the preparation of the “Pore-filled” membranes: (1) Coating of the surface of α-Al2O3 support tube with a nanoporous ceramic layer; (2) Seeding; nanoparticles of Pd are deposited inside the porous ceramic layer; (3) Coating with a nanoporous protecting ceramic layer and (4) electroless plating in order to fill the pores with Pd. The amount of Pd used is a fraction of the convectional Pd membranes and are stronger against hydrogen embrittlement.

Progress

Pore-filled membranes were sucesfully prepared with different thickness and amount of ceramic nanoparticles (γ-Al2O3 and YSZ). Synthesized nanoparticles where characterized by DLS, ICP, XRD and TEM. The thickness of deposited ceramic layer were measured by SEM. Prepared mebranes were characterized in a single gas test in order to measure the hydrogen permeance and the ideal selectivity (H2/N2). Up to now the properties of membranes are not as expected, the nitrogen permeance is quite low while the hydrogen permeance is too low. A squematic representation of pore-filled membranes is shown in the following figure.

Start of the project 2014 (April)

Information

F Gallucci T +31 (0)40 247 3675 E f.gallucci@tue.nl W http://www.tue.nl/en/university/ departments/chemicalengineering-andchemistry/research/researchgroups/multiphase-reactors/

Figure: Schematic representation of the four steps involved in pore filled membranes.

Scientific publications

A.Arratibel, E. Fernandez, J. Melendez, M. Llosa Tanco, F. Gallucci, D.A. Pacheco Tanaka “Preparation of Pd-Ag pore-filled membranes for hydrogen separation” EHEC 2014 European Hydrogen Energy Conference (poster) Sevilla, Spain (March 12-14, 2014). Alba Arratibel, D. Alfredo Pacheco Tanaka, Martin van Sint Annaland, Fausto Gallucci “Membrane reactor for autothermal reforming of methane, metanol and etanol” Chapter 3 in Membrane reactors for energy applications and basic chemical production Woodhead Publishing.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 17

Department

HYdraulic MOdelling for DRilling Automation (HYMODRA)

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc H (Harshit) Bansal

Mathematics and Computer Science

■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders WHA Schilders N van de Wouw

Participants

H Bansal B Koren (supervision) L Iapichino (supervision)

Cooperations

Kelda Drilling Controls (Norway) S Rave (University of Muenster)

Funded by

NWO FOM Royal Dutch Shell

Project aim

The aim of the project is to develop a framework for multi-phase hydraulic modelling and model complexity reduction for Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) operations to explore oil, gas, minerals and geo-thermal energy. Considering the safety critical aspect of MPD, the primary focus is to enable an accurate and precise control of the down-hole pressure while predicting various transient scenarios of operation. The objective of this work is to develop models that uniquely combine high predictive capability and low complexity, and thus enable their usage in virtual drilling scenario testing, and in drilling automation strategies for real-time down-hole pressure management.

Progress

We developed a framework for numerical simulations of the Drift Flux Model (DFM) and established the order of merit of existing numerical schemes by performing numerical experiments on few benchmark test cases. We also implemented the standard projection based approaches in conjunction with hyper-reduction techniques on several benchmark problems (in the field of fluid dynamics) and investigated their effectiveness as a reduced-order modelling technique. Based on the numerical findings, we investigated novel model order reduction techniques to mitigate the challenges observed in classical reduced-order representation of convection dominated problems. Consequently, the major emphasis was put on understanding the mathematical formulation of unconventional reduced-order modelling techniques to lay the platform for the development of an automated numerical framework.

Funding % per money stream FOM Industry

50 % 50 %

Start of the project 2016 (September)

Information

H Bansal T : +31 (0)6 82526971 E : h.bansal@tue.nl W: http://www.win.tue.nl/~hbansal/

Figure: Model Order Reduction Strategy. The computations are split into expensive offline phase and computationally efficient online phase

Scientific publications -

18 |

Plasma Chemistry at Work: efficient plasma-assisted fuel conversion through control of vibrational excitation

Department

Applied Physics / DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project aim

Generic fundamental understanding of plasma chemical dissociation of CO2 is targeted to create a scientific basis for the development of a generic plasma chemical route as the first step in CO2 neutral fuel production. In particular, the role of vibrational excitation to enhance the energy efficiency of CO2 dissociation in microwave plasma is studied. Initial experiments revealed a thermal core in the plasma at temperatures exceeding 3500K, which contrasted the strong non-equilibrium between vibrational and translational degrees of freedom that is generally assumed in literature. Building upon these insights, the boundaries between thermal and non-equilibrium are optimized to enhance vibrational excitation and minimize gas heating.

Project leaders GJ van Rooij R Engeln

Participants

DCM van den Bekerom MA Damen

Progress

Cooperations

Radboud University Nijmegen University of Antwerp Ohio State University

Funded by NWO

Funding % per money stream NWO Other

PhD student | Postdoc DCM (Dirk) van den Bekerom

100 %

Microwave plasma is studied in a pulsed manner to reveal the CO2 heating dynamics. Spontaneous Raman laser scattering is employed to resolve vibrational, rotational, and gas temperatures spatially and temporally. A novelty in the approach is that the asymmetric stretch temperature, which has been recognized to enhance CO2 conversion, is distinguished from the other modes. At large duty cycles, thermal conversion is identified as main dissociation mechanism, enabling 50% energy efficiency. Significant non-equilibrium is observed at the onset of the discharge. At the timescale of few tens µs a significant inter-vibrational non-equilibrium is established between the stretch and gas temperature of 1150K versus 600K. Rotational and translational modes are measured to be in equilibrium at all times.

Start of the project 2014 (January)

Information

GJ van Rooij T : +31 (0)40 3334744 E : g.j.vanrooij@differ.nl W: www.differ.nl/research/ nonequilibrium-fuel-conversion

Figure: CO2 microwave plasma being probed by spontaneous Raman scattering of 532 nm laser light.

Scientific publications

D. C. M. van den Bekerom, N. den Harder, T. Minea, J. M. Palomares Linares, W. Bongers, M. C. M. van de Sanden, G. J. van Rooij, Non-equilibrium microwave plasma for efficient high temperature chemistry, Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE), 126 (2017) e55066. N. den Harder, D. C. M. van den Bekerom, R. S. Al, M. F. Graswinckel, J. M. Palomares, F. J. J. Peeters, S. Ponduri, T. Minea, W. A. Bongers, M. C. M. van de Sanden, G. J. van Rooij, Homogeneous CO2 conversion by microwave plasma: wave propagation and diagnostics, Plasma Processes and Polymers. 14 (2017) e201600120. G. J. van Rooij, D. C. M. van den Bekerom, N. den Harder, T. Minea, G. Berden, W. A. Bongers, R. Engeln, M. F. Graswinckel, E. Zoethout, and M. C. M. van de Sanden, Taming microwave plasma to beat thermodynamics in CO2 dissociation, Faraday Discuss. 183 (2015) 233.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 19

Department

Direct Production of Fuels from Captured CO2

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc TT (Tesfaye) Belete

DIFFER

■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project aim

The aim is to evaluate the potential for production of fuels directly from a carbon-capture material, namely calcium carbonate (CaCO3), during its regeneration to the capturing form, calcium oxide (CaO). This regeneration represents one side of the so-called “Calcium Looping Cycle”, which is a promising candidate for capture of industrial CO2 emissions. The approach involves a plasmaenhanced catalytic process utilizing H2O as the primary co-reagent. It is anticipated to provide substantial benefits relative to standard thermal regeneration, which produces a pure CO2 stream. The main advantages targeted are: direct conversion of electrical to chemical energy in the form of fuels (or fuel precursors); enhanced regeneration efficiency in terms of a reduction in the energy input required, and enhanced material performance in terms of long-term retention of CO2 carrying capacity.

Project leaders

MA Gleeson MCM van de Sanden

Participants

TT Belete MA Gleeson MCM van de Sanden

Progress

Cooperations

University of Twente

Funded by NOW Shell

Funding % per money stream NWO Other

100 %

During the last year the project has focused on evaluating the effects of transition metal (Fe-Zn) additives on the release and conversion of CO2 from CaCO3. Transition metal are known to catalyze the CO2 conversion to enhance, depending on the specific element and the co-reagent mix, the formation of CO or CH3. In the context of the cyclical Calcium Looping Cycle, the introduction of transition metals raises additional questions:  How will they influence the release and subsequent recapture of CO2.  How will their influence evolve with thermal-cycling.  Will they act a catalysts to enhance plasma-aided CO2 conversion. These questions are teased out in order to quantify their potential to enhance the cycle process. 1.0

Start of the project

Pure CaCO3

2014 (November)

MA Gleeson T : +31 (0)40 3334761 E : m.a.gleeson@differ.nl W: www.differ.nl

Co-CaCO3

Fractional CO2 Release

Information

Fe-CaCO3 Zn-CaCO3

Cu-CaCO3

0.8

Ni-CaCO3

0.6

0.4

Capture+Release Cycle (#) Figure: Fraction CO2 released as a function of capture+release cycle number (normalized to the release during the first cycle). Zn doping shows enhanced performance relative to the reference pure sample, whereas Co doping is markedly worse.

Scientific publications -

20 |

Department

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Heat Storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders DMJ Smeulders

Participants

MAJM Beving

Cooperations TNO

PhD student | Postdoc MAJM (Max) Beving Project aim

Heat can be stored in a thermochemical material (TCM) by using a reversible reaction with water vapor. The energy is stored by dehydrating the TCM using an endothermic reaction, and released again by hydrating the TCM using the reversible reaction, which is exothermic. One can sustainably store heat by creating a ‘heat battery’, storing the TCM in a reactor vessel, and using solar thermal energy to dehydrate the material. The aim of the project is to develop a numerical model that simulates the hydration and dehydration phenomena of thermochemical materials in a reactor bed. First a grain-scale model is created and validated with experiments. When the transport phenomena within the grains are known, a reactor scale model is developed.

Progress

Funded by ADEM

Funding % per money stream ADEM

Numerical analysis of the hydration and dehydration reactions in packed bed reactors

100 %

Start of the project 2016

Information

Firstly, TGA/DSC experiments are being carried out on a potential TCM for the creation of a heat battery: K2CO3. A numerical model is created that describes the extent of conversion of the material and is compared to the experiments. Secondly, the material grains are encapsulated to prevent degradation. Experiments on coated materials are being carried out. Finally, experiments show that the performance of the TCM improves after multiple charge and discharge cycles. This improvement is studied in detail.

Scientific publications -

MAJM Beving T : +31 (0)40 247 2768 E : m.a.j.m.beving@tue.nl W: www.energy.tue.nl

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 21

Department

Sloshing of Liquefied Natural Gas

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc R (Rien) de Böck

Mathematics and Computer Science

■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project aim

Project leaders B Koren AS Tijsseling

LNG is emerging as a transition fuel for the transport industry, to bridge the gap between inefficient fossil fuels and future sources of energy. Part of the infrastructure for LNG as fuel is transport by ship in isolated tanks at -160°C. A problem that occurs here is damage to the tank due to sloshing. The goal of this project is to gain insight in the flow phenomena that impact the sloshing loads, specifically the multi-fluid composition, properties of the fluids and phase transition. This is to be achieved through numerical simulation using a newly developed method.

Participants

Progress

R de Böck Y van Halder

Cooperations -

Funded by

A two-fluid model has been studied, leading to a MATLAB implementation of a finite-volume method using an HLLC-type solver. It has been validating using numerous test cases from literature. Furthermore, the method has been compared to the generalized Bagnold model, a one-dimensional model for wave impacts. The comparison showed an excellent agreement. Next, two-dimensional cases were studied. An excellent agreement a well-known shock-bubble interaction experiment by Haas and Sturtevant has been shown. The latest simulation feature a two-dimensional dam break problem.

STW SLING

Funding % per money stream

STW Industry

37 % 63 %

Start of the project 2016 (February)

Information

R de Böck T : +31 (0)40 247 3096 E : r.d.bock@tue.nl

Figure: Sloshing of LNG.

Scientific publications -

22 |

Department

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Biomass □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EJM Hensen HCL Abbenhuis

Participants

MR Caseiro Fernandes

Cooperations SuBiCat (ITN)

Funded by

Redox active lignin degradation and selective functionalization of lignin-derived monomers PhD student | Postdoc MR (Mónica Raquel) Caseiro Fernandes Project aim

The main objectives of her work are to find new (metal) catalysts capable of lignin degradation and to selective functionalize lignin-derived monomers. Her line of catalyst development is inspired by Hybrid Catalysis BV with emphasis on metallosilsesquioxane (POSS) catalyst development.

Progress

Leads were found to achieve lignin degradation through selective oxidation with organic peroxides. This was best affected through titanation of organosolv lignin followed by treatment of the titanated material with tert.-Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP). Titanated lignin was found to be a catalytic material that could be used in catalysing alkene epoxidation. Consequently lignin may find added value application as a catalysts support. New lignins resulting from oxidative pretreatment were characterized by 2D NMR and solid state 13C CP MAS NMR spectroscopy.

SuBiCat (ITN)

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2014 (October)

Information

EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

Figure: Reaction between beech wood lignin and titanium isopropoxyde.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 23

Department

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster

■ Chemergy / Process intensification □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants W Chen R Pestman

Cooperations Funded by

NRSC-Catalysis

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project

A transient kinetics study of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis mechanism on cobalt catalysts PhD student | Postdoc W (Wei) Chen Project aim

The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis presents a truly universal reaction that converts a wide range of carbon sources into the entire cosmos of organic chemistry via synthesis gas. However, the complexity of the mechanism underlying the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis leads to debates being as old as this nearly one-century-old reaction. This thesis aims at a better understanding of the reaction mechanism and mechanism-based kinetics over SiO2 supported cobalt catalyst mainly by means of transient technique.

Progress

With the assistance of steady state isotopic transient kinetic analysis technique combined with other isotopic labeling experiments and model fitting, we systematically studied the mechanism of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on cobalt catalysts. We figure out that (1) reversible direct CO dissociation on step-edges is the dominant path; (2) C/O removal is the rate controlling step at methanation condition while CO dissociation is rate controlling at F-T condition; (3) chain propagation is relatively fast and reversible; (4) chain propagation occurs on step-edge sites and methane on terrace sites. Public defense took place: November 29, 2017.

2012 (September)

Information

EMJ Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl

Figure: Schematic presentation of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis mechanism on cobalt catalyst.

Scientific publications

W. Chen, R. Pestman, B. Zijlstra, I.A.W. Filot, E.J.M. Hensen: Mechanism of Cobalt-Catalyzed CO Hydrogenation: 2. Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis, ACS Catalysis, 2017, 7 (12), 8061–8071. W. Chen, I.A.W. Filot, R. Pestman, E.J.M. Hensen: Mechanism of Cobalt-Catalyzed CO Hydrogenation: 1. Methanation, ACS Catalysis, 2017. 7 (12), 8050–8060.

Dissertation

A transient kinetics study of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis mechanism on cobalt catalysts. Chen, W., 29 Nov 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 159 p.

24 |

Department

Rotating Rayleigh Bénard turbulence

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc JS (Jonathan) Cheng

Applied Physics ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders RPJ Kunnen

Participants JS Cheng M Madonia AA Guzmán

Cooperations

JM Aurnou (UCLA, USA) K Julien (UC Boulder, USA)

Funded by ERC

Project aim

The goal of the TROCONVEX project is to explore the physics of extreme rotating Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a laboratory setting. My role in the project involves aiding in the design process and collecting and analyzing thermal data. I will use thermal measurements to characterize the modes of heat transfer occurring in geostrophic turbulence, locate the transitions between different flow regimes, and, in combination with numerical simulations and velocity measurements, gain insight into the underlying flow dynamics.

Progress

Main: Completed construction and made various design improvements to the experimental rotating convection setup. Data in tanks of 0.8m and 2.0m height have been collected: heat transfer results showing marked agreement with previous studies and with numerical simulations. We are developing a novel method of characterizing disparate flow regimes via temperature profiles. Currently in the process of setting up the 4.0m high tank, which will reach more extreme conditions than any existing rotating convection study. Secondary: Conducted numerical rotating convection simulations with varying centrifugal forcing. Currently analyzing results and exploring literature for physical interpretation ideas.

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2016

Information

JS Cheng E : j.s.cheng@tue.nl

Figure: Midplane temperature gradient shows significant changes in trend as different behavioral regimes are accessed.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 25

Department

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster

■ Chemergy / Process intensification □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

M van Sint Annaland EJH Hensen F Gallucci P Cobden

Participants KT Coenen

Cooperations -

Funded by ADEM

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2014 (April)

Information

KT Coenen T : +31 (0)40 247 8751 E : k.t.coenen@tue.nl

Sorbent Development on the Basis of Kinetics, and Mass- and Heat- Transport Phenomena in Sorption-Enhanced Processes at Elevated Temperatures PhD student | Postdoc KT (Kai) Coenen Project aim

Hydrotalcite based adsorbents are interesting materials for carbon capture and storage technologies like Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift (SEWGS) for hydrogen production, where an adsorbent is used to shift the reaction equilibrium and simultaneously capture CO2. The sorbent can be regenerated with steam, which can be separated by condensation, resulting in a pure CO2 stream. At room temperature hydrotalcites belong to the group of anionic clays and can be described as Mg6Al2(HO)16CO32- x 4 H2O, whereas at elevated temperatures the layered structure is lost and the material can be considered as a mixed metal oxide with basic character. The aim of the project is improve our understanding of the fundamental interactions of small gas molecules (like H2O, H2S, CO2 and other possible acidic species) on potassium-promoted hydrotalcite-based adsorbents.

Progress

In order to better understand and quantify the interactions, the adsorption of CO2 and H2O on K-promoted hydrotalcites and a K2CO3-promoted alumina were studied in detail using TGA (thermogravimetric analysis), PBR (packed bed reactor) breakthrough experiments, in-situ infrared spectroscopy and complementary physico-chemical characterization. To describe the observed complex adsorption behaviour of CO2 and H2O on hydrotalcites and their cyclic working capacity, carefully designed TGA and PBR breakthrough experiments were carried out. The combination of these techniques gave important new insights on the kinetics and the adsorption mechanism of CO2 and H2O at different operating conditions and for different adsorbents. The developed adsorption model includes two independent adsorption sites for H2O and CO2 (referred to as sites A and B resp.) and another site which can be occupied by both CO2 and H2O, where one component replaces the other (site C) depending on their gas phase partial pressures. The cyclic working capacity of the different sorption sites and the influence of the half-cycle time and operating temperature was studied in detail for the adsorption of CO2 and H2O. In-situ IR experiments showed that basic sites with different strength are responsible for the adsorption of CO2, and that the CO2 desorption rate decreases as a function of time on stream because of stronger bond CO2 remaining on the sorbent. To describe the desorption kinetics of CO2 and H2O on the sorbent, an Elovich-type equation was applied, where the activation energy is changing linearly as a function of the CO2 surface coverage. In addition, H2S adsorption on hydrotalcites was studied to investigate the influence of H2S (present in solids fuel derived syngas) on the sorption behaviour. It was shown that the sorption model developed for CO2 and H2O could also be applied to the binary interactions between H2S and H2O, and CO2 and H2S. The nature of the interactions of CO2 and H2S with the sorbent is very strong in comparison to the interactions with H2O. For a SEWEGS process the K2CO3 promoted hydrotalcite with a MgO/Al2O3 ratio of 0.54 was found to be the most suitable sorbent due to its highest cyclic working capacity when using wet regeneration conditions as used in the SEWGS process, while also showing high mechanical and chemical stability during the adsorption tests. A higher MgO content can increase the cyclic working capacity for a process where low amounts of steam are used. Due to the high cyclic working capacity for H2S this sorbent may also be a suitable candidate for H2S removal from gas streams at elevated temperatures. The results of this study are valuable for the further optimization of the cycle design of the SEWGS process and for the development and design of new processes exploiting hydrotalcite-based adsorbents for sour gas adsorption at elevated temperatures.

Scientific publications

Influence of material composition on the CO2 and H2O adsorption capacities and kinetics of potassium-promoted sorbents. Chemical Engineering Journal, 334, 2115–2123-2115–2123. Coenen, K.T., Gallucci, F., Cobden, P., van Dijk, E, Hensen, E.J.M. & van Sint Annaland, M. (2017). Chemisorption of H2O and CO2 on hydrotalcites for sorption enhanced water-gas-shift processes. Energy Procedia, 2228 – 2242-2228 – 2242. Coenen, K.T., Gallucci, F., Pio, G., Cobden, P., van Dijk, E., Hensen, E.J.M. & van Sint Annaland, M. (2017). On the influence of steam on the CO2 chemisorption capacity of a hydrotalcite-based adsorbent for SEWGS applications. Chemical Engineering Journal, 314, 554-554. Coenen, K.T., Gallucci, F., Cobden, P., van Dijk, Erik, Hensen, E.J.M. & van Sint Annaland, M. (2016). Chemisorption working capacity and kinetics of CO2 and H2O of hydrotalcite-based adsorbents for sorption-enhanced water-gas-shift applications. Chemical Engineering Journal, 293, 9-23.

26 |

Department

Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of biomass to sustainable fuels

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc AE (Alessandro) Coumans

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

■ Chemergy / Biomass □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants AE Coumans

Cooperations Shell

Funded by Shell

Project aim

Environmental concerns and declining petroleum reserves have shifted attention to the valorisation of renewable resources such as biomass into transportation fuels. Compared to the oxygenates obtained by transesterification, hydrotreating of vegetable oils, animal fats and waste greases produces long-chain hydrocarbons with excellent fuel properties in blends with regular diesel. Since this process is compatible with current refinery infrastructure and employs similar catalyst technology as employed for crude oil desulfurisation, it constitutes an economically viable, intermediate solution to the legislated partial replacement of fossil-fuel based by biorenewablesbased diesel in the coming years. Kinetics of the catalytic hydrogenation of methyloleate are investigated in order to understand triglyceride hydrogenation in more detail. The catalyst is a supported NiMo sulfide. This information will be the basis for the kinetic model, which will then be extended by testing a model triglyceride. Additional characterization procedures (XPS, EXAFS, CO-IR) of the catalyst with respect to the long-term stability will be done.

Progress

2011

Kinetic measurements of the catalytic hydrogenation of methyloleate and reaction intermediates were done in order to understand triglyceride hydrogenation and catalyst deactivation in more detail. The experimental setup has been adapted to accommodate measurements with trioleate, which are needed to bridge the gap between model compounds and real feedstocks. Parallel to this, series of catalysts have been prepared in order to investigate catalysts under working conditions. As a first characterization, these catalysts have been evaluated for their performance in gas phase thiophene hydrodesulfurization.

Information

Public defense took place: June 1, 2017.

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project

EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

Figure: Distribution of oxygenates in products over time, showing a loss of hydrogenation activity.

Scientific publications -

Dissertation

Coumans, A. E. (2017). Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of biomass to sustainable fuels Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 27

Department

Mechanical Engineering Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion Project leaders M Golombok MD Boot LPH de Goey Participants MCM Cuijpers Cooperations Shell

Funded by Shell

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Mobilising heavy hydrocarbons PhD student | Postdoc MCM (Michel) Cuijpers Project aim

The average recovery of an oil well has been estimated at approximately 70%, partially due to the high viscosity of the remaining heavy hydrocarbons. Subcritical water (SCW) has been shown to effectively reduce the viscosity of these heavy hydrocarbons in two ways. Firstly, the dielectric constant of water is decreased, enabling the solution of heavy oil components. Simultaneously, the dissociation constant of the medium enhanced the cracking of heavy hydrocarbons into lighter components. Reductions up to 80% have been observed and could be achieved within a few hours. A better understanding of the chemical source of the viscosity reduction could be achieved by looking more closely into SCW.

Progress

Therefore, this project is focused on the chemical source of the permanent viscosity reduction, by comparing the chemical structure of pre- and post-processed heavy hydrocarbons. SCW experiments and GCxGC SCD - FID analysis of both the feed and the product have demonstrated that the average carbon chain length was reduced. Moreover, GPC data indicated a decrease in the molecular weight, whereas elemental analysis showed a 26% decrease in sulphur. Experimental apparatus Experiments are carried out in a 200 ml Hasteloy C Premex high pressure and high temperature autoclave. A schematic overview of the set-up is given in figure.

Start of the project 2014 (June)

Information

M Cuijpers T : +31 (0)40 247 3591 E : m.c.m.cuijpers@tue.nl W: www.combustion.tue.nl

Figure: Show a schematic and realistic overview of the subcritical water setup for analyzing different operating conditions on varying heavy oil and water samples. Consisting of: An Isco high pressure syringe pump; B electric heating mantle, C Premex autoclave; D magnetic stirrer; E pressure control; F data-acquisitie.

Scientific publications -

28 |

Department

Mesh-free fracture simulation in swelling media

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc J (Jingqian) Ding

Mechanical Engineering ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

JMRJ Huyghe DMJ Smeulders

Participants J Ding

Cooperations

Baker Hughes EBN GDF Suez TKI Gas Total TU Delft University Utrecht Wintershall

Project aim

This project focuses on the phenomenon of crack propagation in swelling media, where the response of the system is driven by events occurring at the crack tip. The meshfree Partition of Unity method will be used to encompass a set of fractures.

Progress  2D and 3D biphasic model for saturated ionised porous media.  Swelling driven crack propagation in large deformation in ionised hydrogel.  Effects of intrinsic properties on fracture nucleation and propagation in swelling hydrogels.  An investigation of the stepwise mode I crack propagation in hydrogels. Public defense scheduled for: October 9, 2018.

Funded by

Baker Hughes EBN GDF Suez TKI Gas Total Wintershall

Funding % per money stream

TKI Industry

75 % 25 %

Figure: Peel test geometry and boundary conditions for two layer porous material. A 1mm crack is initiated from the left side of the beam. The dashed line represents the propagation path (l = 10 mm, h = 0.50 mm, a = 1 mm).

Start of the project 2014 (February)

Information

J Ding T +31 (0)6 48484328 E j.ding@tue.nl Figure: Pressure profile of peel test with intrinsic permeability of 1.0e-10 (mm4/Ns) (left) and 1.0e-11 (mm4/Ns) (right).

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 29

Department

Generation of 2nd generation TCM

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc PAJ (Pim) Donkers

Mechanical Engineering

■ Chemergy / Heat storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project aim

PAJ Donkers

Heat storage plays a key role in solving the energy transition problem as 75% of the energy consumption in households is used in the form of heat. Local energy storage is a key enabling factor for the energy transition in the built environment. At present the required storage over periods of weeks and months is not available and with the current developments it is expected that lack of storage facilities will be a cause of not realizing the societal sustainable energy goals, such as a net zero energy built environment. Thermal energy storage offers the opportunity of long term loss free storage relying on thermochemical phase changes. In this project we aim to develop a stabilized TCM material over multiple cycles with constant hydration/dehydration kinetics.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders OCG Adan DMJ Smeulders

Participants

TKI MJP CCO

Funded by

TKI Urban Energy

Funding % per money stream TKI UE

100 %

Start of the project

Many salts will have a reversible hydration/dehydration reaction, but the conditions of this reaction strongly influences the usability of the TCM for the foreseen application. A fist selection is performed based on a database of 563 salt hydrates: 1. Working conditions (hydration/dehydration temperature by expected water vapor pressures) 2. Safety of the material 3. Costs of the material 4. Availability of the material The selected material is K2CO3, which seems to have a reasonable stable performance over the first cycles.

2016 (January)

Information

OCG Adan T : +31 (0)40 247 3398 E : o.c.g.adan@tue.nl

Acceptable conditions

Ideal conditions

Figure: A small selection of the database which ts the drafted working conditions. The maximum hydration and the minimum dehydration temperature of the different hydrates couples are plotted against the reaction energy density. The vapor pressure during dehydration is equal to 20 mbar and during hydration 12 mbar. In addition the lowest melting temperature of the involved hydrates inside the reaction is plotted as well (based on Donkers et al., 2017, Applied Energy).

Scientific publications

Donkers, P. A. J., Sögütoglu, L. C., Huinink, H. P., Fischer, H. R., & Adan, O. C. G. (2017). A review of salt hydrates for seasonal heat storage in domestic applications. Applied Energy, 199, 45–68. Gaeini, M., Wind, R., Donkers, P. A. J., Zondag, H. A., & Rindt, C. C. M. (2017). Development of a validated 2D model for flow, moisture and heat transport in a packed bed reactor using MRI experiment and a lab-scale reactor setup. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 113, 1116–1129. Donkers, P. A. J., Pel, L., & Adan, O. C. G. (2017). Dehydration/hydration of granular beds for thermal storage applications: A combined NMR and temperature study. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 105, 826–830.

30 |

Development of non-thermal dbd microplasma reactor for combustion applications

Department

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JA van Oijen LPH de Goey

Participants

PhD student | Postdoc A (Ahmed) Elkholy Project aim

The aim of the project is to investigate experimentally low temperature plasma-flame interaction for CH4 premixed flame in a flat flame burner with a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) Plasma technique. We desire to investigate the effect of Nano-second plasma discharge on flame stabilization, emissions, CH4 oxidation rate, radical and ion formation and their effect on flame propagation speed.

Progress

A Elkholy

Cooperations

CWI's research group (U Ebert) TU/e - Physics department (E Veldhousen - S Nijdam)

Funded by

Egyptian government

 Design and construction of CH4 flat flame burner.  Design and construction of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma generator which consisting of disk electrodes, pulse generator, signal amplifier and oscilloscope.  Studying different holes patterns to get the suitable plasma discharge inside/around the holes.  OES (optical emission spectroscopy) to measure the plasma temperature and active spices concentration.  Studying the blow-off limits using plasma discharge.  Performing an emission study to evaluate the plasma effect on flame emissions.  Performing PIV to study the local effect of the plasma discharge on the burning velocity.

Funding % per money stream Scholarships

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (March)

Information

A Elkholy T : +31 (0)40 247 3621 E : A.Elkholy@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/mrf Figure 1: The reactor geometry.

Figure 2: CH chemiluminescence images for methane-air flame at different plasma frequencies for ɸ= 0.6 and V = 4kV.

Scientific publications

Elkholy, A.H.E., Veldhuizen, E., Nijdam, S., Ebert, U.M., van Oijen, J.A., Dam, N.J. & de Goey, L.P.H. ‘Characteristics of a novel nanosecond DBD microplasma reactor for flow applications’, submitted to Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics -2017. Elkholy, A.H.E., Shoshyn, Y., Nijdam, S., van Veldhuizen, E.M., van Oijen, J.A. & de Goey, L.P.H. ‘A new DBD microplasma burner for measuring the effect of nanosecond plasma discharge on burning velocity of methane-air flames’. MCS-10 : Tenth Mediterranean Combustion Symposium, 17-21 September 2017, napoli, Italy.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 31

Department

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Heat storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HA Zondag CCM Rindt

Participants M Gaeini

Cooperations

Thermochemical seasonal heat storage for the built environment: a multi-scale investigation PhD student | Postdoc M (Mohammadreze) Gaeini Project aim

Heat is stored by an endothermic reaction in thermochemical material in summer, and in winter the released energy from an exothermic reaction is used to provide hot tap water and space heating. The goal of the project is to develop and optimize a prototype for thermochemical heat storage system at the scale of 0.25 m3. The problem can be described on three levels; various materials should be examined to find the most suitable one for seasonal heat storage; the reactor as the main part of the setup should be technically optimized; all the other parts of the system, such as humidifier and heat exchangers, should be designed and integrated all together as a system.

Progress

Province of North-Brabant

A pilot setup is successfully built in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the thermochemical heat storage concept for application in the built environment. The system consists of four reactor segments of 62.5L each. It can provide a maximum power of around 4kW for 10 hours, or a stable average power of 1kW for 40 hours. By upscaling this system from 4 to 150 segments, this system can provide a heating demand of almost 6 GJ, which is enough for a typical 110m2 passive house.

Funding % per money stream

Public defense took place: July 4, 2017.

ECN

Funded by

University 30 % Province 70 %

Mohammadreze Gaeini continued as a Postdoc on the topic ‘Energy Pad’.

Start of the project 2013

Information

M Gaeini T : +31 (0)40 247 2768 E : M.Gaeini@tue.nl

Scientific publications

R. van Alebeek, M.A.J.M. Beving, M. Gaeini, C.C.M. Rindt, H.A. Zondag, “Design and experimental investigation of a high power segmented sorption energy storage system”, 4th Sustainable Thermal Energy Management International Conference (SusTEM 2017), Alkmaar. M. Gaeini, M.R. Javed, H. Ouwerkerk, L. Scapino, H.A. Zondag and C.C.M. Rindt, “Realization of a 4kW thermochemical segmented reactor in household scale for seasonal heat storage”, Energy Procedia, 2017. M. Gaeini, R. Wind, P.A.J. Donkers, H.A. Zondag, and C.C.M. Rindt, “Development of a validated 2D model for flow, moisture and heat transport in a packed bed reactor using MRI experiment and reactor setup”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2017.

Dissertation

Thermochemical seasonal heat storage for the built environment: a multi-scale investigation Gaeini, M., 4 Jul 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 143 p. 32 |

Density Functional Theory based State-Space Modeling & Simulations

Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project aim

The direct conversion of solar energy into storable fuel is a holy grail in the field of sustainable energy. In photoelectrochemical conversion, the breakthrough is not yet achieved since the limiting processes at the electrode-electrolyte interface are not identified and efficiencies are too low. Therefore, we focus in this study on a new multiscale modeling & simulation approach: density functional theory (DFT) based state-space modeling & simulations (SSMS). It allows simulating electrochemical data directly from an electrochemical model with atomistic input and links electrochemical data directly with electrochemical quantities. Simulations under various operating conditions and comparison to experimental data allow for identifying the limiting processes at the interface. We will prove this approach with the Fe2O3 model system and proceed later to complex oxide systems.

Project leaders

A Bieberle-Hütter

Participants K George X Zhang

Cooperations

M van Berkel, DIFFER T Oomen, TU/e

Progress

Funded by DIFFER

Funding % per money stream NWO Other

Start of the project 2016 (September)

PhD student | Postdoc K (Kiran) George

100 %

A microkinetic model is developed for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at semiconductor electrolyte interface. The mass balance and charge balance relations are written out such that it forms a statespace model with applied voltage as the input and current density as the output. The theoretical reaction rates for the multiple steps are calculated using Gerischer theory and DFT results for bare hematite. The model can simulate j-V curves, impedance spectra, and coverage plots. A comparison is done for impedance spectra calculated from the model with in-house experimental results for hematite (Figure 1). In a separate study, the OER activity of NiOOH-Fe2O3 heterostructure is investigated using DFT. Overpotentials for the OER are calculated on different sites on NiOOH- Fe2O3. The Ni-Fe edge sites on the heterostructure is identified as the most OER active sites.

Simulation

Information

Experiment

A Bieberle-Hütter T : +31 (0)40 3334 801 E : a.bieberle@differ.nl W: www.differ.nl

Figure 1: Comparison of simulated bode plot of impedance from the model to experiments. For comparison with experimental impedance, a constant series resistance (resistance of back contact) and a parallel capacitance (semiconductor bulk capacitance) are added to the impedance calculated from the state-space model. The phase angle (red curves) and magnitude of impedance (blue curves) are plotted as function of frequency at different applied potentials. The trends found in both set of experimental curves, with increase in applied potential, are captured well in the simulation.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 33

High-Efficiency Organic Solar Cells by Controlling Microstructure through Processing

Department

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

F Toschi PPAM van der Schoot RAJ Janssen

PhD student | Postdoc A (Abheeti) Goyal Project aim

The aim is to study the basic fluid dynamics physics of multi-component phase separation and solidification of suspensions under steady evaporation. This will contribute to a better understanding on the dynamics of the morphology formed during the processing of organic solar cells and may contribute in increasing the power conversion efficiency.

Progress

The literature on the problem and the necessary physics were studied during the first year of the PhD (Sept 2016-Sept 2017). This included statistical physics of phase ordering, Lattice-Boltzmann Method (LBM) and learning about existing computer codes. Additionally, the Free Energy LBM was implemented and validated by comparisons with analytical predictions and previous studies reported in the literature. Also, the study of the effect of substrate wetting on the phase separation is initiated to characterise the growth dynamics near the substrate in comparison to the bulk.

Participants A Goyal

Cooperations Shell-NWO FOM

Funded by Shell-NWO FOM

Funding % per money stream NWO (FOM)

100 %

Start of the project 2016 (September)

Information

F Toschi T : +31 (0)40 247 3911 E : f.toschi @tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/wdy/

Figure: Schematic of an organic solar cell showing cut plane of the light absorbing layer which forms the engine of the cell. Simulation snapshots of time evolution of an A-B symmetric fluid mixture undergoing phase separation by spinodal decomposition in bulk (top row) and on a substrate preferentially wet by B component (bottom row) from an initially well-mixed state. Domain growth in bulk is isotropic while substrate wetting leads to formation of a B-rich layer (wetting layer) next to the substrate from early times.

Scientific publications -

34 |

Fuel effects in ultra-clean and efficient engine combustion concepts

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders LMT Somers NG Deen

Participants J Han

Funded by

Chinese Scholarship Council

Funding % per money stream Scholarships

Start of the project 2016 (December)

100 %

PhD student | Postdoc J (Jinlin) Han Project aim

1. Metal engine tests applying special fuels like PRF, alcohol fuels and cycloalkanes (toluene and benzaldehyde) to investigate the effects of different fuels’ properties on thermal efficiency and satisfaction with the Euro VI emissions standard. Best working points and engine parameters with applying these specific fuels would be selected. 2. Intensive study on emission soot size, particulate matters numbers concentration and distribution with these specific fuels will be conducted. 3. Detailed optical measurements (optical engines and burners) will also be used to understand the new combustion concept like soot formation, injection spray etc.

Progress

Literature study is finished and a review paper is being prepared. Three different injection strategies (single injection, pilot-main injection, main-post injection) are experimentally investigated on a heavy duty compression ignition engine. To achieve a low cetane number (CN), a fuel blend BH70 (70vol% n-butanol and 30vol% n-heptane) is used. The effects of different pilot and post-injection timing, as well as EGR (Exhaust-gas Recirculation) rate, are investigated. A conference paper is finished based on the results. b.Soot of three injection strategies

0.06

pilot/main injeciton

pilot/main injeciton main/post injection

main/post injection

0.05

single injection

single injection EURO VI

ISNOx [g/kwh]

J Han T : +31 (0)6 33812666 E : j.han.1@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/mrf

a. NOx of three injection strategies

2.5

Information

EURO VI

0.04

1.5

ISPM [g/kwh]

Department

0.5

0.03

0.02

0.01

EGR ratio[%]

Figure: NOx and soot emission of three injection strategies with different EGR rate.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 35

Department

Fluidized bed membrane reactors for water gas shift

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc A (Arash) Helmi

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

■ Chemergy / Process intensification □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

F Gallucci M van Sint Annaland

Participants A Helmi E Fernandez

Cooperations

TU Delft DEMCAMER project consortium

Funded by

European commission University

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (March)

Project aim

Water Gas Shift (WGS) is a widely used reaction for hydrogen production and synthesis gas upgrading. The conventional two-stage WGS process consists of a first reactor operated at high temperature to exploit faster kinetics and a second reactor that works at lower temperatures to take advantage of higher equilibrium conversions, followed by a separation step such as PSA. Pdbased membrane reactors are able to couple the WGS reaction and hydrogen separation and purification in one single unit and thus strongly intensify the process. The aim of this research is a detailed study of the reactor performance of fluidized bed membrane reactors using numerical studies and an experimental proof-of-principle of the concept for small-scale applications (viz. lowtemperature PEM fuel cells).

Progress

The membrane reactor has been successfully demonstrated at lab-scale. A very stable performance of the reactor with a capacity of 1 Nm3/h of H2 production was obtained over 900 hours of continuous work at high temperature WGS conditions (Avg. CO < 10 ppm). A Two-Fluid Model (TFM) was used to quantify the extent of concentration polarization near the membranes. The concentration profiles were simplified to a mass transfer boundary layer, which was implemented in a one-dimensional (1D) fluidized bed membrane reactor model to account for the concentration polarization effects. Hydrodynamics of the reactor was studied in a pseudo-2D geometry with the help of an endoscopic PIV/DIA technique and at room temperature. The study included the characterization of bubble and emulsion phases properties at the absence and at the presence of membranes bundle. Subsequently, the research was further extended in a real 3D geometry utilizing a high resolution X-ray analysis technique (in collaboration with TU Delft). Public defense took place: March 27, 2017. Permeate

Information

F Gallucci T : +31 (0)40 247 3675 E : f.gallucci@tue.nl

Retentate

Two Fluid Model H2 concentration

Feed

Figure: Schematic representation of the TFM simulation grid.

Scientific publications

Helmi A., et al., Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 122 (2017), 508-522. Helmi A., et al., Molecules, 2016, 21 (3), 376. Del Villar, V., Barrio, L., Helmi, A., et al., Catalysis Today, 268 (2016), 95-102. Fernandez, E., Helmi, A., et al., Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40 (8), pp. 3506-3519. Fernandez, E., Coenen, K., Helmi, A., et al., Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40 (39), 13463-13478. Helmi, A., et al., Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39 (20), 10498-10506.

Dissertation

Helmi, A. (2017). Fluidized bed membrane reactors for water gas shift. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Martin van Sint Annaland & Fausto Gallucci).

36 |

Department

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Heat storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders SJF Erich OCG Adan

Participants

A Herrmann A Mavinkurve (NXP) A Mol (TU Delft) B Munirathinam (TU Delft) B Erich (TU/e) H Huinink (TU/e) L van der Ven (TU/e) M van Soestbergen (NXP) O Adan (TU/e) W van Driel (Philips Lighting)

Transport along interfaces in microelectronics and LED interfaces (TRACES) PhD student | Postdoc A (Anja) Herrmann Project aim

The aim of the project is to gain insight into the water and ion transport along interfaces existing in the protective encapsulation of microelectronic devices and LED packages. These interfaces can act as pathways for water and ion contaminants to reach (and subsequently destroy) the electric circuits of the devices, leading to a failure of the product. A broader knowledge of the transport mechanisms can help to better predict life times of products during the design phase.

Progress

So far, the water transport in silicones that are used as lens materials in LEDs were studied. These show a fast diffusion (D≈10-10m2/s). While this is a disadvantage for corrosion resistivity, it is necessary that water can quickly leave when the LED is in operation and gets hot. Experiments showed that the phosphor particles which are added to the silicone to reach a certain light color have no significant influence on the transport of water. First results of water transport through EMC (epoxy molding compound used in encapsulation of microelectronics) are being carried out, showing much slower transport than the silicone. For better understanding the interfaces of filler particles and epoxy matrix, an epoxy mixture with varying amount of filler is being mixed.

Cooperations TU Delft NXP Philips Lighting

Funded by

STW NXP Philips Lighting

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2016 (January)

Information

A Herrmann T : +31 (0)40 247 5533 E : a.herrmann@tue.nl

Figure: schematic of an integrated circuit, giving examples on ion paths.

Scientific publications

Understanding the transport phenomena leading to tarnishing of the reflecting silver layer causing reduced light output of LEDs, A. Herrmann, S.J.F. Erich, L.G.J. v.d. Ven, W.D. van Driel, M. van Soestbergen, A. Mavinkurve, O.C.G. Adan, 10 mei 2017, EuroSimE 2017, 3-5 April 2017, Dresden, Germany.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 37

Department

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Biomass □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

EJM Hensen MD Boot

Participants X Huang X Ouyang P Kouris MD Boot

Cooperations

Chemelot-Inscite Vetoro B.V.

Funded by

European Interreg V Flanders European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) Province of Brabant and Limburg Dutch Ministry of Economy

Catalytic Conversion of Wood-based Lignin to Fuels and Chemicals PhD student / Postdoc X (Xiaoming) Huang Project aim

Lignocellulosic biomass is a low-cost renewable feedstock that is suitable for the production of sustainable liquid fuels and chemicals. Many efforts have been made aiming to valorize the carbohydrate fraction (cellulose and hemicellulose) into small molecules such as suars, polyols and bio-ethanol. Alternatively, the “lignin-first” approach has recently gained attentions as a promising biomass pretreatment technology. This technology allows direct extraction and depolymerization lignin from biomass matrix into high yield of aromatic monomers. The remaining pulp is rich in cellulose, which is nearly untouched, and some hemicellulose. After further valorization, these pulp residue can also be further converted to fuel components such bio-ethanol. This project aims to demonstrate a sustainable pathway to biobased aromatics (phenol and BTX) via lignin-first followed by catalytic upgrading (hydrodeoxygenation, dealkylation and transalkylation) technologies.

Progress

We developed a novel tandem catalytic system for the valorization of lignin contained in woody biomass. The one-pot reaction is carried out in methanol. Metal triflate was used as a catalyst for accelerating the extraction of lignin from the lignocellulosic matrix by cleaving ether and ester lignin-carbohydrate intralinkages. These lignin fragments are then disassembled by Pd-catalyzed hydrogenolysis reactions involving molecular hydrogen. Up to 55 wt% mono-aromatics, mainly alkylmethoxyphenols, can be obtained from the lignin fraction (23.8 wt%) of birch wood. The process can be easily scaled up by a factor of 50 using a 4 L autoclave, delivering 40~46 wt% lignin monomer yield. The lignin-derived alkylmethoxyphenols can be used in the fragrance industry (e.g., dihydroeugenol) or upgraded to produce BTX or phenol, which are valuable base chemicals. We are trying to demonstrate this process at pilot scale.

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2016

Information

EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc.

38 |

Figure: Production of biobased aromatics from lignin depolymerization process.

Scientific publications

Huang, X. et al. (2017). Reductive fractionation of woody biomass into lignin monomers and cellulose by tandem metal triflate and Pd/C catalysis. Green Chemistry, 19(1), 175-187. Huang, X. (2016). Catalytic conversion of lignin and woody biomass for the production of fuels and chemicals (Doctoral dissertation, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven). Huang, X. et al. (2016). Effective Release of Lignin Fragments from Lignocellulose by Lewis Acid Metal Triflates in the Lignin‐First Approach. ChemSusChem, 9(23), 3262-3267.

Department

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders LMT Somers N Dam B Johansson

Participants

M Izadi Najafabadi

Cooperations

Lund University Imperial College London

Funded by

ECCO-MATE Marie Curie Actions

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Optical study of stratification for partially premixed combustion PhD student | Postdoc M (Mohammad) Izadi Najafabadi Project aim

 Better understanding of the concept of Partially Premixed Combustion by investigation of fuel and thermal stratification while it progresses.  Application of different laser diagnostic techniques in a light duty optical engine.  Accurate quantification of laser diagnostic imaging  Sharing of experimental results with sister institutes and provide data for numerical studies.

Progress

 Literature review on the implementaion of laser diagnostic techniques and partially premixed combustion.  Preparation and calibration of the engine test cell instruments and the Volvo D5 optical engine setup.  Investigation of the injection process and spray penetration by using high-speed Shadowgraphy imaging in an optical engine.  Detailed investigation of the combustion stratification based on the high-speed OH* chemiluminescence imaging (Figure 1).  Study the effect of EGR and SOI on the flow characteristics and turbulence features of PPC combustion in the combustion chamber and inside the piston bowl based on the high-speed PIV method.

Public defense took place: December 7, 2017.

Start of the project 2014 (May)

Information

M Izadi Najafabadi T : +31 (0)40 247 5995 E : m.izadi.najafabadi@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/combustion

Figure 1: Time resolved Fourier-based stratification for different injection timings.

Scientific publications

Dissertation

Optical study of stratification for partially premixed combustion, Izadi Najafabadi, M., 7 Dec 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 125 p.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 39

Department

Plug and Play Energy Pack for Inland- and Shortsea Shipping

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc S (Suleyman) Karaca

Mechanical Engineering

■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project aim

JA van Oijen

Stabilization of flame is a crucial issue in combustors. In literature there are many ways to stabilize the flame such as swirl, bluff body and reversed flows. In this project very lean aero-engine burners with reversed flow configuration will be investigated by using chemistry reduction method – FGM. The aim is to understand flow and chemistry part of the reversed flow configuration and develop accurate numerical tools to predict emissions like CO and NOx.

Participants

Progress

Project leaders

S Karaca

An OpenFOAM library is constructed to simulate premixed and non-premixed combustion. The solver can handle adiabatic and non-adiabatic conditions. Turbulence-chemistry interaction is modelled by using beta pdf. The solver is tested on Stagnation Point Reverse Flow (SPRF) and DLR burners with premixed configuration.

Cooperations MariGreen TUBITAK

Funded by MariGreen TUBITAK

Funding % per money stream EU Scholarships

50 % 50 %

Start of the project 2016 (May)

Information

JA van Oijen T : +31 (0)40 247 3133 E : j.a.v.oijen@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/mrf

Figure: Stagnation Point Reverse Flow configuration.

Scientific publications -

40 |

Department

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

MCM van de Sanden RAH Engeln

Participants

BLM Klarenaar

Cooperations

DIFFER, Eindhoven Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

Funded by NWO

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (March)

A novel approach to renewable energy storage through plasma-assisted CO2-to-CO reduction PhD student | Postdoc BLM (Bart) Klarenaar Project aim

The aim of the project is to unravel the relevant plasma processes that are necessary for the conversion of CO2 to CO, in order to make the overall conversion process of CO2 and water to hydrocarbon/green fuel economically viable. Knowledge on these processes leads to an increased control over the CO2-to-CO conversion through the targeted adjustments of the plasma parameters. Using non-equilibrium plasma-sources to efficiently overcome the energy barrier in CO2 dissociation will pave the way for renewables to become a holistic energy solution.

Progress

Vibrations of CO2 are in literature proposed to play a key role in the efficient dissociation of CO2. The kinetics of these vibrations and the evolution of other relevant plasma parameters are studied in a DC glow discharge using two optical diagnostics: I) in situ rotational Raman scattering, providing the spatiotemporally resolved rotational temperature, number densities of CO2, CO, and O2, and an indication of the vibrations of CO2. II) in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, providing temporally resolved number densities and vibrational distributions of CO2 and CO. The plasma is pulsed to study the reaction of these parameters on plasma initiation and in the afterglow. Both diagnositcs are implemented successfully, while algorithms are developed to be able to adequately analyse the data. The results of both diagnositcs agree well, showing a uniform discharge in temperature and composition over the full length of the reactor. The relaxation of the vibrations of CO2 are shown to be mainly influenced by the gas temperature. The unexpected insensitivity to e.g. pressure or quenching agents such as atomic oxygen will be examined in more detail in a continued study at the TU/e and Ecole Polytechnique, and by comparison to numerical models in cooperation with Universidade de Lisboa.

Information

RAH Engeln T : +31 (0)40 247 5789 E : r.engeln@tue.nl W: https://www.tue.nl/en/university/ departments/appliedphysics/research/researchgroups/plasma-and-materialsprocessing-pmp/research/researchareas/co2-neutral-fuels/

Figure: The closed carbon loop in which energy is stored by converting CO2 to hydrocarbons. The stored energy can be utilized by combustions of the hydrocarbon fuel.

Scientific publications

B.L.M. Klarenaar, R. Engeln, D.C.M. van den Bekerom, M.C.M. van de Sanden, A.S. Morillo-Candas, and O. Guaitella, “Time evolution of vibrational temperatures in a CO2 glow discharge measured with infrared absorption spectroscopy,” Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., 26, 115008 (2017). D. Marinov, C. Drag, C. Blondel, O. Guaitella, J. Golda, B.L.M. Klarenaar, R. Engeln, V. Schulz-von der Gathen, and J.-P. Booth, “Pressure broadening of atomic oxygen two-photon absorption laser induced fluorescence,” Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., 25, 06LT03 (2016). B.L.M. Klarenaar, F. Brehmer, S. Welzel, H.J. van der Meiden, M.C.M. van de Sanden, and R. Engeln, “Note: Rotational Raman scattering on CO2 plasma using a volume Bragg grating as a notch filter,” Rev. Sci. Instrum., 86, p. 046106 (2015). F. Brehmer, S. Welzel, B.L.M. Klarenaar, H.J. van der Meiden, M.C.M. van de Sanden, and R. Engeln, “Gas temperature in transient CO2 plasma measured by Raman scattering,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 48, p. 155201 (2015).

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 41

Department

Insights into Deep Eutectic Solvents

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc LJBM (Laura) Kollau

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry ■ Energy Conversion / Biomass □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders R Tuinier

Participants LJBM Kollau

Cooperations -

Funded by ISPT

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been considered a new class of green solvents, they consist of a combination between two components which, mixed in certain ratios, show a large melting point depression. They gain interest due to their compliance with green chemistry principles, such as atom economy and safer solvents and chemicals. Being considered as designer solvents, ideally all physical properties of DESs could be tailored by choosing the right combination of components. The fundamentals of stable liquids of these systems, however, have yet gained limited attention, while for applications of DESs this is of great importance. Although liquids of DES components are nowadays studied frequently, the number of phase diagrams reported in literature is very limited. Quantifying the non-ideality of DESs could provide guidelines for designing the properties desired based on the features of the pure components. Next to this, binary phase diagrams enable to map the stable liquid window, which identifies where applications could be feasible. Further, when using eutectic mixtures as solvents it is important to quantify how far a certain composition deviates from the liquid-solid coexistence.

Progress

Funding % per money stream ISPT

Project aim

100 %

Currently a study is being carried out where the phase diagrams of a selection of specific DESs are prepared. These DESs are selected based on specific physical properties and is aimed to understand the influence of these properties on the stability of the liquid region.

Start of the project 2014

Information

R Tuinier E : r.tuinier@tue.nl W : www.chem.tue.nl/spc

Figure: Here a phase diragam is depicted, the composition of the DES (consisting here of A and B) varies along the x-axis; the y-axis varies the temperature. The curves are the phase boundaries separating the liquid from the solid-liquid regime. At low temperature only a solid regime is present.

Scientific publications

D.J.G.P. Van Osch, L. J. B. M. Kollau, A. Van Den Bruinhorst, S. Asikainen, M. A. A. Rocha, and M. C. Kroon, “Ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for lignocellulosic biomass fractionation,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 19, no. 4, 2017.

42 |

Department

Photochemical microreactor engineering

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc KPL (Koen) Kuijpers

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

■ Chemergy / Process intensification □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders T Noël

Participants KPL Kuijpers D Cambié

Cooperations MG Debije

Funded by NWO

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2016 (January)

Project aim

The aim of this PhD studies is to design and create new reactor platforms to enhance photocatalytic reactions. Typical reaction can be both in a homogeneous liquid phase or in a heterogeneous gas-liquid phase. This study focusses on microreactors as for a typical reaction mixture most of the photons are absorbed within the first millimeter of the reactor. Furthermore, microreactors offer the possibility to increase the interfacial area for multiphase reactions by orders of magnitude compared to conventional reactors. Therefore, mass transfer limitations can often be overcome. This work consist of some different projects. First of all some reactors are created for mechanistic studies for photocatalytical reactions, including an fully automated platform for Stern-Volmer quenching studies. The other part of this work focusses on the scale-up of microreactors as these reactors face shortcomings in throughput. Scale-up is also applied to a sunlight driven reactor.

Progress

In the past our research group developed a microreactor integrated into a Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC). LSCs are dye doped polymer sheets, which can absorb (sun)light converted it to a more narrow wavelength range and reemit light at a higher wavelength. This reemitted light can be matched with a photocatalyst that can accelerate a certain reaction of interest. These LSC’s are integrated with chemically resistant microchannels into Luminescent Solar Concentator Photo Microreactors: LSC-PMs. They offer a wide variety of applicable reactions, which can eventually be sunlight driven through the LSC waveguide. A reactor design for a scaled-up LSC-PM is made, which is intended for use under sunlight irradiation. The scaled-up reactor is integrated with photovoltaics to collect excess energy that is not consumed by chemical transformations, making the whole reactor highly sustainable.

Information

KPL Kuijpers T : +31 (0)40 247 2992 E : k.p.l.kuijpers@tue.nl

Figure: Scaled-up Luminescent Solar Concentrator Photo Microreactor.

Scientific publications

Kuijpers, K.P.L.; van Dijk, M.A.H.; Rumeur, Q.; Hessel, V.; Su, Y. and Noël, T. A sensitivity analysis of a numbered-up photomicroreactor system Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 2017, 2, 109-115. Su Y.; Kuijpers, K.P.L.; König, N.; Shang, M.; Hessel, V.; Noël, T. A mechanistic investigation of the visible light photocatalytic trifluoromethylation of heterocycles using CF3I in flow Chemistry – A European Journal 2016, 22 (35), 12295-12300. Bottecchia, C.; Wei, X-J.; Kuijpers, K.P.L.; Hessel, V.; Noël, T. Visible light-induced trifluoromethylation and perfluoroalkylation of cysteine residues in batch and continuous flow J. Org. Chem. 2016, 81 (16), 7301-7307. Su, Y.; Kuijpers, K.P.L.; Hessel, V.; Noël, T. A convenient numbering-up strategy for the scale-up of gas–liquid photoredox catalysis in flow. Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 2016, 1, 73-81.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 43

Department

Mathematics and Computer Science

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Flux approximation schemes for flow problems using local boundary value problems PhD student | Postdoc N (Nikhil) Kumar Project aim

JHM ten Thije Boonkkamp B Koren

We aim to develop discretization methods for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, which provide higher accuracy on coarser grids. The higher accuracy of the solver will used to study the formation of the wakes in the offshore wind farms. The computational data is then utilized for the optimization of the layout of the wind farms.

Participants

Progress

Project leaders

N Kumar

Cooperations

Funded by

Shell-NWO CS PhD program

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information

N Kumar T : +31 (0)40 247 8190 E : n.kumar@tue.nl W: https://www.tue.nl/en/university/ departments/mathematics-andcomputer-science/thedepartment/staff/detail/ep/e/d/ep -uid/20134132/

A spatial discretization scheme for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations using local boundary value problems (BVPs) has been developed for the approximation of the interface velocities and the fluxes. The use of local BVP for the estimation of the interface velocities exhibited higher accuracy than the commonly used methods like Central differences and upwind method. The method was extended for the approximation of the discrete fluxes. The computed numerical flux is expressed as a sum of a homogeneous part (which depends on the balance of the convective and viscous forces) and an inhomogeneous part (depending on the source terms like the pressure gradient along the flux and the gradient of the transverse flux). Thus we have a developed a second-order finite volume discretization in which the fluxes are approximated using the conservation laws governing the fluid flow. The scheme provides higher accuracy on coarser grids than the commonly used methods. We have also developed a flux approximation scheme for the viscous Burgers equation, in which the numerical flux is computed using a nonlinear local BVP. Further, the nonlinear local BVP approximation of the flux is shown to be consistent with Godunov flux in the inviscid limit. Public defense took place: December 20, 2017.

Scientific publications

N. Kumar, J.H.M. ten Thije Boonkkamp, B. Koren, Flux approximation scheme for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations using local boundary value problems. In Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering, 112, pages 43–51. Springer, 2016. N. Kumar, J.H.M. ten Thije Boonkkamp, B. Koren, A sub-cell discretization method for the convective terms in the incompressible Navier- Stokes equations. Spectral and High Order Methods for Partial Differential Equations ICOSAHOM (2014), Lecture notes in computational science and engineering (106), Springer 2015, pp. 295-303.

Dissertation

Flux approximation schemes for flow problems using local boundary value problems. Kumar, N., 20 Dec 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 126 p.

44 |

Department

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster

■ Chemergy / Process intensification □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders T Noël

Participants G Laudadio

Cooperations

S Djuric (AbbVie Pharmaceuticals) Y Wang (AbbVie Pharmaceuticals) H Koolman (AbbVie Pharmaceuticals) M Fagnoni (University of Pavia) D Ravelli (University of Pavia) F Hollman (TU Delft) N Kockmann (TU Dortmund)

Funded by -

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Enabling Oxidative Chemistry in Continuous-Flow Microreactors PhD student | Postdoc G (Gabriele) Laudadio Project aim

In organic chemistry oxidation reactions represent a valid and widely applicable approach to obtain many valuable compounds. However, these methodologies are always affected by a highly exothermic behavior, furthermore the employment of dangerous oxidants and expensive catalysts is often required. Nowadays, the development of more sustainable and milder processes is absolutely necessary, and the involvement of abundant and non-toxic oxidants like molecular oxygen can address the issues herein presented. To do so, the application of traceless reagents such as photons or electrons can improve dramatically the efficiency of these reactions. The success of oxidation processes can be also guaranteed by the use of continuous flow microreactor technology, with which many issues of typical photo- and electrochemical approaches are overcome (e.g. light penetration, safety hazards, electro deposition, etc.).

Progress

An aerobic photochemical C(sp3)−H oxidation methodology via Hydrogen Atom Transfer, promoted by the polyoxometalate Decatungstate, was recently developed. A segmented-flow regime was found crucial to overcome the mass-transfer limitation of oxygen (Fig. A). An electrochemical oxidation methodology of thiols and sulfides was developed with a commercially available electrochemical microreactor (Syrris Asia Flux, Fig. B). Next, an electrochemical microreactor was recently designed and investigation on new electrochemical processes will be carried out (Fig. B). A)

B) O2

MFC

Start of the project 2016 (May)

PFA microreactor 750 µm ID, 5mL

microflow electrocell (Fe anode)

Information

G Laudadio T : +31 (0)40 247 3431 E : G.Laudadio@tue.nl W: https://www.tue.nl/en/university/ departments/chemical-engineeringand-chemistry/the-epartment/staff/ detail/ep/e/d/ep-uid/20165386/ http://www.noelresearchgroup.co m/people/gabriele-laudadio/ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-27498393

365 nm LED Taylor Recirculation

bubble

Figure: A) Setup used for the photochemical C(sp3)−H oxidation. B) Electrochemical oxidation of thiols and disulfides. C) New microreactor design.

Scientific publications

Laudadio, G.; Noël, T. Chapter 7 – Flow Chemistry Perspective for C-H Bond Functionalization Strategies for Palladium-Catalyzed Non-Directed and Directed C-H Bond Functionalization 2017, 275-288, DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-805254-9.00007-4. Laudadio, G.; Straathof, N.J.W.; Lanting, M.D.; Knoops, B.; Hessel, V.; Noël, T. Green Chemistry 2017, 19, 4061 – 4066, DOI: 10.1039/C7GC01973D. Laudadio, G.; Gemoets, H.P.L.; Hessel, V.; Noël, T. Journal of Organic Chemistry 2017, 82, 1173511741, DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01346. Gemoets, H. P. L.; Laudadio, G.; Verstraete, K.; Hessel, V.; Noël, T. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2017, 56 (25), 7161-7165 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703369. Kockmann, N.; Thenée, P.; Fleischer-Trebes, C.; Laudadio, G. and Noël, T. Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 2017, 2, 258-280 DOI: 10.1039/C7RE00021A.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 45

Department

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster

■ Chemergy / Electrical storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders PHL Notten

Participants D Li D Danilov

Aging Mechanisms of Li-ion Batteries: Seen From an Experimental and Simulation Point of View PhD student | Postdoc D (Dongjiang) Li Project aim

The project is aiming to test and model the aging of Li ion batteries. The developed aging model helps to understand and predict both the calendar ageing and cycle life of the batteries under different operation conditions. Furthermore, the research enables to develop more sophisticated Battery Management Systems (BMS).

Progress

China Scholarship Council (CSC)

We have experimentally investigated both the calendar and cycle life of Li ion batteries under various temperatures and current conditions. The irreversible capacity losses under various aging conditions have been accurately determined on the basis of the maximum capacities estimated from the EMF curves. The total capacity losses in cycling conditions are considered to be contributed by calendar aging and electrode volume changes which have been determined by extrapolating the capacity loss on the basis of current and time, respectively as shown in Fig. 1a and b. All these capacity losses have been simulated on the basis of the proposed electron tunneling model.

Funding % per money stream

Public defense took place: March 16, 2017.

Cooperations

University of Xiamen

Funded by

Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project 2012 (November)

Information

PHL Notten T : +31 (0)40 247 3069 E : p.h.l.notten@tue.nl

Figure 1: The development of irreversible capacity loss under various cycling conditions as a function of both cycle number and time. The storage capacity curves are extrapolated to cycle number 0 implying a current of 0 C-rate, representing calendar aging (a). Extrapolating to cycle time 0 then exclusively represents ageing characteristics upon cycling (b).

Scientific contributions

D. Li, D. Danilov, Y. Yang, P.H.L. Notten, Degradation mechanisms of Li ion batteries: Experimental analyses of calendar aging, Electrochimica Acta, 2015. D.J. Li, D. Danilov, Z.R. Zhang, H.X. Chen, Y. Yang, P.H.L. Notten, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162 (2015) A858. D. Li, D. Danilov, Z. Zhang, H. Chen, Y. Yang, P.H.L. Notten, ECS Transactions, 62 (2014) 8. D. Li, D. Danilov, Z. Zhang, H. Chen, Y. Yang, P.H.L. Notten, The 17th International Meeting on Li-ion Batteries, Como, Italy, 2014. D. Li, D. Danilov, Y. Yang, P.H.L. Notten, Conference on Electrochemical Energy Science and Technology,Shanghai, China, 2014.

Dissertation

Aging mechanisms of Li-ion batteries: seen from an experimental and simulation point of view. Li, D., 16 Mar 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 243 p.

46 |

Department

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Transition metal sulfides and oxides: synthesis, energy conversion application, and charge carrier dynamics PhD student | Postdoc A (Anton) Litke Project aim

Project leaders EJM Hensen JP Hofmann

The aim of the project is to understand how preparation conditions influence the properties and activity of photocatalytic materials. The research is focused on the synthesis and detailed characterization of phototocatalysts based on transition metal sulfides. These materials can be used for the photocatalytic reduction of water or carbon dioxide under visible light illumination.

Participants

Progress

Funding % per money stream

Public defense took place: May 15, 2017.

Funded by

NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (December)

Information

EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

# fraction / %

Cooperations -

# twinned particles

activity

20 16

10 8

2 0

n(H2) / mmol×(g×h)−1

NanoNextNL

Hydrothermal synthesis of mixed Cd-Zn sulfides from insoluble hydroxide precursors was studied in detail. Transformation of the precursors into product was found to proceed via dissolutionprecipitation mechanism. The formation of soluble intermediate complexes plays a central role in the formation of an active material. A higher amount of nanotwinned particles was found to lower photocatalytic activity of a material. The optimized synthesis procedure was used to load hjighly active mixed sulfides on photoplatinized TiO2. This strategy is know to improve charge carrier separation efficiency and photocatalytic performance of precipitated sulfides, but it deteriorates activity of the highly active material.

A Litke

KCl

no add.

en CH3COONa

mixed Cd-Zn sulfides Figure: Influence of the additives presenting during synthesis on the number fraction of nanotwinned particles and photocatalytic activity of mixed Cd-Zn sulfides.

Scientific publications

On the Formation of Cd-Zn Sulfide Photocatalysts from Insoluble Hydroxide Precursors; Litke, A., Hofmann, J.P., Weber, T., Hensen, E.J.M., 2015, Inorganic Chemistry.

Dissertation

Transition metal sulfides and oxides: synthesis, energy conversion application, and charge carrier dynamics. Litke, A., 15 May 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 145 p.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 47

Department

Flow MRI in porous media

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student P (Paolo) Lovreglio

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JAM Kuipers

Participants P Lovreglio KA Buist LAJF Peters L Pel

Cooperations -

Funded by

Project aim

In most chemical processes flow systems are multiphase flows and not transparent. A very common flow type in chemical industry is fluid flowing through a bed of solid particles where the particles are catalytically active. The reactor performance is related to the flow field of the fluid within it. We use MRI to visualize the flow, which cannot be seen with optical techniques, and obtain quantitative data in cases where processes taking place in the interior remain obscure, which is often a major limitation.

Progress

Dispersion of an inert tracer in packed beds, filled with mono-disperse spheres and at moderate column-to-particle diameter ratios, was studied numerically using a CFD approach based on the IBM-DNS method. Irregular particle arrangements within the reactors were generated using an available open-source DEM code (LIGGGHTS). The research activity was focused on mass transfer phenomena and two different case studies (spheres with diameters of 3 and 5 mm) were selected for numerical analysis. The CFD analysis provided useful data (Fig. 1) that can be applied for a deeper understanding of the fundamental transport phenomena in packed beds.

MCEC

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information

KA Buist T : +31 (0)40 247 8021 E : k.a.buist@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/staff/K.A.Buist

Figure 1: Steady-state snapshots for IBM-DNS simulations of tracer dispersion along the longitudinal direction in a packed bed of spheres with a column-to-particle diameter ratio of 4.2 at different values of the molecular Peclet number: Pem=104 in (a) and Pem=105 in (b).

Scientific publications -

48 |

Department

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders NJ Dam LMT Somers NG Deen

Participants NCJ Maes

Cooperations

Fiat Powertrain Technologies

Funded by

University Fiat Powertrain Technologies

Funding % per money stream University Industry

Tracking Joules: Flame-wall interaction in Diesel Spray Combustion PhD student | Postdoc NCJ (Noud) Maes Project aim

In a collaboration with Fiat Powertrain Technologies, heavy-duty Diesel sprays and the effect of flame-wall interaction are studied in detail using optical diagnostic techniques and temperature measurements in a constant volume vessel. The higher goal is to design a completely new, heavyduty engine based on optimization through modelling. In order to achieve reliable and predictive models, it is essential to perform fundamental and reproducible experiments at relevant conditions.

Progress

Several optical and laser-based diagnostic techniques were applied to free jet and wall-impinging configurations. A novel strategy for imaging formaldehyde was successfully applied for different injection strategies, resulting in well-defined flame structure characterizations. Optical results of low- and high-temperature combustion products reveal how heavy-duty Diesel spray flame structures change significantly compared to previous studies. Analysis of the pressure-based apparent heat release rate shows how the presence of either a flat wall surface or a confined shape that resembles the piston bowl-rim shape decreases the time required to establish a quasi-steady combustion regime, and the burn-out duration. Several thermocouple assemblies were tested for durability and optimization such that future studies will allow for gas temperature measurements in the boundary layer of the wall.

67 % 33 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information

NCJ Maes T : +31 (0)40 247 2887 E : n.c.j.maes@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/mrf

Figures: Left: schematic overview of the constant volume combustion vessel with simultaneous high-speed OH* chemiluminescence and laser-induced formaldehyde fluorescence detection. Right: different apparent heat release-rate curves illustrating differences obtained by placing either a flat- or a curved wall inside the combustion vessel.

Scientific publications

P.C. Bakker, N. Maes, N. Dam, “The potential of on-and off-resonant formaldehyde imaging combined with bootstrapping in diesel sprays,” Combust. Flame 182:20-27, 2017, doi: 0.1016/j.combustflame.2017.03.032. N. Maes, P.C. Bakker, N. Dam, B. Somers, “Transient flame development in a constant-volume vessel using a split-scheme injection strategy,” SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 10(2):318-327, 2017, doi:10.4271/2017-01-0815. T. Lucchini, A. Della Torre, G. D’Errico, A. Onorati, N. Maes, L.M.T. Somers, G. Hardy, “A comprehensive methodology for computational fluid dynamics combustion modeling of industrial diesel engines,” International Journal of Engine Research 18 (1-2), 26-38, 2017, doi:10.1177/1468087416679570.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 49

Department

Towards a HiEff engine

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc A (Amin) Maghbouli

Mechanical Engineering

■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders LMT Somers FPT Willems

Participants A Maghbouli RC Willems

Cooperations

DAF Trucks TNO Shell Global Solutions Delphi Diesel Systems Sensata Dacolt

Project aim

Focus is on Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) engines with high thermal efficiency and low emissions compared to conventional Diesel combustion. In RCCI concept premixed fuel is introduced early within the cycle and as there is no spark plugs, direct control over combustion phasing is difficult. In order to control auto-ignition, two fuels with different chemical properties are supplied to the combustion chamber, which allows tailoring of the in-cylinder reactivity. By doing so, start of combustion can be adjusted. Within this project an extensive numerical and experimental research has been conducted to comprehensively measure, model, and control RCCI engines.

Progress

Major task is on code implementation, model development, and simulation of RCCI engines. Started from 15 May 2017 following milestones were reached: A) Compiling OpenFOAM and Lib-ICE in the TU/e cluster and enabling parallel processing. B) Implementing FGMflameletLibrary class into the OpenFOAM source code. C) Validation of implemented FGM class by ECN Spray A condition. D) Spray oriented grid generation for RCCI engines. Performed validation for non-reacting and reacting conditions of Spray A are represented in figure below. Non reacting simulations

Funded by STW DAF Trucks TNO

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

70 % 30 %

Start of the project

Reacting simulations

2016

Information

A Maghbouli T : +31 (0)40 247 2140 E : a.maghbouli@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/mrf

Scientific publications

Maghbouli, A., Somers, B., Deen, N. (2017). Combustion phasing analysis of reacting liquid sprays with and without considering turbulence-chemistry interactions. Combura symposium, 12 Oct, Soesterberg, Netherlands.

50 |

Department

Simulation of proppant transport for shale gas production

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc R (Rohit) Maitri

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JAM Kuipers

Participants R Maitri EAJF Peters JT Padding JAM Kuipers

In shale formations the gas-permeability is increased by injecting complex particle-filled liquids (fracking fluid). The so-called proppant particles prevent the fractures from fully closing when the flow of liquid is stopped. In order to predict where the particles deposit in a network of fractures we need to know how proppant is transported in a network of fractures. This research is aimed at modeling the particle transport on the relevant length scales. Direct numerical simulation of multiphase fluid-solid flow will be used to analyse the sedimentation of particles. We will consider the behavior of sedimenting proppant particles at higher Reynolds number and/or in a visco-elastic medium. The creation of porous beds, also for polydisperse mixtures of grain-sizes, and the distribution of proppant in a network of fractures will be investigated.

Progress

Cooperations -

Funded by

FOM (NOW-I) Industry

Funding % per money stream FOM (NOW-I) Shell

Project aim

50 % 50 %

To understand the proppant transport at various flow conditions in rock fractures, 3D CFD model is developed. Sharp-interface ghost cell immersed boundary method (IBM) is implemented to account for the fluid-solid interaction. Moreover, there will be an interaction between solid-solid particles as well and this is accounted through the use of discrete element model (DEM) consisting of a lubrication model and the collision model. The combined immersed boundary – discrete element model (IB-DEM) model is used for direct numerical simulation (DNS) of particle-laden flows and to improve the understanding of the transport phenomenon of proppants. The developed code is compared with experimental as well as numerical results for various Reynolds number. The sample simulation of fluidized bed is shown in the given figure.

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information

R Maitri T : +31 (0)40 247 4487 E : r.maitri@tue.nl

Figure: Snapshot of a fully resolved simulation of fluid-solid flow in a fluidized bed.

Scientific publications

Maitri, R. , Koimtzoglou, I., Das, S., Kuipers, J.A.M., Padding, J.T. & Peters, E.A.J.F. (2017). Direct numerical simulation of proppant transport in a narrow channel for hydraulic fracturing application. In S.T. Johansen & J.E. Olsen (Eds.), Progress in Applied CFD – CFD2017 (pp. 179-184). Oslo: SINTEF Academic Press.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 51

Department

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster

■ Chemergy / Process intensification □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

M van Sint Annaland F Gallucci

Participants M Martini

Cooperations

Politecnico di Milano CSIC of Zaragozza

Funded by FP7

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (February)

Information

New CO2 capture process for pure hydrogen production combining Ca and Cu chemical loops PhD student | Postdoc M (Michela) Martini Project aim

The increase of greenhouse effects is the main cause of the climate change, being CO2 the major responsible greenhouse gas. Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) is an interesting technology which involves CO2 capture followed by e.g. storage underground. Moreover, H2 is considered a promising energy carrier in future energy systems. The aim of this project is to study a novel process to combine hydrogen production with integrated CO2 capture. In this process, the high temperature CO2 capture during the production of hydrogen fuel is carried out by means of steam-methane reforming using Ca-Cu looping cycle. The heat needed to drive the endothermic steam-methane reforming is matched with in-situ heat production from the calcium carbonate formation. At the same time, the heat required to regenerate a calcium carbonate material is matched with in situ heat production through the reduction of CuO to Cu.

Progress

A 1-D pseudo-homogeneous model was used to describe the process at different operating conditions. A simplified model based on the sharp front approach was developed in order to reduce calculation time. Process integration in a power plant for electricity production was studied with the Gas – Steam Cycle Simulation code available at Politecnico di Milano (work carried out during an interniship at Milano). Experimental work was also carried out on different solids used in the process. The pressure effect on the kinetics of the carbonation and calcination reaction was studied using a magnetic suspension balance. Several experiments were performed in order to determine the effect of the CO2 partial pressure on the carbonation reaction of the CaO sorbent, and the effect of total pressure on both the carbonation and calcination reactions. The figure below some of the obtained experimental results.

M Martini T : +31 (0)40 247 8659 E : M.Martini@tue.nl

Figure: Effect of total pressureon carbonation reaction at constant partial pressure or CO2.

Scientific publications

M. Martini (Michela Martini), I. Martinez, M.C. Romano (Matteo C. Romano), P. Chiesa, F. Gallucci (Fausto Gallucci), M. van Sint Annaland (Martin van Sint Annaland) - Increasing the carbon capture efficiency of the Ca/Cu looping process for power production with advanced process schemes, 2017, Chemical Engineering Journal, 1385-8947. M. Martini (Michela Martini), I. Martinez, F. Gallucci (Fausto Gallucci), M.C. Romano (Matteo C. Romano), P. Chiesa, M. van Sint Annaland (Martin van Sint Annaland) - Packed bed Ca-Cu looping process integrated with a natural gas, combined cycle for low emission power production; 2017, Energy Procedia, 1876-6102.

52 |

Department

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster

■ Chemergy / Process intensification □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

F Gallucci M van Sint Annaland

Participants

JA Medrano Jimenez R Voncken V Spallina

Cooperations -

Funded by STW

PhD student | Postdoc JA (Jose Antonio) Medrano Jimenez Project aim

A novel chemical looping membrane reactor concept for ultra-pure hydrogen production with integrated CO2 capture is investigated in this project. The technology is based on steam methane reforming in a fluidized bed reactor with immersed Pd-membranes using oxygen carrier particles to supply the required energy and oxygen for the reactions. The study includes detailed experimentation on the hydrodynamics of the reactor using PIV/DIA, oxygen carrier kinetics, detailed CFD-based modelling as well as phenomenological models for scale-up and optimization and an experimental demonstration with a techno-economic analysis.

Progress

Funding % per money stream STW

Membrane-assisted chemical looping reforming: from fundamentals to experimental demonstration

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (January)

Information

JA Medrano Jimenez T : +31 (0)40 247 8055 E : j.a.medrano.jimenez@tue.nl

The complete technology has been proven at labscale, where pure H2 has been obtained and almost full conversion of CH4 measured. The development of this technology has been supported by detailed modeling and the improvements in the existing descriptions of hydrodynamics and mass transfer in fluidized beds. Public defense took place: September 11, 2017. Jose Antonio continued as a postdoc.

Figure: picture of the lab-scale setup.

Scientific publications

J.A. Medrano, M. Tasdemir, F. Gallucci, M. van Sint Annaland. “On the internal solids circulation rates in freely-bubbling gas-solid fluidized beds”, Chemical Engineering Science 172 (2017), 395-406. J.A. Medrano, F. Gallucci, F. Boccia, N. Alfano, M. van Sint Annaland. “Determination of the bubbleto-emulsion phase mass transfer coefficient in gas-solid fluidized beds using a non-invasive infrared technique”. Chemical Engineering Journal 325 (2017), 404-414. F. Gallucci, J.A. Medrano, E. Fernandez, et al. “Advances on high temperature Pd-based membranes and membrane reactors for hydrogen purification and production”, Journal of Membrane Science Research 3 (2017), 142-156. J.A. Medrano, M. Nordio, G. Manzolini, M. van Sint Annaland, F. Gallucci. “On the measurement of solids circulation rates in interconnected fluidized beds: comparison of different experimental techniques”, Powder Technology 302 (2016), 81-89. J.A. Medrano, N.C.A. de Nooijer, F. Gallucci, M. van Sint Annaland. “Advancement of an infra-red technique for whole-field concentration measurements in fluidized beds”, Sensors 16(3) (2016), 300. J.A. Medrano, E. Fernandez, J. Melendez, et al. “Pd-based metallic supported membranes: High temperature stability and fluidized bed reactor testing”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41 (2016), 8706-8718. E. Fernandez, J.A. Medrano, J. Melendez, et al. “Preparation and characterization of metallic supported thin Pd-Ag membranes for hydrogen separation”, Chemical Engineering Journal 305 (2016), 182-190. J.A. Medrano, H.P. Hammers, G. Williams, M. van Sint Annaland, F. Gallucci. “NiO/CaAl2O4 as active ocygen carrier for low temperature chemical looping applications”, Applied Energy, 158 (2015), 8696. J.A. Medrano, R.J.W. Voncken, I. Roghair, F. Gallucci, M. van Sint Annaland. “On the effect of gas pockets surrounding membranes in fluidized bed membrane reactors: An experimental and numerical study”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 282 (2015), 45-57.

Dissertation

Membrane-assisted chemical looping reforming: from fundamentals to experimental demonstration. Medrano, J. A., 11 Sep 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 252 p.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 53

Department

Non-oxidative coupling of methane via plasma catalysis

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc T (Teofil) Minea

Applied Physics / DIFFER

■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project aim

Project leaders L Lefferts GJ van Rooij

Production of ethylene from natural gas in a single step is targeted by interfacing plasma activation and catalysis to overcome the conversion-selectivity trade-off in traditional oxidative coupling. Here, a prominent role is identified for the methyl radical. The rationale is that microwave plasma can produce this radical efficiently, which is subsequently subjected to a catalytic surface to promote carbon coupling with high selectivity. This PhD project focusses on quantification and optimization of methyl radicals in the plasma activation phase.

Participants

Progress

T Minea M Taheraslani

Cooperations

University of Twente Sasol Technology - South Africa

Funded by NWO Sasol

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to measure absolute concentrations of the major hydrocarbon species in the effluent of a flowing microwave methane plasma reactor. Core gas temperatures up to 2500 K were measured with Raman scattering when nitrogen acted as probing molecule in sample mixture discharges. The energy efficiency of the methane conversion reached up to 15% from which 10% represented coupling efficiency to higher hydrocarbons. It is concluded that there is an interplay between plasma and thermal chemistry where plasma generates radicals and final distribution is set by thermodynamics. Building upon these benchmarking experiments, Resonance-Enhanced MultiPhoton Ionization was commissioned to quantify methyl radicatl production with spatial and temporal resolution.

Funding % per money stream NWO Other Industry

50 % 50 %

Start of the project 2014 (November)

Information

GJ van Rooij T : +31 (0)40 3334744 E : g.j.vanrooij@differ.nl W: www.differ.nl/research/ nonequilibrium-fuel-conversion

Figure: Schematic drawing of operational boundaries in microwave methane plasma.

Scientific publications

G. J. van Rooij, D. C. M. van den Bekerom, N. den Harder, T. Minea, G. Berden, W. A. Bongers, R. Engeln, M. F. Graswinckel, E. Zoethout, and M. C. M. van de Sanden, Taming microwave plasma to beat thermodynamics in CO2 dissociation, Faraday Discuss. 183 (2015) 233

54 |

Department

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Integrated and structured FCC reactor: G(L)S multi-scale modelling of a riser reactor with draft tube for intensified and uniform phase contacting PhD student | Postdoc L (Lijing) Mu Project aim

Project leaders

L Mu

The aim of this work is to find out how heterogeneities affect the reactor performance. This includes heterogeneities in particle flow structures, particle size and liquid distribution. A full flex CFD-DEM model employing state-of-the-art tools (LIGGGHTS/CFDEM/OpenFOAM) will be developed. Study the influence of each of the elements mentioned above systematically and validate the model experimentally for a cold-flow lab-scale setup.

Cooperations

Progress

NG Deen

Participants

Funded by MCEC

Funding % per money stream NWO Other

To study the influence of different inlet and outlet configurations of a pseudo-2D fluidized riser on the prevailing hydrodynamic behavior and cluster phenomena, a thorough comparison among experimental data and simulation results was performed. Special attention was paid to the gas superficial velocities and the formation of clusters. The figure below shows the snapshots of void fraction of the whole riser and particle axial velocities under two different inlet configurations.

100 %

(a)

Start of the project

(b)

(c)

2014 (October)

Information

L Mu T : +31 (0)40 247 8794 E : l.mu@tue.nl W: www.chem.tue.nl/smr

Figure: Snapshots of solids distribution: total riser (a), bottom inlet (b), side inlet (c).

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 55

Department

Funtional characterization of solar fuel materials

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc FE (Freddy) Oropeza Palacio

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

■ Chemergy / Solar fuel □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project aim

I seek to develop characterization methodologies that enable fundamental understanding functional properties of current promising solar energy materials, under relevant working conditions of illumination and chemical environments. These methodologies will be based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which is well-known to experimentally describe the electronic structure of solids. By providing the functionality basis of current promising solar energy materials, this research provide useful design guidelines for rational material engineering. Based on functional characterization outputs, I also work on the development of functional materials and device architectures for optimum performance.

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants

FE Oropeza Palacio JP Hofmann

Progress

Cooperations -

Funded by MCEC

Funding % per money stream NWO Other

100 %

Last year we managed to incorporate in-situ illumination to the near-ambient pressure photoemission spectrometer, which enable us to study electronic properties of solar energy materials in more relevant conditions of illumination and chemical environment. This reduces the gap between physicochemical characterization and performance characterization. Using our novel characterization methods we recently identified the role of the surface photoreduction on the photoelectrochemical properties of CuBi2O4, a novel potential energy material due to its desirable photovoltaic properties. As schematically shown in figure 1, the surface reduction induces a pronounce band bending, which is linked to a large surface photovoltage observed for this material.

Start of the project 2016 (September)

Information

FE Oropeza Palacio T : +31 (0)40 247 3982 E : f.e.Oropeza.Palacio@tue.nl

Figure1: Schematic diagram of the surface photoreduction process in CuBi2O4. Surface reduction causes a pronouced band bending within the space charge region (SCR). Since photoemission spectroscopy (PES) probes the surface of the material, the origins of this band bending can be studied.

Scientific publications

‘P-type doping of copper-based complex oxide photoelectrodes’, Presented at the international conference on semiconductor photochemistry, Oldenburg 2017.

56 |

Department

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Biomass □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders R Tuinier

Participants

DJGP van Osch

Cooperations -

Funded by ISPT

Funding % per money stream ISPT

100 %

The use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for the recycling of paper PhD student | Postdoc DJGP (Dannie) van Osch Project aim

Integral use of lignocellulosic biomass, whereby the cellulose fibers and lignin are valorized separately, is needed in a biobased economy to obtain most value from wood. The overall aim of this project is to investigate if we can decrease the energy consumption for the recycling of cellulose fibers (e.g. pulp and paper) with deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Two methods will be investigated. One method will focus on the removal of contaminants, e.g. stickies and ink, from recycled paper with DESs. The other method will focus on the extraction of cellulose from recycled paper. Both methods will aim for a decrease of energy consumption of at least 50%.

Progress

The main method investigated during the project is the removal of contaminants, for which model compounds were used. The hydrophobic DESs produced in 2015 were used for this. The results showed that hydrophobic DESs can be used for the removal of components from water. Components tested include volatile fatty acids, metal ions, and vitamin B2. Futhermore, the solubilities of CO2 in hydrophobic DESs were investigated. Finally, hydrophobic DESs were used for the formation of oil-in-water emulsions.

Start of the project 2014

Information

R Tuinier T : +31 (0)40 247 7345 E : r.tuinier@tue.nl W: www.chem.tue.nl/spc

Figure: Example of a developed hydrophobic DES where the upper phase is hydrophobic DES and the bottom phase is water.

Scientific publications

Carin H.J.T. Dietz1, Dannie J.G.P. van Osch1, Maaike C. Kroon, Gabriele Sadowski, Martin van Sint Annaland, Fausto Gallucci, Lawien F. Zubeir, Christoph Held, PC-SAFT Modeling of CO2 Solubilities in Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents, Fluid Phase Equilib., 2017, 448, 94-98 Dannie J.G.P. van Osch, Dries Parmentier, Carin H.J.T. Dietz, Adriaan van den Bruinhorst, Remco Tuinier, Maaike C. Kroon, Removal of Alkali and Transition Metal Ions from Water with Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents, Chem. Commun., 2016, 52, 11987-11990 Dannie J.G.P. van Osch1, Lawien F. Zubeir1, Adriaan van den Bruinhorst, Marisa A.A. Rocha, Maaike C. Kroon, Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents as Water-immiscible Extractants, Green Chem., 2015, 17, 4518-4521

1combined

first authorship

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 57

Department

Catalytic conversion of lignin to fuels and chemicals

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc X (Xianhong) Ouyang

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

■ Chemergy / Biomass □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project aim

The main bulk chemicals, fuels, and polymers currently are from the unrenewable fossil fuels. This has caused concerns for sustainable development and climate change. A big challenges in 21st century is to replace the fossil resources by clean and sustainable alternatives. The non-food and abundant lignocellulose is a promising feedstock to replace the petroleum-derived products. Unfortunately, there is no competitive strategy to efficiently convert lignocellulose due to the economic concerns, especially the valorization of lignin. This project aims to develop advanced catalytic process which targets to use the renewable lignin in lignocellulose to produce biomassderived fuels and chemicals.

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants X Ouyang X Huang P Kouris MD Boot

Progress

Cooperations -

Funded by

China Scholarship Council

Funding % per money stream Scholarships

During last year, a two-step catalytic process is developed for lignocellulose fractionation and lignin valorization. Lignin is extracted by acid catalyst in the first step. Reductive depolymerization of the resulting lignin oils in the second step indicates that the aromatic monomer yield strongly depends on the lignin repolymerization. The delignified pulps retain abundant C6 sugars, which can be converted to glucose with high yield through enzymatic hydrolysis. The two-step process provides a simple, efficient way to isolate and convert lignin contained in a lignocellulose matrix into phenolic monomers with good yield, whilst allowing recycling of the heterogeneous catalyst and yielding of a cellulose pulp amenable to enzymatic saccharification.

100 %

Start of the project 2016 (September)

Information

EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

Figure: Fractionation and catalytic conversion of woody sawdust.

Scientific publications

Xiaoming Huang, Xianhong Ouyang, Bart M. S. Hendriks, O. M. Morales Gonzalez, Jiadong Zhu, Tamas I. Koranyi, Michael D. Boot and Emiel J. M. Hensen, Faraday Discuss., 2017, 202, 141–156.

58 |

Department

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Heat storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

SV Gaastra-Nedea HA Zondag CCM Rindt DMJ Smeulders

Participants AD Pathak

Cooperations

ECN FOM

Funded by

FOM

Funding % per money stream

FOM

100 %

Start of the project

2013 (June)

Information

AD Pathak T : +31 (0)40 247 3172 E : a.d.pathak@tue.nl

In silico characterization of chloride-based salt hydrates for thermochemical heat storage: a multi-scale study PhD student | Postdoc A (Amar Deep) Pathak Project aim

The promising concept for seasonal solar heat storage in the built environment is based on the reversible sorption process of water vapor into the crystalline structure of salt hydrates (MgSO4, MgCl2, LiSO4, etc). Their main advantages are a high energy density, a reaction temperature in the proper range for domestic applications and their low price. A detailed study on molecular level (Molecular dynamics simulations) of the salt hydrates is necessary in order to gain insight into the dynamics of the hydration/dehydration processes and their limiting factors in these systems.

Progress

One of the key aspects in designing the solar based heat storage system is selection of TCM materials. The major challenge in selection of these salt hydrates is their storage capacity and kinetics. MgCl2.6H2O is one of the most promising materials for thermal heat storage. It has very high energy storage density (2-3 GJ/m3) and is readily available. MgCl2.nH2O can thermally decompose either as dehydration reaction, MgCl2.nH2O(s/g) MgCl2.(n-2)H2O(s/g) + 2H2O(g) (n=6,4) MgCl2.nH2O (s/g) MgCl2.(n-1)H2O(s/g) + H2O(g) (n=2,1) or hydrolysis reaction MgCl2.H2O(s/g) ➙ MgOHCl(g) + HCl(g) Mass transport of water through the salt hydrate is an important process for storage cycle. The cracks, defects, over and under hydration in salt hydrates affects their storage capacity. We have performed MD simulation in MgCl2.nH2O to understand the effect of these factors on water diffusion though the salt hydrates. We have also obtained the HCl formation temperature from MD simulations. Public defense took place: September 7, 2017.

Scientific publications

Pathak, A.; Nedea, S.; Rindt, C.; Smeulders, D.; Zondag, H. Diffusive transport of water in Magnesium chloride hydrates. Proceedings NEGF 2015 conference, Eindhoven. 2015.

Dissertation

In silico characterization of chloride-based salt hydrates for thermochemical heat storage: a multiscale study. Pathak, A. D., 7 Sep 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 215 p.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 59

Department

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster

■ Chemergy / Process intensification □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders V Hessel Q Wang

Participants

BS Patil A Anastasopoulou

Cooperations

Evonik Indutries, Germany DIFFER, Netherlands C-TECH Innovation Limited, UK Fraunhofer ICT-IMM, Germany University of Hull Royal Charter, UK

Funded by

EU MAPSYN- FP-7 CP-IP 309376

Funding % per money stream EU

Plasma (catalyst) - assisted nitrogen fixation: reactor development for nitric oxide and ammonia production PhD student | Postdoc BS (Bhaskar) Patil Project aim

The main aim of this project is to achieve high energy efficiency and yield in the chemical nitrogen fixation process assisted by an alternative energy form which is plasma. The final aim is to take the developed process on industrial scale. This can be achieved by process intensification via plasma catalysis, understanding the reactions and catalyst interaction inside the plasma reactor, and following holistic process design approach.

Progress

The project is planned to go through 3 phases (figure 1). Project is now in its third year and is in the phase 2 and 3 of testing the lab scale modified prototype reactor unit and building the demonstration unit. Thorough literature search on plasma N-fixation reactions has been conducted and published. Furthermore, complete process of plasma nitrogen fixation has been developed and built on labscale, it includes plasma reactors as shown in figure 2. In the first phase of testing, gliding arc reactor and catalytic dielectric barrier discharge reactors were tested for electrical parameters and catalytic materials for nitric oxide production. Now, performance of second generations of these reactors and optimized catalysts would be tested for NOx and ammonia synthesis for range of operating condtions, aiming at achieving high energy efficiency and reaction yield in plasma chemical reactions. The best performing catalyst and plasma reactor will be scaled up to the demonstration unit, which will be built at industrial partner’s (Evonik) site in phase-3.

Public defense took place: May 10, 2017.

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (December)

Information

Figure 1: Different phases of plasma reactor development.

Q Wang T : +31 (0)40 247 8290 E : q.wang@tue.nl W : www.chem.tue.nl/scr

1-Sided DBD Reactor

2-Sided DBD Reactor

Gliding Arc Reactor

Figure 2: Lab scale plasma reactors from MAPSYN project.

Scientific publications

B. S. Patil, J. Rovira Palau, V. Hessel, J. Lang, Q. Wang, (2015) Plasma Nitrogen Oxides Synthesis in a Milli-Scale Gliding Arc Reactor: Investigating the Electrical and Process Prameters. Plasma Chem. Plasma Proc. doi: 10.1007/s11090-015-9671-4. B. S. Patil, Q. Wang, V. Hessel, J. Lang, 2015, Plasma Nitrogen Fixation: 1900-2014, Catalysis Today. 256(1), 49-66. B. S. Patil, Q. Wang, V. Hessel, and J. Lang (2014). Catalyst and process development for plasma assisted nitrogen fixation reactions. Oral: 21st International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering CHISA 2014, 23-27 August 2014. Pragua, Czech Republic, Prague: CSCHI. B. S. Patil, A. Anastasopoulou, Q. Wang, V. Hessel, and J. Lang (2014). Chances in modern plasma scale-up: seen holistically. ENMIX Workshop, Bled, Slovenia (september 2014).

Dissertation

Plasma (catalyst) - assisted nitrogen fixation: reactor development for nitric oxide and ammonia production. Patil, B. S., 10 May 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 208 p.

60 |

Department

Physics of illumination diffusors

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc B (Bart) Platier

Applied Physics

■ Chemergy / Process intensification □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders WL IJzerman J Beckers

Participants

B Platier GMW Kroesen

Cooperations Philips Lighting

Funded by TU/e

Funding % per money stream Impuls PhD 100 %

Start of the project 2015 (June)

Information

B Platier E : b.platier@tue.nl

Project aim

Optical diffusors are used in the lighting industry to redistribute the incoming light such that the desired light distribution is obtained. The aim of this project is to elucidate the working of these diffusive optical elements and to develop new diffusers with new scattering properties.

Progress

Simulations and experiments have been performed in order to improve microwave diagnostics as a tool to monitor the plasma properties. The improved diagnostic has been used during experiments to study dust growth in low pressure RF plasmas.

Scientific publications

J.P.W.F. van Dongen, B. Platier, F.M.J.H. van de Wetering & J. Beckers (2017). Measuring electric field inside microwave cavities for plasma diagnostics. 20th Workshop on the Exploration of LowTemperature Plasma Physics. B. Platier, W.L. IJzerman, J. Beckers (2017). Dust Growth Under Production Circumstances Investigated. 8th International Conference on the Physics of Dusty Plasmas. B. Platier, Y. Zondag, W.L. IJzerman & J. Beckers. (2017) Monitoring dust growth under production circumstances. 29th NNV-Symposium on Plasma Physics and Radiation Technology. B. Platier, J. Beckers & W.L. IJzerman (2015). Light scattering by plasma produced illumination diffusers characterized by an imaging sphere. Proceedings of the 18th Euregional Workshop on the Exploration of Low Temperature Plasma Physics (WELTPP-18 2015), 3-4 December 2015, Kerkrade, The Netherlands. Y. Zondag B. Platier & J. Beckers (2015). Characterisation of optical diffusers produced with a lowpressure acetylene plasma. Proceedings of the 18th Euregional Workshop on the Exploration of Low Temperature Plasma Physics (WELTPP-18 2015), 3-4 December 2015, Kerkrade, The Netherlands. B. Platier, J. Beckers & W.L. IJzerman (2015). Far-field characterization of plasma produced illumination diffusers. Light in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 2015, 19-22 October 2015, Hissar, Bulgaria.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 61

Department

Fundamental fluid dynamics challenges in Inkjet printing

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc C (Chao-Zhong) Qin

Mechanical Engineering

■ Chemergy / Heat storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

DMJ Smeulders EH van Brummelen

Participants

CZ Qin THB Demont HMA Wijshoff

Cooperations

I Zarikos SM Hassanizadeh Utrecht University

Project aim

The porous media imbibition plays an important role in the inkjet printing. The aim of the project to develop a reliable and efficient pore-scale model for image-based simulations of ink imbibition into the substrate. The focus will be given to evaluation and further development of our in-house NavierStokes-Cahn-Hilliard (NSCH) phase field model.

Progress

First, we have conducted image-based modeling of single-phase flow through sintered glass beads with the state-of-the-art finite cell method (FCM) developed in our group (Figure). A journal paper is being submitted. Second, the PDMS-micromodel benchmark experiments of two-phase flow in porous media are ongoing, which will be used to verify our pore-scale model. This work is in collobarted with the porous media research group in Utrecht Uinveristy. Third, a state-of-the-art dynamic pore network model is being developed to simulate the imbibition process in granular porous media.

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2016 (November)

Information

M Teuwissen T : +31 (0)30 6001261 E : m.teuwissen@nwo.nl

Figure: pressure field of a CT scanned porous medium, which has two million voxels.

Scientific publications -

62 |

Department

Rotating Rayleigh-Bénard convection

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc H (Hadi) Rajaei

Applied Physics

■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HJH Clercx F Toschi

Participants H Rajaei RPJ Kunnen KMJ Alards PR Joshi

Cooperations

G Ahlers (UCSB) B Geurts (UT) D Lohse (UT) R Verzicco (Roma)

Project aim The aim of this project is to realize laboratory and numerical setups to perform a fundamental investigation on the flow transition from one state to the others in rotating convection and provide insight into the driving forces behind these transitions. Progress Three regimes can be considered in rotating RBC: rotation-unaffected, roation-affected and rotation dominated. We mainly focused on the rotation-dominated regime, where the flow is highly turbulent and at the same time dominated by the Coriolis forces. The physics behind the transition between rotation-affected and rotation-dominated regimes are still unresolved. Therefore, in this study, we employ the experimentally obtained Lagrangian velocity and acceleration statistics of neutrally buoyant immersed particles to study the rotation-affected and rotation-dominated regimes and the transition between them. We have found that the transition to the rotationdominated regime coincides with three phenomena; suppressed vertical motions, strong penetration of vortical plumes deep into the bulk and reduced interaction of vortical plumes with their surroundings. The first two phenomena are used as confirmations for the available hypotheses on the transition to the rotation-dominated regime while the last phenomenon is a new argument to describe the regime transition. These findings allow us to better understand the rotationdominated regime and the transition to this regime. Public defense took place: December 19, 2017.

Funded by

FOM

Funding % per money stream

FOM

100 %

Start of the project

2013 (September)

Information

HJH Clercx T : +31 (0)40 247 2680 E : h.j.h.clercx@tue.nl W: www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/

Figure: (a) Horizontal and (b) vertical Lagrangian velocity autocorrelations at the cell centre and (c) horizontal and (d) vertical Lagrangian velocity autocorrelations close to the top as a function of Rossby number.

Scientific publications

Rajaei, H., Kunnen, R.P.J. & Clercx, H.J.H. (2017). Exploring the geostrophic regime of rapidly rotating convection with experiments. Physics of Fluids, 29(4):045105. Alards, K.M.J., Rajaei, H., Del Castello, L., Kunnen, R.P.J., Toschi, F. & Clercx, H.J.H. (2017).Geometry of tracer trajectories in rotating turbulent flows. Physical Review Fluids, 2(4):044601. Baskan, Ö., Rajaei, H., Speetjens, M.F.M. & Clercx, H.J.H. (2017). Scalar transport in inline mixers with spatially periodic flows. Physics of Fluids, 29(1):013601.

Dissertation

Rajaei, H. (2017). Rotating Rayleigh-Bénard convection. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Herman Clercx, Federico Toschi & Rudie Kunnen).

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 63

Department

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders MD Boot

Participants JJE Reijnders

Cooperations -

Guidelines for optimal Partially Premixed Combustion operation PhD student | Postdoc JJE (Jos) Reijnders Project aim

One way to reduce emissions is by adjusting the combustion concept, whereby both the fuel and engine conditions are modified concurrently, such that the optimal synergetic outcome is achieved. This is typically the objective of so-called “partially premixed combustion". The influence of different fuel properties (cetane number, aromaticity and oxygen content) are studied in detail on gaseous (NOx, CO and HC) and soot emissions. The latter one is not only studied in a gravimetric way, also the particle size distribution is studied. Operating the partially premixed combustion correctly, this strategy could lead to a recipe for emitting low emissions and low particle counts and thereby minimizing any adverse health effects.

Progress

Public defense took place: October 10, 2017.

Funded by

Progression-Industry

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2013

Information

JJE Reijnders T : +31 (0)40 247 7367 E : j.j.e.reijnders@tue.nl

Figure: Cover of the dissertation.

Scientific publications

Reijnders, J.J.E., Boot, M.D. & de Goey, L.P.H. (2016). Impact of aromaticity and cetane number on the soot-NOx trade-off in conventional and low temperature combustion. Fuel, 186, 24-34.

Dissertation

Guidelines for optimal partially premixed combustion operation. Reijnders, J. J. E., 10 Oct 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 108 p.

64 |

Department

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JJC Remmers JM Huyghe DMJ Smeulders

Participants EW Remij

Cooperations

Baker Hughes EBN GDF Suez TKI Gas Total Tu Delft University Utrecht Wintershall

Fluid driven and mechanically induced fracture propagation: theory and numerical simulations PhD student | Postdoc EW (Ernst) Remij Project aim

The aim of this project is to develop a numerical model to predict the propagating fracture patterns that grow during hydraulic fracturing. Such a numerical model may be useful to identify key parameters in the hydraulic fracturing process and may be helpful to optimize the fracture process.

Progress

We developed the Enhanced Local Pressure (ELP) model in order to accurately predict the pressure gradient due to fluid leakage near a propagating hydraulic fracture surface. In this model, which can be considered as an extension of the partition of unity based representations, the pressure in the fracture is described by an additional set of degrees of freedom. The pressure gradient is reconstructed analytically, based on Terzaghi’s consolidation solution. With this numerical formulation we also ensure that all externally applied fluid flow goes exclusively in the fracture and avoid the necessity to use a fine mesh near the fracture to capture the pressure gradient. Public defense took place: February 16, 2017.

Funded by

Baker Hughes EBN GDF Suez TKI Gas Total Wintershall

Funding % per money stream TKI Industry

75 % 25 %

Start of the project 2013 (February)

Information

DMJ Smeulders E : d.m.j.smeulders@tue.nl

Figure: Hydrauilc fracture growing in the direction of the highest confining stress.

Scientific publications

Remij, E.W., Remmers, J.J.C., Huyghe, J.M.R.J. & Smeulders, D.M.J. (2015). The enhanced local pressure model for the accurate analysis of fluid pressure driven fracture in porous materials. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. Remij, E.W., Remmers, J.J.C., Pizzocolo, F., Smeulders, D.M.J. & Huyghe, J.M.R.J. (2014). A partition of unity-based model for crack nucleation and propagation in porous media, including orthotropic materials. Transport in Porous Media, 1-18. Remij, E.W., Remmers, J.J.C., Huyghe, J.M.R.J. & Smeulders, D.M.J. (2014). Numerical modelling of hydraulic fracturing. In F. Oka, A. Murakami, R. Uzuoka & S. Kimoto (Eds.), Conference Paper : Proceedings of the 14th international conference of international association for computer methods and recent advances in geomechanics, Kyoto, Japan, 22-25 September 2014, CRC Press.

Dissertation

Fluid driven and mechanically induced fracture propagation: theory and numerical simulations. Remij, E. W., 16 Feb 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 65

Department

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster

■ Chemergy / Process intensification □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants

DE Romero Hidalgo

Cooperations -

Funded by

Shell Global Solutions International

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (November)

Information

DE Romero Hidalgo T : +31 (0)40 247 8724 E : d.e.romero@tue.nl

Noble metal bifunctional catalysts for the hydrocracking of long linear paraffins PhD student | Postdoc DE (Douglas) Romero Hidalgo Project aim

Hydroconversion of n-paraffins into lower-boiling branched paraffins is one of the more versatile reactions, able to produce for example diesel with improved low temperature performance, high octane gasoline blending components or high viscosity lube oils. In these processes, a bifunctional catalyst containing dehydrogenation/hydrogenation (metal sites) and isomerization/cracking (Brønsted acid sites) functions is normally employed. Although the hydroconversion of n-paraffins has been extensively studied, it is still not well understood how product distributions arise as a function of pore structure, i.e. how shape selectivity exactly operates in this reaction. To shed more light on this, the hydroconversion of n-hexadecane is studied in a trickle-bed reactor, employing zeolites and ordered mesoporous silicas as supports and using Pd as the (de)hydrogenation function.

Progress

The synthesis of a set of acid materials with a wide range of pores was performed. The set of materials is compose of ordered mesoporous aluminated silicas (MCM-41, MCM-48, SBA-15), hierarchical zeolite Y and nanostructure zeolite ZSM-5. The acidity of the materials was characterized with several techniques such as H/D exchange, COads IR and Pyridineads IR. Other techniques employed were XRD (confirmation of ordering) and Ar physisorption (porosity). It was found that in samples with sufficiently large pores, n-hexadecane isomers with branching in the middle of the molecule are preferentially obtained. In addition, catalysts with pore size distribution located between the zeolites and the mesoporous materials domains present narrower distributions of cracked products at high conversion, and lower formation of multibranched isomers and cracked products at low conversion.

Figure: Mechanism of alkanes hydroconversion on bifunctional catalysts.

Scientific publications

DE Romero, MS Rigutto, EJM Hensen. Shape selectivity effects on the hydroconversion of nhexadecane. N3C 2017. DE Romero, MS Rigutto, EJM Hensen. Shape selectivity in n-hexadecane hydroconversion: pathways vs. structure. Europacat 2017.

66 |

Department

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster

■ Chemergy / Process intensification □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders I Roghair

F Gallucci M van Sint Annaland

Participants

MA San Pio Bordeje

Cooperations -

PhD student | Postdoc MA (Maria Angel) San Pio Bordeje Project aim

The project has the following objectives: a) Detailed characterization of oxygen carriers and development of improved particle models that link redox kinetics/mass transfer processes to morphological and structural changes during the reduction and oxidation cycles; b) Extension of existing particle models with thermodynamics and their verification and validation; c) Experimental investigation in packed bed chemical looping combustion (CLC) setups (testing different oxygen carriers) and comparison with simulations where the new particle models have been embedded in available reactor models for packed bed CLC.

Progress

Funded by NWO

Funding % per money stream NWO

Unravelling the origin of the redox kinetics behaviour of Cubased oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion processes

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (August)

Information

M van Sint Annaland E : m.v.sintannaland@tue.nl

An extensive experimental study of Cu-based oxygen carriers has been carried out and a paper has been written. Solid oxygen diffusion was found as the most prominent mechanism responsible for the sudden drop in reaction rate in the redox kinetics, leading to a new strategy in the development of numerical models, now including effective transport terms (i.e. diffusion) for oxygen vacancies and oxygen solid diffusion. The model foundation has been succesfully verified with conventional Shrinking Core Models from the literature. The new strategy has lead to a model that is able to describe the redox kinetics of a copper oxide oxygen carrier. The model is currently used to come to a simplified expression incorporating all necessary details, allowing computationally inexpensive computations to accurately predict the redox kinetics for copper-based oxygen carriers. The influence of high operating pressures on the redox kinetics is also being investigated and the model will be extended with these pressure effects. Public defense took place: September 14, 2017.

Figure: Numerical Model vs Analytical Solution.

Scientific publications

San Pio Bordeje, M.A., Roghair, I., Gallucci, F. & Sint Annaland, M. van (2015). Unravelling the redox kinetics behaviour of Cu-based oxygen carriers in chemical looping combustion. Oral: 6th High Temperature Solid Looping Cycles Network Meeting, 1-2 September 2015, Milan, Italy. San Pio Bordeje, M.A., Roghair, I., Gallucci, F. & Sint Annaland, M. van (2015). Study of the behaviour of Cu-based oxygen carriers for understanding the behaviour of the redox kinetics in CLC. Oral: Proceedings of the 10th European Congress of Chemical Engineering (ECCE10), 27 September - 1 October 2015, Nice, France.

Dissertation

Unravelling the origin of the redox kinetics behaviour of Cu-based oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion processes. San Pio Bordeje, M. A., 14 Sep 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 198 p. Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 67

Structure-Property-Performance Relations In Photoanode Materials

Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project aim

The projects aims towards identifying the limiting factors leading to low water splitting performance of photoanode materials by detailed physico-chemical and electrochemical characterization to find so-called ‘structure-property-performance relationships’. In order to achieve this goal, the first step is to vary the material properties in a controlled manner by changing processing parameters, such as synthesis route. The corresponding variations in the material properties are determined by detailed structural and chemical characterization. In-depth electrochemical investigation is performed to reveal the factors influencing water splitting performance and relate them to the changes in the material properties. The structure-property-performance relations thus established provide guidelines for optimization of the processing parameters to maximize water splitting performance.

Project leaders

A Bieberle-Hütter

Participants R Sinha

Cooperations

B Koopmans, TU/e A Creatore, TU/e A Baldi, DIFFER

Progress

Funded by DIFFER

Funding % per money stream NWO Other

Start of the project 2014 (November)

Information

PhD student | Postdoc R (Rochan) Sinha

100 %

The impact of high ion flux plasma exposure on the the structure and the photoelectrochemical properties of iron oxide thin films was investigated. Next to an increased photocurrent due to nanostructure formation, different phase formation was found and the impact on the photoelectrochemical properties was explained (see scientific publications). In addition, the effect of the substrate on the water splitting performance of hematite was investigated by depositing Al-doped ZnO (AZO) on Si by ALD. The unannealed hematite film on the AZO/Si substrate showed a very high photocurrent of 10 mA cm-2 at 1.8 VRHE. Furthermore, the water splitting performance of a new photoanode material, Ag3PO4 was studied. Ag3PO4 nanoparticles (NP’s) with two different exposed facets — tetrahedron NP’s with {111} and cubic NP’s with {100} facets were fabricated (see Figure) and photo-catalytically characterized.

A Bieberle-Hütter T : +31 (0)40 3334 801 E : a.bieberle@differ.nl W: www.differ.nl

Figure: Faceted synthesis of Ag3PO4 nanoparticles: (a) Cubic {100} faceted and (b) Tetrahedral {111} faceted (b) nanoparticles.

Scientific publications

Sinha R., Tanyeli I., Lavrijsen R., Koopmans B., van de Sanden M. C. M., Bieberle-Hütter A., “The electrochemistry of iron oxide thin films nanostructured by high ion flux plasma exposure Electrochimica Acta, 2017, 258, 709-717”. Bieberle-Hütter, A., Tanyeli, I., Lavrijsen, R., Koopmans, B., Sinha, R., van de Sanden, M. C. M., “Nanostructuring of iron thin films by high flux low energy helium plasma” Thin Solid Films, 2017, 631, 50-56.

68 |

Department

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

PMJ van den Hof JD Jansen (TU-Delft)

Participants MM Siraj EA Insuasty

Cooperations TU-Delft

Funded by

Shell Global SolutionsInternational

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (September)

Reducing the effect of uncertainty in robust optimization for oil recovery PhD student | Postdoc MM (Muhammad Mohsin) Siraj Project aim

Model-based dynamic optimization of oil production has a significant potential to improve the economic life-cycle performance. But due to the limited knowledge of geological model and varying economical parameters such model-based optimization suffers from high level of uncertainties. Because of this uncertainty, the long term predictions of these models are also highly uncertain. Therefore, in order to steer the solution in the attractive direction of optimal economical profit with respect to both short-term and long-term, including model uncertainty in the economic optimization problem is desirable. The objective of this project is how to reduce the effect of uncertainty on economic performance, quantify uncertainty and bring it into optimization framework. This project aim will in general not change.

Progress

The theory of risk provides a systematic way to handle uncertainty in an optimization framework. A mean-variance optimization reduces the effect of uncertainty but as variance is a symmetric risk measure, it also minimies the best cases. But for a maximization problem, the investor is mainly interested in the worst-cases. We have studied/implemented various asymteric risk, e.g., worstcase, CVaR and semi variance optimization. These measures aim to maximize the worst case(s) but don’t largely minimize the best cases. The risk measures are implemented for both economic and geological uncertainty. The uncertainty is quantified using an ensemble based approach. These economic (varying-oil prices) and the geological model ensemble is shown in Figure 1. Public defense took place: May 10, 2017.

Information

MM Siraj T : +31 (0)40 247 3679 E : m.m.siraj@tue.nl

Figure 1: Economci and geolgoical uncertainty ensembles.

Scientific publications

M.M. Siraj, P.M.J. Van den Hof and J.D. Jansen (2015). Model and economic uncertainties in balancing short-term and long-term objectives in water-flooding optimization. In the Proc. of 2015 SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium, 23-25 February 2015, Houston, TX, USA. SPE 173285MS. M.M. Siraj, P.M.J. Van den Hof and J.D. Jansen (2015). Handling risk of uncertainty in model-based production optimization: a robust hierarchical approach. In the Proc. of the 2nd IFAC Workshop on Automatic Control in Offshore Oil and Gas Production, (Oilfield 2015), May 27-29, 2015, Florianopolis, Brazil. M.M. Siraj, P.M.J. Van den Hof and J.D. Jansen. Risk management in oil reservoir water-flooding under economic uncertainty. To appear in Proc. 54th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 15-18 December, Osaka, Japan.

Dissertation

Reducing the effect of uncertainty in robust optimization for oil recovery. Siraj, M. M., 10 May 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 157 p.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 69

Department

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster

■ Chemergy / Process intensification □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants G Spezzati JP Hofmann

Funded by -

PhD student | Postdoc G (Giulia) Spezzati Project aim

The project focuses on the interaction between a cerium oxide support and palladium nanoparticles, and the definition of the active phase in the low temperature range for environmental pollution control. Working at low temperature is necessary to reduce or avoid the formation of dangerous combustion by-products. We aim to study the composition and shape of the supported active metal phase as a function of reaction conditions. We intend to synthesize, characterize and evaluate the activity of model catalysts made of nanostructured cerium oxide onto which palladium nanoclusters are deposited. The cerium oxide can be pure or doped with transition metals, and different preparation methods are tested. The goal is the formulation of structureperformance relationships.

Progress

Funding % per money stream STW

Engineering the nanoparticle-support interface for sustainable catalysis

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (June)

Information

EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: https://www.tue.nl/en/university/ departments/chemicalengineering-and-chemistry/ research/research-groups/ chemical-and-process-technology/ inorganic-materials-chemistry/

In the past year, research concentrated on the synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity evalution of Flame-Spray Pyrolysis-made doped CeO2 samples. The dopants that showed the highest catalytic activity were copper and iron, which are convenient due to the high availability and low price. We were able to determine that a level of doping of 10% molar results in a homogeneous solid solution with an increased number of easily accessible oxygen vacancies. The supports displayed extremely small particle size (5 nm). The catalysts were loaded with 1% weight palladium and tested for DeNOx reactions at conditions wich are similar to what can be found in car exhaust systems. The results were excellent, with selected catalysts displaying high activity before 200 °C and high selectivity in non-harmful products such as nitrogen. Engineering the catalyst surface and composition allowed us to lower the noble metal content.

Figure: TEM image of FSP-prepared CeO2 nanoparticles (left), and NO conversion plot for FSP-made doped CeO2 samples (right)

Scientific publications

Spezzati G., Fant K., Ahniyaz A., Lundin-Johnson M., Hensen E.J.M., Langermans H., Hofmann J.P., Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization, and Cytotoxicity Assessment of CeO2 Nanoparticles with different morphologies, European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2017, 25, 3184-3190. Spezzati G., Su Y., Hofmann J.P., Benavidez A., DeLaRiva A. T., McCabe J., Datye A.K., Hensen E.J.M., Atomically Dispersed Pd−O Species on CeO2(111) as Highly Active Sites for Low-Temperature CO Oxidation, ACS Catalysis, 2017, 7, 6887-6891.

70 |

Department

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster

■ Chemergy / Process intensification □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders V Hessel T Noël

Participants

NJW Straathof

Funded by

University / Europe

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2013 (November)

Information

T Noël T : +31 (0)40 247 3623 E : t.noel@tue.nl W : www.chem.tue.nl/scr

Accelerated (photo)redox chemistry in continuous-flow microreactors PhD | Postdoc NJW (Natan) Straathof Project aim

The incorporation of fluorine or fluorinated moieties are of high interest in pharmaceutical industry, agro chemistry and material science, because of its unique properties and limited known methodologies. The presence of fluorine has a diminishing effect on the metabolic oxidation by cytochrome P450 oxidase and numerous other advantages for biological active molecules. This stimulated us to investigate new methodologies regarding the incorporation of fluorine or fluorinecontaining functionalities. One of the main pillars of this work is to exploit visible light photoredox catalysis as a mild strategy to overcome chemical transformations. However, by nature, photochemistry has known to have limitations. To overcome these limitations, we utilize microflow technology.

Progress

The project is now finished, and a number of methods regarding trifluoromethylation in batch and continuous flow has been developed and reported. The application of continuous flow clearly intensifies the reaction (efficient irradiation & mass-transfer) and demonstrated great potential towards scalability and more efficient use of photoredox catalysis. In summary the following issues were resolved, (i) fast kinetics, (ii) minute scale reaction times, (iii) low catalyst loading and (iv) continuous production. Public defense took place: January 30, 2017. Styrene derivatives

Hetero-cyclic compounds

Me O

Thiol derivatives

Me F3C

CF3

S N

H F3C

O CF3

trif luoromethylation & hydrotrif luoromethylation

H N

F3C

CF3

N H

F3C

Figure: Examples of products prepared in this thesis.

Selected Scientific publications

Straathof, N.J.W., Cranen, S.E., Hessel, V., Noël, T. (2016). Practical Photocatalytic Trifluoromethylation and Hydrotrifluoromethylation of Styrenes in Batch and Flow. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 55 (50), 15549–15553. Talla, A., Driessen, B., Straathof, N.J.W., Milroy, L.G., Brunsveld, L., Hessel, V. & Noël, T. (2015). Metal-free photocatalytic aerobic oxidation of thiols to disulfides in batch and continuous-flow. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, 357 (10), 2180-2186. Straathof, N.J.W., Osch, D.J.G.P. van, Schouten, A., Wang, X., Schouten, J.C., Hessel, V. & Noël, T. (2014). Visible light photocatalytic metal-free perfluoroalkylation of heteroarenes in continuous flow. Journal of Flow Chemistry, 4(1), 12-17. Straathof, N.J.W., Gemoets, H.P.L., Wang, X., Schouten, J.C., Hessel, V. & Noël, T. (2014). Rapid trifluoromethylation and perfluoroalkylation of five-membered heterocycles by means of photoredox catalysis in continuous flow. ChemSusChem, 7(6), 1612-1617. Straathof, N.J.W., Tegelbeckers, B.J.P., Hessel, V., Wang, X. & Noël, T. (2014). A mild and fast photocatalytic trifluoromethylation of thiols in batch and continuous flow. Chemical Science, 5(12), 4768-4773. Su, Y., Straathof, N.J.W., Hessel, V. & Noël, T. (2014). Photochemical transformations accelerated in continuous-flow reactors: basic concepts and applications. Chemistry - A European Journal, 20(34), 10562-10589.

Dissertation

Accelerated (photo)redox chemistry in continuous-flow microreactors. Straathof, N. J. W., 30 Jan 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 205 p.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 71

Department

CH4 and CO oxidation over TM/CeO2 (TM = Pd, Pt, Ni and Cu)

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc Y (Yaqiong) Su

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

■ Chemergy / Process intensification □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants Y Su

Cooperations -

Funded by NWO

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Project aim

Ceria (CeO2) is a key component in automotive exhaust catalysis because of its unique properties such as acting as an oxygen buffer and the stabilization dispersed metals. The synergy between ceria and dispersed metals can significantly improve the catalytic conversion of exhaust clean-up, e.g. CO and CH4 oxidation. Despite many experimental studies, the active sites for CO and CH4 oxidation at the metal-ceria interface are still under considerable debate. We have elucidated which phases play an important role in CO and CH4 oxidation at the metal-ceria interface using density functional theory in conjunction with microkinetic modelling and thermodynamic stability analysis.

Progress

1. We developed a concept that two transitional metal (e.g. Pd) atoms can substitute one Ce lattice atom, and the produced novel structure can account for the strong binding and effective activity of CH4. 2. We distinguished a novel configuration of single-Pd atom embedded into CeO2, in which Pd dopant adopts the square-planar coordination by four lattice O atoms. By ab intio phase analysis, the most thermodynamically favorable species can providesa strong CO binding via the hopping of Pd dopant and then determined the CO oxidation pathways via M-vK mechanism for the first time.

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information

EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl

Figure: Illustration of the replacement of (left) one lattice Ce4+ ion by (right) two Pd2+ ions (ionic radii of Ce4+ and Pd2+ used).

Scientific publications

Yaqiong Su, Jinxun Liu, Ivo A. W. Filot, and Emiel J. M. Hensen. Theoretical Study of Ripening Mechanisms of Pd Clusters on Ceria. Chem. Mater., 2017, 29, 9456–9462-9456–9462.

72 |

Department

Subsurface transport in rotated source-sink flows

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc S (Stephen) Varghese

Mechanical Engineering

■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders MFM Speetjens F Toschi

Participants S Varghese RR Trieling

Cooperations

Collaborative project of TU/e-ET and TU/e-WDY

Funded by

FOM (CSER programme)

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (May)

Information

MFM Speetjens T : +31 (0)40 247 5428 E : m.f.m.speetjens@tue.nl W: www.energy.tue.nl

Project aim

Traditional methods for geothermal heat recovery, in situ groundwater remediation and in situ mining employ a static system of injector-extractor wells. However recent studies in literature have shown that through the use of a reoriented injector-extractor well pair system, the so-called RPM flow or rotated source-sink flows, based on the chosen pumping scheme, enable both an efficient distribution of production fluid throughout the reservoir domain as well as confinement/ targeted delivery of production fluid within a designated (resource rich) sub region of the reservoir. An efficient distribution can in principle enable enhanced geothermal heat recovery, whereas confinement or targeted delivery can improve the efficiency of in situ mining or groundwater remediation related application. Our study therefore investigates the Lagrangian and (scalar) thermal transport characteristics of RPM flows with the aim of designing well configurations and pumping schemes so to achieve efficient distribution of production fluid, confinement and targeted delivery under different reservoir conditions.

Progress

Lagrangian based analysis of RPM flows revealed that a carefully chosen pumping protocol enable both confinement of production fluid within islands (as depicted in Fig. a) as well as an efficient distribution of production fluid through chaotic advection. Further investigation of thermal transport characteristics of RPM flows however revealed that reorientations result in advanced thermal breakthrough thereby retarding rapid heat extraction from the reservoir. Though formation of a central warm region entrapping the scalar quantity of interest within the reservoir domain on account of reorientation, is of great practical significance in the field of confinement and targeted delivery. Dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) is used to further analyse the temperature field evolution under RPM flows, which yield modes which represent the shape and structure of the scalar confinement zone within the reservoir domain (as depicted in Fig. b for two different Péclet numbers) as well as the corresponding eigenvalues which yield the characteristic time scale over which the mode persists or the time frame over which effective confinement of the scalar quantity of interest within the structure or zone can be maintained.

F Toschi T : +31 (0)40 247 3911 E : f.toschi@tue.nl W: www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/

Figure: a) Poincaré section obtained from Lagrangian analysis b) Dominant DMD mode extracted from temperature field evolution for Pe = 106 (left), 104 (right) employing an 8-well pair RPM configuration.

Scientific publications

Lagrangian Transport and Chaotic Advection in Two-Dimensional Anisotropic Systems. Varghese, S., Speetjens, M.F.M. & Trieling, R.R. (2017). Transport in Porous Media, 119(1), 225-246. Thermal and Lagrangian transport analysis of chaotic advection in 2D anisotropic porous media. Varghese, S., Speetjens, M.F.M. & Trieling, R.R. (2017). 2nd Thermal and Fluids Engineering Conference (TFEC). April 2-5, 2017, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. Enhanced geothermal systems using chaotic advection. Varghese, S., Speetjens, M.F.M. & Trieling, R.R. (2017). 9th International Conference on Porous Media. May 8 - 11, 2017, Rotterdam, Netherlands.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 73

Department

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Heat storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Projectleader AJH Frijns

Participants

S Veselá BRM Kingma H Pallubinsky M te Culve L Schellen L Schlangen WD van Marken Lichtenbelt AA van Steenhoven DMJ Smeulders

Beyond the thermal comfort limits: Heat transfer in the human body and thermal comfort PhD student | Postdoc S (Stephanie) Veselá Project aim

The goal of this project is to develop dynamic and human specific thermo-physiological model to predict the heat transfer and temperature distribution in the human body. The model will be used for the prediction of thermal comfort in the built environment.

Progress

Recent research on local heating and cooling design show improvements in thermal comfort and energy consumption of office buildings. The impact of these measures on the occupants’ local thermal sensation (LTS) the most important factors in the thermal modelling concept are studied and analysed using our thermophysiological model ThermoSEM: 1) the effects of the accuracy of the input data for local clothing properties and local muscular metabolic heat distribution, 2) the deviations between computed and measured local skin temperatures, and 3) neurophysiological and dynamic aspects that are missing in present LTS models. To fill this gaps, measurements are done on determining local clothing resistances and local metabolic rates, a re-evaluation of local heat balances in the thermophysiological models is done and the influences of blood pressure effects and neurophysiology will be incorporated in the ThermoSEM model.

Cooperations UM MUMC+ Philips

Funded by RVO STW TU/e

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2014

Information

AJH Frijns T : +31 (0)40 247 4825 E : a.j.h.frijns@tue.nl W : www.energy.tue.nl

74 |

Scientific publications

Kulve, te, M., Schellen, Lisje, Frijns, Arjan, Schlangen, L.J.M. & van Marken Lichtenbelt, W. (2015). The influence of LED lighting on thermal comfort, health and energy. In M. te Kulve& M. Loomans (Eds.), Healthy Buildings Europe 2015, 18-20 May 2015, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Veselá, Stephanie, Kingma, Boris & Frijns, Arjan (2015). Taking thermal regulation models from the lab to the world: are current views ready for the challenge?. In M. te Kulve & M. Loomans (Eds.), Healthy Buildings Europe 2015, 18-20 May 2015, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.

Department

The breakup and dispersion of glowing sprays

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc DD (Dennis) van der Voort

Applied Physics ■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HJH Clercx GJF van Heijst

Participants

DD van der Voort W van de Water

Cooperations NJ Dam N Maes AM Yavuz

Funded by FOM

Project aim

The main aims are 1) to study the dispersion of turbulent sprays by means of phosphorescence, 2) to determine the influence of turbulence on dispersion by investigating droplet dispersion in zeromean homogeneous isotropic turbulence, and 3) to explore the effects of turbulence, pressure fluctuations, and entrainment on the dispersion in sprays, laying a foundation for a fundamental spray model.

Progress

The evaporation of sprays has been investigated using laser-induced phosphorescence (LIP), interferometric particle imaging. To further study the effects on individual droplets an acoustic levitator was build, and evaporating single droplets have been investigated through phosphorescence measurements and diffuse-background illumination imaging. The influence of cavitation, gas bubbles, on the dispersion of sprays was investigated through use of a glass nozzle to investigate the phenomenon, and to correlate it with measured pressure pulses through the system. These pressure pulses were then used to correlate the cavitation event to measurements of sheetexcited LIP measurements to obtain their dispersion. To investigate the influence of spray-induced turbulence on the droplets dispersion, and IR-PIV experiment was set up and tested with the use of anti-stokes particles as tracers, to avoid visualizing the liquid spray. Public defense took place: March 23, 2017.

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (March)

Information

HJH Clercx T : +31 (0)40 247 2680 E : h.j.h.clercx@tue.nl W: www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/

Figure: The influence of cavitation (gas bubbles) on spray breakup shown through diffuse-backlight illumination through a glass nozzle. The 200 micrometer bubble is deformed, forming a gas layer between the wall and the fluid, increasing the velocity, asymmetry, and dispersion of the spray. This event is accompanied by a pressure pulse as the bubble collapses against the wall.

Scientific publications

D.D. van der Voort, W. van de Water, N. Dam, H.J.H. Clercx, G.J.F. van Heijst, “Breakup and dispersion of glowing sprays”, Proceedings of the 13th Triennial International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, 2015. Bertens, G., Voort, D.D. van der, Bocanegra Evans, H. & Water, W. van de (2015). Large-eddy estimate of the turbulent dissipation rate using PIV. Experiments in Fluids, 56, 89-1/9.

Dissertation

The breakup and dispersion of glowing sprays. van der Voort, D. D., 23 Mar 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 136 p.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 75

Department

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster

■ Chemergy / Process intensification □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants P Wang

Cooperations

National Institute of Clean-and-lowcarbon Energy (“NICE”)

Funded by

National Institute of Clean-and-lowcarbon Energy (“NICE”)

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (October)

Information

Research of active phases and promoter effects for iron-based Fischer-Tropsch catalysts PhD student | Postdoc P (Peng) Wang Project aim

Research of active phases and promoter effects for iron-based Fischer-Tropsch catalysts

Progress

Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis represents one of the most advanced technologies to convert fossil and renewable carbon feedstock into liquid fuels. The technology is well established for the conversion of synthesis gas derived from natural gas. Currently, significant efforts are underway to realize coal-to-liquids (CTL) processes in certain parts of the world where coal is a cheap and plentiful resource. Compared to natural-gas based FT, CTL processes face an important challenge: since the H/C ratio of coal is too low, the process requires the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction to increase the H2/CO ratio of the FT feedstock. This leads to significant CO2 emissions. In essence, this leads to the requirement to couple CTL processes to CO2 capture. We worked out a completely novel and scalable preparation method of a stable and phase-pure ε(')-iron carbide Fischer-Tropsch catalyst with a very low intrinsic CO2 selectivity. The preparation of the ε(’)-carbide catalysts is based on careful control of the pretreatment and carburization conditions. Several characterization techniques are employed to clarify the formation and phase composition of ε(’)-carbide. We highlight the main requirements to achieve such a phase-pure ε(’)carbide catalyst. We could evaluate the performance of this novel catalyst under industrial FT conditions. We found that no deactivation or phase transformation of the catalyst was observed, even after a high temperature excursion. This is a crucial result as it was believed until now that ε(’)-carbide is not a stable phase under industrial FT conditions. These results shed a completely new view on the utility of ε(’)-carbide, which has hitherto been disregarded in favor of Hägg carbide as the stable and catalytically active phase. We unequivocally show that ε(’)-carbide is able to convert syngas to liquid fuels without CO2 being formed as a primary product. Thus, we achieved to prepare a catalyst with extremely low CO2-selectivity which was considered to be impossible.

P Wang T : +31 (0)6 28358698 E : p.wang@tue.nl W: https://www.tue.nl/en/university/ The work above is accepted by Science Advances. departments/chemical-engineeringand-chemistry/the-department/ staff/detail/ep/e/d/ep-uid/ 20148804/

Figure: FT performance of the catalyst as a function of TOS. (a): H2/CO = 1.5, 23 bar, 235 oC, GHSV = 18000 h-1. (b) After 175 h time on stream, the reaction temperature was increased to 250 oC and kept there for 24 h followed by a decrease to 235 oC.

Scientific publications

Liu, J., Wang, P., Xu, W. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2017). Particle size and crystal phase effects in FischerTropsch Catalysts. Engineering, 3(4), 467-476. Hensen, E.J.M., Wang, P. & Xu, W. (2016). Research trends in Fischer-Tropsch catalysis for coal to liquids technology. Frontiers of Engineering management, 3(4), 321-330.

76 |

Department

Limitations of partially premixed combustion

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc S (Shuli) Wang

Mechanical Engineering

■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project aim

LPH de Goey LMT Somers

Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) is an intermediate process between conventional diesel combustion and Homogeous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI). PPC has the potential to get high thermodynamic efficiency and simultaneously produce low soot and NOx emisisons. In addition, PPC has better controllability compared to HCCI. Our goal is to conduct an intensive study on PPC using various high-octane blends, to investigate their combustion and emission characteristics including particulate number concentration and size distribution.

Participants

Progress

Project leaders

S Wang

Cooperations -

Funded by

China Scholarship Council (CSC)

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information

S Wang T : +31 (0)6 40147811 E : s.wang@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/combustion

Recent studies correlate fine particulates and ultra-fine particulates to adverse human health effects. The porous particulate agglomerates could deposit in the deep lung and cause diseases like asthma, pneumonectasis and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. High-octane fuels have shown a significant advantage in reducing soot emissions, but they may emit more nanoparticles. Load, dilution, and fuel structure can be the major factors influencing that. In general, the particle size distribution curves shift upwards and towards bigger sizes as the engine load increases for all test fuels. Compared to other fuels, alcohol containing fuels yield less soot emissions and produce considerably more particles in the nucleation mode. When a higher exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate is applied, in general the particulate number concentration in nucleation mode decreases, while more particles in accumulation mode are generated. Secondly, several binary blends were designed to further investigate the effect of different fuel structures on PM emissions. If ignition delay is not kept constant, the physical effects on the soot formation must be considered in addition to the fuel-induced chemical effects. Public defense took place: October 17, 2017. Shuli continued as a Postdoc.

Figure: Particle number concentration and size distribution vs EGR for diesel at 10bar IMEP.

Scientific publications

S. Wang, X. Zhu, L. M. T. Somers, and L. P. H. de Goey, “Effects of exhaust gas recirculation at various loads on diesel engine performance and exhaust particle size distribution using four blends with a research octane number of 70 and diesel”, Energy Conversion and Management, 2017. S. Wang, K. V. D. Waart, L. M. T. Somers, and L. P. H. de Goey, “Experimental study on the potential of higher octane number fuels for lowload partially premixed combustion”, SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-0750, 2017. M. Fathi, O. Jahanian, DD. Ganji, S. Wang, and L. M. T. Somers, “Stand-alone singleand multi-zone modeling or direct injection homogeneous charge compression ignition (DI-HCCI) combustion engines”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 125 , 1181-1190, 2017. S. Wang, X. Zhu, L. M. T. Somers, and L. P. H. De Goey, “Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Heavy Duty Engine Fueled with Two Ternary Blends of N-Heptane/Iso-Octane and Toluene or Benzaldehyde,” SAE Tech. Pap., vol. 2016–April, 2016. S. Wang, P. C. Bakker, L. M. T. Somers, and L. P. H. de Goey, “Effect of Air-excess on Blends of RON70 Partially Premixed Combustion,” Flow, Turbul. Combust., vol. 96, no. 2, pp. 309–326, Mar. 2016.

Dissertation

Wang, S. (2017). Limitations of partially premixed combustion. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Philip de Goey & Bart Somers).

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 77

Department

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster

■ Chemergy / Process intensification □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

M van Sint Annaland C Peters

Participants SEE Warrag

Cooperations -

PhD student | Postdoc SEE (Samah) Warrag Project aim

NaNatural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel that will remain one of the most dominant sources of energy worldwide in the next decades. However, the presence of vapor phase elemental mercury in natural gas is quite unwelcome. Upon contact it will damage aluminum metal components by amalgamation. Also it bears a serious health risk to those exposed to mercury or compounds thereof. Consequently, it needs to be removed effectively, reliably and safely. Once the mercury is captured from the gas phase the problem is not yet solved as it was only concentrated in a different medium. The final step should be one where it is disposed of in a safe way. The aim of this project is to investigate the use of deep eutectic solvents as candidate materials for mercury removal. On basis of their similarity in structure with ionic liquids, which show excellent mercury removal properties, it is expected that their capture potential is high.

Progress

Funded by

Petroleum Institute

Funding % per money stream Industry

Mercury Removal from Natural Gas Streams using Deep Eutectic Solvents

100 %

Start of the project 2014

Information

Experiments regarding the extraction of elemental mercury from a saturated solution in dodecane using 20 different deep eutectic solvents are starting up. The deep eutectic solvents were prepared by combining selected hydrogen bond donor and hydrogen bond acceptor compounds. Thereafter, the properties of the prepared deep eutectic solvents were characterized. This includes the measurement of the density, viscosity, surface tension, melting point and decomposition temperature. A new analysis equipment that is able to analyze the mercury content has been purchased. The first mercury removal data are expected to become available in the coming months. Public defense scheduled for: July 3, 2018.

M van Sint Annaland T : +31 (0)40 247 2241 E : m.v.sintannaland @tue.nl W: www.chem.tue.nl/sep

Figure: A promising deep eutectic solvent (middle) was prepared by mixing glycolic acid (hydrogen bond donor) with choline choride (hydrogen bond acceptor) in the molar ratio 3:1.

Scientific publications

Warrag, S.E.E., Rodriguez, N.R., Nashef, I.M., van Sint Annaland, M., Siepmann, J.I., Kroon, M.C. and Peters, C.J. (2017). Separation of thiophene from aliphatic hydrocarbons using tetrahexylammonium-based deep eutectic solvents as extracting agents, Journal of Chemical Engineering Data, 62, 2911-2919.

78 |

Department

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster

■ Chemergy / Process intensification □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

EJM Hensen NAJM Sommerdijk

Participants JJ Wiesfeld

Cooperations -

PhD student | Postdoc JJ (Jan) Wiesfeld Project aim

Society is heavily dependent on fossil fuels for the production of energy and chemicals. However, the ever-increasing demand on these fossil feedstocks and the strain on the environment associated with their combustion calls out for green and renewable alternatives. Second-generation biomass contains a treasure trove of molecules with the potential to sate our needs, but require highly active and atom-efficient catalysts to unlock these compounds. The current generation of catalysts isn’t suitable to facilitate the necessary conversions, because they cannot cope with the oxygen-rich feedstocks and aqueous environments these reactions proceed in. In recent years metal oxides such as TiO2, Nb2O5 and WO3, but also CeO2 were shown to possess the functionalities required for these transformations and could easily handle aqueous environments.

Progress

Funded by

Multiscale Catalytic Energy Conversion

Funding % per money stream NWO

Earth-abundant heterogeneous catalysts for the conversion of biomass into value-added chemical intermediates

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (October)

During the project we focused on several key aspects on biomass conversion using the aforementioned oxides. We showed that promoted WO3 was able to convert glucose to 5hydroxymethylfurfural, a valuable platform intermediate, in reasonable yields. We also used these materials to directly convert cellulose to ethylene glycol, a molecule currently produced in high quantities from petro-ethylene. Additionally, 5-HMF, by employing a protecting strategy, can selectively be oxidized to FDCA in high concentrations. FDCA is a biobased alternative to terphthalic acid, a monomer used to produce PET plastic. Currently, we are investigating if this protection strategy can also be employed to hydrogenate 5-HMF to its corresponding diol.

Information

EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: www.catalysis.nl/imc

Figure: Performance of Ru-impregnated tungstite on cellulose conversion to ethylene glycol. First set represents physical mixture of tungsite and Ru/C such that Ru:WO3 is 1 wt.%.

Scientific publications

Yue, C., Li G., Pidko, E.A., Wiesfeld, J.J., Rigutto M., Hensen, E.J.M., ChemSusChem. 2016 (17):2421.

Meso-WO3

SBET = 135 m²/g

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 79

Department

Towards a HiEff engine

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc RC (Robbert) Willems

Mechanical Engineering

■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders LMT Somers FPT Willems

Participants RC Willems LMT Somers FPT Willems MEE Oom L Xia A Maghbouli

Cooperations

DAF Trucks TNO Shell Global Solutions Delphi Technologies Sensata AVL Dacolt

Progress -

STW DAF Trucks TNO

Funding % per money stream 70 % 30 %

Start of the project 2016 (September)

Information

RC Willems T : +31 (0)40 247 2877 E : r.c.willems@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/mrf

80 |

This research targets a premixed combustion concept called reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI), which potentially facilitates high thermal efficiency and low levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot emissions. As fuel is administered early within the cycle, RCCI lacks direct control of combustion phasing. In order to control auto-ignition, two fuels with different chemical properties are supplied to the combustion chamber, which allows tailoring of the in-cylinder reactivity. By doing so, start of combustion can be adjusted. Furthermore, RCCI is plagued by high emissions of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide due to locally lean conditions and fuel being trapped in crevice volumes. The main goals of this project are to maximize both thermal and combustion efficiencies, and investigate control possibilities for this future combustion concept. Initial RCCI experiments have been conducted on the existing heavy-duty engine setup (Cyclops) by supplying two fuels simultaneously to the test cylinder. Two PFI fuels (gasoline/ethanol) and two DI fuels (EN590/GTL) are selected for the experiments to investigate the influence of chemical reactivity gradients in the combustion chamber. Furthermore, different PFI/DI blend ratios, as well as varying DI injection timings are employed to further study the stratification of in-cylinder airexcess ratios. A new heavy-duty engine setup is installed in the engine cells and will be commissioned early 2018. The experimental campaign will be continued on this contemporary engine setup.

Scientific publications

Funded by

STW Industry

Project aim

Department

Reduction of CO2 to Olefins via Methanethiol

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc M (Miao) Yu

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project aim

This project focuses on developing a novel catalytic route for the conversion of CO2 into liquid fuels and chemicals by solar H2. The first step involves the reduction of CO2 to methanethiol by solar H2 in the presence of H2S. Methanethiol, the thiol analogue of methanol, is then converted to higher hydrocarbons. The product H2S is shuttles back for methanethiol synthesis. The promise of this method, over conventional route via water-gas shift and Fischer-Tropsch type chemistry, is based on thermochemical considerations in the production of ethylene from CO2 and solar H2. Whereas the conventional route involves both an endothermic and an exothermic step, in the novel proposed route both steps are nearly thermoneutral. This allows for increased thermal and catalytic efficiency in the overall process. From a chemical process perspective, a sulfur analogue to the wellknown MTO process would be novel and innovative.

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants M Yu

Cooperations

European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)

Funded by

Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC)

Funding % per money stream Scholarship

100 %

Start of the project 2016 (September)

Information

Progress

Up to now, we focus on the first step of this process-the conversion of CO, H2 and H2S to methanethiol. Alkali metal promoted molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) catalysts are developed and studied for this process. With the assistance of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), in-situ X-ray adsorption spectroscopy (XAS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), we found that the alkali metal promoters can intercalate between the MoS2 layers and change the phase of MoS2 from semiconductor 2H phase to metallic 1T phase, and also adsorb on the edge sites of MoS2 slabs, which affects the adsorption properties of CO as well. Combined these characterizations with catalytic performance, we have gained better insight of the active phase of these catalysts in the conversion of CO to methanethiol. Meanwhile, our catalytst can increase the CO conversion to around 30% with about 50% CH3SH selectivity (including CO2), and very low methane selectivity (2% under 350oC), which makes it a novel and high efficiently route for CO utilization.

EJM Hensen T : +31 (0)40 247 5178 E : e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W: https://www.tue.nl/en/research/ researchers/emiel-hensen/

Fig.1

Fig.2

Figure 1: CO conversion of catalysts with different alkali metal promoters under different temperatures Figure 2: Selectivities of catalysts with different alkali metal promoters under different temperatures (from left to right, Mo, LiMo, NaMo, KMo, RbMo and CsMo, from bottom to top, methanethiol, CO2, methane and dimethyl sulfide)

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 81

Department

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Heat storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders DMJ Smeulders SV Nedea CCM Rindt

Participants H Zhang

Cooperations Funded by EU-FP7

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2012

On sugar alcohol based heat storage materials: a nanoscale study and beyond PhD student | Postdoc H (Huaichen) Zhang Project aim

Sugar alcohols (SA) and their eutectic mixtures are promising seasonal heat storage medium. These materials are environmentally friendly, low cost, and high in storage capacity. Because of the large subcooling effect, SA can remain in liquid state thus enabling low loss storage. Nevertheless, the low nucleation and crystallization kinetics and the low heat conduction rate results in poorly controlled discharge power and introduces difficulties in large scale industrial applications. Using molecular modeling methods, we can tackle the details during the nucleation process and nanoscale heat transfer mechanism, depict the free energy landscape, and propose possible solutions to increase the nucleation and heat transfer kinetics.

Progress

During this research period, SA heat conductivity enhancement is studied using molecular dynamics simulations. Graphene and carbon nanotubes are proposed to function as the enhancement additive. The effective heat conductivity can be obtained using effective medium approaches, given the conductivity of the carbon structures and the matrix SAs, and a contact resistance term of SAcarbon interface. During the calculation of the contact resistance, the heat transfer across single layered carbon structures is found to be dependent on the simulation setup. The heat transfer is much faster when the carbon layer is used as a transfer medium compared to when the carbon layer is used as the heat source. The heat transfer rate is also dependent on the nanotube’s size. In general, the heat transfer is more sluggish for smaller sized tubes. However this trend is not monotonic. Public defense took place: February 22, 2017.

Information

DMJ Smeulders E : d.m.j.smeulders@tue.nl

Figure: Heat transfer coefficient across the carbon nanotubes and axial diffusion coefficient of confined water versus reciprocal diameter. The results of graphene is marked on 1/d=0.

Scientific publications

Zhang, H., Nedea, S.V., Rindt, C.C.M., Smeulders, D.M.J. (2015). Thermal Contact Resistance in Carbon Nanotube Enhanced Heat Storage Materials. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Non-equilibrium Gas Flow (NEGF2015), December 9-11, 2015, Eindhoven, the Netherlands. Zhang, H., Nedea, S.V., Rindt, C.C.M. (2015). Review and in Silico Characterization of Sugar Alcohols as Season Heat Storage Materials. Conference Paper: The 13th International Conference on Energy Storage- Greenstock 2015, At Beijing, China.

Dissertation

On sugar alcohol based heat storage materials: a nanoscale study and beyond. Zhang, H., 22 Feb 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 163 p.

82 |

Department

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster

■ Chemergy / Process intensification □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants L Zhang

Cooperations

Johnson Matthey PLC (company) University of Delaware

Funded by

EU funded (PARTIAL-PGMs project)

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project

Development of novel, high performance hybrid TWV/GPF automotive after treatment systems by rational design: substitution of PGMs and rare earth materials PhD student | Postdoc

L (Long) Zhang Project aim

To replace the platinum group metals by non-noble metals in the field of three-way catalysis. The study of the intrinsic properties of the materials via multi scale modeling. To rationally design the three-way catalysts, the advanced multi-scale models and simulations will be developed. Identification of mechanisms and prediction of catalytic performance for CO and hydrogen carbon oxidation and NO reduction on ceria and perovskite supported catalysts. Based on the calculated results, the catalytic activity and selectivity will be optimized.

Progress

We use DFT calculations to comprehensively study NO reduction by CO and CO oxidation on Pd(1 1 1) and transition metal doped Pd(1 1 1). Whilst direct NO dissociation is very difficult on metallic Pd(1 1 1), doping with transition metals can substantially lower the reaction barrier for NO dissociation. The lowest barrier is predicted for Ti-doped Pd(1 1 1). A Brønsted-Evans-Polanyi relation for NO dissociation on TM-doped Pd(1 1 1) surfaces is identified. Microkinetics simulations confirm that the activity and selectivity for NO reduction and CO oxidation are drastically improved after Ti doping. Our findings indicate that doping of Pd with non-noble metal can further improve the performance of three-way catalysts.

2016 (July)

Information

L Zhang T : +31 (0)6 87357896 E : l.zhang3@tue.nl

Figure:

Reaction diagram of NO+CO on transition metal doped Pd(111)(left), Brønsted–Evans–Polanyi relation for NO dissociation on transition metal surfaces. The energy barrier is linearly related to the NO dissociation energy (right).

Scientific publications: -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 83

Department

Chemical Engineering & Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Exploring Earth-abundant Electrocatalysts for Renewable Energy Storage in Hydrogen Evolution Reaction PhD student | Postdoc Y (Yue) Zhang Project aim

Explore earth-abundant electrocatalysts to replace Pt in Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) Investigate Co2P as an emerging H2 evolution reaction electrocatalyst to evaluate its intrinsic stability in both acid and alkaline electrolytes

Project leaders EJM Hensen JP Hofmann

Progress

We find that Co2P degradation follows two different routes in acid and alkaline. In acid, stoichiometric dissolution of Co2P occurs whereas in alkaline media, formation of Co(OH)2. We improve the simple stability tests, which means for a comprehensive evaluation of electrocatalyst stability, detailed post-catalysis structural and compositional analysis of both the electrode and electrolyte are mandatory.

Participants Y Zhang L Gao

Cooperations -

Funded by

Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC)

Funding % per money stream Scholarships

100 %

Start of the project 2016 (September)

Information

Y Zhang T : +31 (0)40 247 3998 E : y.zhang4@tue.nl Figure: X-ray photoelectron spectra of the (a) Co 2p region, (b) P 2p region, and (c) O 1s region and (d) survey spectrum of fresh (black solid line) and postcatalysis Co2P@CP in acid (red solid line) and alkaline (blue solid line).

Scientific publications -

84 |

Design and Synthesis of Cathode Materials for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

Department

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster

■ Chemergy / Electrical storage □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

PhD student | Postdoc L (Lei) Zhou Project aim

Project leaders PHL Notten

1. Design and synthesis of sulfur cathode materials. 2. Investigation of the electrochemical performance of the sulfur cathodes. 3. Improvement in the energy density and cycling stability of the sulfur cathodes.

Participants

Progress

L Zhou

Cooperations

Forschungszentrum Jülich Nuclear Physics Institute Rez Near Prague Czech Republic

Funded by

We designed and synthesized a composite consisting of hierarchical cobalt layered double hydroxide nanosheets coated with carbon (LDH/C) nanocages as efficient sulfur host materials for enhanced performance of Li-S batteries. The synergetic effects of LDH/C nanocages are responsible for various merits of the sulfur cathodes. First, the carbon coating provides high electrical conductivity for fast electron transport as well as adsorption interaction with soluble polysulfides. In addition, the polar LDH nanosheets can strongly anchor polysulfides through the formation of chemical bonding interactions to inhibit the dissolution and diffusion of polysulfide intermediates into the electrolyte. Finally, the hierarchical nanocage architecture with large void space enables high sulfur content and large volume variation of sulfur particles upon cycling.

Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC)

Funding % per money stream Scholarship

100 %

Start of the project 2016 (September)

Information

PHL Notten T : +31 (0)40 247 3069 E : p.h.l.notten@tue.nl Figure: Schematic illustration of the synthesis of the sulfur cathode composite.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 85

Department

Flame balls at earth gravity

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc Z (Zhen) Zhou

Mechanical Engineering

■ Chemergy / Clean fossils □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project aim

Philip de Goey

Hydrogen is expected to play an important role in future energy production, especially for the fuel of gas turbine engines. However, there are gaps in the fundamental understanding of hydrogen combustion characteristics at normal and elevated pressures due to the high diffusivity of hydrogen. The aim of the project is to investigate the combustion characteristics of hydrogen containing fuels near the lean combustion limit.

Participants

Progress

Project leaders

Z Zhou Y Shoshin JA van Oijen LHP de Goey

 2D lamianr freely-propagating flames of hydrogen/air mixture were simulated at elevated pressure and temperature.  The flame balls at elevated pressures were experimentally and numerically investigated.  The effect of Lewis number on flame balls was analyzed.  The combustion mechanism of cap-like flames was studied experimentally and numerically.  A doctoral dissertation has been written.

Cooperations -

Public defense took place: November 2, 2017.

Funded by

China Scholarship Council (CSC)

Funding % per money stream Scholarship

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information

Z Zhou T : +31 (0)40 247 5995 E : Z.Zhou1@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/combustion

Scientific publications

Z. Zhou, Y. Shoshin, F. Hernández-Pérez, J. van Oijen, L.P.H. de Goey, Effect of pressure on the lean limit flames of H2-CH4-Air mixture in tubes, Combustion and Flame, 2017 (183): 113-125. Z. Zhou, F. Hernández-Pérez, Y. Shoshin, J. van Oijen, L.P.H. de Goey, Effect of Soret diffusion on lean hydrogen/air flames at normal and elevated pressure and temperature, Combustion Theory and Modelling, 2017 (21): 879-896.

Dissertation

Z. Zhou (2017). Flame balls at earth gravity. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven.

86 |

Department

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme / Cluster ■ Chemergy / Solar fuels □ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EMJ Hensen

Participants J Zhu N Kosinov

Cooperations -

Funded by NWO-VICI

Novel heterogeneous catalyst for low-temperature methnol synthesis from CO2 hydrogenation PhD student | Postdoc J (Jiadong) Zhu Project aim

The aim of the project is to develop novel heterogeneous catalyst for efficient low-temeperaure CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. Utilizaiton of CO2 as carbon source for chemical and fuel production is an appealing research in order to mitigate green house effect induced by increading CO2 level in the atmosphere. In this research, we aim to produce methanol (CH3OH) as tagrted product from CO2 hydrogenation. Methanol is a promising energy carrier molecule to replace oil in the future because of its high energy density and compatibility with petro-beased infrastructure nowadays. This reseach is mainly focusing on fudanmetal understanding of CO2 hydrogenation at molecular level, such as the catalyst acive site, reaction mechanism, structure-reactivity relationship and.

Progress

We have investigated two catalyst systems for high-pressure CO2 hydrogenation, namely MoCx/C and Cu/CeO2 based catalysts. Our results show that highly carbonized MoCx is very active for CO2 conversion to CO and ceria suppot plays a pivotal role in CO2 activation for methanol production. Future study will be deeper understanding of Cu/CeO2 system from mechanism perpective.

Funding % per money stream NWO-VICI 100 %

Start of the project 2016 (October)

Information

J Zhu T : +31 (0)6 84696303 E : j.zhu@tue.nl

Figure: Transmission electron microscopt (TEM) image of synthesized Cu/CeO2 catalyst.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 87

88 |

3.2 Research projects □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

SOLAR PV: addresses electricity from the sun

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 89

90 |

Department

Applied Physics / DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster □ Energy Conversion ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders J Gómez Rivas

Participants

A Bhattacharya

Cooperations

Protemics GmbH

Funded by

European Research Council

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2015 (September)

Information

Terahertz micro-resonators investigated in the near- and farfield PhD student | Postdoc A (Arkabrata) Bhattacharya Project aim

There is a rapid development in the field of novel photo-active materials such as perovskites, 2D semiconductor and nanowires. These materials are enabling new technological opportunities in several fields, such as photovoltaics, solid state lighting, lasing and photodetection. Efforts on material research and progress on synthesis or growth are often not accompanied by similar efforts on the development on novel techniques that anable an accurate characterization of these materials. In this project, we aim to build a microspectrometer which has the ability to probe the THz far- and near-field of waves interacting with materials after photo-excitation with an optical beam. This microspectrometer will enable to probe the local conductivity of materials at different length scales and the carrier dynamics at ultrafast time scales. The characterization of these parameters is crucial to describe processes that may limit the efficiency of materials in opto-electronic applications.

Progress

We have already made a stand-alone near-field detection system and studied various subwavelength structures with it. One of these studies has been already published. We are currently integrating the optical pump beam into the system to be able to realize optical pump THz near-field microscopy on new materials (graphene, semiconductor nanowires and perosvkites). The software for this device is on its last stage of development. The schematic of the setup is shown in the figure. Public defense took place: May 30, 2017.

A Bhattacharya T : +31 (0)6 85260559 E : a.bhattacharya@differ.nl W: www.differ.nl

Figure: A schematic representation of the main configuration of the MICROMAP setup, showing an optical pump laser, a THz time-domain spectrometer in reflection configuration and the THz near-field microscope. The far-field detection arm can be rotated, hence it is possible to measure far-fields at different angles.

Scientific publications -

Dissertation

Terahertz micro-resonators investigated in the near- and far-field. Bhattacharya, A., 30 May 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 121 p.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 91

Department

Growth of nanowire solar cells

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc A (Alessandro) Cavalli

Applied Physics

□ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JEM Haverkort EPAM Bakkers J Gómez-Rivas

Project aim

We will develop high efficiency solar cells in which the actual harvesting of the solar energy is performed in III/V semiconductor nanowires. We will investigate the light management in these nanowire solar cells using a time-reversed Fourier microscope.

Progress

Philips (in-kind contributor)

We studied different methods for growing InP nanowires: Au-catalyzed growth and Catalyst free growth. We developed large diameter catalyzed nanowires, demonstrating the effect of growth temperature and HCl molar flow, with a solar cell efficiency up to 7.1%. Furthermore, we showed that catalyst-free growth, at very high temperature, has defect-free crystalline structure and superior optoelectronic properties, compared to catalyzed growth. We have also investigated the absorption and emission properties of these InP nanowires. We have found that both optical properties are dominated by the coupling of light to waveguide modes supported by the geometry of the nanowires. Furthermore, we have measured an improved photocurrent and voltage in nanostructured InP with respect to planar material.

Funded by

Public defense took place: May 1, 2017.

Participants A Cavalli D van Dam

Cooperations

STW

100

Funding % per money stream 100 %

1-Reflectance

STW

Start of the project 2012

Information

JEM Haverkort T : +31 (0)40 247 4205 E : j.e.m.haverkort@tue.nl

80 60

Etched NWs (measured) 94% Planar InP (measured) 71%

40 20 0

500

600

700

800

Wavelength (nm)

900

Figure: (left) I-V measurement of single InP nanowires, with corresponding optical image. (right) Measured 1-reflectance (in this case equal to absorptance) of an array of etched InP nanowires (NWs, red), with respect to a planar layer (black).

Scientific publications

D. van Dam, D.R. Abujetas, R. Paniagua-Domínguez, J.A. Sánchez-Gil, E.P.A.M. Bakkers, J.E.M. Haverkort, and J. Gómez Rivas, Directional and polarized emission from nanowire arrays, Nano Lett. 15 (7), 4557-4563 (2015).

Dissertation

Growth of nanowire solar cells. Cavalli, A., 1 May 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 129 p.

92 |

Department

Hexagonal III-Phosphide alloys for solid state lighting

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc L (Luca) Gagliano

Applied Physics

□ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JEM Haverkort EPAM Bakkers

Participants L Gagliano

Cooperations

Prof. Miglio, Milano-Bicocca, Italy Prof. Bechstedt, Jena, Germany Prof. Polman, AMOLF Amsterdam, Netherlands

Funded by STW Philips

Funding % per money stream

STW Industry

Project aim

Exploration of the electronic properties and band structure of novel III-V Wurtzite (WZ) semiconductors for efficient solid state lighting and solar applications. Conventional materials have reached their intrinsic limits and can hardly be improved further, reaching a saturation in technological innovation (e.g. Moore’s law no more valid). New materials offer the chance to surpass these limits and design new improved devices. These new materials can be grown in the form of nanowires, high aspect ratio three-dimensional nanostructures which show great promise for highly efficient solid state lighting and solar applications.

Progress

Realization of WZ AlxIn1-xP nanowires with Aluminum composition between 0% and 40%, with tunable emission between 850nm and 555nm (near infrared to green). The nanowires were grown with Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) on InP wafers. The Photoluminescence (PL) study shows that the nanowires emit in the “pure green” 555nm region, with Internal Quantum Efficiency (IQE) reaching up to 0.3%, compared to the 3% efficiency of pure WZ InP, a material known for its lasing capabilities. The PL study also allowed to explore the electronic properties of WZ AlxIn1-xP for the first time, allowing us to describe its band structure in function of the Aluminum fraction. Public defense took place: November 27, 2017.

50 % 50 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information

L Gagliano T : +31 (0)6 43289942 E : l.gagliano@tue.nl

Figure: (a) Representative SEM image of a wurtzite Al0.25In0.75P nanowire grown with selective-area catalyst free MOVPE. (b) Room temperature photoluminescence spectra of wurtzite AlxIn1-xP nanowire arrays as a function of Aluminum fraction. (c) Main optical transitions of wurtzite AlxIn1-xP as a function of composition. Circles: experimental PL/TEM data. Lines: density functional theory calculated data.

Scientific publications

L. Gagliano, A. Belabbes, M. Albani, S. Assali, M. A. Verheijen, L. Miglio, F. Bechstedt, J. E. M. Haverkort, and E. P. A. M. Bakkers - “Pseudodirect to Direct Compositional Crossover in Wurtzite GaP/InxGa1–xP Core–Shell Nanowires”, Nano Lett., 2016, 16 (12), pp 7930–7936.

Dissertation

Hexagonal III-Phosphide alloys for solid state lighting. Gagliano, L., 27 Nov 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 171 p.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 93

Department

Growth of Hexagonal Group-IV Semiconductor Nanowires

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc HIT (Hakon) Hauge

Applied Physics

□ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EPAM Bakkers

Participants

HIT Hauge MA Verheijen

Project aim

Synthesis of hexaganol crystal phase silicon and silicon germanium.

Progress

Ikaros Hauge has grown hexagonal silicon nanowire shells as wellas hexagonal silicon germanium shells. He has shown low defect density and he has proven the existence of the hexagonal crystal phase. This material is relevant for nanolasers and solar cells Public defense took place: September 13, 2017.

Cooperations -

Funded by NWO Vici

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2014

Information

EPAM Bakkers T : +31 (0)40 247 5170 E : E.P.A.M.Bakkers@tue.nl W: https://www.tue.nl/en/research/ researchers/erik-bakkers/

Figure: Nanowire with a GaP core, a silicon initial shell and a SiGe outer shell.

Scientific publications

Optical emission in hexagonal SiGe nanowires, Cartoixà, X., Palummo, M., Hauge, H. I. T., Bakkers, E. P. A. M. & Rurali, R. Nano Letters. 17, 8, p. 4753-4758 (2017). Impurity and defect monitoring in hexagonal Si and SiGe nanocrystals, Kölling, S., Plantenga, R. C., Hauge, H. I. T., Ren, Y., Li, A., Verheijen, M. A., Conesa Boj, S., Assali, S., Koenraad, P. M. & Bakkers, E. P. A. M. ECS Transactions. 75, 8, p. 751-760 10 p. Single-Crystalline hexagonal silicon-germanium, Hauge, H. I. T., Conesa Boj, S., Verheijen, M. A., Kölling, S. & Bakkers, E. P. A. M. , Nano Letters. 17, 1, p. 85-90 (2017). New opportunities with nanowires, Bakkers, E. P. A. M., Hauge, H. I. T., Li, A., Assali, S., Dijkstra, A., Tucker, R. T., Ren, Y., Conesa Boj, S. & Verheijen, M. A.2016 IEEE Photonics Society Summer Topical Meeting Series (SUM), Newport Beach, CA, 11-13 July 2016. Piscataway: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), p. 124-125 2 p. Cracking the Si shell growth in hexagonal GaP-Si core-shell nanowires, Conesa-Boj, S., Hauge, H. I. T., Verheijen, M. A., Assali, S., Li, A., Bakkers, E. P. A. M. & Fontcuberta I Morral, A. ,Nano Letters. 15, 5, p. 2974-2979 (2015). Hexagonal silicon realized, Hauge, H. I. T., Verheijen, M. A., Conesa-Boj, S., Etzelstorfer, T., Watzinger, M., Kriegner, D., Zardo, I., Fasolato, C., Capitani, F., Postorino, P., Kölling, S., Li, A., Assali, S., Stangl, J. & Bakkers, E. P. A. M. Nano Letters. 15, 9, p. 5855-5860 (2015). Harnessing nuclear spin polarization fluctuations in a semiconductor nanowire, Peddibhotla, P., Xue, F., Hauge, H. I. T., Assali, S., Bakkers, E. P. A. M. & Poggio, M. Nature Physics. 9, 10, p. 631635 (2013).

Dissertation

Growth of hexagonal group-IV semiconductor nanowires. Hauge, H. I. T., 13 Sep 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 121 p.

94 |

Department

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders REI Schropp

Participants

Y Kuang WMM Kessels JK Rath (UU) M Zeman (TUD) RACMM van Swaaij (TUD) AW Weeber (ECN) JAM van Roosmalen (ECN) LJ Geerligs (ECN) F Derks (Tempress)

Cooperations

Energy research Center of the Netherlands (ECN) Utrecht University Delft University of Technology Tempress

Development of industrial technologies for new silicon back-contacted heterojunction cells PhD student | Postdoc Y (Yinghuan) Kuang Project aim

In this project we focus on high efficiency silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells. The aim is to reduce the lack of shading and absorption losses at the front, increase the ease of module integration, and improve the possibilities to apply advanced light and photon management schemes to further increase the efficiency obtained so far. Our goal is to achieve efficiencies above 21% at industrial scale, using atomic layer deposited (ALD) hydrogen-doped indium oxide (In2O3:H) as the window electrode, and processes based on fundamental knowledge and developed within the consortium. At the end of the project, all ingredients should be identified to reach 25% efficiency using thin wafers (~50 μm) in a next phase.

Progress

It is particularly challenging to integrate In2O3:H, deposited by ALD, into SHJ solar cells due to low reactivity of the metalorganic precursor cyclopentadienyl indium (InCp) with H-terminated surface of a-Si:H. This challenge has been overcome by a simple and highly effective plasma-based surface pretreatment developed in this work (Figure 1). A remote inductively coupled O2 or Ar plasma modifies the H-termination surface of a-Si:H, thereby prmoting the adsorption of InCp on the surface. A short-circuit current density of 40.1 mA/cm2, determined from external quantum efficiency, is demonstrated for the textured SHJ solar cell with In2O3:H window electrode, compared to 38.5 mA/cm2 for a reference cell that has the conventional Sn-doped indium oxide (ITO) window electrode (Figure 2). The enhanced photocurrent stems from a reduced parasitic absorption of In2O3:H in the entire wavelength range of 400-1200 nm.

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

78 % 22 %

Start of the project 2014 (July)

Information

REI Schropp T : +31 (0)40 247 4880 E : r.e.i.schropp@tue.nl W: http://www.phys.tue.nl/pmp/

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 1: Effect of plasma pretreatment on nucleation of In2O3:H prepared by atomic layer deposition on aSi:H. Inductively coupled O2 or Ar plasma is used for surface pretreatment of the a-Si:H prior to the deposition of In2O3:H. The legend shows the plasma parameters, i.e. exposure time (s), RF power (W), and gas pressure (mTorr) for each type of plasma. Figure 2: External quantum efficiency curves of silicon heterojunction solar cells with sputtered ITO and atomic layer deposited In2O3:H window electrodes.

Scientific publications

Y. Kuang, B. Macco, C.K. Ande, P.C.P. Bronsveld, M.A. Verheijen, Y. Wu, W.M.M. Kessels, and R.E.I. Schropp, Towards the implementation of atomic layer deposited In2O3:H in silicon heterojunction solar cells. Yinghuan Kuang, Bart Macco, Bora Karasulu, Chaitanya K. Ande, Paula C.P. Bronsveld, Marcel A. Verheijen, Yizhi Wu, Wilhelmus M.M. Kessels, Ruud E.I. Schropp, Towards the implementation of atomic layer deposited In2O3:H in silicon heterojunction solar cells, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 163, (2017) 43-50. Alfredo Mameli, Yinghuan Kuang, Morteza Aghaee, Chaitanya K. Ande, Bora Karasulu, Mariadriana Creatore, Adriaan J.M. Mackus, Wilhelmus (Erwin) M.M Kessels, and Fred Roozeboom, AreaSelective Atomic Layer Deposition of In2O3:H Using a µ-Plasma Printer for Local Area Activation, Chemistry of Materials 29, (2017) 921-925.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 95

Department

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders WMM Kessels

Participants

BWH van de Loo

Cooperations

ECN ASM Levitech Tempress Systems TU Delft SERIS NREL

Funded by

TKI Solar Energy ADEM Innovation Lab

Funding % per money stream

Industry 40 % Ministry of economic affairs 60 %

Start of the project 2012

Information

WMM Kessels E : w.m.m.kessels @tue.nl W : www.phys.tue.nl/pmp

Atomic-layer-deposited surface passivation schemes for silicon solar cells PhD student | Postdoc BWH (Bas) van de Loo Project aim

The majority of solar cells that are being produced today (>90%), are based on crystalline silicon (cSi). This research aimed to increase the efficiencies of such solar cells by using thin films, prepared by atomic layer deposition, which passivate electronic defects at the Si surface.

Progress

Novel findings of this research include among others the use of SiO2/Al2O3 stacks for passivation of n-type doped Si surfaces (including black Si) and the discovery of achieving surface passivation by transparent conductive ZnO (see figure). In addition, through this research fundamental insights were gained in the loss mechanisms at pn-region in interdigitated back contact solar cells and the influence of the surface doping level and doping method on the chargecarrier recombination at the Si surface. The work has resulted in several peer-reviewed publications and contributions at international conferences. After obtaining a PhD degree in 2017, Bas continued to develop c-Si solar cells as process development engineer at Tempress Systems. Public defense took place: March 15, 2017.

Selection of scientific publications

B.W.H. van de Loo, A. Ingenito, M.A. Verheijen, O. Isabella, M. Zeman, W.M.M. Kessels, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 110, 26, pp. 263106, (2017) B. Macco, B.W.H. van de Loo, W.M.M. Kessels, book chapter in Atomic Layer Deposition in Energy Conversion Applications, ed. J. Bachmann, Wiley, (2017) P.Spinelli, B.W.H. van de Loo, A.H.G. Vlooswijk, W.M.M. Kessels, I. Cesar, IEEE J. Photov., Vol. 7, 5, pp. 1176 – 1183, (2017) B.W.H. van de Loo, H. C. M. Knoops, G. Dingemans, G.J.M. Janssen, M.W.P.E. Lamers, I.G. Romijn, A.W. Weeber, and W.M.M. Kessels, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, vol. 143, pp. 450–456, (2015). K.R.C. Mok & B.W.H. van de Loo, A.H.G. Vlooswijk, W.M.M. Kessels and L. K. Nanver, IEEE J. Photov., Vol. 5, 5, pp. 1310–1318, (2015).

Dissertation

Atomic-layer-deposited surface passivation schemes for silicon solar cells. van de Loo, B. W. H., 15 Mar 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 186 p.

96 |

Department

Applied Physics

Research theme / Cluster □ Chemergy ■ Solar PV / Solar PV □ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders WMM Kessels

Participants

J Melskens B Macco BWH van de Loo RWHS Scheerder WJH Berghuis RJ Theeuwes

Cooperations

ECN part of TNO Tempress Levitech TU Delft AMOLF Solmates University of Twente

Passivating Contacts for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: from Concepts and Materials to Prospects PhD student | Postdoc J (Jimmy) Melskens Project aim

To further increase the conversion efficiency of crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells, it is vital to reduce the recombination losses associated with the contacts. Therefore, a contact structure that simultaneously passivates the c-Si surface while selectively extracting only one type of charge carrier (i.e., either electrons or holes) is desired. Realizing such passivating contacts in c-Si solar cells has become an important research objective, and an overview and classification ofwork to date on this topic is presented here. Using this overview, the design guidelines for passivating contacts and outline their prospects will be discussed.

Progress

A theoretical framework for passivating contacts for crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells was first developed. The working mechanism of different possible contact configurations was reviewed as well as the solar cell conversion efficiency potential of different passivating contact materials, as summarized in the figure below. Although industrially standardized, making a contact carrierselective through doping, the attainable solar cell efficiency is limited by the recombination losses introduced by the dopants. Alternatively, ALD metal oxides can be used to make passivating contacts based on band bending and/or band alignment while they can also be used in tunnel contacts. ALD titanium oxide as electron-selective contact has already been developed, which together with molybdenum oxide as hole-selective contact and hydrogenated indium oxide as transparent conductive oxide show a novel route towards higher solar cell conversion efficiencies.

Funded by

RVO: TKI projects NChanted IBChampion Advanced Nanolayers Advanced n-Pasha (Antilope) COMPASS RADAR Miracle Antilope

Funding % per money stream RVO Industry

60 % 40 %

Start of the project 2014 (December)

Information

J Melskens T : +31 (0)40 247 6113 E : j.melskens@tue.nl W: https://www.tue.nl/en/ research/research-groups/plasmamaterials-processing/

Figure: Contour plot of the maximum c-Si solar cell efficiency as a function of the recombination parameter J0 and the contact resistivity ρcontact as obtained from Quokka simulations. A comparison of the electrical performance of various c-Si solar cell concepts and passivating contact materials is made in terms of the weighted area-corrected J0 and ρcontact for the rear side of the solar cell. When the data are available, the reported record conversion efficiency value is shown next to the label for each solar cell architecture. Data points for full-area contacts are denoted in bold. Additionally, electron-selective contacts are marked with a circle, whereas hole-selective contacts have starshaped symbols. The blue-dashed lines represent isolines of constant J0 · ρcontact.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 97

98 |

3.3 Research projects □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy □ Nuclear fusion

URBAN ENERGY: advances energy innovation in the built environment

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 99

100 |

Contribution of integrated PV-Battery systems to frequency control in conventional small island grids

Department

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders ECW de Jong

Participants CZ Ally

Cooperations

Energie Bedrijven Suriname (EBS)

Funded by

A de Kom, University of Suriname (AdeKUS)

Funding % per money stream University (AdeKUS)

Start of the project 2016 (April)

Information

100 %

PhD student | Postdoc CZ (Clint) Ally Project aim

A key constraint to the penetration level or hosting capacity (HC) of intermittent PV power in acisland grids is the resulting frequency volatility that is imposed. Virtual inertial compensation (VIR) by chemical battery storage system (BESS) can increase the HC of the grid and allow for more PV power to be integrated. This research focuses on the frequency regulation capability of BESS in island ac-grids consisting of diesel and Photovoltaic (PV) generation. The BESS is interfaced with the grid through a voltage source inverter (VSI), classical PI-based and an optimal control scheme will be applied to the BESS-VSI and their performance in regulating the grid frequency compared. It is the intention that the optimal control strategy challenge conventional PI-based emulated inertial control, thereby producing knowledge of the benefits & pitfalls of both techniques. Attention will also be given to the required size of the BESS in both schemes.

Progress

Modelling & validation of network components is a crucial part of this project and much effort was made toward data acquisition for the validation purpose. Environmental data was recorded at the site of the island grid studied; and network data gathered from existing database. The Triphase inverter setup in the PQ-lab at the TU/e was used to generate dynamic datasets for the VSI model. All relevant modelled components are now validated and the total studied system built in the Matlab/Simulink software. A test case study was performed addressing the first stage of this research, which was aimed at evaluating the penetration level of PV in the ac-island grid. The results will be presented at the UPEC 2018 conference in Glasgow and will be published in the IEEExplore later on in 2018. An illustration of the study is shown in the figure below.

CZ Ally T : +31 (0)6 37205914 E : c.ally@tue.nl

Figure: Single line diagram of island network studied.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 101

Department

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EA Lomonova

Participants

NH Baars CGE Wijnands J Everts

Cooperations

Punch Powertrain LMS Imagine Siemens Industry Software Prodrive Tekshift Technical University of Cluj-Napoca Eindhoven University of Technology

Funded by

ARMEVA project

Funding % per money stream EU

60 %

Start of the project

Three-phase dual active bridge converters: a multi-level approach for wide voltage-range isolated dc-dc conversion in high-power applications PhD student | Postdoc NH (Nico) Baars Project aim

This project covers the research of an isolated dc-dc converter family for electrical energy conversion in high-power applications with a wide voltage-range. Typical applications are battery chargers for electric vehicles, interface converters in hybrid enrgy storage systems, and auxiliary power units in rail vehicles. By utilising an isolated dc-dc converter in these applications, the efficiency, power density, and scalability of the system can be improved. The main objective of this work is to derive an isolated dc-dc converter topology, based on the three-phase dual active bridge (DAB) converter, which achieves soft-switching and low internal circulating currents for a wide voltage and power range. To accomplish this goal, a multi-level topology is adopted in the three-phase converter, for which modelling approaches and modulation schemes needs to be derived. The proposed converter topology, modelling, and modulation schemes must be experimentally verified with a high-power prototype converter.

Progress

By adopting a multi-level topology into the dc-dc converter, additional degrees of freedom arises. This is modelled by a piecewise-linear model for which a systematic approach is developed to identify all converter states and to generate the corresponding equations. Furthermore, the converter can be operated with symmetrical or asymmetrical voltage and current waveforms. These operating methods are optimized to achieve a high efficiency over a wide voltage and power range. From this, analytical modulation schemes are derived. To verify the theorectical models and modulation schemes, a high-power dc-dc converter prototype is designed and constructed. Measurements support the theorectical analysis en confirm high efficiencies over a wide voltage and power range. Public defense took place: November 6, 2017.

2013 (October)

Information

NH Baars T : +31 (0)40 247 3566 E : n.h.baars@tue.nl W: http://www.armeva-project.eu

Fig. 1: High-power isolated dc-dc converter prototype.

Fig. 2: Measured efficiency versus input voltage U1 of the prototype dc-dc converter for different operating methods with U2 =750 V and a power transfer of 100 kW.

Scientific publications

N.H. Baars, J. Everts, C.G.E. Wijnands, and E.A. Lomonova, "Performance Evaluation of a ThreePhase Dual Active Bridge DC-DC Converter with Different Transformer Winding Configurations," in Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol.PP, no.10, pp.6814-6823. N. H. Baars, J. Everts, C. G. E. Wijnands, and E. A. Lomonova, “Evaluation of a high-power threephase dual active bridge dc-dc converter with threelevel phase-legs”, in proceedings of the IEEE 18th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, Sep. 2016, pp. 1–10. N. H. Baars, C. G. E. Wijnands, and J. Everts, “ZVS modulation strategy for a three-phase dual active bridge dc-dc converter with three-level phase-legs”, in proceedings of the IEEE 18th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, Sep. 2016, pp. 1–10. N. H. Baars, C. G. E. Wijnands, and J. Everts, “A three-level three-phase dual active bridge dc-dc converter with a star-delta connected transformer”, in proceedings of the IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Oct 2016, pp. 1–6.

Dissertation

Three-phase dual active bridge converters: a multi-level approach for wide voltage-range isolated dc-dc conversion in high-power applications. Baars, N. H., 6 Nov 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 205 p. 102 |

Department

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EF Steennis PAAF Wouters

Participants F Barakou

Cooperations TenneT

Funded by TenneT

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (November)

Information

F Barakou T : +31 (0)40 247 3560 E : f.barakou@tue.nl

Investigation of the impact of EHV underground power cables on the resonant and transient grid behavior PhD student | Postdoc F (Fani) Barakou Project aim

The electricity transmission operator in the Netherlands and a large part of Germany (TenneT) has realized a 10 km long 400 kV underground cable transmission system in The Netherlands which is the first long underground power cable in a transmission network. Future cable installations, both in the Netherlands and Germany will lead to new situations concerning the impact on low frequency and high frequency phenomena from switching activities, lightning strikes or network faults for which the modelling work needs to further be developed. A number of measuring systems, already installed on a line-cable-line system, is producing data that needs to be analyzed for voltage transients, current transients and partial discharges.

Progress

To realize the goals the research is divided into three parts; measurements, modeling and transient studies:  Measurements; In order to have a robust measurement system capable of accurately measuring at all locations, a new system was designed and constructed as part of the research project based on a Differentiating/Integrating principle.  Modeling; The simulation model of the Dutch EHV transmission network was developed in PSCAD/EMTDC software. Moreover, the modeling depth for the same voltage level as well as for lower voltage levels was investigated. In order to overcome stability problems in the existing cable model, a new cable model using the Finite-Difference Time Domain (FDTD) approach, was developed and the outcome was compared with the one from the previous simplified cable model.  Transient studies; The transmission network simulation model, which was validated by the measurements, was used to perform resonance and slow-front transient studies where the effect of additional cable with various configurations was tested. More specifically, series resonance phenomena caused by cable energization were investigated together with statistical overvoltage studies caused by cable energization, re-strike, fault and fault-clearing.

Figure: Voltage waveform comparison between measurements and simulations when the OHL-Cable-OHL connection is energized from substation Bleiswijk.

Scientific publications

Full list of publications can be found in: https://www.tue.nl/en/university/departments/electricalengineering/department/staff/detail/ep/e/d/ep-uid/20144014/ep-tab/4/

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 103

Department

Smart Planning

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc R (Raoul) Bernards

Electrical Engineering

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project aim

R Bernards

In sight of the progressing energy transition towards a sustainable society we are at the dawn of a fundamental change in the way we generate and consume our electricity and utilize our grids. To facilitate and stimulate the transition and cope with its effects, innovative smart grid technologies are being developed. To sensibly and optimally integrate these new innovations, subject to the sometimes conflicting goals of different stakeholders, the classical approach to network planning will no longer suffice. The goal of the Smart Planning project is to provide insight into the overall costs and benefits of the smart grid and its related technologies and integrate these into the network planning process such that the future electricity network can be designed in an efficient and effective way and its capacity and flexibility can be optimally exploited by all stakeholders.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders JG Slootweg J Morren

Participants

Enexis Stedin Alliander Rendo TU Dortmund ETH Zürich ABB ewz

Models and methods are developed that can be implemented to incorporate the impact of the energy transition and smart grid technologies in distribution network planning. Using methods from the field of statistical learning, factors that are signicant for the adoption of energy transition technologies can be systematically found and quantied. Substantial improvements in prediction accuracy are achievable compared to the common homogeneous scenario forecasts. A modeling approach is developed that is able to model the stochastic behavior of diverse datasets using a combination of Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) and copula functions. The approach is used to model the impact of energy transition scenarios on low voltage distribution networks, and assess the effect of smart grid technologies as alternatives to traditional network expansion options.

Funded by

TKI Switch2Smartgrids

Funding % per money stream

University 30 % RVO 60 % Industry 10 %

Start of the project 2014 (March)

Information

R Bernards T : +31 (0)40 247 8705 E : r.bernards@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/ees Figure: Local prediction of electric vehicle adoption and (left) and expected network impact calculated using the stochastic models (right).

Scientific publications

Bernards, R., Verweij, R., Coster, E., Morren, J., & Slootweg, J. G. (2017). Application and evaluation of a probabilistic forecasting model for expected local PV penetration levels. CIRED – Open Access Proceedings Journal, 1, 2101-2105. Reinders, J., Bernards, R., Geldtmeijer, D. A. M., Morren, J., & Slootweg, J. G. (2017). Utilising residential flexibility in the planning of LV networks. In 24th International Conference & Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED), 12-15 June 2017, Glasgow, Scotland (pp. 2576-2580). Bernards, R., Morren, J., & Slootweg, J. G. (2016). Evaluating impact of new technologies on low voltage grids using probabilistic data enriched scenarios. In IEEE 16th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC2016), 7-10 June, 2016, Florence, Italy. Bernards, R., Reinders, J., Klaassen, E. A. M., Morren, J., & Slootweg, J. G. (2016). Meta-analysis of the results of European smart grid projects to quantify residential flexibility. In Proceedings of the CIRED Workshop, 14-15 June, Helsinki, Finland. Nijhuis, M., Bernards, R., Gibescu, M., & Cobben, J. F. G. (2016). Stochastic household load modeling from a smart grid planning perspective. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Energy Conference (Energycon 2016), 4-8 April 2016, Leuven, Belgium.

104 |

Department

Optimized planning and operation of multi-energy systems

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc I (Iris) van Beuzekom

Electrical Engineering

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

H Slootweg B Mathias-Hodge (NREL)

Participants

I van Beuzekom

Cooperations

DTU, Lyngby, Denmark NREL, Golden, CO, USA

Funded by

ITS-ECO KIC InnoEnergy

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information

I van Beuzekom T : +31 (0)40 247 3993 E : i.v.beuzekom@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/ees

Project aim

To reach 2050 greenhouse gas emission reduction targets of up to 95% vs. 1990 levels, a majority of renewable energy sources (RES) needs to be integrated into our energy system. Most of these RES provide electricity, yet currently less than 30% of our final energy demand is electric. Moreover, most RES are variable and uncertain on a daily, seasonal, or even annual basis. To solve these mismatches in energy type and time, solutions beyond the smart grid towards an integrated energy system are analyzed. Such systems are expected to be more effective than traditional, nonintegrated energy systems in enabling the acceleration of the energy transition towards a renewable energy future. They provide greater flexibility and hence more resilience to changing circumstances. In this research, an optimization model was developed to enable the simultaneous planning of electricity, gas, and heat systems. Using future demand scenarios up to 2050, and greenhouse gas emission targets, optimal investment decisions are made for network topology, system interconnections (energy conversion), storage, and supply locations. The value of such a multienergy system is tested at the city scale with a case study of Eindhoven, including effects of CO2 prices, economic technological developments, and interannual weather variations. The optimization model is formulated as a mixed integer linear program (MILP), implemented in the AIMMS software, using the CPLEX algorithm to solve. It is constructed in a generic manner, able to scale up and down temporally and geographically, which allows it to be applied to other cities, and to other geographical scales, and to other timeframes, e.g. for operational optimization.

Progress

Accurate modeling of integrated energy systems is a complex task, due on the one hand to the distinct characteristics and time scales of the phenomena involved, and on the other hand the above-mentioned increase in the solution space due to the extra degrees of freedom awarded by the multi-network layout and the energy conversion and storage possibilities. Our previous research [1] has shown that existing multi-energy models are not capable of optimizing the relevant geographical and temporal aspects of all carriers. Hence, we proposed a new model to simultaneously optimize the planning of electricity, gas, and heat systems [2], and tested it on a small case [3], and a larger case using decomposition techniques [4].

ELECTRICITY GAS

HEAT

Figure: Visualisation of an integrated energy system combining, electricity, gas and heat infrastructure.

Scientific publications

[1] A review of multi-energy system planning and optimization tools for sustainable urban development, I. van Beuzekom, M. Gibescu, J.G. Slootweg, IEEE PowerTech Eindhoven, 2015. [2] Optimal design and operation of an integrated multi-energy system for smart cities, I. van Beuzekom, L.A.J. Mazairac, M. Gibescu, J.G. Slootweg, IEEE Energycon Leuven, 2016. [3] Optimal planning of integrated multi-energy systems, I. van Beuzekom, P. Pinson, M. Gibescu, J.G. Slootweg, IEEE Manchester PowerTech, 2017. [4] Optimal planning of integrated electricity, gas and heat systems for smart cities, I. van Beuzekom, International Institute for Energy Systems Integration (iiESI) Conference, NREL, 2017.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 105

DISPATICH - Distributed Intelligence for Smart Power routing and mATCHing

Department

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders PH Nguyen

Participants

N Blaauwbroek M Gibescu PH Nguyen GJM Smit A Molderink M Roggenkamp HHB Vedder D Kuiken

Project aim

Uncertainties resulting from stochastic intermittent renewable power generation as well as energyintensive appliances (e.g. electrical vehicles, heat pumps) make it increasingly difficult to balance supply and demand and to control the network in real time. To achieve reduction of these uncertainties, smart energy systems formed by merging information and communication technologies together with the power grid will play an important role in future distribution systems. The aim of the project is to develop a decentralized implicit interaction framework between at the one hand the electricity markets for supply and demand matching, and at the other hand the control mechanisms from grid operators to keep the system within secure bounds. This way, better plannings can be realized and optimal set points can be provided for local controllers in the distributen grid. This will be supported by appropriate legal and organization frameworks.

Progress

Cooperations

Alliander NV Enexis BV Cofely Energy & Infra BV IBM Netherlands BV Locamation Beheer BV NV Nederlandsche Apparatenfabriek DNV KEMA

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream NWO (STW)

PhD student | Postdoc N (Niels) Blaauwbroek

100 %

Start of the project

A probabilistic grid supportive approach for time horizondemand side management (DSM) is developed, using a universal applicable interface between distribution network operators (DNO) and DSM applications. Independently of what objective the DSM is pursuing, the DSM application can take into account grid related constraints within its scheduling process, in order prevent and resolve operation limit violations in the network. Specific features include:  Time horizon analysis of operation limit violations using a probabilistic approach. If operation limit violations are expected with a certain probability, grid supportive DSM is triggered to reduce the probability back to acceptable levels.  Specification of three-phase unbalanced network operation limit violations occurring with a certain probability over time and their sensitivity with respect to active power allows DSM applications to resolve network issues by optimising time dependent flexibility, independent of the objective of the DSM application.  A demonstration will be given of a time horizon DSM optimisation mitigating over/undervoltages based on fair power sharing amongst the participating end users.  Inclusion of advanced modelling of flexible appliances at different geographical locations at the end user premises.  A deep learning approach to overcome the computational complexity of the probabilistic power flow, drastically speeding up computation times.

2014 (August)

Public defense scheduled for: November 8, 2018.

Information

Scientific publications

N Blaauwbroek T : +31 (0)6 30851142 E : n.blaauwbroek@tue.nl

106 |

P. H. Nguyen, N. Blaauwbroek, C. Nguyen, X. Zhang, A. Flueck and X. Wang. ‘Interfacing applications for uncertainty reduction in smart energy systems utilizing distributed intelligence’. In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 80 (2017), pp. 1312–1320. N. Blaauwbroek, P. Nguyen, H. Slootweg and L. Nordström. ‘Interfacing solutions for power hardware-in-the-loop simulations of distribution feeders for testing monitoring and control applications’. In: IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution 11.12 (2017). H. Shi, N. Blaauwbroek, P. H. Nguyen and R. I. Kamphuis. ‘Energy management in Multi-Commodity Smart Energy Systems with a greedy approach’. In: Applied Energy 167 (2016), pp. 385–396. N. Blaauwbroek, P. H. Nguyen, M. J. Konsman, H. Shi, R. I. Kamphuis and W. L. Kling †. ‘Decentralized Resource Allocation and Load Scheduling for Multicommodity Smart Energy Systems’. In: IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 6.4 (2015), pp. 1506–1514.

Department

Performance Prediction for Building Integrated Photovoltaics

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student / Postdoce Á (Ádám) Bognár

Built Environment

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV Project aim ■ Urban energy / Building performance More and more PV is installed in urban areas, therefore seamless integration of PV to building □ Nuclear fusion constructions is necessary to save costs, simplify the construction process and preserve the aesthetics of our cities. Building energy modeling is an essential tool to aid this integration. The Project leaders research focuses on the model complexity requirements of simulating the effects of (a) coloring RCGM Loonen layers, (b) partial shading and (c) reflected irradiance on BIPV systems as a function of (i) stakeholder needs and stage of investigation, (ii) input information availability and (iii) complexity of Participants the modeled problem. Á Bognár JLM Hensen Progress RCGM Loonen (a) Measurement data analysis was conducted, to investigate the effect of coloring layers on the performance of CIGS and c-Si PV modules. It was found, that the investigated coloring layers with a Cooperations 30% coverage reduce the performance of the PV modules with around 20%. (b) Simulations of case study buildings with partially shaded BIPV facades were conducted, with Solliance different, realistic distributions of shading. Ongoing work aims to develop methods to determine the SEAC applicability of simple PV models, commonly used in building energy simulation programs, for EnergyVille performance prediction of partially shaded Building Integrated Photovoltaic systems. SCX Solar (c) Using a case study of an outdoor PV test site, a modeling strategy with intermediate complexity Studio Solarix is investigated as a step towards quantifying PV system modeling and monitoring uncertainties due EigenEnergie.Net to reflected irradiance in urban settings.

Funded by

Interreg Vlaanderen-Nederland

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2016 (November)

Information

Á Bognár T : +31 (0)40 247 5790 E : a.bognar@tue.nl W : https://www.tue.nl/en/research/ research-groups/buildingperformance/

Figure: Structure of the research.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 107

Department

Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Building performance □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders W Zeiler

Participants B Bozkaya R Li

Cooperations BAM Techniek VITO

Funded by -

Funding % per money stream BAM Techniek 50 % PIT 25 % WOI 25 %

Interaction between building services control and microGrid/ SmartGrid Reduction of uncertainty by adding flexibility to the balance between energy demand and energy supply around and between buildings; Energy efficient operation and integration of aquifer thermal energy storage into future smartgrid PhD student | Postdoc B (Basar) Bozkaya Project aim

Controlling the aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) system in an energy optimal way and developing possible scenarious for optimal integration into future smart energy systems as a source of flexibility. The main aims throughout the project are: 1) Developing a transient ATES model that can handle the time dynamics of building energy use; 2) Developing control strategies for controlling the ATES in energy efficient and sustainable manner using supplemantery units (air handling unit, cooling tower etc.); 3) Integrating ATES into various thermal energy needs of buildings by exchanging thermal energy between buildings. 4) Investigating the flexibility potential of ATES for smart grid integration; seasonal thermal storage integrated into diurnal thermal storage systems.

Progress

Extensive literature review was completed. Development of ATES model for both cold and warm was completed and validated with experimental data. Building and HVAC models were developed and energy flow diagram between components was established as well as the integration of control strategies to improvef overall COP, operational cost and reliability of the whole system.

Start of the project 2014

Information

B Bozkaya T : +31 (0)6 19890123 E : b.bozkaya@tue.nl

Figure: Schematic diagram of the system ATES with cooling tower during discharge of cold well.

Scientific publications

Bozkaya, B., Li, R., Labeodan, T., Kramer, R. P. & Zeiler, W. (2017), Development and evaluation of a building integrated aquifer thermal storage model. In: Applied Thermal Engineering. 126, p. 62062910 p. Bozkaya, B., Zeiler, W. & Boxem, G., 2014, Human-Centered Building(s): 5th German-Austrian Conference of International Building Performance Simulationm Association (Bau Sim) , Integration of aquifer thermal energy systems (ATES) into virtual powerplant as a source of flexibility. 22-24 September 2014, Aachen, Germany.Treeck, van, C. & Müller, D. (eds.). Aachen: RWTH Aachen, p. 603-610 8 p. Hoving, J., Bozkaya, B., Zeiler, W., Haan, J. F., Boxem, G. & Velden, van der, J. A. J., 2014, BauSim 2014, Thermal storage capacity control of aquifer systems. 22-24 September 2014, Aachen, Germany. p. 617-625.

108 |

Department

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EF Steennis JG Slootweg

Participants

A van Deursen MHP Klerx PAAF Wouters J Morren EF Steennis JG Slootweg

Cooperations Alliander Enexis Stedin

Funded by KSANDR

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project

Degradation Mechanisms and Condition Assessment of Low Voltage Power Cables PhD student | Postdoc A (Armand) van Deursen Project aim

The periods of time an average customer has no electrical power available from the grid due to faults in the low voltage electrical power distribution network are increasing. The cost to resolve these outages is rising. Also, the expected increase of (fluctuating) loads and bi-directional energy flow, due to the energy transision, is expected to put additional pressure on this part of the grid. Grid operators are interested in getting a better understanding of their low voltage network; they want to be aware of the failure origins, how the mechanisms act and how it would be possible to measure the present quality of the grid. The aim of the project is to identify and study the degradation mechanisms that lead to a failure and create a toolset that can be used to measure the presence of degradation mechanisms (preferably on-line) to better assess the grid condition.

Progress

Data that are collected after clearing fault situations show that failures typically result from some external factor influencing the connection; this can be damage due to e.g. digging, soil subsidence or incorrect handling of the cables when maintenance nearby the cables is performed. After the damage is inflicted, (conductive) water, which acts as an electrolyte, is able to penetrate. With permanent exposure to moisture, the aluminum conductors may corrode until loss of connection occurs. The process of this ac-induced corrosion, at the voltage levels of the low-voltage grid and in absence of a dc offset is rather unexplored terrain and the results surprise even experts on corrosion processes. With intermittent exposure to moisture, a conductive path between two conductors may be formed, eventually resulting in a short circuit. The high current which follows evaporates the conductive path and the process restarts. Currently, nearly fifty devices are recording these events in the grid and will provide valuable insights into the development of the process from damage to failure. The Figure below demonstrates recorded voltage and current waveforms during the occurrence of one of these events.

2016 (December)

Information

AJM Pemen T : +31 (0)40 247 4492 E : a.j.m.pemen@tue.nl W: tue.nl/staff/a.j.m.pemen

Figure: Voltage and current measurements of a three-phase connection with a phase-to-neutral fault in phase 3. The short-circuit current starts at the peak of the voltage (at 95 ms) and extinguishes at the next zero-crossing (at 100 ms). A voltage dip can be observed during the beginning of the fault.

Scientific publications

van Deursen, A., Kruizinga, B., Wouters, P.A.A.F. & Steennis, E.F. (2017). Impact of corrosion on the reliability of low voltage cables with aluminium conductors. 52nd International Universities' Power Engineering Conference, 28-31 August 2017, Crete, Greece Piscataway: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 109

Department

Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster

Interaction between building service control and nanogrid – reduction of uncertainty within the process control for offices by flexible decentralized energy storage

□ Chemergy PhD student | Postdoc □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Building performance CJ (Christian) Finck □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

Project aim

Participants CJ Finck R Li

We investigate the flexibility of different thermal energy storages (TESs) in buildings energy systems. The main objective of this study is to develop and validate control & optimization strategies to enable the usage of those TES technologies. The key points are the determination of the physical TES flexibility, the system flexibility including TES and the flexibility of TESs towards the power grid. Determining the flexibility of TESs requires the application of model-based control for a whole building and the validation on at least one office building test case.

Cooperations

Progress

W Zeiler

EBC Annex 67 Energy Flexible Buildings

Funded by -

Funding % per money stream

Industry (BAM Techniek) 50 % Impuls PhD 50 %

Start of the project

It was found out that the building thermal mass (BTM), water buffers, ice buffers, phase change materials (PCM) wallboards & tanks and thermochemical materials (TCM) tanks are the most promising thermal energy storage technologies for buildings. White & grey-box TES models are developed that can represent the typical heat and mass transfer dynamics of those TESs. The models can be used to predict the scheduling of charging and discharing within a model-based control. The models can also be used to indicate the energy flexibility of the TESs. In order to optimize the scheduling of TESs and to evaluate the system flexibility a generic optimization methodology is developed that make use of dynamic programming. We currently conduct a field test study using this methodology to validate the flexibility of TESs.

2014 (April)

Information

CJ Finck T : +31 (0)6 83380546 E : c.j.finck@tue.nl

Figure: Future building energy management systems (BEMS) will include model-based control offering flexibility to the power grid.

Scientific publications

Conference paper IBPC 2015 “An optimization strategy for scheduling various thermal energy storage technologies in office buildings connected to smart grid”. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.11.036

110 |

Department

A strategy for fit-for-purpose occupant behavior modeling in building performance predictions

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc

Built Environment

□ Chemergy II (Isabella) Gaetani □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Building performance Project aim □ Nuclear fusion The aim of this study is to include the influence of occupants behavior on building energy consumption in a realistic and relevant way in various energy consumption predictions (from Project leaders simplified to detailed simulation methods). Incorrect assumptions about building users influence can JLM Hensen lead to a large discrepancy between actual and predicted building energy performance. This can result in wrong design decisions (e.g., over- or under-dimensioning of building installations). This Participants study provides insight into 1) the relationship between building performance and building users and II Gaetani 2) modeling of building users. These insights can then be used to support decision making PJ Hoes concerning occupant modeling and to develop a design method in which performance indicators are investigated under different user scenarios. The design method provides insight into the uncertainty Cooperations and robustness of the design/performance indicators to the user behavior. IEA-EBC ANNEX 66 TRECO Office

Progress

Funded by

PIT/VABI SPARK consortium TKI EnerGO TU/e

By means of a case study, the impact of different aspects of user behavior (from simple occupancy to adaptive actions) on a building’s performance was investigated. A framework of a preliminary strategy for fit-for-purpose user behavior modeling has been set up, including potential influential factors, user behavior scenarios and methodology for sensitivity analysis. Higher complexity (stochastic) user behavior models are currently being implemented as a next step of the preliminary strategy.

Funding % per money stream

University 16 % Industry 84 %

Start of the project 2014 (December)

Information

II Gaetani T : +31 (0)40 247 2577 E : i.i.gaetani@tue.nl

Figure: Distribution of heating consumption for 290 identical dwellings in Copenhagen [Andersen, 2012]. The distribution is imputable to differences in user behavior.

Scientific publications

O'Brien, W., Gaetani, I., Gilani, S., Carlucci, S., Hoes, P. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2017). International survey on current occupant modelling approaches in building performance simulation. Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 10(5-6), 653-671. In Scopus Cited 5 times. O'Brien, W., Gaetani, I., Carlucci, S., Hoes, P. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2017). On occupant-centric building performance metrics. Building and Environment, 122, 373-385. In Scopus Cited 6 times. Yan, D., Hong, T., Dong, B., Mahdavi, A., D'Oca, S., Gaetani, I. & Feng, X. (2017). IEA EBC Annex 66 : definition and simulation of occupant behavior in buildings. Energy and Buildings, 156, 258-270. In Scopus Cited 19 times. Gaetani , I., Hoes, P. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2016). Occupant behavior in building energy simulation: towards a fit-for-purpose modeling strategy. Energy and Buildings, 121, 188-204. In Scopus Cited 54 times. van Eck, R., Gaetani , I., Hoes, P., Hennekeij, R. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2016). Energie- en comfortprestaties van energiezuinige woningen. TVVL Magazine, 2016(10), 10-12.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 111

Department

Alkali activated slag-fly ash binders: design, modeling and application

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc

Built Environment

□ Chemergy X (Xu) Gao □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Building performance Project aim □ Nuclear fusion The production of Portland cement is usually accompanied with several environmental issues such as carbon emissions, consumption of natural renewable materials and high energy costs. In order to Project leaders reduce those negative impacts, alkali activated materials are applied as an alternative binder. It is HJH Brouwers usually produced by mixing alkaline activator solutions with industrial by-products or natural QL Yu amorphous materials such as: as fly ash, slag, metakaolin, red mud and pozzolans. Alkali activated materials also exhibit excellent performances such as mechanical properties, durability, and thermal Participants stability when compared to Portland cement. This project aims at developingambient temperature X Gao cured alkali activated slag-fly ash blends, underdstanding the relationships between key synthesising factors and reaction kinetics, microstructure, mechanical properties, and furthermore proposing a Funded by reaction model for this blended alkali system. China Scholarship Council (CSC)

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project 2013 (October)

Information

X Gao T : +31 (0)40 247 8225 E : x.gao@tue.nl

Progress

Several fundamental characteristics of the starting materials are identified by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX) and particle size analyzer. The effect of key manufacturing factors on reaction process and microstructure is analyzed by isothermal calorimeter, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimeter (TG/DSC). Small scale applications are carried out later on and properties such as fresh behaviors, mechanical strength, porosity, shrinkage are identified. Finally, the reaction kinetics is investigated by using the above testing methods together with 29Si and 27Al NMR analysis. Public defense took place: December 11, 2017.

Scientific publications

X. Gao, Q.L. Yu, H.J.H. Brouwers. Reaction kinetics, gel character and strength of ambienet temperature cured alkali activated slag-fly ash blends. Constr Build Mater 2015;80:105-15. X. Gao, Q.L. Yu, H.J.H. Brouwers. Properties of alkali activated slag-fly ash blends with limestone addition. Cem Concr Compos 2015;59:119-28. X. Gao, Q.L. Yu, H.J.H. Brouwers. Characterization of alkali activated slag-fly ash blends containing nano-silica. Constr Build Mater 2015;98:397-406.

Dissertation

Alkali activated slag-fly ash binders: design, modeling and application. Gao, X., 11 Dec 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 229 p.

112 |

Department

Improvement of efficiency and fatigue life of vertical-axis wind turbines

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc

Cooperations

Progress

Built Environment

□ Chemergy F (Feiyu) Geng □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Building performance Project aim □ Nuclear fusion The general purpose of the project is to optimize the output power of vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) and to minimize fatigue loads on turbine blades and loading transferred from the turbine Project leaders to the supporting structure by optimization of turbine blade geometry. This requires accurate ASJ Suiker simulation of fluid-structure interaction in wind turbine systems. In addition, a fatigue model needs BJE Blocken to be developed that describes the accumulation of cracks and small-scale plasticity in VAWT under a large number of load cycles. The two models will be interactively coupled in order to carry out Participants parameter variation studies on advanced VAWT structures subjected to complex wind loading F Geng conditions. This should lead to an improved design with larger efficiency and durability and lower IM Kalkman life cycle costs. H Montazeri -

Funded by

China Scholarship Council (CSC)

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project

The unsteady aerodynamic forces have been calculated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques, wherein the impact of a multitude of parameters on numerical results is investigated. The results have been documented in a journal paper. In addition, a fatigue interface damage model accounting for variable amplitude loading conditions has been developed, which elegantaly enables the simulation of crack initiation and propagation in a computationally efficient and accurate way. This fatigue interface damage model is presented in another journal paper. Furthermore, another article is in preparation describing a coupled procedure in which the aerodynamic loading calculated from CFD simulations on an airfoil is applied to a structural model of a VAWT in order to compute its fatigue life.

2014 (September)

Information

F Geng T : +31 (0)40 247 2610 E : F.Geng@tue.nl

Figure 1: Iso-surfaces of Q-criterion of a pitching VAWT blade airfoil with the colors indicating the instantaneous streamwise velocity at (a) angle of attack of 10° at upstroke (Q = 5×103 s-2) and (b) angle of attack of 20°at downstroke (Q = 5×105 s-2).

Figure 2: Characteristics of the fatigue interface damage model: (a) the fatigue load amplitude Pmax during different load cycle increments ∆N = Ni+1 − Ni, and (b) the corresponding degradation of the tractionseparation diagram.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 113

Department

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JG Slootweg J Morren

Participants

RJW de Groot

Cooperations

Enexis BV, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, NL

Funded by

Enexis BV, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, NL

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (December)

Information

AJM Pemen E : a.j.m.pemen@tue.nl

Optimal placement and operation of novel grid technologies in distribution grids PhD student RJW (Robert) de Groot Project aim

The aim of the project is to investigate the impact of mainly distribution automation and other (ingrid) smart grid technologies such as storage on distribution aspects such as reliability and efficiency. Focus is put on the optimal placement of these technologies within the medium voltage distribution grid.

Progress

A method has been developed for the optimal placement and operation of distribution automation within the distribution grid. It is shown that optimal placement of distributed automation can improve the benefits yielded from DA deployment in distribution grids, especially when these grids are operated in closed-ring lay-out. The reduction of grid. Furthermore, the optimal operation of battery energy storage systems is investigated. An algorithm that calculates the optimal charge path for a BESS throughout the day is proposed. It is shown that this algorithm can effectively reduce peak loads, both in simulations as well as in field testing. Public defense took place: April 16, 2017.

Scientific publications

Overbeeke, F. van, Groot, R.J.W. de, Bozelie, J. & Slootweg, J.G. (2013). Thermal optimization of an integrated LV battery energy storage station. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CIRED2013), 10-13 June 2013, Stockholm, Sweden, (pp. 1-4). Stockholm. Groot, R.J.W. de, Karaliolios, P., Slootweg, J.G., Jong, E.C.W. de & Overbeeke, F. van (2013). Smart storage: embedding local storage in the distribution grid. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the IEEE PES PowerTech 2013, 16-20 June 2013, Grenoble, France, Grenoble. Groot, R.J.W. de, Overbeeke, F. van, Schouwenaar, A.J.M. & Slootweg, J.G. (2013). Smart storage in the LV distribution grid. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CIRED2013), 10-13 June 2013, Stockholm, Sweden, (pp. 1-4), Stockholm. Vonk, B.M.J., Groot, R.J.W. de & Slootweg, J.G. (2013). Putting neurons in the smart grid. ERCIM News, 92, 12-13. Groot, R.J.W. de, Morren, J. & Slootweg, J.G. (2012). Smart integration of distribution automation applications. Oral: Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT) Europe Conference, 14-17 October 2012, Berlin, Germany, (pp. 1-7). Piscataway: IEEE Service Center. Groot, R.J.W. de, Morren, J. & Slootweg, J.G. (2012). Investigation of siimultaneity in distribution networks for the assessment of DA feasibility. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 47th International Universities' Power Engineering Conference (UPEC 2012), 4-7 September 2012, London, UK, (pp. 1-6). Piscataway: IEEE Service Center.

Dissertation

Optimal placement and operation of novel grid technologies in distribution grids. de Groot, R. J. W., 16 Apr 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 189 p.

114 |

Department

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders HP Nguyen

Participants

ANMM Haque

Smart Congestion Management in Active Distribution Networks PhD student | Postdoc ANMM (Niyam) Haque Project aim

The main objective of this thesis is to identify suitable techniques aligned with the Universal Smart Energy Framework, which can help to tackle the congestion in the distribution networks. The investigated approaches also need to be financially and computationally feasible, in order to be acceptable for the implementation in a wider scale.

Progress

The proposed mechanism will allow the Distribution System Operators (DSOs) to procure demand flexibility from the residential end-users in order to tackle the congestion in the low-voltage (LV) Cooperations networks. The research is finished and currently the thesis is being prepared for the defense in the USEF Foundation later half of 2017. A comprehensive framework is has been developed that enables both indirect and direct approaches of demand response to unlock the flexibility through changes in price levels Funded by and active power curtailment respectively. Notable results of the research have been published in SEC USEF (Universal Smart Grids Energy reputed jounals and conference proceedings in the field. Framework)

Funding % per money stream RVO

Public defense took place: September 27, 2017.

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (August)

Information

ANMM Haque T : +31 (0)40 247 8515 E : a.n.m.m.haque@tue.nl W: http://www.usef.info/Home.aspx

Figure: The conceptual agent-based architecture for the congestion management in the distribution network. The local flexibility service agent determines suitable flexibility offers from the aggregator in order to match the requested flexibility of the transformer agent.

Scientific publications

A.N.M.M. Haque, P. H. Nguyen, T. H. Vo, and F. W. Bliek, Agent-based Unified Approach for Thermal and Voltage Constraint Management in LV Distribution Network," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 183, pp. 1441-1451, 2016. A.N.M.M. Haque, A. U. N. Ibn Saif, P. H. Nguyen, S. S. Torbaghan, Exploration of Dispatch Model integrating Wind Generators and Electric Vehicles, Applied Energy, 540 183 (2016) 1441-1451. A.N.M.M. Haque, M. Nijhuis, G. Ye, P.H. Nguyen, F.W. Bliek, J.G. Slootweg; Integrating Direct and Indirect Load Control for Congestion Management in LV Networks, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Under review. A.N.M.M. Haque, D.S. Shafiullah, P.H. Nguyen, F.W. Bliek, Real-Time Congestion Management in Active Distribution Network based on Dynamic Thermal Overloading Cost, in: Power Syst. Comput. Conf., Genoa, Italy, 2016: pp. 1–7. A.N.M.M. Haque, T. Rahman, P.H. Nguyen, F.W. Bliek, Smart Curtailment for Congestion Management in LV Distribution Network, in: IEEE PES Gen. Meet., Boston, USA, 2016: pp. 1–5. M.S.H. Nizami, A.N.M.M. Haque, P.H. Nguyen, F.W. Bliek, HEMS as Network Support Tool: Facilitating Network Operator in Congestion Management and Overvoltage Mitigation, in: 16th Int. Conf. Environ. Electr. Eng., Florence, Italy, 2016: pp. 1–6. A.N.M.M. Haque, P.H. Nguyen, W.L. Kling, Congestion Management with the Introduction of Graceful Degradation: PowerTech, 2015 IEEE Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 2015: pp. 1–6.

Dissertation

Smart congestion management in active distribution networks. Haque, A. N. M. M., 27 Sep 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 169 p. Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 115

Department

Experimental and numerical analysis of climate change induced risks to historic buildings and collections

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc

Built Environment

□ Chemergy Z (Zara) Huijbregts □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Building performance Project aim □ Nuclear fusion This thesis aims to develop methods to assess climate change induced risks to European historic buildings and their collections. These methods are of importance in the development of Project leaders conservation strategies and indoor climate guidelines for built cultural heritage. Historical HL Schellen environmental data are used to reconstruct the historic indoor climate in a selection of generic historic building types. Hygrothermal whole-building simulation models are coupled with future Participants outdoor climate scenarios to assess the impact of future climate change on the indoor climate Z Huijbregts conditions in these buildings. The results include an assessment of climate-induced risks to objects of arts, based on the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of materials as well as an Cooperations evaluation of the required energy consumption for climate control systems under changing Cultural Heritage Agency, The conditions. Netherlands Department of Material Science and Progress Engineering, Delft University of The research during the last year focused on the application of building simulation models to find Technology, The Netherlands relations between observed damage and local climate conditions. A finite element model coupling National Trust, United Kingdom heat and moisture transfer, stress, and strain was created to assess the impact of climate variations Fraunhofer Institute for Building on mechanical degradation of wooden objects of art. In addition, measurements of local climate Physics, Germany conditions in the historic Hofkeshuis (The Netherlands) were conducted and a numerical model was developed that predicts these local climate conditions based on building properties, outdoor Funded by temperature and solar irradiance. The purpose of both the experimental and the numerical study is EU Climate for Culture project 226973 to assess whether the local climate conditions can be related to observed lead white degradation of within FP7-ENV-2008-1 valuable oil paintings on canvas that cover three walls in the room.

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Public defense took place: April 12, 2017.

Start of the project 2010 (August)

Information

Z Huijbregts T : +31 (0)40 247 3523 E : z.huijbregts@tue.nl W: www.climateforculture.eu

Figure: Predicted surface temperatures in the historic Hofkeshuis on 7 July at 8 a.m. (upper left), 10 a.m. (upper right), 12 p.m. (lower left) and 2 p.m. (lower right).

Scientific publications

Huijbregts, Z., Schellen, H.L., Schijndel, A.W.M. van & Ankersmit, B (2015). Modelling of heat and moisture induced strain to assess the impact of present and historical indoor climate conditions on mechanical degradation of a wooden cabinet. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 16(4) (419-427). Huijbregts, Z., Schellen, H.L., Schijndel, A.W.M. van & Blades, N (2014). Hygrothermal modelling of flooding events within historic buildings. Journal of Building Physics, 38(2) (138-155). Huijbregts, Z., Kramer, R.P., Martens, M.H.J., Schijndel, A.W.M. van & Schellen, H.L. (2012). A proposed method to assess the damage risk of future climate change to museum objects in historic buildings. Building and Environment, 55 (43-56).

Dissertation

Experimental and numerical analysis of climate change induced risks to historic buildings and collections. Huijbregts, Z., 12 Apr 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 127 p.

116 |

Department

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

Uncovering demand flexibility in buildings: a smart grid interoperation framework for the optimization of energy and comfort PhD student | Postdoc LA (Luis) Hurtado Munoz Project aim

LA Hurtado Munoz

The project aims to the development and realization of a platform for the integration of Smart Buildings through the use of Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS), with the Smart Grid to ensure and optimize the bulding’s energy efficiency while maintaining the minimum comfort levels. Such a system should be: automous, proactive, flexible, open, distributed, user friendly and embedded. And it should be able to cope with the functional and structural requirements and changes of different buildings.

Cooperations

Progress

Kropman Almende CWI TU/e UT at Austin

Funded by

Smart Energy Regions - Brabant

Funding % per money stream 100 %

Flex0

MAS-SG MASBEMS

Comfort agent

Charging agent

Room agent

Zone agent

BEMS agent

Flexmin

LA Hurtado Munoz T : +31 (0)40 247 3297 E : l.a.hurtado.munoz@tue.nl

π⁺ ε⁺

Flexmax

ρdow

2013

MASBEMS

n ρdow ⁺

Start of the project Information

Public defense took place: March 28, 2017.

Sensor and actuator network

Government

The general framework for the project, SG-BEMS, was stablished and its capabilities for grid support, e.g. voltage support, were tested. A general methodology for definining and quantifiying the demand flexibility of commercial building has been proposed. Furthermore, a Multi-Agent Systtem architecture was developed to monitor and control the Smart Building and the Smart Grid (see figure). Different strategies to enable flexible behavior from the building were tested, and the benefits of this flexible behavior was analyzed in the context of distribution network management. Finally, the coordinated operation of multiple buildings was compared under different coordination frameworks.

επ-

σ⁺

time

ρup -

Participants

ρup ⁺

IG Kamphuis PH Nguyen

σ-

comfmax

time

comfnom comfmin

Feeder agent

Flexibility up regulation

Flexibility down regulation

Distribution agent

Figure: Schematic diagram of the SG-BEMS.

Scientific publications

Hurtado Munoz, L.A., Barradas-Berglind, J.J., Nguyen, P.H., & Kamphuis, I.G., Agent based demand flexibility management for wind power forecasting error mitigation using the SG-BEMS framework, Innovative Smart Grid Technologies) Europe 2016 Conference, 9-12 October 2016, Ljublijana, Slovenia. Hurtado Munoz, Luis, Nguyen, Phuong & Kling †, W.L. (2015). Smart grid and smart building interoperation using agent-based particle swarm optimization. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks, 2(June), 32-40. Hurtado Munoz, Luis, Syed, A., Nguyen, Phuong & Kling †, W.L. (2015). Multi-agent based electric vehicle charging method for smart grid-smart building energy management. Proceedings of the IEEE PowerTech 2015 Conference, 29 June - 2 July 2015, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Hurtado Munoz, Luis, Mocanu, Elena, Nguyen, Phuong, Gibescu, Madeleine & Kling †, W.L. (2015). Comfort-constrained demand flexibility management for building aggregations using a decentralized approach. SmartGreens 2015 - 4th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems, 20-22 May 2015, Lisbon, Portugal (pp. 157-166). Hurtado Munoz, L.A., Huijben, J.C.C.M., Verhees, B. & Verbong, G.P.J. (2014). The power of grid parity: a discursive approach. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 87, 179-190. Hurtado Munoz, L.A., Nguyen, P.H. & Kling †, W.L. (2014). Multiple objective particle swarm optimization approach to enable smart buildings-smart grids. Proceedings of the 18th Power Systems Computation Conference, PSCC, 18-22 August 2014, Wroclaw, Poland,

Dissertation

Uncovering demand flexibility in buildings: a smart grid inter-operation framework for the optimization of energy and comfort. Hurtado Munoz, L. A., 28 Mar 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 173 p.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 117

Department

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EA Lomonova

Participants S Jumayev K Boynov

Cooperations -

PhD student | Postdoc S (Sultan) Jumayev Project aim

Due to increase number of patients with pulmonology diseases, there is a large demand of mobile respirators for the artificial breath support of a human. The idea of mobile respirator assumes compact and efficient devices with long autonomous operation time, where the heart of the system is miniature turbo-compressor (see Figure below). To be efficient the turbo-compressor requires high rotational speeds. Moreover, to imitate the breath of a human, the device should continuously operate in high-dynamics. The main goal of the project is the design of highly-dynamic high-speed electrical drives system for the respiratory applications. The most challenging part of the research is a high-speed permanent magnet motor design which is capable to operate within wide speed and wide torque ranges. This remains a niche for the research and demand for this research from the industry is very high.

Progress

Funded by RVO

Funding % per money stream RVO

High-speed slotless permanent magnet machines: modeling and design frameworks

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (November)

Information

For the design of a miniature high-speed permanent magnet (PM) machines for highly-dynamic applications a fast fully-analytical models has been developed. These models facilitate analysis and design of high-speed PM machines with different slotless winding topologies. The most important phenomena in electromagnetic circuit of the machine, including thermal and mechanical analysis, are taken into account in the developed models. Using these tools an optimal design of a high-speed machine for the required specifications have been found. A prototype have been constructed and being tested for the conformance of the requirements. Public defense took place: June 1, 2017.

S Jumayev T : +31 (0)40 247 3553/2310 E : s.jumayev@tue.nl

Figure: Turbocompressor together with a high-speed permanent magnet machine used in the respirator.

Scientific publications

Jumayev, S., Boynov, K., Paulides, J.J., Lomonova, E.A & Pyrhönen, J. (2016). Slotless pm machines with skewed winding shapes: 3-D electromagnetic semianalytical model. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. Jumayev, S., Boynov, K., Paulides, J.J., Lomonova, E.A & Pyrhönen, J. (2016). Three-dimensional analytical model of helical winding PM machines including rotor eddy-currents. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. Jumayev, S., Merdzan, M., Boynov, K., Paulides, J.J.H., Pyrhönen, J. & Lomonova, E.A. (2015). The effect of PWM on rotor Eddy-Current losses in high-speed permanent magnet machines. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. Jumayev, S., Borisavljevic, A., Boynov, K., Pyrhönen, J. & Lomonova, E.A. (2015). Calculation and comparison of inductances of slotless machines. COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering. Jumayev, S., Borisavljevic, A., Boynov, K., Pyrhönen, J. & Lomonova, E.A. (2014). 3D modeling of armature field of helical (Faulhaber) winding including rotor Eddy currents. In IEEE Young Researchers Symposium, 24-25 April 2014, Ghent, Belgium. Jumayev, S., Borisavljevic, A., Boynov, K., Pyrhönen, J. & Lomonova, E.A. (2014). Analysis of rotor eddy current losses in slotless high-speed permanent magnet machines. In Proceedings of the 2014 16th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'14-ECCE Europe), 2628 August 2014, Lappeenranta (pp. 1-10). Piscataway: IEEE Service Center.

Dissertation

Jumayev, S. (2017). High-speed slotless permanent magnet machines: modeling and design frameworks. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Lomonova, E.A., Pyrhönen, J. & Boynov, K. 118 |

Department

Towards individual thermal comfort: Model predictive personalized control of heating systems

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc

Cooperations

Progress

Built Environment

□ Chemergy K (Katarina) Katic □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Building performance Project aim □ Nuclear fusion Predicting human thermal responses and understand human thermoregulation reactions in different office building environmental conditions is the research subject. The main aims are: 1. Develop Project leaders simplified thermoregulation model for human extremities (hand) exposed to the office environment W Zeiler to evaluate the skin temperature for human hand; 2. Model for specific groups; from Average Person → Different subgroups (Obese - Normal weight); 3. Is it possible to integrate human Participants physiological behavior into process control strategies? 4. Contribute to the development and K Katic improvement of the methods for personalized thermal comfort prediction and control of R Li personalized heating systems. B Kingma EuroTech PIT WOI

Funded by EuroTech PIT WOI

Funding % per money stream

EuroTech PIT WOI

80 % 10 % 10 %

Start of the project

The literature review on thermophysiological models was done as a first step towards developing the hand model. Previous studies showed that obese people have higher hand skin temperature compared to the normal weight people. To predict hand skin temperature in a different environment, a two-node hand thermophysiological model was developed and validated with published experimental data. The model was then used to simulate the hand skin temperature of the obese and normal weight subgroup in different ambient conditions. Different body composition results in different regional skin temperatures. Hence, this should be considered when modeling local skin temperatures that are later on used as an input for thermal sensation models. The research towards personalized thermal comfort was continued by performing sent of experiments with the aim to develop model predictive control for personalized heating systems. In the study, it was demonstrated how learning algorithms were used to directly predict individual settings of the heating chair. The developed predictive models were implemented in automatic control of the heating chair and in online testing. The model validation and the on-line implementation showed that the developed predictive models are accurate to predict individual setting of the personalized heating system and the model can provide a quality substitute for user’s control.

2014 (March)

Information

K Katic T : +31 (0)40 247 2039 E : k.katic@tue.nl

Figure: General control framework.

Scientific publications

Katić, K., Li, R., Kingma, B. R. M. & Zeiler, W, “Modelling hand skin temperature in relation to body composition”, 1 Oct 2017 In : Journal of Thermal Biology. 69, p. 139-148 10 p. Katić, K., Li, R. & Zeiler, W. “Thermophysiological models, and their applications: a review”, 1 Sep 2016 In : Building and Environment. 106, p. 286-300 15 p.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 119

Department

Infrared regulating smart windows

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc H (Hitesh) Khandelwal

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV Project aim ■ Urban energy / Building performance In this project we are aiming on responsive oligomeric liquid crystals which will change the □ Nuclear fusion reflection properties when subjected to heat, electricity or light. Light responsive reflectors will be fabricated by using photochromic chiral dopants that are sensitive to wavelengths of the incident light. To have the thermal responsive IR reflector the phase behavior of liquid crystals will be used Project leaders as a key tool. As the temperature increases these materials will undergo a blue shift of the reflection APHJ Schenning band resulting in steep IR reflection. In this research we are also aiming for the electrically M Debije switchable IR reflector which can change its properties depending on applied electricity. CWM Bastiaansen DJ Broer

Participants

H Khandelwal

Cooperations

Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI)

Funded by

Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI)

Funding % per money stream DPI

100 %

Start of the project

Progress

In year 2016, a tunable infrared reflector has been fabricated using polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystals containing a negative dielectric, anisotropic liquid crystal and a long and flexible ethylene glycol twin crosslinker. The reflection bandwidth of this prototype smart window can be tuned from 120 nm to an unprecedented 1100 nm in the infrared region upon application of only a small DC electric field, without interfering with the incident visible solar light. Bandwidth broadening was induced using very low operational power with acceptable switching speeds but only takes place in cells with particular gap thicknesses. Calculations reveal that between 8% and 45% of incident solar infrared light can be reflected with a single cell. The infrared reflector can potentially be used as a smart window to maintain the indoor temperature throughout the year, thereby reducing reliance on artificial lighting, heating and cooling, resulting in more than 12% reduction of building operation costs.

Public defense took place: May 11, 2017.

2013 (June)

Information

APHJ Schenning T : +31 (0)40 247 3264 E : a.p.h.j.schenning@tue.nl W: http://www.tue.nl/en/employee/ ep/e/d/ep-uid/19982163/

Figure: Transmission spectra of the tunable IR reflector that could systamateically tune the reflection band width by applying DC electric field.

Scientific publications

H. Khandelwal, G. Timmerman, M. G. Debije and A. P. H. J. Schenning, Chem. Comm., 2016, 52, 10109. H. Khandelwal, M. G. Debije, T. J. White and A. P. H. J. Schenning, J. Mater. chem. A, 2016, 4, 6064. H. Khandelwal, R. C. G. M. Loonen, J. L. M. Hensen, M. G. Debije and A. P. H. J. Schenning, Sci. Rep., 2015, 5, 11773. H. Khandelwal, R. C. G. M. Loonen, J. L. M. Hensen, A. P. H. J. Schenning, M. G. Debije, J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 14622.

Dissertation

Infrared regulating smart windows. Khandelwal, H., 11 May 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 121 p.

120 |

Department

Condition Assessment and Valuation of Low Voltage Grids

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc MHP (Maikel) Klerx

Electrical Engineering □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders J Morren JG Slootweg

Participants MHP Klerx

Cooperations Stedin Liander Enexis

Funded by Ksandr

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Project aim

Distribution System Operators (DSOs) are obliged to maintain reliable distribution grids. A major part of interruptions in the power system are in the low voltage grids. This is partly due to the fact that there are many underground assets in the low voltage grids which cannot be monitored. Therefore the goal of the DSOs is to perform condition assessment. The results of the condition assessment would enable the DSOs to invest more accurately. This research will firstly be focused on assessing the condition of the LV grid in general, by investigating relations between various factors and failures. Those relations can be used to assess the condition of the LV grid and identify problematic areas. This condition information will be subject to an analysis on the value of this information. Asset management strategies will be compared based on lifetime costs of assets.

Progress

In the last year we were able to assess the condition using survival analysis. Survival analysis is often used in medicine to analyze the influence of covariates on the survival of patients. In our research this is done by analyzing the influence of covariates as soil type or previous interruptions on the failure of assets. This is not as straightforward as one might think. This approach is limited by various aspects in the data. The availability and quality of the data is far from optimal. Also of the millions of assets a minor part fails every year. Therefore it is hard to make accurate predictions. From the models we are able to extract the covariates who predict a higher probability of failure and therefore we are able to identify low-condition/high-risk assets. In the figure the survival curves of service cables is shown – with various types of isolation materials as stratified variables.

Start of the project 2016 (October)

Information

MHP Klerx T : +31 (0)40 247 4267 E : m.h.p.klerx@tue.nl

Figure: Survival curves for service cables with survival probability over time. The various curves show the survival probability for cables with different isolation materials.

Scientific publications

M. Klerx, J. Morren and J. G. Slootweg, "Investigation of Failures of Low Voltage Grid Components," in Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), Heraklion, Greece, 2017.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 121

Department

Seafront

Research theme / Cluster

PhD students | Postdoc AS (Sander) Kommeren T (Timothy) Sullivan

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

CWM Bastiaansen

Participants

AS Kommeren T Sullivan

Cooperations

Dutch Polymer Institute Akzo Nobel Fraunhofer IFAM Newcastle University TU Delft Solvay Minesto Biotrend Biolog University of Bristol University of Gothenbrug Bio-on Bluewater Smartcom Software Solintel Hapag Lloyd Val FoU

Project aim

Marine biofouling, the unwanted colonization of marine organisms on surfaces immersed in seawater has a huge economic and environmental impact in terms of maintenance requirements for marine structures, increased vessel fuel consumption, operating costs, greenhouse gas emissions and spread of non-indigenous species. The SEAFRONT project will aim to significantly advance the control of biofouling and reduce hydrodynamic drag by integrating multiple technology concepts such as surface structure, surface chemistry and bio-active/bio-based fouling control methodologies into one environmentally benign and drag-reducing solution for mobile and stationary maritime applications. In parallel, a combination of laboratory-based performance benchmarking and enduser field trials will be undertaken in order to develop an enhanced fundamental/mechanistic understanding of the coating-biofouling interaction, the impact of this on hydrodynamic drag and to inform technology development and down-selection of promising fouling control solutions. This project aims to facilitate a leap forward in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from marine transport and the conservation of the marine ecosystem by adopting a multidisciplinary and synergistic approach to fouling control.

Progress Public defense took place: October 19, 2017 - AS (Sander) Kommeren

Funded by EU

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (January)

Information

CWM Bastiaansen E : c.w.m.bastiaansen@tue.nl W: www.seafront-project.eu

122 |

Scientific publications -

Dissertation

Structured antifouling coatings for the marine environment. Kommeren, A. S., 19 Oct 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 163 p.

Department

Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster

Clever Climate Control for Culture: Energy efficient indoor climate strategies for museums respecting collection preservation and thermal comfort of visitors

□ Energy Conversion □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Building performance □ Nuclear fusion PhD student | Nu Postdoc aan Maastricht University

Project leaders HL Schellen

RP (Rick) Kramer Project aim

Participants RP Kramer

Developing an optimal control strategy for heating, cooling and (de)humidification of museum indoor climates that improves energy efficiency, provides an indoor climate that is suitable for the preservation of typical museum objects, and provides the required thermal comfort for visitors.

Cooperations

Progress

EU Climate for Culture

Funded by

Stichting PIT Kuijpers Building Services Zeeuws Museum Strukton Worksphere EU Climate for Culture

Funding % per money stream Industry EU

82 % 18 %

Start of the project

With a strong view on balancing collection conservation, historic building conservation, thermal comfort, and energy expenditure, this research explored dynamic control of the museum environment based on controlled fluctuations and seasonal adjustments of indoor temperature and relative humidity. Thermal comfort of museum visitors has been studied at Hermitage Amsterdam museum revealing their temperature requirements over the year. Moreover, a control algorithm paving the way for automated setpoint calculation of indoor temperature and relative humidity has been developed that integrates collection needs and the thermal comfort requirements. This algorithm has been tested at full scale at Hermitage Amsterdam demonstrating energy savings of 50%. Moreover, a state-of-the-art building energy model has been developed and was used to quantify the energy saving potential of dynamic indoor climate conditioning for twenty climate regions in Europe and four building types, ranging from historic buildings to purpose-built museum buildings. Public defense took place: June 15, 2017.

2012 (October)

Information

RP Kramer T : +31 (0)40 247 5613 E : r.p.kramer@tue.nl W: www.monumenten.bwk.tue.nl

Figure: Calculation of dynamic setpoints for indoor temperature including collection and comfort requirements (left); Relative energy savings of different climate classes compared to a strict indoor climate (REF) of 21°C and 50% RH (right).

Scientific publications

Kramer, R. P., Schellen, L., & Schellen, H. L. (2017). Adaptive temperature limits for air-conditioned museums in temperate climate regions. Building Research & Information, 46(6), 686-697. Kramer, R. P., Schellen, L., Schellen, H. L., & Kingma, B. (2017). Improving rational thermal comfort prediction by using subpopulation characteristics: a case study at Hermitage Amsterdam. Temperature, 4(2), 187-197. Kramer, R. P., van Schijndel, A. W.M., & Schellen, H. L. (2017). Dynamic setpoint control for museum indoor climate conditioning integrating collection and comfort requirements: Development and energy impact for Europe. Building and Environment, 118, 14-31. Kramer, R. P., Schellen, H. L., & van Schijndel, A. W. M. (2016). Impact of ASHRAE's museum climate classes on energy consumption and indoor climate fluctuations: Full-scale measurements in museum Hermitage Amsterdam. Energy and Buildings, 130, 286-294. Kramer, R. P., van Schijndel, A. W. M., & Schellen, H. L. (2017). The importance of integrally simulating the building, HVAC and control systems, and occupants’ impact for energy predictions of buildings including temperature and humidity control: validated case study museum Hermitage Amsterdam. Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 10(3), 272-293.

Dissertation

Kramer, R.P. (2017). Clever climate control for culture: energy efficient indoor climate control strategies for museums respecting collection preservation and thermal comfort of visitors. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: Bert Blocken, Henk Schellen & Jos van Schijndel). Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 123

Department

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders B Kruizinga

Participants

B Kruizinga EF Steennis PAAF Wouters

Cooperations Enexis TNO Locamation

Low voltage underground power cable systems: degradation mechanisms and the path to diagnostics PhD student | Postdoc B (Bart) Kruizinga Project aim

This project aims towards a better grip on Low-Voltage (LV) cable system condition and reliability. As currently over 200.000 Km of LV cable is installed, this grid section contains a high asset value. These systems are known to have lifespans of many decades and faults have a low impact on customer-minutes-lost. However, little is known about degradation and fault development. This project aims to build an understanding of these aspects, and to investigate the possibilities to develop a system to assess cable system condition on-line.

Progress

This project is scheduled to be completed in February 2017 and to be documented in PhD thesis: Low Voltage Underground Power Cables Sytems: Degradation Mechanisms and the Path to Diagnostics. Topics covered are: the practical situation of the LV grid in The Netherlands, Aluminum corrosion of cable conductors, development of faults upon water ingress in cable damages, high frequency signal propagation, and the results of monitoring intermittent faults in the grid. Public defense took place: April 24, 2017.

Funded by

Locamation Enexis TKI Switch2Smartgrids

Funding % per money stream NWO Industry

50 % 50 %

Start of the project 2013 (March)

Information

B Kruizinga T : +31 (0)40 247 3381 E : b.kruizinga@tue.nl

Figure: L: simulated degradation after damage, M: measurement of discharges, R: initial discharges.

Selected Scientific publications

Kruizinga, B., Wouters, P.A.A.F. & Steennis, E.F. (2015). High frequency modeling of a shielded fourcore low voltage underground power cable. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 22(2), 649-656. Kruizinga, B., Wouters, P.A.A.F. & Steennis, E.F. (2015). High frequency modeling of a shielded fourcore low voltage underground power cable. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. Helmholt, K.A., Groote Schaarsberg, M., Kruizinga, B., Wouters, P.A.A.F., Steennis, E.F., Broersma, T., Morren, J. & Baldinger, F.L. (2015). A structured approach to increase situational awareness in low voltage distribution grids. Proceedings of 2015 IEEE PowerTech Eindhoven, 2015. Kruizinga, B., Wouters, P.A.A.F. & Steennis, E.F. (2015). Fault development on water ingress in damaged underground low voltage cables with plastic insulation. 2015 Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC), 2015. Kruizinga, B., Wouters, P.A.A.F. & Steennis, E.F. (2015). Accelerated aluminum corrosion upon water ingress in damaged low voltage underground power cables. 9th International Conference on Insulated Power Cables(Jicable'15), 2015. Kruizinga, B., Wouters, P.A.A.F., Steennis, E.F. & Broersma, T. (2015). Characterisation of intermittent faults in low-voltage underground cable systems. 23rd International Conference on Electricity Distribution, 2015. Kruizinga, B., Wouters, P.A.A.F. & Steennis, F. (2014). PVC degradation and discharges due to water ingress in LV underground power cables. International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis, 2014. Kruizinga, B., Wouters, P.A.A.F. & Steennis, F. (2014). The effects of branches on condition related signals in low voltage underground power systems. Proceedings of the 2014 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP 2014), 2014.

Dissertation

Low voltage underground power cable systems: degradation mechanisms and the path to diagnostics. Kruizinga, B., 24 Apr 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 161 p.

124 |

Department

A multi-agents and occupancy based strategy for energy management and process control on the room-level

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc

Built Environment

□ Chemergy TM (Timilehin) Labeodan □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Building performance Project aim □ Nuclear fusion Development of a Multi-agent framework for process control in building’ that incorporates user information and behavior as well as renewable energy sources. Project leaders W Zeiler

Participants

TM Labeodan G Boxem ALP Rosemann

Progress

Implementation of an Agent coordinated occupancy-based lighting control in the open-plan space of an office building. Public defense took place: June 28, 2017.

Cooperations

Start

Kropman Installations BV Almende Systems BV

Get Occupancy State

Funded by

Province of North-Brabant

Turn ON

Funding % per money stream STW

Light off?

Do nothing

Start of the project 2013 (January)

Motion ≥ 2 or Chair true?

100 %

Information

Yes

Database

Motion ≥ 2 & Chair false?

YES

TURN OFF

W Zeiler T : +31 (0)40 247 8595 E : w.zeiler@tue.nl

Light On?

End

Figure: Agent control algorithm and test-bed experimental set-up.

Scientific publications

T. Labeodan, K. Aduda, W. Zeiler, and F. Hoving, “Experimental evaluation of the performance of chair sensors in an office space for occupancy detection and occupancy-driven control,” Energy Build., vol. 111, pp. 195–206, Jan. 2016 T. Labeodan, C. De Bakker, A. Rosemann, and W. Zeiler, “On the application of wireless sensors and actuators network in existing buildings for occupancy detection and occupancy-driven lighting control,” Energy Build., vol. 127, pp. 75–83, 2016 K. O. Aduda, T. Labeodan, W. Zeiler, G. Boxem, and Y. Zhao, “Demand side flexibility: Potentials and building performance implications,” Sustain. Cities Soc., vol. 22, pp. 146–163, Apr. 2016. T. Labeodan, K. Aduda, G. Boxem, W. Zeiler “On the application of multi-agent systems in buildings for improved building operations, performance and smart grid interaction-A survey” Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50 (2015), pp. 1405–1414. T. Labeodan, W. Zeiler, G. Boxem, Y. Zhao, “Occupancy measurement in commercial office buildings for demand-driven control applications—A survey and detection system evaluation,” Energy Build., vol. 93, pp. 303–314, Apr. 2015. Y. Zhao, W. Zeiler, G. Boxem, and T. Labeodan, “Virtual occupancy sensors for real-time occupancy information in buildings,” Build. Environ., vol. 93, pp. 9–20, Nov. 2015.

Dissertation

A multi-agents and occupancy based strategy for energy management and process control on the room-level. Labeodan, T. M., 28 Jun 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 135 p.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 125

Department

Simulation-based performance assessment of climate adaptive greenhouse shells

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc

Cooperations

Progress

Built Environment

□ Chemergy CS (Chul-sung) Lee □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Building performance Project aim □ Nuclear fusion The project develops a simulation methodology for climate adaptive greenhouse and explores the potential of greenhouse shell adaptation, which focuses not only on minimizing energy Project leaders consumption but also on maximizing crop production. The project searches for the ideal thermal JLM Hensen and optical behavior and does not start with existing concepts or technologies that are currently available. The objectives of the project are: Participants 1. Develop and test a computational approach based on building energy simulation. CS Lee 2. Demonstrate how this approach can be used to design high performance greenhouse by using a D Cóstola case-study. PJ Hoes 3. Provide better understanding of the correlation between adaptive properties and performance. EOS-lt CAGIM (WUR, HHS, TNO, TUD, Kenlog)

Funded by

Agentschap NL EOS-lt CAGIM

Optimization of greenhouse shells with 5 different system concepts. For three crops: Tomatoes, Phalaenopsis, and Chrysanthemum. A performance prediction of optimized greenhouseshells with three adaptation frequencies yearly, monthly, and hourly optimization). Public defense took place: January 31, 2017.

Funding % per money stream Agentschap NL 100 %

Start of the project 2011 (March)

Information

CS Lee T : +31 (0)40 247 2577 E : c.s.lee@tue.nl Figure 1: Potentials of climate adaptive greenhouses shells (system concept 1). Innovation and development challenges for future greenhouse shells.

Figure 2: Sensitivity of design variables for day (left) and night (right) over the year (hourly optimized greenhouse with system concept 1).

Scientific publications

Lee, C., Cóstola, D., Loonen, R. C. G. M. & Hensen, J. L. M. 2013. "Energy saving potential of longterm climate adaptive greenhouse shells", BS2013, Proceedings of the International Building Performance Simulation Association, 25-28 August, Chambery, IBPSA, pp. 1-8. Lee, C., Cóstola, D., Swinkels, G. L. A. M., & Hensen, J. L. M. 2012. "On the use of building energy simulation programs in the performance assessment of agricultural greenhouses", ASim, Proceedings of the 1st Asia Conference of the International Building Performance Simulation Association, 25-27 November, Shanghai, IBPSA-Asia, pp. 1-8.

Dissertation

Simulation-based performance assessment of climate adaptive greenhouse shells. Lee, C., 31 Jan 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 141 p. 126 |

Department

Integration of energy storage in power systems

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc HM (Helder) Lopes Ferreira

Electrical Engineering

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project aim

WL Kling † AJM Pemen

In a world aiming towards high renewable energy integration, it is more and more relevant to be aware of the real technological situation. As well, it is also important to evaluate the potential deployment of those different technical solutions in an energy world where regulation and markets are keystones. In this framework, this project assessed several technologies (e.g., distributed generation and FACTS), and is performing a closer analysis of energy storage and its potential of playing a strong role on the evolution towards smart grids.

Participants

Progress

Project leaders

HM Lopes Ferreira

Cooperations KIC InnoEnergy JRC-EC INESC Porto

Public defense took place: December 11, 2017.

Scientific publications

Funded by Industry

Funding % per money stream Industry

A paper on the characterization on energy storage technologies was published in 2017, as well as a chapter on a book on innovative technologies, addressing FACTS (power electronics devices) usage in electrical networks. The work is focused on evaluating the potential economic benefits of energy storage in the Dutch electricity markets.

100 %

Start of the project 2010

Information

HM Lopes Ferreira T : +31 (0)40 247 5779 E : h.m.lopes.ferreira@tue.nl

Lopes Ferreira, H.M., Garde, R., Fulli, G., Kling, W.L. & Pecas Lopes, J. (2013). Characterisation of electrical energy storage technologies. Energy, 53, 288-298. Lopes Ferreira, H.M., L'Abbate, A., Fulli, G. & Hager, U. (2013). Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) Devices. Advanced Technologies for Future Transmission Grids (pp. 119-156). London: Springer. Maruf, M.N.I, Hurtado Munoz, L.A., Nguyen, Phuong H., Lopes Ferreira, H.M. & Kling, W.L. (2013). An enhancement of agent-based power supply-demand matching by using ANNbased forecaster. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe Conference (ISGT 2013), 2-6 October 2013, Copenhagen, Denmark. Lopes Ferreira, H.M., Costescu, A, L'Abbate, A., Minnebo, P. & Fulli, G. (2011). Distributed generation and distribution market diversity in Europe. Energy Policy, 39(9), 5561-5571. Lopes Ferreira, H.M., Fulli, G., Kling, W.L. & Pecas Lopes, J. (2011). Storage devices impact on electricity distribution. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2011), 6-9 June 2011, Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany. Lopes Ferreira, H.M., Fulli, G., L'Abbate, A., Vandenbergh, M., Gabrieli Francescato, M., Dicuonzo, F., Carlini, E. & Vergine, C. (2011). The impact of distributed generation on the European power system: the Italian experience. Proceedings of the CIGRE Symposium 2011 on Assessing and Improving Power System Security, Reliability and Performance in Light of Changing Energy Sources (CIGRE 2011), 3-6 April 2011, Recife, Recife, Brazil. Lopes Ferreira, H.M. (2011). Evaluating the direct and indirect benefits, strengths and weaknesses of distributed energy storage in Europe. Proceedings of the 3rd Energy Storage Forum (ESF), 17-19 May 2011, Paris, Paris, France. Lopes Ferreira, H.M., Faas, H., Fulli, G., Kling, W.L. & Pecas Lopes, J. (2010). Reliability analyses on distribution networks with dispersed generation: a review of the state of the art. Proceedings of the Powergrid Europe Conference, June 8-10-2010, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, (pp. 1-17). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: PennWell. Lopes Ferreira, H.M., Fulli, G., Kling, W.L., L'Abbate, A., Faas, H. & Pecas Lopes, J. (2010). Distributed Generation in Europe: the European regulatory framework and the evolution of the distribution grids towards Smart Grids. Proceedings of the Young Researcher Symposium, 29-30 March 2010, Leuven Belgium, (pp. 1-6). Leuven, Belgium: YRS. L'Abbate, A., Migliavacca, G., Hager, U., Rehtanz, C., Ruberg, S., Lopes Ferreira, H.M., Fulli, G. & Purvins, A. (2010). The role of facts and HVDC in the future pan-European transmission system development. Proceedings of the 9th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission, 19-21 October 2010, London, United Kingdom, (pp. 1-8). London: IET.

Dissertation

Integration of energy storage in power systems. Lopes Ferreira, H. M., 11 Dec 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 164 p.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 127

Department

The development of innovation ecosystems for businesses, entrepreneurs and students in the european energy sector

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc LLJ (Lotte) Meijer

Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Human interaction □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JCCM Huijben A van Boxstael

Participants LLJ Meijer

Cooperations Funded by

EIT InnoEnergy

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2016 (November)

Information

Project aim

Innovation and commercialization of technologies are high on the political agenda in Europe. Accordingly, the European government has been establishing intermediary organizations in order to support innovation activities in business organizations as well as universities. InnoEnergy is such an intermediary and is established by the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) as a Knowledge Innovation Community (KIC) in 2009. InnoEnergy’s goal is to create a ‘landingsplatform’ for start-ups, scale-ups, SMEs and even large corporates for the commercialization of innovative technologies and the growth and development of businesses. The PhD project aims to gain a theoretical understanding of how innovation intermediaries can develop an innovation ecosystem through strategic partnerships and business model innovation in order to grow and nurture energy innovations for students, entrepreneurs and businesses.

Progress

In order to find out how to build the appropriate ecosystem to support energy innovations, the first step is to investigate InnoEnergy’s customers (e.g. Start-ups, SMEs). The project started with writing a paper based on data about car sharing; describing how start-ups innovate their business model and use strategic partnerships in order to overcome barriers opposed by the incumbent system. Subsequently, we investigated barriers and needs of SMEs in the renewable en sustainable energy sector in the Netherlands. Both studies provide insights on what partners are relevant to include in the innovation ecosystem, what Start-ups and SMEs actually during the innovation process, and it also provides answers on what strategies a company should use in overcoming barriers (see Figure 1). Study three will involve a comparative case study into the development of InnoEnergy’s innovation ecosystem in different countries.

LLJ Meijer T : +31 (0)40 247 4660 E : l.l.j.meijer@tue.nl

Figure 1: Illustrative example of partners, customers, and contributions in InnoEnergy’s Ecosystem.

Scientific publications

Meijer, L.L.J., Schipper, F. & Huijben, J.C.C.M. (2017). The roles of business models in sustainability transitions: Car sharing in Sydney. In M. Zimek, R.J. Baumgartner, A.L. Kiesnere & R. Rauter (Eds.), Exploring a changing view on organizing value creation (pp. 72-76). (Institute of Systems Science, Innovation and Sustainability Reports, No. 8). Graz: Institute of Systems Science, Innovation and Sustainability.

128 |

Department

Challenges for innovation intermediaries in technology transfer: forming controls and alliances

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc WF (Freek) Meulman

Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Human interaction □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders IMMJ Reymen

Participants

WF Meulman KS Podoynitsyna AGL Romme

Cooperations

KIC InnoEnergy SE

Funded by

KIC InnoEnergy SE

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (December)

Information

WF Meulman T : +31 (0)6 18725204 E : w.f.meulman@tue.nl W : www.item-eindhoven.nl

Project aim

This project helps realize KIC InnoEnergy’s (further: KIC) objective to generate economic activity and societal benefits from technological innovations in the area of sustainable energy. The project specific objectives are:  Map current commercialization activities performed by KIC and create insight into boosting factors and barriers regarding tech commercialization in general.  Provide insight into practical guidelines and instruments for the KIC community to stimulate technology commercialization and for crossing the “valley of death”.  Provide a redesign of commercialization efforts and processes in KIC and facilitate the implementation of this redesign in CC Benelux.

Progress

Freek Meulman defended his PhD thesis entitled “Challenges for innovation intermediaries in technology transfer: Forming controls and alliances” in January 2017. In this dissertation, the focus lies on intermediaries that connect researchers with industry through multilateral alliances to commercialize (i.e. exploit) the knowledge generated in basic and applied research. Intermediaries have become increasingly important for technology transfer, but less attention has been given to underlying mechanisms affecting their performance. This is important as a high level of dissatisfaction with actual outcomes relative to expectations has been reported, and many intermediaries are not successful. Two main components that are key to intermediary effectiveness but have received little attention in the literature entail (1) organizational design and (2) alliance formation capabilities. The main research question of this dissertation is how intermediaries can cope with organizational design issues and alliance formation processes to improve the success of intermediaries in commercializing outputs from university research. This main question is followed by three sub-questions: (1) how and why does the relationship between organizational control and complexity evolve over time; (2) how can the limits of local search be overcome in a more direct manner and without spending more resources; and (3) what is the influence of intermediary resource contributions to the likelihood that SMEs form alliances. The findings in this dissertation have theoretical implications for literature on partnerships and alliances, technology transfer and open innovation. The findings also have several practical implications that may aid managers and policy makers, especially those that seek to facilitate more efficient and effective technology transfer processes in universities, firms and their innovation intermediaries. Public defense took place: January 26, 2017.

Figure: PhD project design consisting of three separate but related studies.

Scientific publications -

Dissertation

Challenges for innovation intermediaries in technology transfer: forming controls and alliances. Meulman, W. F., 26 Jan 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 163 p.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 129

Department

Machine learning applied to smart grids

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc E (Elena) Mocanu

Electrical Engineering

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders PH Nguyen

Participants E Mocanu

Cooperations

TU/e - Built Environment CWI Almende Kropman Installatietechniek

Project aim

Within the SG-BEMS project the goal is to increase the overall performance of the continuous bidirectional flow of energy and information between SG and BEMS, while keeping a good level of comfort for people in the built environment, through the introduction of multi-agent solutions.

Progress

Quantification of uncertainty introduced with the advent of new renewable energy sources only strengthens the role of accurate predictions methods. Our approach extends the state-of-the-art energy prediction methods by proposing different Deep Learning methods in a supervised and unsupervised context. Moreover, one of these methods is extended to do user tracking. Overall the research focuses on developing new machine learning methods for on-line prediction and optimal resource allocation in smart buildings and grids. Public defense took place: October 9, 2017.

Funded by

RVO - TKI Switch2SmartGrid

Funding % per money stream RVO

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (October)

Information

W Zeiler T : +31 (0)40 247 3714 E : w.zeiler@tue.nl W: http://www.tue.nl/staff/w.zeiler

Figure 1: The general concepts considered within the SG-BEMS project.

Scientific publications

Mocanu, E., Nguyen, P. H. & Gibescu, M. Deep learning for power system data analysis, Book Ch. in Big data application in power systems. Arghandeh, R. & Zhou, Y.(eds.), Elsevier, pp.125-158, 2017. Bosich, D., Sulligoi, G., Mocanu, E. & Gibescu, M., Medium voltage DC power systems on ships: an off-line parameter estimation for tuning the controllers' linearizing function, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 32, 2, p. 748-758, 2017. Mocanu, E., Nguyen, H. P., Gibescu, M. & Slootweg, J. G. Deep learning methods for on-line flexibility prediction and optimal resource allocation in smart buildings, IEEE PES General Meeting, 16-20 July 2017, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Mocanu, D.C., Mocanu, E., Nguyen, H.P., Gibescu, M. & Liotta, A. A topological insight into restricted Boltzmann machines. Machine Learning, 104(2), pp. 243-270, 2016. Mocanu, E., Nguyen, H.P., Gibescu, M. & Kling, W.L. Deep learning for estimating building energy consumption. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks, 6, pp. 91–99, 2016. Mocanu, E., Nguyen, P.H., Kling, W.L. & Gibescu, M., Unsupervised energy prediction under Smart Grid context using reinforcement cross buildings transfer, Energy and Buildings, 116, pp. 646-655, 2016. Mocanu, E., Nguyen, P.H. & Gibescu, M., Energy Disaggregation for Real-Time Building Flexibility Detection, IEEE PES General Meeting 2016, 17-21 July, Boston, MA, USA. Mocanu, E., Larsen E.M., Nguyen, P.H., Pinson, P. & Gibescu, M., Demand Forecasting at Low Aggregation Levels using Factored Conditional Restricted Boltzmann Machine, PSCC 2016, Italy. Mocanu, D.C., Mocanu, E., Nguyen, H.P., Gibescu, M. & Liotta, A. Big IoT data mining for real-time energy disaggregation in buildings. IEEE SMC 2016, 9-12 October 2016, Budapest, Hungary Hurtado Munoz, L.A., Mocanu, E., Nguyen, P.H., Gibescu, M. & Kling, W.L. † Comfort-constrained demand flexibility management for building aggregations using a decentralized approach. SmartGreens 2015, ,pp. 157-166,20-22 May, Lisbon, Portugal. Mocanu, E., Machine learning to estimate energy demands and user behavior related to buildings in the smart grid context, IEEE PES General Meeting 2015, 26-30 July, Denver,USA. Mocanu, E., Nguyen, P.H., Gibescu, M. & Kling, W.L. † Comparison of machine learning methods for estimating energy consumption in buildings. IEEE PMAPS 2014, 7-10 July, Durham, U.K.

Dissertation

Machine learning applied to smart grids. Mocanu, E., 9 Oct 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 143 p.

130 |

Department

Built Environment

Performance prediction of energy-flexible future proof building designs

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc

Cooperations

Progress

□ Chemergy Z (Zahra) Mohammadi □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Building performance Project aim □ Nuclear fusion This research project focuses on developing a performance-based design support methodology to optimize the energy-flexible performance of building designs under uncertainties due to future Project leaders scenarios. End-goal of energy flexibility and demand-side management strategies is defined to PJ Hoes allow the integration of a larger share of RES in a Smart Grid system. For that purpose, the building should be able to adjust its energy usage to the intermittent production from RES by accumulating Participants energy when there is an excess of RES production and reducing energy demand when the RES Z Mohammadi production is low. In this context, it is noteworthy to optimize building design parameters PJ Hoes influencing thermal and electrical flexibility of the building in order to improve the utilization JLM Hensen potential of on-site RES production. -

Funded by

PIT/VABI SPARK consortium TU/e

Funding % per money stream University (TU/e) FOM STW

15.0 % 42.5 % 42.5 %

(a) A computational energy-flexible performance assessment methodology is being proposed to minimize the energy dependency to the grid and/or to maximize the self-consumption in single residential building level. (b) The proposed framework includes developing a design space, identifying appropriate performance and energy flexible indicators, identifying the proper control strategy, developing future scenarios and developing building simulation model following by developing multi-critera performance assessment method. (c) A simulation case study considered and developed to implement the proposed methodology and according to the result the methodology has been modified in an iterative procedure.

Start of the project 2016 (November)

Information

Z Mohammadi T : +31 (0)40 247 3350 E : Z.Mohammadi@tue.nl W : https://research.tue.nl/en/ organisations/buildingperformance/persons/

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 131

Department

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JFG Cobben

Participants

RMDG Morales González M Bongaerts M Gibescu M de Nes-Koedam S Shariat Torbaghan W Vermeiden

Cooperations Alliander NV

Funded by

Alliander NV

Smart (Micro)Grid Applications for Concentrated Industrial and Commercial Areas PhD student | Postdoc RMDG (Rose) Morales González Project aim

The objective of our work is to use demand response (DR) to harness the flexibility of end-user heating/cooling/refrigeration systems located in buildings in a business park microgrid to: 1) explore how flexibility can be harnessed from the thermal mass of the built environment; 2) optimize the electricity consumption of buildings’ heating/cooling schedules; 3) Support local use of distributed generation from renewable energy sources (DG-RES); and 4) create value for for consumers, producers, the regional distribution system operator (DSO), and other parties (e.g. energy service providers) involved in the energy system value chain.

Progress

The results of the research so far - see publications below - show that the energy buffer created by the thermal mass of the buildings’ contents can be harnessed by automated DR actions to improve the price-responsiveness, energy independence and peak load of the system by reducing load coincidence, improving consumer energy fees and equipment performance; and mitigating peak loads due to uncontrolled infeed of DG-RES that could allow the grid operator to defer investments in network reinforcements. The last phase of the research will extend the scope of our proposed DR framework to include the business park microgrid network constraints, and will add new flexibility sources in the business park, such as other building systems, thermal buffers (e.g. stratified hot water tanks), and/or electric vehicles.

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (February)

Information

RMDG Morales González T : +31 (0)40 247 8704 E : r.m.d.g.morales.gonzalez@tue.nl

Thermodynamic Models

DG-RES

Binary operation

Multiple output

60’ resolution

15’ resolution

Storage

Network constraints

Figure: Building blocks of the proposed demand response framework.

Scientific publications

R. Morales González et al., “Optimizing electricity consumption of buildings in a microgrid through demand response,” in 2017 IEEE Manchester PowerTech, 2017, pp. 1–6. R. Morales González, S. Shariat Torbaghan, M. Gibescu, and S. Cobben, “Harnessing the Flexibility of Thermostatic Loads in Microgrids with Solar Power Generation,” Energies, vol. 9, no. 7, p. 547, Jul. 2016. R. Morales González, T. A. J. van Goch, M. F. Aslam, A. Blanch, and P. F. Ribeiro, “Microgrid Design Considerations for a Smart-Energy University Campus,” in Proceedings of the 2014 5th IEEE PES International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT Europe), 2014, pp. 1–6.

132 |

Department

Measurement tools for Smart Grid stability and quality

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdocs F (Fei) Ni V (Vladimir) Ćuk

Electrical Engineering

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders V Ćuk

Participants F Ni V Ćuk

Cooperations

NPL (UK) BRML (Romania) CMI (Czech Republic) IMBiH (Bosnia and Herzegovina) LNE (France) METAS (Switzerland) MIKES (Finland) SIQ (Slovenia) SMU (Slovakia) SP (Sweden) Trescal (Denmark) VSL (the Netherlands) EIM (Greece) SUN (Italy)

Project aim

The aim of TU/e in this project is analyzing the propagation of Power Quality (PQ) phenomena through distribution network, i.e. distortion of the voltage waveform and rapid voltage variations, and the impact of measurement uncertainty on propagation analysis, based on wide area measurements. The project makes use of measurements from Live Lab, a test network of Alliander, and a sub-transmission network of Delta. Both locations are equipped with a higher than usual measurement infrastructure, aimed at research which could improved the network operation. Other partners in the project are focusing on: 1. A Metrology Framework for Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) 2. Network impedance measurements using PMUs 3. A Transducer Measurement Framework in Support of PMUs/PQ

Progress

Started in September 2014. In this period the Live Lab network has been modelled, and measurement data gathering is ongoing. Preliminary studies are performed with sample data to test the theoretical concept. In the coming period, the chosen analysis methods will be applied to the field measured data to: 1. Estimate the aggregated harmonic impedances of the MV (medium voltage) and LV (low voltage) networks, including the users, connected to the monitored locations; the connection between the loading levels and aggregated harmonic impedances. 2. Estimate the contributions of higher voltage levels and local MV network users to the rapid voltage variations, based on individual variations of measured voltages and currents.

Funded by

EURAMET European Union

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information

V Ćuk T : +31 (0)40 247 561 E : v.cuk@tue.nl

Figure: Layout of the Live.

Scientific publications

V. Ćuk, H. van den Brom, J.F.G. Cobben and G. Rietveld, “Analysis of the propagation of Power Quality phenomena using wide-area measurements”, in Proc. CIRED 2015, Lyon, June 2015.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 133

Department

Long-term planning of low voltage networks

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc M (Michiel) Nijhuis

Electrical Engineering

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JFG Cobben

Participants M Nijhuis

Cooperations Liander N.V.

Funded by

Liander N.V.

Funding % per money stream

Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (November)

Information

M Nijhuis T : +31 (0)40 247 8551 E : m.nijhuis@tue.nl

Project aim

The distribution grid is subjected to many uncertainties, with the introduction of PV for instance, ordinary households become producers of electricity instead of just consumers. This has a large effect on the optimal distribution network topology. As the current approach to the planning of the distribution grid consist of a fit and forget approach which should be capable of dealing with load changes for the coming 40 years. The increased uncertainty and pace of technological change require another approach to the planning and reinforcement of distribution grids. The distribution grid needs to become more flexible to be able to deal with the uncertainties in the loading of the distribution network. The aim of this project is to define the how the distribution grid topology can be changed in order to account for the influences of new technologies on the distribution grid, while becoming more flexible to meet future uncertainties.

Progress

The effects of the transition towards a sustainable energy supply on the LV-network have been mapped based on a literature review. The most important effects for the LV-network are the anticipated changes in power quality and the capacity of the LV-network, introduced by the increased penetration of both photovoltaics and electric vehicles. A bottom-up Markov Chain Monte Carlo household load model has been defined which can handle scenario inputs to model the load for the coming years. Based on the characteristics of the LV-network the load flow calculations can be simplified and a new probabilistic load flow algorithm specifically for LVnetworks has been developed. Based on the developed assessment frameworks and the current methods of assessing the adequacy of the LV-network for the Dutch DNO Liander is determined. Most of the LV-network does not run into any problems, however 24% of the LV-network would require some sort of reinforcement. Through the use of probabilistic load flows and scenario reduction, the most important uncertainties can be included in the optimisation of the LV-network reinforcements. A bilevel genetic algorithm for this optimisation has been developed. Public defense took place: October 25, 2017.

Figure: Overview of an optimized LV-network structure under the severe uncertainty the energy transition brings.

Scientific publications

Nijhuis, M., Gibescu, M. & Cobben, S. (2016). Bottom-up Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach for scenario based residential load modelling with publicly available data. Energy and Buildings, 112. Nijhuis, M., Gibescu, M. & Cobben, J. F.G. (2016). Incorporation of on-load tap changer transformers in low-voltage network planning. 2016 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe), 9-12 October 2016, Ljubljana, Slovenia (pp. 1-6). Nijhuis, M. & Cobben, J.F.G. (2016). Effects of power quality limits on LV-network design. Proceedings of 2016 17th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 16-19 October 2016 (pp. 83-88). Nijhuis, M., Gibescu, M. & Cobben, J.F.G. (2016). Application of resilience enhancing smart grid technologies to obtain differentiated reliability. EEEIC 2016 - International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering. Nijhuis, M., Bernards, R., Gibescu, M. & Cobben, J.F.G. (2016). Stochastic household load modeling from a smart grid planning perspective. Proceedings of the IEEE International Energy Conference (Energycon 2016), 4-8 April 2016, Leuven, Belgium.

Dissertation

Long-term planning of low voltage networks. Nijhuis, M., 25 Oct 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 189 p. 134 |

Department

Wind environment and the compact Mediterranean city: Density, morphology, urban microclimate, outdoor comfort

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc

Built Environment

□ Chemergy O (Olga) Palusci □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Building performance Project aim □ Nuclear fusion The complex dynamic interactions between density, morphology, urban microclimate and their impacts on the outdoor comfort are investigated for a dense urban area in the Southeast of Rome, Project leaders an example of a compact city in the Mediterranean climate. This research project will be excuted in BJE Blocken three steps: first, morphological and typological analysis are carried out for the area of interest. C Cecere Second, high-quality and high-resolution computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed to investigate the urban microclimate in this area. A validation study is performed using Participants experimental data of surface temperatures from high-resolution thermal infrared satellite imagery. O Palusci The outdoor thermal comfort in is assessed using the universal thermal climate index (UTCI). Finally, H Montazeri (KU Leuven) the effectiveness of different strategies to reduce heat stress and thermal discomfort in such a compact urban area is assessed.

Cooperations

Sapienza University of Rome, Italy

Funded by

Eindhoven University of Technology

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (October)

Progress

Morphological and typological analysis were carried out to measure the compactness of the urban tissue of the area of interest. The main indices used in this study are floor space index (FSI), ground space index (GSI), open space ratio (OSR) and the aspect ratio of the urban canyon. The results show that for this area, FSI varies from 5 to 7, while the range of GSI is between 0.6 and 0.9. On the other hand, the value of OSR is below 0.1. It can be concluded that the built environment exerts a high pressure on the open space. To investigate the urban microclimate, a high-quality and high-resolution computational grid is generated. The groundplane of the computational domain is a dodecagon inscribed in a circle of 4.4 km radius. The computational grid consists of about 70 million hexahedral cells.

Information

O Palusci E : o.palusci@tue.nl E : olga.palusci@uniroma1.it

Figure: Area of interest Tuscolano – Don Bosco region _ zoom in the Tuscolano area; a) Aerial view (google map); b) Corresponding computational grid

Scientific publications

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 135

Department

TSO/DSO Interaction in Network Operation

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc J (Jeroen) Reinders

Electrical Engineering

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JG Slootweg

Participants J Reinders

Cooperations -

Funded by Funding % per money stream 100 %

Start of the project 2016 (September)

Information

J Reinders T : +31 (0)40 247 3827 E : j.reinders@tue.nl

136 |

Investigate to what extend the DSO, by controlling power flows in the electricity network on the interface between medium voltage (MV) and high voltage (HV), can support the TSO in the balancing of the electricity network. Could this provide solutions for balancing and flow problems the TSO faces, and how could this be arranged.

Progress

Increasing decentralized solar and wind power production and ongoing electrification, introduce uncertainty in the electricity network and especially at the interface between transmission and distribution network. The classical approach of dealing with uncertainty in power networks is unable to cope with these challenges. Currently this research is focused on analytical probabilistic load flow methods. Providing a way to incorporate uncertainty in the load flow equation, retaining acceptable accuracy without requiring significant computational power.

Scientific publications

Enexis B.V. Industry

Project aim

Reinders, J., Morren, J. & Slootweg, J.G. (2017). Comparing probabilistic load flow methods in dealing with uncertainties at TSO/DSO interface. 52nd International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC). Reinders, J., Bernards, R., Geldtmeijer, D.A.M., Morren, J. & Slootweg, J.G. (2017). Utilising residential flexibility in the planning of LV networks. 24th International Conference & Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED) (pp. 2576-2580). (CIRED - Open Access Proceedings Journal, No. 2017-1). London: Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). Bernards, R., Reinders, J., Klaassen, E.A.M., Morren, J. & Slootweg, J.G. (2016). Meta-analysis of the results of European smart grid projects to quantify residential flexibility. Proceedings of the CIRED Workshop, 14-15 June, Helsinki, Finland Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

Department

Wind flow modeling in urban areas through experimental and numerical techniques

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc

Cooperations

Progress

Built Environment

□ Chemergy A (Alessio) Ricci □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Building performance Project aim □ Nuclear fusion Wind flow in urban areas governs a large number of very important issues such as pedestrian wind comfort, building energy performance and urban wind energy. Wind flow modeling in the urban Project leaders environment is very complex and much research has therefore been carried out covering different BJE Blocken aspects of urban flow. These phenomena have been assessed using full scale experiments, MP Repetto computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and/or wind tunnel tests. Despite the progress which was M Burlando made in these studies, at present our understanding and the assessment of urban wind flow are still not completely satisfactory. Especially in heterogeneous urban environments there is a clear need Participants to further investigate the relation between city layout and local wind patterns. In the present study, A Ricci both CFD simulations and wind tunnel tests are used to investigate wind flow in a complex urban IM Kalkman area, aimed at providing a further understanding of the urban canopy layer at the micro scale. Double degree program University of Genoa Eindhoven University of Technology

Funded by -

Funding % per money stream TU/e University of Genoa

Start of the project

20 % 80 %

The CFD simulations were performed of wind flow in Quartiere La Venezia – Livorno city (Italy), for three wind directions which were also investigated in the wind tunnel tests. To facilitate the comparison between experimental and numerical results a portion of the wind tunnel test section has been reproduced by the computational domain. In order to understand to which extent model detailing can affect the numerical and experimental results, two models with different degrees of precision have been constructed, simplified and approximated models. The mean wind velocity profiles in the two models were compared at 25 different locations in the city for 15 different heights each. In order to quantify the agreement between experimental and numerical results the statistical performance in terms of FB, NMSE, R and FAC1.3 were evaluated. The final results showed better performance of the approximated model than the simplified one. Public defense took place: April 11, 2017.

2013 (June)

Information

A Ricci T : +31 (0)6 38467814 E : a.ricci@tue.nl

Figure: (a) Reality photo, (b) wind tunnel model, (c) simplified CFD model, (d) approximated CFD model of Quartiere La Venezia for the incoming wind direction α = 240˚.

Scientific publications

Ricci, A., Kalkman, I.M., Blocken, B., Repetto, M.P., Burlando, M., Freda, A., 2015. Local-scale forcing effects on wind flows in an urban environment. Proceedings of PHYSMOD 2015 – International Workshop on Physical Modeling of Flow and Dispersion Phenomena, Zurich, Switzerland. Burlando, M., Ricci, A., Freda, A., Repetto, M.P., 2015. Numerical and experimental methods to investigate the behaviour of vertical-axis wind turbines with stators. Journal of Wind Eingineering and Industrial Aerodynamic, 144, 125-133. Ricci A., Burlando M., Repetto M.P., Freda A., 2015. Experimental and numerical investigation of the urban boundary layer in Livorno city. Proceedings of 14th International Conference of Wind Engineering (ICWE), June 21-26 2015, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Repetto M.P., Freda A., Fia M., Rebuffo E., Burlando M., Ricci A., 2014. Wind tunnel study on urban wind flow. Proceedings of XIII Conference of the Italian Association for Wind Engineering, Genova, Italy.

Dissertation

Wind flow modeling in urban areas through experimental and numerical techniques. Ricci, A., 11 Apr 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 180 p. Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 137

Department

Electrical Engineeering

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JTBA Kessels

Participants TCJ Romijn S Weiland MCF Donkers WHA Hendrix H Chen

Cooperations DAF IKA TNO

Funded by EU FP7

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (November)

A distributed optimization approach to complete vehicle energy management PhD student | Postdoc TCJ (Constantijn) Romijn Project aim

Fuel economy and emission legislation play a dominant role in the development process of new commercial heavy duty vehicles. To satisfy future requirements on fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions, new technologies emerge in these vehicles. Clear examples are energy efficient auxiliaries, hybrid electric powertrains and waste-heat recovery from the exhaust gas. To facilitate integration of all these subsystems, a suitable energy management system is needed. This project aims at the development, implementation and verification of innovative energy management concepts for commercial vehicles. A holistic system approach is developed that considers all energy sources, sinks and buffers present in the vehicle. The associated research concentrates on the theoretical development and practical verification of optimally distributed control concepts and underlying optimization algorithms.

Progress

Solution methods for solving the energy management problem considering the powersplit between the internal combustion engine and the electric machine is very well covered in today’s available literature. However, expanding these solution methods with integrated control of auxiliary systems is neither straightforward and nor does it lead to a systematic approach for designing a holistic energy management system. In this research, a distributed optimization approach is taken to optimally control the auxiliary systems in the truck. Last year, we are able to split the complex energy management problem into smaller less complex energy management problems via the dual decomposition approach. This year, the algorithm is extended with a receding horizon control algorithm such that the solution can be implemented in the vehicle. Another extension allows the optimal solution to be calculated offline for very large horizons that can be used for benchmarking. Public defense took place: October 5, 2017.

Information

JTBA Kessels T : +31 (0)40 247 2656 E : J.T.B.A.Kessels@tue.nl W: www.tue.nl/cs

Figure: A distributed optimization approach to Smart Vehicle Powernet.

Scientific publications

T.C.J. Romijn, M.C.F. Donkers, J.T.B.A. Kessels and S. Weiland, “Receding Horizon Control for Distributed Energy Management of a Hybrid Truck with Auxiliaries,” in Proceedings of IFAC ECOSM Workshop on Engine and Powertrain Control, Simulation and Modeling, 2015. T.C.J. Romijn, M.C.F. Donkers, J.T.B.A. Kessels and S. Weiland, “Complete Vehicle Energy Management with Large Horizon Optimization,” in Accepted for publication in Proceedings of the 54rd Conference on the Decision and Control, 2015. T.C.J. Romijn, M.C.F. Donkers, J.T.B.A. Kessels and S. Weiland, “A Dual Decomposition Approach to Complete Energy Management for a Heavy-Duty Vehicle,” in Proceedings of the 53rd Conference on the Decision and Control, 2014.

Dissertation

A distributed optimization approach to complete vehicle energy management. Romijn, T. C. J., 5 Oct 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 160 p.

138 |

Department

Built Environment

Research theme / Cluster

Adaptive fenestration systems for future-proof buildings: A modelling and simulation-based performance robustness assessment under product and building-level uncertainties

□ Chemergy PhD student | Postdoc □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Building performance H (Hemshikha) Saini □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JLM Hensen

Participants

H Saini RCGM Loonen

Cooperations Wellsun

Funded by

TKI EnerGO TKI Urban Energy

Funding % per money stream TKI

100 %

Start of the project 2016 (January)

Information

H Saini T : +31 (0)40 247 2577 E : h.saini@tue.nl W: https://research.tue.nl/en/ persons/hemshikha-saini

Project aim

The aim of this project is to establish a simulation framework for design and development of innovative adaptive fenestration systems which stirs decision-making in further product/concept development and façade design towards high potential solutions. The objectives of this research are: 1) Development of modelling and simulation methods for assessing the performance of two case study products at early and late technological readiness level (TRL). 2) Development of a methodology to assess the robustness of adaptive fenestration systems considering multiple criteria for different design options and, future climate and occupant behaviour scenarios. 3) Demonstration of the simulation framework using case studies in which guidance is provided to the decision-makers towards the selection of best-performing solutions among a portfolio of alternatives.

Progress

Modelling and simulation methods for performance assessment of the two case studies, viz. “Lumiduct” at late TRL and “Heat extracting window” at an early TRL, were developed. Lumiduct is a solar-tracking fenestration system which generates electricity from direct solar radiation but allows diffuse solar radiation to pass thus acting as a shading system also. Heat extracting window concept, on the other hand, aims at a window that can work desirably in both winter and summer by switching between transmissive and non-transmissive modes for visible and/or near-infrared radiation and subsequently extracting heat from it. The developed simulation methods for Lumiduct were tested with measurements from the full-scale pilot project of the system in Alblasserdam, Netherlands and its annual performance was compared to conventional fenestration systems for energy consumption, visual comfort, daylight availability and electricity generation potential.

Figure: Aspects of adaptive fenestration system case studies at early and late TRLs which are targeted for investigation of their robustness for added decision support to the stakeholders.

Scientific publications -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 139

Department

Impact of VSC-based power electronics on power system

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc Y (Yin) Sun

Electrical Engineering

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JFG Cobben

Participants Y Sun

Cooperations

DNV GL Strategic Research and Innovation

Funded by

DNV GL Strategic Research and Innovation

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (July)

Information

Y Sun T : +31 (0)26 3562758 E : y.sun@tue.nl

Project aim

A future electrification scenario is envisioned, where the energy is produced by renewables, such as wind and solar, and the end energy-use in the transport, the building, and the industrial sectors are supplied by the electricity as shown in figure below. Admittedly, the power grid plays a vital role to facilitate the intermittent renewable energy production, and ensure reliable and affordable electricity distribution to the end users. Power electronics, being an underpinning technology for the future electrification, are increasingly been applied in the sustainable energy ecoo-system comprising renewable energy production, transmission/distribution and the electrification of end energy-use. To provide insights for the design/analysis and the operation of future power grid with a high penetration level of the grid-connected VSCs, this thesis investigates the modelling principle of grid-connected VSCs and the corresponding system analysis methology to evaluate the impact of the grid-connected VSCs on the power system.

Progress

The further development of self-commutated semiconductor devices (e.g. cost reduction, higher switching frequency, larger current rating, higher insulation voltage tolerance etc) has been the driving force of power industry to accelerate the adoption of grid-connected Voltage-Sourced Converter (VSC) in the motor driven processes, the renewable power generation and the highvoltage direct-current (HVDC) connections worldwide. The concept of power electronics dominant power grid is starting to take shape as the penetration level of grid-connected VSCs further increase in today's electric power system. One the one hand, the power system stability, once was dominated by the synchronous generation units, will be strongly inuenced by the grid-connected VSCs. The wide control bandwidth of VSCs therefore demand the industry to investigate harmonic oscillation (i.e. up to 2.5 kHz following the power quality standard EN 50160) in addition to the traditional electro-mechanical and transient stability. Consequently, the wider harmonic stability is of great importance for the stable operation of a future power electronics based grid, where controllers of various grid-connected VSCs should be interoperable without invoking resonances. On the other hand, in the context of increasing renewable generation, the system frequency stability margin decreases with the reduction of system inertia leading to rapid frequency variation in AC power system. Typically, for a large inter-connected power system, the total kinetic energy bu_er provided by all the inter-connected synchronous generators are large. In this case, local disturbances (e.g. generator trip, load rejection, short circuit fault etc.) cause only mild frequency variation thanks to the total system mechanical inertia. However the reduction of system inertia due to the emergence of power electronics dominant grid presents the fast Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) challenge not only to the synchronous generator rotor shaft but also to the grid synchronized VSCs.

Figure: Electrification of yesterday, today and tomorrow.

Scientific publications -

140 |

Department

Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Human interaction □ Nuclear fusion

System analysis of the risks and opportunities in global transitions to sustainable energy: Interconnectedness, competition and cooperation PhD student | Postdoc A (Aziiz) Sutrisno Project aim

The project intends to investigate the risks on the global energy trade markets. Furthermore, it also tries to answer the question of how and to what extent various mechanisms of (global) coordination facilitate successful transitions towards sustainable energy systems as well as mitigate systemic risks in the global energy system?

Project leaders F Alkemade

Participants A Sutrisno F Alkemade ZO Nomaler

Progress

Cooperations

The Indonesian Ministry of Finance

Funded by

The Indonesian Endowment Fund (LPDP)

In our first subproject, we investigated the pattern of energy trade evolution. We saw growing number of connectivity on all across traditional energy commodities (Oil, Gas and Coal). The result also shows shift in the energy trade exporter as well as the relative importance of the energy commodities. Oil remains as the largest energy commodities in the global energy commodities market. However, we saw increasing gas trade in the past decade. We also see evidences points out to regression to the means behavior in terms of volatility of trade connections between countries. It underlines increasing relative stability in the global energy market.

Funding % per money stream Scholarships

100 %

Start of the project 2016 (February)

Information

A Sutrisno E : a.sutrisno@tue.nl Figure: Minimum Spanning Tree of the Global Energy Commodities Trade Development from 1990 to 2010.

Scientific publications

Sutrisno, A., Nomaler, Z.O. & Alkemade, F. (2017). Analyzing the resilience of energy systems in a network perspective. EMAEE Conference, Strasbourg. Sutrisno, A., Nomaler, Z.O. & Alkemade, F. (2017). Evolution of the global energy network: shocks and resilience. IAEE European Conference, Vienna.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 141

Department

Nanoscale thermal transport

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc MY (Milo) Swinkels

Applied Physics □ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

EPAM Bakkers R van der Heijden

Participants MY Swinkels R Chavez D Vakulov

Project aim

The aim of the project is to study experimentally how nano engineering can improve the thermoelectric efficiency of semiconductor materials. This will be done by studying the thermoelectric properties of several types of nanowires.

Progress

The main contributing mean free paths for the phonons in InAs have been measured for the first time. On top of that we’ve developed a new method for determining the thermal contact resistance, the main limiting factor in measurements like this. The measurements have now been extended to different material systems such as wurtzite GaP and isotopically purified Si. Public defense took place: January 23, 2017.

Cooperations -

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (January)

Information

EPAM Bakkers T : +31 (0)40 247 5170 E : ebakkers@tue.nl

Figure: False Colour Scanning Electron Microscopy image of the devices used to measure the thermal properties of nanowires. The red beams extend 0.5mm to ensure thermal isolation. The yellow lines are platinum that is used both as heater and thermometer while the green line is the nanowire transporting the heat produced from one membrane to the other.

Scientific publications

M.Y. Swinkels, M.R. van Delft, D.S. Oliveira, A. Cavalli, I. Zardo, R.W. van der Heijden, and E.P.A.M. Bakkers, Diameter dependence of the thermal conductivity of InAs nanowires, Nanotechnology, 26, 385401 (2015).

Dissertation

Nanoscale thermal transport. Swinkels, M. Y., 23 Jan 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 124 p.

142 |

Department

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders EA Lomonova

Participants

Multi-excited reluctance machines: analysis, modeling, and design for application in electric in-wheel traction PhD student | Postdoc Y (Yang) Tang Project aim

Optimal design of a novel type of electrical motor for the light-weight in-wheel module, including:  Development of an automated design tool using the chosen modeling method;  Optimal electromagnetic design using the developed design tool;  Optimal winding design based on study of winding topology;  Prototype realization and practical validation.

Y Tang JHJ Paulides

Cooperations

Teamwork Technology Teamwork Sustainable Investment Wolters Engineering Light Weight Structures Vredestein Apollo

Funded by HTAS

(a)

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2010

Information

Y Tang T : +31 (0)40 247 3553 E : y.tang1@tue.nl

(b)

Figure: dc-excited flux-switching motor (DCEFSM) design for the light-weight in-wheel module.

Progress

 Investigated different motor topologies for DCEFSM.  Investigated the correlations between certain design parameters and the motor performance.  Investigated the field weakening in DCEFSM.  Proposed a model-reduction approach to model DCEFSM using a global magnetic equivalent circuit.  Defined design requirements and specification.  Proposed a design procedure.  Tested the benchmark motor.  Designed and realized a prototype that meets the design requirements.  Tested the prototype.  Delivered a dissertation.

Public defense took place: April 18, 2017.

Scientific publications

Y. Tang, J.J.H. Paulides, E.A. Lomonova, “Winding topologies of flux-switching machines for in-wheel traction”, COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 34(1), 32-45, 2015. Y. Tang, J.J.H. Paulides, E.A. Lomonova, “Automated design of DC-excited flux-switching in-wheel motor using magnetic equivalent circuits”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 51(4), 2015. Y. Tang, J.J.H. Paulides, E.A. Lomonova, “Energy conversion in dc excited flux-switching machines”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 50(11), 8105004-1/4, 2014. Y. Tang, J.J.H. Paulides, E. A. Lomonova, “Analytical modeling of flux-switching in-wheel motor using variable magnetic equivalent circuits”, ISRN Automotive Engineering, 1-11, 2014. Y. Tang, T.E. Motoasca, J.J.H. Paulides, E.A. Lomonova, “Comparison of flux-switching machines and permanent magnet synchronous machines in an in-wheel traction application”, COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 32(1),153 – 165, 2013. Y. Tang, J.J.H. Paulides, T.E. Motoasca, E.A. Lomonova, “Flux-switching machine with DC excitation”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 48(11), 3583-3586, 2012. Y. Tang, J.J.H. Paulides, K.V. Kazmin, E.A. Lomonova, “Investigation of winding topologies for permanent magnet in-wheel motors”, COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 31(1), 88-107, 2012.

Dissertation

Multi-excited reluctance machines: analysis, modeling, and design for application in electric inwheel traction. Tang, Y., 18 Apr 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 239 p. Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 143

Department

Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Human interactions □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

GPJ Verbong G Spaargaren (WUR)

Participants

N Verkade J Höffken R Smale (WUR) S Kloppenburg (WUR) B van Vliet (WUR)

Cooperations

D Geelen (Enexis) P van Meegeren (MilieuCentraal)

Funded by

Emerging Energy Practices in the Smart Grid PhD student | Postdoc N (Nick) Verkade Project aim

The aim of the project NWO-URSES is to gain a better understanding of the developing energy practices of households in a smart energy system. We take on a practice theory perspective, which focuses our attention on the actual doings of householders. Technological development and expectations are guided by concepts of smart homes and smart citizens: increasingly interconnected devices, houses and infrastructures in which anything can be managed. We observe that new practices of energy management (e-practices) with ICT and storage are emerging at the household level. The questions we ask are how some of these new e-practices emerge and develop, whether or not these technological advancements actually take hold in the form of practices, and how daily routines obstruct or accommodate smart energy technologies. We also aim to explore how the various interests of energy system actors, energy cooperatives and households come together in the design of these energy management practices. We do this by observing smart grid experiments and engaging with the multitude of actors who design these emerging e-practices.

Progress

Throughout the project, two main pilots have been observed behind the scenes and within the households for several months. Both projects figure in the first two papers mentioned below. In the final phase of the project, some more innovative e-practices in the context of energy cooperatives are being explored. We will argue that these cooperative e-practices can be different from individual e-practices that are introduced by market-based actors. The theoretical concept of epractices has been further developed as a particular form of social practices.

NWO

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information

N Verkade T : +31 (0)40 247 8398 E : n.verkade@tue.nl

Figure: The figure above is a sketch for our conception of domestic and cooperative e-practices: a set of practices that exists within a space where the individual household and the energy system at large overlap. These e-practices incorporate elements from both sides of this relation, and also affect the other ‘daily’ practices of both the home and the system actors. It shows how the energy system is changing, with the practices through which it is managed becoming more diverse and dispersed throughout a range of different actors, including the home.

Scientific publications

Verkade, N. & Höffken, J. I. (2017) Is the resource man coming home? Engaging with an energy monitoring platform to foster flexible energy consumption in the Netherlands. Energy Research and Social Science 27, p. 36-44. Verbong, G. P. J., Verkade, N., Verhees, B., Huijben, J. C. C. M., Höffken, J. I. (2016) Smart business for smart users: a social agenda for developing smart grids. In: Smart grids from a global perspective : bridging old and new energy systems. Beaulieu, A., de Wilde, J. & Scherpen, J. M. A. (eds.). Berlin: Springer, p. 27-42.

144 |

Department

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

L Vandevelde Ghent University, Belgium

Participants

MM Viyathukattuva Mohamed Ali JFG Cobben HP Nguyen

Cooperations

Ghent University, Belgium ELIA – TSO, Belgium EANDIS – DSO, Belgium Elektro Gorenjska – DSO, Slovenia Liander – DSO, The Netehrlands Stromnetz Steiermark GmbH – DSO, Austria Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft MBH, Austria University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Korona d.d., Slovenia Mastervolt International BV, The Netherlands ILPRA, Greece

INCREASE - Increasing the penetration of renewable energy sources in the distribution grid by Developing control strategis and using ancillary services PhD student | Postdoc MM (Mohamed Mansoor) Viyathukattuva Mohamed Ali Project aim

INCREASE will focus on how to manage renewable energy sources in LV and MV networks, to provide ancillary services (towards DSO, but also TSOs), in particular voltage control and the provision of reserve. INCREASE will investigate the regulatory framework, grid code structure and ancillary market mechanisms, and propose adjustments to facilitate successful provisioning of ancillary services that are necessary for the operation of the electricity grid, including flexible market products.

Progress

An architecture is proposed for implementing new smart grid solutions. The propsed architecture is verified by conducting laboratory trials and two field trials in the Netherlands and Slovenia. In the Dutch field trial, the overvoltage problem is mitigated using the consumer end device i.e. solar PV inverters. This field trial was enabled by an internet-of-things (IoT)-based mechanism. In the Slovenian field trial, a control algorithm is implemented in the distribution system operator’s device i.e. on-load-tap changer; to mitigate the overvoltages and undervoltages in the distribution networks. Though the project is concluded, the distribution system operator is continue to use the prposed control algorithm.

Funded by

FP7-ENERGY-2013

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information

MM Viyathukattuva Mohamed Ali T : +31 (0)40 247 8459 E : drviyathukattuva@gmail.com W : http://www.project-increase.eu/

Figure: Implementation of Multi-Agent Systemfor increasing penetration of renewable energy sources.

Scientific publications

Viyathukattuva Mohamed Ali, M.M., Nguyen, P.H.,J.F.G.Cobben (2017).A LV Network Overvoltage Mitigation Strategy Based on Epsilon-Decomposition. 2017 IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech, Manchester. M. M. Viyathukattuva Mohamed Ali, M. Babar, P. H. Nguyen, and J. F. G. Cobben, “Overlaying control mechanism for solar PV inverters in the LV distribution network,” Elsevier Electric Power Systems Research, 2016. O' Malley, C., Ampatzis, M., Viyathukattuva Mohamed Ali, M.M. & Nguyen, P.H. (2016). Multiobjective optimalization of home storage for residential distribution networks with photovoltaic systems. Proceedings of the IEEE International Energy Conference (Energycon 2016), 4-8 April 2016, Leuven, Belgium. Viyathukattuva Mohamed Ali, M.M., Nguyen, Cobben J.F.G, Coordinated Control to Mitigate Over Voltage and Under Voltage in LV Networks, In PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe), 2016. M. M. Viyathukattuva Mohamed Ali, P. H. Nguyen, and J. F. G. Cobben, “Internet of Things in LV Grids: Framework and Experiments,” in Saudi Smart Grid Conference, 2016.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 145

Department

Smart energy on neighborhood level

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc SSW (Shalika) Walker

Built Environment

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV Project aim ■ Urban energy / Building performance Contributing up to one-third of the consumed energy, buildings are a crucial and dominant □ Nuclear fusion energy consumer in an energy system. Other than that, due to the clean energy initiatives, the role of a building as a passive consumer evolves into an active prosumer gradually. As a Project leaders supporting mechanism for the long-term decision-making process on different energy W Zeiler infrastructure modifications, it is important to analyze the evolving performance of buildings WH Maassen beforehand. This project is focused on the analysis of Lifecycle Performance for clusters of high performing buildings with community energy infrastructures. Within the research, first, a Participants possible methodological framework in order to realize energy neutral neighborhoods will be SSW Walker identified. Then, the feasibility of the proposed methodology will be acknowledged using different TM Labeodan case studies. K Katic DS Shafiullah Progress HP Nguyen During the previous year, the literature study was completed and a suitable methodology has been M Gibescu identified to realize energy neutral neighborhoods in the life cycle performance design perspective. The methodology is illustrated in the figure below.

Cooperations -

Funded by Aliander KIEN OTIB Rendo Alfen TNO Nedap Net2Grid RHDHV Kropman BAM STW

Funding % per money stream NWO Industry

70 % 30 %

Start of the project 2016 (October)

Information

W Zeiler E : ses-be@tue.nl W: https://ses-be.tue.nl/

146 |

Figure: Methodological framework to realize energy neutral neighborhoods.

Scientific publications

Shalika Walker, Kai Corten, Timilehin Labeodan, Wim Maassen, Wim Zeiler “A load profile study of different buildings to identify neighborhood energy flexibility through exchange possibilities”: Energy Procedia-International Conference on Future Buildings and Districts (CISBAT 2017). Shalika Walker, Timilehin Labeodan, Wim Maassen, Wim Zeiler “A review study of the current research on energy hub for energy positive neighborhoods”: Energy Procedia-International Conference on Future Buildings and Districts (CISBAT 2017). Walker S.S.W., Lombardi W., Lesecq S., Roshany-Yamchi S. “Application of distributed model predictive approaches to temperature and CO2 concentration control in buildings”: IFACPapersOnLine-The world congress of the International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC 2017).

Department

Low-Carbon City Development through Land Use Change

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc G (Gengzhe) Wang

Built Environment

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV Project aim ■ Urban energy/ Building performance GHG emission is highly related to urban morphology and spatial distribution, it was directly affected □ Nuclear fusion by the landscape fragmenting in human habitats and consequently changing of energy consumption in the landscape. The aim of this research is to develop a Low-Carbon City Land Use Planning Support Project leaders System which based on the multi-agent system. According to the relation between carbon emission B de Vries and land cover features, a possible urban land use layout would be proposed based on the carbon Q Han reduction goal. The research results should be able to provide theoretical support for the policy decision.

Participants G Wang

Progress

Cooperations -

Funded by Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC) Funding % per money stream Scholarship

A comprehensive geographic carbon emission model has been built based on the theory of urban metabolism and carbon footprint addressing vertical fluxes. It was applied to estimate the carbon emissions in Eindhoven. The estimation results have illustrated a spatial carbon inventory of the total carbon emission in each sectors (building, transport, vegetation, and resident). Eindhoven is divided into 6754 patterns, they were clustered based on the landscape metrics and land use function. Land cover categories were created from cluster analysis results. The relation between carbon emission and each category will be analyzed through random forest regression. It can provide necessary support for the land use planning support system.

100 %

Start of the project 2016 (October)

Information

G Wang T : +31 (0)6 14595510 E : g.wang@tue.nl

Figure 1: Carbon emission distribution in Eindhoven.

Figure 2: Cluster of Land use categories.

Scientific publications

Wang, G., Wang, S., Kang, Q., Duan, H., & Wang, X. E. (2016). An integrated model for simulating and diagnosing the water quality based on the system dynamics and Bayesian network. Water Science and Technology, 74(11), 2639-2655.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 147

Department

Electrical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Power systems □ Nuclear fusion

Project leaders JFG Cobben

Participants

LE Weldemariam V Ćuk

Cooperations NMA Alliander

Funded by NMA Alliander

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Monitoring and Regulation of Voltage Dips in the Distribution Network PhD student | Postdoc LE (Leake) Weldemariam Project aim

To perform stochastic estimation based on computer simulations and to assess field measurement data for analyzing the expected occurrence and severity of voltage dips in the Dutch MV-networks; to study the propagation of the dips to the end-user terminals and make classifications with better ways of measuring and reporting; to study the effect of voltage dips on individual devices and to propose a methodology for estimating their impact on aggregated customers; and to make a proposal for classifying voltage dips into different clusters and setting limits on the number of dips for the regulatory framework.

Progress

Tasks in the aforementioned objectives are performed at different stages. One of the proposed approaches for classifying voltage dips to different clusters for building a regulatory framework is shown in the figure below. The clustering is made based on the voltage dips severity weighting factors obtained from the relative impact of voltage dips on aggregated customers connected to the MV-networks. For each dip type, voltage dips leading to the loss of less than 30% of the pre-dip power for combined customers are clustered in A and voltage dips leading to the loss of more than 50% of the pre-dip power are clustered in C while cluster B covers for voltage dips with losses in between the two. Public defense took place: September 11, 2017.

Start of the project 2013 (June)

Information

LE Weldemariam E : l.e.weldemariam@tue.nl

Residual voltage [%] 90 > u ≥ 80 80 > u ≥ 70 70 > u ≥ 40 40 > u ≥ 5 5>u

(a) Clusters for L001 dips

(b) Clusters for L011 dips

Duration [s]

∆t≤0.2 0.2<∆t ≤0.5 0.5<∆t≤1 1<∆t≤5 ∆t>5 ∆t≤0.2 0.2<∆t≤0.5 0.5<∆t≤1 1<∆t≤5 ∆t>5

∆t≤0.2 0.2<∆t≤0.5 0.5<∆t≤1 1<∆t≤5 ∆t>5

A3 B2

B3 C3

Figure: Clusters for various dip types. As shown in the above figure, voltage dips are classified as L001, L011 and L111 based on the number of affecetd phases. Using the prescribed clustering approach and considering the historic performance of networks in the last four-years, the number of dips within the clusters A, B and C are about 18, 15 and 2 respectively. Applying the Poisson’s distribution function, the number of dips in the clusters A, B and C for the 95% time of the last four-years are 25, 21 and 4 dips respectively. From this point of view, a maximum of 21 and 4 dips for cluster B and C in the previous four-years can be considered as indicative limits for the network operator beyond which the quality of supply voltage at present is insufficient.

Scientific publications

L.E. Weldemariam, V. Cuk, and J.F.G. Cobben, “Weighting Factors for Estimating the Economic Impact of Voltage Dips”, Proc. of the 10th IEEE/PES POWERCON International Conference, 28 September – 1 October 2016, Wollongong, Australia. L.E. Weldemariam, H.J. Gärtner, V. Cuk, and J.F.G. Cobben, “Mitigation Strategies to Improve the Performance of AC Contactor Against Voltage Dips”, Proc. of the 51st IEEE International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 6–9 September 2016, Coimbra, Portugal. L.E. Weldemariam, V. Cuk, and J.F.G. Cobben, “Determining the Source of Dips Using Data of One Monitor in the MV Network”, Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal (RE&PQJ), ISSN 2172038 X, No.14 (2016), 702–707. S. Subhani, L.E. Weldemariam, V. Cuk, and J.F.G. Cobben, “Classification of voltage dips based on time-frequency parameters”, Proc. of the IEEE International Energy Conference (Energycon), 4–8 April 2016, Leuven, Belgium. L.E. Weldemariam, H.J. Gärtner, V. Cuk, J.F.G. Cobben, W.L. Kling †, “The Performance of Sensitive Equipment to Voltage Dips from Field Measurements”, in the Proc. of the 12th IEEE Africon International Conference (AFRICON 2015), 14-17th September 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Dissertation

Monitoring and regulation of voltage dips in the distribution network. Weldemariam, L. E., 11 Sep 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 181 p. 148 |

Department

Sodium carbonate activated slag: reaction analysis, microstructural modification & engineering application

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc

Built Environment

□ Chemergy B (Bo) Yuan □ Solar PV ■ Urban energy / Building performance Project aim □ Nuclear fusion Though Portland cement has been confirmed to be a reliable building material, the production of cement, however, involves high energy-consumption and gas-emission. During the last decades Project leaders alkali activated materials (AAM) have attracted worldwide concerns due to their good material HJH Brouwers properties and environmental benefits. Nevertheless, depending on the used different raw materials and alkaline solutions, the performance of the resulted materials can be varied. At this Participants study, the alkaline solution sodium carbonate is selected as the main activator to activate the B Yuan reactivity of an inductrial by-product slag. The effect of other supplementary materials such as limestone and fly ash on the reaction kinetics, reaction products, mechanical properties and Funded by durability will also be investigated. China Scholarship Coucil (CSC) Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project 2013 (October)

Information

B Yuan T : +31 (0)40 247 8613 E : b.yuan@tue.nl

Progress

The reaction of sodium carbonate activated slag was investigated in terms of reaction kinetics and reaction products. The results show that the reaction is relatively slow and the strength-giving phases are generally precipitated after 3-4 days of curing. Considering the fact that waterglass activated slag has the potential problem of fast setting, mixtures of sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and waterglass designed by Taguchi method were applied as activators. Samples with different reaction kinetics are achieved as shown in the following figure. The reaction products of the designed specimens are also characterized at different curing ages applying different methodologies like XRF, PSD, XRD, TG-DSC and FT-IR, etc. Afterwards, the optimized hybrid activator is proposed. Public defense took place: December 12, 2017. 20 10

Normalized heat flow (mW/g)

Funding % per money stream

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 0

120

144

168

Reaction time (Hour)

Figure: Heat release of slag activated by the ternary activators.

Scientific publications

Yuan, B., Yu, Q.L. & Brouwers, H.J.H. (2015). Reaction kinetics, reaction products and compressive strength of ternary activators activated slag designed by Taguchi method. Materials & Design, 86, 878-886. Yuan, B., Yu, Q.L. & Brouwers, H.J.H. (2015). Mechanical properties of slag activated by ternary activators design by Taguchi method. 19. Internationale Baustofftagung, 16–18. September 2015, Weimar, Germany (pp. 1-8). Technische Universiteit Eindhoven.

Dissertation

Sodium carbonate activated slag: reaction analysis, microstructural modification & engineering application. Yuan, B., 12 Dec 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 167 p.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 149

150 |

3.4 Research projects □ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion

NUCLEAR FUSION: aims for the fusion energy endgame solution

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 151

152 |

Department

Collective Thomson scattering in W7-X

Research theme / Cluster

PhD student | Postdoc I (Ivana) Abramovic

Applied Physics

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

R Wolf (Max-Planck Institute) N Lopes Cardozo (TU/e)

Participants I Abramovic

Cooperations

Project aim

Project is centered around the development of the collective Thomson scattering diagnostic for high temperature plasmas in the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X. The core of the work is the development of a forward model of the collective Thomson scattering process in the plasma. The model is to be used for the analysis of data collected in the second part of the first operational campaign on this device. Wendelstein 7-X is the largest fusion device of its type and the first ever optimized stellarator (operational since 2015). Due to the high plasma densities and temperatures which hamper the use of a number of diagnostic methods, the collective Thomson scattering is expected to be the key diagnostic for providing routine measurements of ion temperatures – a quantity crucial for achieving nuclear fusion. In addition to this the diagnostic is sensitive to the plasma composition, plasma drift and fast ions.

Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics Progress Greifswald, Germany In 2017 a forward model of the diagnostic, eCTS, has been developed and extensively benchmarked. The model has been integrated into a data analysis framework based on Bayesian probability Minerva. Minerva allows the values of the model input parameters to be inferred from the data. Funded by The model has subsequently been used for the analysis of first data obtained by this diagnostic TU/e system. First measurements of ion temperature by CTS on Wendelstein 7-X have been obtained and Max-Planck Institute have been found to be in agreement with another diagnostic capable of providing values of the ion temperature. The model has thus been validated on experimental data. Extension of the model Funding % per money stream which will allow inference of an additional parameter – the radial electric field – has been completed.

Start of the project 2016 (January)

Information

I Abramovic E : i.abramovic@tue.nl

Figure: Sensitivity of the eCTS synthetic spectra to the changes in the ion temperature Ti. The parameter indicated in the legend has been varied while the others were kept fixed.

Scientific publications

I. Abramovic, A. Pavone, J. Svensson, D. Moseev, M. Salewski, H. P. Laqua, N. J. Lopes Cardozo, and R. C. Wolf, Collective thomson scattering data analysis for wendelstein 7-x. Journal of Instrumentation, 12(08):C08015, 2017. D. Moseev, I. Abramovic, J. Berg, H. Braune, T. Jensen, W. Kasparek, et al., Design and commissioning of the collective Thomson scattering diagnostic at Wendelstein 7-X, 18th International Symposium on Laser-Aided Plasma Diagnostics (LAPD 2017). D. Moseev, H.P. Laqua, S. Marsen, T. Stange, I. Abramovic, A. Cappa, et al. Application of the ECRH Radiation for Plasma Diagnostics in Wendelstein 7-X, 26th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference (FEC 2016).

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 153

Department

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

MR de Baar (DIFFER - TU/e) W Biel (IPP)

Participants

M van Berkel (DIFFER) J Citrin (DIFFER) T Ravensbergen (DIFFER - TU/e) H Zwart (UT - TU/e) D Hogeweij (DIFFER) G Vandersteen (VUB) J Harrison (CCFE) T Kobayashi (NIFS) S Weiland (TU/e) A Das (TU/e) B Koren (TU/e) MR de Baar (TU/e)

Cooperations

Characterizing heat transport in fusion reactors using modulated experiments PhD student | Postdoc M (Matthijs) van Berkel Project aim

The transport of heat and particles is generally described by a parabolic partial differential equation known as the heat equation (energy balance):

with T the temperature, D the diffusion, V the convection, and K the damping, and P the modulated heat source which are all function of the spatial coordinate x. The estimation of these coefficients play a key role in many applications and forms the basis of my work on heat transport in nuclear fusion and beyond. I focus on the electron heat transport in which the transport coefficients are seen as characterizing parameters which determines fusion reactor efficiency. The transport coefficients also play a key role in the heat exhaust problem of fusion reactors but appear then as coupled partial differential equations.

Progress

Most of the aspects of estimating and modeling heat transport for nuclear fusion as set out in the project have been covered. These include 1) linearity analysis of the transport (figure); 2) design strategies for optimal modulation experiments; 3) advanced signal processing of measurement data; 4) theoretical and physical modelling of measured transport; 5) algorithms for the estimation of spatially varying transport coefficients and heat sources.

DIFFER Universiteit Twente (UT) Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik IPP (DE) Vrije Universiteit Brussel VUB (BE) Culham Centre for Fusion Energy CCFE, Abingdon (UK) National Institute for Fusion Science NIFS (JPN)

Funded by

Eurofusion Engineering Grant

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2016 (February)

Information

M van Berkel T : +31 (0)40 3334 958 E : M.vanBerkel@differ.nl W: linkedin.com/in/matthijs-vanberkel-92170332

154 |

Figure: Non-linearity analysis of transport in the Large Helical Device showing mainly a linear response to the perturbation (top) of the temperature (bottom) at one radial location of the plasma. However, at the inter-modulation frequencies f1±f2 also a small non-linear contribution can be observed.

Scientific publications

M. van Berkel, T. Kobayashi, H. Igami, et al.: New evidence and impact of electron transport nonlinearities based on new perturbative inter-modulation analysis Nuclear Fusion 57 (12), 126036, 2017.

Department

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders M Steinbuch

Participants

H Boessenkool MR de Baar D Abbink

Cooperations

FOM Institute DIFFER Delft University of Technology

Funded by

EFDA GOT RH program

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Haptic assistance for teleoperated maintenance of fusion plants: Task analysis, design and evaluation PhD student | Postdoc H (Henri) Boessenkool Project aim

Tele-operated maintenance is crucial for future fusion plants like ITER, however it is expected to be very difficult and time consuming. The aim of this research was to optimize tele-operated task performance during ITER maintenance. Special attention was paid to the interaction between the human operator and the tele-manipulator and the applicability of the principles of haptic shared control to optimize task performance. Can we combine manual control and automation (and take benefits of both), by introducing intelligent guiding forces?

Progress

To get quantitive insight in the exact problems operators encounter during tele-operated task execution, a phased task analysis approach was proposed and performed. Video recordings and logbooks of real world complex maintenance tasks at JET (Joint European Torus) were analysed to identify key areas for performance improvement. This analysis was complemented with a human factor experiments with a simulated task environment, which provided more detailed data about how tasks were executed. The gained knowledge was used to design and evaluate prototypes of haptic assistance. Results showed that operator performance during time-consuming remote maintenance tasks can be substantially improved by use of properly designed assistive forces.

Public defense took place: June 22, 2017.

Start of the project 2011 (July)

Information

H Boessenkool E : h.boessenkool@tudelft.nl W: http://www.delfthapticslab.nl/cpt_ people/henri-boessenkool/ https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/ 69566594/20170622_ Boessenkool.pdf

Figure: Schematic picture of tele-manipulation with proposed Haptic Shared Control. [source: H. Boessenkool, PhD thesis, 2017].

Scientific publications

H. Boessenkool, J. Thomas, J. G. W. Wildenbeest, C. J. M. Heemskerk, M. R. de Baar, M. Steinbuch & D.A. Abbink, “Where to improve in human-in-the-loop tele-operated maintenance? A phased task analysis based on video data of maintenance at JET”. Fusion Engineering and Design, vol. 129, pp. 309–319, 2017. H. Boessenkool, J. G. W. Wildenbeest, C. J. M. Heemskerk, M. R. de Baar, M. Steinbuch & D.A. Abbink. “A task analysis approach to quantify bottlenecks in task completion time of telemanipulated maintenance”. Fusion Engineering and Design, vol. 129, pp. 300–308, 2017. A. de Jonge, J. Wildenbeest, H. Boessenkool, and D. A. Abbink, “The Effect of Trial-by-trial Adaptation on Conflicts in Haptic Shared Control for Free-Air Teleoperation Tasks,” IEEE Trans. Haptics, vol. 9, pp. 111–120, 2016. J. van Oosterhout, J. G. W. Wildenbeest, H. Boessenkool, C. J. M. Heemskerk, M. R. de Baar, F. C. T. van der Helm, and D. A. Abbink, “Haptic Shared Control in Tele-Manipulation: Effects of Inaccuracies in Guidance on Task Execution,” IEEE Trans. Haptics, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 164–175, 2015. H. Boessenkool, J. Thomas, C. J. M. Heemskerk, M. R. de Baar, M. Steinbuch, and D. a. Abbink, “Task analysis of human-in-the-loop tele-operated maintenance: What can be learned from JET?,” Fusion Eng. Des., vol. 89, no. 9–10, pp. 2283–2288, Oct. 2014. H. Boessenkool, D. A. Abbink, C. J. M. Heemskerk, F. C. T. van Der Helm, and J. G. W. Wildenbeest, “A Task-Specific Analysis of the Benefit of Haptic Shared Control During Telemanipulation,” IEEE Trans. Haptics, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 2–12, 2013.

Dissertation

H. Boessenkool, 2017, “Haptic assistance for teleoperated maintenance of fusion plants: Task analysis, design and evaluation”. Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology ((Co)promot.: M. Steinbuch, M. R. de Baar, D. A. Abbink). Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 155

Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leader J Citrin (DIFFER)

Participants

A Ho K van de Plassche (DIFFER) M Marin (DIFFER) F Casson (CCFE) C Bourdelle (CEA Cadarache) J Garcia (CEA Cadarache) Y Camenen (Aix-Marseille) H Weisen (EUROfusion) O Linder (IPP) F Felici (SPC)

Cooperations

EUROfusion (EU Consortium) CCFE (UK) CEA Cadarache (France) University Aix-Marseille (France) IPP Garching (Germany) SPC (Switzerland)

Neural network surrogate modelling of turbulent transport in fusion plasmas PhD student | Postdoc A (Aaron) Ho Project aim

Turbulent transport models are one of the primary bottlenecks in full device simulation of fusion reactors. Circumventing the conflicting constraints of model accuracy and tractability is a critical challenge. This project applies machine learning techniques to reach this goal. The technique consists of neural network regression of reduced turbulence transport models. The resultant trained neural network can be evaluated on the sub-ms timescale, allowing realtime capable first-principlebased transport modelling within control-oriented tokamak simulators. This opens up new avenues for scenario optimization and realtime control applications. The development of accurate reduced transport models – verified against high-fidelity nonlinear simulation and validated against experiments – is a critical enabling component of this project. Techniques developed in the project are also aimed to facilitate these model validation workflows.

Progress

Central to the project is the collection of an extensive multi-machine plasma profile database to define the relevant input range for the reduced turbulence models. The neural network regression is then based on these calculations. To facilitate this, a new Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) fitting tool was developed. This has significantly improved capabilities for tokamak profile fitting, and is now also used for preparation of tokamak simulation workflows with increased rigour in uncertainty quantification. We have showcased this increased rigour in extensive study of a recent highperformance JET discharge, using our reduced turbulence model QuaLiKiz. This scenario has been extrapolated towards record fusion power in the upcoming JET DT campaign. In addition, 14,000 JET profiles have been fitted and QuaLiKiz runs on the entire dataset are ongoing, aimed towards the neural network regression application.

Funded by

J Citrin Tenure Track Starting Package

Funding % per money stream NWO-I

100 %

Start of the project 2016 (November)

Information

A Ho T : +31 (0)40 3334858 E : A.Ho@differ.nl

Figure: Successful validation of a JINTRAC-QuaLiKiz simulation vs the record JET ITER-like-wall discharge #92436, with statistical rigour in uncertainty propagation.

Scientific publications

A. Ho et al., Applying neural networks for tokamak plasma turbulence predictions, 44th EPS Conference on Plasma Physics, Belfast 2017.

156 |

Understanding plasma detachment through advanced diagnosis

Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion /Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

HJ van der Meiden JP Gunn

Participants

K Jesko HJ van der Meiden JP Gunn Y Marandet H Bufferand

PhD student | Postdoc

K (Karol) Jesko

Project aim Predictions for the operation of tokamak divertors are reliant on edge plasma simulations typically consisting of a fluid plasma code in combination with a Monte Carlo code for neutral species. PilotPSI and Magnum-PSI are linear devices operating with a cascaded arc plasma source that produce plasmas with comparable plasma parameters to those expected during the inter-ELM phase in the ITER divertor. The aim of this work is to model plasma discharges in the linear devices using such an edge transport code, in order to a) investigate whether the modelling can reproduce experimental trends and b) provide new insights to the interpretation of experiments. Progress In the course of the PhD study, experiments have been performed at the Pilot-PSI and Magnum-PSI linear plasma devices that are well-suited for comparison with edge plasma transport codes. In collaboration with IRFM, CEA Cadarache, the Soledge2D-Eirene transport code was adapted to run in the linear device geometry. The most robust result of the code-experiment comparison is the overestimation of the near-target electron temperature, leading to an underestimation of the recombination. It is suggested that energy sinks due to vibrational excitation of molecules could provide an energy sink that would reduce the temperature in the code, an effect that was not included in the current modelling setup.

Cooperations

IRFM, CEA Cadarache

Funded by

Fusion-DC scholarship NWO

Funding % per money stream NWO-I Scholarships

30 % 70 %

Start of the project 2014 (October)

Information

K Jesko T : +31 (0)6 25571078 E : k.jesko@differ.nl W : https://nl.linkedin.com/in/ karol-jesko-63136785

Figures: Left – Example of a molecular density map in the Pilot-PSI linear plasma device, as output of the Soledge2D-Eirene code, showing a hollow density profile. Right – Comparison of near source and near target electron temperature from Soledge2D-Eirene and Thomson scattering (TS) and spectroscopy (OES), showing the underestimation of the target temperature by the code. Scientific publications K. Jesko, H.J. van der Meiden, J.P. Gunn, J. Vernimmen, G. De Temmerman, Nuclear Materials and Energy, 12 (2017) 1088-1093 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nme.2017.03.025. Accepted in Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion: K. Jesko, Y. Marandet, H. Bufferand, J.P. Gunn, H.J. van der Meiden, G. Ciraolo, Studying divertor relevant plasmas in the Pilot-PSI linear plasma device: Experiments vs. modelling https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/aae80d. Y. Hayashi, K. Jesko, H.J. van der Meiden, J.W.M. Vernimmen, T.W. Morgan, N. Ohno, S. Kajita, M. Yoshikawa and S. Masuzaki, , Nuclear Fusion 56 (2016) 126006; https://doi.org/10.1088/00295515/56/12/126006. H. J. van der Meiden, J. W. M. Vernimmen, K. Bystrov, K. Jesko, M. Y. Kantor, G. De Temmerman, and T. W. Morgan, Appl. Phys. Lett. 109, 261102 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4973211.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 157

Department DIFFER

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chermergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders

MCM van de Sanden MR de Baar TW Morgan

Participants

V Kvon R Al H van der Meiden E Oyarzabal Vicente

Cooperations

DIFFER FUSION-DC, Ghent (Belgium) CIEMAT, Madrid (Spain)

Alternative target concepts for power and particle exhaust in fusion applications PhD student | Postdoc V (Vladimir) Kvon Project aim

Tin and tin-lithium eutectic are considered as two of the main candidates for the liquid metal divertor concept. In this thesis, we address two fundamental properties of these materials: the redeposition ratio and the secondary electron emission yield. The first is important because a high redeposition rate leads to a minimization of core plasma impurities accumulation and therefore increases the maximum tolerable gross erosion rate. This increases the operational window for liquid metals due to bigger tolerance in the surface temperature.

Progress

The 4th year was devoted to perform finalizing experiments, publishing of accumulated results and writing thesis. The recent experiments on MAGNUM-PSI were made with tin, copper and molybdenum samples. The aim was to investigate and compare the re-deposition rate (R) of these metals under high flux plasma beam. Mass loss and quartz crystal microbalance measurements showed consistent results between the measured mass loss rate of the samples and the mass gain rate on the crystal. A strong dependence of re-deposition ratio on the plasma flux and particle density was observed. Plasma entrainment of sputtered particles is considered to be the primary process for such high re-deposition ratios. The effect does not appear to depend strongly on particle or target species, but is strongly correlated with the mean free path of the particles.

Funded by NWO-I FUSION-DC

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2014

Information

TW Morgan T : +31 (0)40 3334824 E : T.W.Morgan@differ.nl W: www.differ.nl

Figure: The net loss rate (1-R) of the sputtered element as a function of electron density.

Scientific publications

Tin re-deposition and erosion measured by cavity-ring-down-spectroscopy under a high flux plasma beam; V. Kvon, R. Al, K. Bystrov, F.J.J. Peeters, M.C.M. van de Sanden and T.W. Morgan Nuclear Fusion 57, 086040, 12pp (2017). Secondary electron emission of tin and tin-lithium under low energy helium plasma exposure; V. Kvon, E. Oyarzabal, E. Zoethout, A.B. Martin-Rojo, T.W. Morgan and F.L. Tabarés Nuclear Materials and Energy 13, 21–27 (2017). Oscillatory vapour shielding of liquid metal walls in nuclear fusion devices; G.G. van Eden, V. Kvon, M.C.M. van de Sanden and T.W. Morgan Nature Communications volume 8, Article number 192 (2017). Liquid metals as a divertor plasma-facing material explored using the Pilot-PSI and Magnum-PSI linear devices; T. W. Morgan, P. Rindt, G. G. van Eden, V. Kvon, M. A. Jaworksi and N. J. Lopes Cardozo Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion Volume 60, Number 1 (2017).

158 |

Department

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme / Cluster

□ Chemergy □ Solar PV □ Urban energy ■ Nuclear fusion / Nuclear fusion

Project leaders MR de Baar

Participants E Maljaars

Cooperations -

Funded by TU/e Eurofusion

Funding % per money stream University 80 % Eurofusion 20 %

Start of the project

Model predictive control of the safety factor profile in tokamaks PhD student | Postdoc E (Bert) Maljaars Project aim

Successful high performance tokamak operation simultaneously requires plasma stability at high values of the normalized pressure as well as long energy confinement times. Both confinement and stability are associated with the distribution of the current density in the plasma, equivalent to the safety factor profile q (ρ). Achieving and maintaining a reference q-profile during a tokamak discharge in the presence of disturbances and uncertainties is the focus of this work. The controller real-time-varying operational and physics limits into account. A well established control methodology called model predictive control will be exploited to tackle this control problem in tokamaks. The aim is to demonstrate the performance in existing tokamaks after extensive analysis in simulations.

Progress

A model predictive controller is designed for the tokamak safety factor profile that takes real-timevarying operational and physics limits into account. First simulation results are published in Nuclear Fusion. Currently this work is being improved and tested in a closed-loop simulation environment prior to implementation in experiments on the TCV tokamak beginning 2016. In addition, management of conflicting controller requests to actuator systems in tokamaks is being investigated. Public defense took place: May 4, 2017.

2012 (November)

Information

E Maljaars T : +31 (0)40 247 3578 E : e.maljaars@tue.nl

Figure: Envisioned implementation of the model predictive controller in a tokamak.

Scientific publications

Maljaars, E et al (2015), Control of the tokamak safety factor profile with time-varying constraints using MPC. Nuclear Fusion 55 023001.

Dissertation

Model predictive profile control and actuator management in tokamaks. Maljaars, E., 4 May 2017, Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. 194 p.

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 159

160 |

4. Contact persons Department  Applied Physics

Name

prof.dr.ir. O.C.G. (Olaf) Adan

o.c.g.adan@tue.nl

prof.dr. H.J.H. (Herman) Clercx

h.j.h.clercx@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. (GertJan) G.J.F. van Heijst

g.j.f.v.heijst@tue.nl

dr. J.E.M. (Jos) Haverkort

j.e.m.haverkort@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. G.T.A. (Guido) Huijsmans

g.t.a.huijsmans@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. W.M.M. (Erwin) Kessels

w.m.m.kessels@tue.nl

prof.dr. P.M. (Paul) Koenraad

p.m.koenraad@tue.nl

prof.dr. B (Bert) Koopmans

b.koopmans@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. G.M.W. (Gerrit) Kroesen

g.m.w.kroesen@tue.nl

prof.dr. N.J. (Niek) Lopes Cardozo

n.j.lopes.cardozo@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. M.C.M. (Richard) van de Sanden m.c.m.v.d.sanden@tue.nl  Built Environment

 Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

 DIFFER

prof.dr.ir. B.J.E. (Bert) Blocken

b.j.e.blocken@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. H.J.H. (Jos) Brouwers

h.j.h.brouwers@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. J.L.M. (Jan) Hensen

j.l.m.hensen@tue.nl

prof.ir. E.S.M. (Elphi) Nelissen

e.s.m.nelissen@tue.nl

Prof.Dr.-Ing. A.L.P. (Alex) Rosemann

a.l.p.rosemann@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. B. (Bauke) de Vries

b.d.vries@tue.nl

prof.ir. W. (Wim) Zeiler

w.zeiler@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. E.J.M. (Emiel) Hensen

e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl

prof.dr. V. (Volker) Hessel

v.hessel@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. R.A.J. (René) Janssen

r.a.j.janssen@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. J.A.M. (Hans) Kuipers

j.a.m.kuipers@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. M.C. (Maaike) Kroon

m.c.kroon@tue.nl

prof.dr. P.H.L. (Peter) Notten

p.h.l.notten@tue.nl

prof.dr. A.P.H.J. (Albert) Schenning

a.p.h.j.schenning@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. J.C. (Jaap) Schouten

j.c.schouten@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. M. (Martin) van Sint Annaland

m.v.sintannaland@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. R. (Remco) Tuinier

r.tuinier@tue.nl

prof.dr. M.R. (Marco) de Baar

m.r.d.baar@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. M.C.M. (Richard) van de Sanden m.c.m.vandesanden@differ.nl  Electrical Engineering

 Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences

dr. M. (Madeleine) Gibescu

m.gibescu@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. P.M.J. (Paul) van den Hof

p.m.j.vandenhof@tue.nl

prof.dr. E.A. (Elena) Lomonova

e.lomonova@tue.nl

prof.dr. P.H.L. (Peter) Notten

p.h.l.notten@tue.nl

prof.dr.ing. A.J.M. (Guus) Pemen

a.j.m.pemen@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. A.B. (Bart) Smolders

a.b.smolders@tue.nl

prof.ir. C.G.E. (Korneel) Wijnands

c.g.e.wijnands@tue.nl

prof.dr. F. (Floor) Alkemade

f.alkemade@tue.nl

prof.dr. F. (Fred) Langerak

f.langerak@tue.nl

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 161

 Mathematics and Computer Science

 Mechanical Engineering

 Strategic Area Energy

162 |

dr.ir. I.M.M.J. (Isabelle) Reymen

i.m.m.j.reymen@tue.nl

prof.dr. A.G.L. (Sjoerd) Romme

a.g.l.romme@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. G.P.J. (Geert) Verbong

g.verbong@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. B. (Barry) Koren

b.koren@tue.nl

prof.dr. W.H.A. (Wil) Schilders

w.h.a.schilders@tue.nl

prof.dr. A.P. (Bert) Zwart

a.p.zwart@tue.nl

prof.dr. M.R. (Marco) de Baar

m.r.d.baar@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. E.H. (Harald) van Brummelen

e.h.v.brummelen@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. N.G. (Niels) Deen

n.g.deen@tue.nl

prof.dr. L.P.H. (Philip) de Goey

l.p.h.d.goey@tue.nl

prof.dr. J.G.M. (Hans) Kuerten

j.g.m.kuerten@tue.nl

prof.dr. H. (Henk) Nijmeijer

h.nijmeijer@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. D.M.J. (David) Smeulders

d.m.j.smeulders@tue.nl

dr.ir. L.M.T. (Bart) Somers

l.m.t.somers@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. M. (Maarten) Steinbuch

m.steinbuch@tue.nl

L.C. (Laetitia) Ouillet

l.c.ouillet@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. D.M.J. (David) Smeulders

d.m.j.smeulders@tue.nl

General

energy@tue.nl

5. Overview research topics Postdocs indicated with * Chemergy

 Abbasi, MH

 HYdraulics modeling for DRilling Automation (HYDRA)

 Abdelmalik, MRA  Aguire Guzmán, A

 Adaptive Algorithms for Optimal Multiscale Model Hierarchies of the Boltzmann Equation: Galerkin Methods for Kinetic Theory  Rotating Rayleigh Bénard turbulence

 Akargün, HY

 Fate of Forgotten Fuel

 Akkurt, B

 Heat2Control

 Alards, KMJ

 Rotating Rayleigh Bénard turbulence: numeric

 Anastasopoulou, A

 Process Design for Nitrogen Fixation Reactions via Energy, Cost and Life-Cycle Analysis

 Aralaguppe Deepak Chandra, VC  Arends, T

 Direct Numerical Simulation of heat and mass transport in fixed bed reactors

 Ariens, MI

 Efficient water-gas shift catalysis

 Arratibel Plazaola, A

 Pg-Ag pore-filled membranes for hydrogen separation

 Arts, A

 Highsinc - High Gravity and High Shear Intensified Chemicals Production

 Badiola Porras, N

 Development of O2 permiselective membranes

 Bakker, PC

 Fate of Forgotten Fuel

 Banaei, M

 Hydrodynamics and Heat Transfer in Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds

 Bansal, H

 HYdraulic MOdelling for DRilling Automation (HYMODRA)

 Beelen, HPGJ

 Model-Based Battery Management

 Bekerom, DCM van den  Belete, TT

 Plasma Chemistry at Work: efficient plasma-assisted fuel conversion through control of vibrational excitation  Direct Production of Fuels from Captured CO2

 Beltman, R

 EUROS Work Package 1.4: Wind-Farm-Wake Interactions

 Bergkamp, E

 Beving, MAJM

 Fluid driven and mechanically induced fracture propagation: theory and numerical simulations  Numerical analysis of the hydration and dehydration reactions in packed bed reactors

 Böck, de R

 Sloshing of Liquefied Natural Gas

 Bolshakov, A

 Novel zeolite structures for efficient catalytic conversion of methanol

 Borukhova, S

 Flow Reactor Networks – for integrated API synthesis

 Bottecchia, C

 Photocatalytic strategies for the selective modification of bioactive molecules

 Bourgonje, ZC

 Bronneberg AC *

 Developing a commercial test system to determine the most optimal torrefaction parameters  Elucidating the water photo-oxidation mechanism

 Broos, R

 Modeling the Fischer-Tropsch reaction (on Hägg Carbide surfaces)

 Bu, Y

 Cambié, D

 In situ UV-vis and mass spectrometry in the study of Cu model catalyst in CO-related heterogeneous catalysis  Production of methyl radicals from vibrationally excited methane with high (energy) efficiency, while preventing that the plasma facilitates undesired reactions. Reaction of methyl radicals is to be separated from their creation either in place or in time  Solar Light Driven Photocatalysis in Microreactors

 Campagna, M

 Water Nucleation Experiments in Pulse expansion Wave Tube

 Cao, Y

 Self-optimized Electrochemical System: An In-situ Unmanned Machine Learning Integration of Enzymatically Photochemical Electrosynthesis in Flow

 Butterworth, TD *

 Deformation of oak panel paintings due to relative humidity fluctuations

11 -

16 17

18 -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

19 20

| 163

 Caseiro Fernandes, MRC  Chai, J  Chaudhary, R

23 -

 Chaudhuri, A

 CO2-neutral Methanol Synthesis from CO2 and H2 by Smart-Scaled, Reaction-Integrated Plasma Process  Highsinc - High Gravity and High Shear Intensified Chemicals Production

 Chayambuka, KH

 Battery modelling Na-ion batteries

 Chen, C (Chunguang)

 In-Situ investigation of the mobilization of Li ions in all-solid-state Lithium-ion batteries

 Chen, W (Wei)

 A Transient Kinetics Study of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Mechanism on Cobalt Catalysts

 Cheng, JS *

 Rotating Rayleigh Bénard turbulence

 Coenen, KT

 Contreras Osorio, PS

 Sorbent Development on the Basis of Kinetics, and Mass- and Heat- Transport Phenomena in Sorption-Enhanced Processes at Elevated Temperatures  Frontier of transport phenomena in fluid flows: Three-dimensional chaotic advection

 Coumans, AE

 Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of biomass to sustainable fuels

 Cruellas Labella, A

 Methane activation via integrated membrane reactors

 Cuijpers, MCM

 Mobilising heavy hydrocarbons

 Damen, MA

 Danilov, DL *

 Plasma Chemistry at Work: efficient plasma-assisted fuel conversion through control of vibrational excitation  3Ccar (Integrated Components for Complexity Control in affordable electric cars)

 Das, S

 Transport through bidisperse porous media: a multiscale modeling approach

 De, S

 Viscoelastic Flow Modeling for Polymer Flooding

 Delparish, A.

 Ding, J (Jing)

 Reactor design for catalytic and electrocatalytic conversion of biomass platform molecules  Development of novel solvents for efficient reaction/extraction systems for bio-based processing  Mesh-free fracture simulation in swelling media

 Doddema, R

 The role of aromatics in soot formation

 Dogan, I *

 Silicon nanocrystals for high energy storage in Li-Ion batteries

 Donkers, PAJ *

 Generation of 2nd generation TCM

 Dumitrescu, LR

 Efimov, DV

 Crystallization, nucleation and droplet growth for the combined gas treatment and liquefaction of natural gas  Development of Reliable Emission and Atomization Models for Combustor Design

 Eggels, AW

 EUROS Work Package 1.3: Uncertainty Quantification in Wind and Waves

 Eichhorn, RHL

 WETREN (WEDACS True Environment)

 Elam, FM

 Elkholy, A

 Characterization of control of film porosity of silica layers in multi-layer maisture barriers filmnon-uniform glow discharge at atmospheric pressure  Development of non-thermal dbd microplasma reactor for combustion applications

 Escribà Gelonch, M *

 Photo-High-T intensification for the production of Vitamin D3

 Etten, M van

 Multiscale molecular modeling of catalyst evolution

 Etzi Coller Pascuzzi, M

 Water and chlorine oxidation catalysis

 Finotello, G

 Gao, L (Lu) *

 A multiscale experimental-numerical study of the influence of humidity on the mechanics of paper  Thermochemical seasonal heat storage for the built environment: a multi-scale investigation  Power-to-Gas (P2G): Enhancing the conversion and energy-efficiency of electricallydriven dissociation of CO2 for fuel synthesis by synergistic integration of plasmolysis, electrolysis and membrane separation  Electrocatalysis: mechanism and new materials for hydrogen and oxygen evolution

 Gao, Y (Yanan)

 Spinel-oxide based oxidation catalysts for green chemistry

 Garcia Rodriguez, D

 Flat model catalysts: bridging the pressure and materials gap

 Garikapati, H

 Uncertainty Quantification in Hydraulic-fracturing Processes

 Dietz, CHJT

 Gaeini, M  Gao, J (Juehan) *

164 |

 Redox active lignin degradation and selective functionalization of lignin-derived monomers  Mechanistic insights into Fischer-Tropsch catalysis

32 -

 Gemoets, HPL

 Breaking the Unbreakable: C-H Carbonylation in Micro Flow and Vision to Process

 George, K

 Density Functional Theory based State-Space Modeling & Simulations

 Gezici-Koç, Ö

 Water transport through coatings on wood

 Göktolga, MU

 Clean combustion of future fuels

 Goyal, A

 High-efficiency organic solar cells by controlling microstructure through processing

 Gupta, A

 Photo-bioreactors: saving algae from turbulence of project

 Hacking, JA

 Highsinc- High Gravity and High Shear Intensified Chemicals Production

 Halder, Y van

 SLING sloshing of LNG

 Han, J

 Fuel effects in ultra-clean and efficient engine combustion concepts

 Heijmans, K

 Heat storage

 Helmi, A

 Fluidized bed membrane reactors for water gas shift

 Herrmann, A

 Transport along interfaces in microelectronics and LED interfaces (TRACES)

 Hoof, A van

 Environmentally friendly ethylene oxide catalysis

 Hornsveld, N

 Thin film deposition of battery materials on 3D (nano)structures

 Hosseini, N

 Huang, F (Feifei)

 Numerical and Experimental Study of Thermoacoustics of Domestic Burner with Heat Exchanger  Non-Pd based H2 membranes

 Huang, X (Xiaoming) *

 Catalytic Conversion of Wood-based Lignin to Fuels and Chemicals

 Insuasty Moreno, EG

 A workflow for reservoir flow characterization: A tensor-based approach

 Izadi Najafabadi, M

 Optical Study of Stratification for Partially Premixed Combustion

 Jiang, M

 All-solid-state Lithium-ion batteries

 Jibril, T

 Heat storage

 Kamarudheen, R

 Develop new light-induced methods for the growth and assembly of nanomaterials

 Kamath, SS

 Nanometrology Standardization Methods for Magnetic Nanoparticles

 Kampen, JV

 Sorption enhanced DME synthesis

 Karaca, S

 Plug and Play Energy Pack for Inland- and Shortsea Shipping

 Kimpel, T

 Structure-activity relationships in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

 Klarenaar, BLM

 A novel approach to renewable energy storage through plasma-assisted CO2-to-CO reduction  Highsinc - High Gravity and High Shear Intensified Chemicals Production

 Kleijwegt, RJT  Koelman, PMJ

35 -

38 39

41 -

 Kollau, LJBM

 Fuel feedstock production by a combined approach of controlled plasma conversion and membrane separation  Insights into Deep Eutectic Solvents

 Kong, G

 Experimental study of transport and chemical reaction in three-phase flows

 Kottapalli, S

 Flow in used vibration

 Kouris, P

 A process for lignin valorization

 Kouwen, ER

 Highsinc - High Gravity and High Shear Intensified Chemicals Production

 Kramarenko-Logvynenko, A

 Novel reactor design for lignin-first biomass valorization

 Krzelj, V

 Kuijpers, KPL

 High Pressure, Temperature, and Concentration Intensified Biobased Conversion Processes  Photochemical microreactor engineering

 Kumar, N

 Flux Approximation Schemes for Flow Problems using Local Boundary Value Problems

 Kumar, PP

 Earthquake dynamics: understanding their physics from modeling soft-glassy materials

 Kumari, G *

 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of plasmonic catalysts

 Kyriakou, V *

 CO2 and H2O coelectrolysis

 Laudadio, G

 Enabling Oxidative Chemistry in Continuous-Flow Microreactors

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 165

 Li, D (Dongjiang)  Li, S (Sirui) *

 Aging Mechanisms of Li-ion Batteries: Seen From an Experimental and Simulation Point of View  Development of non-thermal plasma reactor and process for N-fixation

 Li,S (Shaojie)

 Synthesis of mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolites in a novel route and their functional application

 Li, Z (Zizi)

 Heat transfer in fluidized beds with heat production

 Liang, Q

 2D materials for water splitting

 Lin, L

 Microplasma synthesis of engineerd nano materials

 Litke, A  Liu, Y (Yoage)

 Transition metal sulfides and oxides: synthesis, energy conversion application, and charge carrier dynamics  Characterization of non-uniform glow discharge at atmospheric pressure

 Liu, W (Wendy)

 Development of multilayer membranes for selective oxygen transportation

 Liu, C (Chong)

 Theory of Acidity and Reactivity in Zeolite Catalysis

 Lovreglio, P

 Flow MRI in porous media

 Lu, J

 Ma, X

 Multi-component direct numerical simulation study of coupled heat and mass transfer in catalytic surface reaction  Robust Diesel Engine Performance; An Approach Based on Multi-pulse Fuel Injection Control  Plasma mediated conversion of carbon dioxide to valuable fuels

 Madonia, M

 Rotating Rayleigh Benard turbulence

 Maes, NCJ

 Tracking Joules: Flame-wall interaction in Diesel Spray Ccombustion

 Maghbouli, A *

 Towards a HiEff engine

 Magosso, M

 Highsinc - High Gravity and High Shear Intensified Chemicals Production

 Maitri, R

 Simulation of proppant transport for shale gas production

 Manzano Martinez, AN

 Highsinc - High Gravity and High Shear Intensified Chemicals Production

 Martini, M

 Meng, L *

 New CO2 capture process for pure hydrogen production combining Ca and Cu chemical loops  Flow Structure Formation and Coupling with Turbulence in Large Scale Slurry Bubble Column  Membrane-Assisted Chemical Looping Reforming; From fundamentals to experimental demonstration  Novel zeolite micro-mesohybrids for efficient green catalysis

 Meshkova, A

 Investigation of film nucleation and thin film fron growth evolution

 Milacic, E

 Heat Management in Polymerization Reactors

 Minea, T

 Non-oxidative coupling of methane via plasma catalysis

 Mirsandi, H

 Sabic Cerpentier Long term performance of polyolefins

 Mitra, K

 PoroFlow: Non-equilibrium models for flow in heterogeneous porous media

 Mu, L  Müller, P

 Integrated and structured FCC reactor: G(L)S multi-scale modelling of a riser reactor with draft tube for intensified and uniform phase contacting  Highsinc - High Gravity and High Shear Intensified Chemicals Production

 Muraviev, V

 A surface science model of ceria-based CO2 hydrogenation catalysts

 Nedyalkova, R *

 Nooijer, NCA de

 Development of Innovative Catalysts for Syngas Adjustment and Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis from Biomass for Integrated and Decentralised Production of Renewable Synthetic Fuels  Biogas to hydrogen in a fluidized bed membrane reactor

 Nordio, MLV

 H2 Seperation via membranes and electrochemical compressor

 Ong, Q

 Oropeza Palacio, FE *

 Plasma activation in heterogeneous catalysis: enhancing CO2 reactions via vibrational excitation  Funtional characterization of solar fuel materials

 Ortega Rojas, CE

 Kinetic Study of the Methanol-to-Gasoline Conversion over ZSM-5 Catalysts

 Osch, DJGP van

 The use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for the recycling of paper

 Ouyang X

 Catalytic conversion of lignin to fuels and chemicals

 Luo, X

 Masterov, M  Medrano Jimenez, JA

166 |

46 -

47 -

51 52 53 -

55 -

56 -

 Palma, V di

 Nanoparticles made by atomic layer deposition as catalysts for photocatalytic splitting of water  Direct Numerical Simulation of Heat and Mass Transport in Dense Bubbly Flows

 Parastaev, A

 High Pressure, Temperature, and Concentration Intensified Biobased Conversion Processes  Plasma-catalyzed C1 chemistry

 Parente, M

 Develop new syntheses of nanomaterials using plasmonic heating

 Patel, HC *

 Plasma aided electrochemistry

 Patel, HV

 Interfacial Dynamics in Multiphase Flow Through Porous Rock

 Pathak, AD

 Pishkari, R

 In silico characterization of chloride-based salt hydrates for thermochemical heat storage; a multi-scale study  Plasma (catalyst) - Assisted Nitrogen Fixation: Reactor Development for Nitric Oxide and Ammonia Production  Synplasma: the conversion of CO2 and water to syngas by plasma and follow up chemistry  Salt wick action in building materials, an NMR study

 Platier, B

 Physics of illumination diffusors

 Ponduri, S *

 Pouw, S

 Unraveling the role and dynamics of vibrational excitation in relation to electronic excitation in plasma chemical conversion of CO2 on basis of the insight in the (local) plasma parameters  Membrane assisted sorption enhanced reforming

 Prabhakaran, R

 Fractures

 Prenter, F de

 Priems, GJM

 Isogeometric Finite Cell Methods for Fluid-Structure Interactions of Thin Embedded Structures  Boiling Flow Regime Maps for Safe Designing

 Qin, C *

 Fundamental fluid dynamics challenges in Inkjet printing

 Raida, MB

 Heat flux methode

 Rajaei, H

 Rotating Rayleigh-Bénard convection

 Rajkotwala, AH

 Direct Numerical Simulation of boiling heat transfer in microchannels

 Rashid, H

 Highsinc - High Gravity and High Shear Intensified Chemicals Production

 Rehman, T

 A plasma-enhanced CVD reactor for the production of thin film solar cells

 Reijnders, JJE

 Guidelines for optimal Partially Premixed Combustion operation

 Remij, EW

 Rodriques, IF

 Fluid driven and mechanically induced fracture propagation: theory and numerical simulations  Flow in used vibration

 Rohling, R

 Computational studies of Diels-Alder upgrading of biobased furanics

 Romero Hidalgo, DE

 Noble metal bifunctional catalysts for the hydrocracking of long linear paraffins

 Salatino, F

 Solar to fuels: Direct Air Capture

 Salimi Parvaneh, L *

 Heat storage

 San Pio Bordeje, MA

 Unravelling the redox kinetics behaviour of Cu-based oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion processes  Viscoelastic surfactants for conformance control

 Panda, A  Papaioannou, M

 Patil, BS  Peeters, FJJ *

 Santvoort, JFM  Scapino, L

60 -

62 63

67 -

 Schans, M van der

 Heat storage for smart grids - Development of design methods for optimal integration and control of short-and long-term heat storage in intelligent energy networks  Profiling of optical surfaces using a plasma jet

 Schepers, LPT

 Exploring Light Scattering on Dusty Plasmas to improve Energy Efficacy of White LEDs

 Seelen, LJH

 Granular Discrete Element Modelling - Packing of Non-Spherical Granular Particles

 Sengar, A

 ITER-NL2 Innovation for and by ITER

 Shahbazali, E

 Novel Process Windows for Rearrangement and Isomerization Reactions with Integrated Flow Adsorption under Microflow  Polyalcohol Reforming to Synthesis Gas as Logistic Fuel for Mobile Fuel Cell Applications

 Shanmugam, V *

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 167

 Sharma, D

 The surface chemistry of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

 Sijabat, RR

 Highsinc - High Gravity and High Shear Intensified Chemicals Production

 Simsek, G

 Numerical Methods for Diffuse Interface Models of Binary Flows

 Singh, N

 Phase-field modeling of hydraulic fracturing

 Sinha, R

 Structure-Property-Performance Relations In Photoanode Materials

 Siraj, MM

 Reducing the effect of uncertainty in robust optimization for oil recovery

 Sogutoglu, L

 Stabilisation of inorganic crystal hydrates

 Spallina, V *

 Spezzati, G

 Advanced m-CHP fuel CELL system based on a novel bioethanol - Fluidized bed membrane reformer  Engineering the nanoparticle-support interface for sustainable catalysis

 Stoll, T *

 Development of photoanodes for gas phase photoelectrochemistry

 Straathof, NJW

 Accelerated (Photo)redox Chemistry in Continuous-Flow Microreactors

 Su, Y

 CH4 and CO oxidation over TM/CeO2 (TM = Pd, Pt, Ni and Cu)

 Sundaram, S

 System Integration, Cost Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment of BIOGO's Biogas and Pyrolysis Oil Processes  Highsinc - High Gravity and High Shear Intensified Chemicals Production

 Tranca, I

 Efficient Electrical to Chemical Energy Conversion via Synergy Effects in Plasma- and Catalytic Technology  Heat storage

 Truter, LA

 Advanced capillary microreactors for continuous synthesis of fine chemicals (AMRACS)

 Uslamin, E

 Furanics upgrading

 Valliappan, V

 Numerical modelling and validation of hydraulic fractures in anisotropic media

 Varghese, S

 Subsurface transport in rotated source-sink flows

 Vasavan, A

 Clean combustion of future fuels

 Venglovska, S

 Electromigration of Li ions in cementitious materials

 Vermeltfoort, BFW

 Energy flows of the future: Three power crossover (3PX)

 Verreycken, T *

 Fuel feedstock production by a combined approach of controlled plasma conversion and membrane separation  Beyond the thermal comfort limits: Heat transfer in the human body and thermal comfort  World most perfect adiabatic flame

 Sureshkumar, VP  Tadayon Mousavi, S

 Veselá, S  Volkov, EN *  Voncken, RJW

74 -

 Voort, DD van der

 Chemical Looping Reforming for pure hydrogen production with integrated CO2 capture (ClingCO2)  The breakup and dispersion of glowing sprays

 Vrijburg, WL

 Structure and reactivity of Ni nanoparticle catalysts

 Walsh, A *

 Surface reactivity of activated CO2

 Wang, H (Haiyu)

 Modelling of heat pipes for cooling purposes

 Wang, P (Peng)

 Research of active phases and promoter effects for iron-based Fischer-Tropsch catalysts

 Wang, S (Shaoying) *

 Gas separation of CO2 plasmas

 Wang, S (Shuli)

 Limitations of Partially Premixed Combustion

 Warrag, SEE

 Mercury Removal from Natural Gas Streams using Deep Eutectic Solvents

 Wassie, SA

 Wei, XJ (Xiaojing)

 Demonstration of a novel Chemical Switching Reforming (CSR) reactor for pure hydrogen production with integrated CO2 capture  Visible-Light Photocatalyzed β-Cyanolation of Heterocycles

 Weusten, SJC

 Highsinc - High Gravity and High Shear Intensified Chemicals Production

 Wiesfeld, JJ

 Earth-abundant heterogeneous catalysts for the conversion of biomass into value-added chemical intermediates  Towards a HiEff engine

 Willems, RC  Wolf, AJ

168 |

 Real time and in situ reactor studies in relation to CO2 dissociation as first step for CH4 production with catalytic surfaces

76 -

79 80 -

 Wolf, MCW

 Rarefied gases

 Wu, L (Longfei)

 Wu, X (Xunxun)

 Computer-aided design of iron-sulfide nanocatalysts for the solar-driven conversion of CO2 to fuels  Space-time adaptive methods for phase-field models

 Xin, K

 Supported liquid membranes

 Yihui, Z

 Yu, C (Cong)

 Innovative micro/nanostructures WO3 thin film photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting  Long-range interactions in the interface

 Yu, M (Miao)

 Reduction of CO2 to Olefins via Methanethiol

 Zafeiropoulos, G

 H2 production from photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting

 Zhang, Q (Qi)

 Electroactive materials discovery for electricity storage in aqueous redox flow batteries

 Zhang, H (Huaichen)

 On sugar alcohol based heat storage materials: a nanoscale study and beyond

 Zhang, L (Long)

 Zhang, W (Wei) *

 Development of novel, high performance hybrid TWV/GPF automotive after treatment systems by rational design: substitution of PGMs and rare earth materials  Microplasma synthesis of nanoparticles for nanobio applications

 Zhang, X (Xueqing) *

 Modeling the solid-liquid interface in photo-electrochemical cells

 Zhang, Y (Yue)

 Exploring Earth-abundant Electrocatalysts for Renewable Energy Storage in Hydrogen Evolution Reaction  Scale up of a luminescent solar concentrator based photomicroreactor via numbering-up  Design and Synthesis of Cathode Materials for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries  Flame balls at earth gravity

 Novel heterogeneous catalyst for low-temperature methnol synthesis from CO2 hydrogenation  Towards understanding of adsorbate induced Co nanoparticle reconstruction during the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis reaction

 Zhao, F (Fang) *  Zhou, L (Lei)  Zhou, Z (Zhen)  Zhu, J  Zijlstra, B

Solar PV

85 86

 Bhattacharya, A

 Terahertz Micro-resonators Investigated in the Near- and Far-field

 Bosch, RHEC  Cavalli, A

 Atomic level understanding of interfaces and surfaces by (non)linear optical spectroscopy  Growth of nanowire solar cells

 Gagliano, L

 Hexagonal III-Phosphide alloys for solid state lighting

 Hauge, HIT

 Growth of Hexagonal Group-IV Semiconductor Nanowires

 Karwal, S

 Light management and interface engineering for highly efficient and ultra thin CIGS solar cells  High Eficiency Hybrid Tandem Solar Cells

 Koushik, D  Kuang, Y *

91 -

 Liu, D (Danqing) *

 Development of industrial technologies for new silicon back-contacted heterojunction cells  Photoresponsive coatings for cleaning solar cells

 Loo, BWH van de

 Atomic-Layer-Deposited Surface Passivation Schemes for Silicon Solar Cells

 Melskens, J *

 Niemelä, J *

 Passivating Contacts for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: from Concepts and Materials to Prospects  ALD of transparent conductive oxides as replacement of ITO

 Palmans, J

 Nanocrystalline silicon at high-rate for multi-junction solar cells

 Quik, J

 Nanophotonic solar cell

 Wang, Q (Qiang)

 Solution-processed small-molecule organic solar cells

 Zardetto, V *

 NANOMATCELL

Urban Energy

 Aduda, KO

 Smart Grid - BEMS: the art of optimizing The connection between comfort demand and energy supply

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 169

 Alam, Q

 Environmental concretes based on treated MSWI bottom ashes

 Aleksandrov, S

 Ampatzis, M

 Development of new generation linear reluctance drives: Design of a Linear reluctance motor with a Soft Magnetic Translator  Contribution of integrated PV-Battery systems to frequency control in conventional small island grids  Multi objective optimazation in distribution networks

 Antoniou, N

 Urban Thermo Fluid Dynamics and Sustainable Urban Design

 Aveklouris, A

 EV charging

 Baars, NH  Babaev, S

 Three-Phase Dual Active Bridge Converters: A multi-level approach for wide voltagerange isolated dc-dc conversion in high-power applications  Power quality

 Bachnas, AA

 SMART Project

 Bakker, C de

 Creating Healthy Environments in Offices Occupancy patterns

 Bao, J

 Next generation of rare-earth motor for automotive applications

 Barakou, F  Bastiaans, K

 Investigation of the impact of EHV underground power cables on the resonant and transient grid behavior  Wireless energy transfer for a rotating application

 Beek van, TA

 High Voltage Actuation System for Future Generation Lithography Machines: Actuator

 Belgioioso, G

 Game theoretic Control for Complex Multi-Agent Systems

 Berg, J van den

 Organicational resilience and circular management

 Bernards, R

 Smart Planning

104

 Beuzekom, I van

 Optimized planning and operation of multi-energy systems

105

 Bhaumik, D

 Grid reliability

 Bikcora, C *

 Electricity demand forecasting for smart charging of electric vehicles

 Blaauwbroek, N

 DISPATICH - Distributed Intelligence for Smart Power routing and mATCHing

106

 Bognar, A

 Performance Prediction for Building Integrated Photovoltaics

107

 Borgstein, E

 Dynamic Benchmark models to characterise energy performance in buildings

 Boskovic, N

 Design of power electronics for PM-less vibro-acoustic optimized motors

 Bozkaya, B

 Bruyn, BJH

 Interaction between building services control and microGrid / SmartGrid Reduction of uncertainty by adding flexibility to the balance between energy demand and energy supply around and between buildings; Energy efficient operation and integration of aquifer thermal energy storage into future smartgrid  Development of New Successful Business Models and Products in New Ventures: The Case of the Energy Sector  High Dynamic Superconducting linear motor

 Caprai, V

 Environmental concretes based on treated MSWI bottom ashes

 Chen, HC (Hung Chu)

 Interaction between Land Use, Energy Consumption and Temperature on the City Scale

 Chen, YX (Yuxuan)

 Aerogel development

 Chirumamilla, VR

 Plasma-catalysis for air purification

 Chraibi, S

 Creating Healthy Environments – Offices User Perception of Smart Lighting Systems

 Chavez, R *

 Nanophononics

 Curti, M

 Advanced Electric Powertrain Technology (ADEPT)

 Dai, RB

 Dam van, JRM

 Basic Crossover Correction Cells (B3C) for high-precision electric power processing amplifiers  3Ccar: Self–Powered Adaptive Damper

 Deursen, A van

 Degradation Mechanisms and Condition Assessment of Low Voltage Power Cables

109

 Doudart de la Grée, GCH

 Development of sustainable and functionalized inorganic binder-biofiber composites

 Dukovska, I

 Automated contiugeucy analysis of reconficurabel MV networks

 Federico, G

 Wireless power transfer for security

 Ally, CZ

 Brehmer, M

170 |

101 -

102 -

103 -

108

 Finck, CJ  Fonteijn, R

 Interaction between building service control and nanogrid – reduction of uncertainty within the process control for offices by flexible decentralized energy storage  Energy neutal Strijp S

 Friedrich, LA

 Design of a tubular generator for vibration energy harvesting application

 Gaetani, II

111

 Gao, X (Xu)

 A strategy for fit-for-purpose occupant behavior modeling in building performance predictions  Alkali activated slag-fly ash binders: design, modeling and application

 Geng, F (Feiyu)

 Improvement of efficiency and fatigue life of vertical-axis wind turbines

113

 Grau Novellas, M  Groot, RWJ de

 Electromagnetic Compatibility of Integrated Circuits: Implications of technology choices on the EMC performance  Optimal placement and operation of novel grid technologies in distribution grids

114

 Haque, ANMM

 Smart Congestion Management in Active Distribution Networks

115

 Hendrix, Y

 Tailoring new nano-silica, and its application in smart concrete

 Huijben, JCCM *

 Mainstreaming Solar: PV Business Model Design under Shifting Regulatory Regimes

 Huijbregts, Z

116

 Jhagroe, SS *

 Experimental and numerical analysis of climate change induced risks to historic buildings and collections  Uncovering Demand Flexibility in Buildings; A smart grid inter-operation framework for the optimization of energy and comfort  Computational modeling of convective heat transfer for the integration of renewable energy systems in the urban environment  Standard Grids, Smart Homes

 Jumayev, S

 High-speed slotless permanent magnet machines: modeling and design frameworks

118

 Kaja, AM

 High-end application of converter steel slag in sustainable building materials

 Karimi, H

 Development of low shrinkage concretes for monolithic floors

 Katic, K

119

 Kerstens, NMJM

 Towards individual thermal comfort: Model predictive personalized control of heating systems  Synergies in Sustainable Space and Energy

 Khandelwal, H

 Infrared Regulating Smart Windows

120

 Khayrullina, A  Klerkx, M

 Dynamics of plane impinging jets at high Reynolds numbers – with applications to air curtains  Condition Assessment and Valuation of Low Voltage Grids

 Kochova, K

 Development of sustainable and functionalized inorganic binderbiofiber composites

 Kommeren, AS | Sullivan T

 Seafront / Structured antifouling coatings for the marine environment

 Kompatscher, K

 Microclimate control for culture: Improved HVAC configuration and control for energy savings in museums and storage facilities  Modeling and simulation of robust net-zero energy buildings

 Kumar, S

 Device integrated smart infrared reflective polymer materials for energy management  Clever Climate Control for Culture; Energy efficient indoor climate control strategies for museums respecting collection preservation and thermal comfort of visitors  Low voltage underground power cable systems: degradation mechanisms and the path to diagnostics  Lets CO2 spark; discharge mechanisums in CO2

 Kumar, A *

 Developing and Implementing Smart Grids in India

 Labeodan, TM

125

 Lashina, T

 A multi-agents and occupancy based strategy for energy management and process control on the room-level  Creating Healthy Environments - Offices

 Lee, C (Chul-sung)

 Simulation-based Performance Assessment of Climate Adaptive Greenhouse Shells

126

 Lemmen, E

 The Extended Commutation Cell; A path towards flexible multilevel power processing

 Liu, G (Gang)

 Application of waste glassbuilding materials

 Loginova, E

 High-end application of converter steel slag in sustainable building materials

 Loonen, RCGM

 Inverse modeling of climate adaptive building shells

 Hurtado Munoz, LA  Iousef, S

 Kotireddy, RR  Kragt, AJJ  Kramer, RP  Kruizinga, B

110 -

112 -

117 -

121 122

123 124 -

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

| 171

 Lopes Ferreira, HM

 Integration of energy storage in power systems

 Mazairac, LAJ

 City Energy Networks: Integrated modeling and optimization of electricity, heat and natural gas networks underlying a sustainable city infrastructure  The development of innovation ecosystems for businesses, entrepreneurs and students in the european energy sector  KIC MTT micro CHP: Electromechanical aspects of a micro – CHP system

 Meijer, LJJ  Merdzan, M  Meulman, WF

172 |

127 128 129

 Minnitti, S

 Challenges for innovation intermediaries in technology transfer: forming controls and alliances  Interaction of grids in active distribution networks

 Mocanu, E

 Machine Learning applied to Smart Grids

130

 Moediartianto, A

 Numerical and experimental analysis of urban thermal microclimate in tropical regions

 Mohammadi, Z

 Performance prediction for energy flexible future-proof building designs

131

 Morales González, RMDG

 Smart (Micro)Grid Applications for Concentrated Industrial and Commercial Areas

132

 Nauta, S

 Interactie electrisiteits netwerken en spoorwegs infrastructuur

 Nesti, T

 Grid reliability

 Ni, F (Fei) | Ćuk, V *

 Measurement tools for Smart Grid stability and quality

133

 Nijhuis, M

 Long-term Planning of Low Voltage Networks

134

 Nunen, T van

 In-body wireless power transfer

 Palusci, O

135

 Pols, AJK *

 Wind environment and the compact Mediterranean city: Density, morphology, urban microclimate, outdoor comfort  Developing and implementing smart grids in India

 Reinders, J

 TSO/DSO Interaction in Network Operation

136

 Rezaeiha, A

 Aerodynamic optimization of vertical axis wind turbines for urban environments

 Ricci, A (Alessio)

 Wind flow modeling in urban areas through experimental and numerical techniques

 Ricci, M (Mattia)

 LES for wind loads and pollutant dispersion in the built environment

 Ritzen, MJ

 Romijn, TCJ

 Environmental impact assessment of Building Integrated Photovoltaics numerical and experimental carrying capacity based approach  A Distributed Optimization Approach to Complete Vehicle Energy Management

 Roos, MH

 The shaping of future energy systems

 Saini, H  Santos, F

 Adaptive fenestration systems for future-proof buildings: A modelling and simulationbased performance robustness assessment under product and building-level uncertainties  Upgrading of Converter Slags

 Scharrenberg, GR

 Impact of renuwables on distribution grids

 Schollbach, K *

 Development of sustainable and functionalized inorganic binderbiofiber composites

 Setiawan, AD

 Responsible innovation in practice: The case of energy technology adoption in Indonesia

 Settels, SJ

 Sfakianakis, GE

 High Voltage Actuation System for Future Generation Lithography Machines: Power Electronics  Advanced Electric Powertrain Technology (ADEPT)

 Shafiullah, D

 Local electricity markets

 Sharma, N

 Simek, J

 Writing with a 3D Nanopen: Magnetic applications of focused electron beam induced deposition  Energy consumption of air conditioning systems

 Singh, R

 Distributed intellegence for smart grids

 Sloothaak, F

 Grid reliability

 Soto, A

 Stappers, B

 Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) and how to accelerate the development and commercialization of carbon capture technologies and carbon-based products in the concrete industry in the European and U.S.A. markets  Market impact on smart grid generation

 Straub, C

 Development of Eco Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

137

138 139 -

 Sun, Y (Yin)

 Impact of VSC-based power electronics on power system

140

 Sutrisno A

141

 Swinkels, MY

 System analysis of the risks and opportunities in global transitions to sustainable energy: Interconnectedness, competition and cooperation  Nanoscale thermal transport

 Taal, AC

 AD-BEMS: Adaptive Diagnostic Building Energy Management

 Talmar, M

 Innovation in sustainable energy ecosystems

 Tang, P (Pei)

 Tibola, G *

 Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash - from waste to value characterization, treatments and application  Multi-Excited Reluctance Machines: Analysis, Modeling and Design for Application in Electric In-Wheel Traction  High Power Converters Auxiliary Power Supply

 Timmermans, GH

 Smart materials for green houses

 Tohidi, Y

 Aucillary services through distributed energy sources

 Toparlar, Y

 Turhan, M

 A multi-scale analysis of the urban heat island effect: From city averaged temperatures to the energy demand of individual buildings  Hybrid capacitive/inductive power converters for LED Drivers

 Vakulov, D

 Nanophononics

 Vasaturo, R

 Verhaart, JCG

 Multi-scale analysis of the impact of vegetative technologies and cool roofs on the urban environment  Process Control on Workplace Level – User Centered Energy Reduction

 Verkade, N

 Emerging Energy Practices in the Smart Grid

 Veselý, M

 Smart Energy for Building Comfort

 Virag, A

 Balancing the electrical power systems: identification and control

 Viyathukattuva Mohamed Ali Mohamed Ali, MM  Vries, S de

 INCREASE - Increasing the penetration of renewable energy sources in the distribution grid by developing control strategis and using ancillary services  Computational analysis and optimization of innovative shading concepts

145

 Walker, SSW

 Smart energy on neighborhood level

146

 Wang, G (Gengzhe)

 Low-Carbon City Development through Land Use Change

147

 Wang, L (Lie)  Wang, Z (Zhijun)

 New Generation Linear Reluctance Drives: with Advanced Power Electronics Inverter Topology  Advanced Optimization of Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Rotor Blades

 Weldemariam, LE

 Monitoring and Regulation of Voltage Dips in the Distribution Network

 Wouw, PMF van der

 Development of eco-concretes by using industrial by-products

 Xia, L (Lili)

 Evaporative cooling by mist spraying systems

 Xu, L (Luyi)

 Modeling and Simulation of District Heating with Seasonal Storage

 Yuan, B (Bo)

 Zhang, XX (Xiaoxiao)

 Sodium carbonate activated slag: reaction analysis, microstructural modification & engineering application  Building energy modelling to support the commissioning of holistic data centre operation  Mineral binder-biomaterial composites

 Zhang, Y (Ya)

 Innovative Power Electronics Interfaces to End Applications

 Tang, Y (Yang)

 Zavrel, V

142

143 -

144

Nuclear Fusion

148

149 151

 Abramovic, I

 Collective Thomson scattering in W7-X

 Akkermans, GRA

 Detachment physics in the linear device MAGNUM-PSI

 Aussems, DUB

 Exploiting the extreme: materials synthesis under highly-non equilibrium plasma conditions  Conversion through control of vibrational excitation

 Berkel, M van  Boessenkool, H,  Chandra, R

153

 Haptic Assistance for Teleoperated Maintenance of Fusion Plants - Task Analysis, Design and Evaluation  Predictive modelling of plasma detachment and SOL physics in linear and toroidal geometry using coupled plasma-neutrals code

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

154 155 -

| 173

 Dvornova, A

 Fast particles in JOREK

 Eden, GG van

 Ho, A (Aaron)

 Investigate the physics of vapour shielding and its application as a power exhaust mechanism for nuclear fusion devices  Neural network surrogate modelling of turbulent transport in fusion plasmas

156

 Jesko, K

 Understanding plasma detachment through advanced diagnosis

157

 Klaver, TPC *

 Studying ballistic He penetration into W fuzz through Molecular Dynamics simulations

 Kvon V

 Alternative target concepts for power and particle exhaust in fusion application

 Laki, M

 The physics of welding plasmas

 Luca, V

 Modelling and simulations of electrons and their collisions in non-equilibrium plasmas

 Maljaars, E

 Model predictive profile control and actuator management in tokamaks

 Marin, M

 Investigate if high-radiation-fraction tokamak scenarios be maintained while preserving a sufficient level of plasma confinement  Turbulence and zonal flows in tokamak plasmas

 Q-profile control for steady state, high performance discharges at KSTAR

 Mora Morena, C

 Turbulence saturation modelling on stellarator plasmas

 Onwudinanti, CK

 DFT calculations Fusion relevant materials

 Ou, W (Wei)

 Liquid metal (tin) divertor concNeputcslear fusion

 Perek, A

 Multi-spectral imaging of the scrape off layer in tokamaks

 Perillo, R

 The influence of impurities on the chemistry and physics of detached plasmas

 Ravensbergen T

 Control of divertor detachment in fusion plasmas

 Rindt, P

 Assessment of the Feasibility of a Flowing Liquid Lithium Divertor for DEMO

 Vanovac, B

 Pedestal fluctuations during the ELM cycle

 Vugt, DC van

 Hybrid MHD-Particle Simulations of ELMs in ITER Divertor Conditions

 Wang, S (Shih-Chi)

 Materials Research for fusion reactors

 Yu, L (Li)

 Materials Research for fusion reactors

 Marques Fernandes Rosas, VH  Messmer, MCC

174 |

158

159

6. Dissertations 2017 Name

Topic

 Abdelmalik, MRA

 Banaei, M

 Adaptive Algorithms for Optimal Multiscale Model Hierarchies of the Boltzmann Equation  Three-Phase Dual Active Bridge Converters: A multi-level approach for wide voltagerange isolated dc-dc conversion in high-power applications  Hydrodynamics and Heat Transfer in Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds

 Bhattacharya, A

 Terahertz Micro-resonators Investigated in the Near- and Far-field

 Boessenkool, H

155

 Cavalli, A

 Haptic Assistance for Teleoperated Maintenance of Fusion Plants: Task Analysis, Design and Evaluation  In situ UV-vis and mass spectrometry in the study of Cu model catalyst in CO-related heterogeneous catalysis  Growth of nanowire solar cells

 Chen, W (Wei)

 A Transient Kinetics Study of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Mechanism on Cobalt Catalysts

 Coumans, AE

 Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of biomass to sustainable fuels

 Das, S

 Transport through bidisperse porous media: a multiscale modeling approach

 De, S

 Viscoelastic Flow Modeling for Polymer Flooding

 Gaeini, M  Gagliano, L

 Thermochemical seasonal heat storage for the built environment a multi-scale investigation  Hexagonal III-Phosphide Alloys for Solid State Lighting

 Gao, X

 Alkali activated slag-fly ash binders: design, modeling and application

112

 Groot, RJW de

 Optimal placement and operation of novel grid technologies in distribution grids

114

 Haque, ANMM

 Smart Congestion Management in Active Distribution Networks

115

 Hauge, HIT

 Growth of Hexagonal Group-IV Semiconductor Nanowires

 Helmi, A

 Fluidized bed membrane reactors for water gas shift Mass transfer, hydrodynamics and experimental demonstration  Experimental and numerical analysis of climate change induced risks to historic buildings and collections  Uncovering Demand Flexibility in Buildings A smart grid inter-operation framework for the optimization of energy and comfort  Optical Study of Stratification for Partially Premixed Combustion

 Baars, NH

 Bu, Y

 Huijbregts, Z  Hurtado Munoz, LA  Izadi Najafabadi, M  Jumayev, S

Page 102 91

32 93

116 117 39 118

 Khandelwal, H

 High-speed slotless permanent magnet machines: modeling and design frameworks  Infrared Regulating Smart Windows

 Kommeren, AS

 Seafront / Structured antifouling coatings for the marine environment

122

 Kramer, RP

 Clever Climate Control for Culture Energy efficient indoor climate control strategies for museums respecting collection preservation and thermal comfort of visitors  Low Voltage Underground Power Cable Systems: Degradation Mechanisms and the Path to Diagnostics  Flux Approximation Schemes for Flow Problems using Local Boundary Value Problems

123

 A multi-agents and occupancy based strategy for energy management and process control on the room-level  Simulation-based Performance Assessment of Climate Adaptive Greenhouse Shells

125

 Kruizinga, B  Kumar, N  Labeodan, TN  Lee, CS  Lemmen, E  Li, D (Dongjiang)  Li, Z (Zizi)

120

 The Extended Commutation Cell A path towards flexible multilevel power processing  Aging Mechanisms of Li-ion Batteries: Seen From an Experimental and Simulation Point of View  Heat transfer in fluidized beds with heat production

Energy - Annual Research Report 2017

124 44

126 46 -

| 175

 Litke, A

 Liu, C (Chong)

 Transition metal sulfides and oxides: synthesis, energy conversion application, and charge carrier dynamics  Theory of Acidity and Reactivity in Zeolite Catalysis

 Loo, BWH van de

 Atomic-Layer-Deposited Surface Passivation Schemes for Silicon Solar Cells

 Lopes Ferreira, HM

 Integration of energy storage in power systems

 Luo, X (Xi)

 Robust Diesel Engine Performance: An Approach Based on Multi-pulse Fuel Injection Control  Model predictive profile control and actuator management in tokamaks

 Maljaars, E  Medrano Jimenez, JA

127 159

129

 Mocanu, E

 Membrane-Assisted Chemical Looping Reforming From fundamentals to experimental demonstration  Challenges for innovation intermediaries in technology transfer: Forming controls and allia nces  Machine Learning applied to Smart Grids

 Nijhuis, M

 Long-term Planning of Low Voltage Networks

134

 Pathak, AD

 Rajaei, H

 In silico characterization of chloride-based salt hydrates for thermochemical heat storage: a multi-scale study  Plasma (catalyst) - Assisted Nitrogen Fixation: Reactor Development for Nitric Oxide and Ammonia Production  Rotating Rayleigh-Bénard Convection

 Reijnders, JJE

 Guidelines for optimal Partially Premixed Combustion operation

 Remij, EW

 Fluid driven and mechanically induced fracture propagation: theory and numerical simulations  Wind flow modeling in urban areas through experimental and numerical techniques

 Meulman, WF

 Patil, BS

 Ricci, A (Alessio)  Ritzen, MJ  Romijn, TCJ  San Pio Bordeje, MA

130

60 63

137 138 67

 Santvoort, JFM

 Unravelling the redox kinetics behaviour of Cu-based oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion processes  Viscoelastic surfactants for conformance control

 Seelen, LJH

 Granular Discrete Element Modelling: Packing of Non-Spherical Granular Particles

 Sharma, N

 Simsek, G

 Writing with a 3D Nanopen: Magnetic applications of focused electron beam induced deposition  Numerical Methods for Diffuse Interface Models of Binary Flows

 Siraj, MM

 Reducing the effect of uncertainty in robust optimization for oil recovery

 Straathof, NJW

 Accelerated (Photo)redox Chemistry in Continuous-Flow Microreactors

 Swinkels, MY

 Nanoscale thermal transport

 Tang, P (Pei)

 Voort, DD van der

 Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash - from waste to value characterization, treatments and application  Multi-Excited Reluctance Machines Analysis, Modeling and Design for Application in Electric In-Wheel Traction  The breakup and dispersion of glowing sprays

 Wang, Q (Qiang)

 Solution-processed small-molecule organic solar cells

 Wang, S (Shuli)

 Limitations of Partially Premixed Combustion

 Weldemariam, LE

 Monitoring and Regulation of Voltage Dips in the Distribution Network

 Wu, X (Xunxun)

 Space-time adaptive methods for phase-field models

 Yuan, B  Zhang, H (Huaichen)

 Sodium carbonate activated slag: reaction analysis, microstructural modification and engineering application  On sugar alcohol based heat storage materials: a nanoscale study and beyond

 Zhou, Z (Zhen)

 Flame balls at earth gravity

 Tang, Y (Yang)

176 |

142 143 75 77 148 149 82 86